diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes index 82deb1a2..0bdd5738 100644 --- a/.gitattributes +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -1,3 +1,3 @@ - *.binary filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -crlf data/lm/trie filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -crlf +data/lm/vocab.txt filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text diff --git a/data/lm/README.md b/data/lm/README.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..46db2979 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/lm/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +lm.binary was generated from the LibriSpeech normalized LM training text, available [here](http://www.openslr.org/11), following this recipe (Jupyter notebook code): + +```python +import gzip +import io +import os + +from urllib import request + +# Grab corpus. +url = 'http://www.openslr.org/resources/11/librispeech-lm-norm.txt.gz' +data_upper = '/tmp/upper.txt.gz' +request.urlretrieve(url, data_upper) + +# Convert to lowercase and cleanup. +data_lower = '/tmp/lower.txt' +with open(data_lower, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as lower: + with io.TextIOWrapper(io.BufferedReader(gzip.open(data_upper)), encoding='utf8') as upper: + for line in upper: + lower.write(line.lower()) + +# Build pruned LM. +lm_path = '/tmp/lm.arpa' +!lmplz --order 5 \ + --temp_prefix /tmp/ \ + --memory 50% \ + --text {data_lower} \ + --arpa {lm_path} \ + --prune 0 0 0 1 + +# Quantize and produce trie binary. +binary_path = '/tmp/lm.binary' +!build_binary -a 255 \ + -q 8 \ + trie \ + {lm_path} \ + {binary_path} +os.remove(lm_path) +``` + +The trie was then generated from the list of unique words in the corpus (data/lm/vocab.txt): + +```bash +tr -s '[[:space:]]' '\n' < /tmp/lower.txt | sort -u > /tmp/vocab.txt +./generate_trie ../data/alphabet.txt /tmp/lm.binary /tmp/vocab.txt /tmp/trie +``` diff --git a/data/lm/lm.binary b/data/lm/lm.binary index 47e6ccc7..0c53ca35 100644 --- a/data/lm/lm.binary +++ b/data/lm/lm.binary @@ -1,3 +1,3 @@ version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 -oid sha256:a9da0224ae9baf92a32fa85dafd24c99b3837a67b880ade0a5a730449d15297b -size 327902357 +oid sha256:e1fa6801b25912a3625f67e0f6cafcdacb24033be9fad5fa272152a0828d7193 +size 1800894585 diff --git a/data/lm/trie b/data/lm/trie index bd1aaefb..dec156b7 100644 --- a/data/lm/trie +++ b/data/lm/trie @@ -1,3 +1,3 @@ version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 -oid sha256:c2f8f1d721eed0ae621160626e803925efa481c8156bb97e72013c0fbf879b75 -size 43550345 +oid sha256:00779e53cfcc1e170525b6cc6113096d3984036ddf84dd8f07ce275f7027c47d +size 227692934 diff --git a/data/lm/vocab.txt b/data/lm/vocab.txt index d0c47e0e..ff0be83a 100644 --- a/data/lm/vocab.txt +++ b/data/lm/vocab.txt @@ -1,94635 +1,3 @@ -groups we were brought together with several other victims families when i saw aicha in the media -coming over when her son was indicted and i thought what a brave woman someday i want to meet that woman when im stronger i was still in deep grief i knew i didnt have the strength i knew i would find her someday or we would find each other because when people heard that my son -was a victim i got immediate sympathy -but when people learned what her son was accused of she didnt get that sympathy but her suffering is equal to mine so we met in november two thousand and two and aicha will now tell you how that came about -today because of -introduced me to five families and i saw phyllis and i watched -and i saw in her eyes that she was a mother just like me -i was married when i was fourteen i lost a child when i was fifteen a second child when i was sixteen so the story with zacarias was too much really -so thats why i decided to tell my story so that my suffering is something positive for other women -all the women all the mothers -i first learned that my son had been in the world trade center on the morning of september eleventh two thousand and one -its up to us women because we are women because we love our children -its not against women its for us for us women for -i talk against violence against terrorism i go to schools to talk to young muslim -girls so they dont accept to be married against their will very young -so if i can save one of the young girls and avoid that they get married and suffer as much as i did well this is something -i have learned so much -we didnt know if he had perished yet until thirty six hours later at the time -family members but we were all so nervous why does she want to meet us -and then she was nervous why did we want to meet her what did we want from each other -before we knew each others names or anything we had embraced -and wept then we sat in a circle -with support with help from people experienced in this kind of reconciliation and aicha started and she said -i dont know if my son is guilty or innocent but i want to tell you how sorry i am for what happened to your families -i know what it is to suffer -and i feel that if there is a crime a person should be tried fairly and punished -but -she reached out to us in that way and it was id like to say it was an ice breaker and what happened then is we all told our stories -and we all connected as human beings by the end of the afternoon it was about three hours after lunch -wed felt as if wed known each other forever now what i learned from her is a woman not only who could be so generous under these present circumstances and what it was then and what was being done to her son but the life shes had i never had met -someone with such a hard life from such a totally different culture and environment from my own -we knew that it was political -being afraid of the other but making that step -and then realizing hey this wasnt so hard who else can i meet that i dont know or that im so different from -so aicha do you have -a couple of words for conclusion because our time is up -we were afraid of what our country was going to do in the name of our son my husband orlando and i -i wanted to say that we have to try to know other people the other -and i hope that someday well all live together in peace and respecting each other this is what i wanted to say -and our family and when i saw it and yet through the shock -the terrible shock and the terrible -explosion in our lives literally -we were not vengeful -on six counts of conspiracy to commit terrorism -and the u s government called for a death penalty for him if convicted -my husband and i spoke out -in opposition to that publicly through that and through human rights -ive also had some meals that make me want to dry heave so its about choosing the parts of the bible about compassion about tolerance about loving your neighbor as opposed to the parts -about homosexuality is a sin or intolerance or violence which are very much in the bible as well -so if we are to find any meaning in this book then we have to really engage it and wrestle with it and i thought id end with just a couple more -theres me reading the bible thats how i hailed taxi cabs -morning but it served well for a day so anyway thank you so much for letting me -so -and it was about the year i spent reading the encyclopedia britannica from a to z in my quest to learn everything in the world or more precisely from -which is a type of east asian music all the way to zwyiec which is well i dont -although listening to kevin kelly you dont have to remember anything you can just google it so i wasted some time there -i love those experiments but i think that the most profound and life changing experiment that ive done is my most recent experiment -i thought id tell you a little about what i like to write and i like to immerse myself in my topics i just like to dive right in and become sort of a human guinea pig and -where i spent a year trying to follow all of the rules of the bible the year of living biblically and -i undertook this for two reasons the first was that i grew up with no religion at all as i say in my book im jewish in the same way the olive garden is italian -so -but ive become increasingly interested in religion i do think its the defining issue of our time or one of the main ones and i have a son i want to know what to teach him so i decided to dive in head first and try to live the bible -the second reason i undertook this is because im concerned about the rise of fundamentalism religious fundamentalism and people who say -what if you really did take the bible literally i decided to take it to its logical conclusion and take everything in the bible literally -without picking and choosing the first thing i did was i got a stack of bibles i had christian bibles i had -jewish bibles a friend of mine sent me something called a hip hop bible where the twenty three rd psalm is rendered as the lord is all that as opposed to what i knew it as the lord is my shepherd -then i went down and i read several versions and i wrote down every single law that i could find and this was a very long list over seven hundred rules -and they range from the famous ones that i had heard of the ten commandments love your neighbor be fruitful and multiply so i wanted to follow those and actually i take my projects very seriously because i had twins during my year so i -definitely take my projects seriously but i also wanted to follow the hundreds of arcane and obscure laws that are in the bible -there is the law in leviticus you cannot shave the corners of your beard i didnt know where my corners were so i decided -to let the whole thing grow and this is what i looked like by the end as you can imagine i spent a lot of time at airport security -my wife wouldnt kiss me for the last two months so certainly the challenge was there the bible says you cannot wear clothes made of mixed fibers so i thought sounds strange but ill try it you only know -i see my life as a series of experiments so i work for esquire magazine and a couple of years ago i wrote an article called my outsourced life -i got rid of all my poly cotton t shirts the bible says that if two men are in a fight and the wife of one of those men grabs the testicles of the other -her hand shall be cut off so i wanted to follow that rule -wife was standing nearby looking like she had a strong grip so -theres another shot of my beard i will say it was an amazing year because it really was life changing and incredibly challenging and there were two types of laws -were particularly challenging the first was avoiding the little sins that we all commit every day -know i could spend a year not killing but spending a year not gossiping not coveting not lying you know i live in new york and i work as a journalist so this was seventy five eighty percent of my -but it was really interesting because i was able to make some progress because i couldnt believe how -my behavior changed my thoughts this was one of the huge lessons of the year is that i almost pretended to be a better person and i became a little bit of a better person so -i had always thought you know you change your mind and you change your behavior but its often the other way round you change your behavior -and you change your mind so you know if you want to become more compassionate you visit sick people in the hospital and you will become more compassionate -where i hired a team of people in bangalore india to live my life for me so they answered my emails they answered my phone they argued with my wife for me and they -you donate money to a cause and you become emotionally involved in that cause so it really was cognitive psychology -that if you smile you will become happier which as we know is actually true the second type of -rule that was difficult to obey was the rules that will get you into a little trouble in twenty one st century america and -the clearest example of this is stoning adulterers -but its a big part of the bible so i -had to address -i was able to stone one adulterer it happened i was in the park and i was dressed in my biblical clothing sandals and a white robe you know because again the outer -see how dressing biblically affected my mind -up to me and he said why are you dressed like that and i explained my project and he said well i am an adulterer are you going to stone me and i said well that would be great -and -i took out a handful of stones from my pocket that i had been carrying around for weeks hoping for just this interaction and you know they were pebbles -out of my hand he was actually an elderly man mid seventies just so you know but hes still an adulterer and still quite angry he grabbed them out of my hand and threw them at my face -and i felt that i could eye for an eye i could retaliate and throw one back at him so that was my experience stoning and it did allow me to talk -about in a more serious way these big issues how can the bible be so barbaric in some places and yet so incredibly wise in others -it has all of these authors and editors over hundreds of years and its sort of evolved its not a book that was written and came down from on high -my son bedtime stories it was the best month of my life because i just sat back and i read books and watched movies -so i thought i would end by telling you just a couple of the take away the bigger -lessons that i learned from my year the first is thou shalt not take the bible literally this -very very clear early on because if you do then you end up acting like a crazy person and stoning adulterers or here -well thats another i did spend some time shepherding its a very relaxing vocation i recommend it but this one is -and my wife thought this was very offensive so she sat in every seat in our apartment and i had to spend much of the year standing until -i bought my own seat and carried it around -so you know i met with creationists i went to the creationists museum and these are the ultimate literalists and it was fascinating because they were not stupid people at all -that they distort all the data to fit their model and they go through these amazing mental gymnastics to accomplish this and i will say though -was a wonderful experience more recently i wrote an article for esquire called about radical honesty and this is a movement -the museum is gorgeous they really did a fantastic job if youre ever in kentucky theres -i think its crazy they did a great job -another lesson is that -thou shalt give thanks and this one was a big lesson because i was praying giving these prayers of thanksgiving which was odd for an agnostic but -saying thanks all the time every day and i started to change my perspective and i started to realize the hundreds of little things that go right every day -that i didnt even notice that i took for granted as opposed to focusing on the three or four that went wrong -so this is actually a key to happiness for me is to just remember when i came over here the car didnt flip over and i didnt trip coming up the stairs its a remarkable thing -this one was unexpected because i started the year as an agnostic and by the end of the year i became what a friend of mine calls a reverent agnostic which i love -a movement so if anyone wants to join the basic idea is whether or not there is a god theres something important and beautiful about the idea of sacredness and that our rituals can be sacred the sabbath can be -this is started by a psychologist in virginia who says that you should never ever lie except maybe during poker and golf his only exceptions and more than that -this was one of the great things about my year doing the sabbath because i am a workaholic so having this one day where you cannot work it really that changed my life -journey i wanted it to be about religion in america so i spent time with evangelical christians and hasidic jews and the -im very proud because i think im the only person in america to out bible talk a jehovahs witness -thank you -but it was -because i had some very preconceived notions about for instance evangelical christianity and i found that its such a wide -and varied movement that it is difficult to make generalizations about it theres a group i met with called the red letter christians and they focus on -words in the bible which are the ones that jesus spoke thats how they printed them in the old bibles and -is that jesus never talked about homosexuality they have a pamphlet that says heres what jesus said about homosexuality and you open it up and theres nothing in it so -they say jesus did talk a lot about helping the outcasts helping poor people so this was very inspiring to me -i recommend jim wallace and tony campolo theyre very inspiring leaders even though i disagree with much of what they say also thou shalt not -i was shocked learning how much of my life is governed by irrational forces and -the thing is if theyre not harmful theyre not to be completely dismissed because i learned that i was thinking i was doing all these rituals these biblical rituals separating my -and linen and i would ask these religious people why would the bible possibly tell us to do this why would god care and they said we dont know but its just rituals -that give us meaning and i would say but thats crazy and they would say well what about you you blow out candles on top of a birthday cake if a guy from mars came down and saw -heres one guy blowing out the fire on top of a cake versus another guy not wearing clothes of mixed fabrics would the martians say well that -he makes sense but that guys crazy so no i think that -are not harmful but rituals by themselves are not to be dismissed and finally -i learned that thou shall pick and choose and this one i learned because i tried to follow everything in the bible and -i do not recommend this at all to give you a sense of the experience the article was called i think youre fat -i failed miserably because you cant you have to pick and choose and anyone who follows the bible is going to be picking and choosing the key is -to pick and choose the right parts theres the phrase called -my argument is whats wrong with cafeterias ive had some great meals at cafeterias -and theres the sheep now the final part of the trilogy was i wanted to focus on the body and try to be the healthiest person i could be the healthiest person alive so thats what ive been doing the last couple of years -last decade subjecting myself to pain and humiliation hopefully for a good cause which is self improvement -and i just finished a couple of months ago and i have to say thank god because living so healthily was killing me -it was so overwhelming because the amount of things you have to do its just -mind boggling i was listening to all the experts and talking to sort of a board of medical advisers -and they were telling me all the things i had to do i had to eat right exercise meditate pet dogs because that lowers the blood pressure i wrote the book on a treadmill and it took me about a thousand miles to write the book -went into sunscreen i was like a glazed doughnut for most of the year -that i should also wipe down all of the remote controls and iphones in my house because those are just orgies of germs so that -and ive done this in three parts so first i started with the mind and i decided to try to get smarter by reading the entire encyclopedia britannica from a to z or more precisely from -now its a little extreme i admit but if you think about this this is actually the freakonomics authors wrote about this that more people die on a per mile basis from drunk walking than from drunk driving -so something to think about tonight if youve had a couple -so i finished and it was a success -so i finished and i -without the sex part because i have three young kids so that wasnt happening but -and i finally -have stabilized so now im back to -adopting many not all i dont wear a helmet anymore but dozens of healthy behaviors that i adopted during my year it was really a life changing project and i of course dont have time to go into all of them let me just tell you two really quickly -the first is and this was surprising to me i didnt expect this to come out but i live a much quieter life now -and this is a real underestimated under appreciated health hazard not just because it harms our hearing which it obviously does but it actually initiates the fight or flight response a loud noise will get your fight or flight response going and this -over the years can cause real damage cardiovascular damage -the world health organization just did a big study that they published this year and it was done in europe and they estimated that one point six million years of healthy living are lost -every year in europe because of noise pollution so they think its actually very deadly and by the way its also terrible for your brain -they put dirt all over the cobblestones outside the hall so that they could concentrate so without noise reduction technology our country would not exist so as a patriot i felt it was important to i wear all the earplugs and the earphones -that joy is so important to your health that very few of these behaviors will stick with me unless theres some sense of pleasure and joy in them and just to give you one instance of this food -but i think we can use their techniques and apply them to healthy food to give just one example we love crunchiness mouthfeel so i basically have tried to incorporate crunchiness into a lot of my recipes throw in some sunflower seeds -and you can almost trick yourself into thinking youre eating doritos laughter and -it had its downsides -the -because leviticus says you cannot shave so this is what i looked like by the end -thank you for that reaction laughter i look a little like moses or ted kaczynski i got both of them so there was the topiary there -we have indeed taken the best part of the meat so lets look today at a set of photographs of a people who lost so that we could gain -and know that when you see these peoples faces that these are not just images of the lakota they stand for all indigenous people -on this piece of paper is the history the way i learned it from my lakota friends and family -im here today to show my photographs of the lakota many of you may have heard of the lakota or at least the larger group of tribes called -sixty six the beginning of the transcontinental railroad a new era -we appropriated land for trails and trains to shortcut through the heart of the lakota nation the treaties were out the window in response three tribes led by the lakota chief red cloud -attacked and defeated the u s army many times over i want to repeat that part the lakota defeat the u s army -sixty eight the second fort laramie treaty clearly guarantees the sovereignty of the great sioux nation and the lakotas ownership of the sacred black hills -the lakota are one of many tribes that were moved off their land to prisoner of war camps now called reservations the pine ridge reservation -seventy one the indian appropriation act makes all indians wards of the federal government in addition the military issued orders forbidding western indians from leaving reservations -the move destroyed the reservations making it easier to further subdivide and to sell with every passing generation most of the surplus land -i believe to be the most important in this slide show this is the year of the wounded knee massacre -to this day this is the most medals of honor ever awarded for a single battle -more medals of honor were given for the indiscriminate slaughter of women and children than for any battle in world war one world war two korea vietnam iraq or afghanistan -now if any of you have ever heard of aim the american indian movement or of russell means or leonard peltier or of the stand off at oglala -the wounded knee massacre is considered the end of the indian wars whenever i visit the site of the mass grave at wounded knee -i see it not just a grave for the lakota or for the sioux but as a grave for all indigenous peoples -the holy man black elk said i did not know then how much was ended when i look back now from this high hill of my old age -i can still see the butchered women and children lying heaped and scattered all along the crooked gulch -when i saw them with eyes still young -and i can see that something else died there in the bloody mud and was buried in the blizzard -a peoples dream died there and it was a beautiful dream with -this event a new era in native american history began everything can be measured before wounded knee and after because it was in this moment with the fingers on the triggers of the hotchkiss guns -the court determined that when the sioux were resettled onto reservations and seven million acres of their land were opened up to prospectors and homesteaders the terms of the second fort laramie treaty had been violated -the court stated that the black hills were illegally taken and that the initial offering price plus interest should be paid to the sioux nation -ten statistics about native population today more than a century after the massacre at wounded knee reveal the legacy of colonization forced migration and treaty violations -at least sixty percent of the homes on the reservation are infested with black mold more than ninety percent of the population lives below the federal poverty line -the tuberculosis rate on pine ridge is approximately eight times higher than the u s national average the infant mortality rate is the highest on this continent and is about three times higher than the u s national average -the last chapter in any successful genocide is the one in which the oppressor can remove their hands and say -my god what are these people doing to themselves theyre killing each other theyre killing themselves while we watch them die -this is how we came to own these united states this is the legacy of manifest destiny prisoners are still born into prisoner of war camps long after the guards are gone -these are the bones left after the best meat has been has been taken -a long time ago a series of events was set in motion by a people who look like me by wasichu eager to take the land and the water and the gold in the hills -those events led to a domino effect that has yet to end as removed as we the dominant society may feel -what is the connection between these images of suffering and the history that i just read to you and how much of this history do you need to own even is any of this your responsibility today -been told that there must be something we can do there must be some call to action because for so long ive been standing on the sidelines -content to be a witness just taking photographs because the solution seems so far in the past i needed nothing short of a time machine to access them -the suffering of indigenous peoples is not a simple issue to fix its not something everyone can get behind the way they get behind helping haiti of ending aids or fighting a famine -and invited me again and again over five years but on pine ridge i will always be what is called wasichu and wasichu is a lakota word -the fix as its called may be much more difficult for the dominant society than say a fifty dollar check -or church trip to paint some graffiti covered houses or a suburban family donating a box of clothes they dont even want anymore -so where does that leave us shrugging our shoulders in the dark -the call to action i offer today my ted wish is this honor the treaties give back the black hills its not your business what they do with them -that means non indian but another version of this word means the one who takes the best meat for himself and thats what i want to focus on the one who takes the best part of the meat it means greedy -you can also toggle between altitude for model and manufacturer see again the diversity -and you can scroll around and see some of the different airports and the different patterns that they have this is scrolling up the east coast you can see some of the chaos thats happening in new york with the air traffic controllers having to deal with -so zooming back out real quick we see again the u s you get florida down in the right hand corner moving across to the west coast you see san francisco and los angeles big low traffic zones across nevada and arizona and thats us down there in l a and long beach on the bottom -i started taking a look as well at different perimeters because you can choose what you want to pull out from the data this is looking at ascending versus descending flights and you can see over time the ways the airports change you see the holding patterns that start to develop in the bottom of the screen and you can see eventually the airport actually flips directions -data can actually make us more human were collecting and creating all kinds of data about how were living our lives -so this is another project that i worked on with the sensible cities lab at mit this is visualizing international communications so its how new york communicates with other international cities and we set this up as a live globe in the museum of modern art in new york for the design the elastic mind exhibition -its visualizing sms messages being sent in the city of amsterdam so youre seeing the daily ebb and flow of people sending sms messages from different parts of the city until we approach new years eve where everybody says happy new year -and its enabling us to tell some amazing stories recently a wise media theorist tweeted the nineteenth century culture was defined by the novel the twentieth century culture was defined by the cinema and the culture of the twenty first century will be defined by the interface -and then youre going to see people start to gather in the center of the city to celebrate the night before which happens right here and then you can see people celebrating the next day and you can pause it and step back and forth and see different phases -so now on to something completely different some of you may recognize this this is baron wolfgang von kempelens mechanical chess playing machine and its this amazing robot that plays chess extremely well except for one thing its not a robot at all theres actually a legless man that sits in that box and controls this chess player -this was the inspiration for a web service by amazon called the mechanical turk named after this guy and its based on the premise that there are certain things that are easy for people but really difficult for computers -so they made this web service and said any programmer can write a piece of software and tap into the minds of thousands of people the nerdy side of me thought wow this is amazing i can tap into thousands of peoples minds and the other nerdy side of me thought this is horrible this is completely bizarre what does this mean for the future of mankind -so i created this drawing tool i asked people to draw a sheep facing to the left and i said ill pay you two cents for your contribution -and i started collecting sheep and i collected -a lot a lot of different sheep -lots of sheep -i took the first ten thousand sheep that i collected and i put them on a website called thesheepmarket com -where you can actually buy collections of twenty sheep you cant pick individual sheep but you can buy a single plate block of stamps as a commodity and juxtaposed against this grid you see actually by rolling over each individual one the humanity behind this hugely mechanical process -so heres a few statistics from the project approximate collection rate of eleven sheep per hour which would make a working wage of sixty nine cents per hour -there were six hundred and sixty two rejected sheep that didnt meet sheep like criteria and were thrown out of -and i believe this is going to prove true our lives are being driven by data and the presentation of that data is an opportunity for us to make some amazing interfaces that tell great stories so im going to show you a few of the projects that ive been working on over the last couple years that reflect on our lives and our systems -the flock laughter the amount of time spent drawing ranged from four seconds to forty six minutes that gives you an idea of the different types of motivations and dedication and there were seven thousand five hundred and ninety nine people that contributed to the project or were unique ip addresses so about how many people contributed but only one of them out of the seven thousand five hundred and ninety nine said this -obviously we think of sheep as followers and theres this reference to le petit prince where the narrator asks the prince to draw a sheep he draws sheep after sheep the narrators only appeased when he draws a box and he says its not about a scientific rendering of a sheep its about your own interpretation and doing something different and i like that -so there were no longer shoe makers but now there are people slapping soles on peoples shoes and the whole idea of ones relationship to their work changed a lot so i thought this was an interesting clip to divide into sixteen pieces and feed into the mechanical turk with a drawing tool -this basically allowed what you see on the left side is the original frame and on the right side you see that frame as interpreted by sixteen people who have no idea what it is theyre doing -and this was the inspiration for a project that i worked on with my friend takashi kawashima we decided to use the mechanical turk for exactly what it was meant for which is making money so we took a hundred dollar bill and divided it into ten thousand teeny pieces and we fed those into the mechanical turk -we asked people to draw what it was that they saw but here there was no sheep like criteria people if they drew a stick figure or a smiley face it actually made it into the bill so what you see is actually a representation of how well people did what it was they were asked to do -so we took these hundred dollar bills and we put them on a website called tenthousandscents com where you can browse through and see all the individual contributions and you can also trade real hundred dollar bills for fake hundred dollar bills and make a donation to the hundred dollar laptop project which is now known as one laptop per child -this is again showing all the different contributions you see some people did beautiful stipple renderings like this one on top spent a long time making realistic versions and other people would draw stick figures or smiley faces here -this is a project called flight patterns what youre looking at is airplane traffic over north america for a twenty four hour period as you see everything starts to fade to black and you see people going to sleep -you may recognize it from two thousand and one a space odyssey when hals dying at the end of the film he starts singing this song as a reference to when computers became human so we resynthesized this song this is what that sounded like we broke down all the individual notes in the singing as well as the phonemes in the singing -and we took all of those individual pieces and we fed them into another turk request this is what it would look like if you went to the site you type in your code -but you first test your mic youd be fed a simple audio clip -after -followed by that you see on the west coast planes moving across the red eye flights to the east coast and youll see everybody waking up on the east coast -followed by european flights coming in the upper right hand corner everybodys moving from the east coast to the west coast you see san francisco and los angeles start to make their journeys down to hawaii in the lower left hand corner i think its one thing to say theres one hundred and forty thousand planes being monitored by the federal government at any one time and its another thing to see that system as it ebbs and flows -and this was seen by a director in l a named james frost who said wait a minute you mean we can shoot a music video without actually using any video -so we did exactly that we made a music video for one of my favorite bands radiohead and i think one of my favorite parts of this project was not just shooting a video with lasers but we also open sourced it and we made it released as a google code project where people could download a bunch of the data and some source code to build their own versions of it and people were making some amazing things this is actually two of my favorites the -so with everybody making so much amazing stuff and actually understanding what it was they were working on i was really interested in trying to make a collaborative project where people were working together to build something and i met a music video director named chris milk and we started bouncing around ideas to make a collaborative music video project but we knew we really needed the right person to kind of rally behind and build something for -so we put the idea on the back burner for a few months and he ended up talking to rick rubin who was finishing up johnny cashs final album -called aint no grave the lyrics to the leading track are aint no grave can hold my body down so we thought this was the perfect project to build a collaborative memorial and a virtual resurrection for johnny cash so i teamed up with my good friend ricardo cabello also known as mr doob whos a much better programmer than i am -and he made this amazing flash drawing tool as you know an animation is -a series of images so what we did was cross cut a bunch of archival footage of johnny cash and at eight frames a second we allowed individuals to draw a single frame that would get woven into this dynamically changing music video -so i dont have time to play the entire thing for you but i want to show you two short clips one is the beginning of the music video and thats going to be followed by a short clip of people who have already contributed to the project talking about it briefly -this is a time lapse image of that exact same data but ive color coded it by type so you can see the diversity of aircraft that are in the skies above us -you can see the person who drew that individual thumbnail and where they were located and if you find one that youre interested in you can actually click on it and open up an information panel where youre able to rate that frame which helps it bubble up to the top -and then this is again the abstract version -which ends up getting a little bit crazy -so the last project i want to talk to you about is another collaboration with chris milk and this is called the wilderness downtown its an online music video for the arcade fire chris and i were really amazed by the potential now with modern web browsers where you have html five audio and video and the power of javascript to render amazingly fast -but most importantly i think -we really wanted to make an experience that was unlike the johnny cash project where you had a small group of people spending a lot of time to contribute something for everyone -what if we had a very low commitment but delivered something individually unique to each person who contributed -so the project starts off by asking you to enter the address of the home where you grew up and you type in the address it actually creates a music video specifically for you pulling in google maps and streetview images into the experience itself so this should really be seen at home with you typing in your own address but im going to give you a little preview of what you can expect -and i remember watching a kid playing on a car stop he was just a toddler and he wasnt very good at it and he kept falling over but i bet playing with this car stop taught him a really valuable lesson and thats that large things dont let you get right past them and that they stay in one place -and so this is a great conceptual model to have of the world -unless youre a particle physicist itd be a terrible model for a particle physicist because they dont play with car stops they play with these little weird particles and when they play with their particles they find they do all sorts of really weird things like they can fly right through walls or they can be in two different places at the same time -and so they wrote down all these observations and they called it the theory of quantum mechanics and so thats where physics was at a few years ago you needed quantum mechanics to describe little tiny particles but you didnt need it to describe the large everyday objects around us -this didnt really sit well with my intuition and maybe its just because i dont play with particles very often well i play with them sometimes but not very often and ive never seen them i mean nobodys ever seen a particle -but it didnt sit well with my logical side either because if everything is made up of little particles and all the little particles follow quantum mechanics then shouldnt everything just follow quantum mechanics -and so id feel a lot better about the whole thing if we could somehow show that an everyday object also follows quantum mechanics so a few years ago i set off to do just that -so i made one this is the first object -that you can see that has been in a mechanical quantum superposition -this device has the ability to be in a quantum superposition but it needs a little help to do it here let me give you an analogy -i dont want to bother them or frankly scare them -so quantum mechanics says that inanimate objects feel the same way the fellow passengers for inanimate objects are not just people but its also the light shining on it and the wind blowing past it and the heat of the room -and so we knew if we wanted to see this piece of metal behave quantum mechanically were going to have to kick out all the other passengers and so thats what we did -instead of just sitting perfectly still it was vibrating and the way it was vibrating was breathing something like this like expanding and contracting bellows and by giving it a gentle nudge we were able to make it both vibrate and not vibrate at the same time -something thats only allowed with quantum mechanics so what im telling you here is something truly -this would be someone whos entirely intuitive -which in turn means the entire chunk of metal is in two different places i think this is really cool -so where would you put your brain on this scale some of us may have opted for one of these extremes but i think for most people in the audience your brain is something like this with a high aptitude in both hemispheres at the same time its not like theyre mutually exclusive or anything you can be logical and intuitive -then why not you -so imagine if youre in multiple places at the same time -how would your consciousness handle your body being delocalized in space -theres one more part to the story its when we warmed it up and we turned on the lights and looked inside the box we saw that the piece metal was still there in one piece -and so i had to develop this new intuition that it seems like all the objects in the elevator are really just quantum objects just crammed into a tiny space you hear a lot of talk about how quantum mechanics says that everything is all interconnected well thats not quite right its more than that -and so i consider myself one of these people along with most of the other experimental quantum physicists who need a good deal of logic to string together these complex ideas but at the same time we need a good deal of intuition to actually make the experiments work -how do we develop this intuition well we like to play with stuff so we go out and play with it and then we see how it acts and then we develop our intuition from there and really you do the same thing so some intuition that you may have developed over the years is that one thing is only in one place at a time -i mean it can sound weird to think about one thing being in two different places at the same time but you werent born with this notion you developed it -truly awesome i knew i had to take a banjo with me to china -and i can tell you that i didnt go to china to become a lawyer in fact i went to nashville -and after a few months i was writing songs and the first song i wrote was in english and the second one was in chinese -and ive played thousands of shows and ive collaborated with so many incredible inspirational musicians around the world and i see the power of music i see the power of music to connect -and asked me what i was going to do with my life i would have told you -cultures i see it when i stand on a stage in a bluegrass festival in east virginia and i look out at the sea of lawn chairs and i bust out into a song in chinese -and everybodys eyes just pop wide open like its going to -and i bust out into a song in chinese and everybody sings along and they roar with delight at this girl with the hair and the instrument and shes singing their music -and i see even more importantly the power of music to connect hearts like the time i was in sichuan province and i was singing for kids in relocation schools in the earthquake disaster zone and this little girl comes up to me -big sister wong washburn wong same difference -big sister wong can i sing you a song that my mom sang for me before she was swallowed in the earthquake -and i sat down she sat on my lap she started singing -and the warmth of her body -was a place i could have stayed forever and in that moment we werent our american selves we werent our chinese selves we were just -mortals -sitting together in that light that keeps us here -ever thought it would have anything to do with the banjo -beautiful the sound of docs voice and the rippling groove of the banjo and after being -totally and completely obsessed with the mammoth richness and history of chinese culture it was like this total relief to hear something so truly american -a -when he saw me on what turned out to be his last hours on this earth his hands moved as if in slow motion and as i wondered what he was up to -his stick fingers made their way up to his pajama shirt fumbling with his buttons -i realized that he was wanting to expose his wicker basket chest to me it was an offering an invitation i did not decline -when we shortcut the physical exam when we lean towards ordering tests instead of talking to and examining the patient we not only overlook simple diagnoses that can be diagnosed at a treatable early stage but were losing much more than that were losing a ritual -no this ritual was about the one message that physicians have needed to convey to their patients although god knows of late in our hubris we seem to have drifted away we seem to have forgotten -as though with the explosion of knowledge the whole human genome mapped out at our feet we are lulled into inattention forgetting that the ritual is cathartic to the physician necessary for the patient forgetting that the ritual has meaning and a singular message to convey to the patient -and the message which i didnt fully understand then even as i delivered it and which i understand better now is this i will always always always be there -i will see you through this i will never abandon you -i will be with you through the end thank you very -were losing a ritual that i believe is transformative transcendent and is at the heart of the patient physician relationship -this may actually be heresy to say this at ted but id like to introduce you to the most important innovation i think in medicine to come in the next ten years and that is the power of the human hand -to touch to comfort to diagnose and to bring about treatment id like to introduce you first to this person whose image you may or may not recognize this is sir arthur conan doyle since were in edinburgh im a big fan of conan doyle you might not know that conan doyle went to medical school here in edinburgh -and his character sherlock holmes was inspired by sir joseph bell joseph bell was an extraordinary teacher by all accounts and conan doyle writing about bell described the following exchange between bell and his students so picture bell sitting in the outpatient department students all around him -patients signing up in the emergency room and being registered and being brought in and a woman comes in with a child and conan doyle describes the following exchange -she says it was good and he says what did you do with the other child she says i left him with my sister at leith -and he says and did you take the shortcut down inverleith row to get here to the infirmary -and bell then goes on to explain to the students he says you see when she said good morning -i picked up her fife accent and the nearest ferry crossing from fife is from burntisland and so she must have taken the ferry over -you notice that the coat shes carrying is too small for the child who is with her and therefore she started out the journey with two children but dropped one off along the way -you notice the clay on the soles of her feet such red clay is not found within a hundred miles of edinburgh except in the botanical gardens and therefore she took a short -and when bell actually strips the patient begins to examine the patient you can only imagine how much more he would discern and as a teacher of medicine as a student myself i was so inspired by that story -within a few minutes she went into cardiac collapse she was resuscitated stabilized whisked over to a cat scan suite right next to the emergency room because they were concerned about blood clots in the lung -his father used to go down into the basement to tap on the sides of casks of wine to determine how much wine was left and whether to reorder -and so when auenbrugger became a physician he began to do the same thing he began to tap on the chests of his patients on their abdomens and basically everything we know about percussion which you can think of as an ultrasound of its day -organ enlargement fluid around the heart fluid in the lungs abdominal changes all of this he described in this wonderful manuscript inventum novum new invention which would have disappeared into obscurity except for the fact that this physician corvisart a famous french physician -famous only because he was physician to this gentleman corvisart repopularized and reintroduced the work and it was followed a year or two later by laennec discovering the stethoscope -that the barber pole the red and white stripes represents the blood bandages of the barber surgeon and the receptacles on either end represent the pots in which the blood was collected -and the cat scan revealed no blood clots in the lung -luke fildes was commissioned to paint this by tate who then established the tate gallery and tate asked fildes to paint a painting of social importance and its interesting that fildes picked this topic fildes oldest son philip died at the age of nine on christmas eve -taken by the physician who held vigil at the bedside for two three nights that he decided that he would try and depict the physician in our time almost a tribute to this physician and hence the painting the doctor a very famous painting its been on calendars postage stamps in many different countries ive often wondered -for where he had the patient ive gotten into some trouble in silicon valley for saying that the patient in the bed has almost become an icon for the real patient whos in the computer -ive actually coined a term for that entity in the computer i call it the ipatient the ipatient is getting wonderful care all across america -the real patient often wonders where is everyone when are they going to come by and explain things to me whos in charge -theres a real disjunction between the patients perception and our own perceptions as physicians of the best medical care i want to show you a picture of what rounds looked like -when i was in training the focus was around the patient we went from bed to bed the attending physician was in charge too often these days rounds look very much like this where the discussion is taking place in a room -far away from the patient the discussion is all about images on the computer data and the one critical piece missing is that of the patient now ive been influenced in this thinking -by two anecdotes that i want to share with you -one had to do with a friend of mine who had a breast cancer -back in our own town getting her subsequent care with her private oncologist and i pressed her and i asked her why did you -come back and get your care -the cancer center was wonderful it had a -beautiful facility giant atrium valet parking a piano that played itself a concierge that took you around from here to there but -she said but they did not touch my breasts -to her it mattered deeply it was enough -for her to make the decision to get her subsequent care -with her private oncologist who every time she went examined both breasts including the axillary tail examined her axilla carefully examined her cervical region her inguinal region did a thorough exam and to her that spoke of a kind of attentiveness that she needed -i was very influenced by that anecdote i was also influenced by another experience that i had again when i was in texas before i moved to stanford i had a reputation as being interested in patients with chronic fatigue this is not a reputation you would wish on your worst enemy -i say that because these are difficult patients they have often been rejected by their families have had bad experiences with medical care and they come to you fully prepared for you to join the long list of people whos about to disappoint them -and i learned very early on with my first patient that i could not do justice to this very complicated patient with all the records they were bringing in a new patient visit of forty five minutes there was just no way -and if i tried id disappoint -we know the average american physician interrupts their patient in fourteen seconds and if i ever get to heaven it will be because i held my piece for forty five minutes and did not interrupt my patient -i then scheduled the physical exam for two weeks hence and when the patient came for the physical -i was able to do a thorough physical because i had nothing else to do i like to think that i do a thorough physical exam but because the whole visit was now about the physical i could do an extraordinarily thorough exam -and i remember my very first patient in that series -and when my ritual began -this very voluble patient began to quiet down -and i remember having a very eerie sense that the patient and i -in which i had a role and the patient had a role -i have never been examined like this before -now if that were true its a true condemnation of our health care system because they had been seen in other places i then proceeded to tell the patient once the patient was dressed the standard things that the person must have heard in other institutions which is this is not in your head this is real -unfortunately it happens all the time -the good news its not cancer its not tuberculosis its not coccidioidomycosis or some obscure fungal infection the bad news is we dont know exactly whats causing this but heres what you should do heres what we should do -i joke but i only half joke that if you come to one of our hospitals missing a limb no one will believe you till they get a cat scan mri or orthopedic consult -and i would lay out all -the standard treatment options that the patient had heard elsewhere -and i always felt that if my patient -gave up the quest for the magic doctor the magic treatment and began with me on a course towards wellness it was because i had earned the right to tell them these things by virtue of the examination something of importance had transpired in the exchange -and they immediately said to me well you are describing a classic ritual -and they helped me understand that rituals are all about transformation -we marry for example with great pomp and ceremony and expense to signal our departure from a life of solitude and misery and loneliness to one of eternal bliss -we signal transitions of power with rituals we signal the passage of a life -with rituals rituals are terribly important theyre all about transformation well i would submit to you -and then incredibly on top of that disrobing and allowing touch -i would submit to you that that is a ritual of exceeding importance and if you shortchange that ritual -by not undressing the patient by listening with your stethoscope on top of the nightgown by not doing a complete exam you have bypassed on the opportunity to seal the patient physician relationship -i am a writer and i want to close by reading you a short passage that i wrote that has to do very much with this scene im an infectious disease physician and in the early days of hiv before we had our medications i presided over so many scenes like this -i am not a luddite i teach at stanford im a physician practicing with cutting edge technology but id like to make the case to you in the next seventeen minutes that -i remember every time i went to a patients deathbed whether in the hospital -or at home i remember my sense of failure -i would look at the tongue i would percuss the chest i would listen to the heart -i would feel the abdomen -i remember so many -patients their names still vivid on my tongue their faces still so clear i remember so many huge hollowed out haunted eyes staring up at me as i performed this ritual and then the next day i would come and i would do it again -and i wanted to read you this one closing passage about one patient -i recall one patient who was at that point no more than a skeleton encased in shrinking skin unable to speak his mouth crusted with candida that was resistant to the usual medications -we had the battle between jefferson and hamilton in one thousand nine hundred and thirteen we had this ugly battle over the federal reserve when it was created with -vicious angry arguments over how it would be constituted and a general agreement that the way it was constituted was the worst possible compromise a compromise guaranteed to destroy this valuable thing this dollar -but then everyone agreeing okay so long as were on the gold standard it should be okay the fed cant mess it up so badly -but then we got off the gold standard for individuals during the depression and we got off the gold standard as a source of international currency coordination during richard nixons presidency each of those times we were on the verge of complete collapse -and nothing happened at all throughout it all the dollar has been one of the most long standing stable reasonable currencies and we all use it every single day no matter what the people screaming about tell us no matter how scared were supposed to be -and this long term fiscal picture that were in right now i think what is most maddening about it is if congress were simply able -to show not that they agree with each other not that theyre able to come up with the best possible compromise but that they are able to just begin the process towards compromise we all instantly are better off the fear -and the longer we put that off the more we make the world nervous the higher interest rates are going to be the quicker were going to -have to face a day of horrible calamity and so just the act of compromise itself and sustained real compromise would give us even more time would allow both sides even longer to spread out the pain and reach even more compromise down the road -so im in the media i feel like my job to make this happen is to help foster the things that seem to lead to compromise to not talk about this in those vague and scary terms that do polarize us but to just talk about it like what it is not an existential crisis not some -to give you a quick primer on where we are a quick refresher on where we are so the fiscal cliff i was told that thats too partisan a thing to say although i cant remember which party -battle between two fundamentally different religious views but a math problem a really solvable math problem one where were not all going to get what we want and one where you know theres going to be a little pain to spread around -its supporting or attacking people say we should call it the fiscal slope or we should call it an austerity crisis but then other people say no thats even more partisan -so i just call it the self imposed self destructive arbitrary deadline about resolving an inevitable problem -the light blue dotted line represents the congressional budget offices best guess of what will happen if congress really doesnt do anything and as you can see sometime around two thousand and twenty seven we reach greek levels of debt somewhere around one hundred and thirty percent of gdp -which tells you that some time in the next twenty years if congress does absolutely nothing were going to hit a moment where the worlds investors the worlds bond buyers are going to say we don -heres another way to look at exactly the same problem -the dark blue line is how much the government spends the light blue line is how much the government gets in and as you can see for most of recent history except for a brief period we have consistently spent more than we take in thus the national debt -and thirty and this graph sort of sums up -what the problem is the democrats they say well this isnt a big deal we can just raise taxes a bit and close that gap especially if we raise taxes on the rich -the republicans say hey no no weve got a better idea why dont we lower both lines why dont we lower government spending and lower government taxes and then well be on an even more favorable long term deficit trajectory -and behind this powerful disagreement between how to close that gap theres the worst kind of cynical party politics the worst kind of insider baseball lobbying all of that stuff but theres also this -powerfully interesting respectful disagreement between two fundamentally different economic philosophies and i like to think -when i picture how republicans see the economy what i picture is -just some amazingly well engineered machine some perfect machine unfortunately i picture it made in germany or japan but this amazing machine that -builds up the more productive areas and lets the less productive areas fade away and die and as a result the whole system is so much more efficient so much richer for everybody -and this view generally believes that there is a role for government a small role to set the rules so people arent lying and cheating and hurting each other maybe you know have a police force and a fire department and an army but to have a very limited reach into the mechanisms of this machinery -and when i picture how democrats and democratic leaning economists picture this economy most democratic economists are you know theyre capitalists they believe yes thats a good system a lot of the time its good to let markets move resources to their more productive use but that system has tons of problems -angry negotiations negotiations breaking apart reports of phone calls that arent going well people saying nothings happening at all and then sometime around christmas or new years were going to hear okay they resolved everything -that make this life worse for all of us and so the government does have a role -to take resources from more productive uses or from richer sources and give them to other sources -and when you think about the economy through these two different lenses -you understand why this crisis is so hard to solve because the worse the crisis gets the higher the stakes are the more each side thinks they know the answer and the other side is just going to ruin everything -and i can get really despairing ive spent a lot of the last few years really depressed about this until this year i learned something that i felt really excited about i feel like its really good news and its so shocking i dont like saying it because i think -people wont believe me but heres what i learned the american people taken as a whole when it comes to these issues to fiscal issues are moderate pragmatic centrists and i know thats hard to believe that the american people are moderate pragmatic centrists but let me explain what im thinking -when you look at how the federal government spends money so this is the battle right here -fifty five percent more than half is on social security medicare medicaid a few other health programs twenty percent defense nineteen percent discretionary and six percent interest so -when were talking about cutting government spending this is the pie were talking about and americans overwhelmingly and it doesnt matter what party theyre in overwhelmingly like that big fifty five percent chunk -they like social security they like medicare they even like medicaid even though that goes to the poor and indigent which you might think would have less support -and they do not want it fundamentally touched although the american people are remarkably comfortable -and democrats roughly equal to republicans with some minor tweaks to make the system more stable social security is fairly easy to fix the rumors of its demise are always greatly exaggerated so gradually raise social security retirement age maybe only on people not yet born -he told me that a few months ago he said hes ninety eight percent positive theyre going to resolve it -americans are about fifty fifty whether theyre democrats or republicans reduce medicare for very wealthy seniors seniors who make a lot of money dont even eliminate it just reduce it people generally are -we are not a nation thats powerfully divided on the major major issue were comfortable with it needing some tweaks but we want to keep it were not open to a discussion of eliminating it -and i got an email from him today saying all right were basically on track but now im eighty percent positive that theyre going to resolve it -now there is one issue that is hyper partisan and where there is one party that is just spend spend spend we dont care spend some more and that of course is republicans when it comes to military defense spending they way outweigh democrats the vast majority want to protect -military defense spending thats twenty percent of the budget -and that presents a more difficult issue -i should also note that the discretionary spending which is about nineteen percent of the budget that is democratic and republican issues so you do have welfare food stamps other programs that tend to be popular among democrats but you also have the farm bill and all sorts of department of interior inducements for -oil drilling and other things which tend to be popular among republicans -now when it comes to taxes there is more disagreement thats a more partisan area you have democrats overwhelmingly supportive of raising the income tax on people who make two hundred and fifty thousand dollars a year republicans -sort of against it although if you break it out by income republicans who make less than seventy five thousand dollars a year like this idea so basically republicans who make more than two hundred and fifty thousand dollars a year dont want to be taxed -raising taxes on investment income you also see about two thirds of democrats but only one third of republicans are comfortable with that idea -and it made me think i love studying these moments in american history when there was this frenzy of partisan anger that the economy was on the verge of total collapse -this brings up a really important point which is that we tend in this country to talk about democrats and republicans and think theres this little group over there called independents thats what two percent -if you add democrats you add republicans youve got the american people -but that is not the case at all and it has not been the case for most of modern american history roughly a third of americans say that they are democrats around a quarter say that they are republicans a tiny little sliver -call themselves libertarians or socialists or some other small third party -and the largest block forty percent say theyre independents so most americans are not partisan and most of the people in the independent camp fall somewhere in between so even though we have tremendous overlap between the views on these fiscal issues of democrats and republicans -we have even more overlap when you add in the independents -now we get to fight about all sorts of other issues we get to hate each other on gun control and abortion and the environment -but on these fiscal issues these important fiscal issues we just are not anywhere nearly as divided as people say and in fact theres this other group of people who are not as divided as people might think and that group is economists -i talk to a lot of economists and -you were a free market capitalist economist or you were a keynesian liberal economist and these people didnt go to each others weddings -the most famous early battle was alexander hamilton and thomas jefferson over what the dollar would be and how it would be backed up with alexander hamilton saying we need a central bank the first bank of the united states or else the dollar will have no value this economy wont work and -but in my experience it is really really hard to find an economist under forty who still has that kind of way of seeing the world the vast majority of economists it is so uncool to call yourself an ideologue of either camp -the phrase that you want if youre a graduate student or a postdoc or youre a professor a thirty eight year old economics professor is im an empiricist i go by the data -and the data is very clear none of these major theories have been completely successful the twentieth century the last hundred years is riddled with disastrous examples of times that one school or the other tried to explain the past or predict the future and just did an awful awful job so -the economics profession has acquired some degree of modesty -they still are an awfully arrogant group of people i will assure you but theyre now arrogant about their impartiality and they too see a tremendous range of potential outcomes -and this nonpartisanship is something that exists that has existed in secret in america for years and years and years ive spent a lot of the fall -talking to the three major organizations that survey american political attitudes pew research the university of chicagos national opinion research center and -support no we mustnt tax and we must limit the size of government or no we must encourage government to play a larger role in redistribution and correcting the ills of capitalism those groups are very very small the vast majority of people -they pick and choose they see compromise and they change over time when they hear a better argument or a worse argument -and that part of it has not changed what has changed is how people respond to vague questions if you ask people vague questions like -do you think there should be more government or less government do you think government -should especially if you use loaded language do you think the government should provide handouts or do you think the government should redistribute then you can see radical partisan change but when you get specific when you actually ask about the actual taxing and spending issues under consideration -thomas jefferson saying the people wont trust that they just fought off a king theyre not going to accept some central authority this battle defined the first one hundred and fifty years of the u s economy and at every moment different partisans saying oh my god the economys about to collapse -people are remarkably centrist theyre remarkably open to compromise -so what we have then when you think about the fiscal cliff dont think of it as -the american people fundamentally cant stand each other on these issues and that we must be ripped apart into two separate warring nations -think of it as a tiny tiny number of ancient economists -and misrepresentative ideologues have captured the process and theyve captured the process through familiar ways through a primary system which encourages that small group of peoples voices -because that small group of people the people who answer all yeses or all noes on those ideological questions they might be small but every one of them has a blog every one of them has been on fox or msnbc in the last week -every one of them becomes a louder and louder voice but they dont represent us they dont represent what our views are -and that gets me back to the dollar and it gets me back to reminding myself that we know this experience we know what its like -to have these people on tv in congress yelling about how the end of the world is coming if we dont adopt their view completely because its happened about the dollar ever since theres been a dollar -rock a mustache not a beard not a goatee a mustache for the thirty days of november and then we agreed that we would come together at the end of the month have a mustache themed party -and award a prize for the best and of course the worst mustache -think the beautiful malin akerman put it perfectly every man deserves the opportunity to grow a little bit of luxury -hipster mustache -it created a lot of controversy -hated it parents would shuffle kids away from -we came together at the end of the month and we celebrated our journey and it was a real journey and we had a lot of fun and in two thousand and four i said to the guys that was so much fun we need to legitimize this so we can get away with it year on year -so we married growing a mustache with prostate cancer and then we created our tagline which is changing the face of mens health and that eloquently describes the challenge changing your appearance for the thirty days and also the outcome that were trying to achieve getting men engaged in their health -the ceo of the prostate cancer foundation -i said to him ive got the most amazing idea thats going to transform your organization -and funds for his organization -and i said were going to come together at the end were going to have a mustache themed party were going to have djs were going to celebrate life and were going to change the face of mens health and he just looked at me and laughed and he said -but were an ultraconservative organization we cant have anything to do with you -and how through that journey weve redefined charity were redefining the way prostate cancer researchers are working together throughout the world and i hope through that process -so my lesson that year was persistence and we persisted and we got four hundred and fifty -guys growing mustaches -and together we raised fifty four thousand dollars and we donated every cent of that to the prostate cancer foundation of australia and that represented at the time the single biggest donation theyd ever received -so from that day forward my life has become about a mustache -every day this morning i wake up and go my life is about a mustache -and then in two thousand and six we came to a pivotal point -it was consuming so much of our time after hours on weekends -that we thought we either need to close this down or figure a way to fund movember so that i could quit my job and go and spend more time in the organization and take it to the next level its really interesting when you try and figure a way to fund a fundraising organization built off growing mustaches -that i inspire you to create something significant in your life something significant that will go on and make this world a better place -so wed racked up at this stage about six hundred thousand dollars worth of debt so if movember two thousand and six didnt happen the four founders -well we wouldve been broke we wouldve been homeless sitting on the street with mustaches -so what were going to have a lot of fun doing it and it taught us the importance of taking risks and really smart risks -then in early two thousand and seven a really interesting thing happened we had mo bros from canada from the u s and from the u k emailing us and calling us and saying hey theres nothing for prostate cancer bring this campaign to these countries -so we thought why not lets do it -so i cold called the ceo of prostate cancer canada and i said to him i have this most amazing concept -its going to transform your organization i dont want to tell you about it now but will you meet with me -mustaches all across canada raising awareness and funds for your organization -but he said we will partner with you -but were not going to invest in it you need to figure a way to bring this campaign across here and make it work so what we did was we took some of the money that we raised in australia to bring the -so -campaign across to this country the u s and the u k and we did that because we knew if this was successful we could raise infinitely more money globally than we could just in australia and that money fuels research and that research will get us to -the most common question i get asked and im going to answer it now so i dont have to do it over drinks tonight -so in two thousand and seven -we brought the campaign across here and it was it set the stage -what im really pleased to say is in two thousand and ten movember became a truly global movement canada was just pipped to the post in terms of the number one fundraising campaign in the world last year -we had four hundred and fifty thousand mo bros spread across the world and together we raised seventy seven million dollars -and that makes movember now the biggest funder of prostate cancer research and support programs in the world and that is an amazing achievement when you think about us growing mustaches -our ambassadors are the mo bros and the mo sistas and i think thats been fundamental to our success we hand across our brand and our campaign to those people we let them embrace it and interpret it in their own way -and i say to them last year we were fortunate enough to have four hundred and fifty thousand celebrity ambassadors and they go what what do you mean and its like everything single person every single mo bro and mo sista that participates in movember is our celebrity ambassador and that is so so important and fundamental to our success -normally a charity starts with the cause and someone that is directly affected by a cause they then go on to create an event and beyond that a foundation to support that pretty much in every case thats how a charity starts -now what i want to share with you is one of my most touching -is my tribute to my mom and we sort of all choked up in the back of the taxi -and i didnt tell him who i was because i didnt think it was appropriate and i just shook his hand and i said thank you so much your mom would be so proud and from that moment i realized that movember is so much more than a mustache having a joke its about each person -coming to this platform embracing it in their own way and being significant in their own life -for us now at movember we really focus on three program areas and having a true impact -awareness and education -survivor support programs and research now we always focus naturally on how much we raise because its a very tangible outcome but for me awareness and education -and i said whats your movember story and he said i grew the worst mustache ever -i had a conversation with my dad one on one about mens health i had a conversation with my dad about prostate cancer and i learned that my grandfather had prostate cancer -and i was able to -share with my dad that he was twice as likely to get that disease and he didnt know that and he hadnt been getting screened for it so now that guy is getting screened for prostate cancer so those conversations getting men engaged in this at whatever age is so critically important -now to the funds we raise and research and how were redefining -research we fund prostate cancer foundations now in thirteen countries we literally fund hundreds if not thousands of institutions and researchers around the world and when we looked at this more recently -we realized theres a real lack of collaboration going on even within institutions let alone nationally let alone globally and this is not unique to prostate cancer this is cancer research the world over -and so we said right wed redefined charity we need to redefine the way these guys operate how do we do that so what we did was we created a global action plan and were taking ten percent of whats raised in each country now and putting it into a global fund and weve got the best prostate cancer scientific minds in the world that look after that fund -and they come together each year and identify the number one priority -and that last year was getting a better screening test so they -with a really creative idea -with passion with persistence and a lot of patience four mates four mustaches can inspire a room full of people and that room full of people -can go on and inspire a city and that city is melbourne my home and that city -and then as the ammonia re evaporates and combines with the water back on the erstwhile hot side it creates a powerful cooling effect so it was a great idea that didnt work at all it blew up -because using ammonia you get hugely high pressures if you heated them wrong it topped four hundred psi the ammonia was toxic it sprayed everywhere but it was kind of an interesting thought -this is a work in process based on some comments that were made at ted two years ago about the need for the -so the great thing about two thousand and six is theres a lot of really great computational work you can do so we -got the whole thermodynamics department at stanford involved a lot of computational fluid dynamics we proved that most of the ammonia refrigeration tables are wrong we found some non toxic refrigerants that worked at very low vapor pressures -put it into a container and it will refrigerate for twenty four hours it looks like this this is the fifth prototype its not quite done weighs about eight pounds -but out of all the bashing after a few months emerged the most fantastic music -its amazing now because hes so much bigger than me but when derek was born he could have fitted on the palm of your hand he was born three and a half months premature and really it was a fantastic fight for him to survive -has no one in the family who plays an instrument and yet he taught himself to play that and as you can see from the picture there was quite a lot of body action going on while you were playing derek now along derek and i met when he was four and a half years old -and having said to your dad nick that i would try to teach you i was then slightly confused as to how i might go about that if i wasnt allowed near the piano but after a while i thought well the only way is to just pick you up -an exciting journey really and in those days derek you didnt speak very much and so there was always a moment of tension as to whether youd actually understood what it was we were going to play and whether youd play the right piece in the right key and all that kind of thing -but the orchestra were wowed as well and the press of the world were fascinated by your ability to play these fantastic pieces -now the question is how do you do it derek and hopefully we can show the audience now how it is you do what you do -some people have perfect pitch for a few white notes in the middle of the piano -that kind of raw ability without the technique and luckily derek you decided that once we did start learning youd let me help you learn all the scale fingerings so for example using your thumb under with c major -but that was the end of the bad news because when derek came home from the hospital his family decided to employ the redoubtable nanny who was going to look after you derek really for the rest of your childhood -the -of -a -and nannys great insight really was to think -sorry do you mind playing flight of the bumblee in b minor instead of a minor as we went on in fact the first time derek you played that with an orchestra youd learned the version that youd learned and then the orchestra in fact did have a different version so while we were waiting in the two hours before the rehearsal and the concert -heres a child who cant see music must be the thing for derek and sure enough she sang or as derek called it warbled to him for his first few years of life and i think it was that excitement with hearing her voice hour after hour every day that -you may think thirteen hours is a long time to keep talking but derek does it effortlessly -gift heres a little picture of derek going up now when you were with your nanny -now nannys great other insight was to think perhaps we should get derek -keep up with -something to play and sure enough she dragged this little keyboard out of the loft never thinking really that anything much would come of it but derek your tiny hand must have gone out to that thing and actually bashed it bashed it so hard they thought it was going to break -so when you think about your parents or your grandparents at best they may have created some photos or home videos or a diary that lives in a box somewhere -but today were all creating this incredibly rich digital archive thats going to live in the cloud indefinitely years after were gone and i think thats going to create some incredibly intriguing opportunities for technologists -now to be clear im a journalist and not a technologist so what id like to do briefly is paint a picture of what the present and the future are going to look like -now were already seeing some services that are designed to let us decide what happens to our online profile and our social media accounts after we die one of them actually fittingly enough found me when i checked into a deli at a restaurant in new york on foursquare -the -another service right now is called one thousand memories and what this lets you do is create an online tribute to your loved ones complete with photos and videos and stories that they can post after you die but what i think comes next is far more interesting -now a lot of you are probably familiar with deb roy who back in march demonstrated how he was able to analyze more than ninety thousand hours of home video -i think as machines ability to understand human language and process vast amounts of data continues to improve its going to become possible to analyze an entire lifes worth of content the tweets the photos the videos the blog posts that were producing in such massive numbers -and i think as that happens its going to become possible for our digital personas to continue to interact in the real world long after were gone thanks to the vastness of the amount of content were creating and technologys ability to make sense of it all -now were already starting to see some experiments here one service called my next tweet analyzes your entire twitter stream everything youve posted onto twitter to make some predictions as to what you might say next -well right now as you can see the results can be somewhat comical you can imagine what something like this might look like five ten or twenty years from now as our technical capabilities improve -taking it a step further mits media lab is working on robots that can interact more like humans but what if those robots were able to interact based on the unique characteristics of a specific person based on the hundreds of thousands of pieces of content that person produces in their lifetime -finally think back to this famous scene from election night two thousand and eight back in the united states where cnn beamed a live hologram of hip hop artist will i am into their studio for an interview with anderson cooper -i think thats going to become completely possible as the amount of data were producing and technologys ability to understand it both expand exponentially -now in closing i think what we all need to be thinking about is if we want that to become our reality and if so what it means for a definition of life and everything that comes after it thank you very much -he said here it is im dead and this is my last post to my blog -in advance i asked that once my body finally shut down from the punishments of my cancer then my family and friends publish this prepared message i wrote the first part of the process of turning this from an active website to an archive -now while as a journalist millers archive may have been better written and more carefully curated than most the fact of the matter is that all of us today are creating an archive thats something completely different than anything thats been created by any previous generation -consider a few stats for a moment right now there are forty eight hours of video being uploaded to youtube every single minute there are two hundred million tweets being posted every day and the average facebook user is creating ninety pieces of content each month -we came up with a list of -they wanted band integration that is the machine acting upon the band members specifically not the other way around they wanted the machine action to follow the song feeling so as the song picks up emotion so should the machine get grander -in its process they wanted us to make use of the space so we have this ten thousand sq ft warehouse we were using divided between two floors it included an exterior loading dock -we used all of that including a giant hole in the floor that we actually descended the camera and cameraman through they wanted it messy and we were happy to oblige -hi there im going to be talking a little bit about music machines and life -the machine itself would start the music so the machine would get started it would travel some distance reacting along the way hit play on -an ipod or a tape deck or something that would start playback and the machine would maintain synchronization throughout and speaking of synchronization they wanted it to sync to the rhythm and to hit specific beats along the way -they wanted it to end precisely on time okay so now the start to finish timing has to be perfect and they wanted the music to drop out at a certain point in the video and actual live audio from the machine to play part of the song -and as if that wasnt enough all of these incredibly complicating things right they wanted it in one shot -okay -so just some statistics about sort of what we went through in the process the machine itself has eighty nine distinct interactions -or more specifically what we learned from the creation of a very large and complicated machine for a music video some of you may recognize this image this is the opening frame of the video that we created -it took us eighty five takes to get it on film to our satisfaction of those eighty five takes only three actually successfully completed their -we destroyed two pianos and ten televisions in the process -we went to home depot well over a hundred times -and we lost one high heeled shoe -when one of our engineers heather knight left her high heeled shoe after a nice dinner and returned back to the build and left it in a pile of stuff and another engineer thought well that would be a really good thing to use and ended up using it as a really nice trigger and its actually in the machine -so what did we learn from all of this well having completed this we have the opportunity to step back and reflect on some of the things and we learned that small stuff stinks -little balls in wooden tracks are really susceptible to humidity and temperature and a little bit of dust and they fall out of the tracks the exact angles makes it hard to -get right and yet a bowling ball will always follow the same path it doesnt matter what temperature it is doesnt matter whats in its way it will pretty much get where it needs to go -but as much as the small stuff stinks we needed somewhere to start so that we would have somewhere to go and so you have to start with it you have to focus on it small stuff stinks -what else planning is incredibly important -you know we spent a lot of time ideating and even building some of these things its been said that no battle plan survives contact with the enemy i think our enemy was physics and shes a cruel mistress -often we had to pull things out as a result because of timing or aesthetics or whatever and so while planning is important so is flexibility these are all things that ended up not making it into the final machine -be showing the video at the end but before we do i want to talk a little bit about what it is that they wanted now when we first started talking to ok go the name of the song is this too shall pass -real car near the end of the video the big real car works every time theres no problem about it the little one had a tendency to try to run off the track and thats a problem -but you dont want to have to reset the whole machine because the lego car at the end doesnt work right so you put that up front so that if it fails at least you know you dont have to reset the whole thing -can be -were incredibly difficult moments in the building of this thing months were spent in this tiny cold warehouse and the wonderful elation that we -this too shall pass -we -the -theyve done -we were really excited because they expressed interest in building a machine that they could dance with and we were very excited about this because of course they have a history of dancing with machines -we sort of started talking about what it is that they wanted and they explained that they wanted kind of a rube goldberg machine now for those of you who dont know a rube goldberg machine is a -so we were excited by this idea and we started talking about exactly what it would look like and we came up with some parameters -and i thought to myself wouldnt it be great -if i had my own dodo skeleton -and so i want to point out here at this point that -my life obsessed by objects and the stories that they tell and this was the very latest one so i began looking around for to see if anyone sold a -some kind of model that i could get and i found lots of reference material lots of lovely pictures no dice no dodo skeleton for me but -the damage had been done i had saved a few hundred photos of dodo skeletons into my creative projects folder its a repository for my brain everything that i could possibly be interested in -any time i have an internet connection theres a sluice of stuff moving into there everything from beautiful rings to cockpit photos the key that the marquis du lafayette sent to george washington to celebrate the storming of the -russian nuclear launch key the one on the top is the picture of the one i found on ebay the one on the bottom is the one i made for myself because i couldnt afford the one on -about four years -the new yorker published an article about a cache of dodo bones that was found in a pit on the island of mauritius now the island of -maybe yeah maybe i could make my own dodo skull -i should point out at this time im not a sculptor im a hard edged model maker you give me a drawing you give me a prop to replicate you give me a -something like this my friend mike murnane sculpted this its a maquette for star wars episode two this is not my thing i this is something other people do dragons soft things however -i felt like i had looked at enough photos of dodo skulls to actually be able to understand the topology and perhaps replicate it i mean it couldnt be that difficult so -i started looking at the best photos i could find i grabbed all the reference and i found this lovely piece of reference this is someone selling this on ebay it was a womans clearly a woman a s hand hopefully a womans hand -is a small island off the east coast of madagascar in the indian ocean and it is the place where the dodo bird was discovered -as size reference for figuring out exactly how big the beak should be exactly how long et cetera et cetera and over a few hours i eventually achieved what was actually a pretty reasonable dodo skull and i didnt mean to continue -i its kind of like you know you can only clean a super messy room by picking up one thing at a time you cant think about the totality i wasnt thinking about a dodo skeleton i just noticed that as i finished this skull the armature wire that i had been used to holding it up -was sticking out of the back just where a spine would be and one of the other things id been interested in and obsessed with over the years is spines and skeletons having collected a couple of hundred -i actually understood the mechanics of vertebrae enough to kind of start to imitate them and so button by button vertebrae by vertebrae i built my way down -and actually by the end of the day i had a reasonable skull a moderately good vertebrae and half of a pelvis -and again i kept on going looking for more reference every bit of reference i could find drawings beautiful photos this guy i love this guy he put a dodo leg bones in a scanner with a ruler -you can see that i even made a museum label for it that includes a brief history of the dodo and tap plastics made me although i didnt photograph it a museum vitrine i dont have the room for this in my house -and extinguished all within about one hundred and fifty years everyone was very excited about this archeological find because it meant that they might finally be able to assemble a single dodo skeleton see -but i had to finish what i had started and this actually represented kind of a sea change to me again like i said my life has been about being fascinated by objects and the stories that they tell and also making them for myself obtaining them appreciating them -and diving into them and in this folder creative projects there are tons of projects that im currently working on projects that ive already worked on things that i might want to work on some day and things that i may just want to find and buy and have and and look at and touch -but now there was potentially this new category of things that i could sculpt that was different that i you know i have my own r two d two but thats honestly relative to sculpting to me thats easy and so i went back and looked through my creative projects folder and i happened across the maltese falcon -now -this is funny for me to fall in love with an object from a hammett novel because if its true that the world is divided into two types of people chandler people and hammett people i am absolutely a chandler person but in this case -its not about its not about the author its not about the book or the movie or the story its about the object in and of itself and in this case this object is -plays on a host of -and it is very likely the object from which hammett drew his inspiration for the maltese falcon then there is the fictional bird the one that hammett created for the book built out of words it is the engine that drives the plot of his book and also the movie -while museums all over the world have dodo skeletons in their collection nobody not even the actual natural history museum on the island of mauritius has a skeleton thats made from the bones of a single dodo -in which another object is created a prop that has to represent the thing that hammett created out of words inspired by the kniphauser hawk and this represents the falcon in the movie and then there is this fourth level which is -a whole new object in the world the prop made for the movie the representative of the thing becomes in its own right a whole other thing a whole new object of desire -and so i contacted an antiquarian bookseller who had the original christies catalogue and in it i found this magnificent picture which included a size reference i was able to scan the picture blow it up to exactly full size -it was made out of resin which wasnt a common material for movie props about the time the movie was made its funny to me that it took a while to authenticate it because i can see it compared to -this thing and i can tell you its real its the real thing its made from the exact same mold that this one is in this one because the auction was actually so controversial profiles in history the auction house that sold this -and other side elevation so now i had all the topology i needed to replicate the maltese falcon what do they do how do you start something like that i really dont know so what i did was again like i did with the dodo skull i blew all my reference up to full size -isnt exactly true the fact is is that the british museum had a complete specimen of a dodo in their collection up until the eighteenth century it was actually mummified skin and all -feather by feather detail by detail i worked out and achieved working in front of the television and super sculpey heres me sitting next to my wife its the only picture i took of the entire process as i moved through i achieved -so i went down to my shop and i molded it and i cast it in resin -i ended up with this my maltese falcon and its beautiful and i can state with authority at this point in time when id finished it of all of the replicas out there and there is a few -this is by far the most accurate representation of the original maltese falcon than anyone has sculpted now the original one i should tell you is sculpted by a guy named fred sexton this is where -but in a fit of space saving zeal they actually cut off the head and they cut off the feet and they burned the rest in a bonfire if you go look at their website today theyll actually list these specimens saying the rest was lost in a fire -it gets weird -the los angeles county museum of art had a plaster original of the maltese falcon one of the original six plasters i think made for the movie stolen out of the museum a lot of people thought it was a publicity stunt for the movie -johns grill which actually is seen briefly in the maltese falcon is still a viable san francisco eatery counted amongst its regular customers elisha cook who played wilmer cook in the movie and he gave them one of his original plasters -of the maltese falcon and they had it in their cabinet for about fifteen years until it got stolen in january of two thousand and seven -it would seem that the object of desire only comes into its own by disappearing repeatedly so here i had this falcon and it was lovely -it looked really great it the light worked on it really well it was better than anything that i could achieve or obtain out in the world but there was a problem and the problem was was that -the entirety of the object i wanted the weight behind the object this thing was made of resin and it was too light -theres this group online that i frequent its a group of prop crazies just like me called the replica props forum and its people who trade make and travel in information about movie props and it turned out that one of the guys there -a friend of mine that i never actually met but befriended through some prop deals was the manager of a local foundry he took my master falcon pattern he actually did lost wax casting -in bronze for me and this is the bronze i got back and this is after some acid etching the one that i ended up with and this thing its deeply deeply satisfying to me here im going to i going to put it out there -later on tonight and you can a i want you to pick it -not quite the whole truth anyway the frontispiece of this article was this photo and im one of the people that thinks that tina brown was great for bringing photos to the new yorker because this photo -yeah i -there you can see its weighing in at twenty seven and a half pounds thats half the weight of my dog huxley -but theres a problem now -heres the most recent progression of falcons on the far left is a piece of crap a replica i bought on ebay theres my somewhat ruined sculpey falcon because i had to get it back out of the mold theres my first casting theres my master and theres my bronze -that happens when you mold and cast things which is that every time you throw it into silicone and cast it in resin you lose a little bit of volume you lose a little bit of size and when i held my bronze one up against my sculpey one it was shorter by three quarters of an inch -why didnt i remember this why didnt i start and make it bigger so what do i do i figure i have two options one -and blown this up big enough to make a three d lithography master of this which i will polish then i will send to the mold maker and then i will have it done in bronze -there are several people who own originals and i have been attempting to contact them and reach them hoping that they will let me spend -few minutes in the presence of one of the real birds maybe to take a picture or even to pull out the hand held laser scanner that i happen to own that fits inside a cereal box -completely rocked my world i became obsessed with the object not just the beautiful photograph itself and the color the shallow depth of field the detail thats visible the wire you can see on the beak there that the conservator used to put this skeleton together theres an entire story here -and could maybe without even touching their bird i swear get a perfect three d scan and im even willing to sign pages saying that ill never let anyone else have it except for me in my office i promise ill give them one if they want it and -then maybe then ill achieve the end of this exercise but really if were all going to be honest with ourselves i have to admit that achieving the end of the exercise was never the point of the exercise to begin with was it -in a human mind -thats what is so exciting for me about this prime number we thought it might be there -and we went and found it -is what we are all about -or as my friend descartes might put it we think -what do you want to do after lunch ive got no plans it was an exercise in democratic schooling -and i am all for democratic schooling but we were only seven -through a round hole -is less than the diameter of the circle -well the square peg will pass quite easily through the round -sitting next to me one of my friends one of the cool kids in class steven leaned across -i thought about it for a nanosecond i took one look -at the road map of life -and i ran off down the street marked geek as fast as my chubby asthmatic little legs would carry me -with which the symphony of the universe is written the great descartes said something quite similar the universe is written in the mathematical language and today i want to show you one of those musical notes a number -so beautiful so massive i think it will blow your mind today were going to talk about prime numbers most of you im sure remember -because its one x seven but we cant break it down into any smaller chunks or as we call them factors now a few things you might like to know about prime numbers one is not prime the proof of that is a great party trick that admittedly only works at certain parties -im talking about five little number twos next to each other all multiplied together two x two x two x two x two so two five is two -humble breakfast radio announcer from sydney australia to be here on the ted stage literally on the other side of the world and i wanted to let you know a lot of the things youve heard about australians are true from the youngest of ages we display a prodigious sporting talent -those five little twos multiplied together two five one equal thirty one -thirty one is a prime number and that five in the power is also a prime number -and the vast bulk of massive primes weve ever found are of that form two to a prime number take away one i wont go into great detail as to why because most of your eyes will bleed out of your head if i do but -for primacy a random odd number is a lot harder to test but as soon as we go hunting for massive primes we realize its not enough just to put in any prime number in the power -two eleven one equal two thousand and -in the one thousand seven hundred s other mathematicians said he is simply the master of us all he was so respected they put him on european currency back when that was a compliment -thirty nine digits long proven to be prime in one thousand eight hundred and seventy six by a mathematician called lucas word up l dog -but he didnt know what the factors were we knew it was like six but we didnt know what are the two x three that multiply together to give us that massive number we didnt know for almost forty years until frank nelson cole came along -on the field of battle we are brave and noble warriors what youve heard is true australians we dont mind a bit of a drink -and at a gathering of prestigious american mathematicians -walked to the board -took up a piece of chalk -and started writing out the powers of two -it got even more exciting when he then wrote down these two large prime numbers in your standard multiplication format and for the rest of the hour of his talk -frank nelson cole busted that out -he had found the prime factors of two sixty seven one the room went berserk laughter as frank nelson cole sat down having delivered the only talk in the history of mathematics with no words -he admitted afterwards it wasnt that hard to do it took focus it took dedication it took him by his estimate three years of sundays -sometimes to excess leading to embarrassing social situations laughter this is my fathers work christmas party december one thousand nine hundred and seventy three im almost five years old fair to say im enjoying the day a lot more than santa was but -the age of the computer goes along and things explode -it was the year i left university -i was torn between mathematics and media it was a tough decision i loved university my arts degree was the best nine and a half years of my life -put simply in a room full of randomly selected people im a maths genius in a roomful of maths ph ds im as dumb as a box of hammers -my skill is not in the mathematics it is in telling the story of the mathematics and during that time since ive left university these numbers have got bigger and bigger each one dwarfing the last until along came this man dr curtis cooper -not years ago not months ago -to show you what this guy had done i still remember -this number is almost seventeen and a half million digits long -if you typed it out on a computer and saved it as a text file thats twenty two meg for the slightly less geeky of you think about the harry potter novels okay this is the first harry potter novel -this is all seven harry potter novels because she did tend to faff on a bit near the end -i stand before you today not as a breakfast radio host not as a comedian but as someone who was -if when ted had begun at eleven oclock on tuesday wed walked out and simply hit one slide every second it would have taken five hours to show you that number -thats -as confidently as we know the number seven is prime that fills me with -almost sexual excitement -its got a remarkably clear yes no answer and just requires phenomenal grunt large prime numbers are a great way of testing the speed and accuracy of computer chips but secondly as curtis cooper was looking for that monster prime he wasnt the only guy searching -but for me its amazing because its a metaphor for the time in which we live when human minds and machines can conquer together weve heard a lot about robots in this ted weve heard a lot about what they can and cant do it is true you can now download onto your smartphone an app -that would beat most grandmasters at chess you think thats cool heres a machine doing something cool -it can take a randomly shuffled rubiks cube using the power of the smartphone it can examine the cube and solve the cube -in five seconds -how lucky are we to live in this age when mind and machine can work together -i was there it was the most emotional exciting day it wasnt my highlight of two thousand and twelve people thought it might have been an interview id done on my show it might have been a politician it might have been a breakthrough it might have been a book i read the arts no no no it might have been something my two gorgeous daughters had done no it wasnt the highlight of two thousand and twelve so clearly was the discovery of the higgs boson -give it up for the fundamental -ive clearly got mass -where does it come from and he postulated a suggestion that theres this infinite -incredibly small field stretching throughout the universe and as other particles go through those particles and interact thats where they get their mass the rest of the scientific community said great idea higgsy weve got no idea if we could ever prove it its beyond our reach and within just fifty years -in his lifetime with him sitting in the audience -we had designed the greatest machine ever -to prove this incredible idea that originated just -but diagnosing a brain disorder without actually looking at the brain is analogous to treating a patient with a heart problem based on their physical symptoms without even doing an ecg or a chest x ray to look at the heart -it seemed so intuitive to me to diagnose and treat a brain disorder accurately it would be necessary to look at the brain directly -looking at behavior alone can miss a vital piece of the puzzle and provide an incomplete or even a misleading picture of the childs problems -yet despite all the advances in medical technology the diagnosis of brain disorders in one in six children still remained so limited -and then i came across a team at harvard university that had taken one such advanced medical technology and finally applied it instead of in brain research towards diagnosing brain disorders in children -their groundbreaking technology records the eeg or the electrical activity of the brain in real time -when i was ten years old a cousin of mine took me on a tour of his medical school -allowing us to watch the brain as it performs various functions and then detect even the slightest abnormality in any of these functions vision attention language -a program called brain electrical activity mapping then triangulates the source of that abnormality in the brain -and another program called statistical probability mapping then performs mathematical calculations to determine whether -any of these abnormalities are clinically significant allowing us to provide a much more accurate neurological diagnosis of the childs symptoms and so i became the head of neurophysiology for the clinical arm of this team -like to tell you about one such child whose story was also covered by abc news seven year old justin senigar -and as a special treat he took me to the pathology lab and took a real human brain out of the jar and placed it in my hands -came to our clinic with this diagnosis of very severe autism like many autistic children his mind was locked inside his body -there were moments when he would actually space out for seconds at a time and the doctors told his parents he was never going to be able to communicate or interact socially and he would probably never have too much language -when we used this groundbreaking eeg technology to actually look at justins brain the results were startling -it turned out that justin was almost certainly not autistic he was suffering from brain seizures -that were impossible to see with the naked eye but that were actually causing symptoms that mimicked those of autism -after justin was given anti seizure medication the change in him was amazing within a period of sixty days his vocabulary went from two to three words to three hundred words -and his communication and social interaction were improved so dramatically that he was enrolled in a regular school and even became a karate superchamp -research shows that fifty percent of children almost fifty percent of children diagnosed with autism are actually suffering from hidden brain seizures -and there it was the seat of human consciousness the powerhouse of the human body sitting in my hands -these are the faces of the children that i have tested with stories just like justin all these children -came to our clinic with a diagnosis of autism attention deficit disorder mental retardation language problems instead -scans revealed very specific problems hidden within their brains that couldnt possibly have been detected by their behavioral assessments -so these eeg scans enabled us to provide these children with a much more accurate neurological diagnosis and much more targeted treatment -for too long now children with developmental disorders have suffered from misdiagnosis while their real problems have gone undetected and left to -and for too long these children and their parents have suffered undue frustration and desperation -but we are now in a new era of neuroscience one in which we can finally look directly at brain function -in real time with no risks and no side effects non invasively and find the true source of so many disabilities in children -so if i could inspire even a fraction of you in the audience today to share this pioneering diagnostic approach with even one parent whose child is suffering from a developmental disorder -and that day i knew that when i grew up i was going to become a brain doctor scientist something or the other -then perhaps one more puzzle in one more brain will be solved one more mind will be unlocked and one more child who has been misdiagnosed or even undiagnosed by the system -will finally realize his or her true potential while theres still time for his or her brain to recover and all this by simply watching the childs brainwaves thank you -years later when i finally grew up my dream came true and it was while i was doing my ph d on the neurological causes -of dyslexia in children that i encountered a startling fact that id like to share with you all today -it is estimated that one in six children thats one in six children suffer from some developmental disorder -this is a disorder that retards mental development in the child and causes permanent mental impairments -which means that each and every one of you here today knows at least one child that is suffering from a developmental disorder -but heres what really perplexed me despite the fact that each and every one these disorders originates in the brain -most of these disorders are diagnosed solely on the basis of observable behavior -for better or worse we kids arent hampered as much when it comes to thinking about reasons why not to do things kids can be full of inspiring aspirations and hopeful thinking -like my wish that no one went hungry or that everything were free kind of utopia how many of you still dream like that and believe in the possibilities -on the other hand we kids still dream about perfection and thats a good thing because in order to make anything a reality you have to dream about it first -in many ways our audacity to imagine helps push the boundaries of possibility for instance the museum of glass in tacoma washington my home state yoohoo washington -now i want to start with a question when was the last time you were called childish for kids like me being called childish can be a frequent occurrence -our inherent wisdom doesnt have to be insiders knowledge kids already do a lot of learning from adults -teachers and students and i like this analogy it shouldnt just be a teacher at the head of the classroom telling students do this do that the students should teach their teachers -learning between grown ups and kids should be reciprocal the reality unfortunately is a little different and it has a lot to do with trust or a lack of it -dont trust someone you place restrictions on them right if i doubt my older sisters ability to pay back the ten percent interest i established on her last loan im going to withhold her ability to get more money from me until she pays it back -true story by the way -to have a prevalently restrictive attitude towards kids from every dont do that dont do this in the school handbook to restrictions on school internet use -as history points out regimes become oppressive when theyre fearful about keeping control and although adults may not be quite at the level of totalitarian regimes -kids have no or very little say in making the rules when really the attitude should be reciprocal meaning that the adult population should learn and take into account the wishes of the younger population -now whats even worse than restriction is that adults often underestimate kids abilities we love challenges but when expectations are low trust me we will sink to them -to write from the age of four and when i was six my mom bought me my own laptop equipped with microsoft word thank you bill gates and thank you ma -i wrote over three hundred short stories on that little laptop and i wanted to get published -we are called childish which really bothers me after all take a look at these events imperialism and colonization -many publishers were not quite so encouraging one large childrens publisher ironically saying that they didnt work with children -and from there on its gone to speaking at hundreds of schools keynoting to thousands of educators and finally today speaking to you i appreciate your attention today because to show that you truly care you listen but -just like you really the goal is not to turn kids into your kind of adult but rather better adults than you have been which may be a little challenging considering your guys credentials -no matter your position of place in life it is imperative to create opportunities for children so that we can grow up to blow you away -because we are the leaders of tomorrow which means were going to be taking care of you when youre old and senile no just kidding -world wars george w bush ask yourself whos responsible -really we are going to be the next generation the ones who will bring this world forward and in case you dont think that this really has meaning for you -now the world needs opportunities for new leaders and new ideas kids need opportunities to lead and succeed -what have kids -frank touched millions with her powerful account of the holocaust ruby bridges helped end segregation in the united states and most recently charlie simpson -to raise one hundred and twenty thousand pounds for haiti on his little bike so as you can see evidenced by such examples age has absolutely nothing to do with it -the traits the word childish addresses are seen so often in adults that we should abolish this age discriminatory word when it comes to criticizing behavior associated with irresponsibility -say that certain types of irrational thinking -exactly what the world needs maybe youve had grand plans before but stopped yourself thinking thats impossible or that costs too much or that wont benefit me -some resolution of those matters at the ministry of finance if it is i have to go to court personally i will do that we will continue to press on we will continue to work within jcc but i want to step back from the trinidad and tobago context and bring something new to the table in terms of an international example we had the journalist heather brooke speaking -we can work on it together we need to build a collective database and a collective understanding of where we are to go to the next point we need to increase the consciousness the final thing i want to say is in relation to this one which is a lovely website from india -discard the second myth it is a big thing its a huge problem its an economic crime -the second important myth to understand because we have to destroy these myths dismantle them and destroy them and ridicule them the second important myth to understand is the one that says that -that that too is a dangerous myth very dangerous its a piece of public mischief and i want to speak a little bit take us back about thirty years -the first thing i want to talk about is that when all of this money flowed into our country about forty years ago -we embarked the government of the day embarked on a series of government to government arrangements to have rapidly develop the country -it became so outrageous the whole situation that in fact a commission of inquiry was appointed and it reported in one thousand nine hundred and eighty two thirty years ago it reported the ballah report thirty years ago and immediately the government to government arrangements were stopped -s what he told us he told us that in fact -so the ten or fifteen percent is pure mischief -as we say its a nancy story forget it thats for little children we are big people and were trying to deal with whats happening in our society okay this is the size of the problem okay two thirds of the money stolen or wasted that was thirty years ago one thousand nine hundred and eighty two was ballah so what has changed -i dont like to bring up embarrassing secrets to an international audience but i have to -four months ago we suffered a constitutional outrage in this country we call it the section thirty four fiasco the section thirty four fiasco a suspicious piece of law and im going to say it like it is a suspicious piece of law was passed at a suspicious time to free some suspects -context your friends your family or your financiers okay friends family and financiers -we are dealing with perverts here of an economic and financial nature do you get how serious this problem is there was massive protest a lot of us in this room took part in the protest in different forms most importantly the american embassy complained so parliament was swiftly reconvened and the law was reversed it was repealed thats the word lawyers use it was repealed -but the point is -because of the suspicious passage of that law the law was actually passed into effect -need to understand what we understand about corruption -we had a lot of bid rigging and suspicious activity corrupt activity took place and to get an idea of what it consisted of and to put it in context in relationship to this whole second myth about it being no big thing we can look at this second slide here -and we need to understand that we have been miseducated about it and we have to admit that we have to have the courage to admit that to start changing how we deal with it the first thing is that the big myth number one -and what we have here i am not saying so this is the director of public prosecutions in a written statement he said so -and hes telling us that for the dollar one point six billion cost of the project one billion dollars has been traced to offshore bank accounts one billion dollars of our taxpayers money has been located in offshore bank accounts -being the kind of suspicious person i am i am outraged at that and im going to pause here im going to pause now and again and bring in different things im going to pause here and bring in something i saw in november last year at wall street i was at zuccotti park it was autumn it was cool it was damp it was getting dark -and i was walking around with the protesters looking at the one wall street occupy wall street movement walking around and there was a lady with a sign a very simple sign a kind of battered looking blonde lady and the sign was made out of bristol board as we say in these parts and it was made with a marker -and what it said on that sign hit me right in the center it said if youre not outraged you havent been paying attention -this wasnt the first time what if this is just the first time that the so and sos had been caught -what if it had happened before how would i find out -corruption okay and i have the privilege at this time to lead the joint consultative council which is a not for profit were at jcc org tt and we have the we are the leaders in the struggle to produce a new public procurement system about how public money is transacted -is that in fact its not really a crime when we get together with friends and family and we discuss crime in our country crime in belmont or crime in diego or crime in marabella nobodys speaking about corruption thats the honest truth -so those of you interested in finding out more about it or joining us or signing up on any of our petitions please get involved -and without getting into all of the details it is said to have collapsed im using my words very carefully its said to have collapsed in january of nine which is just coming up to nearly four years -and i can tell you without fear of contradiction that hasnt happened anywhere else on the planet -have all the creditors been bailed out in excess of what their statutory entitlements were only here so what was the reason for the generosity -is our government that generous and maybe they are lets look at it lets look into it so i started digging and writing and so and so on and that work can be found my personal work can be found at afraraymond com which is my name its a not for profit blog that i run not as popular as some of the other people but there you -to check myself and recalculate my bearings and to go back into some of the work some of the stuff id written and some of the exchanges id had with the officials to see what was really what as we say in trinidad and tobago who is who and what is what okay we want to try to recalculate and i made a freedom of information application in -may this year to the ministry of finance the ministry of finance is the next tower over this is the other context the ministry of finance we are told is subject to the provisions of the freedom of information act im going to take you through a worked example of whether thats really so -the central bank in which we stand this morning is immune from the provisions of the freedom of information act so in fact you cant ask them anything and they dont have to answer anything that is the law since one thousand nine -i asked to see the accounts of cl financial and if you cant show me the accounts -the minister of finance is making statements passing new laws and giving speeches and so on what are the figures hes relying on its like that joke i want whatever hes drinking and they wrote back and said to me well what do you really mean so they hit my question with a question -second point -using that act of parliament freedom of information act to release the information and i thought that was excellent -you see -but the ministry of finance the permanent secretary of the ministry of finance wrote me and said to me that information is exempt too you see this is what were dealing with okay the third thing i will tell you is that i also asked -for the directors of cl financial whether in fact they were making filings under our integrity in public life act we have an integrity in public life act as part of our framework supposed to safeguard the nations interest and public officials are supposed to file to say what it is -they have in terms of assets and liabilities and of course ive since discovered that theyre not filing and in fact the minister of finance has not even asked them to file so here we have it we have a situation where -the basic safeguards of integrity and accountability and transparency have all been discarded ive asked the question in the legal and required fashion its been ignored the sort of thing that motivated us around section thirty four we need to continue to work on that we cant forget it -i have defined this as the single largest expenditure in the countrys history its also the single largest example of public corruption according to this equation -and this is my reality check where you have an expenditure of public money -and it is without accountability and its without transparency it will always be equal to corruption whether youre in russia or nigeria or alaska it will always be equal to corruption and that is what we are dealing with here im going to continue the work to press on to get -i stand in these legs my hamstring and my glutes are contracted as i would be had i had feet and were standing on the ball of my feet -its a company in san diego called flex foot and i was a guinea pig and as i hope to continue to be in every new form of prosthetic limbs that come out -but actually these like i said are still the actual prototype i need to get some new ones because the last -so these are the sprint legs and i can put my other -your mobility or you know even fashion i mean i love the fact that i can go in anywhere and pick out what i want and the shoes i want the skirts i want -im hoping to try to bring these over here and make them accessible to a lot of people -theyre also silicon this is like a really basic basic prosthetic limb under here its like a barbie -i mean its just stuck in this position so i have to wear a two inch heel and i mean its really -it -you know that they do these track meets with all disabled runners and i figured oh i dont know about this but before i judge it let me go see what its all about so i booked myself a flight to boston in ninety five -you can see it but like it really is theres veins on the feet and then my heels like pink you know and my achilles tendon that moves a little bit and its really an amazing sort -a year and two weeks ago and this is just a silicon piece of skin i mean what happened was two years ago this man in belgium was saying you know god if i can go to madame tussauds wax museum and see -we ha luckily the hotel was terrific they got -these legs are great im doing im actually going back in a couple of weeks to get some improvements i want to get legs like these made for -for me panting and heaving and i had these legs that were made of like a wood and plastic compound -this -and -know what i was expecting but you know when i saw a man who was missing an entire leg go up to the high jump hop on one leg to the high jump and clear it at six feet two inches dan obrien jumped five eleven in ninety six in atlanta -i mean if it just gives you a comparison of these are you know truly accomplished athletes without qualifying that word athlete and so i decided to give this a shot and -dont have any skill or finesse going down that track you were all over the place we all saw how hard you were working and -so i decided to call the track coach at georgetown and i thank god i didnt know just how huge this man is in the track and field world hes coached -thought wed just talk a little bit -and you know the mans office is lined from floor to ceiling with all -ran one race and i -i wanted her to tell all of you what makes her a distinctive athlete -well we should meet first before we decide anything you know hes thinking what am i getting myself into so i met -these posters and magazine covers of people hes coached and we sat and we got talking and it turned out to be a great partnership because hed never coached a disabled athlete so therefore he had no -on this trip so he started giving me four days a week of his lunch break his free time -those of you who have seen the picture in the little bio it might have given it away im a double amputee -that i would come up to the track and train with him so thats how i met frank -that was fall of ninety five and then by the winter rolling around he said you know youre good enough you can run on our womens track team here and i said no come -why dont you tell them like on your way to the olympics but a couple of memorable events happened at georgetown why dont you just tell -well you know id won everything as far as the disabled meets everything i competed in -i was born without fibulas in both legs i was amputated at age one and ive been running like hell -better than you and i went out there and made it to the big east which was sort of the championship race -and really really hot and its the first i had just gotten these new sprinting legs that you see in that bio and -i didnt realize at that time that you know the amount of sweating that i would be doing in the sock it actually acted like a lubricant and id be -kind of pistoning in the socket and at about eighty five meters of my one hundred meters sprint in all my glory i -came out of my leg like i almost came out of it in front of like five thousand people -i i mean just mortified and because i was signed up for the two hundred -a -theres no way im going two hundred meters and he just sat there -and you know my pleas fell on deaf ears thank god because he was like you know the mans from brooklyn hes a big -i -the -two years youve been running am no a year cheryl a year and why dont you tell them what happened right before you go run your race am okay well -atlanta the paralympics just for a little bit of clarification are the olympics for people with physical -here we are like a week after the olympics and down at atlanta and im just blown away by the fact that you know -a year ago i got out on a gravel track and couldnt run fifty meters and so here i am never lost i set new records at the u s nationals the olympic trials that may -and was just you know sure that i was coming home with the gold i was also the only -planar foot so we cant get off on the springboard i said well i just did it no one told me that so its funny im three inches within the world record -and kept on from that point you know so im signed up in the long jump signed up no i made it for the long jump and the one hundred meter -and im sure of it you know i made the front page of my hometown paper that i delivered for six years you know it was like this is my time for -i was the first person in the world on these legs i was the guinea pig and -what kind of you know whom i running against here oh aimee well have to get back to you on that one i wanted to find out times dont worry youre you know youre doing great this is twenty minutes before my -students out of the nation every year to get involved in international affairs and so i won a full ride to georgetown -looking the next lane lane two is twelve point eight lane three is twelve point five -which one of these is not like the other -five golds when i skied and everything i came in first and georgetown you know that was great i was losing but it was the best training because this was atlanta -oh my god my whole family you know got in a van and drove down here from pennsylvania and you know i was the only female u s sprinter so you know they call us out and -you have one minute and when i was putting my blocks in -and ive been there for four years love it -my last card to play here is at least you know if im not going to beat these girls im going to -the rocky iv sensation of me versus germany and you know everyone else estonia and poland was in this heat and you know the gun went off and -you know finishing last and you know fighting back tears of frustration and -aimee got there she decided that shes kind of curious about track and field so she decided to call someone and start asking about it so why dont you tell -i became a collegiate athlete you know i became an olympic athlete and it made me really think about how you know the achievement was getting there i mean the fact that i set my sight just a year and three months before that -know and their patience you know to deal with me and that was like this collective glory that there was you know fifty people behind me that -had joined in this incredible experience of going to atlanta so i mean its i apply this sort of philosophy now to everything i do about like this -you know sitting back and realizing the progression like how far youve come at this day to this goal -its important to focus on a goal i think but you know also recognize the progression on the way there and how youve grown as a person you know thats the achievement i think thats the -these are my cosmetic legs actually and theyre absolutely beautiful -to come up and see them there are hair follicles on them and i can paint my toenails and -ewing who played for georgetown in the eighties comes back every summer and i had incessant fun making fun of him in the training room because hed come in with -he -as i did anyway okay now these are my sprinting legs made of carbon graphite -i said -got -different height am in these cheryl in these am i dont know i dont think -really stand on these legs she has to be moving -silicon sock -and so i run on these and -and id never competed on a disabled level you know id always competed against other able bodied athletes thats all id ever known in fact id never even met another amputee until i was seventeen and i heard -and other things that i dont arent familiar with and then one eight year old said hey why wouldnt you want to -and the whole room including me was like yeah -i went from being a woman that these kids would have been trained to see as disabled -to somebody that had potential that their bodies didnt have yet somebody that might even be super abled -speaking to a group of about three hundred kids ages six to eight at a childrens museum and i brought with me a bag full of legs similar to the kinds of things you see up here and had them laid out on a table -some of you actually saw me at ted eleven years ago and -a lot of talk about how life changing this conference is for both speakers and attendees and i am no exception -ted literally was the launch pad to the next decade of my lifes exploration -at the time the legs i presented were groundbreaking in prosthetics i had woven carbon fiber sprinting legs modeled after the hind leg of a cheetah which you may have seen on stage yesterday -and also these very life like intrinsically painted silicone legs -so at the time it was my opportunity to put a call out to innovators outside the traditional medical prosthetic community to come bring their talent to the science and to the art -of building legs so that we can stop compartmentalizing form function and aesthetic and assigning them different values -well lucky for me a lot of people answered that call and the journey started funny enough with a ted conference attendee chee pearlman who hopefully is in the audience somewhere today she was the editor then of a magazine called id -and she gave me a cover story -on the design of the cheetah legs around the world people would come up to me after the conference after my talk men and women and the conversation would go something like this -youre very attractive you dont look disabled -i thought well thats amazing because i dont feel -and it really opened my eyes to this conversation that could be explored about beauty what does a beautiful woman have to look like -the kids and from my experience you know kids are naturally curious about what they dont know or dont understand or what is foreign to them -sexy body and interestingly from an identity standpoint what does it mean to have a disability -i mean people pamela anderson has more prosthetic in her body than i do nobody calls her disabled -so this magazine through the hands of graphic designer peter saville went to fashion designer alexander mcqueen and photographer nick knight who were also interested in exploring that conversation so three months after ted i found myself on a plane -to london doing my first fashion shoot which resulted in this cover fashion able three months after that -i did my first runway show for alexander mcqueen on a pair of hand carved wooden legs made from solid ash nobody knew everyone thought they were wooden boots actually i have them on stage with me -into something that invites them to look and look a little longer -only learn to be frightened of those differences when an adult influences them to behave that way and maybe censors that natural curiosity or you know reins in the question asking in the hopes of them being polite little kids -and maybe even understand -i learned this firsthand with my next adventure the artist matthew barney in his film opus called the the cremaster cycle -this is where it really hit home for me that my legs could be wearable sculpture and even at this point i started to move away from the need to replicate human ness as the only aesthetic ideal -so we made what people lovingly referred to as glass legs even though theyre actually optically clear polyurethane a k a bowling ball material heavy then we made these legs that are -with a potato root system growing in them and beetroots out the top and a very lovely brass toe thats a good close up of that one -then another character was a half woman half cheetah a little homage to my life as an athlete -that whipped around like a gecko and then another pair of legs -we collaborated on were these look like jellyfish legs also polyurethane and the only purpose that these legs can serve outside the context of the film is to -so whimsy -legs that various people have made for me and with them i have different negotiations of the terrain under my feet and i can change my height i have a variable of five different heights -and she looked at me and she said but -so i just pictured a first grade teacher out in the lobby with these unruly kids saying now whatever you do dont stare at her legs but -as you want it and thats when i knew thats when i knew that the conversation with society has changed profoundly in this last decade -it is no longer a conversation about overcoming deficiency -its a conversation about -limb doesnt represent the need to replace loss anymore -it can stand as a symbol that the wearer has the power to create whatever it is that they want to create in that space -so people that society once considered to be -can now become the architects of their own identities and indeed continue to change those identities -by designing their bodies from a place of empowerment -and what is exciting to me so much right now -is that by combining cutting edge technology robotics bionics with the age old poetry -that if we want to discover the full potential in our humanity -thats the point thats why i was there i wanted to invite them to look and explore so i made a deal with the adults that the kids could come in without any adults for two minutes on their own the doors open -we need to celebrate those heartbreaking strengths and those glorious disabilities that we all have -i think of shakespeares shylock -if you prick us do we not bleed -and if you tickle us do we not laugh it is our humanity -and all the potential within it -that makes us beautiful thank you -the kids descend on this table of legs and they are poking and prodding and theyre wiggling toes and theyre trying to put their full weight on the sprinting leg to see what happens with that and i said kids -really quickly i woke up this morning i decided i wanted to be able to jump over a house -dream up right now what kind of legs would you build me -and immediately a voice -i looked in the rearview mirror and -all of a sudden it just hit me there was no motorcade back there -youve heard of phantom limb pain -this was a rented ford taurus -she took our order and then went to the couple in the booth next to us and she lowered her -a series of -the very next day -but what it turned out to be was that my staff was extremely upset because one of the wire services -the story began former vice president al gore announced in nigeria yesterday my wife tipper and i have opened a low cost family -shoneys and we are running it ourselves -tipper was saying one more burger with fries -talk about -on what many of you have said you would like me to elaborate on what can you -do about the climate crisis i want to start with -show some new images and im going to recapitulate just four or five now the slide show i update the slide show -and i say that sincerely partly because -every time i give it i add new images because i learn more about it every time i give it its like beachcombing you know every time the tide comes in and out you find some more shells -just in the last two days we got the new temperature records in january this is just for the united states of america historical average for january is thirty one degrees last month was thirty nine -point five degrees now i know that you wanted some more bad news about the environment -but these are the recapitulation slides and then im going to go into new material about what you can do but i wanted to elaborate on a couple of these -need that -first of all this is where were projected to go with the u s contribution to global warming under business as usual -a cost its a profit the sign is wrong its not negative its positive these are investments that pay for themselves but they are also very effective in deflecting our path -cars and trucks i talked about that in the slideshow but i want you to put it in perspective its an easy visible -target of concern and it should be but there is more global warming pollution that comes from buildings than from cars and trucks -cars and trucks are very significant and we have the lowest standards in the world and so we should address that but its part of the puzzle -other transportation efficiency is as important as cars and trucks -shows it carbon capture and sequestration thats what ccs stands for is likely to become the killer app that will enable us to -to use fossil fuels in a way that is safe not quite there yet ok now what can you do -reduce emissions in your home most of these expenditures are also profitable -a hybrid use light rail figure out some of the other options that are much better its important -be a green consumer you have choices with everything you buy between things that have a harsh effect or a much less harsh effect on the global -climate crisis consider this make a decision to live a carbon neutral life those of you who are good at branding id love to get your advice and help -i flew on air force two for eight years -on how to say this in a way that connects with the most people it is easier than you think it really is -a lot of us in here have made that decision and it is really pretty easy reduce your carbon -and then purchase or acquire offsets for the remainder that you have not completely reduced and what it means -is elaborated at climatecrisis net there is a carbon calculator -now i have to take off my shoes or boots to get on an airplane -on this arcane science of carbon calculation to construct a consumer friendly carbon calculator -you can very precisely calculate what your co two emissions are and then you will be given options to reduce -and by the time the movie comes out in may this will be updated to two point zero and we will have click through purchases of offsets -next consider making your business carbon neutral again some of us have done that and its not as hard as you think -community invest sustainably majora mentioned this listen if you have invested money with managers -who you compensate on the basis of their annual performance dont ever again complain about quarterly report ceo -it talk about it -the movie comes out the movie is a movie version of the slideshow i gave two nights ago except its a lot more -and it comes out in may -many of you here have the opportunity to ensure that a lot of people see it -consider sending somebody to nashville pick well -and i am personally going to train people to give -this slideshow re purposed with some of the personal stories obviously replaced with a generic approach and its -not just the slides its what they mean and its how they link together and so im going to be conducting a course this summer -for a group of people that are nominated by different folks to come and then give it en masse in communities all across the country and were -what thats been like for me -use copyrights so that young people can remix it -we need republicans as well this used to be a bipartisan issue and i know that in this group it really is become politically active make our democracy work the way its supposed to work -its a true story every bit of this is true -support the idea of capping carbon dioxide emissions global warming pollution and trading -as long as the united states is out of the world system its not a closed system once it becomes a closed system -soon after tipper and i left the -its a closed system -you will have legal liability if you do not -urge your ceo to get the maximum income from reducing and trading the carbon emissions that can be avoided the market will work to solve this problem -if we can accomplish this -and in our modern country the role of logic and reason no longer includes mediating between wealth and power the way it once -lets rebrand global warming as many of you have suggested i like climate crisis instead of climate collapse -but again those of you who are good at branding i need your help on this -thats really true -you very -heard a couple of days ago -about the value of -have to somehow understand -that history has presented us with a choice -figuring out how to save her life -while she was distracted -by the amazing experience that she was going through -we now have a culture of distraction -but we have a planetary emergency -and we have to find a way -to create in the generation of those alive today a sense of generational mission i wish i could find the words to convey this -this was another hero generation -that brought democracy to the planet -another that ended slavery -we can do this -on our house and dug the geothermal wells and did all of that -have the capacity -at moments of great challenge -to set aside the causes of distraction and rise to the challenge that history is presenting to us -other stuff -sometimes i hear people -by saying oh this is so terrible -but as important as it is to change the light bulbs it is more important to change the laws and when we -what a burden we have -i would like to ask you to re frame that -had the opportunity -to rise to a challenge -that is worthy of our best efforts -challenge that can pull from us -more than we knew we could do -i think we ought to approach this challenge with a sense of profound joy and gratitude -that we are the generation -about which a thousand years from now -and poets and singers -will celebrate by saying they were the ones -so many people at ted there is deep pain that basically a design issue at the end of the day a design issue on a voting form -one bad design issue meant that your voice wasnt being heard like that in the last eight years in a position where you could make these things come true -you have no idea -when you look at what the leading candidates in your own party are doing now i mean -are you excited by their plans on global -the answer to the question is hard for me because on the one hand i think that we should feel -really great about the fact -that the -in order -and forward leaning position on the climate crisis all three have offered leadership and all three are very different from the approach taken by the current administration -and i think that all three have also been responsible in putting forward plans and proposals -to be optimistic about this we have to become incredibly active as citizens in our democracy in -the -campaign dialogue that as illustrated by the questions that was put together by the league of conservation voters by the way the analysis of all the questions -and by the way the debates have all been sponsored by something that goes by the orwellian label clean coal -every single debate has been sponsored by clean coal now even lower emissions -the richness and fullness of the dialogue in our democracy has not laid the basis for the kind of bold -that is really needed so theyre saying the right things and they may whichever of them is elected may do the right thing but let me tell you -only one out of one hundred senators was willing to vote to confirm -to ratify that treaty -whatever the candidates say -has to be laid alongside what the people say -this challenge is part of the fabric of our whole civilization co two is the exhaling breath of our civilization literally -and now we mechanized that process changing that pattern requires a scope -a scale a speed of change that is beyond what we have done in the past so thats why i began by saying -be optimistic in what you do but be an active citizen demand change the light bulbs but change the laws -change the global treaties we have to speak up we have to solve this democracy -this we have sclerosis in our democracy and we have to change that use the internet go on the internet -connect with people become very active as citizens have a moratorium we shouldnt have any new -we have to quickly build these renewable sources now nobody is talking on that scale but i do believe that between now and november it is possible this alliance for climate protection -launch a nationwide campaign grassroots mobilization television ads internet ads radio newspaper with partnerships with everybody from the girl scouts to the hunters and fishermen -we need help -your own personal role going forward al is there something more than that you would like to be doing -i have prayed that -would be able to find the answer -it does depend on all of us but again not just with the light bulbs -i have given -most of us here -are americans -we have a democracy -we can change things but we have to actively change -whats needed really is -a higher level of consciousness -and thats hard to thats hard to create but it is coming -if you want to go far go together -we have to go far -thank you so much for coming to ted -the slide show that i gave here two years ago about two thousand times im giving a short slide show this morning that im giving for the very first time -many years ago when i was a young congressman i spent an awful lot of time dealing with the challenge of nuclear arms control the nuclear arms race and the military historians taught me during that quest -that military conflicts are typically -put into three categories -local battles -regional or theater wars -and the rare but all important global world war -a different organizational model environmental challenges fall into the same three categories and most of what we think about are local environmental problems air pollution water pollution hazardous waste dumps -but there are also regional environmental problems like acid rain from the midwest to the northeast and from western europe to the arctic and -not because venus is slightly closer to the sun its three times hotter than mercury which is right next to the -youve seen this slide before but theres a change -the only two countries that didnt ratify and now theres only one -these are real objects -now im going to show you how it is done ive looped the film here so you can get a very interesting experience i want you to see -talk my a new lecture just for ted and im going show you some illusions that weve created for ted and im going to try to relate this to happiness -how this illusion is constructed and its going to rotate so you see that its inside out now watch as it rotates back how quickly your perception snaps -ok now watch it as it rotates back again and this is a very bright audience all right see if you can stop it from happening even though you know one hundred percent its true that -you -were going to do it again no doubt about -see if you can stop it from happening -its difficult -and we can violate your -in a whole variety of ways about representation about shape about color and so forth and its very primal and its an interesting question to -ponder why these things -we find these things joyful why would we find them joyful so heres something that lionel did a while ago i like these sort of little things like this -i was thinking about with happiness is what gives happiness or happiness which i equate with joy in my particular area and i think theres something very fundamental and i was thinking about this -ok we can violate your expectations about shape -we can violate your expectations on representation what an image represents -what do you see here -see dolphins ok those people who raised their hands afterwards the rest of the audience go talk to them all right actually this is the best example -of priming by experience that i know if you are a child under the age of ten who havent been ruined yet -look at this image and see dolphins now some of you adults here are saying -dolphins what dolphins but in fact if you -figure ground in other words the dark areas here i forgot to ask for a pointer but if you reverse it youll see a whole series of little dolphins by the way -its -something like this can be -because this is after all talk about design -this is done by saatchi and saatchi and they actually got away with this ad in australia so if you look at this ad for beer -all those people are in sort of provocative positions but they got it past and actually won the clio awards -so it is funny to do these things -this is the joke i did -and its in terms of both illusions and movies that we go see and jokes and magic shows is that -when the the florida ballot was going around you know count the dots for gore count the dots for bush count them again -you can violate your expectations about experience here is -this is something were building -for you know amusement parks and that kind of stuff -now lets take a static image -can you see this do you see the middle section moving down and the outer sections moving up its completely static -a static image how many people see -its completely static -right now when its interesting that when we look at an image we see you know color depth texture -and you can look at this whole scene and analyze it you can see the woman is in closer than the wall and so forth but the whole thing is actually flat -and it was such a good trompe loeil that people got irritated when they tried to talk to the woman and she wouldnt respond -now you can make design mistakes -like this building in new york so that when you -see it from this side it looks like the balconies tilt up and when you walk around to the other side it looks like the balconies -go down so there are cases where you have mistakes in design that incorporate illusions or you take -this particular un retouched -now interestingly enough i get a lot of emails from people who say is there any perceptual difference between males and females -and i really say no i mean women can navigate through the world just as well as males can and why -however this is one illusion that women can consistently do better than males in matching which head because they rely on fashion cues they can match the -now getting to a part i want to show design in illusions i believe that the first example -of illusions being used purposely was by da vinci in this anamorphic image of -so that when you saw from one little angle -was like this and this little technique got popular in the sixteenth century and the seventeenth century to disguise hidden meanings where you could flip the image -like this but these are early incorporations of illusions brought to sort of hot point with hans holbeins ambassadors and hans holbein worked for henry -this was hung on a wall where you could walk down from the stair and you can see this hidden skull -right now im going to show you some designers who -with illusions to give that element of surprise one of my favorites is scott kim i worked with scott to create some illusions for ted -i hope you will enjoy we have one here -ted and happiness -so we scott created this wonderful -well theres analog and digital -figure goes to ground -and for the musicians -and of course since happiness we want joy to the world -now another great designer hes very well known in japan -and he just builds some fantastic things this is simply amazing -so what im going to try and do in my lecture is a go a little bit further and see -this is a pile of junk -that when you view it from one particular angle -you see its reflection in the mirror as a perfect piano -to violinist -this is really wild -this assemblage of forks knives and spoons and various cutlery welded together -can violate your expectations in a pleasing way i mean sometimes expectations that are violated are not pleasant but im going to try to do it in a pleasant way in a very primal way so i can make the audience here happy -a shadow of a motorcycle -you learn something in the sort of thing that i do which is there are people out there with a lot of time on their hands -ken knowlton does wonderful composite images -like creating jacques cousteau out of seashells un retouched seashells but just by rearranging them -he did einstein out of dice -because after all einstein said god does not play dice with the universe -out of un retouched keyboards -will shortz crossword puzzle -john cederquist does these wonderful trompe -im going to skip ahead since im sort of running i want to show you quickly what ive created -some new type of illusions ive done something with taking the pixar type illusions so you see these kids the same size here -running down the hall the two table tops of the same size theyre looking out two directions at once you have a larger piece fitting in with a smaller -and thats something for you to think about all right so you see larger pieces fitting in within smaller pieces here -you can see the two kids are looking out simultaneously out of two different directions at once -now can you believe these two table tops are the same size and shape -they are so if you measured them they would be -as i say those two figures are identical in size and shape -interesting by doing -so im going to show you some ways that we can violate your expectations first of all i want to show you the particular illusion here -this in this sort of rendered fashion how much stronger these illusions are any case i hope this has brought you a little joy and happiness and if youre interested in seeing more cool effects -see me outside id be happy to show you -i want you first of all when it pops up on the screen to notice that the two holes are perpendicular to each other -a bats a penis and a nappy dugout is a vulva or a vagina -a glove or a catchers mitt is a condom -a switch hitter is a bisexual person and we gay and lesbian folks play for the other team and then theres this one -if theres grass on the field play ball -and that usually refers to if a young person specifically often a young woman is old enough to have pubic hair shes old enough to have sex with -talk to you today about a whole new way to think about sexual activity and sexuality education by comparison -this baseball model is incredibly problematic its sexist its heterosexist its competitive its goal directed and it cant result in healthy sexuality developing in young people or in adults -so we need a new model im here today to offer you that new model -and its based on -the trigger for sexual activity what happens during sexual activity and the expected outcome of sexual activity -so when do you play baseball -you play baseball when its baseball season and when theres a game on the schedule -its not exactly your choice -its competitive were not playing with each other were playing against each other and when you show up to play baseball nobody needs to talk about what were going to do or how this baseball game might be good for us everybody knows the rules you just take your position and play the game -if you talk to someone today in america about sexual activity youll find pretty soon youre not just talking about sexual activity youre also talking about baseball -but when do you have pizza -well you have pizza -when youre hungry -for pizza it starts with an internal sense an internal desire or a need huh i could go for some pizza -were looking for an experience that both of us will share thats satisfying for both of us -and half and even if youve had -pizza with somebody for a very long time dont you still say things like -should we get the usual laughter or maybe something a little more adventurous -okay so when youre playing baseball so if we talk about during sexual activity when youre playing baseball youre just supposed to round the bases in the proper order one at a time you cant hit the ball and run to right field that doesnt work and you also cant get to second base and say -and also of course with baseball theres like the specific equipment and a specific skill set not everybody can play baseball -its pretty exclusive okay but what about pizza when were trying to figure out whats good for pizza isnt it all about -because baseball is the dominant cultural metaphor that americans use to think about and talk about sexual activity -you score as many runs as you can -theres always a winner in baseball -and that means theres always a loser in baseball -theres no winning how do you win pizza -and sometimes that can be different amounts over different times or with different people or on different days and we get to decide -when we feel satisfied if were still hungry we might have some more -if you eat too much though you just feel gross -so what if we could take this pizza model and overlay it on top of sexuality education a lot of sexuality education that happens today is so influenced by the baseball model and it sets up education that -and those young people become older people but if we could create sexuality education that was more like pizza we could create education that invites people to think about their own desires to make deliberate decisions about what they want -to talk about it with their partners and to ultimately look for not some external outcome -but for what feels satisfying and we get to decide that -and we know that because theres all this language in english that seems to be talking about baseball but thats really talking about sexual activity -you may have noticed in the baseball and pizza comparison under the baseball its all commands theyre all exclamation points -but under the pizza model theyre questions -and who gets to answer those questions you do -so for example -and if youre a benchwarmer you might be a virgin or somebody who for whatever reason isnt in the game maybe because of your age or because of your ability -or because of your skillset -and uses that to come to a complete vision of who you are that is snobbery and the dominant kind of snobbery that exists nowadays -job snobbery you encounter it within minutes at a party when you get asked that famous iconic question of the early twenty one st century what do you do -and according to how you answer that question people are either incredibly delighted to see you or look at their watch and make their excuses now to opposite of a snob is your mother -not necessarily your mother or indeed mine but as it were the ideal mother somebody who doesnt care about your achievements but unfortunately most people are not our mothers -these career crises often actually on a sunday evening just as the sun is starting to set and the gap between my hopes for myself and the reality -love in general respect they are willing to accord us that will be strictly defined by our position in the social hierarchy and thats a lot of the reason why we care so much about our careers -and indeed start caring so much about material goods you know were often told that we live in very materialistic times -greedy people i dont think we are particularly materialistic i think we live in a society which has simply pegged certain emotional rewards to -the acquisition of material goods its not the material goods we want its the rewards we want and thats a new way of looking at luxury goods the next time you see somebody driving a ferrari dont think this is somebody who is greedy think this is somebody who is incredibly vulnerable and in need of love -feel sympathy rather than contempt there are other reasons there are other reasons why -from many sources that anyone can achieve anything weve done away with the caste system we are now in a system where anyone can rise to any position they please and its a beautiful idea -along with that is a kind of spirit of equality were all basically equal there are no strictly defined kind of hierarchies there is one really big problem with this and that problem is envy envy -of my life start to diverge so painfully that i normally end up weeping into a pillow im mentioning all this -real taboo to mention envy but if there is one dominant emotion in modern society that is envy and its linked to the spirit of equality let me explain -i think it would be very unusual for anyone here or anyone watching to be envious of the queen of england even though she is much richer than any of you are and shes got a very large house the reason why we dont envy -we cant relate to her and when you cant relate to somebody you dont envy them the closer two people are in age in background in the process of identification the more there is a danger of envy which is incidentally why none of you should ever go to a school reunion because there is no -stronger reference point than people one was at school with but the problem generally of modern society is that it turns the whole world into a school everybody is wearing jeans everybody is the same -and yet theyre not so there is a spirit of equality combined with deep inequalities which makes for a very can make for a very stressful situation its probably as unlikely -that you would nowadays become as rich and famous as bill gates as it was unlikely in the seventeenth century that you would accede to the ranks of the french aristocracy -but the point is it doesnt feel that way its made to feel by magazines and other media outlets that if youve got energy a few bright ideas about technology a garage you -im mentioning all this because i think this is not merely a personal problem you may think im wrong in this but i think that we live in an age when our lives are regularly punctuated by career crises by moments when what we thought we knew -the first kind tells you you can do it you can make it anything is possible and the other kind tell you how to cope with what we politely call low self esteem or impolitely call feeling very bad about yourself -a real correlationship a real correlation between a society that tells people that they can do anything and the existence of low self esteem so thats another way in which something that is quite positive can have a nasty kickback there is another reason -why we might be feeling more anxious about our careers about our status in the world today than ever before and it is again linked to something nice and that nice thing is called meritocracy -now everybody all politicians on left and right agree that meritocracy is a great thing and we should all be trying to make our societies really really meritocratic -to get to the bottom also get to the bottom and stay there in other words your position in life comes to seem not accidental but merited and deserved and that makes failure seem much more crushing you know in the middle ages -in england when you met a very poor person that person would be described as an unfortunate literally somebody who had not been blessed by fortune an unfortunate -a real difference between an unfortunate and a loser and that shows four hundred years of evolution in society and -about our lives about our careers comes into contact with a threatening sort of reality its perhaps easier now than ever before -our belief in who is responsible for our lives its no longer the gods its us were in the driving seat thats exhilarating if youre doing well and very crushing if youre not it leads in the worst cases in the analysis of -a sociologist like emil durkheim it leads to increased rates of suicide there are more suicides in developed individualistic countries than in any other part of the world -and some of the reason for that is that people take what happens to them extremely personally the own their success but they also -their failure is there any relief from some of these pressures that ive just been outlining i think there is i just want to turn to a few of them lets take meritocracy this idea that everybody deserves to get where they get to -i think its a crazy idea completely crazy i will support any politician of left and right with any halfway decent meritocratic idea i am a meritocrat in that sense -but i think its insane to believe that we will ever make a society that is genuinely meritocratic its an impossible dream the idea that we will make a society where literally everybody -the good at the top and the bad at the bottom and its exactly done as it should be is impossible there are simply too many random factors accidents accidents of birth accidents of things dropping on peoples heads illnesses etc we will never get to grade them -to make a good living its perhaps harder than ever before to stay calm to be free of career anxiety i want to look -in modern english that would mean its a sin to come to any view of who you should talk to dependent on their business card its not the post that should count -and according to st augustine its only god who can really put everybody in their place and hes going to do that on the day of judgement with angels and trumpets and the skies will open insane idea if youre a secularist person like me but something very valuable in that idea nevertheless -in other words hold your horses when youre coming to judge people you dont necessarily know what someones true value is that is an unknown part of them and we shouldnt behave as though it is -what we fear is the judgement and ridicule of others and it exists you know the number one organ of ridicule nowadays is the newspaper and if you open the newspaper any day of the week -its full of people whove messed up their lives theyve slept with the wrong person theyve taken the wrong substance theyve passed the wrong legislation whatever it is and then are fit for -now if i may at some of the reasons why we might be feeling anxiety about our careers why we might be victims of these career crises as -tragic art as it developed in the theaters of ancient greece in the fifth century b c was essentially an art form devoted to tracing how people fail and -also according them a level of sympathy which ordinary life would not necessarily accord them i remember a few years ago i was thinking about all this and i went to see the sunday sport a tabloid newspaper that i dont recommend you to start reading if youre not familiar with it already -i went to talk to them about certain of the great tragedies of western art and i wanted to see how they would seize the bare bones of certain stories -if they came in as a news item at the news desk on a saturday afternoon so i told them about othello they had not heard of it but were fascinated by -to write the headline for the story of othello they came up with love crazed immigrant kills senators daughter splashed -i gave them the plotline of madame bovary again a book they were enchanted to discover and they wrote shopaholic adulteress swallows arsenic after credit -then my favorite they really do have a kind of genius all of their own these guys my favorite is sophocles oedipus the king sex with mum was blinding -like at one end of the spectrum of sympathy youve got the tabloid newspaper at the other end of the spectrum youve got tragedy and tragic art and i suppose im arguing that we should learn a little bit about whats happening in tragic art it would be insane to call hamlet a loser -were weeping softly into our pillows one of the reasons why we might be suffering is that we are surrounded by snobs -he is not a loser though he has lost and i think that is the message of tragedy to us and why its so very very important i think the other thing about modern society and why it causes this anxiety -is that we have nothing at its center that is non human we are the first society to be living in a world where we dont worship anything other than ourselves we think very highly of ourselves and so we should weve put people on the moon -of extraordinary things and so we tend to worship ourselves our heros are human -thats a very new situation most other societies have had right at their center the worship of something transcendent a god a spirit -a natural force the universe whatever it is something else that is being worshiped weve slightly lost the habit of doing that which is i think why were particularly drawn to nature -not for the sake of our health though its often presented that way but because its an escape from the human anthill its an escape from our own competition and our own dramas and thats why we enjoy looking at glaciers and oceans and contemplating the -from outside its perimeters etc we like to feel in contact with something that is non human and that is so deeply -the screen who is very very successful certain ideas would immediately come to mind you would think that person might have made a lot of money achieved renown in some field -my own theory of success and im somebody who is very interested in success i really want to be successful im always thinking how could i be more successful but as i get older im also very nuanced about what that word success might -an insight that ive had about success you cant be successful at everything we hear a lot of talk about work life balance nonsense you cant have it all you -so any vision of success has to admit what its losing out on where the element of loss is and i think any wise life will accept as i say -that there is going to be an element where we are not succeeding and the thing about a successful life is a lot of the time our ideas -of what it would mean to live successfully are not our own they are sucked in from other people chiefly if youre a man your father and if youre a woman your mother -when were told that banking is a very respectable profession a lot of us want to go into banking when banking is no longer so respectable we lose interest in banking we are highly open -to suggestion so what i want to argue for is not that we should give up on our ideas of success but we should make sure that they are our own we should focus in -on our ideas and make sure that we own them that we are truly the authors of our own ambitions because its bad enough not getting what you want -even worse to have an idea of what it is you want and find out at the end of a journey that it isnt in fact what you wanted all along so im going to end it there but -what i really want to stress is by all means success yes but lets accept the strangeness of some of our ideas lets probe away at our notions of success lets make sure our ideas of success are truly our own thank you very much -that was fascinating how do you reconcile this idea of someone being it being bad to think of someone as a loser -the idea that a lot of people like of seizing control of your life and that a society that encourages that perhaps has to have some winners and losers -yes i think its merely the randomness of the winning and losing process that i wanted to stress because the emphasis nowadays is so much on the justice of everything and politicians always talk about justice now i am a firm believer in justice i just think that it is impossible -so we should do everything we can we should do everything we can to pursue it but at the end of the day we should always remember that whoever is facing us whatever has happened -i mean do you believe that you can combine your kind of kinder gentler philosophy of work with a successful economy or do you think that you cant but it doesnt matter too much that were putting too much emphasis on -the nightmare thought is that frightening people is the best way to get work out of them and that somehow the crueler the environment the more people will rise to the challenge -you want to think who would you like as your ideal dad and your ideal dad is somebody who is tough but gentle and its a very hard line to make we need fathers as it were the exemplary father figures in society -religious superstructure so one can have so called spiritual moments without belief in the spirit -doctrines i dont think these doctrines are right but a very important but i love christmas carols -is there an equivalent -process by which theres a sort of bridge between what youre talking about and what you would say to them -from all these very good things its so sad that we constantly say i dont believe so i cant have community so im cut off from morality so i cant go on a pilgrimage one wants to say nonsense why not and thats really the spirit of my talk theres so much we can absorb atheism shouldnt cut itself off from the rich sources of religion -i really like -but probably most people in the community certainly dont think that religion is going away any time soon and want to find the language to have a constructive dialogue and to feel like we can actually talk to each other and at least share some things in common are we -foolish to be optimistic about the possibility of a world where instead of religion being the great rallying cry of divide and war that there could be bridging -the art of mantegna i really like looking at old churches i really like turning the pages of the old testament whatever it may be you know the kind of thing im talking about people who are attracted to the ritualistic side the moralistic communal side of religion but cant bear the doctrine until now -were all very suspicious of is individual leaders it doesnt need it what ive tried to lay out is a framework and im hoping that people can just -fill it in ive sketched a sort of broad framework but wherever you are as i say if youre in the travel industry do that travel bit if youre in the communal industry look at religion and do the communal bit so its a wiki project -thank you for sparking -the -these people have faced a rather unpleasant choice its almost as though either you accept the doctrine and then you can have all the nice stuff or you reject the doctrine and youre living in some kind of spiritual wasteland under the guidance of cnn and walmart -so thats a sort of tough choice i dont think we have to make that choice i think there is an alternative i think there are ways and im being both very respectful and completely impious of stealing from religions -if you dont believe in a religion theres nothing wrong with picking and mixing with taking out the best sides of religion -common ways of dividing the world is into those who believe and those who dont into the religious -and for me atheism two point zero is about both as i say a respectful and an impious way of going through religions and saying what here could we use the secular world is full of holes we have secularized badly i would argue -and a thorough study of religion could give us all sorts of insights into areas of life that are not going too well and id like to run through a few of these today -id like to kick off by looking at education now education is a field the secular world really believes in when we think about -how were going to make the world a better place we think education thats where we put a lot of money education is going to give us not only commercial skills industrial skills its also going to make us better people you know the kind of thing a commencement address is and graduation ceremonies those lyrical claims -that education the process of education particularly higher education will make us into nobler and better human beings thats a lovely idea -interesting where it came from in the early nineteenth century church attendance in western europe started sliding down very very sharply and people panicked they asked themselves the following question they said where are people going to find the morality where are they going to find guidance and where are they going to find sources of consolation -and influential voices came up with one answer they said culture its to culture that we should look for guidance for consolation for morality lets look to the plays of shakespeare the dialogues of plato the novels of jane austen -and the atheists and for the last decade or so its been quite clear what being an atheist means there have been some very vocal atheists whove pointed out not just that religion is wrong but that its ridiculous these people many of whom have lived in north oxford -in there well find a lot of the truths that we might previously have found in the gospel of saint john -now i think thats a very beautiful idea and a very true idea they wanted to replace scripture with culture and thats a very plausible idea its also an idea that we have forgotten -if you went to a top university lets say you went to harvard or oxford or cambridge and you said ive come here because im in search of morality guidance and consolation i want to know how to live -they would show you the way to the insane asylum this is simply not what our grandest and best institutes of higher learning are in the business of why they dont think we need it they dont think we are in an urgent need of assistance they see us as adults rational adults what we need is information we need data we dont need help now -religions start from a very different place indeed all religions all major religions at various points call us children -and like children they believe that we are in severe need of assistance were only just holding it together -and so we need guidance and we need didactic learning -you know in the eighteenth century in the u k the greatest preacher greatest religious preacher was a man called john wesley who went up and down this country delivering sermons -hey how about a sermon theyd go no no i dont need one of those -im an independent individual person -whats the difference between a sermon and our modern secular mode of delivery the lecture -well a sermon wants to change your life -and a lecture wants to give you a bit of information and i think we need to get back to that sermon tradition the tradition of sermonizing is hugely valuable because we are in need of guidance morality and consolation and religions know that another point about education -we tend to believe in the modern secular world that if you tell someone something once theyll remember it sit them in a classroom tell them about plato at the age of twenty send them out for a career in management consultancy for forty years and that lesson will stick with them religions go nonsense -you need to keep repeating the lesson ten times a day so get on your knees and repeat it thats what all religions tell us get on you knees and repeat it ten or twenty or fifteen times a day otherwise our minds are like sieves -so religions are cultures of repetition they circle the great truths again and again and again we associate repetition with boredom give us the new were always saying -five times because what she says is so clever -youd feel cheated not so if youre adopting a religious mindset -the other things that religions do is to arrange time -all the major religions give us calendars what is a calendar a calendar is a way of making sure that across the year you will bump into certain very important ideas in the -nonsense says the religious world view religious view says we need calendars we need to structure time we need to synchronize encounters this comes across also in the way in which religions set up rituals around important feelings take the moon -but if youre a zen buddhist in the middle of september you will be ordered out of your home made to stand on a canonical platform and made to celebrate the festival of tsukimi where you will be given poems to read in honor of the moon and the passage of time and the frailty of life that it should remind us of youll be handed rice cakes -and the moon and the reflection on the moon will have a secure place in your heart -thats very good the other thing that religions are really aware of is speak well im not doing a very good job of this here but oratory oratory is absolutely key to religions in the secular world you can come through the university system and be a lousy speaker and still have a great career -but the religious world doesnt think that way what youre saying needs to be backed up by a really convincing way of saying it so if you go to an african american pentecostalist church in the american south -and you listen to how they talk my goodness they talk well after every convincing point people will go amen amen amen at the end of a really rousing paragraph theyll all stand up and theyll go thank you jesus thank you christ thank you savior if we were doing it like they do it lets not do it -so in orthodox jewish communities every friday you go to a mikveh you immerse yourself in the water and a physical action backs up a philosophical idea we dont tend to do that our ideas are in one area and our behavior with our bodies is in another religions are fascinating in the way they try and combine the two lets look at art now -now art is something that in the secular world we think very highly of we think art is really really important a lot of our surplus wealth goes to museums etc we sometimes hear it said that museums are our new cathedrals or our new churches youve heard that saying -now i think that the potential is there but weve completely let ourselves down and the reason weve let ourselves down is that were not properly studying how religions handle art -the two really bad ideas that are hovering in the modern world that inhibit our capacity to draw strength from art the first idea is that art should be for arts sake a ridiculous idea an idea that art should live in a hermetic bubble and should not try to do anything with this troubled world i couldnt disagree more -the other thing that we believe is that art shouldnt explain itself -that artists shouldnt say what theyre up to because if they said it it might destroy the spell and we might find it too easy thats why a very common feeling when youre in a museum lets admit it is i dont know what this is about -but if were serious people we dont admit to that but that feeling of puzzlement -and secondly its trying to remind you of what there is to fear and to hate -and thats what art is art is a visceral encounter with the most important ideas of your faith so as you walk around a church or a mosque or a cathedral what youre trying to imbibe what youre imbibing is through your eyes through your senses truths that have otherwise come to you through your mind -essentially its propaganda rembrandt is a propagandist -in the christian view now the word propaganda sets off alarm bells we think of hitler we think of stalin dont necessarily propaganda is a manner of being didactic in honor of something and if that thing is good theres no problem with it at all -my view is that museums should take a leaf out of the book of religions -and they should make sure that when you walk into a museum if i was a museum curator -mis founded ideas art should be one of the tools by which we improve our society art should be didactic -lets think of something else -the people in the modern world in the secular world who are interested in matters of the spirit in matters of the mind in higher soul like concerns tend to be isolated individuals theyre poets theyre philosophers theyre photographers theyre filmmakers and they tend to be on their own theyre our cottage industries they are vulnerable single people -and they get depressed and they get sad on their own -and they dont really change much now think about religions think about organized religions what do organized religions do they group together they form institutions and that has all sorts of advantages -first of all scale might -the catholic church pulled in ninety seven billion dollars last year according to the wall street journal these are massive machines theyre collaborative theyre branded theyre multinational and theyre highly disciplined these are all very good qualities we recognize them in relation to corporations -and corporations are very like religions in many ways except theyre right down at the bottom of the pyramid of needs theyre selling us shoes and cars -the therapists the poets are on their own and they have no power they have no might -so religions are the foremost example of an institution that is fighting for the things of the mind now we may not agree with what religions are trying to teach us but we can admire the institutional way in which theyre doing it -books alone books written by lone individuals are not going to change anything we need to group together if you want to change the world you have to group together you have to be collaborative and thats what religions do they are multinational as i say they are branded they have a clear identity so they dont get lost in a busy world -for many of you who are operating in a range of different fields there is something to learn from the example of religion even if you dont believe any of it -if youre involved in anything thats communal that involves lots of people getting together there are things for you in religion -if youre involved say in a travel industry in any way look at pilgrimage look very closely at pilgrimage we havent begun to scratch the surface of what travel could be because we havent looked at what religions do with travel if youre in the art world look at the example of what religions are doing with art -and if youre an educator in any way again look at how religions are spreading ideas you may not agree with the ideas but my goodness theyre highly effective mechanisms for doing so -so really my concluding point is you may not agree with religion but at the end of the day religions are so subtle so complicated so intelligent in many ways that theyre not fit to be abandoned to the religious alone theyre for all of us thank you very much -one aspect of religion that a lot of people might say your agenda could borrow from which is this sense thats actually probably the most important thing to anyone whos religious of -and they say so arent you sort of religious and i go no why does that sense of mystery that sense of the dizzying scale of the universe need to be accompanied by a mystical feeling science and -just observation gives us that feeling without it so i dont feel the need the universe is large and we are tiny without the need for further -to actually get any kind of picture on the world we live in or on ourselves -so what im doing is measuring from the bottom of one image to the bottom of the next image about a fifth of a second later -like that and theyre getting faster and faster each time and if i stack these guys -then we see the differences the increase in the speed -is constant and they say oh yeah constant acceleration weve done that already and how shall we -and verify that we actually -the ball and run the movie at the same time -very cleverly by running a ball down backwards down the strings of his lute -i pulled out those apples to remind myself to tell you that this is actually -this stuff works here -gravity heres this increase the speed by something increase the ships speed if i start the little game here that the kids have done itll crash the -but if i oppose gravity here we -but in fact if you think of it children are the future we send to the future forget about messages children are the future -the problem you have with -this summer were going to build five million of these one hundred dollar laptops and maybe fifty million next year -but we -to draw is not that you cant move your hand but that the way your brain perceives images -that means that we once again have a thing where we can put technology out but the mentoring that is required to go from -dollars so this is actually cheap -and einstein said -is faulty -trying to perceive images into objects rather than seeing whats there and to prove it she says the exact size and shape of these tabletops -is the same and im going to prove it to you -she does this with cardboard but since i have an expensive computer here -rotate this little guy around and -now having seen that and ive seen it hundreds of times because i use this in every talk i give i still cant see that theyre the same size and shape and i doubt that you can either -great way to start i think -measure very very carefully and if you measure very very carefully with a stiff arm -a straight edge youll see that those two shapes are exactly -same size and the talmud -with my view of simplicity is to -saw this a long time ago saying we see things not as they are but as we are i certainly would like to know what happened to the person who had that insight -back then if they actually followed it to its ultimate conclusion -what we call reality is a kind of hallucination happening inside here its a waking dream -and understanding that that is what -take a look at ted here you are understanding why were here whats going on with no difficulty at all -we actually exist in -one of the biggest epistemological barriers in human history and what that means simple and understandable might not be actually simple or understandable and things we think are complex might be made simple and understandable -somehow we have to understand ourselves to get around our flaws we can think of ourselves as kind of a noisy channel -the way i think of it is we cant learn to see until we admit were blind -finding ways to see things and -little additional parts for our brain made out of powerful ideas that help us see the world in different ways and -these are in the form of sensory apparatus -most importantly in the ability to change perspective on things -ill talk about that a little bit its this change in perspective and what it is we think were perceiving -that has helped us make more -not taught in any k through twelve curriculum in america that im aware of -one of the things that goes from simple to complex is when we do more -the best ai in the planet would find it complex and confusing and my little dog watson would find it simple and understandable but would miss the point -and in fact we can keep on doing it for a very long time -but murray gell mann yesterday talked about emergent properties -another name for them could be architecture as a metaphor -for taking the same old material and -non obvious non simple ways of combining it -what murray was talking about yesterday in the fractal beauty of nature of having the descriptions at various levels be rather -similar all goes down to the idea that the elementary particles are both sticky and stand offish -and theyre in violent motion -those three things give rise to all the different levels -so when i saw the roslings -in conveying complex ideas simply but then i had a thought of boy maybe its too simple -and i put some effort in to try and check to see how well these simple portrayals of trends over time actually matched up with -some ideas and investigations from the side and i found that they matched up very well so the roslings have been able to do simplicity -without removing whats important about the data -whereas the -film yesterday that we saw of the simulation of the inside of a cell as a former molecular biologist i didnt like that at all -not because it wasnt beautiful or anything but because it misses the thing that most students fail to understand about molecular biology and that is why is there -any probability at all of two complex shapes finding each other just the right way so they combine together and be catalyzed -have a great time and of course if youre a speaker -and what we saw yesterday was every reaction was fortuitous they just swooped in the air and bound and something -those molecules are spinning at the rate of about a million revolutions per second -agitating back and forth their size every two nanoseconds -theyre completely crowded together theyre jammed theyre bashing up against each other and if you dont understand that in your mental model of this stuff -what happens inside of a cell seems completely mysterious and fortuitous and i think thats exactly the wrong image for when youre trying to teach science -so another thing that we do is to confuse adult sophistication with the actual understanding of some principle -so a kid whos fourteen in high school -this version of the -like hans rosling -direct one one that gives you more of the feeling -of math is something closer to pythagoras own proof which goes like this -a speaker finds this complex tricky but in hans roslings case he had a secret weapon yesterday literally -so here we have this triangle and if we surround that -c square with three more triangles -and we copy that notice that we can -that is all you have to do -and this kind of proof is the kind of proof -now lets go to young children -this is a very unusual teacher who -was a kindergarten and first grade teacher but was a natural mathematician so she was like that jazz musician friend you have who never studied music but is a terrific musician she just had a feeling for math and -here are her six year olds and shes got them -making shapes out of a shape -in his sword swallowing act and i must say i thought of quite a few objects that i might try to swallow today and finally gave up -and this teacher did on every project was to have the children act like first it was a creative arts project and then something like science so theyd created these artifacts now she had them look at them -and do this laborious which i thought -for a long time until she explained to me was to slow them down -so theyll think so theyre cutting out the -but the whole point of this thing is -them to look at this chart and fill it out -what have you noticed about what you did and so six year old lauren there noticed that the first one took one -and the second one took three more -and the total was four on that one the third one took five more -and the total was nine on that one and then the next one so she saw right away that -the additional tiles that you had to add around the edges was always going to grow by two -so she was very confident about how she made those numbers there and she could see that these were the square numbers up until about six -so thats what lauren did and then the teacher -gillian ishijima had the kids bring all of their projects up to the front of the room and put them on the floor and everybody went batshit -he just did it and that was -no matter what the shapes were the growth law is the same -and the mathematicians and scientists in the crowd will recognize these two progressions as a first order discrete differential equation and a second order discrete -by six year olds -so lets take a look now -wonderful thing so puck meant -how we might use the computer for some of this -and so the first idea here is just to show you the kind of things that children -do im using the software that were putting on the one hundred dollar laptop -so id like to draw a little -not only are we fools in the pejorative sense but that were easily fooled in fact what shakespeare was pointing out is we go to the theater in order to be fooled so were actually looking forward to it -and heres a little behavior car forward -each time i click it car turn if i want to make a little script to do this over and over again i just drag these guys out -goes straight thats a bit of a revelation for nine year olds -a little bit like kissing your sister as far as driving a car so the kids want to do a steering wheel -so they draw a steering wheel -well -there and to just drop it into the script here and now i can steer the car with the steering wheel -we get a visual pattern of what these nine year olds called acceleration -so how did the children do science -to the -we go to magic shows in order to be fooled -not -and this makes -many things fun but it makes it difficult -because of course he didnt bother doing the experiment and neither did st thomas aquinas and it was not until galileo actually did it that an adult thought like a child -only four hundred years ago -we get one child like that about every classroom of thirty kids -will actually cut straight to the chase now what if we want to look at this more closely we can take a movie -of whats going on but even if we single stepped this movie its tricky to see whats going on and so what we can do is we can lay out the frames side by side or stack them up so when the children see this they say ah acceleration -and that bio reactor will lay down in the wound bed the gun that you see there sprays cells -thats going to spray cells over that area the reactor will serve to fertilize the environment deliver other things as well at the same time and therefore we will -that lawn as opposed to try the sodding approach its a completely different way of doing it -so my eighteen minutes is up so let me finish up with some good news and maybe a little bit of bad news the good news -this is the complete antithesis of regenerative medicine this is not regenerative medicine regenerative medicine is what business week put up when they did a story about regenerative medicine not too long ago the idea -is that this is happening today its very powerful work clearly the images kind of get that across its incredibly difficult because its highly inter disciplinary -a number of governments and a number of regions have recognized that this is a new way to treat disease the japanese government were perhaps the first when they decided to invest first three billion -european union same thing china the same thing china just launched a national tissue engineering center the first year budget was two hundred and fifty million us dollars in the united states weve had a somewhat different approach we -and be in the real world as president weve had a different approach and the approach has basically been to just sort of fund things as they come along but theres been no strategic investment -to bring all of the necessary things to bear and focus them in a careful way and im going to finish up with a quote maybe a little cheap shot at the director of the nih whos a very charming man -to try and convince him that it was time to take just a little piece of that twenty seven point five billion dollars -get next year and focus it in a strategic way to make sure we can accelerate the pace at which these things get to patients -and at the end of a very testy meeting what the nih director said is your vision is larger than our appetite id like to close by saying that no ones going to change our vision but together we can change his appetite thank -is that instead of figuring out how to ameliorate symptoms with devices and drugs and the like and ill come back to that theme a few times -instead of doing that we will regenerate lost function of the body by regenerating the function of organs and damaged tissue so that at the end of the treatment you are the same -as you were at the beginning of the -you today about hopefully converting fear into hope when we go to the physician -this is a good idea very few good ideas are truly novel and this is just the same if you look back in history -charles lindbergh who was better known for flying airplanes was actually one of the first people along with alexis carrel one of the nobel laureates from rockefeller -weve come a long way since then im going to share with you some of the exciting work thats going on but before doing that what id like to do is share my depression about the health care system and the need for this with you -many of the talks yesterday talked about improving the quality of life and reducing poverty and essentially -today when we go to the doctors office and we walk in there are words that we just dont want to hear there are words that were truly afraid -and you can basically see that the richer a country is the older the people are within it why is this important and why is this a particularly dramatic challenge right now -if the average age of your population is thirty then the average kind of disease that you have to treat is maybe a broken ankle every now and again maybe a little bit of -if the average age in your country is forty five to fifty five now the average person is looking at diabetes early onset diabetes heart failure coronary artery disease -workers per retiree forty one people who were basically outside of being really sick paying for -the one retiree who was experiencing debilitating disease in two thousand and ten two workers per retiree in the u s and this is matched in every industrialized wealthy country in the world -how can you actually afford -to treat patients when the reality of getting old looks like this this is age versus cost of health care and you can see that right around -age forty five forty to forty five theres a sudden spike -in the cost of health care its actually quite interesting if you do the right studies -you can look at how much you as an individual spend on your own health care plotted over your lifetime and about seven years before youre about to die theres a spike and you can actually -we wont get into that -there are very few things very few things that you can really do that will change the way that you can treat these kinds of diseases and experience what i would call healthy aging -id suggest there are four things and none of these things include an insurance system or a legal system all those things do is change who pays they dont actually change what the actual cost of the treatment -one thing you can do is not treat you can ration health care we wont talk about that anymore its too depressing you can prevent obviously a lot of monies should be put into prevention -but perhaps most interesting to me anyway and most important is the idea of diagnosing a -and then treating the disease to cure the disease instead of treating a symptom think of it in terms of -ten twenty thirty forty years and we do ok insulins a pretty good therapy but eventually it stops working -and diabetes leads to a predictable onset of debilitating disease -why couldnt we just inject the pancreas with something to regenerate the pancreas early on in the disease perhaps even before it was symptomatic -and it might be a little bit expensive at the time that we did it but if it worked we would truly be able to do something different this video -i think gets across the concept that im talking about quite dramatically this is a newt re growing its limb -what i want to lay out for you today is a different way of thinking about how to treat debilitating disease why its important why without it perhaps our health care system will melt down if you think it already -if a newt can do this kind of thing why cant we ill actually show you some more important features about limb regeneration in a moment -but what were talking about in regenerative medicine is doing this in every organ system of the body -tissues and for organs themselves -so todays reality is that if we get sick the message is we will treat your symptoms and you need to adjust to a new way of life -i would pose to you that tomorrow and when tomorrow is we could debate but its within the foreseeable future we will talk about regenerative rehabilitation -a limb prosthetic up here similar actually to the one that the soldier thats come back from iraq there are three hundred and seventy soldiers that have come back from iraq that have lost limbs -imagine if instead of facing that they could actually face the regeneration of that limb its a wild concept ill show you where we are at the moment in working towards that concept -but its applicable again to every organ system how can we do that the way to do that is to develop a conversation with the body we need to learn to speak the bodys language -and to switch on processes that we knew how to do when we were a fetus a mammalian fetus if it loses a limb during the first trimester of pregnancy will re grow that -so our dna has the capacity to do these kinds of wound healing mechanisms its a natural process but it is lost as we age in a child -so to engage in that conversation with the body we need to speak the bodys language and there are certain tools in our toolbox that allow us to do this today -im going to give you an example of three of these tools through which to converse with the body the first is cellular therapies clearly -we heal ourselves in a natural process using cells to do most of the work therefore if we can find the right cells and implant them in the body they may do the healing -and where we are clinically today and where we might go tomorrow and what some of the hurdles are and were going to do all of that in eighteen minutes -then we might be able to have those materials induce the body to heal itself and finally we may be able to use smart devices that will offload the work of the body and allow it to -if you threw away all the cells and if you did that in a way that allowed it to remain biologically active -may contain all of the necessary factors and signals that would signal the body to heal itself and he asked a very important question he asked the question -if i take that material which is a natural material that usually induces healing in the small intestine and i place it somewhere else on a persons body -would it give a tissue specific response or would it make small intestine if i tried to make a new ear i wouldnt be telling you this story if it wasnt compelling the picture im about to show you -i want to start with this slide because this slide sort of tells the story the way science magazine thinks of it this was an issue from two thousand and two -is a compelling picture -however for those of you that are even the slightest bit squeamish even though you may not like to admit it in front of your friends the lights are down this is a good time to look at your feet check your blackberry do anything other than look at the screen what im about to show you -is a diabetic ulcer and although its good to laugh before we look at this this is the reality of diabetes i think a lot of times we hear about diabetics diabetic ulcers -we just dont connect the ulcer with the eventual treatment which is amputation if you cant heal it so im going to put the slide up now it wont be up for long -this is a diabetic ulcer its tragic the treatment for this is amputation this is an older lady she has cancer of the liver as well as diabetes and has decided to die with what s left of her body intact -and this lady decided after a year of attempted treatment of that ulcer that she would try this new therapy that steve invented -thats what the wound looked like eleven weeks later that material contained only natural signals -and that material induced the body to switch back on a healing response that it didnt have before theres going to be a couple more distressing slides for those of you ill let you know when you can look again -this is a horse the horse is not in pain if the horse was in pain i wouldnt show you this slide the horse just has another nostril thats developed because of a riding accident just a few weeks after treatment in this case taking that material turning it into a gel -that they published with a lot of different articles on the bionic human it was basically a regenerative medicine issue regenerative medicine is an extraordinarily simple -and packing that area and then repeating the treatment a few times and the horse heals up and if you took an ultrasound of that area it would look great -a dolphin where the fins been re attached there are now four hundred thousand patients around the world who have used that material to heal their -could you regenerate a limb darpa just gave steve fifteen million dollars to lead an eight institution project to begin the process of asking that question and ill show you the fifteen million dollar picture -this is a seventy eight year old man whos lost the end of his fingertip remember that i mentioned before the children who lose their fingertips after treatment thats what it looks like -this is happening today this is clinically relevant today there are materials which do this there are the heart patches but could you go a little further could you say instead of using material can i take some cells along with the material -and remove a damaged piece of tissue put a bio degradable material on there you can see here a little bit of heart muscle beating in a dish this was done by -now im going to show you cell based -to show you here is stem cells being removed from the hip of a patient again if youre squeamish you dont want to watch but this ones kind of cool -this is a bypass operation just like what al gore had with a -in this case at the end of the bypass operation youre going to see the stem cells from the patient that were removed at the beginning of the procedure being injected directly into the heart of the patient -that everybody can understand its simply accelerating the pace at which the body heals itself to a clinically relevant -and im standing up here because at one point im going to show you -just how early this technology is here go the stem cells right into the beating heart of the patient and if you look really carefully its going to be right around this point youll actually see a back flush you see the cells coming back out -we need all sorts of new technology new devices to get the cells to the right place at the right time -just a little bit of data a tiny bit of data this was a randomized trial at this time this was an n of twenty now theres an n of about one hundred -these are now two years out -the coolest thing would be is if you could diagnose the disease early -and prevent the onset of the disease to a bad state this is the same procedure but now done minimally invasively -with only three holes in the body where theyre taking the heart and simply injecting stem cells through a laparoscopic procedure there go the cells we dont have time to -go into all of those details but basically that works too you can take patients who are less sick and bring them back to an almost asymptomatic state -through that kind of therapy heres another example of stem cell therapy that isnt quite clinical yet but i think very soon will be -so we know how to do this in many of the ways that are up there we know that if we have a damaged hip you can put an artificial hip in and this is the idea that science magazine used on their front cover -its a great source of stem cells stem cells are packed in that liposuction fluid so you could go in you could get your tummy tuck out comes the liposuction fluid and in this case the stem cells are isolated and turned into neurons -all done in the lab and i think fairly soon you will see patients being treated with their own fat derived or adipose derived stem cells -i talked before about the use of devices to dramatically change the way we treat disease heres just one example before i close up this is equally tragic we -very abiding and heartbreaking partnership with our colleagues at the institute for surgical research in the us army who have to treat the now eleven thousand -kids that have come back from iraq many of those patients are very severely burned and if theres anything thats been learned about burn its that we dont know how to treat it -everything that is done to treat burn basically we do a sodding approach we make something over here and then we transplant it onto the site of the wound and we try and get the two to take -in this case here a new wearable bio reactor has been designed it should be tested clinically later this year at isr by joerg gerlach in pittsburgh -i went one step further and said why do we have to stick with the stodgy lawyers and just have a paper document lets go online -people might need help in computation working with the harvard business school youll see this example when you talk about minimum payment -if you spent sixty two dollars for a meal the longer you take to pay out that loan you see over a period of time using the minimum payment its ninety nine dollars and seventeen cents how about that do you think your bank is going to show that to people -but its going to work its more effective than just computational aids and what about terms like over the limit -perhaps a stealth thing define it in context tell people what it means when you put it in plain english -changing the content and one of the things im most proud of is this agreement for ibm its a grid its -so basically we have public leaders public officials who are out of control they are writing bills that are unintelligible and out of these bills are going to come maybe forty thousand pages of regulations total complexity -at such and such a date ibm has responsibilities you have responsibilities received very favorably by business -running through this typical letter that they had i ran it through my simplicity lab its pretty unintelligible all the -the document in red are not intelligible we looked at doing over one thousand letters that cover seventy percent of irs transactions in plain english they have been tested in the laboratory -when i run it through my lab this heat mapping shows everything that is intelligible and the irs has introduced the program -are a couple of things going on right now that i want to bring to your attention there is a lot of discussion now about a consumer financial protection agency and how to mandate simplicity we see all this complexity -no way that we should allow government to communicate the way they communicate there is no way we should do business with companies that -so how are we going to change the world make clarity transparency and simplicity a national priority -which has a dramatically negative impact on our life if youre a veteran coming back from iraq or vietnam you -face a blizzard of paperwork to get your benefits if youre trying to get a small business loan you face a blizzard of paperwork what are we going to do about it i define simplicity as a means to achieving clarity transparency and empathy -building humanity into communications ive been simplifying things for thirty years i come out of the advertising and design business my focus is understanding -you people and how you interact with the government to get your benefits how you interact with corporations to decide whom youre going to do business with -and how you view brands so very quickly when president obama said -i dont see why we cant have a one page plain english consumer credit agreement so i locked myself in a room figured out the content -especially if youre me cause alzheimers tends to run in families -so im preparing to get alzheimers disease -based on what ive learned from taking care of my father and researching what its like to live with dementia im focusing on three things in my preparation -im working to build my physical strength and this is the hard one im trying to become a better person -to talk about my dad my dad has alzheimers disease he started showing the symptoms about twelve years ago and he was officially diagnosed in two thousand and five -lets start with the hobbies -you cant sit and have long talks with your old friends because you dont know who they are its confusing to watch television and often very frightening and reading is just about impossible -when you care for someone with dementia and you get training they train you to engage them in activities that are familiar hands on open ended with my dad that turned out to be letting him fill out forms he was a college professor at a state school he knows what paperwork looks like -but it got me thinking what would my caregivers do with me -i read i write i think about global health a lot would they give me academic journals so i could scribble in the margins would they give me charts and graphs that i could color -so ive been trying to learn to do things that are hands on -ive always liked to draw so im doing it more even though im really very bad at it i am learning some basic origami -i can make a really great box -and im teaching myself to knit which so far i can knit a blob -but you know it doesnt matter if im actually good at it what matters is that my hands know how to do it because the more things that are familiar the more things my hands know how to do the more things that i can be happy and busy doing when my brains not running the show anymore -they say that people who are engaged in activities are happier easier for their caregivers to look after and it may even slow the progress of the disease that all seems like win to me i want to be as happy as i can for as long as i can -now hes really pretty sick he needs help eating he needs help getting dressed he doesnt really know where he is or when it is and its been really really hard my dad was my hero and my mentor for most of my life and ive spent the last decade watching him disappear -a lot of people dont know that alzheimers actually has physical symptoms as well as cognitive symptoms -you lose your sense of balance you get muscle tremors -and that tends to lead people to being less and less mobile they get scared to walk around they get scared to move -so im doing activities that will build my sense of balance im doing yoga and tai chi to improve my balance so that when i start to lose it ill still be able to be mobile -im doing weight bearing exercise so that i have the muscle strength so that when i start to wither i have more time that i can still move around -finally the third thing -my dad was kind and loving before he had alzheimers and hes kind and loving now -ive seen him lose his intellect his sense of humor his language skills but ive also seen this he loves me he loves my sons he loves my brother and my mom and his caregivers -and that love makes us want to be around him even now even when its so hard when you take away everything that he ever learned in this world his naked heart still shines -i was never as kind as my dad and i was never as loving and what i need now is to learn to be like that i need a heart so pure that if its stripped bare by dementia it will survive -my dads not alone theres about -thirty five million people globally living with some kind of dementia and by two thousand and thirty theyre expecting that to double to seventy million thats a lot of people -dementia scares us the confused faces and shaky hands of people who have dementia the big numbers of people who get it they frighten us and because of that fear we tend to do one of two things we go into denial its not me it has nothing to do with me its never going to happen to me -or we decide that were going to prevent dementia and it will never happen to us because were going to do everything right and it wont come and -us im looking for a third way -im preparing to get alzheimers disease -prevention is good and im doing the things that you can do to prevent alzheimers im eating right -we use the word architect or designer what we usually mean is a professional -and most recently of course through this inflated real estate bubble -and all of those booms in their own various ways have now kicked the bucket and were back in this situation where -the smartest designers and architects in the world -are only really able to work for one percent of the population now its not just that thats bad for democracy though i think it probably is its actually not a very clever business strategy actually i think the challenge facing the next generation of architects is how are we going to turn our client from the one percent to the one hundred percent -and i want to offer three slightly counterintuitive ideas for how it might be done the first is i think we need to question this idea that architecture is about making buildings -actually a building is about the most expensive solution you can think of to almost any given problem and fundamentally design should be much much more interested in solving problems and creating new conditions so heres a story -the office was working with a school and they had an old victorian school building and -and we tend to assume that its those professionals who are going to be the ones to help us solve the really big systemic design challenges that we face like climate change urbanization and social inequality -and the team thought about this and they went away and they said actually dont do that instead get rid of the school bell -now it looks like youre doing yourself out of a job but youre not youre actually making yourself more useful architects are actually really really good at this kind of resourceful strategic thinking and the problem is that like a lot of design professions we got fixated on the idea of providing a particular kind of consumer product and i dont think that needs to be the case anymore -the second idea worth questioning is this twentieth century thing that mass architecture is about big big buildings and big finance -actually weve got ourselves locked into this industrial era mindset which says that the only people who can make cities are large organizations or corporations who build on our behalf procuring whole neighborhoods in single monolithic projects and of course form follows finance -so what you end up with are single monolithic neighborhoods based on this kind of one size fits all model and a lot of people cant even afford them -but what if actually its possible now for cities to be made not just by the few with a lot but also by the many with a bit -and when they do they bring with them a completely different set of values about the place that they want to live and it raises really interesting questions about how will we plan cities how will finance development how will we sell design services what would it mean for democratic societies to offer their citizens a right to build and in a way it should be kind of obvious right -that in the twenty first century maybe cities can be developed by citizens -and thats a good thing most of the work takes place outside of the monetary economy in whats called the social economy or the core economy which is people doing it for themselves -and the problem is that up until now it was the monetary economy which had all the infrastructure and all the tools -so the challenge we face is how are we going to build the tools the infrastructure and the institutions for architectures social economy and that began with open source software and over the last few years its been moving into the physical world with open source hardware which are freely shared blueprints that anyone can download and make for themselves -and thats where three d printing gets really really interesting -a three d printer that was open source the parts for which could be made on another three d printer or the same idea here which is for a cnc machine which is like a large printer that can cut sheets of plywood -were moving into this future where the factory is everywhere -and increasingly that means that the design team is everyone -that really is an industrial revolution -all of us and we were fascinated by what that might mean for architecture -so about a year and a half ago we started working on a project called wikihouse and wikihouse is an open source construction system -and the idea is to make it possible for anyone to go online access a freely shared library of three d models which they can download and adapt in at the moment sketchup because its free and its easy to use -and almost at the click of a switch -they can generate a set of cutting files which allow them in effect -to print out the parts from a house using a cnc machine and a standard sheet material like plywood and the parts are all numbered and basically what you end up with is a really big ikea kit -the economy ran out of jobs -they dont need a huge array of power tools or anything like that and they can build a small house of about this size in about a day -and what you end up with is just the basic chassis of a house onto which you can then apply systems like windows and cladding and insulation and services based on whats cheap and whats available -of course the house is never finished were shifting our heads here so the house is not a finished product with the cnc machine you can make new parts for it over its life or even use it to make the house next door so we can begin to see the seed of a completely open source citizen led urban development model potentially -and we and others have built a few prototypes around the world now and some really interesting lessons here one of them is that its always incredibly sociable people get confused between construction work and having fun -but the principles of openness go right down into the really mundane physical details like never designing a piece that cant be lifted up or when youre designing a piece make sure you either cant put it in the wrong way round or if you do it doesnt matter because its symmetrical -and two actually this is a fascinating paradox for architecture which is that as a society weve never needed design thinking more -probably the principal which runs deepest with us is the principal set out by linus torvalds the open source pioneer which was that idea of be lazy like a fox dont reinvent the wheel every time take what already works and adapt it for your own needs -contrary to almost everything that you might get taught at an architecture school copying is good -which is appropriate because actually this approach is not innovative its actually how we built buildings for hundreds of years before the industrial revolution in these sorts of community barn raisings the only difference between traditional vernacular architecture and open source architecture might be a web connection -but its a really really big difference -we shared the whole of wikihouse under a creative commons license and now whats just beginning to happen is that groups around the world are beginning to take it and use it and hack it and tinker with it and its amazing theres a cool group over in christchurch in new zealand looking at post earthquake development housing -and thanks to the ted city prize were working with an awesome group in one of rios favelas to set up a kind of community factory and micro university these are very very small beginnings and -and yet architecture was literally becoming unemployed -but its a small answer to a really really big question which is that globally right now the fastest growing cities are not skyscraper cities theyre self made cities in one form or another -if were talking about the twenty first century city these are the guys who are going to be making it you know like it or not welcome to the worlds biggest design team -it strikes me that we talk very deeply about design but actually theres an economics behind architecture that we dont talk about and i think we need to -so if were serious about problems like climate change urbanization -actually our existing development models arent going to do it -as i think robert neuwirth said there isnt a bank or a corporation or a government or an ngo whos going to be able to do it if we treat citizens only as consumers -how extraordinary would it be though if collectively we were to develop solutions not just to the problem of structure that weve been working on but to infrastructure problems like solar powered air conditioning -off grid energy off grid sanitation -low cost open source high performance solutions that anyone can very very easily make and to put them all into a commons where theyre owned by everyone -and theyre accessible by everyone -a kind of wikipedia for stuff -and once somethings in the commons it will always be there -how much would that change the rules -and i think the technologys on our side -if designs great project in the twentieth century -was the democratization of consumption -that was henry ford levittown -coca cola ikea i think designs great project in the twenty first century is the democratization of production -and a good place to start is your own paycheck so as a bottom of the rung architecture graduate i might expect to earn about twenty four thousand pounds thats about thirty six thousand thirty seven thousand dollars -now in terms of the whole worlds population that already puts me in the top one point nine five richest people which raises the question of who is it im working for -the uncomfortable fact is that actually almost everything that we call architecture today is actually the business of designing for about the richest one percent of the worlds population and it always has -it is possible and it is not difficult all we have to do is to listen to the people that we are supposed assist to make them part -there were so many things new to me but it was a terrific job but as soon as the fighting intensified the physical rehabilitation was suspended there were many other things to do -well now you should see me i never miss a single training session the night before a match im very nervous and you should see me during the match i shout like a true italian -that was my story thank you very much -so the orthopedic center was closed because physical rehabilitation was not considered a priority -it was a strange sensation -and the orthopedic center was closed i was assigned to work for the homeless for the internally -i wanted to go home i was driving you know when you want to forget you dont want to see things so you just want to go to your room to lock yourself inside and say thats enough -a bomb fell not far from my car -everybody disappeared from the street the cars disappeared as well i ducked and only one figure remained in the middle of the road it was a man in a wheelchair -my job is to make arms and legs well its not completely true we do more than that -the man was without legs and only with one arm -so i took him into a safe place and i ask what are you doing out in the street in this situation i work he said i wondered what work -and then i ask an even more stupid question why dont you have the prostheses why dont you have the artificial legs -the center is closed no staff around maybe the machinery is broken who is going to make the legs for him so i hoped that he would not come this is the streets of kabul -we provide the patients the afghan disabled first with the physical rehabilitation then with the social reintegration its a very logical plan -i was ready to tell him listen if someone such and such comes tomorrow please tell him that it was a mistake nothing can be done -give him some money but mahmoud and his son were already there and they were not alone there were fifteen maybe twenty people like him waiting and there was some staff too -among them there was my right hand man najmuddin and the gatekeeper told me they come everyday to see if the center will open -but najmuddin told me listen now were here at least we can start repairing the prostheses the broken prostheses of the people and maybe try to do something for -people like mahmoud i said no please we cannot do that its really dangerous we have other things to do but they insisted when you have twenty people in front of you looking at you and you are the one who has to decide -so we started doing some repairs also one of the physical therapists reported that mahmoud could be provided with a leg but not immediately the legs were swollen and the knees were stiff so he needed a long preparation -i told them listen we are going to start a couple of hours per day just a few repairs maybe some of them are here now -so we started i was working i was going everyday to work for the homeless -a couple of times i crossed the front line in the very place where mahmoud and his son were crossing i tell you it was something so sinister -i was astonished he could do it every day -quite many years for the program to become what it is now today i would like to tell you a story the story of a big change and the story of the people who made this change possible -we could not possibly stay indoors with all these sandbags at the windows very sad dark so we chose a small spot in the garden -they started fighting two groups of mujahideen started fighting we could hear in the air the bullets passing so we dashed all of us towards the shelter -but we managed to reach the shelter inside all of us panting i sat a moment and i heard rafi telling his father father you can run faster than me -i can run and now you can go to school no need of staying with me all the day pushing my wheelchair -later on we took them home -and i will never forget mahmoud and his son walking together pushing the empty wheelchair and then i understood physical rehabilitation is a priority dignity cannot wait for better times -i met mahmoud one year later he was in good shape a bit thinner -thank you very much now help me not to be a beggar anymore that was the job -my children are growing i feel ashamed i dont want them to be -teased at school by the other students -he read my mind -and he said i ask for a job and then he added something i will never forget for the rest of my life he said i am a scrap of a man -but if you help me im ready to do anything even if i have to crawl on the ground -and then he sat down i sat down too with goosebumps everywhere -legless with only one arm illiterate -unskilled what job for him -glue and to screw the sole of the feet we need to increase the production -excuse me i could not believe -and then he said no we can modify the workbench maybe to put a special stool a special anvil special vice and maybe an electric screwdriver -and then not only for war victims but it was for any kind of patient i was also working in the orthopedic center we call it this is the place where we make the legs at that time -its cruel to offer him a job knowing that hes going to fail but with najmuddin we cannot -discuss so -the only things i could manage to obtain was a kind of a -i told najmuddin thats a trick i cant believe it the production was up twenty percent its a trick its a trick i said -and then i asked for verification it was true the comment of najmuddin was mahmoud has something to prove i understood that i was wrong again mahmoud had looked taller i remember him sitting behind the workbench -of course i understood that what made him stand tall yeah they were the legs thank you very much but as a first step it was the dignity he has regained his full dignity thanks to that job -and you know what its good for everybody everybody benefits from that -those employed of course because they get a job -i found myself in a strange situation i felt not quite ready for that job there was so much to learn -and dignity but also for the newcomers they are seven thousand every year people coming for the first time and you should see the faces of these people when they realize that those assisting them are like them sometimes you see them they look -and you see the faces and then the surprise turns into hope and its easy for me as well to train someone -and when you start changing you cannot stop so -that means theres good news because for every unit of energy we save -we save the other nine -so the question is -how can we get the people in this room -and across the globe -to start paying attention to the energy were using -and start wasting less of it -the answer comes from a behavioral science experiment that was run one hot summer ten years ago and only ninety miles from here in san marcos california -graduate students put signs on every door in a neighborhood asking people to turn off their air conditioning and turn on their fans -one quarter of the homes received a message that said did you know you could save fifty four dollars a month this summer turn off your air conditioning turn on your fans another group got an environmental message and still a third group got a message about being good citizens preventing blackouts most people guessed that money saving message would work best of all -in fact none of these messages worked they had zero impact on energy consumption it was as if the grad students hadnt shown up at all -how many of you are checking it right now -but there was a fourth message and this message simply said when surveyed seventy seven percent of your neighbors said that they turned off their air conditioning and turned on their fans please join them turn off your air conditioning and turn on your fans -and wouldnt you know it they did the people who received this message showed a marked decrease in energy consumption simply by being told what their neighbors were doing -thats powerful stuff -and harnessed correctly it can be a powerful force for good -in fact it already is -inspired by this insight my friend dan yates and i started a company called opower we built software and partnered with utility companies who wanted to help their customers save energy we deliver personalized home energy reports that show people how their consumption compares to their neighbors in similar sized homes -just like those effective door hangers we have people comparing themselves to their neighbors and then we give everyone targeted recommendations to help them save -we started with paper we moved to a mobile application web and now even a controllable thermostat and for the last five years weve been running the largest behavioral science experiment in the world and its working -ordinary homeowners and renters have saved more than two hundred and fifty million dollars on their energy bills and were just getting started this year alone in partnership with more than eighty utilities in six countries were going to generate another two terawatt hours of electricity savings -now the energy geeks in the room know two terawatt hours but for the rest of us two terawatt hours is more than enough energy to power every home in st louis and salt lake city combined for more than a year -two terawatt hours its roughly half what the u s solar industry produced last year and two terawatt hours -in terms of coal -wed need to burn thirty four of these wheelbarrows -every minute around the clock every day for an entire year to get two terawatt hours of electricity and were not burning anything were just motivating people to pay attention and change their behavior -but were just one company and this is just scratching the surface -twenty percent of the electricity in homes is wasted and when i say wasted i dont mean that people have inefficient lightbulbs they may i mean we leave the lights on in empty rooms and we leave the air conditioning on when nobodys home thats forty billion dollars a year wasted -on electricity that does not contribute to our well being but does contribute to climate change -thats forty billion with a b every year in the u s alone thats half our coal usage right there now thankfully some of the worlds best material scientists are looking to replace coal with sustainable resources like these and this is both fantastic and essential -but the most overlooked resource to get us to a sustainable energy future it isnt on this slide -simply by applying behavioral science we can do it today we know it works and it will save us money right away -so what are we waiting for -well in most places utility regulation hasnt changed much since thomas edison -utilities are still rewarded when their customers waste energy -they ought to be rewarded for helping their customers save it but this story is much more than about household energy use take a look at the prius -its efficient not only because toyota invested in material science but because they invested in behavioral science the dashboard that shows drivers how much energy theyre saving in real time makes former speed demons drive more like cautious grandmothers which brings us back -to harriet we met her on our first family vacation she came over to meet my young daughter and she was tickled to learn that my daughters name is also harriet -she asked me what i did for a living and i told her i work with utilities to help people save energy it was then that her eyes lit up she looked at me and she said youre exactly the person i need to talk to you see two weeks ago my husband and i got a letter in the mail from our utility -it told us we were using twice as much energy as our neighbors -and for the last two weeks all we can think about talk about and even argue about is what we should be doing to save energy we did everything that letter told us to do -and still i know there must be more -now im here with a genuine expert tell me -what should i do to save energy -there are many experts who can help answer harriets question -and even we arent paying attention to the energy use thats driving climate change the woman in the photo with me is harriet we met her on our first family vacation harriets paying attention to her energy use and she is decidedly not an energy geek this is the story of how harriet came to pay attention -and theres enough energy in this coal -to light this bulb for more than a year -but unfortunately between here and here most of that energy is lost to things like transmission leakage and heat in fact only ten percent ends up as light -if you wanted to light this bulb for a year -and i think that we will just to wrap up in the immortal words of h g wells i think that better things are on the way i think that in fact that all of the past is but the beginning of a beginning -this is producing all sorts of tensions all sorts of dynamics that are deeply disturbing -and theres more and more people on the way right so this is what -and those kids are growing up in a completely different way than their parents did no matter where they live theyve been exposed to this idea of our society of our prosperity -and they may not want to live exactly like us they may not want to be americans or brits or germans or south africans but they want their own version of a life which is more prosperous and more dynamic and more you know enjoyable and all of these things combine to create an enormous amount of torque on the planet -and if we cannot figure out a way to deal with that torque -we are going to find ourselves more and more and more quickly -facing situations which are simply unthinkable everybody in this room has heard the worst case scenarios i dont need to go into that but i will ask the question whats the alternative -and i would say that at the moment the alternative is unimaginable -you know so on the one hand we have the unthinkable on the other hand we have the unimaginable we dont know yet how to build a society which is environmentally sustainable which is shareable with everybody on the planet -which promotes stability and democracy and human rights and which is achievable in the time frame necessary to make it through the challenges we face we dont know how to do this yet so whats worldchanging well worldchanging -you might think of as being a bit of a news service for the unimaginable future -you know what were out there doing is looking for examples of tools models and ideas which if widely adopted would change the game -so i thought today id do something a little different and talk about what were looking for rather than saying you know rather than giving you tried and true examples talk about the kinds of things were scoping out give you a little peek into our editorial notebook -and given that i have thirteen minutes to do this this is going to go kind of quick so i dont know just stick with me right so first of all what are we looking for bright green city -one of the biggest levers that we have in the developed world for changing the impact that we have on the planet is changing the way that we live in cities were already an urban planet thats especially true in the developed world and people who live in cities in the developed world tend to be very prosperous and thus use a lot of stuff if we can change the dynamic -so just bear with me well go real fast you know fill in the blanks so you know sustainability small planet right picture a little earth circling around the sun you know about a million years ago a bunch of monkeys fell out of trees got a little clever harnessed fire invented the printing press made you know luggage with wheels on it -by first of all creating cities that are denser and more livable here for example is vancouver which if you havent been there you ought to go for a visit its a fabulous city and they are doing density new density better than probably anybody else on the planet right now theyre actually managing to talk north americans out of driving cars which is a pretty great thing -so you have density you also have growth management you leave aside what is natural to be natural this is in portland that is an actual development that land there will remain pasture in perpetuity theyve bounded the city with a line -nature city nothing changes -you can also start to change what you build this is the beddington zero energy development in london which is one of the greenest buildings in the world its a fabulous place were able to now build buildings that generate all their own electricity that recycle much of their water -that are much more comfortable than standard buildings use all natural light etc and over time cost less -green roofs bill mcdonough covered that last night so i wont dwell on that too much -but once you also have people living in close proximity to each other -one of the things you can do is as information technologies develop you can start to have smart places you can start to know where things are when you know where things are it becomes easier to share them when you share them -you end up using less so one great example is car share clubs which are really starting to take off in the u s have already taken off in many places in europe and are a great example if youre somebody who drives you know one day a week do you really need your own car -although i think it ought to work the other way around that it gets brighter the more you dont use but you know there may even be a simpler approach we could just re label things this light switch that reads on the one hand flashfloods and on the other hand off -how we build things can change as well this is a bio morphic building it takes its inspiration in form from life many of these buildings are incredibly beautiful and also -much more effective this is an example of bio mimicry which is something were really starting to look a lot more for in this case you have a shell design which was used -to create a new kind of exhaust fan which is greatly more effective theres a lot of this stuff happening its really pretty remarkable i encourage you to look on worldchanging if youre into it were starting to cover this more and more theres also neo biological -design where more and more were actually using life itself and the processes of life to become part of our industry so this for example is hydrogen generating algae -and you know built the society that we now live in -so we have a model in potential an emerging model that were looking for of how to take the cities most of us live in and turn them into bright green cities but unfortunately most of the people on the planet dont live in the cites we live in they live in the emerging megacities of the developing world -and theres a statistic i often like to use which is that were adding a city of seattle every four days a city the size of seattle to the planet every four days i was giving a talk about two months ago and this guy whod done some work with the u n came up to me and was really flustered and he said look youve got that totally wrong its totally wrong its every seven days -unfortunately while this society is without a doubt the most prosperous and dynamic the world has ever created its got some major major flaws one of them is that every society has an ecological footprint it has an amount of impact -so were adding a city the size of seattle every seven days and most of those cities look more like this than the city that you or i live in most of those cites are growing incredibly quickly they dont have existing infrastructure they have enormous numbers of people who are struggling with poverty -make developing nation megacities into bright green megacities well the first thing we need is we need leapfrogging and this is one of the things that we are looking for everywhere the idea behind leapfrogging is that if you are a person or a country who is stuck in a situation where you dont have the tools and technologies that you need -theres no reason for you to invest in last generations technologies -right that youre much better off almost universally looking for a low cost or locally applicable version of the newest technology one place were all familiar with seeing this is with cell phones -what is true for cell phones is true for all sorts of technologies the second thing is tools for collaboration be they systems of collaboration or intellectual property systems which encourage collaboration right when you have -this is a pretty remarkable program using free and open source software cheap sort of hacked together machines and basically sort of abandoned buildings has put together a bunch of community centers where people can come in get high speed internet access learn computer programming skills -cultural explosion and one of the things were really really interested in at worldchanging is the ways in which the south is -re identifying itself and re categorizing itself in ways that have less and less to do with most of us in this room so its not you know bollywood isnt just answering hollywood right you know brazilian music scene isnt just answering the major labels its doing something new theres new things happening theres interplay between them -and you know you get amazing things like i dont know if any of you have seen the movie city of god yeah its a fabulous movie if you havent seen it and its all about this question in a very artistic and indirect kind of way you have other radical examples where the ability to use cultural tools is spreading out these are people who have just been visited by the internet bookmobile in uganda -and who are waving their first books in the air which i just think thats a pretty cool picture you know -so you also have the ability for people to start coming together and acting on their own behalf in political and civic ways in ways that havent happened before and as we heard last night as weve heard earlier this week -how much waste is left behind you and we at the moment in our society have a really dramatically unsustainable level of this were using up about five planets -are absolutely fundamentally vital -to the ability to craft new solutions is weve got to craft new political realities and i would personally say that we have to craft new political realities not only in places like india afghanistan kenya pakistan what have you but here at home as well another world is possible and sort of the big -motto of the anti globalization movement right we tweak that a lot we talk about how another world isnt just possible another worlds here that its not just that we have to sort of imagine there being a different vague possibility out there but we need to start acting a little bit more on that possibility -we need to start doing things like lula president of brazil how many people knew of lula before today -shifts the balance from the standard sort of north south dialogue -into a whole new way of global collaboration i would keep your eye on this fellow -to a huge rise in especially in the developing world in -if everybody on the planet lived the way we did wed need between five six seven some people even say ten planets to make it clearly we dont have ten planets again you know mental visual ten planets one planet ten planets one -peoples interest in and passion for democracy we get so little news about the developing world that we often forget that there are literally millions of people out there struggling to change things to be fairer freer more democratic less corrupt -and you know we dont hear those stories enough but its happening all over the place and these tools are part of whats making it possible now when you add all those things together when you add together leapfrogging and new kinds of tools you know second superpower stuff etc what do you get well very quickly you get a bright green future for the developing world you get for example -green power spread throughout the world you get this is a building in hyderabad india its the greenest building in the world -you get grassroots solutions things that work for people who have no capital or limited access you get barefoot solar engineers carrying solar panels into the remote mountains you get access to distance medicine these are indian nurses learning how to use pdas to access databases that have information that they dont have access to at home in a distant manner -you get new tools for people in the developing world these are led lights that help the roughly billion people out there for whom nightfall means darkness to have a new means of operating these are refrigerators that require no electricity theyre pot within a pot design -and you get water solutions waters one of the most pressing problems heres a design for harvesting rainwater thats super cheap and available to people in the developing world heres a design for distilling water using sunlight -heres a fog catcher which if you live in a moist jungle like area will distill water from the air thats clean and drinkable -heres a way of transporting water i just love this you know i mean carrying water is such a drag and somebody just came up with the idea of well what if you rolled it right i mean thats a great design -this is a fabulous invention lifestraw basically you can suck any water through this and it will become drinkable by the time it hits your lips so you know people who are in desperate straits can get this this is one of my favorite worldchanging kinds of things ever this is a merry go round invented by the company roundabout -which pumps water as kids play -we dont have that so thats one problem the second problem is that the planet that we have is being used in wildly unfair ways -in collaborative ways all across the planet some of those designs include models for acting such as new models for village instruction in the middle of refugee camps new models for pedagogy for the displaced and we have new tools this is one of my absolute favorite things anywhere does anyone know what this is -if you are living in one of the places where the roughly half billion unaccounted for mines are scattered you can fling these seeds out into the field and as they grow up they will grow up around the mines their roots will detect the chemicals in them and where the flowers turn red you dont step -yeah so seeds that could save your life -in order to provide the kind of energy that it would take for eight billion people living in cities that are even somewhat like the cities that those of us in the global north live in today we would have to generate an absolutely astonishing amount of energy it may be possible that we are not even able to build that much clean energy -so if were seriously talking about tackling climate change on an urbanizing planet we need to look somewhere else for the solution -the solution in fact may be closer to hand than we think because all of those cities were building are opportunities every city determines to a very large extent the amount of energy used by its inhabitants -i wont show you very many graphs today but if i can just focus on this one for a moment it really tells us a lot of what we need to know which is quite simply that if you look for example at transportation a major category of climate emissions there is a direct relationship between how dense a city is -and the amount of climate emissions that its residents spew out into the air and the correlation of course is that denser places tend to have lower emissions -which isnt really all that difficult to figure out if you think about it basically we substitute in our lives access to the things we want we go out there and we hop in our cars and we drive from place to place and were basically using mobility to get the access we need -but when we live in a denser community suddenly what we find of course is that the things we need are close by and since the most sustainable trip is the one that you never had to make in the first place suddenly our lives become instantly more sustainable -and it is possible of course to increase the density of the communities around us some places are doing this with new eco districts developing whole new sustainable neighborhoods which is nice work if you can get it but most of the time what were talking about is in fact reweaving the urban fabric that we already have so were talking about things like infill development -really sharp little changes to where we have buildings where were developing urban retrofitting creating different sorts of spaces and uses out of places that are already there -that those of us who live in the developed world need to be really pushing towards eliminating our emissions thats to put it mildly not whats on the table now -increasingly were realizing that we dont even need to densify an entire city what we need instead is an average density that rises to a level where we dont drive as much and so on and that can be done by raising the density in very specific spots a whole lot -and we find that when we do that we can in fact have a few places that are really hyper dense within a wider fabric of places that are perhaps a little more comfortable and achieve the same results now we may find that there are places that are really really dense and still hold onto their cars -but the reality is that by and large what we see when we get a lot of people together with the right conditions is a threshold effect where people simply stop driving as much and increasingly more and more people if theyre surrounded by places that make them feel at home give up their cars altogether -and this is a huge huge energy savings because what comes out of our tailpipe is really just -and people are embracing this all around the world were seeing more and more people embrace this walkshed life people are saying that its moving from the idea of the dream home to the dream neighborhood -and it tends to feel a little overwhelming when we look at what is there in reality today and the magnitude of the problem that we face -and when you layer that over with the kind of ubiquitous communications that were starting to see what you find is in fact even more access suffused into spaces some of its transportation access this is a mapnificent map that shows me in this case how far i can get from my home in thirty minutes using public transportation -some of it is about walking its not all perfect yet this is google walking maps i asked how to do the greater ridgeway and it told me to go via guernsey it did tell me that this route maybe missing sidewalks or pedestrian paths -part of what were finding with this is that what we thought was the major point of manufacturing and consumption which is to get a bunch of stuff -is not in fact how we really live best in dense environments what were finding is that what we want is access to the capacities of things my favorite example is a drill who here owns a drill a home power drill -okay i do too the average home power drill is used somewhere between six and twenty minutes in its entire lifetime -depending on who you ask and so what we do is we buy these drills that have a potential capacity of thousands of hours of drill time use them once or twice to put a hole in the wall and let them sit -and when we have overwhelming problems in front of us we tend to seek simple answers and i think this is what weve done with climate change we look at where the emissions are coming from theyre coming out of our tailpipes and smokestacks and so forth -our cities i would put to you are stockpiles of these surplus capacities and while we could try and figure out new ways to use those capacities such as cooking or making ice sculptures or even a mafia hit what we probably will find is that in fact turning those products into services that we have access to when we want them -is a far smarter way to go -and in fact even space itself is turning into a service were finding that people can share the same spaces do stuff with vacant space -buildings are becoming bundles of services so we have new designs that are helping us take mechanical things that we used to spend energy on -like heating cooling etc and turn them into things that we avoid spending energy on so we light our buildings with daylight we cool them with breezes we heat them with sunshine in fact when we use all these things what weve found is that in some cases energy use in a building can drop as much as ninety percent which brings on another threshold effect i like to call furnace dumping -which is quite simply if you have a building that doesnt need to be heated with a furnace you save a whole bunch of money up front these things actually become cheaper to build than the alternatives -now when we look at being able to slash our product use slash our transportation use -and certainly lots of people have taken to heart this idea that a sustainable city is covered in greenery so we have visions like this we have visions like this -we have visions like this now all of these are fine projects but they really have missed an essential point which is its not about the leaves above its about the systems below do they for instance capture rainwater so that we can reduce water use -water is energy intensive -do they perhaps include green infrastructure so that we can take runoff and water thats going out of our houses and clean it and filter it and grow urban street trees -do they connect us back to the ecosystems around us by for example connecting us to rivers and allowing for restoration -do they allow for pollination pollinator pathways that bees and butterflies and such can come back into our cities do they even take the very waste matter that we have from food and fiber and so forth and turn it back into soil -and we say okay well the problem is that theyre coming out of fossil fuels that were burning so therefore the answer must be to replace those fossil fuels with clean sources of energy -and that its a darn good thing because right now our economy by and large operates as paul hawken said by stealing the future selling it in the present and calling it gdp -and if we have another eight billion or seven billion or six billion even people living on a planet where their cities also steal the future were going to run out of future really fast -and while of course we do need clean energy i would put to you that its possible that by looking at -climate change as a clean energy generation problem were in fact setting ourselves up not to solve it -and the reason why is that we live on a planet that is rapidly urbanizing -i dont have to tell you the internet have come tumbling down and of course the iron curtains -have come tumbling down -now all of this has been tremendous for the world -and perhaps most remarkably at the beginning of the twenty first century really for the first time in modern history -growth extended to almost all parts of the world -never before -in human history -have so many people been raised out of such great poverty as happened in china china is the worlds greatest anti poverty program over the last three decades -africa has been the area of the world most resistant to growth and we can see the tragedy of africa in the first few bars here growth was negative -we saw growth in africa and i think as youll see theres reasons for optimism because i believe that the best is yet to come -now why on the cutting edge today its new ideas which are driving growth and by that i mean its products for which the research and development costs are really high and the manufacturing costs are low -the first world war -more than ever before it is these types of ideas which are driving growth on the cutting edge now ideas have this amazing property -the great depression the second world war and the rise of the communist nations -as he who lights his candle at mine receives light without darkening me -or to put it slightly differently one apple feeds one man but an idea can feed the world -now this is not new this is practically not new to tedsters this is practically the model of ted what is new is that the greater function of ideas -is going to drive growth -even more than ever before this provides a reason why trade and globalization are even more important more powerful than ever before and are going to increase growth more than ever before and to explain why this is so i have a question -suppose that there are two diseases one of them is rare the other one is common but if they are not treated they are equally severe -if you had to choose which would you rather have the common disease or the rare disease -common the common i think thats absolutely right why because there are more drugs to treat common diseases than there are to treat rare diseases the reason for this is incentives -and each one of these forces split the world tore the world apart divided the world and they threw up walls -it costs about the same to produce a new drug whether that drug treats one thousand people one hundred thousand people or a million people but the revenues are much greater -if the drug treats a million people so the incentives are much larger to produce drugs -which treat more people to put this differently larger markets save lives -think about the following if china and india were as rich as the united states is today the market for cancer drugs would be eight times larger than it is now -now we are not there yet but it is happening -as other countries become richer the demand for these pharmaceuticals is going to increase tremendously and that means an increase incentive to do research and development which benefits everyone in the world -action movies have larger budgets than comedies its because action movies translate easier into other languages and other cultures so the market for those movies is larger people are willing to invest more and the budgets are larger -alright well if larger markets increase the incentive to produce new ideas how do we maximize that incentive -political walls trade walls transportation walls communication walls iron curtains which divided peoples -having one world market by globalizing the world the way i like to put this is one idea ideas are meant to be shared so one idea can serve one world one market -one idea one world one market -can we create new ideas thats one reason -trade how else can we create new ideas well more idea creators -idea creators they come from all walks of life artists and innovators many of the people youve seen on this stage im going to focus on scientists and engineers because i have some data on that and im a data person -now today less than one -of one percent of the worlds population are scientists and engineers -the u s is losing its idea leadership and for that i am very grateful that is a good thing -it is fortunate that we are becoming less of an idea leader because for too long the united states and a handful of other developed countries have shouldered the entire burden of research and development -but consider the following if the world as a whole were as wealthy as the united states is now there would be more than five times as many scientists and engineers contributing -and nations it was only in the second half of the twentieth century that we slowly began to pull ourselves out of this abyss -ideas which benefit everyone which are shared by everyone i think of the great indian mathematician -how many ramanujans are there in india today toiling in the fields barely able to feed themselves when they could be feeding the world -now were not there yet but it is going to happen in this century the real tragedy of the last century -is this if you think about the worlds population as a giant computer a massively parallel processor then the great tragedy has been that billions of our processors have been off -but in this century china is coming on line india is coming on line -is coming on line we will see an einstein in africa in this century -think what this means this means we all benefit when another country gets rich -need a greater demand for ideas those larger markets i was talking about earlier and a greater supply -of ideas for the world -now you can see some of the reasons why im optimistic -century than you expect to see in a year today -trade walls began to come tumbling down here are some data on tariffs starting at forty percent coming down to less than five percent we globalized the world -average gdp per capita in the world will be two hundred thousand dollars thats not u s gdp per capita which will be over a million but world gdp per capita two hundred thousand dollars thats not that far -we wont make it but some of our grandchildren probably will and i should say i think this is a rather modest prediction in kurzweilian terms this is gloomy -growth -alright what about problems what about a great depression -well lets take a look lets take a look at the great depression -we went off a cliff but we recovered -in fact in the second half of the twentieth century growth was even higher than anything you would have predicted -that mean it means that we extended cooperation across national boundaries we made the world more -upon the first half of the twentieth century so growth can wash away even what appears to be a great depression -alright what else oil oil this was a big topic when i was -writing up my notes oil was one hundred and forty dollars per barrel so people were asking a question the were saying is china drinking our milkshake -and there is some truth to this in the sense that we have something of a finite resource and -moreover as everyone knows look its energy not oil which counts and higher oil -to overcome an increase in the price of oil today than ever in the past because of what im talking about one idea one world one market -so im optimistic -so long as we hew to these two ideas to keep globalizing world markets keep extending cooperation across national boundaries and keep investing in education -now the united states has a particularly important role to play in this to keep our education system globalized -to keep our education system open to students from all over the world because our education system is the candle -that other students come to to light their own candles now remember here what jefferson said -jefferson said when they come and light their candles at ours that they gain light and we are not darkened -because the truth is -so -my view is be optimistic spread the ideas spread the light -thank you -today a container ship can carry one hundred and fifty thousand tons it can be manned with a smaller crew and unloaded faster than ever before -until the light changed and all of a sudden -but something kept on flickering before my eyes i wasnt quite sure what i was looking at and then when i took that moment to take a step back -i would pull out this whole other dimension that i would collapse it -i was a little conflicted though because i was so excited about what id found but i was just about to graduate from college with a degree in political science and id always had this dream of going to washington d c and sitting at a desk and working in government -and not going up to capitol -but going down to my parents basement and making it my job to learn how to paint i had no idea where to begin -the last time id painted -it was about space and light my early canvases ended up being things that you wouldnt expect to be used as canvas like fried food its nearly impossible to get paint to stick to the grease in an egg -and if i wanted to paint on people well i was a little bit -it just seemed like it made more sense to practice by painting on myself -i was teaching myself how to paint in all these different styles and i wanted to see what else i could do with it i came together with a collaborator sheila vand and we had the idea of creating paintings in a more unusual surface and that was milk -we got a pool we filled it with milk we filled it with sheila and i began painting -and the images were always completely unexpected in the end -because i could have a very specific image about how it would turn out i could paint it to match that but the moment that sheila laid back into the milk everything would change -it was in constant flux and we had to rather than fight it embrace it see where the milk would take us and compensate to make it even better -sometimes when sheila would lay down in the milk it would wash all the paint off of her -all right well hide your face and we ended up with something far more elegant than we could have imagined even though this is essentially the same solution that a frustrated kid uses when he cant draw hands -when we started out on the milk project and when i started out i couldnt have foreseen that i would go from pursuing my dream in politics and working at a desk -to tripping over a shadow and then turning people into paintings and painting on people in a pool of milk but then again i guess its also not unforeseeable that you can find the strange in the familiar -on your ear everything in this scene the person -the clothes chairs wall gets covered in a mask of paint that mimics whats directly below it and in this way im able to take a three dimensional scene and make it look like a two dimensional -painting i can photograph it from any angle and it will still look two d theres no photoshop here this is just a photo of one of my three dimensional paintings -i was fascinated with the absence of -paul lauterbur then went onto win the nobel prize for inventing the mri i got the data and im going to show you a sample of the piece from conception to birth -was offered a position as associate professor of medicine and chief of scientific visualization at yale university in the department of medicine and my job was to write many of the algorithms and code for nasa to do virtual surgery in preparation for the astronauts going into deep spaceflight so they could be kept in robotic pods -one of the fascinating things about what we were actually working on is that we were seeing -but as you can see when you actually start working on this data its pretty spectacular and as we kept on scanning more and more working on this project looking at these two simple cells that have this kind of unbelievable machinery that will become the magic of you and as we kept on working on this data -looking at small clusters -of the body these little pieces of tissue that were a trophoblast coming off of a blastocyst all of a sudden burrowing itself into the side of the uterus saying im here to stay all of a sudden having conversation and communications with the estrogens the progesterones saying im here to stay plant -using new kinds of scanning technologies things that had just never been seen before i mean not only in disease management but also -building this incredible trilinear fetus that becomes within -forty four days something that you can recognize and then at nine weeks is really kind of a little human being -the marvel of this information how do we actually have this biological mechanism inside our body to actually see this information -cells are developing at one million cells per second at four weeks as its just folding on itself within five weeks you can start to see the early atrium and the early ventricles six weeks these folds are now beginning with the papilla on the inside of the heart actually being able to pull down -each one of those valves in your heart until you get a mature -heart and then basically the development of the entire human body the magic of the mechanisms inside each genetic structure saying exactly where that nerve cell should go the complexity of these mathematical models of how these things are indeed done are beyond human comprehension even though i am a mathematician -things that allowed us to see things about the body that just made you marvel i remember one of the first times we were looking at collagen and your entire body everything your hair skin bone nails everything is made of collagen and its a kind of rope like structure that -i look at this with marvel of how do these instruction sets -not make these mistakes as they build what is us its a mystery its magic its divinity then you start to take a look at adult life -take a look at this little tuft of capillaries its just a tiny sub substructure microscopic but basically by the time youre nine months and youre given birth you have almost sixty thousand miles of vessels inside your body -from the brain to every other part of the body look at the complexity of the folding where does this intelligence of knowing that a fold can actually hold more information -so as you actually watch the babys brain grow and this is one of the things that were doing right now were actually doing the launch of two new studies of actually scanning babies brains from the moment theyre born every six months until theyre six years old were going to be doing actually to about two hundred and fifty children -our own existence but how does the womans body understand to have genetic structure that not only builds her own but then has the understanding that allows her to become a walking immunological cardiovascular system that basically is a mobile system that can actually nurture treat this child -so perfectly organized a structure it was hard not to attribute divinity to it because we kept on seeing this over and over and over again -in different parts of the body one of the opportunities i had was one person was working on a really interesting micromagnetic resonance imaging machine with the nih -and what we were going to do was scan a new project on the development of the fetus from conception to birth using these kinds of new technologies so i wrote the algorithms in code and he built the hardware -to seventy percent at the end of voting which is pretty impressive right we won mister splashy pants was chosen hmm just kidding okay so greenpeace actually wasnt that crazy about it because they wanted one of their more thoughtful names to win -so they said no no just kidding well give it another week of voting well that got us a little angry so we changed it to fightin splashy -community really and the rest of the internet rather really got behind this facebook groups were getting created facebook applications were getting created the idea was vote your conscience vote for mister splashy pants and people were putting up signs in the real world about this whale -is obvious its a great name everyone wants to hear their news anchor say mister splashy pants and i think thats what helped drive this but what was cool was -the repercussions now for greenpeace was they created an entire marketing campaign around it they sell mister splashy pants shirts and pins they even created an e card so you could send your friend a dancing splashy -was even more important was the fact that they actually accomplished their mission the japanese government called off their whaling expedition mission accomplished greenpeace was thrilled the whales were happy thats a quote -this wasnt really out of altruism this was just out of interest in doing something cool and this is kind of how the internet works this is that great big secret -and one of the great lessons that greenpeace actually learned was that its okay to lose control its okay to take yourself a little less seriously given that even though its a very serious cause you could ultimately achieve your final goal -and thats the final message that i want to share with all of you that you can do well online but no longer is the message going to be coming from just the top down if you want to succeed youve got to be okay to just lose control thank you -is actually about discovering new things that pop up on the web because in the last four years weve seen all kinds of memes all kinds of trends get born right on our front page -on their whaling campaign these humpback whales were getting killed they wanted to put an end to it and one of the ways they wanted to do it was to put a tracking chip inside one of these humpback whales -i believe this is a farsi word for immortal i think this means divine power of the ocean in a polynesian language and then there was this mister splashy pants -and this this was special mister pants or splashy to his friends was very popular on the internet in fact someone on reddit thought oh what a great thing we should all vote this up and you know -for every one hundred girls with an emotional disturbance diagnosed we have three hundred and twenty four boys and by the way all of these numbers are significantly higher if you happen to be black -you happen to exist in an overcrowded school -and if you are a -four times as likely to be diagnosed with adhd attention deficit hyperactivity disorder -now there is another side to this -and it is important that we recognize that -women still need help in school -that salaries are still significantly lower even when controlled for job types and that girls have continued to struggle in math and science for years -thats all true nothing about that prevents us from paying attention to the literacy needs of our boys between ages three and thirteen -and so we should in fact what we ought to do is take a page from their playbook because -the initiatives and programs that have been set in place for women in science and engineering and mathematics are fantastic theyve done a lot of good for girls in these situations -so im here to tell you that we have a problem with boys -and we ought to be thinking about how we can make that happen for boys too in their younger years -we may be getting close to seventy percent female population in universities this makes university administrators very nervous because girls dont want to go to schools that dont have boys -and its a serious problem with boys -were starting to see the establishment of men centers and men studies to think about how do we engage men in their experiences in the university if you talk to faculty they may say -well theyre playing video games and theyre gambling online all night long and theyre playing world of warcraft and thats affecting their academic -their culture isnt working in schools and im going to share with you ways that we can think about overcoming that problem -guess what video games are not the cause video games are a symptom -they were turned off a long time before they got here -so lets talk about why they got turned off when they were between the ages of three and thirteen -there are three reasons that i believe that boys are out of sync with the culture of schools today -and when he did she had to go through and pull out all the little plastic guns -you cant have plastic knives and swords and axes and all -in a kindergarten classroom what is it that were afraid that this young man is going to do with this gun -i mean really -but here he stands as testament to the fact that you cant roughhouse on the playground today now im not advocating for bullies -im not suggesting that we need to be allowing guns and knives into school but when we say that an eagle scout in a high school classroom -to start by saying this is a -and this is a girl and this is probably stereotypically what you think of as a boy and a girl if i essentialize gender for you today then you can dismiss what i have to say so im not going to do that im not interested in doing that -to write poems and little moments in my life i dont want to write that stuff -well what do you want to write what do you want to write about i want to write about video games i want to write about leveling up i want to write about this really interesting world i want to write about -the answer is no hes just a boy -hes just a little boy -its not okay to write these kinds of things in classrooms today -there are fewer male teachers anybody whos over fifteen doesnt know what this means because in the last ten years the number of elementary school classroom teachers has been cut in half -now whats the problem with this -women are great yep absolutely but -male role models for boys that say its all right to be smart theyve got dads theyve got pastors theyve got cub scout leaders but ultimately six hours a day five days a week theyre spending in a classroom -and most of those classrooms are not places where men exist and so they say i guess this really isnt a place for boys -this is a different kind of boy and a different kind of girl so the point here is that not all boys exist within these rigid boundaries of what we think of as boys and girls -teachers lounge and theyre having a conversation about -youll see the conversation changes depending upon whos sitting around the table -third reason that boys are out of sync with school today kindergarten is the old second grade folks we have a serious compression of the curriculum happening out there -in first grade you should be able to read paragraphs of -with maybe a picture maybe not in a book of maybe twenty five to thirty pages if you dont were probably going to be putting you into a title one special reading program and if you ask title one teachers theyll tell you theyve got about four or five boys for every girl thats in their program in the elementary grades -is because the message that boys are getting is you need to do what the teacher asks you to do all the time -the teachers salary depends on no child left behind and race to the top and accountability and testing and all of this so she has to figure out a way -and so this is a very serious problem where is it coming from its coming from -we want to live in lake wobegon where every child is above average -but what this does to our children is really not healthy its not developmentally appropriate and its particularly bad for boys -need to meet them where they are we need to put ourselves into boy culture -we need to change the mindset of acceptance in boys in elementary schools -very specific things we can design better games most of the educational games that are out there -are really flashcards -theyre glorified drill and practice they dont have the depth the rich narrative that -really engaging video games have that the boys are really interested in so we need to design better games -all of those conversations need to be happening there are some great examples out there of schools -the new york times just talked about a school recently a game designer from the new school put together a wonderful video gaming school -it only treats a few kids and so this isnt very scalable we have to change the culture and the feelings that politicians and school board members and parents have about the way we accept and what we accept in our schools today -the point is that for boys the way that they exist and the culture that they embrace isnt working well in schools now how do we know that -we have to find more money for game design because good games really good games cost money and world of warcraft has quite a budget most of the educational games do not -and we discovered that they talk about the kids in their school who talk about gaming in pretty demeaning ways -they say oh yeah theyre always talking about that stuff theyre talking about their little action figures and their little -nervous about anything that has anything to do with violence because of the zero tolerance policies they are sure that parents and administrators will never accept anything so we really need to think about looking at teacher attitudes and finding ways -to change the attitudes so that teachers are much more open and accepting of boy cultures in their classrooms -because ultimately if we don -have boys who leave elementary school saying -the one hundred girls project tells us -you -some really nice statistics for example for every one hundred girls that are suspended from school there are two hundred and fifty boys that are suspended from school -for every one hundred girls who are expelled from school there are three hundred and thirty five boys who are expelled from school -for every one hundred girls in special education there are two hundred and seventeen boys -for every one hundred girls with a learning disability there are two hundred and seventy six boys -and i want to say something a little bit radical for a feminist and that is that i think that there may be different kinds of insights that can come from different kinds of anatomies particularly when we have people thinking in groups -now for years because ive been interested in intersex ive also been interested in sex difference research and one of the things that ive been really interested in is looking at the differences between males and females in terms of the way they think and operate in the world -and what we know from cross cultural studies is that females on average not everyone but on average are more inclined to be very attentive to complex social relations and to taking care of people who are basically vulnerable within the group -and a lot of what ive worked on is people who have atypical sex so people who dont have the standard male or the standard female body types and as a general term we can use the term intersex for this -one of my graduate advisers who knew i was interested in feminism i considered myself a feminist as i still do asked a really strange question he said -tell me whats feminine about feminism -and i thought well thats the dumbest question ive ever heard feminism is all about undoing stereotypes about gender so theres nothing feminine about feminism but the more i thought about his question the more i thought there might be something feminine about feminism that is to say there might be something on average different about female brains from male brains -that makes us more attentive to deeply complex social relationships and more attentive to taking care of the vulnerable -so whereas the fathers were extremely attentive to figuring out -how to protect individuals from the state its possible that if we injected more mothers into this concept what we would have is more of a concept of not just how to protect but how to care for each other -and maybe thats where we need to go in the future when we take democracy beyond anatomy is to think less about the individual body in terms of the identity and think more about those relationships so that as we -intersex comes in a lot of different forms ill just give you a few examples of the types of ways you can have sex that isnt standard for male or female -so in one instance you can have somebody who has an xy chromosomal basis -and that sry gene on the y chromosome tells the proto gonads which we all have in the fetal life to become testes and so in the fetal life the testes are pumping out testosterone but because this individual lacks -receptors to hear that testosterone the body doesnt react to the testosterone and this is a syndrome called androgen insensitivity syndrome -so lots of levels of testosterone but no reaction to it as a consequence the body develops more along the female typical path when the child is born she looks like a girl -but shes not getting her period that somebody figures out somethings up here and they do some tests and figure out that instead of having ovaries inside and a uterus she actually has testes inside and she has a y chromosome now whats important to understand is you may think of this person as really being male but theyre really not -females like males have in our bodies something called the adrenal glands theyre in the back of our body and the adrenal glands make androgens which are a masculinizing hormone -most females like me i believe myself to be a typical female i dont actually know my chromosomal make up but i think im probably typical most females like me are actually androgen sensitive were making androgen and were responding to androgens the consequence is that somebody like me has actually had a brain exposed to more androgens -so sex is really complicated its not just that intersex people are in the middle of all the sex spectrum in some ways they can be all over the place another example a few years ago i got a call from a man who was nineteen years old -he had xx chromosomes and in the womb his adrenal glands were in such high gear -that it created essentially a masculine hormonal environment and as a consequence his genitals were masculinzed his brain was subject to the more typical masculine component of hormones -and he was born looking like a boy nobody suspected anything and it was only when he had reached the age of nineteen that he began to have enough medical problems actually from menstruating internally that doctors figured out -that in fact he was female internally okay so just one more quick example of a way you can have intersex some people who have xx chromosomes develop what are called ovotestis which is when you have ovarian tissue with testicular -so sex can come in lots of different varieties -in many cases people are actually perfectly healthy the reason theyre often subject to various kinds of surgeries is because they threaten our social categories -and our nations really founded on a very romantic concept of individualism well you can imagine how startling then it is when you have children that are born who are two people inside of one body -i had a lot of journalists calling me asking me -which is the test theyre going to run that will tell us whether or not caster semenya is male or female -and i had to explain to the journalists there isnt such a test in fact -we now know that sex is complicated enough that we have to admit nature doesnt draw the line for us between male and female or between male and intersex and female and intersex we actually draw that line on nature -i want to imagine that in one case the sperm is carrying a y chromosome meeting that x chromosome of the egg -so what we have is a sort of situation where -the farther our science goes the more we have to admit to ourselves that these categories that we thought of as stable anatomical categories that mapped very simply to stable identity categories are a lot more fuzzy than we thought -and its not just in terms of sex its also in terms of race which turns out to be vastly more complicated than our terminology has allowed -as we look we get into all sorts of uncomfortable areas we look for example about the fact that we share at least ninety five percent of our dna with chimpanzees what are we to make of the fact that we differ from them only really by a few nucleotides -and as we get farther and farther with our science we get more and more into a discomforted zone where we have to acknowledge that the simplistic categories weve had -are probably overly simplistic -so were seeing this in all sorts of places in human life one of the places were seeing it for example in our culture today in the united states today is battles over the beginning of life and the end of life we have difficult conversations about at what point we decide a body becomes a human such that it has a different right than a fetal life -and in the other case the sperm is carrying an x chromosome meeting the x chromosome of the egg -we have very difficult conversations nowadays probably not out in the open as much as within medicine about the question of when somebodys dead in the past our ancestors never had to struggle so much with this question of when somebody was dead at most theyd stick a feather on somebodys nose and if it twitched they didnt bury them yet if it stopped twitching -now you might think that all this breaking down of categories would make somebody like me really happy im a political progressive i defend people with unusual bodies but i have to admit to you that it makes me nervous understanding that these categories are really much more unstable than we thought -both are viable both take off -makes me tense and it makes me tense from the point of view of thinking about democracy so in order to tell you about that tension i have to first admit to you that im a huge fan of the founding fathers -i know they were racists i know they were sexist but they were great i mean they were so brave and so bold and so radical in what they did that i find myself watching that cheesy musical one thousand seven hundred and seventy six every few years and its not because of the music which is totally forgettable its because of what happened in one thousand seven hundred and seventy six with the founding fathers -what they rejected was an anatomical concept and replaced it with another one that was radical and beautiful and held us for two hundred years so as you all recall what our founding fathers were rejecting was a concept of monarchy and the monarchy was basically based on a very simplistic concept of anatomy the monarchs of the old world -in most of what i do as the one hat i do history of anatomy im a historian by training and what i study in that case is the way that people have dealt with anatomy meaning human bodies animal bodies how they dealt with bodily fluids concepts of bodies how have they thought about bodies -didnt have a concept of dna but they did have a concept of birthright they had a concept of blue blood they had the idea that the people who would be in political power should be in political power because of the blood being passed down from grandfather to father to son and so forth -the founding fathers rejected that idea and they replaced it with a new anatomical -and that was democracy growing up -but it was also science growing up at the same time -and its really clear if you look at the history of the founding fathers a lot of them were very interested in science and they were interested in a concept of a naturalistic world they were moving away from supernatural explanations and they were rejecting things like a supernatural concept of power where it transmitted because of a very vague concept of birthright -they were moving towards a naturalistic concept and if you look for example in the declaration of independence they talk about nature and natures god -they dont talk about god and gods nature theyre talking about the power of nature to tell us who we are -happened was women for example who wanted the right to vote -took the founding fathers concept of anatomical commonality being more important than anatomical difference and said the fact that we have a uterus and ovaries is not significant enough in terms of a difference to mean that we shouldnt have the right to vote the right to full citizenship the right to own property etc etc and women successfully argued that -next came the successful civil rights movement where we found people like sojourner truth talking about aint i a woman we find men on the marching lines of the civil rights movement saying i -again people of color appealing to a commonality of anatomy over a difference of anatomy again successfully we see the same thing with the disability rights movement -now mind you i want to maintain some divisions anatomically in our culture for example i dont want to give a fish the same rights as a human -i dont want to say we give up entirely on anatomy i dont want to say five year olds should be allowed to consent to sex or consent to marry so there are some anatomical divisions that make sense -to me and that i think we should retain but the challenge is trying to figure out which ones they are and why do we retain them and do they have meaning so lets go back to those two beings conceived at the beginning of this talk -the right to vote the right to drink -henry has to wait for all of that not because hes actually any different in age biologically except in terms of when he was born -we find other kinds of weirdness in terms of what their rights are henry by virtue of being assumed to be male although i havent told you that hes the xy one -henry can marry in every state a woman but mary can only marry today in a few states a woman so we have these anatomical categories that persist -might start falling apart -i dont want to give up the science but at the same time it kind of feels sometimes like the science is coming out from under us so where do we go -it seems like what happens in our culture is a sort of pragmatic attitude well we have to draw the line somewhere so we will draw the line somewhere -but a lot of people get stuck in a very strange position so for example texas has at one point decided that what it means to marry a man is to mean that you dont have a y chromosome -and what it means to marry a woman means you do have a y chromosome now in practice they dont actually test people for their chromosomes but this is also very bizarre because of the story i told you at the beginning about androgen insensitivity syndrome -if we look at one of the founding fathers of modern democracy dr martin luther king he offers us something of a solution in his i have a dream speech he says we should judge people based not on the color of their skin but on the content of their character moving beyond anatomy and i want to say yeah that sounds like a really good idea but in practice how do you do it -in that case what ive worked with is people who have body types that challenge social norms so some of what ive worked on for example is people who are conjoined twins two people within one body -intelligent mature decisions about sexual relations than some forty year olds that i know so how do we operationalize the question of content of character it turns out to be really difficult and part of me also wonders what if content of character turns out to be something thats scannable -do we really want to go there -im not sure where we go what i do know is that it seems to be really important to think about the idea of -the united states being in the lead of thinking about this issue of democracy weve done a really good job struggling with democracy and i think we would do a good job in the future we dont have a situation that iran has for example where a man whos sexually attracted to other men is liable to be murdered unless hes willing to submit to a sex change in which case hes allowed -to live we dont have that kind of situation im glad to say we dont have the kind of situation with -my response to him was well have you considered political asylum instead of a separation surgery the united states has offered tremendous possibility for allowing people to be the way they are without having them have to be changed for the sake of the state so i think we have to be in the lead -well just to close i want to suggest to you that ive been talking a lot about the fathers and i want to think about the possibilities of what democracy might look like or might have looked like if we had more involved the mothers -and removed just one story heres how the world looked -and the cycle continues as we all know britney has loomed pretty large lately -so why dont we hear more about the world -one reason is that news networks have reduced the number of their foreign bureaus by half -india or south america places that are home to more than two billion people -the news shape the way we see the world -the reality is that covering britney -local tv news looms large -and unfortunately only dedicates twelve percent of its coverage to international news -the most popular news sites dont do much better last year pew and the colombia j school analyzed the fourteen thousand stories that appeared on google news front page and they in fact covered the same twenty four news events -heres the world based on the way it looks based on landmass -so if you put it all together this could help explain why todays college graduates as well as less educated americans know less about the world than their counterparts did twenty years ago -and if you think its simply because we are not interested -the real question -is this distorted worldview -what we want for americans in our increasingly interconnected world -i know we can do better and can we afford not to -thank you -and heres how news shapes what americans see -now this was a month when north korea agreed to dismantle its nuclear facilities -there was massive flooding in indonesia and in paris the ipcc released its study confirming mans impact -on global warming -the u s accounted for seventy nine percent of total news coverage -and when we take out the u s and look at the remaining twenty one percent -we see a lot of iraq thats that big green thing there -reached just one percent -when we analyzed all the news stories -well if we want to think about a way of getting a taste of that kind of baby consciousness as adults i think the best thing is think about cases where were put in a new situation that weve never been in before when we fall in love -and by the way that coffee that wonderful coffee youve been drinking downstairs actually mimics the effect of those baby neurotransmitters so whats it like to be a baby its like being in love in paris -first time after youve had three double espressos -thats a fantastic way to be but it does tend to leave you waking up crying at three oclock in the morning -and one bowl of delicious goldfish crackers now all of the babies even in berkley -so the question is what would the baby give her what they liked or what she -so children both know more and learn more than we ever would have thought and this is just one of hundreds and hundreds of studies over the last twenty years thats actually demonstrated -in many ways theyre worse than useless because we have to put so much time and energy into just keeping them alive -birds even marsupials like kangaroos and wombats it turns out that theres a relationship between how long a childhood a species has and how big their brains are compared to their bodies and how smart and flexible -are incredibly smart birds theyre as smart as chimpanzees in some respects and this is a bird on the cover of science -whos learned how to use a tool to get food -on the other hand we have our friend the domestic chicken -and chickens and ducks and geese and turkeys are basically as dumb as dumps so theyre very very good at pecking for grain and theyre not much good at doing anything else -in the last twenty years developmental science has completely overturned that picture so in some ways we think that this babys thinking is like the thinking of the most brilliant scientists let me give you just one example -well it turns out that the babies the new caledonian crow babies are fledglings they depend on their moms to drop worms in their little open mouths for as long as two years which is a really long time in the life of a bird whereas the chickens are actually mature within a couple of months -well what kind of explanation could we have for this well some animals like the chicken seem to be beautifully suited to doing just one thing very well so they seem to be beautifully suited to pecking grain in one environment -and of course we human beings are way out on the end of the distribution like the crows -that strategy that learning strategy is an extremely powerful great strategy for getting on in the world but it has one big disadvantage and that one big disadvantage is that until you actually do all that learning youre going to be helpless so you dont want -that problem is with a kind of division of labor so the idea is that we have this early period when were completely protected we dont have to do anything all we have to do is learn and then as adults we can take all those things that we learned when we were babies and children and actually put them to work to do things out there in the world -so one way of thinking about it is that babies and young children are like the research and development division of the human species -one thing that this baby could be thinking about that could be going on in his mind is trying to figure out whats going on in the mind of that other baby -if this is true if these babies are designed to learn and this evolutionary story would say children are for learning thats what theyre for we might expect that they would have really powerful learning -and so forth and what bayes showed was a mathematical way that you could do that and that -mathematics is at the core of the best machine learning programs that we have now -and some ten years ago i suggested that babies might be doing the same thing so if you want to know whats going on underneath those beautiful brown eyes -i think it actually looks something like this this is reverend bayess notebook so i think those babies are actually making complicated calculations with conditional probabilities that theyre revising to figure out how the world works -so to test this we used a machine that we have called the blicket detector this is a box that lights up and plays music when you put some things on it and not others and using this very simple machine my -so the unlikely hypothesis -actually has stronger evidence it looks as if the waving is a more effective strategy than the other strategy so we did just this we gave four year olds this pattern of evidence and we just asked them to make it go and sure enough the four year olds used the evidence to wave the object on top of the detector -now there are two things that are really interesting about this the first one is again remember these are four year olds theyre just learning how to count but unconsciously theyre doing these quite complicated calculations that will give them a conditional probability measure -and the other interesting thing is that theyre using that evidence to get to an idea get to a hypothesis about the world that seems very unlikely to begin with and in studies weve just been doing in my lab similar studies weve show that four year olds are actually -better at finding out an unlikely hypothesis than adults are when we give them exactly the same -and theres been a bunch of interesting studies recently that have shown this playing around is really a kind of experimental research program heres one from cristine legares lab what cristine did was use our blicket detectors -and what she did was show children that yellow ones made it go and red ones didnt and then she showed them an anomaly -we wanted to know if babies and young children could understand this really profound thing about other people now the question is how could we ask -boy but what cristine discovered is this is actually quite typical if you look at the way children play when you ask them to explain something what they really do is do a series of experiments -this is actually pretty typical of four year -and i think just the opposite is true i think babies and children are actually more conscious than we are as adults -now heres what we know about how adult consciousness works and -adults attention and consciousness look kind of like a spotlight so what happens for adults is we decide that somethings relevant or important we should pay attention to it -down activity in all the rest of our brains so we have a very focused purpose driven kind of attention if we look at babies and young children we see something very different -i think babies and young children seem to have more of a lantern of consciousness than a spotlight of consciousness -and if you actually look in their brains you see that theyre flooded with these neurotransmitters that are really good at inducing learning and plasticity and the inhibitory parts havent come on yet so when we say that babies and young children are bad at paying attention what we really mean is that they -the real person which is highly embarrassing ive also been working with the guardian on a topical basis a page a week -views on gordon brown which i find very interesting condi and bush -this image ive decided to show having a reservation about it i made it a year ago -and just how meanings change and a terrible thing that has happened but the fear is lurking around in our minds prior to that -thats why this image was made one year ago and what it means today so ill leave you with these clips to -youre sending it up into higher language processing centers towards the front of the brain is the place in which all of the more complex thought decision making its the last to mature in late adulthood this is where all your decision making processes are going on its the place where youre deciding right now you probably arent going to order the steak for dinner -so if you take a deeper look at the brain one of the things if you look at it in cross section what you can see is that you cant really see a whole lot of structure there but theres actually a lot of structure there its cells and its wires all wired together so about a hundred years ago some scientists invented a stain that would stain cells and thats shown here in the the very light blue -you can see areas where neuronal cell bodies are being stained and what you can see is its very non uniform you see a lot more structure there so the outer part of that brain is the neocortex its one continuous -processing unit if you will but you can also see things underneath there as well and all of these blank areas are the areas in which the wires are running through theyre probably less cell dense so theres about eighty six billion neurons in our brain and as you can see theyre very non uniformly distributed -and how theyre distributed really contributes to their underlying function and of course as i mentioned before since we can now start to map brain function we can start to -tie these into the individual cells so lets take a deeper look lets look at neurons so as i mentioned there are eighty six billion neurons there are also these smaller cells as youll see these are support cells astrocytes glia -and the nerves themselves are the ones who are receiving input theyre storing it theyre processing it each neuron is connected via synapses -to up to ten thousand other neurons in your brain and each neuron itself is largely unique the unique character of both individual neurons and neurons within a collection of the brain are driven by fundamental properties of their underlying biochemistry -these are proteins theyre proteins that are controlling things like ion channel movement theyre controlling who nervous system cells partner up with and theyre controlling basically everything that the nervous system has to do so if we zoom in to an even deeper level -all of those proteins are encoded by our genomes we each have twenty three pairs of chromosomes we get one from mom one from dad and on these chromosomes are roughly twenty five thousand genes theyre encoded in the dna and -so in order to undertake such a project we obviously need brains so we sent our lab technician out we were seeking -normal human brains what we actually start with is a medical examiners office this a place where the dead are brought in we are seeking normal human brains theres a lot of criteria by which were selecting these brains we want to make sure that we have normal humans between the ages of twenty to sixty they died a somewhat natural death with no injury to the brain -no history of psychiatric disease no drugs on board we do a toxicology workup -and were very careful about the brains that we do take -were also selecting for brains in which we can get the tissue we can get consent to take the tissue -which is the readout from our genes is very labile and so we have to move very quickly one side note on the collection of brains because of the way that we collect and because we require consent we actually have a lot more male brains -the large cabling in the brain and again you can think of this as almost mapping our interstate highways if you will -the brain is removed from the skull and then its sliced into one centimeter slices -and those are frozen solid and theyre shipped to seattle and in seattle we take these this is a whole human hemisphere and we put them into whats basically a glorified meat slicer theres a blade here thats going to cut across a section of the tissue and transfer it to a microscope slide were going to then apply one of those stains to it -and we scan it and then what we get is our first mapping so this is where experts come in and they make basic anatomic assignments you could consider this state boundaries if you will those pretty broad outlines -from this were able to then fragment that brain into further pieces -which then we can put on a smaller cryostat and this is just showing this here this frozen tissue and its being cut this is twenty microns thin so this is about a baby hairs width and remember its frozen and so you can see here old fashioned technology of the paintbrush being applied we take a microscope slide -most people when they first look at a fresh human brain they say it doesnt look what youre typically looking at when someone shows you a brain typically what youre looking at is a fixed brain its gray and this outer layer this is the vasculature which is incredible around a human brain this is the blood vessels -and our anatomists are going to go in and take a deeper look at this so again this is what they can see under the microscope you can see collections and configurations of large and small cells in clusters and various places and from there its routine they understand where to make these assignments and they can make basically whats a reference atlas this is a more detailed map -our scientists then use this to go back to another piece of that tissue and do whats called laser scanning microdissection so the technician takes the instructions they scribe along a place there and then the laser actually cuts you can see that blue dot there cutting -and that tissue falls off you can see on the microscope slide here thats whats happening in real time theres a container underneath thats collecting that tissue -we take that tissue we purify the rna out of it using some basic technology -and then we put a florescent tag on it -we take that tagged material and we put it on to something called a microarray -now this may look like a bunch of dots to you but each one of these individual dots is actually a unique piece of the human genome that we spotted down on glass this has roughly sixty thousand elements on it so we repeatedly measure various genes of the twenty five thousand genes in the genome -and when we take a sample and we hybridize it to it we get a unique fingerprint if you will -quantitatively of what genes are turned on in that sample now we do this over and over again this process for any given brain were taking over a thousand samples for each brain this area shown here is an area called the hippocampus its involved in learning and memory -and it contributes to about seventy samples of those thousand samples -so each sample gets us about -fifty thousand data points with repeat measurements a thousand samples so roughly we have fifty million data points for a given human brain weve done right now two human brains worth of data -weve put all of that together into one thing and ill show you what that synthesis looks like its basically a large data set of information thats all freely available to any scientist around the world they dont even have to log in to come use this tool mine this data find interesting things out with this -so heres the modalities that we put together youll start to recognize these things from what weve collected before heres the mr it provides the framework theres an operator side on the right that allows you to turn it allows you to zoom in it allows you to highlight individual structures but most importantly -were now mapping into this anatomic framework which is a common framework for people to understand -twenty percent of the oxygen coming from your lungs twenty percent of the blood pumped from your heart is servicing this one organ thats basically if you hold two fists together its just slightly larger than the two fists -where genes are turned on so the red levels are where a gene is turned on to a great degree green is the sort of cool areas where its not turned on and each gene gives us a fingerprint and remember that weve assayed all the twenty five thousand genes in the genome and have all of that data available -so what can scientists learn about this data were just starting to look at this data ourselves -theres some basic things that you would want to understand two great examples are drugs prozac and wellbutrin these are commonly prescribed antidepressants now remember were assaying genes genes send the instructions to make proteins -that no one has ever looked at before and we see these genes turned on there its as interesting a side effect as it could be -one other thing you can do with such a thing is you can because its a pattern matching exercise because theres unique fingerprint we can actually scan through the entire genome and find other proteins -that show a similar fingerprint so if youre in drug discovery for example you can go through an entire listing of what the genome has on offer to find perhaps better drug targets and optimize -most of you are probably familiar with genome wide association studies in the form of people covering in the news saying scientists have recently discovered the gene or genes which affect x and so these kinds of studies are routinely published by scientists -scientists sort of at the end of the twentieth century learned that they could track blood flow to map non invasively where activity was going on in the human brain -but what you get out of such an exercise is simply a list of genes it tells you the what but it doesnt tell you the where -and so its very important for those researchers that weve created this resource now they can come in and they can start to get clues about activity they can start to look at common pathways other things that they simply havent been able to do before -so i think this audience in particular can understand the importance of individuality -and i think every human we all have different genetic backgrounds we all have lived separate lives but the fact is our genomes are greater than ninety nine percent similar were similar at the genetic level -and what were finding is actually even at the brain biochemical level we are quite similar -and so this shows its not ninety nine percent but its roughly ninety percent correspondence at a reasonable cutoff so everything in the cloud is roughly correlated and then we find some outliers some things that lie beyond the cloud -and those genes are interesting but theyre very subtle so i think its an important message to take home today that even though -we celebrate all of our differences we are quite similar even at the brain level -this is an example of a study that we did to follow up and see what exactly those differences were and theyre quite subtle these are things where genes are turned on in an individual cell type these are two genes that we -but they do show some population variation and so what youre looking at here in donor one and donor four which are the exceptions to the other two that genes are being turned on in a very specific subset of cells its this dark purple precipitate within the cell thats telling us a gene is turned on there -so for example they can see in the back part of the brain which is just turning around there theres the cerebellum thats keeping you upright right now its keeping me standing its involved in coordinated movement -whether or not thats due to an individuals genetic background or their experiences we dont know those kinds of studies require much larger populations -so im going to leave you with a final note about the complexity of the brain and how much more we have to go i think these resources are incredibly valuable they give researchers a handle on where to go but we only looked at a handful of individuals at this point were certainly going to be looking at -ill just close by saying that the tools are there and this is truly an unexplored undiscovered continent this is the new frontier if you will and so for those who are undaunted but humbled by the complexity of the brain the future awaits -on the side here this is temporal cortex this is the area where primary auditory processing so youre hearing my words -but i have for you a very simple message that offers more hope than you can imagine -to mimic nature and there are fallen trees in there now because the better land is now attracting elephants etc -this land in mexico was in terrible condition and ive had to mark the hill because the change is so profound -and look at the amazing change in this one where that gully has completely healed using nothing -but livestock mimicking nature and once more we have the third generation of that family on that land with their flag still flying -the vast grasslands of patagonia are turning to desert as you see here the man in the middle is an argentinian researcher and he has documented the steady decline of that land over the years as they kept reducing sheep numbers -they put twenty five thousand sheep in one flock -really mimicking nature now with planned grazing and they have documented a fifty percent increase in the production of the land in the first year -we have environments where humidity is guaranteed throughout the year -we now have in the violent horn of africa -and saving their culture ninety five percent of that land can only feed people from animals i remind you that i am talking about most of the worlds land here -that controls our fate including the most violent region of the world where only animals can feed people from about ninety five percent of the land -what we are doing globally is causing climate change as much as i believe fossil fuels and maybe more -than fossil fuels but worse than that -it is causing hunger poverty violence social breakdown and war and as i am talking to you millions of men women and children are suffering and dying -on those it is almost impossible to create vast areas of bare ground no matter what you do nature covers it up so quickly and we have environments where we have months of humidity followed by months of dryness and that is where desertification is occurring -and if this continues -we are unlikely to be able to stop the climate changing even after we have eliminated the use of fossil fuels -i believe ive shown you how we can work with nature at very low cost to reverse all this -we are already doing so on about fifteen million hectares on five continents and people who understand far more about carbon than i do calculate that for illustrative purposes if we do what i am showing you here -we can take enough carbon out of the atmosphere and safely store it in the grassland soils -for thousands of years and if we just do that on about half the worlds grasslands that ive shown you we can take us back to pre industrial levels while feeding people -i can think of almost nothing -that offers more hope -where i offered a pound five note in a hundred mile drive if somebody could find one grass in a hundred mile drive and on that we trebled the stocking rate the number of animals in the first year with no feeding just by the movement mimicking nature -and using a sigmoid curve that principle its a little bit technical to explain here -fortunately with space technology now we can look at it from space and when we do -you can see the proportions fairly well -generally what you see in green is not desertifying and what you see in brown is and these are by far the greatest areas of the earth about two thirds i would guess of the world is desertifying -i took this picture in the tihamah desert while twenty five millimeters thats an inch of rain was falling think of it in terms of drums of water each containing two hundred liters -over one thousand drums of water fell on every hectare of that land that day -the next day the land looked like this where had that water gone -some of it ran off as flooding -but most of the water that soaked into the soil simply evaporated out again exactly as it does in your garden if you leave the soil uncovered -now because the fate of water and carbon are tied to soil organic matter -perfect storm is bearing down upon us -when we damage soils you give off carbon carbon goes back to the atmosphere -now youre told over and over repeatedly that desertification is only occurring in arid and semi arid areas of the world -and that tall grasslands like this one in high rainfall are of no consequence -but if you do not look at grasslands but look down into them you find that most of the soil in that grassland that youve just seen is bare and covered with a crust of algae -leading to increased runoff and evaporation that is the cancer of desertification that we do not recognize till its terminal form -this perfect storm is mounting a grim reality increasingly grim reality -almost everybody knows this from nobel laureates to golf caddies or was taught it as i was -and so i grew up hating livestock because of the damage they were doing and then my university education as an ecologist reinforced my beliefs -we were once just as certain that the world was flat -we were wrong then and we are wrong again -and i want to invite you now to come along on my journey of -reeducation and discovery -when i was a young man -and we are -now no livestock were involved but suspecting that we had too many elephants now i did the research and i proved we had too many -and i recommended that we would have to reduce their numbers and bring them down to a level that the land could sustain -facing that reality -now that was a terrible decision for me to have to make and it was political dynamite frankly -so our government formed a team of experts to evaluate my research they did they agreed with me and over the following years we shot forty thousand elephants to try to stop the damage -and it got worse not better -loving elephants as i do that was the saddest and greatest blunder of my life and i will carry that to my grave -with the full belief that we can solve our problems with technology and thats very understandable now this perfect storm that we are facing is the result of our rising population rising towards ten billion people -one good thing did come out of it it made me absolutely determined to devote my life -to finding solutions -when i came to the united states i got a shock -to find national parks like this one desertifying as badly as anything in africa -and thered been no livestock on this land for over seventy years -and i found that american scientists had no explanation for this except that it is arid and natural -so i then began -looking at all the research plots i could over the whole of the western united states -where cattle had been removed to prove that it would stop desertification but i found the opposite as we see on this research station where this grassland that was green in one thousand nine hundred and sixty one by two thousand and two had changed to that situation -and the authors of the position paper on climate change from which i obtained these pictures attribute this change to unknown processes -clearly we have never understood what is causing desertification -which has destroyed many civilizations and now threatens us globally we have never understood -you have changed the microclimate now by the time you are doing that and increasing greatly the percentage of bare ground -but we have just simply not understood why was it beginning to happen ten thousand years ago why has it accelerated lately we had no understanding of that what we had failed to understand -was that these seasonal humidity environments of the world the soil and the vegetation developed with very large numbers of grazing animals -and that these grazing animals developed with ferocious pack hunting predators -land that is turning to desert and of course climate change -now the main defense against pack hunting predators is to get into herds and the larger the herd the safer the individuals -now large herds dung and urinate all over their own food and they -have to keep moving -and it was that movement that prevented the overgrazing of plants while the periodic trampling ensured good cover of the soil as we see where a herd has passed -has to decay biologically before the next growing season and if it doesnt the grassland and the soil begin to die -now theres no question about it at all we will only solve the problem of replacing fossil fuels with technology -now if it does not decay biologically it shifts to oxidation which is a very slow process and this smothers and kills grasses leading to a shift to woody vegetation and bare soil releasing carbon -to prevent that we have traditionally used fire -but fire also -leaves the soil bare releasing carbon -and worse than that -burning one hectare of grassland gives off more and more damaging pollutants than six thousand cars -and we are burning in africa every single year -more than one billion hectares of grasslands and almost nobody is talking about -but fossil fuels carbon coal and gas are by no means the only thing that is causing climate change -okay we cannot reduce animal numbers to rest it more without causing desertification and climate change we cannot burn it without causing desertification and climate change what are we going to do -there is only one option ill repeat to you only one option left to climatologists and scientists and that is to do the unthinkable -and to use livestock -bunched and moving as a proxy for former herds and predators and mimic nature there is no other alternative left to mankind -so lets do that so on this bit of grassland well do it but just in the foreground well impact it very heavily with cattle to mimic nature and weve done so and look at that all of that grass is now covering the soil as dung urine and litter or mulch -and we did that -without using fire to damage the soil and the plants are free to grow -when i first realized that we had no option as scientists but to use much vilified livestock -i was faced with a real dilemma how were we to do it -desertification -and that had accelerated desertification as we first discovered in africa and then confirmed in the united states and as you see in this picture of land managed by the federal government -is a fancy word -clearly more was needed than bunching and moving -the animals and humans over thousands of years had never been able to deal with natures complexity but we biologists and ecologists had never tackled anything as complex as this -for land that is turning to desert -so rather than reinvent the wheel i began studying other professions to see if anybody had -and i found there were planning techniques that i could take and adapt to our biological need -and from those i developed what we call holistic management and planned grazing a planning process and that does address all of natures complexity and our social environmental economic complexity -and this happens only when we create too much bare ground theres no other cause and i intend to focus on most of the worlds land that is turning to desert -today we have young women like this one -teaching villages in africa how to put their animals together into larger herds plan their grazing to mimic nature and where we have them hold their animals overnight we run them in a predator friendly manner because we have a lot of lands and so on -and where they do this and hold them overnight to prepare the crop fields we are getting very great increases in crop yield as well -lets look at some results this is land close to land that we manage in zimbabwe it has just come through four months of very good rains it got that year and its going into the long dry season -but as you can see all of that rain almost of all it has evaporated from the soil surface their river is dry despite the rain just having ended and we have one hundred and fifty thousand people on almost permanent food aid -our river is flowing and healthy and clean its fine -the production of grass shrubs trees wildlife everything is now more productive and we have virtually no fear of dry years -and we did that by increasing the cattle and goats four hundred percent planning the grazing to mimic nature and integrate them with all the elephants buffalo giraffe and other animals that we have -but before we began our land looked like that -this site was bare and eroding -for over thirty years regardless of what rain we got okay watch the marked tree and see the change as we use livestock to mimic nature -this was another site where it had been bare and eroding and at the base of the marked small tree we had lost over thirty centimeters of soil okay and again watch the change just using livestock -i would not have my new hip for ted two thousand and eight i would still be on my bad hip that was so disappointing so i left his office and i was walking through the hospital and thats when i had my epiphany -had to get herself to the front of the line -yeah can i tell you how un canadian -we do not think that way we dont talk about it ugh its not even a consideration in fact when were traveling abroad its how we identify fellow canadians after you oh no no after you -i -to butting any geezer off the list some seventy year old who wanted his new hip so he could be back golfing or gardening no -so by now i was walking the lobby and of course -sign -in the window of the hospitals tiny gift shop -well they signed me up immediately no reference checks none of the usual background stuff no they were desperate for volunteers because the average age of the volunteer -they needed some young blood so next thing you know i had my bright blue volunteer vest i had my photo id and i was fully trained by my eighty nine year old boss i worked alone -im getting my hip -be so great -all -the staff got to know the plucky young volunteer -my next surgeons appointment was coincidentally right after a shift at the gift shop so naturally i had my vest and my identification i draped them casually over the chair in the doctors office -and you know when he walked in i could just tell that he -i had a surgery date just weeks away -two reasons first of all i am going to take such good care of this new -but also -which actually leads me to the biggest epiphany -i am not as nervous as i was five weeks ago five weeks ago i had total hip replacement surgery -they do it in a way that benefits society -big epiphany around the situation so chris invited me to tell you about it but first you need to know two things about me just two things im canadian and im the youngest of seven kids -for anything -i met the surgeon -and he took some free x rays -and i got a good look at them and you know even i could tell my hip was bad and i actually work in marketing so he -the table im gonna replace your hip its about an eighteen month wait -and i didnt have the patience to wait until i reached home so i just switched on in the train loudly if you travel in indian trains you can see people listening to radio and you know even from their mobiles so at that time and i was thirteen and i was listening to -i say school so many memories come back to me -so thats what made me enter the college of arts after three attempts -when i look back you know on what happened between that time and now here the last ten fifteen years i can see that most of the works revolve around three subjects -but it was not intentional and i just start out with a trace because i was thinking what really makes us you know its actually the past what makes a person -working about traces i started capturing traces so here are some of the works i would like to show you so this is called self in progress its just a trace of being in this body -so here what happened then you know what i really enjoyed the most is that this sculpture is nothing but -so -i just put the paper on the focal length which was an etching print then i got the portrait of the sun from sunlight -so it went on like that and i didnt know where else to find myself -even though we have traces when we try to understand them -the perception and context play a major role to understand it so do we really understand what it is or are we trying to get -martin luther king would say i imagine a world where all cows will be free to cross the road without having their motives called into question -often and most of the time we dont see what it is it just all depends on ones perception and context what is really context you know i could just show you this little piece of paper because i always think meaning doesnt really exist -this is the breadth and this is called length this is how weve been taught in school -but if you tear it in the middle -now i didnt touch this breadth but still the meaning of this changes so what we conceive as a meaning is always not there its on the other side -even when we say dark light good bad tall short all meaning it doesnt exist in reality its just that being a human the way we train to -so the lamp is not just giving a light its also giving a darkness so this is a work of art which is just trying to explore that -into visual art -i couldnt -the process to get to make the sculpture was interesting because i wrote to balsara who produces that air freshener called odonil saying dear sir i am an artist this is my catalogue will you help me to make this sculpture -they never wrote back to me then i thought i will go to the small scale industries facilitating unit and ask help so i told them id like to start an air freshener company -so this is after a few weeks this is after a few months -my mom and my dad they were looking at it and they said why do you deal with negative subjects all the time and i was like what do you mean light makes dark -so i did this work for her its called emerging angel this is the first day it just gives the appearance that one is becoming the other so the same sculpture after a few days -this is after fifteen twenty days -through that small little slit between the glass box and the wood the air goes underneath the sculpture and creates the other one this gave me a greater faith that evaporating sculpture gave me a greater faith that maybe there is many more possibilities to capture the invisible -so what you see now is called shadow foreshadow and what id like to tell you -so i just started doing this work to inquire further about how to sculpt the space between this object and there because as a visual artist if im seeing this and im seeing that but how to sculpt this -then again that becomes an object again throwing light then the third one so what you see is nothing but shadow of a shadow of a shadow -and then again at that point there is no shadow i thought oh good work is finished -on the gallery wall its a false wall which contains like one hundred and ten cubic feet so that hole actually makes the air come out and go in so where its happening we can see but what is happening will remain invisible only this is from the show called invisible at talwar gallery this is called kaayam -and what id like to tell you our senses are so limited we cannot hear everything we cannot see everything we dont feel i am touching the air but if the breeze is a little more faster then i can feel it so all of our construction of reality is through these limited senses so -my recourse was like is there any way to use all this as just a symbol or a sign -and to really get to the point we should move beyond you know go to the other side of the wall like in logic like are invisible -and one of those competitions i just won a small little transistor philips radio -we would get this beautiful moment of prolonged eye contact -being allowed in a city street and we would sort of -nobody ever sees me -and unfair shameful -i had no idea how perfect a real education i was getting for the music business on this box -and for the economists out there you may be interested to know i actually made a pretty predictable income which was shocking to me given i had no regular customers but pretty much sixty bucks on a tuesday ninety bucks on a friday it was consistent -connection with people because i loved it so after all of our shows we would sign autographs and hug fans and hang out and talk to people and we made an art out of asking people to help us -and join us and i would track down local musicians and artists and they would set up outside of our shows and they would pass the hat and then they would come in and join us onstage so we had this rotating smorgasbord of weird random circus guests -and then twitter came along and made things even more magic because i could ask instantly for anything anywhere so i would need a piano to practice on and an hour later i would be at a fans house this is in london -people would bring home cooked food to us all over the world backstage and feed us and eat with us this is in seattle fans who worked in museums and stores and any kind of public space would wave their hands if i would decide to do a last minute spontaneous free gig this is a library in auckland -on saturday i tweeted for this crate and -and a nurse from a hospital drove one right at that moment to the cafe i was in and i bought her a smoothie and we sat there talking about nursing and death and i love this kind of random closeness which is lucky because i do a lot of couchsurfing -in mansions where everyone in my crew gets their own room but theres no wireless and in punk squats everyone on the floor in one room with no toilets but with wireless clearly making it the better option -miami neighborhood and we found out that our couchsurfing host for the night was an eighteen year old girl still living at home and her family were all undocumented immigrants from honduras and that night her whole family -took the couches and she slept together with her mom -so that we could take their beds -and i lay there thinking -these people have so little -so i didnt always make my living from music for about the five years after graduating from an upstanding liberal arts university this -to me in her broken english -this is this -couchsurfing and crowdsurfing are basically the same thing youre falling into the audience and youre trusting each other -i once asked an opening band of mine if they wanted to go out into the crowd and pass the hat to get themselves some extra money something that i did a lot and as usual the band was psyched but there was this one guy in the band who told me he just couldnt bring himself to go out there it felt too much like begging to stand there -and get a job -and meanwhile my band is becoming bigger and bigger we signed with a major label -and i was like twenty five thousand isnt that a lot they were like no the sales are going down its a failure and they walk off -im sorry i burned your cd from a friend -but i read your blog i know you hate your label i just want you to have this money -and this starts happening all the time -i become the hat -after my own gigs but i have to physically stand there and take the help from people and unlike the guy in the opening band ive actually had a lot of practice standing there -on the street so i fought my way off my label and for my next project with my new band the grand theft orchestra i turned to crowdfunding -and i fell into those thousands of connections that id made and i asked my crowd to catch me -and the goal was one hundred thousand dollars my fans backed me at nearly one point two million -which was the biggest music crowdfunding project -how many people it is -and the media asked amanda the music business is tanking and you encourage piracy how did you make all these people pay for music and the real answer is i didnt make them -i asked them -and through the very -after my kickstarter went big for continuing my crazy crowdsourcing practices specifically for asking musicians -who are fans if they wanted to join us on stage for a few songs in exchange for love and tickets and beer and this was a doctored image that went up of me on a website -and this hurt in a really familiar way and people saying -youre not allowed anymore to ask for that kind of help -really reminded me -of the people in their cars yelling get a job -and they couldnt see -the exchange that was happening between me and my crowd an exchange that was very fair to us but alien -now let me tell you if you want to experience the visceral feeling of trusting strangers -i recommend this -especially if those strangers are drunk german people -this was a ninja master level fan connection because what i was really saying here was -i trust you this much -musicians artists -connectors and openers not untouchable stars celebrity is about a lot of people loving you from a distance but the internet and the content that were freely able to share on it are taking us back -its about a few people loving you up close -and about those people -now the online tools to make the exchange as easy and as instinctive as the street theyre getting there -but the perfect tools arent going to help us -if we cant face each other -and give and receive fearlessly but more important -on the internet the way i could on the box -so blogging and tweeting not just about my tour dates and my new video but about our work and our art and our fears and our hangovers -our mistakes and we see each other -and i think when we really -i think people have been obsessed with the wrong question which is how do we make people pay for music -what if we started asking -of sadness and longing -and because of that were able to travel faster communicate differently and the other thing that happens is that were all carrying around little mary poppins technology we can put anything we want into it and it doesnt get heavier and then we can take anything out what does the inside of your computer actually look like -well if you print it out it looks like a thousand pounds of material that youre carrying around all the time and if you actually lose that information it means that you suddenly have this loss -and so you have to be careful about leaving your front lawn open which is basically your facebook wall so that people dont write on it in the middle of the night because its very much the equivalent -and suddenly we have to start to maintain our second self you have to present yourself in digital life in a similar way that you would in your analog life so in the same way that you wake up take a shower and get dressed you have to learn to do that for your digital self and the problem is that a lot of people now especially adolescents have to go through two adolescences -they have to go through their primary one thats already awkward and then they go through their second selfs adolescence -and thats even more awkward because theres an actual history of what theyve gone through online and anybody coming in new to technology is an adolescent online right now and so its very awkward and its very difficult for them to do those things -so when i was little my dad would sit me down at night and he would say im going to teach you about time and space in the future and i said great and he said one day whats the shortest distance between two points and i said well thats a straight line you told me that yesterday i thought i was very clever -but not the cyborgs that you think youre not robocop and youre not terminator -he said no no no heres a better way he took a piece of paper drew a and b on one side and the other and folded them together so where a and b touched and he said that is the shortest distance between two points and i said dad dad dad how do you do that he said well you just bend time and space it takes an awful lot of energy and thats just how you do it -but youre cyborgs every time you look at a computer screen or use one of your cell phone devices so whats a good definition for cyborg well traditional definition is an organism to which exogenous components have been added for the purpose of adapting to new environments that came from a one thousand nine hundred and sixty paper on space travel because if you think about it space is pretty awkward -they werent physically transporting themselves they were mentally transporting themselves they would click on a button and they would be connected as a to b immediately -and i thought oh wow i found it this is great -so over time time and space have compressed because of this you can stand on one side of the world whisper something and be heard on the other -one of the other ideas that comes around is that you have a different type of time on every single device that you use every single browser tab gives you a different type of time and because of that you start to dig around for your external memories where did you leave them so now were all these paleontologists that are digging for things that weve lost on our external brains that were carrying around in our pockets -and that incites a sort of panic architecture oh no wheres this thing were all i love lucy on a great assembly line of information and we cant keep up -and so what happens is when we bring all that into the social space we end up checking our phones all the time -so we have this thing called ambient intimacy its not that were always connected to everybody but at anytime we can connect to anyone we want -and if you were able to print out everybody in your cell phone the room would be very crowded these are the people that you have access to right now in general all of these people all of your friends and family that you can connect to and so there are some psychological effects that happen with this -theyre not just sitting there and really when you have no external input -that is a time when there is a creation of self when you can do long term planning when you can try and figure out who you really are and then once you do that you can figure out how to present your second self in a legitimate way -instead of just dealing with everything as it comes in and oh i have to do this and i have to do this and i have to do this and so this is very important im really worried that especially kids today theyre not going to be -dealing with this down time that they have an instantaneous button clicking culture and that everything comes to them and that they become very excited about it and very addicted to it so if you think about it the world hasnt stopped either it has its own external prosthetic devices and these devices are helping us all to communicate and interact with each other -but when you actually visualize it all the connections that were doing -it doesnt look technological it actually looks very organic this is the first time in the entire history of humanity that weve connected in this way -and so this is the important point that i like to study that things are beautiful that its still a human connection its just done in a different way were just increasing our humanness and our ability to connect with each other regardless of geography -people arent supposed to be there but humans are curious and they like to -so lets look at the concept of traditional anthropology somebody goes to another country says how fascinating these people are how interesting their tools are how curious their culture is and then they write a paper and maybe a few other anthropologists read it and we think its very exotic well whats happening is that -weve suddenly found a new species i as a cyborg anthropologist have suddenly said oh wow now suddenly were a new form of homo sapiens and look at these fascinating cultures and look at these curious rituals that everybodys doing around this technology theyre clicking on things and staring at screens -now theres a reason why i study this versus traditional anthropology and the reason is that tool use -in the beginning for thousands and thousands of years everything has been a physical modification of self it has helped us to extend our physical selves go faster hit things harder and theres been a limit on that but now what were looking at is not an extension of the physical self but an extension of the mental self -if we also did not -an infrastructure for intervention for treatment we need to be able -to work with the families to support the families to manage those first years with them -we need to be able to really go from universal screening to universal access to treatment because those treatments are going to change these childrens and those families lives -one feels really rejuvenated there is a sense that the science that one worked on can actually have -those experiences that -really started in my journey in this field i thought at the time that this was an intractable condition no longer -we can do a great deal of things and the idea is not to cure autism thats not the idea what we want is to make sure -and they can work extremely well in some areas of strength -so they may be looking at a light in the ceiling or they may be isolated in the corner -if youre working for example in technology and there are those individuals who have -or they might be engaged in these repetitive movements in self stimulatory movements that -of thousands of years of evolution you see babies are born in a state of utter fragility without the caregiver they wouldnt survive so it stands to reason that nature would endow them with these mechanisms of survival they orient to the caregiver -always wanted to become -from the first days and weeks of life -babies prefer to hear human sounds rather than just sounds in the -a walking laboratory of social engagement to resonate other peoples feelings thoughts intentions motivations in the act of being with them -well -the social mind the social brain -think about autism as something that -as babies engage with caregivers they soon realize that -in order to get things they want they also learn to follow other peoples gaze because whatever people are looking at is what they are thinking about -and soon enough they start to learn about the meaning of things -this body of meanings but meanings that were acquired within the realm of social interaction -those are meanings that are acquired as part of their shared experiences with -as a scientist i always wanted to measure that resonance that sense of the other that happens so quickly in the blink of an eye we intuit other peoples feelings we know the meaning of their actions even before they happen -this is a little -fifteen month old little girl -and she has autism and -and shes quite oblivious to me imagine if i did that to you and i came two inches from your face youd do probably two things wouldnt you you would recoil you would call the police laughter you would do something because its literally impossible to penetrate somebodys physical space -and not get a reaction we do so remember intuitively effortlessly this is our body wisdom its not something that is mediated by our language our body just knows that -and weve known that for a long time and this is not something that happens to humans only -and that monkey has a higher hierarchy position than you and that is considered to be a signal -so something that in other species are survival -mechanisms without them they wouldnt basically live we bring into the context of human beings and this is what we need to simply act act socially now she is oblivious to me and i am so close to her and you think maybe she can see you maybe she can hear you well a few minutes later -she goes to the corner of the room and she finds a tiny little piece of candy an m -autism is the most strongly genetic condition of all developmental disorders -and its a brain disorder its a disorder that begins much prior to the time that the child is born we now know that there is a very broad spectrum of autism there are those individuals who are profoundly intellectually disabled but there are those that are gifted -were always in this stance of being the object of somebody elses subjectivity we do that all the time we just cant shake it off its so important that the very tools that we use to understand ourselves to understand the world around -there are those individuals who dont talk at all there are those individuals who talk too much there are those individuals that if you observe them in their school -you see them running the periphery fence of the school all day if you let them to those individuals who cannot stop coming to you and trying to engage you repeatedly relentlessly but often in an awkward fashion without that immediate resonance well -this is much more prevalent than we thought at the time -the societal cost of this condition is huge in the u s alone maybe thirty five to eighty billion dollars and you know what most of those funds are associated with adolescents and particularly adults who are severely disabled -individuals who need wrap around services services that are very very intensive -and those services can cost in excess of sixty to eighty thousand dollars a year -those are individuals who did not benefit from early treatment because now we know -but it diminishes considerably -and yet the median age of diagnosis in this country is still about five years -and in disadvantaged populations the populations that dont have access to clinical services rural populations minorities the age of diagnosis is later still which is almost as if i were to tell you that we are condemning those communities to have individuals with autism whose condition is going to be more severe -the science is there but no science is of relevance if it doesnt -for the family and for the community at large so this is our view of autism -there are over a hundred genes that are associated with autism in fact we believe that there are going to be something between three hundred and six hundred genes associated with autism and genetic anomalies much more than just genes -and we actually have a bit of a question here because if there are so many different causes of autism -how do you go from those liabilities to the actual syndrome because people like myself -when we walk into a playroom we recognize a child as having autism so how do you go from multiple causes to a syndrome that has some homogeneity and the answer is what lies in between which is development and in fact -we are very interested in those first two years of -its hard to do that so we had to create the technologies we had to basically step inside a body we had to see the world through her eyes -and so in the past many years weve been building these new technologies that are based on eye tracking we can see moment by moment what children are engaging with -well this is my colleague warren jones with whom weve been building these methods these studies for the past twelve years and you see there -what we want is to embrace that world and bring it into our laboratory but in order for us to do that -we had to create these very sophisticated measures measures of how people how little babies how newborns engage with the world moment by moment what is important and what is not well -we created those measures and here what you see is what we call a funnel of attention youre watching a video -those frames are separated by about a second through the eyes of thirty five typically developing two year olds -autism was devastating they had -door opening and shutting -and their brains are being specialized in something -we took a construct -they were extraordinarily isolated from the world around -they start over here they love peoples eyes and it remains quite stable it sort of goes up a little bit in those initial months -now lets see whats happening with babies who became autistic -its something very different it starts way up here but then its a free fall its very much like they brought into this world the reflex that orients them to people but it has no traction -by how social those babies are and what we see in the first six months of life -is that those two groups can be segregated very easily and using these kinds of measures and many others what we found out is that our science could in fact identify this condition early on we didnt have to wait for the behaviors of autism to emerge -thanks i havent come to the best part -and this is one of these images that we captured in what we call gigapixel technology so -this image for example has close to i think around ten billion pixels and i get a lot of people asking me -what do you get for ten billion pixels so im going to try and show you what you really get for ten billion pixels you can zoom around very simply you see some fun stuff happening here i love this guy his expression is priceless but then you really want to go deep and so i started playing around and i found something going on over here -went in and i started noticing that these kids were actually beating something -i did a little research spoke to a couple of my contacts at the met and actually found out that this is a game called squall which involves beating a goose with a stick on shrove tuesday and apparently it was quite popular i dont know why they did it but i learned something about it -now just to get really deep in you can really get to the cracks now just to give you some perspective im going to zoom out so you really see what you get -the best is yet to come -so in a second so now lets just quickly jump into -the moma again in new york so another one of my favorites the starry night now the example i showed you was all about finding details but what if you want to see brush strokes and what if you want to see how van gogh actually created this masterpiece you zoom in you really go in im going to go to one of my favorite parts in this painting and im really going to get to the cracks -this is -the starry night i think never seen like this before im going to show you my other favorite feature theres a lot of other stuff here but i dont have time -this is the real cool part its called collections any one of you anybody doesnt matter if youre rich if youre poor if you have a fancy house doesnt matter you can go and create your own museum online create your own collection across all these images very simply you go in -and she allowed me to do it and it took eighteen months a lot of fun negotiations and stories i can tell you with seventeen very interesting museums from nine countries but im going to focus on the demo -and ive created this called the power of zoom you can just zoom around this is the ambassadors -so i think in conclusion for me the main thing is that all the amazing stuff here does not really come from google it doesnt in my opinion even come from the museums i probably shouldnt say that -it really comes from these artists and thats been my humbling experience in this i mean i hope in this digital medium that we do justice to their artwork and represent it properly online and the biggest question i get asked nowadays -is did you do this to replicate the experience of going to a museum -i grew up in india i had a great education im not complaining but i didnt have access to a lot of these museums and these artworks and so when i started traveling and going to these museums i started learning a lot and while working at google i tried to put -so simple you come to googleartproject com you look around at all these museums here youve got the uffizi youve got the moma the hermitage the rijks the van gogh im going to actually get to one of my favorites the metropolitan museum of art in new york two ways of going in very simple click -and bang youre in this museum it doesnt matter where you are bombay mexico it doesnt really matter you move around you have fun you want to navigate around the museum open the plan up and in one click jump -so that if they were otherwise to come back in the air they would waste more oil and block the uptake of efficient new planes -then theres an important military role that in creating the move to high volume low cost commercial production of these kinds of materials or for that matter ultra light steels that are a good backup technology -the military can do the trick it did in turning darpanet into the internet just turn it over to the private sector and we have an internet the same for gps the same for the modern semi conductor industry that is military science and technology that they need -this thesis is set out in a book called winning the oil endgame that four colleagues and i wrote and have posted for free at oilendgame com about one hundred and seventy thousand downloads so far and it was co sponsored by the pentagon its independent its peer reviewed and all of the -can create the advanced materials industrial cluster that transforms its civilian economy and gets the country off oil which would be a huge contribution to eliminating conflict over oil and advancing national and global security then we need to retool -the car industry and do retraining and shift the convergence of the energy and ag value chains to shift faster from hydrocarbons to carbohydrates and get out of our own way in other ways -and make the transition to more efficient vehicles go faster but heres how the whole thing fits together -all implemented at slower rates than weve done before when we paid attention and if we start adding tranches of hydrogen in there we are rapidly off imports and completely off oil in the two thousand and forty s and the one thing id like to point out here is that weve done this before in this eight year period one thousand nine hundred and seventy seven to eighty five when we last paid attention -the economy grew twenty seven percent oil use fell seventeen percent oil imports fell fifty percent oil imports from the persian gulf fell eighty seven percent they would have been gone if wed kept that up one more year -well that was with very old technologies and delivery methods we could rerun that play a lot better now and yet what we proved then is the u s has more market power than opec ours is on the demand side we are the saudi arabia of nega barrels laughter we can -use less oil faster than they can conveniently sell less oil applause whatever -backup calculations are transparently posted for your -around one thousand eight hundred and fifty one of the biggest u s industries was whaling and whale oil lit practically every building but in the nine years before drake struck oil in one thousand eight hundred and fifty nine at least five sixths of that whale oil illuminating market disappeared thanks to fatal competitors chiefly -oil and gas made from coal to which the whalers had not been paying attention -so very unexpectedly they ran out of customers before they ran out of whales the remnant whale populations were saved by technological innovators and profit maximizing capitalists -now there are two big reasons to be concerned about oil both national competitiveness and national security are at risk on the competitiveness front -we all know that toyota has more market cap than the big three put together and serious competition from europe from korea and next is china which will soon be a major net exporter of cars how long do you think it will take before you can drive home your new wally -badged shanghai automotive super efficient car -maybe a decade according to my friends in detroit china has an energy policy based on radical energy efficiency and leap frog technology theyre not going to export your uncles buick and after that comes india the point here is these cars are going to be made super efficient the question is who will make them -so government needs to make us do something painful to fix it the new story about climate protection is that its not costly but profitable this was a simple sign error because its cheaper to save fuel than to buy fuel -will we in the united states continue to import efficient cars to replace foreign oil or will we make efficient cars and import neither the oil nor the cars that seems to make more sense -the more we keep on using the oil particularly the imported oil the more we face a very obvious array of problems our analysis assumes that they all cost nothing but nothing is not the right number it could well be enough to double the oil price for example -and our military get quite unhappy with having to stand guard on pipelines in far off istan when what they actually signed up for was to protect american citizens they dont like fighting over oil they dont like being in the sands -and they dont like where the oil money goes and what sort of instability it creates -now in order to avoid these problems whatever you think theyre worth its actually not that complicated we can save half the oil by using it more efficiently at a cost of twelve dollars per saved barrel -and then we can replace the other half -with a combination of advanced bio fuels and safe natural gas and that costs on average under eighteen dollars a barrel and compared with the official forecast that oil will cost twenty six dollars a barrel in two thousand and twenty five which is half of what weve been paying lately that will save seventy billion dollars a year starting quite soon -now in order to do this we need to invest about one hundred and eighty billion dollars half of it to retool the car truck and plane industries half of it to build the advanced bio fuel industry in the process -as is well known to companies that do it all the time for example dupont sd micro electronics -we will gain about a million good jobs mainly rural and protect another million jobs now at risk mainly in auto making -and well also get returns over one hundred and fifty billion dollars a year so thats a very handsome return its financeable in the private capital market but if you want it for the reasons i just mentioned to happen sooner and with higher confidence -then and also to expand choice and manage risk then you might like some light handed public policies that support rather than distorting or opposing the business logic -we figured out ways to do them that do not require much if any federal legislation and can indeed be done administratively or at a state level just to illustrate what to do about the nub of the problem namely light -many other firms ibm are reducing their energy intensity routinely six percent a year by fixing up their plants and they get their money back in two or three years thats called a profit now similarly the old story about oil -with low drag and all but the one at the upper left have hybrid drive you can sort of have it all with these things for example this opel two seater does one hundred and fifty five miles an hour at ninety four miles a gallon -this muscle car from toyota four hundred and eight horsepower in an ultra light that does zero to sixty in well under four seconds and still gets thirty two miles a gallon -well saving that fuel sixty nine percent of the fuel in light vehicles costs about fifty seven cents per saved gallon but its even a better deal for heavy trucks where you save -a similar amount at twenty five cents a gallon with better aerodynamics and tires and engines and so on and taking out weight so you can put it into payload so you can double efficiency with a sixty percent internal rate of return -then you can go even further almost tripling efficiency with some operational improvements double the big haulers margins and we intend to use those numbers to create demand pull and flip the market -in the airplane business its again a similar story where the first twenty percent fuel saving is free as boeing is now demonstrating in its new dreamliner but then the next generation of planes saves about half -again much cheaper than buying the fuel and if you go over the next fifteen years or so to a blended wing body kind of a flying wing with internal engines then you get about a factor three efficiency improvement at comparable or lower cost -let me focus a minute on the light vehicles the cars and light trucks because we all know the most about those probably everybody here drives one -and yet we may not realize that in a standard sedan of all the fuel energy you feed into the car seven eighths never gets to the wheels its lost first in the engine idling at zero miles a gallon the power train and accessories -so then of the energy that does get to the wheels only an eighth of it half of that goes to heat the tires on the road or to heat the air the car pushes aside and only this little bit only six -is that if we wanted to save very much of it it would be expensive or we would have done it already because markets are essentially perfect if of course that were true there would be no innovation and nobody could make any money -the entire crash energy would be absorbed by a couple of woven carbon fiber composite cones weighing a total of fifteen pounds hidden in the front end -because these materials could actually absorb six to twelve times as much energy per pound as steel and do so a lot more smoothly -bigger which is protective but make them light whereas if we made them heavy theyd be both hostile and inefficient and when you make them light in the right way that can be simpler and cheaper to make you can end up saving money and lives and oil all at the same time -i showed here two years ago a little bit about a design of your basic uncompromised quintupled efficiency suburban assault vehicle -but the new story about oil is the government doesnt have to force us to do painful things to get off oil -stiff strong carbon composite material and then ways to thermoform it because its a combination of carbon and nylon into whatever complex shapes you want like the one just shown at the auto show by one of the tier one suppliers -and the manufacturing you can do this way gets radically simplified because the auto body has only say fourteen parts instead of one hundred one hundred and fifty -each one is formed by one fairly cheap die set instead of four expensive ones for stamping steel each of the parts can be easily lifted with no hoist they snap together like a kids toy -so you got rid of the body shop and if you want you can lay color in the mold and get rid of the paint shop those are the two hardest and costliest parts of making a car so you end up with at least two fifths lower capital intensity than the leanest plant in the industry which gm has in lansing -not just incrementally but completely quite the contrary the united states for example can completely eliminate its use of oil and rejuvenate the economy at the same time led by business for profit because its so much cheaper to save and substitute for the oil than to keep on buying it -the plant also gets smaller -now when you go through a similar analysis for every way we use oil including buildings industry feedstocks and so on -you find that of the twenty eight million barrels a day the government says we will need in two thousand and twenty five well about eight of that can be removed by efficiency by then with another seven still being saved as the vehicle stocks turn over -at an average cost of only twelve bucks a barrel instead of twenty six for buying the oil and then another six -can be made robustly competitively from cellulosic ethanol and a little bio diesel without interfering at all with the water or land needs of crop production there is a huge amount of gas to be saved about half the projected gas at about an eighth of its price -and here are some no brainer substitutions of it with lots left over so much in fact that after youve -forecast from areas already approved you have only this little bit left and lets see how we can meet that because theres a pretty flexible menu of ways -we could of course buy more efficiency maybe you ought to buy efficiency at twenty six bucks instead of twelve -or wait to capture the second half of it or we could of course just get this little bit by continuing to import some canadian and mexican oil or the ethanol the brazilians would love to sell us but theyll sell it to japan and china instead because we have tariff barriers to protect our corn farmers and they dont -or we could use the saved gas directly to cover all of this balance or if we used it as hydrogen which is more profitable and efficient wed get rid of the domestic oil too -and that doesnt even count for example that available land in the dakotas can cost effectively make enough wind power to run every highway vehicle in the country so we have lots of options and the choice of menu and timing is quite flexible now to make this happen quicker and with higher confidence there is a few ways government could help -for example fee bates a combination of a fee and a rebate -in any size class of vehicle you want -can increase the price of inefficient vehicles and correspondingly pay you a rebate for efficient vehicles youre not paid to change size class you are paid to pick efficiency within a size class in a way equivalent to looking at all fourteen years -of life cycle fuel savings rather than just the first two or three this expands choice rapidly in the market and actually makes more money for automakers as well -id like to deal with the lack of affordable personal mobility in this country -by making it very cheaply possible for low income families to get efficient reliable warranted new cars that they could otherwise never get and for each car so financed scrap almost one clunker preferably the dirtiest ones this creates a new million car a year market for detroit -this process will also be catalyzed by the military for its own reasons of combat effectiveness and preventing conflict particularly over oil -from customers they werent going to get otherwise because they werent creditworthy and could never afford a new car and detroit will make money on every unit it turns out that if say african american and white households had the same car ownership -it would cut employment disparity about in half by providing better access to job opportunities so this is a huge social win too governments buy hundreds of thousands of cars a year there are smart ways to buy them and to aggregate that purchasing power to bring very efficient vehicles into the market faster -and we could even do an x prize style golden carrot thats worth stretching further for for example a billion dollar prize for the first u s automaker to sell two hundred thousand really advanced vehicles like some you saw earlier -saves ten units of fuel cost pollution and what hunter lovins calls global weirding back at the power plant and of course as you go back upstream the components get smaller and therefore cheaper -our team has lately found such snowballing energy savings in more than thirty billion dollars worth of industrial redesigns everything from data centers and chip fabs to mines and refineries -typically our retrofit designs save about thirty to sixty percent of the energy and pay back in a few years while the new facility designs save forty to ninety odd percent -with generally lower capital cost now -needing less electricity would ease and speed the shift to new sources of electricity chiefly renewables china leads their explosive growth and their plummeting cost in fact these solar power module costs have just fallen off the bottom of the chart -their uses are quite concentrated three fourths of our oil fuel is transportation three fourths of our electricity powers buildings and the rest of both runs factories so very efficient -and germany now has more solar workers than america has steel workers -already in about twenty states -private installers will come put those cheap solar cells on your roof with no money down and beat your utility bill such unregulated products could ultimately add up to a virtual utility that bypasses your electric company just as your cellphone bypassed your wireline phone company -and this sort of thing gives utility executives the heebee jeebees and it gives venture capitalists sweet dreams renewables are no longer a fringe activity for each of the past four years half of the worlds new generating capacity has been renewable mainly lately in developing countries -in two thousand and ten renewables other than big hydro -particularly wind and solar cells got one hundred and fifty one billion dollars of private investment -and they actually surpassed the total installed capacity of nuclear power in the world by adding sixty billion watts in that one year that happens to be the same amount of solar cell capacity that the world can now make every year a number that goes up sixty or seventy percent a year in contrast -the net additions of nuclear capacity and coal capacity and the orders behind those -keep fading because they cost too much and they have too much financial risk in fact in this country no new nuclear power plant has been able to raise any private construction capital despite seven years of one hundred plus percent subsidies -vehicles buildings and factories save oil and coal and also natural gas that can displace both of them but todays energy system is not just inefficient -cost but we only need to replace them once -were often told though that only coal and nuclear plants can keep the lights on because theyre twenty four seven whereas wind and solar power are variable and hence supposedly unreliable actually no generator is twenty four seven they all break -and when a big plant goes down you lose a thousand megawatts in milliseconds -often for weeks or months often without warning -that is exactly why weve designed the grid -to back up failed plants with working plants and in exactly the same way the grid can handle wind and solar powers forecastable variations -and thats true both for continental areas like the u s or europe -and for smaller areas embedded within a larger grid that is how for example four german states in two thousand and ten were forty three to fifty two percent wind powered portugal was forty five percent renewable powered denmark thirty six and its how all of europe -can shift to renewable electricity -in america our aging dirty and insecure power system has to be replaced anyway by two thousand and fifty and whatever we replace it with is going to cost about the same -about six trillion dollars at present value whether we buy more of what weve got or new nuclear and so called clean coal or renewables that are more or less centralized but -it is also disconnected aging dirty and insecure -those four futures at the same cost differ profoundly in their risks around national security fuel water finance technology climate and health -for example our over centralized grid is very vulnerable to cascading and potentially economy shattering blackouts caused by bad space weather or other natural disasters or a terrorist attack -but that blackout risk disappears and all of the other risks are best managed with distributed renewables -organized into local micro grids that normally interconnect but can stand alone at need that is they can disconnect fractally and then reconnect seamlessly -so it needs refurbishment by two thousand and fifty though it could become efficient -that approach is exactly what the pentagon is adopting for its own power supply they think they need that how about the rest of us that theyre defending we want our stuff to work too -at about the same cost as business as usual this would maximize national security customer choice entrepreneurial opportunity and innovation together efficient use and diverse -dispersed renewable supply are starting to transform the whole electricity sector traditionally utilities build a lot of giant coal and nuclear plants and a bunch of big gas plants and maybe a little bit of efficiency renewables -and those utilities were rewarded as they still are in thirty four states for selling you more electricity -however especially where regulators are now instead rewarding cutting your bills the investments are shifting radically toward efficiency demand response cogeneration renewables and ways to knit them all together reliably with less transmission and little or no -connected and distributed with elegantly frugal autos factories and buildings all relying on a modern secure and resilient -bulk electricity storage so our energy future is not fate but choice and that choice is very flexible -but with todays much better technologies more mature delivery channels and integrative design we can do -far more and even cheaper -so to solve the energy problem we just needed to enlarge it and the results may at first seem incredible but as marshall mcluhan said only puny secrets need -protection big discoveries are protected by public incredulity -now if you like any of those outcomes you can support reinventing fire without needing to like all of them and without needing to agree about which of them is most important -electricity system we can eliminate our addiction to oil and coal by two thousand and fifty and use one third less natural gas while switching to efficient use -so focusing on outcomes not motives can turn gridlock and conflict into a unifying solution to americas energy challenge this also turns out to be the best way to cope with global -challenges climate change nuclear proliferation energy insecurity energy poverty all of which make us less safe -because he said they simply wont be around long term -ive described not just a once in a civilization business opportunity but one of the most profound transitions in the history of our species we humans are inventing a new fire not dug from below but flowing from above -not scarce but bountiful not local but everywhere not transient but permanent not costly -efficiently used it really can do our work without working our undoing -each of you owns a piece of that dollar five trillion prize -and our new book reinventing fire -describes how you can capture it -so with the conversation just begun at reinventingfire com let me invite you each to engage with us and with each other with everyone around you to help make the world richer fairer cooler -and renewable supply -this could cost by two thousand and fifty five -trillion dollars less in net present value that is expressed as a lump sum today -yet this cheaper energy system could support one hundred and fifty eight percent bigger u s economy all without needing oil or coal or for that matter nuclear energy moreover this transition needs no new inventions and no acts of congress -or b climate change or c nuclear holocaust -and no new federal taxes mandate subsidies or laws and running washington gridlock -let me say that again im going to tell you how to get the united states completely off oil and coal five trillion dollars cheaper with no act of congress led by business for profit -in other words were going to use our most effective institutions -private enterprise co evolving with civil society and sped by military innovation to go around our least effective institutions and whether you care most about profits and jobs and competitive advantage or national security or environmental stewardship and climate protection and public health -or d all of the above -reinventing fire makes sense and makes money -general eisenhower reputedly said that enlarging the boundaries of a tough problem makes it soluble by encompassing more options and more synergies so in reinventing fire we integrated all four sectors that use energy -transportation buildings industry and electricity and we integrated four kinds of innovation not just technology and policy -but also design and business strategy those combinations yield very much more than the sum of the parts especially in creating deeply disruptive business opportunities -oil costs our economy two billion dollars a day plus another four billion dollars a day in hidden economic and military costs raising its total cost to over a sixth of gdp -our mobility fuel goes three fifths to automobiles so lets start by making autos oil free two thirds of the energy it takes to move a typical car is caused by its weight -and every unit of energy you save at the wheels by taking out weight or drag saves seven units in the tank because you dont have to waste six units getting the energy to the wheels -unfortunately over the past quarter century epidemic obesity has made our two ton steel cars gain weight twice as fast as we have but today ultralight ultrastrong materials like carbon fiber composites -can make dramatic weight savings snowball and can make cars simpler and cheaper to build -lighter and more slippery autos need less force to move them so their engines get smaller indeed that sort of vehicle fitness then makes electric propulsion affordable because the batteries or fuel cells -also get smaller and lighter and cheaper so sticker prices will ultimately fall to about the same as today while the driving cost even from the start is very much lower so these innovations together can transform -could we have fuel without fear could we reinvent fire -automakers from wringing tiny savings out of victorian engine and seal stamping technologies to the steeply falling costs of three linked innovations that strongly reenforce each other -namely ultralight materials making them into structures and electric propulsion the sales can grow -and the prices fall even faster with temporary feebates that is rebates for efficient new autos paid for by fees on inefficient ones and just in the first two years the biggest of europes five feebate programs has tripled the speed of improving automotive efficiency -you see fire made us human fossil fuels made us modern but now we need a new fire that makes us safe secure healthy and durable -the resulting shift to electric autos is going to be as game changing as shifting from typewriters to the gains in computers of course computers and electronics are now americas biggest industry while typewriter makers have vanished -so vehicle fitness opens a new automotive competitive strategy that can double the oil savings over the next forty years but then also make electrification affordable and that -displaces the rest of the oil america could lead this next automotive revolution currently the leader is germany -last year volkswagen -announced that by next year theyll be producing this carbon fiber plugin hybrid getting two hundred and thirty miles a gallon also last year bmw announced this carbon fiber electric car they said that its carbon fiber is paid for by needing fewer batteries and they said we do not intend to be a typewriter maker -seven years ago an even faster and cheaper american manufacturing technology was used to -make this little carbon fiber test part -which doubles as a carbon cap -and you can tell from the sound how immensely stiff and strong it is dont worry about dropping it its tougher than titanium tom friedman actually whacked it as hard as he could with a sledgehammer without even scuffing it -but such manufacturing techniques can scale to automotive speed and cost with aerospace performance they can save four fifths of the capital needed to make autos they can save lives because this stuff can absorb up to twelve times as much crash energy per pound as steel if we made all of our autos this way -it would save oil equivalent to finding one and a half saudi arabias or half an opec by drilling in the detroit formation a very prospective play and all those mega barrels under detroit cost an average of eighteen bucks a barrel they are all american carbon free and inexhaustible -the same physics and the same business logic also apply to big vehicles in the five years ending with two thousand and ten walmart saved sixty percent of the fuel per ton mile in its giant fleet of heavy trucks through better logistics and design but just the technological savings in heavy trucks can get to two thirds -and combined with triple to quintuple efficiency airplanes now on the drawing board can save close to a trillion dollars -also todays military revolution in energy efficiency is going to speed up all of these civilian advances in much the same way that military r d has given us the internet the global positioning system and the jet engine and microchip industries -as we design and build vehicles better we can also use them smarter by harnessing four powerful techniques for eliminating needless driving -instead of just seeing the travel grow we can use innovative pricing charging for road infrastructure by the mile not by the gallon we can use some smart it to enhance transit and enable car sharing and ride sharing -we can allow smart and lucrative growth models -that help people already be near where they want to be so they dont need to go somewhere else and we can use smart it to make traffic free flowing -together those things can give us the same or better access -with forty six to eighty four percent less driving saving another zero point four trillion dollars plus zero point three trillion dollars from using trucks more productively so forty years hence when you add it all up a far more mobile u s economy can use no oil -so to get mobility without oil to phase out the oil we can get efficient and then switch fuels those one hundred and twenty five to two hundred and forty mile per gallon equivalent autos can use any -mixture of hydrogen fuel cells electricity and advanced biofuels the trucks and planes can realistically use hydrogen or advanced biofuels the trucks could even use natural gas but no vehicles will need oil -theyve created our wealth theyve enriched the lives of billions but they also have rising costs to our security economy health and environment that are starting to erode if not outweigh their benefits so we need a new fire -and the most biofuel we might need just three million barrels a day -can be made two thirds from waste without displacing any cropland and without harming soil or climate our team speeds up these kinds of oil savings by what we call institutional acupuncture we figure out where the -business logic is congested and not flowing properly we stick little needles in it to get it flowing working with partners like ford and walmart and the pentagon and the long transition is already -well under way in fact three years ago -mainstream analysts were starting to see peak oil not in supply but in demand and deutsche bank even said world oil use could peak around two thousand and sixteen in other words oil is getting uncompetitive even at low prices before it becomes unavailable even at high prices -but the electrified -vehicles dont need to burden the electricity grid rather when smart autos exchange electricity and information through smart buildings with smart grids theyre adding to the grid valuable flexibility and storage that help the grid integrate -varying solar and wind power so the electrified autos make the auto and electricity problems easier to solve together than separately and they also converge the oil story with our second big story -saving electricity and then making it differently and those twin revolutions in electricity -will bring to that sector more numerous and profound and diverse disruptions than any other sector because weve got twenty first century technology and speed colliding head on -with twentieth and nineteenth century institutions rules and cultures changing how we make electricity gets easier if we need less of it most of it now is wasted -and the technologies for saving it keep improving faster than were installing them so the -but as efficiency in buildings and industry starts to grow faster than the economy americas electricity use could actually shrink even with the little extra use required for those efficient electrified autos -and we can do this just by reasonably accelerating existing trends over the next forty years buildings which use three quarters of the electricity can triple or quadruple their energy productivity saving one point four trillion dollars -and switching from the old fire to the new fire means changing two big stories about oil and electricity -net present value with a thirty three percent internal rate of return -or in english the savings are worth four times what they cost and industry can accelerate too doubling its energy productivity with a twenty one percent internal rate of return -the key is a disruptive innovation that we call integrative design -that often makes very big energy savings cost less than small or no savings that is it can give you expanding returns not diminishing returns that is how our two thousand and ten retrofit is saving over two fifths of the energy in the empire state building -plus better lights and office equipment and such cut the maximum cooling load by a third and then renovating smaller chillers instead of adding bigger ones saved seventeen million dollars of capital cost which helped pay for the other improvements -and reduce the payback to just three years -each of which puts two fifths of the fossil carbon in the air but theyre really quite distinct less than one percent of our electricity is made from oil although almost half is made from coal -but industry as a whole has another half trillion dollars of energy still to save for example three fifths of the worlds electricity runs motors half of that runs pumps and fans and those can all be made more efficient and the motors that turn them can -have their system efficiency roughly doubled by integrating thirty five improvements paying back in about a year but first we ought to be capturing bigger cheaper savings that are normally ignored and are not in the textbooks for example pumps the biggest use of motors move liquid through pipes -but a standard industrial pumping loop -was redesigned to use at least eighty six percent less energy not by getting better pumps but just by replacing long thin crooked pipes with fat short straight pipes -this is not about new technology its just rearranging our metal furniture of course it also shrinks the pumping equipment and its capital costs -so what do such savings mean for the electricity that is three fifths used in motors -well from the coal burned at the power plant -through all these compounding losses -only a tenth of the fuel energy actually ends up coming out the pipe as flow but now lets turn those compounding losses around backwards and every unit of flow or friction that we save in the pipe -with -that would be difficult to transfer into developing countries because theyre much much too expensive -and the context im talking about is where you need to have a product that is less than two hundred dollars -and furthermore if you want it to last a long time out in rural areas it has to be repairable using the local tools materials and knowledge in those contexts -a physical disability isnt easy anywhere in the world -so the real crux of the problem here is how do you make a system thats a simple device but gives you a large mechanical advantage how do you make a mountain bike for your arms that doesnt have the mountain bike cost and complexity -so as is the case with simple solutions oftentimes the answer is right in front of your face and for us it was levers we use levers all the time in tools -and effectively get a low gear and as they slide their hand down the lever -they can push with a smaller effective lever length but push through a bigger angle every stroke which makes a faster rotational speed and gives you an effective high gear so whats exciting about this system is that its really really mechanically simple and you could make it using technology thats been around for hundreds of years -but if you live in a country like the united states theres certain appurtenances available to you that do make life easier so if youre in a building you can take an elevator -so seeing this in practice this is the leveraged freedom chair that after a few years of development were now going into production with and this is a full time wheelchair user hes paralyzed in guatemala and you see hes able to traverse pretty rough terrain -now the big important point here -is that the person is the complex machine in this system its the person thats sliding his hands up and down the levers so the mechanism itself can be very simple and composed of bicycle parts you can get anywhere in the world -now when you want to use the lfc indoors all you have to do is pull the levers out of the drivetrain stow them in the frame and it converts into a normal wheelchair that you can use just like any other normal wheelchair and we sized it like a normal wheelchair so its narrow enough to fit through a standard doorway -if youre crossing the street you have sidewalk cutouts and if you have to travel some distance farther than you can do under your own power theres accessible vehicles and if you cant afford one of those theres accessible public transportation -its low enough to fit under a table and its small and maneuverable enough to fit in a bathroom and this is important so the user can get up close to a toilet and be able to transfer off just like he could in a normal wheelchair -now theres three important points that i want to stress that i think really hit home in this project -the first is that this product works well because we were effectively able to combine rigorous -engineering science and analysis with user centered design focused on the social and usage and economic factors important to wheelchair users in the developing countries so im an academic at mit and im a mechanical engineer so i can do things like -look at the parts we have available and mix and match them to figure out what sort of gear trains we can use and then look at the power and force you can get out of your upper body to analyze how fast you should be able to go in this chair as you put your arms up and down the levers so as a wet behind the ears student excited our team made a prototype -and found it was terrible because we didnt get enough input from users so because we tested it with wheelchair users with wheelchair manufacturers we got that feedback from them not just articulating their problems but articulating their solutions and worked together to go back to the drawing board and make a new design which we brought back to east africa in nine -that worked a lot better than a normal wheelchair on rough terrain but it still didnt work well indoors because it was too big it was heavy it was hard to -but in the developing world things are quite different -now also being engineering scientists we were able to quantify the performance benefits of the leveraged freedom chair so here are some shots -of our trial in guatemala where we tested the lfc on village terrain and tested peoples biomechanical outputs their oxygen consumption how fast they go how much power theyre putting out both in their regular wheelchairs and using the lfc and we found that the lfc is about eighty percent faster going on these terrains than a normal wheelchair -theres forty million people who need a wheelchair but dont have one -its also about forty percent more efficient than a regular wheelchair and because of the mechanical advantage you get from the levers you can produce fifty percent higher torque and really muscle your way through the really really rough terrain -now the second lesson that we learned in this is that the constraints on this design really push the innovation because we had to hit such a low price point -because we had to make a device that could travel on many many types of terrain but still be usable indoors and be simple enough to repair we ended up with a fundamentally new product a new product that is an innovation in a space that really hasnt changed in a hundred years -and these are all merits that are not just good in the developing world why not in countries like the u s too so we teamed up with continuum a local product design firm here in boston to make the high end version the developed world version that well probably sell primarily in the u s and europe but to higher income buyers -and the final point i want to make -is that i think this project worked well because we engaged all the stakeholders that buy into this project and are important to consider in bringing the technology from inception of an idea through innovation validation commercialization -and dissemination and that cycle has to start and end with end users these are the people that define the requirements of the technology and these are the people that have to give the thumbs up at the end and say yeah it actually works it meets our needs -so people like me in the academic space we can do things like innovate and analyze and test create data and make bench level prototypes -but how do you get that bench level prototype to commercialization so we need gap fillers like continuum that can work on commercializing and we started a whole ngo to bring our chair to market global research innovation technology -and then we also teamed up with a big manufacturer in india pinnacle industries thats tooled up now to make five hundred chairs a month and will make the first batch of two hundred next month which will be delivered in india and then finally to get this out to the people in scale we teamed up with the largest disability organization in the world jaipur foot -now whats powerful about this model is when you bring together all these stakeholders that represent each link in the chain from inception of an idea all the way to implementation in the field -and then you can also engage the end user in the design process and not just ask him what he needs but ask him how he thinks it can be achieved -but the day after he got an lfc he hopped in it rode that kilometer opened up his shop and soon after landed a contract to make school uniforms and started making money started providing for his family -and what stood out to me is that there wasnt a device available that was designed for rural areas that could go fast and efficiently on many types of terrain so being a mechanical engineer being at mit and having lots of resources available to me i thought id try to do something about it -now when youre talking about trying to travel long distances on rough terrain i immediately thought of a mountain bike and a mountain bikes good at doing this because it has a gear train and you can shift to a low gear if you have to climb a hill or go through mud or sand and you get a lot of torque -there are other things for you to do but thats not going to work out for you -so i really struggled with this and i have to say having your identity taken from you your core identity and for me it was being smart having that taken from you theres nothing that leaves you feeling more powerless than that -so i felt entirely powerless i worked and worked and worked and i got lucky and worked and got lucky and worked eventually i graduated from college -it took me four years longer than my peers and i convinced someone my angel advisor susan fiske to take me on and so i ended up at princeton and i was like i am not supposed to be here -she was like you are not quitting because i took a gamble on you and youre staying youre going to stay and this is what youre going to do -so thats what i did five years in grad school -a few years you know im at northwestern i moved to harvard -and that was the moment for me because two things happened one was that i realized -obviously when we think about nonverbal behavior or body language but we call it nonverbals as social scientists -you know its not do it enough until you actually become it and internalize the last thing im going to leave you with is this tiny tweaks -its language so we think about communication when we think about communication we think about interactions so what is your body language communicating to me whats mine communicating to you and theres a lot of reason to believe that this is a valid way to look at this so social scientists have spent a lot of time -can lead to big changes so -this is two minutes two minutes two minutes two minutes before you go into the next stressful evaluative situation for two minutes try doing this in the elevator in a bathroom stall at your desk -both to try power posing -looking at the effects of our body language or other peoples body language on judgments and we make sweeping judgments and inferences from body language and those judgments -can predict really meaningful life outcomes like who we hire or promote who we ask out on a date for example nalini ambady a researcher at tufts university shows that when people watch thirty second soundless clips of real physician patient interactions -their judgments of the physicians niceness -predict whether or not that physician will be sued -so it doesnt have to do so much with whether or not that physician was incompetent but do we like that person and how they interacted -even more dramatic alex todorov at princeton has shown us that judgments of political candidates faces in just one second predict seventy percent of u s senate and gubernatorial race outcomes -and even lets go digital emoticons used well in online negotiations can lead to you claim more value from that negotiation if you use them poorly bad idea right so -and all it requires of you is this that you change your posture -im a social psychologist i study prejudice and i teach at a competitive business school so -it was inevitable that i would become interested in power dynamics i became especially interested in nonverbal expressions of power and dominance and what are nonverbal expressions of power and dominance -for two minutes but before i give it away i want to ask you to right now do a little audit of your body and what youre doing with your body so how many of you are sort of making yourselves smaller maybe youre hunching crossing your legs maybe wrapping your ankles sometimes we hold onto our arms like this -this expression which is known as pride jessica tracy has studied she shows that people who are born with sight and people who are congenitally blind do this when they win at a physical competition so when they cross the finish line and theyve won it doesnt matter if theyve never seen anyone do it they do this -so the arms up in the v the chin is slightly lifted -what do we do when we feel powerless we do exactly the opposite we close up we wrap ourselves up we make ourselves small we dont want to bump into the person next to us so again both animals and humans do the same thing -and this is what happens when you put together high and low power so what we tend to do when it comes to power is that we complement the others nonverbals so if someone is being really powerful with us we tend to make ourselves smaller we dont mirror them we do the opposite of them so -im watching this behavior in the classroom and what do i notice i notice that -you have other people who are virtually collapsing when they come in as soon they come in you see it you see it on their faces and their bodies and they sit in their chair and they make themselves tiny and they go like this when they raise their hand i notice a couple of things about this one youre not going to be surprised it seems to be related to gender -so women are much more likely to do this kind of thing than men -business schools have been struggling with this gender grade gap -you get these equally qualified women and men coming in -and then you get these differences in grades and it seems to be partly attributable to participation so i started to wonder you know okay so you have these people coming in like this and theyre participating is it possible that we could get people to fake it and would it lead them to participate more so my main collaborator dana carney -do our nonverbals govern how we think and feel about ourselves -theres some evidence that they do so for example we smile when we feel happy but also when were forced to smile by holding a pen in our teeth like this it makes us feel happy so it goes both ways when it comes to power -sometimes we spread out laughter i see you laughter so i want you to pay attention to what youre doing right now were going to come back to that in a few minutes -it also goes both ways so when you feel powerful youre more likely to do this but its also possible that when you pretend to be powerful you are more likely to actually feel powerful -so the second question really was you know so we know that our minds change our bodies but is it also true that our bodies change our minds -and when i say minds in the case of the powerful what am i talking about so im talking about thoughts and feelings and the sort of physiological things that make up our thoughts and feelings and in my case thats hormones i look at hormones so what do the minds of the powerful versus the powerless look like -so powerful people -tend to be not surprisingly more assertive and more confident more optimistic they actually feel that theyre going to win even at games of chance they also tend to be able to think more abstractly so there are a lot of differences they take more risks there are a lot of differences between powerful and powerless people -physiologically there also are differences on two key hormones testosterone which is the dominance hormone and cortisol which is the stress hormone -so what we find is that high power alpha males in primate hierarchies have high testosterone and low cortisol and -and im hoping that if you learn to tweak this a little bit it could significantly change the way your life unfolds so were really fascinated with body language and were particularly interested in other peoples body language you know were interested in -powerful and effective leaders also have high testosterone and low cortisol so what does that mean when you think about power people tended to think only about testosterone because that was about dominance -but really power is also about how you react to stress so do you want the high power leader thats dominant high on testosterone but really stress reactive -probably not right you want the person whos powerful and assertive and dominant but not very stress reactive the person whos laid back so -we know that in primate hierarchies if an alpha needs to take over if an individual needs to take over an alpha role sort of suddenly -within a few days that individuals testosterone has gone up significantly and his cortisol has dropped significantly so we have this evidence both that the body can shape the mind at least at the facial level -and also that role changes can shape the mind so what happens okay you take a role change what happens if you do that at a really minimal level like this tiny manipulation this tiny intervention for two minutes you say i want you to stand like this and its going to make you feel more powerful -and run a little experiment and these people adopted for two minutes either high power poses or low power poses and im just going to show you five of the poses although they took on only two -so heres one -a couple more -this one has been dubbed the wonder woman by the media -here are a couple more so you can be standing or you can be sitting and here are the low power poses so youre folding up youre making yourself small -this one is very low power when youre touching your neck youre really protecting yourself -so this is what happens they come in they spit into a vial we for two minutes say you need to do this or this they dont look at pictures of the poses we dont want to prime them with a concept of power we want them to be feeling power right so two minutes they do this -we then ask them how powerful do you feel on a series of items and then we give them an opportunity to gamble -and then we take another saliva sample thats it thats the whole experiment so this is what we find risk tolerance which is the gambling what we find is that when youre in the high power pose condition eighty six percent of you will gamble when youre in the low power pose condition only sixty percent and thats a pretty whopping significant difference -heres what we find on testosterone -from their baseline when they come in high power people experience about a twenty percent increase -and low power people experience about a ten percent decrease so again two minutes and you get these changes heres what you get on cortisol high power people experience about a twenty five percent decrease -like you know -and the low power people experience about a fifteen percent increase so two minutes lead to these hormonal changes that configure your brain to basically be either -but the next question of course is can power posing for a few minutes really change your life in meaningful ways so this is in the lab its this little task you know its just a couple of minutes where can you actually apply this which we cared about of course -an awkward interaction or a smile or a contemptuous glance or maybe a very awkward wink or maybe even something like a handshake -situations where are you being evaluated either by your friends like for teenagers its at the lunchroom table it could be you know for some people its speaking at a school board meeting it might be giving a pitch or giving a talk like this -talking to other people its you talking to yourself what do you do before you go into a job interview you do this right youre sitting down youre looking at your iphone or your android not trying to leave anyone out you are you know youre looking at your notes youre hunching up making yourself small when really what you should be doing maybe is this like in the -so for five minutes nothing and this is worse than being heckled people hate this its what marianne lafrance calls standing in social quicksand so this really spikes your cortisol so this is the job interview we put them through because we really wanted to see what happened -we then have these coders look at these tapes four of them theyre blind to the hypothesis theyre blind to the conditions they have no idea whos been posing in what pose and they end up -looking at these sets of tapes and they say oh we want to hire these people all the high power posers we dont want to hire these people -we also evaluate these people much more positively overall -but whats driving it its not about the content of the speech its about the presence that theyre bringing to the speech we also because we rate them on all these variables related to competence like how well structured is the speech how good is it what are their qualifications no effect on those things this is whats affected these kinds of things -people are bringing their true selves basically theyre bringing themselves they bring their ideas but as themselves with no you know residue over them so this is whats driving the effect or mediating the effect so -when i was nineteen i was in a really bad car accident i was thrown out of a car -rolled several times i was thrown from the car and i woke up in a head injury rehab ward and i had been withdrawn from college and i learned that my i q had dropped by two standard deviations -which was very traumatic i knew my i q because i had identified with being smart and i had been called gifted as a child so im taken out of college i keep trying to go back they say youre not going to finish college just you know -joseph and christine who run a pharmacy where they sell a number of these condoms said despite the fact that donor agencies provide them at low or no cost and they have marketing campaigns that go along with them -their customers dont buy the branded versions they like the generics and as a marketer i found that curious and so i started to look at what the marketing looked like -by the donor agencies for these condoms fear financing and fidelity -they name the condoms things like vive to live or trust they package it with the red ribbon that reminds us of hiv put it in boxes that remind you who paid for them -show pictures of your wife or husband and tell you to protect them or to act prudently -am a reformed marketer and i now work in international development in october i spent some time in the democratic republic of congo which is the second largest country in africa in fact its as large as western europe but it only has three hundred miles of paved roads -now these are not the kinds of things that someone is thinking about just before they go get a condom -what is it that you think about just before you get a condom -and certainly the packaging is incredibly provocative -and this made me think that perhaps the donor agencies had just missed out on a key aspect of marketing understanding whos the audience and for donor agencies unfortunately the audience tends to be people that arent even in the country theyre working in its people back home -people that support their work people like these -but if what were really trying to do is stop the spread of hiv we need to think about the customer the people whose behavior needs to change the couples the young women the young men whose lives depend on it -the drc is a dangerous place in the past ten years -in fact the hiv prevalence rate is one point three percent among adults -this might not sound like a large number but in a country with seventy six million people it means there are nine hundred and thirty thousand that are infected and due to the poor infrastructure only twenty five percent of those are receiving the life saving drugs that they need -which is why in part donor agencies provide condoms at low or no cost and so while i was in the drc i spent a lot of time talking to people about condoms including damien -damien runs a hotel outside of kinshasa its a hotel thats only open until midnight so its not a place that you stay but it is a place where sex workers and their clients come now damien knows all about condoms but he doesnt sell them he said theres just not in demand -its not surprising because only three percent of people in the drc use condoms -now one of the reasons why there are so few trees is this people need to cook and they harvest wood and they make charcoal in order to do it -and make charcoal out of it -so not surprisingly theres a lot of effort thats been done to look at alternative cooking fuels -about four years ago i took a team of students down to haiti and we worked with peace corps volunteers there this is one such volunteer and this is a device that he had built in the village where he worked and the idea was that you could take waste paper you could compress it and make briquettes that could be used for fuel -but this device was very slow so our engineering students went to work on it and with some very simple changes they were able to triple the throughput of this device so you could imagine they were very excited about it and they took the briquettes back to mit so that they could test them -and one of the things that they found was they didnt burn -so it was a little discouraging to the students -and in fact if you look closely -right here you can see it says u s peace corps -as it turns out there actually wasnt any waste paper in this village and while it was a good use of government paperwork for this volunteer to bring it back with him to his village laughter it was eight hundred kilometers away and so we thought perhaps there might be a better way to come up with an alternative cooking fuel -exciting that im working on but i think its also the simplest its a project that has the potential to make a huge impact around the world it addresses one of the biggest health issues on the planet the number one cause of death in children under five which is -what we wanted to do is we wanted to make a fuel that used something that was readily available on the local level you see these all over haiti as well theyre small scale sugar mills and the waste product from them after you extract the juice from the sugarcane is called bagasse -what we wanted to do was we wanted to find a way to harness this waste resource and turn it into a fuel that would be something that people could easily cook with something like charcoal -so over the next couple of years students and i worked to develop a process -so you start with the bagasse and then you take a very simple kiln that you can make out of a waste fifty five gallon oil drum after some time after setting it on fire you seal it to restrict the oxygen that goes into the kiln and then you end up with this carbonized material here -however you cant burn this its too fine and it burns too quickly to be useful for cooking -and so what we did was we looked and we found that cassava is indeed grown in haiti under the name of manioc -and in fact its grown all over the world yucca tapioca manioc cassava its all the same thing a very starchy root vegetable and you can make a very thick sticky porridge out of it which you can use to bind together the charcoal briquettes -and these -now im going to take you to a different continent -and more than in haiti this produces really smoky fires and this is where you see the health impacts of cooking with cow dung and biomass as a fuel kids and women are especially affected by it because theyre the ones who are around the cooking fires -so we wanted to see if we could introduce this charcoal making technology there -well unfortunately they didnt have sugarcane and they didnt have cassava but that didnt stop us what we did was we found what were the locally available sources of biomass and there was wheat straw and there was rice straw in this area and what we could use as a binder was actually small amounts of cow manure which they used ordinarily for their fuel -and we did side by side tests and here you can see the charcoal briquettes and here the cow dung and you can see that its a lot cleaner burning of a cooking fuel and in fact it heats the water a lot more quickly and so we were very happy -thus far but one of the things that we found was when we did side by side comparisons with wood charcoal it didnt burn as long and the briquettes crumbled a little bit and we lost energy as they fell apart as they were cooking so we wanted to try to find a way to make a stronger briquette so that we could compete with wood charcoal in the markets in haiti -so we went back to mit we took out the instron machine and we figured out what sort of forces did you need in order to compress a briquette to the level that you actually are getting improved performance out of it -and at the same time that we had students in the lab looking at this we also had community partners in haiti working to develop the process to improve it and to make it more accessible to people in the villages there -and after some time we developed a low cost press that allows you to produce charcoal which actually now burns longer cleaner than wood charcoal -so now were in a situation where we have a product which is actually better than what you can buy in haiti in the marketplace which is a very wonderful place to be -in haiti alone about thirty million trees are cut down every year theres a possibility of this being implemented and saving a good portion of those in addition the revenue generated from that charcoal is two hundred and sixty million dollars -thats an awful lot for a country of haiti with a population of eight million and an average income of less than four hundred dollars -so this is where were also moving ahead with our charcoal project and -one of the things that i think is also interesting is i have a friend up at uc berkeley whos been doing risk analysis and hes looked at the problem of the health impacts of burning wood versus charcoal and hes found that worldwide you could prevent a million deaths switching from wood to charcoal as a cooking fuel -thats remarkable but up until now there werent ways to do it without cutting down trees but now we have a way thats using an agricultural waste -actually like nick i brought samples -cant we make cleaner burning cooking fuels cant we make better stoves how is it that this can lead to over two million deaths every year i know bill joy was talking to you about the wonders of carbon nanotubes so im going to talk to you about the wonders of carbon macro tubes which is charcoal -and i think one of the things which is also remarkable about this technology is that the technology transfer is so easy compared to the sugarcane charcoal where we actually have to teach people how to form it into briquettes and you have the extra step of cooking the binder this comes -pre briquetted and this is about the most exciting thing in my life right now which is perhaps a sad commentary on my life -and this is i think a perfect -people can make their own cooking fuel from waste products they can generate income from this they can save the money that they were going to spend on charcoal and they can produce excess and sell it in the market to people who arent making their own its really rare that you dont have trade offs between health and economics or environment and economics -so this is a project that i just find extremely exciting and im -really looking forward to see where it takes us -so when we talk about now the future we will create one of the things that i think is necessary is to have a very clear vision of the world that we live in and now i dont actually mean the world that we live in i mean the world -where women spend two to three hours everyday grinding grain for their families to eat i mean the world where advanced building materials means cement roofing tiles that are made by hand and where when you work ten hours a day youre still only earning sixty dollars in a month -i mean the world where women and children spend forty billion hours a year fetching water -thats as if the entire workforce of the state of california worked full time for a year doing nothing but fetching water its a place where for example if this were india in this room only three of us would have a car -if this were afghanistan only one person in this room would know how the use the internet -if this were zambia three -training our engineers our designers our business people our entrepreneurs to be facing -these are the solutions that we need to find i have a few areas that i believe are especially important that we address -so this is a picture of rural haiti haiti is now ninety eight percent deforested youll see scenes like this all over the island -one of them is creating technologies to promote micro finance and micro enterprise so that people who are living below the poverty line can find a way to move out and that theyre not doing it using the same traditional basket making poultry rearing etc but there are new technologies and new products that they can make on a small scale -the next thing i believe is that we need to create technologies for poor farmers to add value to their own crops -and we need to rethink our development strategies so that were not promoting educational campaigns to get them to stop being farmers but rather to stop being poor -farmers and we need to think about how we can do that effectively we need to work with the people in these communities and give them the resources and the tools that they need to solve their own problems thats the best way to do it we shouldnt be doing it from outside so we need to create -this future and we need to start doing it now thank you -it leads to all sorts of environmental problems and problems that affect people throughout the nation -a couple years ago there was severe flooding that led to thousands of deaths thats directly attributable to the fact that there are no trees on the hills to stabilize the soil so the rains come they go down the rivers and the flooding happens -well i guess with everything in life theres a place of balance -and this was exactly the meaning of my story at that point -i had so many examples i have so many instances like this when im writing a story and i cannot explain it is it because i had the filter -that i have such a strong coincidence in writing about these things or is it a kind of serendipity that we cannot explain like the cosmological constant -a big thing that i also think about is accidents and as i said my mother did not believe in randomness what is the nature of accidents and how are we going to assign what the responsibility and the causes are outside of a court of law -way when i went to beautiful dong village in guizhou the poorest province of china and i saw this beautiful place i knew i wanted to come back and i had a chance to do that when national geographic asked me if i wanted to write anything about china -there was a terrible accident a man an old man fell asleep and his quilt dropped in a pan of fire that kept him warm sixty homes were destroyed and forty were damaged responsibility was assigned to the family the mans sons were banished to live -three kilometers away in a cowshed and of course as westerners we say well it was an accident thats not fair its the son not the father -and some people would say that were born with it in some other means and others like my mother would say that i get my material from past lives -and i began to sense something different about the history and what had happened before and the nature of life in a very poor village and what you find as your joys and your rituals your traditions your links with other families and i saw how this -you begin to wonder whose beliefs are those that are in operation in the world determining how things happen -so i remained with them and the more i wrote that story the more i got into those beliefs and i think thats important for me to take on the beliefs because that is where the story is real and that is where im gonna find the answers to how i feel about certain questions that i have in life -years go by of course and the writing it doesnt happen instantly as im trying to convey it to you here at ted the book comes and it goes when it arrives it is no longer my book it is in the hands of readers and they interpret it differently -and i think it is by questioning and saying to myself that there are no -truths i believe in specifics the specifics of story and the past the specifics of that past and what is happening in the story at that point -i also believe that in thinking about things my thinking about luck and fate and coincidences and accidents gods will and the synchrony of mysterious forces i will come to some notion of what that is how we create -i have to think of my role where i am in the universe and did somebody intend for me to be that way or is it just something i came up with and -people would also say that creativity may be a function of some other neurological quirk van gogh syndrome that you have a little bit of you know psychosis -i also can find that by imagining fully and becoming what is imagined and yet is in that real world the fictional world and that is how i find particles of truth not the absolute truth or the whole truth -and they have to be in all possibilities including those i never considered before -so there are never complete answers -or rather if there is an answer it is to remind myself that there is uncertainty in everything and that is good -because then i will discover something new -and if there is a partial answer a more complete answer from me it is to simply imagine and to imagine is to put myself in that story until there was only there is a transparency between me and the story that i am creating -and thats how ive discovered that if i feel what is in the story -in one story then -i come the closest i think to knowing what compassion is to feeling that compassion because for everything in that question of how things happen it has to do with the feeling i have to become the story in order to understand a lot of that -or depression i do have to say somebody i read recently that van gogh wasnt really necessarily psychotic that he might have had temporal lobe seizures -and that might have caused his spurt of creativity and i dont i suppose it does something in some part of your brain and i will mention that i actually developed temporal lobe seizures -value of nothing -a number of years ago but it was during the time i was writing my last book and some people say that book is quite different -out of nothing comes something -that was an essay i wrote when i was eleven years old and i got a b plus -and then i also wasnt really shining in a certain area that i wanted to be and you know you look at those scores and it wasnt bad but it was not certainly predictive that i would one day make my living out of the artful arrangement of words -also one of the principles of -creativity is to have a little childhood trauma -but actually there was something quite real in my life that happened when i was about fourteen and it was discovered that my brother in one thousand nine hundred and sixty seven and then my father six months later had brain tumors and my mother believed that -something had gone wrong and she was gonna find out what it was and she was gonna fix it -my father was a baptist minister and he believed in miracles and that gods will would take care of that but of course they ended up dying six months apart -and after that my mother believed that it was fate or curses she went looking through all the reasons in the universe why this would have happened everything except randomness she did not believe in randomness there was a reason for everything -and one of the reasons she thought was that her mother who had died when she was very young -was angry at her and so i had this notion of death all around me because -my mother also believed that i would be next and she would be next and when you are faced with the prospect of death very soon you begin to think very much about everything you become very creative in a survival sense -and this then led to my big questions and theyre the same ones that i have today -and they are why do things happen and how do things happen and the one my mother asked how do i make things happen -its a wonderful way to look at these questions when you write a story because after all in that framework between page one and three hundred you have to answer this question -that is actually something that creates a near death experience but near death is good for creativity -trying to figure it out years and years oftentimes -so when i look at creativity i also think that it is this sense or this inability to -and so im going to use as the metaphor this association quantum mechanics which i really dont understand but im still gonna use it as the process for explaining how it is -the metaphor so -in quantum mechanics of course you have dark energy and dark matter -and you often dont know what it is except by its absence but when you make those associations you want them to come together in a kind of synergy in the story and what youre finding is what matters the meaning and thats what i look for in my work a personal meaning -and theres the terrible and dreaded observer effect in which youre looking for something and you know things are happening simultaneously and youre looking at it in a different way and youre trying to really -serendipitous way is no longer there -now i dont want to ignore -the other side of what happens in our universe like many of our scientists have and so i am going to just throw in string theory here and just say that creative people are multidimensional and there are eleven levels i think -there is also a big question of ambiguity and i would link that to something called the cosmological constant and you dont know what is operating but something is operating there and ambiguity to me is very uncomfortable in my life -if i said anything that was a lie or not true to universal creativity and ive done it this way for half the audience who is scientific when i say we i dont mean you necessarily i mean me and my right brain my left brain and the one thats in between that is the censor and tells me what im saying is wrong -and i have it moral ambiguity it is constantly there and just as an example this is one that recently came to me it was something i read in an editorial by a woman who was talking about the war in iraq -so their way of rationalizing that is they are saving the fish from drowning and unfortunately in the process the fish die now what -these drowning metaphors actually -to me they had to do with intentions and all of us in life when we see a situation -we have a response and then we have intentions theres an ambiguity of what that should be that we should do and then we do something and the results of that may not match what our intentions had been maybe things go wrong -and so after that what are our responsibilities what are we supposed to do do we stay in for life or do we do something else and justify and say well my intentions were good -and therefore i cannot be held responsible for all of it that is the ambiguity in my life -that really disturbed me and led me to write a book called saving fish from drowning -and what i need in effect is a focus and when i have the question it is a focus and all these things that seem to be flotsam and jetsam in life actually go through that question -and what happens is those particular things become relevant and it seems like its happening all the time you think theres a sort of coincidence going on a serendipity in which youre getting all this help from the universe and it may also be explained that now you have a focus and you are noticing it more often -but -you apply this you begin to look at things having to do with your tensions your brother whos fallen in trouble do you take care of him why or why not it may be something that is -and im going do that also by looking at -perhaps more serious as i said human rights -burma i was thinking that i shouldnt go because somebody said if i did it would show that i approved of the military regime there and then after a while i had to ask myself why do we take on knowledge why do we take on assumptions that other people have given us -and it was the same thing that i felt when i was growing up and was hearing these rules of moral conduct from my father who was a baptist minister -what i think is part of my creative process which includes a number of things that happened actually the nothing started even earlier than the moment in which im creating something new and that includes nature -so i decided that i would go to burma for my own intentions and still didnt know that if i went there what the result of that would be if i wrote a book -and i just would have to face that later when the time came -we are all concerned with things that we see in the world that we are aware of we come to this point and say what do i as an individual do not all of us can go to africa or work at hospitals so what do we do if we have -this moral response this feeling also i think one of the biggest things we are all looking at and we talked about today is genocide -this leads to this question when i look at all these things that are -morally ambiguous and uncomfortable and i consider what my intentions should be i realize it goes back to this identity question that i had when i was a child and why am i here and what is the meaning of my life and what is my place in the universe it seems so -sometimes i get help from the universe it seems my mother would say it was the ghost of my grandmother from the very first book because it seemed i knew things i was not supposed to know -instead of writing that the grandmother died accidentally from an overdose of opium while having too much of a good time i actually put down in the story that the woman killed herself and that actually was the way it happened and my mother decided -that that information must have come -from my grandmother there are also things -quite uncanny which bring me information that will help me in the writing of the book in this case i was writing a story that included some kind of detail period of history a certain location and i needed to find something historically that would match that -and i took down this book and i first page that i flipped it to was exactly the setting and the time period and the kind of character i needed was the taiping rebellion happening in the area near guilin outside of that and a character who thought he was the son of god -you wonder are these things random chance well what is random what is chance what is luck what are things that you get from the universe that you cant really explain and that goes into the story too these are the things i constantly think about from day to day especially when good things happen -and nurture and what i refer to as nightmares -and in particular when bad things happen -but i do think theres a kind of -a discomfort i felt and then i knew that had to be the setting of my book -i came across this and it was a man a chinese man and he was stacking these things not with glue not with anything and i asked him how is it possible to do this and he said -in fact its something that you write yourself so whether youre looking for a husband or a wife or youre trying to find your passion or youre trying to start a business all you have to really do is figure out your own framework -and play by your own rules and feel free to be as picky as you want -and its a big city and i figured in this entire place there are lots of possibilities so again i started doing some math population of philadelphia it has one point five million people i figure about half of that are men so that takes the number down to seven hundred and fifty thousand im looking for a guy between the ages of thirty and thirty six -well on my wedding day i had a conversation again with my grandmother and she said -all right maybe i was wrong it looks like you did come up with a really really great system -my name is amy webb and a few years ago i found myself at the end of yet another -which was only four percent of the population so now im dealing with the possibility of thirty thousand men i was looking for somebody who was jewish because thats what i am and that was important to me thats only two point three percent of the population -i figure im attracted to maybe one out of ten of those men and there was no way i was going to deal with somebody who was an avid golfer -person city of philadelphia -fantastic relationship that came burning down in a spectacular fashion and i thought you know whats wrong with me i dont understand why this keeps happening so i asked everybody in my life what they thought i turned to my grandmother who always had plenty of advice and she said -i could try online dating -now i like the idea of online dating because its predicated on an algorithm and thats really just a simple way of saying ive got a problem im going to use some data run it through a system and get to a solution -so online dating is the second most popular way that people now meet each other but as it turns out algorithms have been around for thousands of years -and the matchmaker would sort of think through all of this put two people together and that would be the end of it -so in my case i thought -well will data and an algorithm lead me to my prince charming -so i decided to sign on now there was one small catch as im signing on to the various dating websites as it happens i was really really busy but that actually -so i just copied and pasted from my resume -so in the descriptive part up top i said that i was an award winning journalist and a future thinker when i was asked about fun activities and my ideal date i said monetization -this was not the best way to put my most sexy foot forward -but the real failure was that there were plenty of men for me to date these algorithms had a sea full of men that wanted to take me out on lots of dates what turned out to be truly awful dates -there was this guy steve the i t guy -and eighty s music -and so i agreed to go out with him so steve the i t guy invited me out to one of philadelphias white table cloth extremely expensive restaurants and we went in and right off the bat our conversation really wasnt taking flight -but he was ordering a lot of food in fact he didnt even bother looking at the menu -he was ordering multiple appetizers multiple entrees for me as well and suddenly there are piles and piles of food on our table also lots and lots of bottles of wine so were nearing the end of our conversation and the end of dinner and ive decided steve the i t guy and i are really just not meant for each other but well part ways as friends -when he gets up to go to the bathroom -and in the meantime the bill comes to our table -that was my entire months rent -so needless to say -i was not having a good night so i run home i call my mother i call my sister and as i do at the end of each one of these terrible terrible dates i regale them with the details -and they say to me -the number of times a man forced me to high five -and as it happens the algorithms that were setting us up -they werent bad either these algorithms were doing exactly what they were designed to do which was to take our user generated information in my case my resume and -match it up with other peoples information -now as it turns out im somebody who thinks a lot about data as youll soon find i am constantly swimming in numbers and formulas and charts -the other problem is that these websites are asking us questions like are you a dog person or a cat person do you like horror films or romance films im not looking for a pen pal im looking for a husband -i wanted somebody who worked hard because work for me is extremely important but not too hard for me the hobbies that i have are really just new work projects that ive launched -i also wanted somebody who not only wanted two children but was going to have the same attitude toward parenting that i do so somebody who was going to be totally okay with forcing our child to start taking piano lessons at age three -and also maybe computer science classes if we could wrangle it so things like that but i also wanted somebody who would go to far flung exotic places like petra jordan -into a top tier and a second tier of points and i ranked everything starting at one hundred and going all the way down to ninety one -i figured there would be a minimum of seven hundred points before i would agree to email somebody or respond to an email message for nine hundred points id agree to go out on a date and i wouldnt even consider any kind of relationship before somebody had crossed the one thousand five hundred point threshold -who are all of the other women on these dating sites -i figure im probably going to have to date somebody for about six months before im ready to get monogamous and before we can sort of cohabitate and we have to have that happen for a while before we can get engaged and if i want to start having children by the time im thirty five -at this moment i knew clicking after profile after profile after profile that looked like this that i needed to do some market research so i created ten fake male profiles now -before i lose all of you -and mainly what i was looking at was two different data sets so i was looking at qualitative data so what was the humor the tone the voice the communication style that these women shared in common and also quantitative data so what was the average length of their profile how much time was spent between messages -well one month later i had -a lot of data and i was able to do another analysis and as it turns out -content matters a lot so smart people tend to write a lot three thousand four thousand five thousand words about themselves which may all be very very interesting -the challenge here though is that the popular men and women are sticking to ninety seven words on average that are written very very well even though it may not seem like it all the time -the other sort of hallmark of the people who do this well is that theyre using non specific language so in my case you know the english patient is my most favorite movie ever -also optimistic language matters a lot so this is a word cloud highlighting the most popular words that were used by the most popular women words like fun and girl and love -that meant that i would have had to have been on my way to marriage five years ago -and what i realized was not that i had to dumb down my own profile remember im somebody who said that i speak fluent japanese and i know javascript and i was okay with that the difference is that its about being more approachable and helping people understand the best way to reach out to you -and as it turns out timing is also really really important just because you have access to somebodys mobile phone number or their instant message account -and its two oclock in the morning and you happen to be awake doesnt mean that thats a good time to communicate with those people -the popular women on these online sites spend an average of twenty three hours in between each communication and thats what we would normally do in the usual process of courtship and finally -which turned out to be in sharp contrast to what i had uploaded -once i had all of this information i was able to create a super profile so it was still me -but it was me optimized now for this ecosystem -and as it turns out -i did a really good job -i was the most popular person online -and i said well actually im not going to go out with anybody -because remember in my scoring system they have to reach a minimum threshold of seven hundred points and none of them have done that -well not too long after that i found this guy -which i thought was very clever -he talked in detail about travel he made a lot of really interesting cultural references he looked and talked exactly like what i wanted and immediately he scored eight hundred and fifty points it was enough for a date -three weeks later we met up in person for what turned out to be a fourteen hour long conversation that went from coffee shop to restaurant to another coffee shop to another restaurant and when he dropped me back off at my house that night i re scored him -well a year and a half after that we were non cruise ship traveling through petra jordan -when he got down on his knee and proposed -a year after that we were married and about a year and a half after that our daughter petra was born -when theyre laid out i can pull things to new locations or delete things or just quickly sort a whole pile you know just immediately right -and then its all smoothly animated instead of these jarring changes you see in todays interfaces also if i want to add something to a pile well how do i do that i just toss it -to the pile and its added right to the top its a kind of nice way -also some of the stuff we can do is for these individual icons we thought i mean how can we play with the idea of an icon and push that further and one of the things i can do is make it bigger if i want to emphasize it and make it more important but whats really cool is that since theres a physics simulation running under this its actually heavier so the lighter stuff -it -so its cute but its also like a subtle channel of conveying information right this is heavy so it feels more important so its kind of cool despite computers everywhere paper really hasnt disappeared because it has a lot of i think valuable -and you know toss it to the corner -also just like paper around our workspace well pin things up to the wall to remember them later and i can do the same thing here and you know youll see post it notes and things like that around peoples offices and i can pull them off when i want to work with them -so one of the criticisms of this kind of approach to organization is that you know okay well my real desk is really messy i dont want that mess on my computer so one thing we have for that is like a grid align kind of -so you get that more traditional desktop things are kind of grid aligned more boring but you still have that kind of colliding and bumping and you can still do fun things like make shelves on your desktop -toss these things around theyre so much more tangible and touchable and you know i can double click on something to take a look at it and i can do all that kind of same stuff i showed you before so i can pile things up i can flip through it -its so much more subtle so much more visceral you know whats visible whats not and id like to bring that experience to the desktop so i kind of have a -this is bumptop its kind of like a new approach to desktop computing so you can bump things theyre all physically -you know manipulable and stuff -but nothing nothing prepared me for what i was to hear on the first of july two thousand and eight i heard the word carcinoma yes breast cancer as i sat dumbstruck in my doctors office -i heard other words cancer stage grade until then cancer was the zodiac sign of my friend stage was what i performed on and grades were what i got in school -that day i realized i had an unwelcome uninvited new life partner -i realized then that i who thought i had complete control of my life had control of only three things -wanting to go to a place of healing health and happiness i wanted to go from where i was to where i wanted to be -but to go from where i was to where i wanted to be i needed something i needed an anchor an image a peg to peg this process on so that i could go from there and i found that in my dance -my dance my strength my energy my passion my very life breath -but it wasnt easy believe me it definitely wasnt easy how do you keep cheer when you go from beautiful to bald in three days -so i would drag myself into my dance studio body mind and spirit every day into my dance studio and learn everything i learned when i was four all over again reworked relearned regrouped it was excruciatingly painful but i did it difficult -i focused on my mudras on the imagery of my dance on the poetry and the metaphor and the philosophy of the dance itself and slowly i moved out of that miserable state of mind -astride her lion into the battlefield to destroy mahishasur -the passion of my training i brought laser sharp focus into my dance laser sharp focus to such an extent that i danced a few weeks after surgery -i danced through chemo and radiation cycles much to the dismay of my oncologist i danced between chemo and radiation cycles and badgered him to fit it to my performing dance schedule -what i had done is i had tuned out of cancer and tuned into my dance -yes cancer has just been one page in my life -my story is a story of overcoming setbacks obstacles and challenges that life throws at you -she was also called simhanandini the one who rode the lion -as i ride out as i ride my own inner strength my own inner resilience armed as i am with what medication can provide and continue treatment as i ride out into the battlefield of cancer asking my rogue cells to behave -i want to be known not as a cancer survivor but as a cancer conqueror i present to you an excerpt of that work simhanandini -i have worked on this -is spirit child -it was about children -who were born with deformities and their parents felt that once they were born with those deformities -and i went into the village -pretended as though this baby had been born with a deformity and here was the guys who do the killing they got themselves ready -because if i do the bad guys will come for me -i phoned the police and fortunately they came and busted them -as i speak now they are before the courts dont forget the key principles -naming shaming and jailing -another key story that comes to mind which relates to this spirit child phenomenon -my journey started fourteen years ago -it it was time to go undercover again so i went undercover -as a man who was interested in this particular business of course again a prosthetic arm was built for the first time i filmed on hidden camera the guys who do this and they were ready to buy -i was a young reporter i had just come out of college -i am glad today the tanzanian government has taken action -my journalism is about hard core evidence -if i say you have stolen i show you the evidence that you have stolen i show you how you stole it and when or what you used what you had stolen to do what is the essence of journalism if it doesnt benefit society -my kind of journalism is a product of my society -i know that sometimes people have their own -criticisms -he brought out some money from his pockets -you see a hand counting money just in front of me the next moment you see the money in my hands counting whereas i have not come into contact with anybody i have not done any business with anybody -from hawkers who were hawking on the streets -as a young reporter i thought that i should -i have been there for a long time -that it ever happens -how can you obtain the hard core evidence -so i was in the prison -from his sick bed till death and i can tell you it was not a nice thing at all -so i decided to go there -toilet facilities very bad -if you have extreme diseases -you need to get extreme remedies -as part of selling i was able to document the hard core evidence -you see we on the continent are able to tell the story better because we face the conditions and we see the conditions -that is why i was particularly excited when we launched our africa investigates series where we investigated a lot of african countries -this will not stop -im going to carry on with this kind of journalism because i know that when evil men destroy good men must build and bind thank you very much -the impact was great -how do you do that -i am an undercover journalist -my journalism is hinged on three basic principles -naming shaming and jailing -were seeing this its beginning a technology trend thats happening right now is that were starting to look at time result situations as well so were getting the dynamics out of the body as well and just assume that we will be collecting data during five seconds -and that would correspond to one terabyte of data thats eight hundred thousand books and sixteen km of phone books thats one patient one data set and this is what we have to deal with -so this is really the enormous challenge that we have and already today this is twenty five thousand images imagine the days when we had radiologists doing this -they would put up twenty five thousand images they would go like this twenty five zero okay okay there is the problem they cant do that anymore thats impossible so we have to do something thats a little bit more intelligent than doing this -start by posing a little bit of a challenge the challenge of dealing with data data that we have to deal with in medical -so what we do is we put all these slices together imagine that you slice your body in all these directions and then you try to put the slices back together again into a pile of data into a block of data -so this is really what were doing so this gigabyte or terabyte of data were putting it into this block but of course the block of data just contains the amount of x ray thats been absorbed in each point in the human body -so what we need to do is to figure out a way of looking at the things we do want to look at and make things transparent that we dont want to look at so transforming the data set into something that looks like this -and this is a challenge this is a huge challenge for us to do that using computers even though theyre getting faster and better all the time its a challenge to deal with gigabytes of data terabytes of data -and extracting the relevant information i want to look at the heart i want to look at the blood vessels i want to look at the liver maybe even find a tumor in some cases -so this is where this little dear comes into play this is my daughter this is as of nine zero am this morning shes playing a computer game shes only two years old and shes having a blast -so shes really the driving force behind the development of graphics processing units -as long as kids are playing computer games graphics is getting better and better and better so please go back home tell your kids to play more games because thats what i need -so whats inside of this machine is what enables me to do the things that im doing with the medical data so really what im doing is using these fantastic little devices and you know going back maybe -ten years in time when i got the funding to buy my first graphics computer it was a huge machine it was cabinets of processors and storage and everything -i paid about one million dollars for that machine that machine is today about as fast as my -so every month there are new graphics cards coming out and here is a few of the latest ones from the vendors nvidia ati intel is out there as well and you know for a few hundred bucks you can get these -what we can do this is a data set that was captured using a ct scanner you can see that this is a full data its a woman you can see the hair you can see the individual structures of the woman -you can see that there is scattering of x rays on the teeth the metal in the teeth thats where those artifacts are coming from but -fully interactively on standard graphics cards on a normal computer i can just put in a clip plane and of course all the data is inside so i can start rotating i can look at it from different angles -its a fantastic device it uses x rays x ray beams that are rotating very fast around the human body it takes about thirty seconds to go through the whole machine -and i can see that this woman had a problem she had a bleeding up in the brain and thats been fixed with a little stent a metal clamp thats tightening up the vessel -and just by changing the functions then i can decide whats going to be transparent and whats going to be visible i can look at the skull structure and i can see that okay this is where they opened up the skull on this woman and thats where they went in -so these are fantastic images theyre really high resolution and theyre really showing us what we can do with standard graphics cards today -now we have really made use of this and we have tried to squeeze a lot of data into the system -and one of the applications that weve been working on and this is gotten a little bit of traction worldwide is the application of virtual autopsies so again looking at very very large -and you saw those full body scans that we can do were just pushing the body through the whole ct scanner and just in a few seconds we can get a full body data set so this is from a virtual -and you can see how im gradually peeling off first you saw the body bag that the body came in then im peeling off the skin you can see the muscles and eventually you can see the bone structure of this woman -now at this point i would also like to emphasize that with the greatest respect for the people that im now going to show im going to show you a few cases of -so its with great respect for the people that have died under violent circumstances that im showing these pictures to you -in the forensic case and this is something that theres been approximately four hundred cases so far just in the part of sweden that i come from that has been undergoing virtual autopsies in the past four years -and is generating enormous amounts of information that comes out of the machine so this is a fantastic machine that we can use for improving health care -so this will be the typical work flow situation the police will decide in the evening when theres a case coming in they will decide okay is this a case where we need to do an autopsy so in the morning -seven in the morning the body is then transported inside the body bag to our center and is being scanned through one the the ct scanners -and then the radiologist together with the pathologist and sometimes the forensic scientist looks at the data thats coming out and they have a joint session and then they decide what to do in the real physical -now looking at a few cases heres one of the first cases that we had you can really see the details of the data set its very high resolution and its our algorithms that allow us to zoom in on all the details -and again its fully interactive so you can rotate and you can look at things in real time on these systems here without saying too much about this case this is a traffic accident a drunk driver hit a woman -heres another case a knifing and this is also again showing us what we can do its very easy to look at metal artifacts that we can show inside of the body -you can also see some of the artifacts from the teeth thats actually the filling of the teeth but because ive set the functions to show me metal and make everything else transparent -but as i said its also a challenge for us and the challenge is really found in this picture here its the medical data explosion that were having right now -its very easy to see how air has been leaking from one part to another part which is difficult to do in a normal standard physical autopsy so it really really helps the -one of the things that im really really happy to be able to show you here today is our virtual autopsy table -its a touch device that we have developed based on these algorithms using standard graphics gpus it actually looks like this just to give you a feeling for what it looks like it really just works like a huge -so weve implemented all the gestures you can do on the table and you can think of it as an enormous -touch interface so if you were thinking of buying an ipad forget about it this is what you want instead steve i hope youre listening to this -so its a very nice little device so if you have the opportunity please try it out its really a hands on experience so its gained some traction and were trying to roll this out and trying to use it for educational purposes but also perhaps in the future -in a more clinical situation theres a youtube that you can download and look at this if you want to convey the information to other people about virtual -okay now that were talking about touch let me move on to really touching data and this is a bit of science fiction now so were moving into really the future this is not really what the medical doctors are using right now but i hope they will in the future -so what youre seeing on the left is a touch device its a little mechanical pen that has very very fast step motors inside of the -and so i can generate a force feedback so when i virtually touch data it will generate touch forces in the pen so i get a feedback -so in this particular situation its a scan of a living person i have this pen and i look at the data and i move the pen towards the head and all of a sudden i feel resistance so i can feel the skin -if i push a little bit harder ill go through the skin and i can feel the bone structure inside if i push even harder ill go through the bone structure especially close to the ear where the bone is very soft and then i can feel the brain inside and this -so this is really nice and to take that even further this is a heart and this is also due to these fantastic new scanners that just in zero point three seconds i can scan the whole heart -and i can do that with time resolution so just looking at this heart i can play back a video here and this is karljohan one of my graduate students whos been working on this project and hes sitting there in front of the haptic device the force feedback system -and hes moving his pen towards the heart and the heart is now beating in front of him so he can see how the heart is beating hes taken the pen and hes moving it towards the heart and hes putting it on the heart and then he feels the heartbeats -from the real living patient then he can examine how the heart is moving he can go inside push inside of the heart and really feel how the valves are moving -go inside of the patients heart before you actually do surgery and do that with high quality resolution data so this is really neat -were going even further into science fiction and we heard a little bit about functional mri now this is really an interesting project -is using magnetic fields and radio frequencies to scan the brain or any part of the body so what were really getting out of this is information -the structure of the brain but we can also measure the difference in magnetic properties of blood thats oxygenated and blood thats depleted of oxygen that means that its possible to map out the activity of the brain -taken the liberty just for clarity to translate that to data slices that would correspond to about fifty mb of data which is small -so this is something that weve been working on and you just saw motts the research engineer there going into the mri system and he was wearing goggles so he could actually see things in the goggles so i could present things to him -in the scanner and this is a little bit freaky because what motts is seeing is actually this hes seeing his own brain -so motts is doing something here and probably he is going like this with his right hand because the left side is activated on the motor cortex and then he can see that at the same time -these visualizations are brand new and this is something that weve been researching for a little while this is another sequence of motts brain -and here we asked motts to calculate backwards from one hundred so hes going one hundred ninety seven ninety four and then hes going backwards and you can see how the little math processor is working up here in his brain -and is lighting up the whole brain well this is fantastic we can do this in real time we can investigate things we can tell him to do things you can also see that his visual cortex is activated in the back of the head -and in just a second here you will see okay here motts now move your left foot so hes going like this for twenty seconds hes going like that and all of a sudden it lights up up here so weve got motor cortex activation up -so this is really really nice and i think this is a great tool and connecting also with the previous talk here -this is something that we could use as a tool to really understand how the neurons are working how the brain is working and we can do this with very very high visual quality and very fast resolution -you think about the data we can handle today just on normal mobile devices if you translate that to phone books its about one meter of phone books in the -now were also having a bit of fun at the center so this is a cat scan computer aided tomography so this is a lion from the local zoo outside of norrkoping in kolmarden elsa so she came to the center -and weve been experimenting with this and i think this is a great application for the future of this technology because theres very little known about the animal anatomy -so with that id like to thank all the people that have helped me to generate these images its a huge effort that goes into doing this gathering the data -and developing the algorithms writing all the software so some very talented people my motto is always i only hire people that are smarter than i am and most of these are smarter than i am so thank you very much -fresh water and one of the biggest producers of greenhouse gases which drive climate change on top of this when you get so many animals so close together it creates a breeding ground for disease and opportunities for harm and abuse -clearly we cannot continue on this path which puts the environment public health and food -security at risk -there is another way because essentially animal products are just collections of tissues -and right now we breed and raise highly complex animals only to create products that are made of relatively simple tissues what if instead of starting with a complex and sentient animal we started with what the tissues are made of -where cells themselves can be used to grow biological products like tissues and organs -already in medicine biofabrication techniques have been used to grow sophisticated body parts like -ears windpipes skin blood vessels and bone that have been successfully implanted into patients and beyond medicine biofabrication can be a humane sustainable and scalable new industry -and we should begin by reimagining leather -i emphasize leather because it is so widely used it is beautiful and it has long been a part of our history growing leather is also technically simpler than growing other animal -products like meat it mainly uses one cell type and it is largely two dimensional -but since then much progress has been made both in our lab and other labs around the world and given this we started getting questions like if you can grow human body parts can you also grow animal products like meat and leather -it is also less polarizing for consumers and regulators until biofabrication is better understood it is clear that initially at least more people would be willing to wear novel materials than would be willing to eat novel foods no matter how delicious -in this sense leather is a gateway material a beginning for the mainstream biofabrication industry -if we can succeed here it brings our other consumer bioproducts like meat closer on the horizon -now how do we do it to grow leather we begin by taking cells from an animal through a simple biopsy -the animal could be a cow lamb or even something more exotic this process does no harm and daisy the cow can live a happy life we then isolate the skin cells and multiply them in a cell culture medium this takes millions of cells and expands them into billions -and we then coax these cells to produce collagen as they would naturally this collagen is the stuff between cells its natural connective tissue its the extracellular matrix but in leather its the main building block -and what we next do is we take the cells and their collagen and we spread them out to form sheets and then we layer these thin sheets on top of one another like phyllo pastry to form -thicker sheets which we then let mature and finally we take this multilayered skin and through a shorter and much less chemical tanning process we create leather and so im very excited to show you for the first time -the first batch of our cultured leather fresh from the lab this is real genuine leather without the animal sacrifice -it can have all the characteristics of leather because it is made of the same cells and better yet there is no hair to remove -no scars or insects bites and no waste this leather can be grown in the shape of a wallet a handbag or a car seat it is not limited to the irregular shape of a cow or an alligator -and because we make this material we grow this leather from the ground up we can control its properties in very interesting ways this piece of leather is a mere seven tissue layers thick and as you can see it is nearly transparent -and this leather is twenty one layers thick and quite opaque you dont have that kind of fine control with conventional leather and we can -when someone first suggested this to me quite frankly i thought they were a little crazy -tune this leather for other desirable qualities like softness breathability durability elasticity and even things like pattern we can mimic nature but in some ways also improve upon it -this type of leather can do what todays leather does but with imagination probably much more what could the future of animal products look like -it need not look like this which is actually the state of the art today rather it could be much more like this -but what i soon came to realize was that this is not so crazy after all whats crazy is what we do today -it is where cell culture takes place -imagine that in this facility instead of brewing beer we were brewing leather -or meat -imagine touring this facility -learning about how the leather or meat is cultured seeing the process from beginning to end and even trying some its clean open and educational and this is in contrast to the hidden guarded and remote factories where leather and meat is produced today -perhaps biofabrication is a natural evolution of manufacturing for mankind its environmentally responsible efficient and humane -it allows us to be creative we can design new materials new products and new facilities -we need to move past just killing animals as a resource to something more civilized and evolved -perhaps we are ready for something literally and figuratively more cultured thank you -im convinced that in thirty years when we look back on today and on how we raise and slaughter billions of animals to make our hamburgers and our handbags well see this as being wasteful and indeed crazy -did you know that today we maintain a global herd of sixty billion animals to provide our meat dairy eggs and leather goods -and over the next few decades as the worlds population expands to ten billion this will need to nearly double to one hundred billion animals but maintaining this herd takes a major toll on our planet -animals are not just raw materials theyre living beings and already our livestock is one of the largest users of land -but today the way i want you to understand a black hole for the proof of a black hole is to think of it as an object whose mass is confined to zero volume -so despite the fact that im going to talk to you about an object thats supermassive and im going to get to what that really means in a moment it has no finite size so this is a little tricky but fortunately there is a finite size that you can see -and thats known as the schwarzschild radius and thats named after the guy who recognized why it was such an important radius this is a virtual radius not reality the black hole has no size so why is it so important its important because it tells us that any object can become a black hole -at that point whats going to happen at that point gravity wins gravity wins over all other known forces and the object is forced to continue to collapse to an infinitely small object and then its a black hole -something you cant see this is the basic question of somebody whos interested in finding and studying black holes because black holes are objects whose pull of gravity is so intense that nothing can escape it not even light so you cant see it directly -so if i were to compress the earth down to the size of a sugar cube it would become a black hole because the size of a sugar cube is its schwarzschild radius -now the key here is to figure out what that schwarzschild radius is and it turns out that its actually pretty simple to figure out -it depends only on the mass of the object bigger objects have bigger schwarzschild radii smaller objects have smaller schwarzschild radii so if i were to take the sun and compress it down to the scale of the university of oxford it would become a black hole -so now we know what a schwarzschild radius is and its actually quite a useful concept because it tells us not only when a black hole will form but it also gives us the key elements for the proof of a black hole i only need two things i need to understand the mass of the object im claiming is a black hole -and what its schwarzschild radius is and since the mass determines the schwarzschild radius there is actually only one thing i really need to know so my job in convincing you that there is a black hole is to show that there is some object thats confined to within its schwarzschild radius and your job today is to be skeptical -so if a star starts its life off with much more mass than the mass of the sun its going to end its life by exploding and leaving behind -roughly three times the mass of the sun on an astronomical scale thats a very small black hole now what i want to talk about are the supermassive black holes and the supermassive black holes are thought to reside at the center of galaxies -and this beautiful picture taken with the hubble space telescope shows you that galaxies come in all shapes and sizes there are big ones there are little ones almost every object in that picture there is a galaxy and there is a very nice spiral up in the upper left -so my story today about black holes is about one particular black hole im interested in finding whether or not there is a really massive what we like to call supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy -so what people have thought is that perhaps there are supermassive black holes -and if thats the case and this is an example of a normal galaxy what we see is the star light and if there is a supermassive black hole what we need to assume is that its a black hole -if were going to look for these stealth black holes at the center of galaxies the best place to look is in our own galaxy our milky way and this is a wide field picture taken of the center of the milky way -and what we see is a line of stars and that is because we live in a galaxy which has a flattened disk like structure and we live in the middle of it so when we look towards the center we see this plane which defines the plane of the galaxy or line that defines the plane of the galaxy -now the advantage of studying our own galaxy is its simply the closest example of the center of a galaxy that were ever going to have because the next closest galaxy is one hundred times further away so we can see far more detail in our galaxy than anyplace else and as youll see in a moment the ability to see detail is key to this -and the reason this is interesting is that -stars will orbit the black hole in the very same way that planets orbit the sun its the gravitational pull that makes these things orbit if there were no massive objects these things would go flying off or at least go at a much slower rate because all that determines how they go around is how much mass is inside its orbit -so this is great because remember my job is to show there is a lot of mass inside a small volume so if i know how fast it goes around i know the mass and if i know the scale of the orbit i know the radius so i want to see the stars that are as close to the center of the galaxy as possible because i want to show there is a mass inside as small a region as possible -it gives us an opportunity to prove whether or not these exotic objects really exist and second it gives us the opportunity to understand how these supermassive black holes interact with their environment -so this means that i want to see a lot of detail and thats the reason that for this experiment weve used the worlds largest telescope this is the keck observatory it hosts two telescopes with a mirror ten meters which is roughly the diameter of a tennis court -now this is wonderful because the campaign promise of large telescopes is that is that the bigger the telescope the smaller the detail that we can see -but it turns out these telescopes or any telescope on the ground has had a little bit of a challenge living up to this campaign promise and that is because of the atmosphere atmosphere is great for us it allows us to survive here on earth -but its relatively challenging for astronomers who want to look through the atmosphere to astronomical sources so to give you a sense of what this is like its actually like looking at a pebble at the bottom of a stream -looking at the pebble on the bottom of the stream the stream is continuously moving and turbulent and that makes it very difficult to see the pebble on the bottom of the stream very much in the same way its very difficult to see astronomical sources because of the atmosphere thats continuously moving by -so ive spent a lot of my career working on ways to correct for the atmosphere to give us a cleaner view and that buys us about a factor of twenty and i think all of you can agree that if you can figure out how to improve life by a factor of twenty youve probably improved your lifestyle by a lot say your salary -this technology works by introducing a mirror into the telescope optics system thats continuously changing to counteract what the atmosphere is doing to you so its kind of like very fancy eyeglasses for your telescope -now in the next few slides im just going to focus on that little square there so were only going to look at the stars inside that small square although weve looked at all of them so i want to see how these things have moved and over the course of this experiment these stars have moved a tremendous amount so weve been doing this experiment for fifteen years and we see the stars go all the way around -and to understand how they affect the formation and evolution of the galaxies which they reside in -now most astronomers have a favorite star and mine today is a star thats labeled up there so two absolutely my favorite star in the world and thats because it goes around in only fifteen years and to give you a sense of how short -so to begin with we need to understand what a black hole is so we can understand the proof of a black hole so what is a black hole -and because of that weve been able to show that there is a supermassive black hole there to give you a sense of how small that size is thats the size of our solar system so were cramming -four million times the mass of the sun into that small volume now -truth in advertising right i have told you my job is to get it down to the schwarzchild radius and the truth is im not quite there but we actually have no alternative today to explaining this concentration of mass and in fact its the best evidence we have to date for not only existence of a supermassive black hole at the center of our own galaxy -but any in our universe so what next -and the fun phase of this experiment is while weve tested some of our ideas about the consequences of a supermassive black hole being at the center of our galaxy almost -every single one has been inconsistent with what we actually see and -ask what do you expect for the old stars stars that have been around the center of the galaxy for a long time theyve had plenty of time to interact with the black hole what you expect there is that old stars should be very clustered around the black hole you should see a lot of old stars next to that black hole -likewise for the young stars or in contrast the young stars they just should not be there a black -so what do we see using observations that are not the ones ive shown you today we can actually figure out which ones are old and which ones are young the old ones are red -so this is the fun part and in fact today this is what were trying to figure out -to make further progress we really need to look at the orbits of stars that are much further away to do that well probably need much more sophisticated technology than we have today because in truth while i said were correcting for the earths atmosphere we actually only correct for half the errors that are introduced -we do this by shooting a laser up into the atmosphere and what we think we can do is if we shine a few more that we can correct the rest -so this is what we hope to do in the next few years -and on a much longer time scale what we hope to do is build even larger telescopes because remember bigger is better in astronomy -so in that sense its a very simple object but in another sense its an incredibly complicated object that we need relatively exotic physics to describe and in some sense represents the breakdown of our physical understanding of the universe -so we want to build a thirty meter telescope and with this telescope we should be able to see stars that are even closer to the center of the galaxy and we hope to be able to test some of einsteins theories of general relativity some ideas in cosmology about how galaxies form so we think the future of this experiment is quite exciting -so in conclusion im going to show you an animation that basically shows you how these orbits have been moving in three dimensions and i hope if nothing else ive convinced you that one we do in fact have a supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy -and this means that these things do exist in our universe and we have to contend with this we have to explain how you can get these objects in our physical world -second weve been able to look at that -and last but not least none of this would have happened without the advent of the tremendous progress thats been made on the technology front and we think that this is a field that is moving incredibly fast and holds a lot in store for the future thanks very much -they enable their teachers to make innovations in pedagogy they provide them with the kind of development they need to develop stronger pedagogical practices -the goal of the past was standardization and compliance high performing systems have made teachers and school principals inventive -in the past the policy focus was on outcomes on provision -the high performing systems have helped teachers and school principals to look outwards to the next teacher the next school around their lives and the most impressive outcomes of world class systems is that they achieve high performance across the entire system youve seen finland doing so well on pisa but what makes finland so impressive is that only five percent -so this tells us that in a global economy it is no longer national improvement thats the benchmark for success but the best performing education systems internationally -of the performance variation amongst students lies between schools -every school succeeds this is where success is systemic -and how do they do that they invest resources where they can make the most difference they attract the strongest principals -into the toughest schools and the most talented teachers into the most challenging classroom last but not least those countries align policies across all areas of public policy they make them coherent over sustained periods of time and they ensure that what they do is consistently implemented -now knowing what successful systems are doing doesnt yet tell us how to improve thats also clear and thats where some of the limits of international comparisons of pisa -you know some people argue that changing educational administration is like moving graveyards you just cant rely on the people out there to help you with this laughter but pisa has shown whats possible in education -it has helped countries to see that improvement is possible it has taken away excuses from those who are complacent -and it has helped countries to set meaningful targets -in terms of measurable goals achieved by the worlds leaders if we can help every child every teacher every school every principal every parent see what improvement is possible that only the sky is the limit to education improvement we have laid the foundations for better policies and better lives thank you -the trouble is that measuring how much time people spend in school or what degree they have got is not always a good way of seeing what they can actually do -look at the toxic mix of unemployed graduates on our streets while employers say they cannot find the people with the skills they need -now some people have criticized us for this they say you know such a way of measuring outcomes is terribly unfair to people because we test students with problems they havent seen before -but if you take that logic you know you should consider life unfair because -the test of truth in life is not whether we can remember what we learned in school but whether we are prepared for change -whether we are prepared for jobs that havent been created to use technologies that havent been invented to solve problems we just cant anticipate today -and once hotly contested our way of measuring outcomes has actually quickly become the standard in our latest assessment in two thousand and nine we measured seventy four school systems that together cover eighty seven percent of the economy -this chart shows you the performance of countries in red sort of below oecd average yellow is so so and in green are the countries doing really well you can see shanghai korea singapore in asia finland in europe -canada in north america doing really well -you can also see that there is a gap of almost three and a half school years between fifteen year olds in shanghai and fifteen year olds in chile and the gap grows to seven school years when you include the countries with really poor performance -theres a world of difference in the way in which young people are prepared for todays economy -but i want to introduce a second important dimension into this picture educators like to talk about equity -but i want to tell you the story of pisa oecds test to measure the knowledge and skills of fifteen year olds around the world and its really a story of how international comparisons have globalized the field of education that we usually treat as an affair of domestic policy -and we see that in some countries the impact of social background on learning outcomes is very very strong opportunities are unequally distributed a lot of potential of young children is wasted -we see in other countries that it matters much less into which social context youre born -we all want to be there in the upper right quadrant where performance is strong and learning opportunities are equally distributed nobody and no country can afford to be there where performance is poor and there are large social -but actually if you look at how countries come out on this picture you see there are a lot of countries that actually are combining excellence with equity in fact one of the most important lessons from this comparison is that you dont have to compromise equity to achieve excellence -these countries have moved on from providing excellence for just some to providing excellence for all a very important lesson and that also challenges the paradigms of many school systems that believe they are mainly there to sort people -and ever since those results came out policymakers educators researchers from around the world have tried to figure out -whats behind the success of those systems but lets step back for a moment and focus on the countries that actually started pisa and im giving them a colored -and luxembourg for example the most expensive system doesnt do particularly well what you see is that two countries with similar spending achieve very different results you also see and i think thats one of the most encouraging findings -one way you can spend money is by paying teachers well and you can see korea investing a lot in attracting the best people into the teaching profession and korea also invests into long school days which drives up costs further -look at how the world looked in the one thousand nine hundred and sixty s in terms of the proportion of people who had completed high school -you go to the next country on the list luxembourg and you can see the red dot is exactly where it is for korea so luxembourg spends the same per student as korea does -but even luxembourg can spend its money only once and the price for this is that teachers are not paid particularly well students dont have long hours of learning -and basically teachers have little time to do anything else than teaching so you can see two countries spent their money very differently and actually how they spent their money matters a lot more than how much they invest in education -you can see the united states ahead of everyone else -lets go back to the year two thousand remember that was the year before the ipod was invented this is how the world looked then in terms of pisa performance -the first thing you can see is that the bubbles were a lot smaller no we spent a lot less on education about thirty five percent less on education so you ask yourself if education has become so much more expensive has it become so much better and the bitter truth really is that you know not in many countries -and much of the economic success of the united states draws on its long standing advantage as the first mover in education -but there are some countries which have seen impressive improvements -germany my own country in the year two thousand featured in the lower quadrant below average performance large social disparities and remember germany we used to be one of those countries that comes out very well when you just count people who have degrees -very disappointing results people were stunned by the results and for the very first time the public debate in germany was dominated for months by education -not tax not other kinds of issues but education was the center of the public debate and then policymakers began to respond to this the federal government -dramatically raised its investment in education a lot was done to increase the life chances of students with an immigrant background or from social disadvantage -and whats really interesting is that this wasnt just about optimizing existing policies -but data transformed some of the beliefs and paradigms underlying german education for example traditionally the education of the very young children was seen as the business of families and you would have cases where women were seen as neglecting their family responsibilities when they sent their children to kindergarten -pisa has transformed that debate and pushed early childhood education right at the center of public policy in germany or traditionally the german education divides children at the age of ten very young children between those deemed to pursue careers of knowledge workers -and those who would end up working for the knowledge workers and that mainly along socioeconomic lines and that paradigm is being challenged now too a lot of change -and the good news is nine years later you can see improvements in quality and equity -but still an impressive improvement a major overhaul of polands education helped to dramatically reduce between variability among schools turn around many of the lowest performing schools and raise performance by over half a school year -so what you can actually see theres been a lot of change -and even those people who complain and say that the relative standing of countries on something like pisa is just an artifact of culture of economic factors of social issues of homogeneity of societies and so on -and all that raises of course the question what can we learn from those countries in the green quadrant who have achieved high levels of equity high levels of performance and raised outcomes -and of course the question is can what works in one context provide a model elsewhere of course you cant copy and paste education systems wholesale but these comparisons have identified a range of factors that high performing systems share -everybody agrees that education is important everybody says -how do the media talk about schools and teachers those are the critical questions and what we have learned from pisa is that in high performing education systems the leaders have convinced their citizens to make choices that value education their future more than consumption today -and you know whats interesting you wont believe it but there are countries in which the most attractive place to be is not the shopping center but the school those things really exist but placing a high value on education is just part of the picture -the other part is the belief that all children are capable of success -you have some countries where students are segregated early in their ages you know students are divided up reflecting the belief that only some children can achieve world -class standards but usually that is linked to very strong social disparities if you go to japan in asia or finland in europe parents and teachers in those countries expect every student to succeed -korea shows you whats possible in education two generations ago korea had the standard of living of afghanistan today and was one of the lowest education performers today every young korean finishes high school -and you can see that actually mirrored in student behavior when we asked students what counts for success in mathematics -students in north america would typically tell us you know its all about talent if im not born as a genius in math id better study -in the past different students were taught in similar ways high performers on pisa embrace diversity with differentiated pedagogical practices -they realize that ordinary students have extraordinary talents -and they personalize learning opportunities high performing systems also share clear and ambitious standards across the entire spectrum every student knows what matters every student knows whats required to be successful -and nowhere does the quality of an education system exceed the quality of its teachers high performing systems are very careful in how they recruit and select their teachers and how they train -they watch how they improve the performances of teachers in difficulties who are struggling and how they structure teacher pay -they provide an environment also in which teachers work together to frame good practice -and they provide intelligent pathways for teachers to grow in their careers -high performing systems are very clear what good performance is they set very ambitious standards but then they enable their teachers to figure out what do i need to teach to my students today -the past was about delivered wisdom in education now the challenge is to enable user generated wisdom -high performers have moved on from professional or from administrative forms of accountability and control sort of how do you check whether people do what theyre supposed to do in education to professional forms of work organization -about seven thousand years ago -now in the course of time weve come to realize that -different parts of the brain do different things so there are areas of the brain that are dedicated to controlling your movement or your vision or your memory or your appetite and so on and when things work well then the nervous system works well and everything functions but once in a while things dont go so well and theres trouble -in these circuits and there are some rogue neurons that are misfiring -and causing trouble or sometimes theyre underactive and theyre not quite working as they should -now the manifestation of this depends on where in the brain these neurons are so when these neurons are in the motor circuit you get dysfunction in the movement system and you get things like parkinsons disease -when the malfunction is in a circuit that regulates your mood you get things like depression and when it is in a circuit that controls your memory and cognitive function then you get things like alzheimers disease -so what weve been able to do is to pinpoint where these disturbances are in the brain -and weve been able to intervene within these circuits in the brain to either turn them up -so i am indeed a neurosurgeon and i follow a long tradition of neurosurgery and what im going to tell you about today is adjusting the dials in the circuits in the brain being able to go anywhere in the brain and turning areas of the brain up or down -or turn them down so this is very much like choosing the correct station on the radio dial once you choose the right station whether it be jazz or opera in our case whether it be movement or mood we can put the dial there and then we can use a second button to adjust the volume -to turn it up or turn it down so what im going to tell you about is using -the circuitry of the brain to implant electrodes and turning areas of the brain up and down to see if we can help our patients -and this is accomplished using this kind of device and this is called deep brain stimulation so what were doing is placing these electrodes throughout the brain again we are making holes in the skull about the size of a dime putting an electrode in and then this electrode is completely underneath the skin down to a pacemaker in the chest -and with a remote control very much like a television remote control we can adjust how much electricity we deliver to these areas of the brain we can turn it up or down on or off -now about a hundred thousand patients in the world have received deep brain stimulation and im going to show you some examples of using deep brain stimulation to treat disorders of movement disorders of mood and disorders of cognition -so this looks something like this when its in the brain you see the electrode going through the skull into the brain and resting there and we can place this really anywhere in the brain i tell my friends that no neuron is safe from a neurosurgeon because we can really reach just about anywhere in the brain quite safely now -now the first example im going to show you is a patient with parkinsons disease and this lady has parkinsons disease and she has these electrodes in her brain and im going to show you what shes like when the electrodes are turned off and she has her parkinsons symptoms and then were going to turn it on -so this looks something like this -its on -and the difference between shaking in this way and not -so we now know how to find these troublemakers and tell them gentlemen thats enough we want you to stop doing that and we do that with electricity so we use electricity to dictate how they fire and we try to block their misbehavior using electricity -so in this case we are suppressing the activity of abnormal neurons we started using this technique in other problems and im going to tell you about a fascinating problem that we encountered a case of dystonia -to help our patients -so dystonia is a disorder affecting children its a genetic disorder and it involves a twisting motion and these children get progressively more and more twisting until they cant breathe until they get sores urinary infections and then they die -so as i said neurosurgery comes from a long tradition its been around for about seven thousand years in mesoamerica there used to be neurosurgery and there were these neurosurgeons that used to treat patients -so back in one thousand nine hundred and ninety seven i was asked to see this young boy perfectly normal he has this genetic form of dystonia there are eight children in the family five of them have dystonia -and indeed the natural progression as this gets worse is for them to become progressively twisted progressively disabled and many of these children do not survive -so he is one of five kids the only way he could get around was crawling on his belly like this -he did not respond to any drugs we did not know what to do with this boy we did not know what operation to do where to go in the brain -so here he is now -back in israel where he lives three months after the procedure and here he is -this boy is now in university and leads quite a normal life this has been one of the most satisfying cases that i have ever done in my entire career to restore movement and walking to this kind of -we realized that perhaps we could use this technology not only in circuits that control your movement but also circuits that control other things and the next thing that we took on was circuits that control your mood -and they were trying to they knew that the brain was involved in neurological and psychiatric disease they didnt know exactly what they were doing not much has changed by the way laughter but they thought that if you had a neurologic or psychiatric disease it must be because you are possessed by an evil spirit -so the first thing we did was we compared whats different in the brain of someone with depression and someone who is normal and what we did was pet scans to look at the blood flow of the brain and what we noticed is that in patients with depression compared to normals -areas of the brain are shut down and those are the areas in blue so here you really have the blues and the areas in blue are areas that are involved in motivation in drive and decision making and indeed if youre severely depressed as these patients were those are impaired you lack motivation and drive -the other thing we discovered was an area that was overactive area twenty five seen there in red and area twenty five is the sadness center of the brain if i make any of you sad for example i make you remember the last time you saw your parent before they died or a friend before they died this area of the brain lights up it is the sadness center of the brain -and so patients with depression have hyperactivity the area of the brain for sadness is on red hot the thermostat is set at one hundred degrees -and the other areas of the brain involved in drive and motivation are shut down so we wondered can we place electrodes in this area of sadness and see if we can turn down the thermostat can we turn down the activity and what will be the consequence of that -so we went ahead and implanted electrodes in patients with depression this is work done with my colleague helen mayberg from emory -and we placed electrodes in area twenty five and in the top scan you see before the operation area twenty five the sadness area is red hot and the frontal lobes are shut down in blue and then after three months of continuous stimulation twenty four hours a day or six months of continuous stimulation we have a complete reversal of this were able to drive down area twenty five -down to a more normal level and were able to turn back online the frontal lobes of the brain and indeed were seeing very striking results in these patients with severe depression -so now we are in clinical trials and are in phase iii clinical trials and this may become a new procedure if its safe and we find that its effective to treat patients with severe depression -were going to do this in people that have cognitive deficits and weve chosen to treat patients with alzheimers disease who have cognitive and memory deficits as you know this is the main symptom of early onset alzheimers -so if you are possessed by an evil spirit causing neurologic or psychiatric problems -theres a huge deficit in glucose utilization in the brain the brain is a bit of a hog when it comes to using glucose it uses twenty percent of all your even though it only weighs two percent it uses ten times more glucose than it should based on its weight twenty percent of all the glucose in your body is used by the brain -and as you go from being normal to having mild cognitive impairment which is a precursor for alzheimers all the way to alzheimers disease then there are areas of the brain that stop using glucose they shut down they turn off -and indeed what we see is that these areas in red around the outside ribbon of the brain are progressively getting more and more blue until they shut down completely -this is analogous to having a power failure in an area of the brain a regional power failure so the lights are out in parts of the brain in patients with alzheimers disease -then the way to treat this is of course to make a hole in your skull and let the evil spirit escape -and the question is are the lights out forever or can we turn the lights back on can we get those areas of the brain to use glucose once again so this is what we did we implanted electrodes in the fornix -of patients with alzheimers disease we turned it on and we looked at what happens to glucose use in the brain and indeed at the top youll see before the surgery the areas in blue are the areas that use less glucose than normal predominantly the parietal and temporal lobes these areas of the brain are shut down the lights are out in these areas of the brain -we then put in the dbs electrodes and we wait for a month or a year and the areas in red represent the areas where we increase glucose utilization and indeed we are able to get these areas of the brain that were not using glucose to use glucose once again -so the message here is that in alzheimers disease the lights are out but there is someone home and were able to turn the power back on to these areas of the brain and as we do so we expect that their functions will return -so this is now in clinical trials we are going to operate on fifty patients with early alzheimers disease to see whether this is safe and effective whether we can improve their neurologic function -so the message i want to leave you with today is that indeed there are several circuits in the brain that are malfunctioning across various disease states whether were talking about parkinsons disease depression schizophrenia -so this was the thinking back then and these individuals made these holes sometimes -alzheimers we are now learning to understand what are the circuits what are the areas of the brain that are responsible for the clinical signs and the symptoms of those diseases we can now reach those circuits we can introduce electrodes within those circuits we can graduate the activity of those circuits we can turn them -down if they are overactive if theyre causing trouble trouble that is felt throughout the brain or we can turn them up if they are underperforming and in so doing we think that we may be able to help the overall function of the brain -the implications of this of course is that we may be able to modify the symptoms of the disease but i havent told you but theres also some evidence that we might be able to help the repair of damaged areas of the brain using electricity and this is something for the future to see if indeed we not only change the activity but also some of the reparative functions of the brain can be harvested -the patients were a little bit reluctant to go through this because you can tell that the holes are made partially and then i think there was some trepanation and then they left very quickly and it was only a partial hole and we know they survived these procedures but this was common there were some sites where one percent of all the skulls -so i envision that were going to see a great expansion of indications of this technique were going to see electrodes being placed for many disorders of the brain -the -one of the most exciting things about this is that indeed it involves multidisciplinary work it involves the work of engineers of imaging scientists of basic scientists of neurologists psychiatrists neurosurgeons and certainly at the interface -of these multiple disciplines that theres the excitement and i think that -so i wanted to do something special -so this is basically a song about loops but not the kind of loops that i make up here theyre feedback loops and in the audio world thats when the microphone gets too close to -its sound source and then it gets in this self destructive loop that creates a very unpleasant sound and im going to demonstrate for you -cows their own brains or you get mad cow disease and inbreeding and incest and -the -and its like your eyes start straining to see themselves -its impossible of course for your eyes to see themselves but they seem to be trying so thats getting a little more closer to a personal experience or ears being able to hear themselves its just impossible thats the thing so -its kind of cool songwriters can sort of get away with murder you can throw out crazy theories and not have to back it up with data or graphs or research -im going to finish up with a song of mine called weather systems -so if there was this world and this screen and if there was the physical world around me i couldnt ever get them together in the same place and then this happened -my internet broke one day as it occasionally does and the cable guy came to fix it and he started with the dusty clump of cables behind the couch and he followed it to the front of my building and into the basement and out to the back yard and there was this big jumble of cables against the wall -and then he saw a squirrel running along the wire and he said theres your problem a squirrel is chewing on your internet -ve always written primarily about architecture about buildings and writing about architecture is based on certain assumptions an architect designs a building and it becomes a place or many architects design many buildings and it becomes a city -protocols that has changed everything from shopping to dating to revolutions it was unequivocally not something a squirrel could chew on -the wire from the wall and if you started to follow it where would it go was the internet actually a place that you could visit could i go there who would i meet you know was there something actually out there -and the answer by all accounts was no this was the internet this black box with a red light on it -as represented in the sitcom the it crowd -normally it lives on the top of big ben -because thats where you get the best reception but they had negotiated that their colleague could borrow it for the afternoon to use in an office presentation the elders of the internet were willing to part with it for a short while -and she looks at it and she says this is the internet the whole internet is it heavy they say of course not the internet doesnt weigh anything -and i was embarrassed i was looking for this thing that only fools seem to look for the internet was that amorphous blob or it was a silly black box with a blinking red light on it it wasnt a real world out there but in fact it is there is a real world of the internet out there and thats what i spent about two years visiting these places of the internet -i was in large data centers that use as much power as the cities in which they sit and i visited places like this sixty hudson street in new york -which is one of the buildings in the world one of a very short list of buildings about a dozen buildings where more networks of the internet connect to each other -than anywhere else and that connection is an unequivocally physical process its about the router of one network a facebook or a google or a b t or a comcast or a time warner whatever it is connecting with usually a yellow fiber optic cable up into the ceiling and down into the router of another network -and thats unequivocally physical and its surprisingly intimate -and regardless of this complicated mix of forces of politics and culture and economics that shapes these places at the end of the day you can go and you can visit them you can walk around them you can smell them you can get a feel for them you can experience their sense of place -and sixty hudson in particular is interesting because its home to about a half a dozen very important networks which are the networks which serve the undersea cables that travel underneath the ocean -if the internet is a global phenomenon if we live in a global village its because there are cables underneath the ocean cables like this -and in this dimension they are incredibly small you can you hold them in your hand theyre like a garden hose but in the other dimension they are incredibly expansive as expansive as you can imagine they stretch across the ocean theyre three or five or eight thousand miles in length -and if the material science and the computational technology is incredibly complicated the basic physical process is shockingly simple light goes in on one end of the ocean and comes out on the other and it usually comes from a building called a landing station thats often tucked away inconspicuously in a little seaside neighborhood -and there are amplifiers that sit on the ocean floor that look kind of like bluefin tuna and every fifty miles they amplify the signal and since the rate of transmission is incredibly fast the basic unit is a ten gigabit per second wavelength of light maybe a thousand times your own -but not only that but youll put not just one wavelength of light through one of the fibers but youll put maybe fifty or sixty or seventy different wavelengths or colors of light through a single fiber and then youll have maybe eight fibers in a cable four going in each direction and theyre tiny theyre the thickness of a hair -and then they connect to the continent somewhere they connect in a manhole like this literally this is where the five thousand mile cable plugs in this is in halifax a cable that stretches from halifax to ireland -and the landscape is changing three years ago when i started thinking about this there was one cable down the western coast of africa represented in this map by steve song as that thin black line now there are six cables and more coming three down each coast -because once a country gets plugged in by one cable they realize that its not enough if theyre going to build an industry around it they need to know that their connection isnt tenuous but permanent because if a cable breaks you have to send a ship out into the water throw a grappling hook over the side -pick it up find the other end and then fuse the two ends back together and then dump it over its an intensely intensely physical process -so this is my friend simon cooper who until very recently worked for tata communications the communications wing of tata the big indian industrial conglomerate and ive never met him weve only communicated via this telepresence system which always makes me think of him as the man inside the internet -but what was striking to me over the last several years was that less and less was i going out into the world and more and more i was sitting in front of my computer screen -and tata had gotten its start as a communications business when they bought two cables one across the atlantic and one across the pacific and proceeded to add pieces onto them -and then having done that they started to look for places -to wire next they looked for the unwired places and thats -and i was particularly interested because i wanted to see one of these cables being built see you know all the time online we experience these fleeting moments of connection these sort of brief adjacencies a tweet or a facebook post or an email and it seemed like there was a physical corollary to that it seemed like there was a moment when the continent was being plugged in and i wanted to see that -and simon was working on a new cable wacs the west africa cable system that stretched from lisbon down the west coast of africa to cote divoire to ghana to nigeria to cameroon -and he said there was coming soon depending on the weather but hed let me know when and so with about four days notice he said to go to this beach south of lisbon and a little after nine this guy will walk out of the water -and especially since about two thousand and seven when i got an iphone i was not only sitting in front of my screen all day but i was also getting up at the end of the day and looking at this little screen that i carried in my pocket -then a bulldozer began to pull the cable in from this specialized cable landing ship and it was floated on these buoys until it was in the right place then you can see the english engineers looking on and then once it was in the right place he got back in the water holding a big knife -and then once that cable was on shore they began to prepare to connect it to the other side for the cable that had been brought down from the landing station -and first they got it with a hacksaw and then they start sort of shaving away at this plastic interior with a sort of working like chefs and then finally theyre working like jewelers to get these hair thin fibers to line up with the cable that had come down and with this hole punch machine they fuse it together -and when you see these guys going at this cable with a hacksaw you stop thinking about the internet as a cloud it starts to seem like an incredibly physical thing -and what surprised me as well was that as much as this is based on the most sophisticated technology as much as this is an incredibly new thing the physical process itself has been around for a long time and the culture is the same you see the local laborers you see the english engineer giving directions in the background -and what was surprising to me was how quickly -and more importantly the places are the same these cables still connect these classic port cities places like lisbon mombasa mumbai singapore new york -and then the process on shore takes around three or four days and then when its done they put the manhole cover back on top and they push the sand over that and we all forget about it -and it seems to me that we talk a lot about the cloud but every time we put something on the cloud we give up some responsibility for it we are less connected to it we let other people worry about it and that doesnt seem right theres a great neal stephenson line where he says that wired people should know something about wires -my relationship to the physical world had changed in this very short period of time you know whether you call it the last fifteen years or so of being online or the last you know four or five years of being online all the time -and we should know i think we should know where our internet comes from and we should know what it is that physically physically connects us all thank you -our relationship to our surroundings had changed in that our attention is constantly divided you know were both looking inside the screens and were looking out in the world around us -and what was even more striking to me and what i really got hung up on was that the world inside the screen seemed to have no physical reality of its own -if you went and looked for images of the internet this was all that you found this famous image by opte of the internet as the kind of milky way this infinite expanse where we dont seem to be anywhere on it we can never seem to grasp it in its totality -and the two thousand s are the only time we have on record where there were fewer people working at the end of the decade than at the beginning -this is not what you want to see when you graph the number of potential employees versus the number of jobs in the country you see the gap gets bigger and bigger over time -turns out when tens of millions of people are unemployed or underemployed theres a fair amount of interest in what technology might be doing to the labor force and as i look at the conversation it strikes me that its focused on exactly the right topic -and then during the great recession it opened up in a huge way -i did some quick calculations i took the last twenty years of gdp growth and the last twenty years of labor productivity growth -and used those in a fairly straightforward way to try to project how many jobs the economy was going to need to keep growing and this is the line that i came up with is that good or bad this is the governments projection for the working age population going forward -so if these predictions are accurate that gap is not going to close the problem is i dont think these projections are accurate in particular i think my projection is way too optimistic because when i did it -i was assuming that the future was kind of going to look like the past with labor productivity growth and thats actually not what i believe because when i look around -i think that we aint seen nothing yet when it comes to technologys impact on the labor force -just in the past couple years weve seen digital tools display skills and abilities that they never ever had before -and that kind of eat deeply into what we human beings do for a living let me give you a couple examples throughout all of history if you wanted something translated from one language into another you had to involve a human being -now we have multi language instantaneous automatic translation services available for free via many of our devices all the way down to smartphones and if any of us have used these we know that theyre not perfect but theyre decent -throughout all of history if you wanted something written a report or an article you had to involve a person not anymore this is an article that appeared in forbes online a while back about apples earnings it was written by an algorithm and its not decent its perfect -a lot of people look at this and they say okay but those are very specific narrow tasks and most knowledge workers are actually generalists and what they do is sit on top of a very large body of expertise and knowledge and they use that to react on the fly to kind of unpredictable demands and thats very very hard to automate -one of the most impressive knowledge workers in recent memory -took home three million dollars -thats ken on the right getting beat three to one by watson the jeopardy playing supercomputer from ibm so when we look at what technology can do to general knowledge workers -and at the same time its missing the point entirely the topic that its focused on the question is whether or not all these digital technologies are affecting peoples ability to earn a living or to say it a little bit different way are the droids taking our jobs and theres some evidence that they are -i start to think there might not be something so special about this idea of a generalist particularly when we start doing things like hooking siri up to watson -and having technologies that can understand what were saying and repeat speech back to us now siri is far from perfect and we can make fun of her flaws but we should also keep in mind that if technologies like siri and watson improve along a moores law trajectory -which they will in six years theyre not going to be two times better or four times better theyll be sixteen times better than they are right now so i start to think that a lot of knowledge work is going to be affected by this -and digital technologies are not just impacting knowledge work theyre starting to flex their muscles in the physical world as well i had the chance a little while back to ride in the google autonomous car which is as cool as it sounds -but theyre getting better quite quickly and darpa which is the investment arm of the defense department is trying to accelerate their trajectory so in short yeah the droids are coming for our jobs in the short term we can stimulate job growth by encouraging entrepreneurship -and by investing in infrastructure because the robots today still arent very good at fixing bridges but in the not too long term i think within the lifetimes of most of the people in this room -were going to transition into an economy that is very productive but that just doesnt need a lot of human workers and managing that transition is going to be the greatest challenge that our society faces voltaire summarized why he said work saves us from three great evils boredom vice and need -but despite this challenge im personally im still a huge digital optimist and i am supremely confident -that the digital technologies that were developing now are going to take us into a utopian future not a dystopian future and to explain why i want to pose kind of a ridiculously broad question i want to ask what have been the most important developments in human history -now i want to share some of the answers that ive gotten in response to this question its a wonderful question to ask and to start an endless debate about because some people are going to bring up systems of philosophy in both the west and the east that have changed how a lot of people think about the world -and then other people will say no actually the big stories the big developments are the founding of the worlds major religions which have changed civilizations and have changed and influenced how countless people are living their lives -the great recession ended when american gdp resumed its kind of slow steady march upward -there are some optimistic answers to this question so some people will bring up the age of exploration and the opening up of the world others will talk about intellectual achievements in disciplines like math that have helped us get a better handle on the world and other folk will talk about periods when there was a deep flourishing of the arts and sciences -no single answer to it but if youre a geek like me you say well what do the data say -and you start to do things like graph things that we might be interested in the total worldwide population for example or some measure of social development or the state of advancement of a society and you start to plot the data because by this approach -and some other economic indicators also started to rebound and they got kind of healthy kind of quickly corporate profits are quite high in fact if you include bank profits theyre higher than theyve ever been -the big stories the big developments in human history are the ones that will bend these curves a lot -so when you do this and when you plot the data you pretty quickly come to some weird conclusions you conclude actually that none of these things have mattered very much -one story one development in human history that bent the curve bent it just about ninety degrees and it is a technology story -the steam engine and the other associated technologies of the industrial revolution changed the world and influenced human history so much that in the words of the historian ian morris they made mockery out of all that had come before -and they did this by infinitely multiplying the power of our muscles overcoming the limitations of our muscles now what were in the middle of now is overcoming the limitations of our individual brains and infinitely multiplying our mental power how can this not be as big a deal -as overcoming the limitations of our muscles so at the risk of repeating myself a little bit when i look at whats going on with digital technology these days we are not anywhere near through with this journey -and when i look at what is happening to our economies and our societies my single conclusion is that we aint seen nothing yet the best days are really ahead let me give you a couple examples economies dont run on energy -they dont run on capital they dont run on labor economies run on ideas so the work of innovation the work of coming up with new ideas is some of the most powerful some of the most fundamental work that we can do in an economy and this is kind of how we used to do innovation wed find a bunch of fairly similar looking people -and business investment in gear in equipment and hardware and software is at an all time high so the businesses are getting out their checkbooks what theyre not really doing is hiring -as a white guy who spent his whole career at mit and harvard i got no problem with this -where they went to school or what they look like all anyone cares about is the quality of the work the quality of the ideas and over and over again we see this happening in the technology facilitated world -the work of innovation is becoming more open more inclusive more transparent and more merit based and thats going to continue no matter what mit and harvard think of it and i couldnt be happier about that development -i hear once in a while okay ill grant you that but technology is still a tool for the rich world and whats not happening these digital tools are not improving the lives of people at the bottom of the pyramid and i want to say to that very clearly -nonsense the bottom of the pyramid is benefiting hugely from technology the economist robert jensen did this wonderful study a while back where he watched in great detail what happened to the fishing villages of kerala india when they got mobile phones for the very first time -and when you write for the quarterly journal of economics you have to use very dry and very circumspect language but when i read his paper i kind of feel jensen is trying to scream at us and say look this was a big deal -prices stabilized so people could plan their economic lives waste was not reduced it was eliminated -and the lives of both the buyers and the sellers in these villages measurably improved now what i dont think -is that jensen got extremely lucky and happened to land in the one set of villages where technology made things better -what happened instead is he very carefully documented what happens over and over again when technology comes for the first time to an environment and a community the lives of people the welfares of people improve dramatically -so this red line is the employment to population ratio in other words the percentage of working age people in america who have work -so as i look around at all the evidence and i think about the room that we have ahead of us i become a huge digital optimist and i start to think that this wonderful statement from the physicist freeman dyson is actually not hyperbole -this is an accurate assessment of whats going on our digital our technologies are great gifts and we right now have the great good fortune -to be living at a time when digital technology is flourishing when it is broadening and deepening and becoming more profound all around the world -so yeah the droids are taking our jobs but focusing on that fact misses the point entirely the point is that then we are freed up to do other things -and what we are going to do i am very confident what were going to do is reduce poverty and drudgery and misery around the world im very confident were going to learn to live more lightly on the planet -and i am extremely confident that what were going to do with our new digital tools is going to be so profound -and we see that it cratered during the great recession and it hasnt started to bounce back at all but the story is not just a recession story the decade that weve just been through had relatively anemic job growth all throughout especially when we compare it to other decades -theyre still acquiring new skills for example mobile humanoid robots are still incredibly primitive but the research arm of the defense department just launched a competition to have them do things like this -and if the track record is any guide this competition is going to be successful so when i look around i think the day is not too far off at all when were going to have androids doing a lot of the work that we are doing right now -and were creating a world where there is going to be more and more technology and fewer and fewer jobs its a world that erik brynjolfsson and i are calling -the new machine age the thing to keep in mind is that this is absolutely great news this is the best economic news on the planet these days not that theres a lot of competition right -this is the best economic news we have these days for two main reasons the first is technological progress is what allows us to continue this amazing recent run that were on where output goes up over time -while at the same time prices go down -and volume and quality just continue to -now some people look at this and talk about shallow materialism but thats absolutely the wrong way to look at it this is abundance which is exactly what we want our economic system to provide -the second reason that the new machine age is such great news -is that once the androids start doing jobs we dont have to do them anymore and we get freed up from drudgery and toil now when i talk about this with my friends in cambridge and silicon valley they say fantastic no more drudgery no more toil this gives us the chance to imagine an entirely different kind of society -a society where the creators and the discoverers and the -performers and the innovators come together with their patrons and their financiers to talk about issues entertain enlighten provoke each other -its a society really that -looks a lot like the ted conference -and theres actually a huge amount of truth here we are seeing -an amazing flourishing taking place in a world where it is just about as easy to generate an object as it is to print a document we have amazing new possibilities the people who used to be craftsmen and hobbyists are now makers and theyre responsible for massive amounts of innovation and artists who were -formerly constrained can now do things that were never ever possible for them before -so this is a time of great flourishing and the more i look around the more convinced i become that this quote from the physicist freeman dyson is not hyperbole at all this is just a plain statement of the facts we are in the middle of an astonishing period technology is a gift of god after the gift of life it is perhaps the greatest of gods gifts it is the mother of civilizations of arts and of sciences freeman dyson which brings up another great question -what could possibly go wrong in this new machine age right great hang up flourish go home were going to face two really thorny sets of challenges as we head deeper into the future that were -im going to ignore their cautions and make one very specific forecast in the world that we are creating very quickly -and we see this very clearly in the statistics if you look over the past couple decades at the returns to capital in other words corporate profits we see them going up and we see that theyre now at an all time high -if we look at the returns to labor in other words total wages paid out in the economy we see them at an all time low and heading very quickly in the opposite direction so this is clearly bad news for reuther it looks like it might be great news for ford -but its actually not if you want to sell huge volumes of somewhat expensive goods to people -you really want a large stable prosperous middle class we have had one of those in america for just about the entire postwar period -but the middle class is clearly under huge threat right now we all know a lot of the statistics but just to repeat one of them median income in america has actually gone down over the past fifteen years and were in danger of getting trapped in some vicious cycle -where inequality and polarization continue to go up over time -the societal challenges that come along with that kind of inequality deserve some attention there are a set of societal challenges that im actually not that worried about and theyre captured by images like this this is not the kind of societal problem that i am -concerned about there is no shortage of dystopian visions about what happens when our machines become self aware and they decide to rise up and coordinate attacks against us -im going to start worrying about those the day my computer becomes aware of my printer -so this is not the set of challenges we really need to worry about to tell you the kinds of societal challenges that are going to come up in the new machine age i want to tell a story about two stereotypical american workers -and to make them really stereotypical lets make them both white guys and the first one is a college educated professional creative type manager -engineer doctor lawyer that kind of worker were going to call him ted -hes at the top of the american middle class his counterpart is not college educated and works as a laborer works as a clerk does low level white collar or blue collar work in the economy were going to call that guy bill -and if you go back about fifty years bill and ted were leading remarkably similar lives for example in one thousand nine hundred and sixty they were both very likely to have full time jobs working at least forty hours a week but as the social researcher charles murray has documented as we started to automate -the fortunes of bill and ted diverged a lot over this time frame ted has continued to hold a full time job bill hasnt in many cases bill has left the economy entirely and ted -very rarely has over time teds marriage has stayed quite happy -and hes started to go to prison a lot more often so i cannot tell a happy story about these social trends and they dont show any signs of reversing themselves theyre also true no matter which ethnic group or demographic group we look at and theyre actually -getting so severe that theyre in danger of overwhelming even the amazing progress we made with the civil rights movement and what my friends in silicon valley and cambridge are overlooking is that theyre ted -theyre living these amazingly busy -productive lives and theyve got all the benefits to show from that while bill is leading a very different life theyre actually both proof of how right voltaire was when he talked about the benefits of work -and the fact that it saves us from not one but three great evils -encourage entrepreneurship -double down on infrastructure and make sure were turning out people from our educational system with the appropriate skills but over the longer term if we are moving into an economy thats heavy on technology and light on labor and we are -then we have to consider some more radical interventions for example something like a guaranteed minimum income now thats probably making some folk in this room uncomfortable because that idea is associated with the extreme left wing and with fairly radical schemes for redistributing wealth -i did a little bit of research on this notion and it might calm some folk down to know that the idea of a net guaranteed minimum income has been championed by those frothing at the mouth socialists friedrich hayek richard nixon and milton friedman -and if you find yourself worried -around warehouses which means we need a lot fewer people to be walking up and down those aisles now -for getting bill to engage and stay engaged throughout life i do know that education is a huge part of it i witnessed this firsthand i was a montessori kid for the first few years of my education and what that education taught me is that the world is an interesting place and my job is to go explore it -with the benefit of hindsight i now know the job was to prepare me for life as a clerk or a laborer but at the time it felt like the job was to kind of bore me into some submission with what was going on around me we have to do better than this we cannot keep turning out bills -so we see some green shoots that things are getting better we see technology deeply impacting education and engaging people from our youngest learners up to our oldest ones -we see very prominent business voices telling us we need to rethink some of the things that weve been holding dear for a while and we see very serious and sustained and data driven efforts to understand how to intervene in some of the most troubled communities that we have so the green shoots are out there -for about two hundred years people have been saying exactly what im telling you the age of technological unemployment is at hand -and my biggest worry is that were creating a world where were going to have glittering technologies embedded in kind of a shabby society and supported by an economy that generates inequality instead of opportunity -but i actually dont think thats what were going to do i think were going to do something a lot better for one very straightforward reason -facts are getting out there the realities of this new machine age and the change in the economy are becoming more widely known if we wanted to accelerate that process we could do things like have our best economists and policymakers play jeopardy against watson -we could send congress on an autonomous car road trip and if we do enough of these kinds of things the awareness is going to sink in that things are going to be different and then were off to the races because i dont believe for a second -starting with the luddites smashing looms in britain just about two centuries ago and they have been wrong our economies in the developed world have coasted along on something pretty close to full employment which brings up a critical question why is this time different if it really is -that we have forgotten how to solve tough challenges or that we have become too apathetic or hard hearted to even try i started my talk with quotes from wordsmiths who were separated by an ocean and a century let me end it with words from politicians who were similarly distant -winston churchill came to my home of mit in one thousand nine hundred and forty nine and he said if we are to bring the broad masses of the people in every land to the table of abundance it can only be by the tireless improvement of all of our means of technical production -abraham lincoln realized there was one other ingredient he said i am a firm believer in the people if given the truth they can be depended upon to meet any national crisis -the reason its different is that just in the past few years our machines have started demonstrating skills they have never ever had before understanding speaking hearing seeing answering writing and -i want to say that there are two things we need to connect how the media covers africa in the west and the consequences of that -by displaying despair helplessness and hopelessness the media is telling the truth about africa and nothing but the truth -the media is not telling us the whole truth because despair civil -and famine although theyre part and parcel of our african reality they are not the only reality and secondly they are the smallest reality -thank you very much but let me tell you -and when they see him physically it is at public functions like this and even there it is him who advises them we have -i would cling to the children i have and pray away that atrocious spectacle and ultimately i feel that in the same way that we test flame retardant pajamas in an inferno to ensure they wont catch fire when our child reaches across the stove -so these stories of families negotiating these extreme differences reflect on the universal experience of parenting which is always that sometimes you look at your child and you think -where did you come from -there are only so many families in each of those categories but if you start to think that the experience of negotiating difference within your family is what people are addressing then you discover that its a nearly universal phenomenon ironically it turns out that its our differences and our negotiation of difference that unite us -i decided to have children while i was working on this project -and many people were astonished and said but how can you decide to have children in the midst of studying everything that can go wrong -and i said im not studying everything that can go wrong what im studying is how much love there can be even when everything appears to be going wrong -i thought a lot about the mother of one disabled child i had seen a severely disabled child who died through caregiver neglect and when his ashes were interred his mother said -i pray here for forgiveness for having been twice robbed -once of the child i wanted -and once of the son i loved -and i figured it was possible then for anyone to love any child if they had the effective will to do so so my husband is the biological father of two children with some lesbian friends in minneapolis -i had a close friend from college whod gone through a divorce and wanted to have children and so she and i have a daughter and mother and daughter live in texas -and my husband and i have a son who lives with us all the time of whom i am the biological father and our surrogate for the pregnancy was laura the lesbian mother of oliver and lucy in minneapolis -and there are people who think that the existence of my family somehow undermines or weakens or damages their family and -there are people who think that families like mine shouldnt be allowed to exist and i dont accept subtractive models of love -only additive ones and i believe that in the same way that we need species diversity to ensure that the planet can go on so we need this diversity of affection and diversity of family in order to strengthen the ecosphere of kindness -the day after our son was born the pediatrician came into the hospital room and said she was concerned -he wasnt extending his legs appropriately she said that might mean that he had brain damage in so far as he was extending them he was doing so asymmetrically which she thought could mean that there was a tumor of some kind in action -and he had a very large head which she thought might indicate hydrocephalus -and as she told me all of these things i felt the very center of my being pouring out onto the floor and i thought here i had been working for years on a book about how much meaning people had found in the experience of parenting children who are disabled and i didnt want to join their number -because what i was encountering was an idea of illness and like all parents since the dawn of time i wanted to protect my child from illness and i wanted also to protect myself from illness -and yet i knew from the work i had done that if he had any of the things we were about to start testing for that those would ultimately be his identity and if they were his identity they would become my identity that that illness was going to take a very different shape as it unfolded -when i was little my mother used to say the love you have for your children is like no other feeling in the world and until you have children you dont know what its like -we took him to the mri machine we took him to the cat scanner we took this day old child -and gave him over for an arterial blood draw we felt helpless and at the end of five hours they said that his brain was completely clear and that he was by then extending his legs correctly and when i asked the pediatrician what had been going on she said she thought in the morning he had probably had a cramp -in purely non religious terms -i thought how my mother was right i thought the love you have for your children is unlike any other feeling in the world and until you have children you dont know what it feels like -i think children had ensnared me the moment i connected fatherhood with loss -but im not sure i would have noticed that if i hadnt been so in the thick of this research project of mine id encountered so much strange love -and i fell very naturally into its bewitching patterns and i saw -during these ten years i had witnessed and learned the terrifying joy of unbearable responsibility and i had come to see how it conquers everything else -and while i had sometimes thought the parents i was interviewing were fools enslaving themselves to a lifetimes journey with their thankless children and trying to breed identity out of misery -and when i was little i took it as the greatest compliment in the world that she would say that about parenting my brother and me and when i was an adolescent i thought that im gay and so i probably cant have a family and when she said it it made me anxious -i realized that day that my research had built me a plank and that i was ready to join them on their ship -and after i came out of the closet when she continued to say it it made me furious i said im gay thats not the direction that im headed in and i want you to stop saying that -homosexuality represents a misuse of the sexual faculty it is a pathetic little second rate substitute for reality a pitiable flight from life -about twenty years ago i was asked by my editors at the new york times magazine to write a piece about deaf culture -and i was rather taken aback i had thought of deafness entirely as an illness those poor people they couldnt hear they lacked hearing and what could we do for them and then i went out into the deaf world i went to deaf clubs -i saw performances of deaf theater and of deaf poetry i even went to the miss deaf america contest in nashville tennessee where people complained about that slurry southern signing -and as i plunged deeper and deeper into the deaf world i become convinced that deafness was a culture and that the people in the deaf world who said we dont lack hearing we have membership in a culture were saying something that was viable it wasnt my culture and i didnt particularly want to rush off and join it -but i appreciated that it was a culture and that for the people who were members of it it felt as valuable as latino culture or gay culture or jewish culture it felt as valid perhaps even as american culture -then a friend of a friend of mine had a daughter who was a dwarf and when her daughter was born she suddenly found herself confronting questions that now began to seem quite resonant to me she was facing the question of what to do with this child should she say youre just like everyone else but a little bit shorter -or should she try to construct some kind of dwarf identity get involved in the little people of america become aware of what was happening for dwarfs -and i suddenly thought most deaf children are born to hearing parents -those hearing parents tend to try to cure them those deaf people discover community somehow in adolescence most gay people are born to straight parents those straight parents often want them to function in what they think of as the mainstream world and those gay people have to discover identity later on -and here was this friend of mine looking at these questions of identity with her dwarf daughter -as such it deserves no compassion it deserves no treatment as minority martyrdom -and i thought there it is again a family that perceives itself to be normal with a child who seems to be extraordinary -and i hatched the idea that there are really two kinds of identity there are vertical identities which are passed down generationally from parent to child those are things like ethnicity frequently nationality language often religion those are things you have in common with your parents and with your children -and while some of them can be difficult theres no attempt to cure them -you can argue that its harder in the united states our current presidency notwithstanding to be a person of color and yet we have nobody who is trying to ensure that the next generation of children born to african americans and asians come out with creamy skin and yellow hair -there are these other identities which you have to learn from a peer group and i call them horizontal identities because the peer group is the horizontal experience -these are identities that are alien to your parents and that you have to discover when you get to see them in peers and those identities those horizontal identities people have almost always tried to cure -and i wanted to look at what the process is through which people who have those identities come to a good relationship with them and it seemed to me -and it deserves not to be deemed anything but a pernicious sickness -theres family acceptance and theres social acceptance and they dont always coincide -and a lot of the time people who have these conditions are very angry because they feel as though their parents dont love them -when what actually has happened is that their parents dont accept them love is something that ideally is there unconditionally throughout the relationship between a parent and a child but acceptance is something that takes -time it always takes time -one of the dwarfs i got to know was a guy named clinton brown -when he was born he was diagnosed with diastrophic dwarfism a very disabling condition -and his parents were told that he would never walk he would never talk he would have no intellectual capacity and he would probably not even recognize them and it was suggested to them -that they leave him at the hospital so that he could die there quietly and his mother said she wasnt going to do it and she took her son home and even though she didnt have a lot of educational or financial advantages she found the best doctor in the country for dealing with diastrophic dwarfism -and she got clinton enrolled with him -and in the course of his childhood he had thirty major surgical procedures -thats from time magazine in one thousand nine hundred and sixty six when i was three years old and last year the president of the united states came out in favor of gay marriage -and he spent all this time stuck in the hospital while he was having those procedures as a result of which he now can walk and while he was there they sent tutors around to help him with his school work and he worked very hard because there was nothing else to do and he ended up achieving at a level that had never before been contemplated by any member of his family -he was the first one in his family in fact to go to college where he lived on campus and drove a specially fitted car that accommodated his unusual body -and his mother told me this story of coming home one day and he went to college nearby and she said i saw that car which you can always recognize in the parking lot of a bar she said -would be that hed go drinking and driving with his college buddies -did i do i loved him thats all -clinton just always had that light in him and his father and i were lucky enough -to be the first to see it there -im going to quote from another magazine of the sixty s this one is from one thousand nine hundred and sixty eight the atlantic monthly voice of liberal america -written by an important bioethicist he said there is no reason to feel guilty about putting a down syndrome child away whether it is put away in the sense of hidden in a sanitarium or in a more responsible lethal sense -it is sad yes dreadful -but it carries no guilt true guilt arises only from an offense against a person -and a downs is not a person -but we forget how we used to see people who had other differences how we used to see people who were disabled how inhuman we held people to be and the change thats been accomplished there which is almost equally radical is one that we pay not very much attention to -one of the families i interviewed tom and karen robards were taken aback when as young and successful new yorkers their first child was diagnosed with down syndrome -they thought the educational opportunities for him were not what they should be and so they decided they would build a little center two classrooms that they started with a few other parents to educate kids with d s -and over the years that center grew into something called the cooke center where there are now thousands upon thousands of children with intellectual disabilities who are being taught -in the time since that atlantic monthly story ran the life expectancy for people with down syndrome has tripled the experience of down syndrome people includes those who are -those who are writers some who are able to live fully independently in adulthood -the robards had a lot to do with that and i said do you regret it do you wish your child didnt have down syndrome do you wish youd never heard of it and interestingly his father said well for david our son i regret it because for david its a difficult way to be in the world and id like to give david an easier life -but i think if we lost everyone with down syndrome it would be a catastrophic loss -and karen robards said to me im with tom for david i would cure it in an instant to give him an easier life -but speaking for myself well i would never have believed twenty three years ago when he was born that i could come to such a point speaking for myself its made me so much better and so much kinder and so much more purposeful in my whole life that speaking -for myself i wouldnt give it up for anything in the world -we live at a point when social acceptance for these and many other conditions is on the up and up and yet we also live at the moment when our ability to eliminate those conditions has reached a height we never imagined before -most deaf infants born in the united states now -and mice who have been given that substance and who have the achondroplasia gene grow to full size testing in humans is around the corner -there are blood tests which are making progress that would pick up down syndrome more clearly and earlier in pregnancies than ever before making it easier and easier for people to eliminate those pregnancies or to terminate them -and so we have both social progress and medical progress and i believe in both of them i believe the social progress is fantastic and meaningful and wonderful -and when i see the way theyre intersecting in conditions like the three ive just described i sometimes think its like those moments in grand opera when the hero realizes he loves the heroine at the exact moment that she lies expiring on a divan -jim sinclair a prominent autism activist said when parents say i wish my child did not have autism what theyre really saying is i wish the child i have did not exist and i had a different non autistic child instead read that again -this is what we hear when you mourn over our existence this is what we hear when you pray for a cure that your fondest wish for us is that someday we will cease to be and strangers you can love will move in behind our faces -its a very extreme point of view but it points to the reality that people engage with the life they have and they dont want to be cured or changed or eliminated they want to be whoever it is that theyve come to be -one of the families i interviewed for this project was the family of dylan klebold who was one of the perpetrators of the columbine massacre -it took a long time to persuade them to talk to me and once they agreed they were so full of their story that they couldnt stop telling it and the first weekend i spent with them the first of many i recorded more than twenty hours of conversation and on sunday night we were all exhausted we were sitting in the kitchen sue klebold was fixing dinner -and i said if dylan were here now do you have a sense of what youd want to ask him and his father said i sure do id want to ask him what the hell -thought he was doing and sue looked at the floor and she thought for a minute and then she looked back up and said -i would ask him to forgive me for being his mother -and never knowing what was going on inside his head -thought id really rather have a blue balloon but i said that i definitely wanted the pink one and she reminded me that my favorite color was blue the fact that my favorite color now is blue but im still gay -but ive come to feel that i love the children i had so much that i dont want to imagine a life without them -i recognize the pain they caused to others for which there can be no forgiveness but the pain they caused to me there is she said so while i recognize that it would have been better for the world if dylan had never been born ive decided -i thought it was surprising how all of these families had all of these children with all of these problems problems that they mostly would have done anything to avoid and that they had all found so much meaning in that experience of parenting -and then i thought all of us who have children love the children we have with their flaws if some glorious angel suddenly descended through my living room ceiling and offered to take away the children i have and give me other better children more polite funnier nicer smarter -thats really not how it has to be so -i was about eleven when i went along to my first meditation class -and trust me it had all the stereotypes that you can imagine the sitting cross legged on the floor -the incense the herbal tea the vegetarians the whole deal but my mom was going and i was intrigued so i went along with her id also seen a few kung fu movies and secretly i kind of thought i might be able to learn how to fly but i was very young at the time now -as i was there i guess like a lot of people i assumed that it was just an aspirin for the mind you get stressed you do some meditation i hadnt really thought that it could be sort of preventative in nature -really serious things which just flipped my life upside down and all of a sudden i was inundated with thoughts inundated with difficult emotions that i didnt know how to cope with every time i sort of pushed one down another one would just sort of pop back up again it was a really very stressful time -i guess we all deal with stress in different ways -some people will bury themselves in work grateful for the distraction others will turn to their friends their family looking for support some people hit the bottle start taking medication -my own way of dealing with it was to become a monk so i quit my degree i headed off to the himalayas i became a monk and i started studying meditation -people often ask me what i learned from that time well obviously it changed things lets face it becoming a celibate monk is going to change a number of things but it was more than that -for the present moment by that i mean not being lost in thought not being distracted not being overwhelmed by difficult emotions but instead learning how to be in the here and now how to be mindful how to be present -i think the present moment is so underrated it sounds so ordinary and yet we spend so little time -in the present moment that its anything but ordinary there was a research paper that came out of harvard just recently that said on average our minds are lost in thought almost forty seven percent of the time forty seven percent -at the same time this sort of constant mind wandering is also a direct cause of unhappiness now -and potentially quite unhappy dunno it just kind of seems tragic actually especially when theres something we can do about it -when theres a positive practical achievable scientifically proven technique -just ten minutes undisturbed and when i say nothing i do mean nothing so thats no emailing texting no internet no tv no chatting no eating no reading -which allows our mind to be more healthy to be more mindful and less distracted and the beauty of it is that even though it need only take about ten minutes a day it impacts our entire life -but we need to know how to do it we need an exercise we need a framework to learn how to be more mindful thats essentially what meditation is its familiarizing ourselves with the present moment but we also need to know how to approach it in the right way to get the best from it -and thats what these are for in case youve been wondering because most people assume that meditation is all about stopping thoughts getting rid of emotions somehow controlling the mind but actually its quite different from that its more about stepping back -if i focus too much on the balls then theres no way that i can relax and talk to you at the same time equally if i relax too much talking to you then theres no way i can focus on the balls im going to drop them now in life and in meditation therell be times when the focus becomes a little bit too intense and life starts to -feel a bit like this its a very uncomfortable way to live life when you get this tight and stressed -without all the usual involvement now what usually happens when were learning to be mindful is that we get distracted -you go back to it repeat it oh i am worried oh i really am worried wow theres so much anxiety and before we know it right were anxious about feeling anxious you know this is crazy we do this all the time even on an everyday level if you think about -the last time i dunno you had a wobbly tooth you know its wobbly and you know that it hurts but what do you do every twenty thirty seconds -simply doing nothing -but when you sit down and you watch the mind in this way you might see many different patterns you might find a mind thats really restless and the whole time -the opportunity the potential to step back and to get a different perspective to see that things arent always as they appear -i see a lot of very blank faces laughter my thinking is you probably have to go a long way back and this is an extraordinary thing right were talking about our mind the mind our most valuable and precious resource through which we experience every single moment of our life the mind that we rely upon to -but we can change the way that we experience it thats the potential of meditation -be happy content emotionally stable as individuals and at the same time to be kind and thoughtful and considerate in our relationships with others -this is the same mind that we depend upon to be focused creative spontaneous and to perform at our very best in everything that we do and yet we dont take any time out to look after it -same with diatoms which are shown right here which are glasseous structures every time the diatoms replicate they give the genetic information that says heres how to build -but anyone whos ever had or knows small children knows theyre incredibly complex organisms -important to me also when we think about future technologies we start with the beginning of earth basically it took a billion years to have -and so thats what i would like be able to do convince biology to work with the rest of the periodic table now if you look at -magnets used for navigation what all these have in common is these materials are structured at the nanoscale and they have a dna sequence that codes for a protein sequence that gives them the blueprint to be able to build these really wonderful structures -now going back to the abalone shell the abalone makes this shell by having these proteins these proteins are very negatively charged and they can pull calcium out -in order to do it and so an interesting idea is what if you could take any material that you wanted or any element on the periodic table and find its corresponding dna sequence then code it for a corresponding protein sequence to build a structure but not build an abalone shell build something that through nature it has never had the opportunity to work with yet -and so heres the periodic table and i absolutely love the periodic table every year for the incoming freshman class at mit i have a periodic table made that says welcome to mit now youre in your element and you flip it over and its the amino acids -how do i give president obama a periodic table what if he says oh i already have one or ive already memorized it laughter and so he came to visit my lab and looked around it was a great visit and then afterward i said -and a lot of people might use structures like abalone shells like chalk -ive been fascinated by how nature makes materials and theres a lot of sequence to how they do such an exquisite job part of it is that these materials are macroscopic in structure but theyre formed at the nanoscale theyre formed at the nanoscale and they use -well it has a simple dna structure that you can go in and cut and paste additional dna sequences into it and by doing that it allows the virus to express random protein sequences and this is pretty easy biotechnology and you could basically do this a billion times -and so you can go in and have a billion different viruses that are all genetically identical but they differ from each other based on their -and so the other thing thats beautiful about biology is that biology gives you really exquisite structures with nice link scales and these viruses are long and skinny -and we can get them to express the ability to grow something like semiconductors or materials for batteries now this is a high powered battery that we grew in my lab we engineered a virus to pick up carbon nanotubes so one part of the virus grabs a carbon nanotube -but its basically you can pull one out of a billion you can make lots of amplifications to it basically you make an amplification in the lab and then you get it to self assemble into a structure like a battery -proteins that are coded by the genetic level that allow them to build these really exquisite structures -and you get an energy transfer across the virus -and then we give it a second gene to grow an inorganic material that can be used to split water into oxygen and hydrogen that can be used for clean fuels and i brought an example with me of that today my students promised me it would work -these are virus assembled nanowires when you shine light on them you can see them bubbling in this case youre seeing oxygen bubbles come out and basically by controlling the genes you can control multiple materials to improve your device performance -the last example are solar cells you can also do this with solar cells weve been able to engineer viruses to pick up carbon nanotubes and then grow titanium dioxide around them and use as a way of getting electrons through the device -so something i think is very fascinating is what if you could give life to non living structures like batteries and like solar cells what if they had some of the same capabilities that an abalone shell did in terms of being able to build really exquisite structures at room temperature -interesting things to be learned about how nature makes materials and taking it the next step to see if you can -and room pressure using non toxic chemicals and adding no toxic materials back into the environment so thats the vision that -and so going back to this abalone shell besides being nano structured one thing thats fascinating is when a male and a female abalone get together they pass on the genetic information that says this is how to build an exquisite material heres how to do it at room temperature and pressure using non toxic materials -so i left the classroom and i went to graduate school to become a psychologist i started studying kids and adults in all kinds of super challenging settings and in every study my question was who is successful here and why -my research team and i went to west point military academy we tried to predict which cadets would stay in military training and which would drop out we went to the national spelling bee and tried to predict which children would advance farthest in competition -seven years old i left a very demanding job in management consulting for a job that was even more demanding teaching -we studied rookie teachers working in really tough neighborhoods asking which teachers are still going to be here in teaching by the end of the school year and of those who will be the most effective at improving learning outcomes for their students -we partnered with private companies asking which of these salespeople is going to keep their jobs and whos going to earn the most money -but for years and working really hard to make that future a reality grit is living life like its a marathon not a sprint -a few years ago i started studying grit in the chicago public schools i asked thousands of high school juniors to take grit questionnaires and then waited around more than a year to see who would graduate -i went to teach seventh graders math in the new york city public schools and like any teacher i made quizzes and tests i gave out homework assignments when the work came back i calculated grades -turns out that grittier kids were significantly more likely to graduate -even when i matched them on every characteristic i could measure things like family income standardized achievement test scores even how safe kids felt when they were at school -so its not just at west point or the national spelling bee that grit matters its also in school especially for kids at risk for dropping out -to me the most shocking thing about grit -is how little we know how little science knows about building it every day parents and teachers ask me how do i build grit in kids what do i do to teach kids a solid work ethic how do i keep them motivated for the long run -the honest answer is i dont know laughter what i do know is that talent doesnt make you gritty -our data show very clearly that there are many talented individuals who simply do not follow through on their commitments in fact in our data grit is usually unrelated or even inversely related to measures of talent -so far the best idea ive heard about building grit in kids is something called growth mindset this is an idea developed at stanford university by carol dweck and it is the belief that the ability to learn is not fixed that it can change with your effort -dr dweck has shown that when kids read and learn about the brain and how it changes and grows in response to challenge theyre much more likely to persevere when they fail because they dont believe that failure is a permanent condition -so growth mindset is a great idea for building grit -but we need more and thats where im going to end my remarks because thats where we are thats the work that stands before us -we need to take our best ideas our strongest intuitions and we need to test them we need to measure whether weve been successful and we have to be willing to fail to be wrong to start over again with lessons learned -what struck me was that i q was not the only difference between my best and my worst students -some of my strongest performers did not have stratospheric i q scores some of my smartest kids werent doing so well and that got me thinking -if they worked hard and long enough -after several more years of teaching -i came to the conclusion that what we need in education is a much better understanding of students and learning from a motivational perspective from a psychological perspective in education the one thing we know how to measure best is i q -i -but what if doing well in school and in life depends on much more than your ability to learn quickly and easily -as long as they have infrastructure mentorship -and resources they can build what they need not only -they acted sweet -so as the seasons changed and it was time to plan the dance again one girl named brianna spoke up -and this whole thing is making me sad -and to become their own heroes so -we want every girl to experience the dance right -i said girls well well -he contacted me immediately -his doors are always open -because one thing he did know that when fathers are connected to their children it is less likely that they will return -sixteen inmates and -girls were invited -the girls were dressed in their sunday best -they laughed together -even experienced an opportunity to have a physical connection -something that a lot of them didnt even have -and pull out her chair -so we needed to create something that they could take with them -this was going to be used as a touchstone so when they started to miss each other -and feel disconnected they could reconnect through this image -because our daddies -hes even here today -because of barbed wires and metal doors -we have just created a form for girls who have heavy questions on their heart -and given the fathers the freedom -as a way to help girls of african descent -prepare for their passage into womanhood -these girls just needed -a way to invite their fathers into their lives -on their own terms -and all the girls quickly backed her up -they started dreaming about the decorations -but even if i could have slowed down those girls -all the way to antarctica and even to the south pole and today i would like to share with you some images some stories of these trips i have been basically spending the last few years documenting the efforts of some extremely intrepid men and women who -are putting literally at times their lives at stake working in some very remote and very hostile places so that they may gather the faintest signals from the cosmos in order for us to understand -this universe and -properly explain what is called normal matter the stuff that were all made of and thats four percent of the universe astronomers and cosmologists and physicists think that -there is something called dark matter in the universe which makes up -twenty three percent of the universe and something called dark energy which permeates the fabric of space time that makes up -another seventy three percent so if you look at this pie chart ninety six percent of the universe at this point in our exploration of it is unknown or not well understood and most of the experiments telescopes that i went to see are in some way addressing this question these two twin mysteries of dark matter and dark energy -i will take you first to an underground mine in northern minnesota -where people are looking for something called dark matter and the idea here is that they are looking for a sign of a dark matter particle hitting one of their detectors -and the reason why they have to go underground is that if you did this experiment on the surface of the earth the same experiment would be swamped by signals that could be created by things like cosmic rays ambient radio activity even our own bodies you might not believe it but even our own bodies are radioactive enough -to disturb this experiment so they go deep inside mines to find a kind of environmental silence that will allow them to hear the ping of a dark matter particle hitting their detector and -i went to see one of these experiments and this is actually you can barely see it and the reason for that is its entirely dark in there this is a cavern that was left behind by the miners -who left this mine in one thousand nine hundred and sixty and physicists came and started using it sometime in the one thousand nine hundred and eighty s and the miners in the early part of the last century worked literally in candlelight and today you would see this inside the mine half a mile underground this is one of the largest underground labs in the world and among other things theyre looking for dark matter -there is another way to search for dark matter which is indirectly if dark matter exists in our universe in our galaxy then these particles should be smashing together and producing other particles that we know about one of them being neutrinos and neutrinos you can detect -by the signature they leave when they hit water molecules when a neutrino hits a water molecule it emits a kind of blue light a flash of blue light and by looking for this blue light you can essentially understand something about the neutrino and then indirectly something about the dark matter that might have created this neutrino -but you need very very large volumes of water in order to do this -you need something like tens of megatons of water almost a gigaton of water in order to have any chance of catching this neutrino and where in the world would you find such water well the russians have a tank in their own backyard this is lake baikal it is the largest lake in the world its eight hundred km long -its about forty to fifty km wide in most places and one to two kilometers deep and what the russians are doing is theyre building these detectors and immersing them about a kilometer beneath the surface of the lake so that they can watch for these flashes of blue light -and this is the scene that greeted me when i landed there this is lake baikal in the -peak of the siberian winter the lake is entirely frozen and the line of black dots that you see -the universe and dr einstein a used paperback from a secondhand bookstore in seattle a few years after that in bangalore i was finding it hard to fall asleep one night and i picked up this book thinking it would put me to sleep in ten minutes -in the background thats the ice camp where the physicists are working the reason why they have to work in winter is because they dont have the money to work in summer and spring which if they did that they would need ships and submersibles to do their work so they wait until winter -the lake is completely frozen over and they use this meter thick ice as a platform on which to establish their ice camp and do their work so this is the russians working -on the ice in the peak of the siberian winter they have to drill holes in the ice dive down into the water cold cold water to get hold of the instrument bring it up do any repairs and maintenance that they need to do -put it back and get out before the ice melts because that phase of solid ice lasts for two months and its full of cracks and you have to imagine theres an entire sea like lake underneath moving i still dont understand this one russian man working in his bare chest but that tells you how hard he was working -just to give you an idea they have spent twenty million over twenty years its very harsh conditions they work on a shoestring budget the toilets there are literally holes in the ground covered with a wooden shack -and its that basic but they do this every year -from siberia to the atacama desert in chile to see something called the very large telescope the very large telescope is one of these things that astronomers do they name their telescopes rather unimaginatively i can tell you for a fact that the next one that theyre planning is called the extremely large telescope -what this dark energy that the universe is made of is all about and one piece of engineering that i want to leave you with as regards this telescope is the mirror -each mirror there are four of them is made of a single piece of glass a monolithic piece of high tech ceramic that has been ground down and polished to such accuracy that the only way to understand what that is is to imagine a city like paris -and as it happened i read it from midnight to five in the morning in one shot and i was left with this intense feeling of awe and exhilaration -with all its buildings and the eiffel tower if you grind down paris to that kind of accuracy -and thats the kind of polishing that these mirrors have endured an extraordinary set of telescopes heres another view of the same the reason why you have to build these telescopes in places like the atacama desert is because of the high altitude desert -the dry air is really good for telescopes and also the cloud cover is below the summit of these mountains so that the telescopes have about three hundred days of clear skies -finally i want to take you to antarctica i want to spend most of my time on this part of the world this is cosmologys final frontier some of the most amazing experiments some of the most extreme experiments are being done in antarctica i was there to view something called a long duration balloon flight -which basically takes telescopes and instruments all the way to the upper -thats where they do their experiments and then the balloon the payload is brought down so this is us landing on the ross ice shelf in antarctica thats an american c seventeen cargo plane that flew us from -new zealand to mcmurdo in antarctica and here we are about to board our bus and i dont know if you can read the lettering but it says ivan the terribus -and thats taking us to mcmurdo and this is the scene that greets you in mcmurdo and you barely might be able to make out this hut here this hut was built by -robert falcon scott and his men when they first came to antarctica on their first expedition to go to the south pole -because its so cold the entire contents of that hut is still as they left it with the remnants of the last meal they cooked still there its an extraordinary place -this is mcmurdo itself about a thousand people work here in summer and about two hundred in winter when its completely dark for six months i was here to see the launch of this particular type of instrument -this is a cosmic ray experiment that has been launched all the way to the upper stratosphere to an altitude of forty km what i want you to imagine is this is two tons in weight so youre using a balloon to carry something that is two tons all the way -what they have to do is they have to assemble the entire balloon -the fabric parachute and everything on the ice and then fill it up with helium and that process takes about two hours and the weather can change as theyre putting together this whole assembly for instance here they are laying down the balloon fabric behind which is eventually going to be filled up with helium those two trucks you see at the very end -carry twelve tanks each of compressed helium now in case the weather changes before the launch they have to actually pack everything back up into their boxes and take it out back to mcmurdo station -trigger for me to actually change my career from being a software engineer to become a science writer so that i could partake in the joy of science and also the joy of communicating it to others -the fabric alone weighs two tons in order to minimize the weight its very thin its as thin as a sandwich wrapper and if they have to pack it back they have to put it into boxes and stamp on it -so that it fits into the box again except when they did it first it would have been done in texas here they cant do it with the kind shoes theyre wearing so they have to take their shoes off get barefoot into the boxes in this cold and do that kind of work thats the kind of dedication these people have heres the balloon being filled up with helium -and you can see its a gorgeous sight -heres a scene that shows you the balloon and the payload end to end so the balloon is being filled up with helium on the left hand side and the fabric actually runs all the way to the middle where theres a piece of electronics and explosives being connected to a parachute and then the parachute is then connected to the payload -and remember all this wiring is being done by people in extreme cold in sub zero temperatures theyre wearing about fifteen kg of clothing and stuff but they have to take their gloves off in order to do that and i would like to share with you a launch -and that feeling also led me to a pilgrimage of sorts to go literally to the ends of the earth to see telescopes detectors instruments that people are building or have built -this is a close up of the buddhist monastery and i was struck by the juxtaposition of these two -enormous disciplines that humanity has one is exploring the cosmos on the outside and the other one is exploring our interior being -and both require silence of some sort and what struck me was every place that i went to to see these telescopes the astronomers and cosmologists are in search of a certain kind of silence whether its silence from radio pollution or light pollution -or whatever and it was very obvious that if we destroy these silent places on earth we will be stuck on a planet without the ability to look outwards because we will not be able to understand the signals that come from outer space thank you -in order to probe the cosmos in greater and greater detail so it took me from places like chile the atacama desert in chile to siberia to underground mines in the japanese alps in northern america -in fact they invite the honey -you know learn whats in those schools and when you feed these kids bad food thats what theyre learning so thats really what this is all about -as lunch -okay finance one hundred and one on this and this im sort of wrapping it up with this finance piece -fast food we spend one hundred billion dollars a year on diet aids we spend fifty billion dollars on vegetables which is why we need all the diet aids we spend two hundred billion dollars -that eight billion comes down to two dollars and forty nine cents thats what the government allocates for lunch most school districts spend two thirds of that on payroll and overhead that means we spend less than a dollar a day on food for kids in schools most schools eighty to ninety cents in l a its fifty six cents -the way we got here is because of big agribusiness we now live in a country where most of us dont decide by and large what we eat we see big businesses monsanto and dupont who brought out agent orange and stain resistant carpet they control ninety percent of the commercially produced seeds in our country these are ten companies -is more we spend more on than we are spending to feed kids for an entire week -in our schools you know what -we should be ashamed -we as a country should be ashamed -at that the richest country -in our country its the kids that need it the most -who get this really really lousy food its the kids who have parents and grandparents and uncles and aunts that cant even afford to pay for school lunch that gets this food and those are the same kids who are going to be getting sick -those are the same kids who we should be taking care of we can all make a difference that every single one of us whether we have children whether we care about children whether we have nieces or nephews or anything -that we can make a difference whether you sit down and eat a meal with your kids whether you take your kids or grandchildren or nieces and nephews shopping to a farmers market just do tastings with them sit down and care and on the macro level -control much of whats in our grocery stores much of what people eat and thats really really a problem so when i started thinking about these issues and how i was going to change what kids ate i really started focusing on what we would teach them and the very first thing was about regional food -trying to eat food from within our region and clearly with whats going on with fossil fuel usage or -you know we really have to start thinking about whether or not we should or could be moving food one thousand five hundred miles before we eat it so we talked to kids about that and we really start to feed kids -regional food and then we talk about organic food now most school districts cant really afford organic food but we as a nation have to start thinking about consuming growing and feeding our children food thats not chock full of chemicals we cant keep feeding our kids pesticides and herbicides and antibiotics and hormones we cant keep doing -u s agriculture uses one point two billion pounds of pesticides every year that means every one of us and our children consumes what would equal a five pound bag those bags you have at home if i had one here and ripped it open and -the usda allows these antibiotics these hormones and these pesticides in our food supply and the usda paid for this ad in time magazine okay we could talk about rachel carson and ddt but we know it wasnt good for you and -it really is just a new idea i mean people toss around sustainability but we have to figure out what sustainability is in less than two hundred years you know just in a few generations weve gone from being two hundred being one hundred percent ninety five percent farmers to less than two percent of farmers -we now live in a country that has more prisoners than farmers two point one million prisoners one point nine million farmers and we spend thirty five thousand dollars on average a year keeping a prisoner in prison and school districts spend five hundred dollars a year feeding a child its no wonder you know we have criminals -and if thats not enough theyve gone on to say most before they graduate high school this means that forty or forty five percent of all school aged children could be insulin dependent -within a decade within a decade whats going to happen -because eight year olds dont get to decide and if they do you should be in therapy you know we are responsible for what kids eat -big companies spend twenty billion dollars a year marketing non nutrient foods to kids twenty billion dollars a year ten thousand ads most kids see they spend five hundred dollars for every one dollar five hundred dollars marketing foods that kids shouldnt eat for every one dollar marketing healthy nutritious -which is why i say its a social justice issue now i said im doing this in berkeley and you might think oh berkeley of course you can do it in berkeley well this is the food i found twenty four months ago this is not even food this is the stuff we were feeding our kids extremo burritos corn dogs -that they could figure it out that we could sell this stuff to kids you know whats wrong with teaching kids that chicken looks like chicken -we needed to teach children the symbiotic relationship between a healthy planet healthy food and healthy kids and that if we dont do that -you know we have to change the way we teach kids about these things theres a lot of stuff we can do theres a lot of schools doing farm to school programs -theres a lot of schools actually getting fresh food into schools now in berkeley weve gone totally fresh we have no high fructose corn syrup no trans fats no processed foods were cooking from scratch every day we have twenty five percent of our -now one of the things that what happened when i went into berkeley is i realized that you know this was all pretty amazing to people very very different and i needed to market it -i came up with these calendars that i sent home to every parent and these calendars really started to lay out my program now im in charge of all the cooking classes and all the gardening classes in our school district -so this is a typical menu this is what were serving this week at the schools -and you see these recipes on the side those are the recipes that the kids learn in my cooking classes they do tastings of these ingredients in the gardening classes they also may be growing them and we serve them in the cafeterias if were going to change childrens relationship to food its delicious nutritious food in the cafeterias -now youve probably garnered that i dont love the usda and -have to start changing this we have to make kids understand that their food choices make a big difference -that we now have grown a generation maybe two of kids where one out of every four meals is eaten in fast food one of every four meals is eaten in a car and one out of every last four meals is eaten in front of a tv or computer -what are kids learning where is the family time where is socialization where is discussion where is learning to talk -and we have to pull it all together we have composting in all of our schools we have recycling in all of our schools you know the things that we maybe do at home and think are so important we have to teach kids about in school it has to be so much a part of them -and change how we feed kids we really have to rethink that so public and private partnerships advocacy groups working with foundations in our school district the way we afford this -food the way the usda puts food on kids plates thats unhealthy and allows unhealthy food into schools and by tacitly all of us send our kids or grandchildren or nieces or nephews to school and tell them to learn -you know its crazy its crazy what were doing and just remember at very least tacitly this is what were teaching children as what they should be doing -i think if were going to fix this one of the things we have to do is really change how we have oversight over the national school lunch program instead of the national school lunch program being under the usda i think it should be under cdc if we started to think about -and how we feed our kids as a health initiative -and we started thinking about -in i have light in fact i could even add some movement to my sculptures if i want a spinning tail lets grab a motor put some play dough on it stick it on -but you have to have the right tools if im going to teach my daughter about electronics im not going to give her a soldering iron and similarly she finds prototyping boards really frustrating for her little hands so my wonderful student sam and i decided to look at the most tangible thing we could think of -we can even -you see that really salty play doh well it conducts electricity and this is nothing new it turns out that regular play doh that you buy at the store conducts electricity and high school physics teachers have used that for years -circuits that the most creative tiny little hands can build on their own -so i want to do a little demo for you -sitting here alone and watching -they became -korean victims and other victims who -funny little play bit the atlanta airport is a modern -in the mainstream thats why i understand thats why i have a mixed feeling about the verdict -i wish that i wish that -i wish that i could be part of the enjoyment i wish that i could live together with black people -the riot -much difference -how do you -igniting fire -still there -out any time -the other reason that i dont wear -and get into the feet of somebody walking really in somebody elses shoes and i told you that in -and on to a destination and these trains are smooth and -you know i didnt give you the year but in seventy nine i thought that i was going to go around and find bull riders and pig farmers and people like that and i got sidetracked on race relations finally i did find a bull rider two years ago and ive been going to the rodeos with him and weve bonded -and hes the lead in an op ed i did about the republican convention hes a republican i wont say anything about my party affiliation -anyway so this is my dear dear brent williams and this is on toughness in case anybody needs to know about being tough for the work that you do i think theres a real lesson in this and this is called -well im an optimist i mean basically im an optimist i mean you know i mean its like my wife jolene her familys always saying you know you ever think hes just a born loser it seems like he has so much bad luck you know but then -quiet and theyre efficient and theres a voice on the train you know the voice was a human voice you see in the old days we -and i mean funny things like this happen i was in a doctors office last cat scan and there was a readers digest october two thousand and two it was like seven ways to get lucky -and she was saying youre going to make me look like an idiot because ive never been to college and i wouldnt be talking professional or anything i said well look the woman talked to me for four hours you know if i wasnt talking you know like you know she wanted me to talk i dont think she would even come out here -movie eight seconds i mean like pat omealey always said when i was a boy he say you know you got more try than any kid i ever seen and -beauty is -when i was a little girl if you say a word often enough it becomes you and having grown up in a segregated city baltimore maryland -imitating robots -and so they sewed my face up and then they had to straighten out my nose and they took these rods and shoved them up -this -thing was once they shoved those rods up there and straightened my nose out i could breathe and i hadnt been able to -thank you -and theyre just about to close the pneumatic doors and that voice without losing a beat says because of late entry were delayed thirty seconds just -at this couple with hateful eyes and the couples going like this you know shrinking well -i do that to steel my nerves and so i imitate a train call -time has come you see well some of -at the foot of calvary -up you know just -i see a baby a -i know its hispanic because shes speaking spanish -i sort of use that idea to go around america with a tape recorder thank god for technology to interview people thinking that if i walked in their words which is also why i dont wear shoes when i perform -i -what is your considered opinion -and the baby looks you know the way -what huck did you see heres huck hes an illiterate kid hes had no schooling but theres something in him and the official truth -the truth was the law was that -you see and huck gets on the raft -and more and more less and less awareness of the pain or the other -and -kids i -thats -talk about risk taking im going to do somebody that nobody likes you know most actors want to do characters that are -well not always but the notion especially at a conference like this i like to inspire people but since this was called risk taking im doing somebody who i never do -because shes so unlikeable that one person actually came backstage and told me to take her out of the show she -like this as a good thing but there are certain other connotations to the word risk and the same thing about the word nature what is nature maxine greene whos a wonderful philosopher whos -and was the head of a philosophy great big philosophy kind of an organization i went to her and asked her what are the two things that she doesnt -know that she still wants to know and she said well personally i still feel like i have to curtsey when i see the president of my university -and i still feel as though ive got to get coffee for my male colleagues even though ive outlived most of them and she said and then intellectually i dont know enough about the negative imagination and september eleventh certainly taught us that thats a whole area we dont investigate so -this piece is about a negative imagination it raises questions about what nature is what mother nature is and about what a risk can be and i got this in the maryland correctional institute for women everything i do is word for word -off of a tape and i title things because i think people speak in organic poems and this is called a mirror to her mouth and this is an inmate named paulette jenkins -i began to learn how to cover -because i didnt want nobody to know that this was happening in my home -i want everybody to think we were a normal family i mean we had all the materialistic -ran out of excuses about how we got black eyes and busted lips and bruises -i didnt had no more excuses and he beat me -but that didnt change the fact that it was a nightmare for my family it was a nightmare -and i failed them dramatically because i allowed it to go on and on and on -but the night that myesha got killed and the intensity just grew and grew and grew until one night we came home from getting drugs -and he got angry with myesha and he started beating her and he put her in a -oh he would use a belt he had a belt because he had this warped perverted thing that myesha was having sex with her little brother and they was fondling each other that would be his reason im just talking about the particular night -and so he put her in the bathtub and i was in the bedroom with the baby and four months before this happened four months before myesha died i thought i could really fix this man -so i had a baby by him insane thinking that if i gave him his own kid he would leave mine alone -and it didnt work -up with three children houston myesha and dominic who was four months old when i came to -and i was in the bedroom like i said he had her in the bathroom and he he every time he hit her she would fall -but i dared not to move i didnt move i didnt even go and see what was -i just sat there and -and so she set there for about four or five hours -all around her head was just swollen her head was about two sizes of -sank -the next morning she was -on her for school and he got very excited -she was dead i didnt even want to accept the fact that she was dead so i -there was no thing nothing -coming out of her mouth he said he said he said we cant we cant let nobody find out about this he say youve got to help me -i agree -i mean ive been keeping a secret for years and years and years so it just seemed like second hand to me just to keep on keeping it a secret -and bam it went down it went down -so we went to the mall -and we told a police that we had like lost her -we told a security guard -that she was missing -she -came up wow some century -to -so thats an investigation of the negative imagination -search for an american character with my tape recorder i thought that i was going to go around america and find it in all its aspects bull riders -pig farmers drum majorettes but i sort of got tripped on race relations because my first big show was a show -so this is his answer about a defining moment in american history -its a kind of an aria i would say and in many tapes that i have everybody knows that the los angeles riots happened because four cops beat up a black man named rodney king it was captured on video tape technology -was played all over the world everybody thought the four cops would go to jail they did not so there were riots and what a lot of people forget is there was a second trial ordered by george bush sr and that -came back with two cops going to jail and two cops declared innocent i was at that trial -whose stores had been burned to the ground and so this woman misters young soon han i suppose will have taught me the most that i have learned about race and she -american history i -in society and this is called swallowing the bitterness -i used to believe -think theres one you cant say -many -but at the end -when we were in such turmoil and having all the financial problems and all the mental -i began to really realize that -out of this society and we are nothing why why do we have to be -amount of money to survive we didnt get any because we have a -and a house and we are -i -many african americans probably think that they won by the trial i was sitting here watching them the morning after the verdict and all the -they were having a party they celebrated all of south central all the churches and they say well finally -well what about -as i do -he is the only model for black community i dont care jesse jackson -model of non violence non violence and -they would all like to be -and i wonder if that is really justice for them to get their rights -in that way -after two years of an innovative design and construction process the proof of concept made its public debut in two thousand and eight now like with anything thats really different from the status quo it didnt always go so well testing that aircraft -and we discovered that its a very good thing -the picture behind me was snapped by the copilot in our chase aircraft just moments after the wheels got off the ground for the first time and we were all very flattered to see that image become a symbol of accomplishing something that people had thought was impossible really the world over -the flight testing that followed that was as basic and low risk as we could make it but it still accomplished what we needed to to take the program to the next step and to gain the credibility that we needed within our eventual market the general aviation community and with the regulators that govern the use of design of aircraft particularly in the states -the faa about a year ago gave us an exemption for the transition to allow us to have an additional one hundred and ten lbs within the light sport aircraft category -now that doesnt sound like a lot but its very important because being able to deliver the transition as a light sport aircraft makes it simpler for us to certify it but it also makes it much easier for you to learn how to fly -it turns out that driving with its associated design implementation and regulatory hurdles is actually a harder problem to solve than flying -for those of us that spend most of our lives on the ground this may be counter intuitive but driving has potholes cobblestones pedestrians other drivers and a rather long and detailed list of federal motor vehicle safety standards to contend with -fortunately necessity remains the mother of invention and a lot of the design work that were the most proud of with the aircraft came out of solving the unique problems of operating it on the ground -everything from a continuously variable transmission and liquid based cooling system that allows us to use an aircraft engine in stop and go traffic to a custom designed gearbox that powers either the propeller when youre flying or the wheels on the ground to the automated wing folding mechanism that well see in a moment -to crash safety features we have a carbon fiber safety cage that protects the occupants for less than ten percent of the weight of a traditional steel chassis in a car -we leverage a lot of technology from the state of the art in general aviation and from automotive racing when we do have to do something truly out of the box we use an incremental design build test redesign cycle that lets us reduce risk in baby steps -still if everything goes to our satisfaction with the testing and construction of the two production prototypes that were working on right now those first deliveries to the about a hundred people who have reserved an airplane at this point should begin at the end of next year -we looked at the historical attempts that had been out -the transition will cost in line with other small airplanes and im certainly not out to replace your chevy -but i do think that the transition should be your next airplane -instead of paying to keep your airplane in a hanger park it in your garage and the unleaded automotive fuel that we use is both cheaper and better for the environment than traditional avgas -door to door travel time is reduced because now instead of lugging bags finding a parking space taking off your shoes or pulling your airplane out of the hanger youre now just spending that time getting to where you want to go -the transition simultaneously expands our horizons while making the world a smaller more accessible place -it also continues to be a fabulous adventure i hope youll each take a moment to think about how you could use something like this to give yourself more access to your own world and to make your own travel more convenient and more fun -thank you for giving me the opportunity to share -we have glass cockpit avionics that bring the information you need to fly directly to you in the cockpit -but without fundamentally addressing the problem from a different perspective we realized that we were going to be getting the same result -that people had been getting for the last hundred years which isnt where we want to be right now -so instead of trying to make a car that can fly we decided to try to make a plane that could drive -and so i committed when i left south africa when i left capetown i told myself this is going to be something that i have to talk about i have to serve -and so subsequently i -talking and using my platform as a musician with my commitment to mandela out of respect for the tremendous unbelievable work that he had done everyone in the world respects nelson mandela everyone reveres nelson mandela -but do they all know about what has been taking place in south africa -his country the country that had one of the highest incidents of transmission of the virus i think that if i went out into the street now and i told people what was happening there they would be shocked -share with you the story as to how i have become an hiv aids campaigner and this is the name of my campaign sing campaign -i was very very fortunate a couple of years later -to have met zackie achmat the founder of treatment action campaign an incredible campaigner and activist i met him at a forty six thousand six hundred and sixty four event he was wearing a t shirt like the one i wear now this is a tool this tells you i am in solidarity with people who have hiv -people who are living with hiv and in a way because of the stigma by wearing this t shirt i say yes we can talk about this issue it doesnt have to be in the closet -i became a member of treatment action campaign and im very proud to be a member of that incredible organization -its a grassroots campaign with eighty percent membership being women -most of whom are hiv positive -they work in the field they have tremendous outreach to the people who are living directly with the effects of the virus they have education programs -they bring out the issues of stigma -its quite extraordinary what they do and -yes my sing campaign has supported treatment action campaign in the way that i have tried to raise awareness -so this is my sing campaign sing campaign is basically just me and about three or four wonderful people who help to support me ive traveled all over the world in the last two and a half years i went to about twelve different countries here i am in oslo in norway getting a nice fat check -in november of two thousand and three i was invited to take part in the launch of nelson mandelas forty six thousand six hundred and sixty four foundation that is his hiv aids foundation and forty six thousand six hundred and sixty four is the number that mandela had when he was imprisoned in robben island -singing in hong kong trying to get people to raise money -in johannesburg i had the opportunity to play to a mainly white middle class south african audience who ended up in tears because i use film clips that really touch the heart the whole nature of this terrible tragedy that is taking place that people are -tending to avoid because they are fatigued and they really dont quite know what the solutions are -aaron motsoaledi the current health minister attended that concert and i had an opportunity to meet with him and he gave his absolute commitment to try to making a change -which is absolutely necessary -this is in the scottish parliament ive subsequently become an envoy for scotland and hiv and i was showing them my experiences and trying to again raise awareness and once again in edinburgh with the wonderful african childrens choir who i simply adore and its children like this many of whom have been orphaned because of their -family being affected by the aids virus -im sitting here in new york with michel sidibe hes the director of unaids and im very honored by the fact that michel invited me only a few months ago to become a unaids ambassador and in this way ive been strengthening my platform and broadening my outreach -the message that unaids are currently sending out to the world is that we would like to see the virtual elimination of the transmission of the virus from mother to child by two thousand and fifteen its a very ambitious goal but we believe it can be achieved with political will -this can happen and here i am with -pregnant woman who is hiv positive -and were smiling both of us are smiling because were very confident because we know that that young woman is receiving treatment -so her life can be extended -to take care of the baby shes about to give birth to and her baby will receive pmtct which will mean that that baby can be born free of the virus now that is prevention at the very beginning of life its one way to start looking at intervention with the aids pandemic -now i just would like to finish off -to tell you the little story -she goes with me wherever i go -i tell her story to everyone -because she represents one of millions of hiv aids orphans aveliles mother -had hiv virus she died from aids related illness avelile had the virus she was born with the virus -and here she is at seven years old weighing no more than a one year old baby at this point in her life shes suffering with full blown aids and -they put her on very special nutritious diet and took great care of her -and we didnt know when we left the hospital because we filmed her story we didnt know if she was going to survive so it was obviously it was a very emotional encounter and left us feeling very resonant with this direct experience this one child you know that story -and thats me with youssou ndour onstage having the time of my life -to meet avelile again -and im getting the hairs on my i dont know if you can see the hairs on my arms theyre standing up because i know what im going to show you this is the transformation that took place -that round of applause is actually for the doctors and nurses of the hospital who took care of avelile and i take it that you appreciate that kind of transformation so -the next day all the artists were invited to join mandela in robben island -i would like to say to you each one in the audience if you feel -that every mother and every child in the world -has the right to have access to good nutrition and good medical care and you believe that the millennium development goals specifically five and six should be -absolutely committed to by all governments around the world especially in sub saharan africa could you please stand up -where he was going to give a conference to the worlds press -standing in front of his former prison cell you can see the bars of the window there -it was quite a momentous occasion for all of us in that moment in time -mandela told the worlds press -that there was a virtual genocide taking place in his country -that post apartheid rainbow nation -a thousand people were dying on a daily basis and that the front line victims the most vulnerable of all -this was a huge impact on my mind because i am a woman -and i am a mother and i hadnt realized that the hiv aids pandemic was directly affecting women in such a way -now this theory was of more than just intellectual interest to me i was myself pregnant while i was doing the research for the book -and one of the most fascinating insights i took from this work is that were all learning about the world even before we enter it when we hold our babies for the first time we might imagine that theyre clean slates unmarked by life -when in fact theyve already been shaped by us and by the particular world we live in today i want to share with you some of the amazing things that scientists are discovering about what fetuses learn while theyre still in their mothers bellies -first of all they learn the sound of their mothers voices -subject today is learning and in that spirit i want to spring on you all a pop quiz ready when does learning begin -because sounds from the outside world have to travel through the mothers abdominal tissue and through the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus the voices fetuses hear starting around the fourth month of gestation are muted and muffled -one researcher says that they probably sound a lot like the the voice of charlie browns teacher in the old peanuts cartoon -but the pregnant womans own voice reverberates through her body -reaching the fetus much more readily -and because the fetus is with her all the time it hears her voice -researchers take advantage of this fact by rigging up two rubber nipples so that if a baby sucks on one it hears a recording of its mothers voice on a pair of headphones and if it sucks on the other nipple it hears a recording of a female strangers voice -babies quickly show their preference by choosing the first one -scientists also take advantage of the fact that babies will slow down their sucking when something interests them and resume their fast sucking when they get bored -this is how researchers discovered that after women repeatedly read aloud a section of dr seuss the cat in the hat while they were pregnant their newborn babies recognized that passage when they hear it outside the womb -now as you ponder that question maybe youre thinking about the first day of preschool or kindergarten the first time that kids are in a classroom with a teacher or maybe youve called to mind the toddler phase when children are learning how to walk -so fetuses are even learning about the particular language thats spoken in the world that theyll be born into a study published last year found that from birth from the moment of birth babies cry in the accent of their mothers native language -it may have evolved to aid the babys survival from the moment of birth the baby responds most to the voice of the person who is most likely to care for it its mother -it even makes its cries sound like the mothers language which may further endear the baby to the mother and which may give the baby a head start in the critical task of learning how to understand and speak its native language -but its not just sounds that fetuses are learning about in utero its also tastes and smells -by seven months of gestation the fetus taste buds are fully developed and its olfactory receptors which allow it to smell are functioning the flavors of the food a pregnant woman eats find their way into the amniotic fluid which is continuously swallowed by the fetus -babies seem to remember and prefer these tastes once theyre out in the world -in one experiment a group of pregnant women was asked to drink a lot of carrot juice during their third trimester of pregnancy while another group of pregnant women drank only water six months later the womens infants -were offered cereal mixed with carrot juice and their facial expressions were observed while they ate it -the offspring of the carrot juice drinking women ate more carrot flavored cereal and from the looks of it they seemed to enjoy it more -and talk and use a fork maybe youve encountered the zero to three movement -a sort of french version of this experiment was carried out in dijon france where researchers found that mothers who consumed food and drink flavored with licorice flavored anise -during pregnancy showed a preference for anise on their first day of life and again when they were tested later on their fourth day of life babies whose mothers did not eat anise during pregnancy showed a reaction that translated roughly as yuck -what this means is that fetuses are effectively being taught by their mothers about what is safe and good to eat fetuses are also being taught about the particular culture that theyll be joining -through one of cultures most powerful expressions which is food theyre being introduced to the characteristic flavors and spices of their cultures cuisine even before birth -now it turns out that fetuses are learning even bigger lessons but before i get to that i want to address something that you may be wondering about -which asserts that the most important years for learning are the earliest ones and so your answer to my question would be learning begins at birth well today i want to present to you an idea that may be surprising -the notion of fetal learning may conjure up for you attempts to enrich the fetus like playing mozart through headphones placed on a pregnant belly but actually the nine month long process of molding and shaping that goes on in the womb is a lot more visceral and consequential than that -much of what a pregnant woman encounters in her daily life -the air she breathes the food and drink she consumes the chemicals shes exposed to even the emotions she feels are shared in some fashion with her fetus they make up a mix of influences as individual and idiosyncratic as the woman herself the fetus incorporates -these offerings into its own body makes them part of its flesh and blood and often it does something more -it treats these maternal contributions as information as what i like to call biological postcards from the world outside -so what a fetus is learning about in utero is not mozarts magic flute but answers to questions much more critical to its survival will it be born into a world of abundance or scarcity will it be safe and protected or will it face constant dangers and threats -will it live a long fruitful life or a short harried one the pregnant womans diet and stress level in particular provide important clues to prevailing conditions like a finger lifted to the wind -the resulting tuning and tweaking of a fetus brain and other organs are part of what give us humans our enormous flexibility our ability to thrive -in the autumn of one thousand nine hundred and forty four the darkest days of world war ii german troops blockaded western holland -turning away all shipments of food the opening of the nazis siege was followed by one of the harshest winters in decades so cold the water in the canals froze solid -soon food became scarce with many dutch surviving on just five hundred calories a day a quarter of what they consumed before the war as weeks of deprivation stretched into months some resorted to eating tulip bulbs -by the beginning of may the nations carefully rationed food reserve was completely exhausted the specter of mass starvation loomed and then on may fifth one thousand nine hundred and forty five the siege came to a sudden end -when holland was liberated by the allies the hunger winter as it came to be known killed some ten thousand people and weakened thousands more -but which is supported by the latest evidence from psychology and biology and that is that some of the most important learning we ever do happens before were born -but there was another population that was affected the forty thousand fetuses in utero during the siege -decades after the hunger winter researchers documented that people whose mothers were pregnant during the siege -have more obesity more diabetes and more heart disease in later life than individuals who were gestated under normal conditions -these individuals prenatal experience of starvation seems to have changed their bodies in myriad ways they have higher blood pressure poorer cholesterol profiles and reduced glucose tolerance a precursor of diabetes -why would undernutrition in the womb -result in disease later one explanation is that fetuses are making the best of a bad situation when food is scarce they divert nutrients towards the really critical organ the brain and away from other organs like the heart and liver -this keeps the fetus alive in the short term but the bill comes due later on in life when those other organs deprived early on become more susceptible to disease -but that may not be all thats going on it seems that fetuses are taking cues from the intrauterine environment and tailoring their physiology accordingly -theyre preparing themselves for the kind of world they will encounter on the other side of the womb the fetus adjusts its metabolism and other physiological processes in anticipation of the environment that awaits it and the basis of the fetus prediction is what its mother eats -the meals a pregnant woman consumes constitute a kind of story a fairy tale of abundance or a grim chronicle of deprivation -this story imparts information that the fetus uses to organize its body and its systems an adaptation to prevailing circumstances that facilitates its future survival -faced with severely limited resources a smaller sized child with reduced energy requirements will in fact have a better chance of living to adulthood -the real trouble comes when pregnant women are in a sense unreliable narrators when fetuses are led to expect a world of scarcity and are born instead into a world of plenty -this is what happened to the children of the dutch hunger winter and their higher rates of obesity diabetes and heart disease are the result -heres another story at eight forty six a m on september eleventh two thousand and one there were tens of thousands of people in the vicinity of the world trade center in new york -commuters spilling off trains waitresses setting tables for the morning rush brokers already working the phones on wall street -and those two roles came together for me in a book that i wrote called origins -when the planes struck and the towers collapsed many of these women experienced the same horrors inflicted on other survivors of the disaster the overwhelming chaos and confusion the rolling clouds of potentially toxic dust and debris the heart pounding fear for their lives -about a year after nine eleven researchers examined a group of women who were pregnant when they were exposed to the world trade center attack -in the babies of those women who developed post traumatic stress syndrome or ptsd following their ordeal -researchers discovered a biological marker of susceptibility to ptsd an effect that was most pronounced -origins is a report from the front lines of an exciting new field called fetal origins fetal origins is a scientific discipline that emerged just about two decades ago and its based on the theory that our health and well being throughout our lives -in infants whose mothers experienced the catastrophe in their third trimester in other words the mothers with post traumatic stress syndrome had passed on a vulnerability to the condition to their children while they were still in utero -now consider this post traumatic stress syndrome appears to be a reaction to stress gone very wrong causing its victims tremendous unnecessary suffering but theres another way of thinking about ptsd -what looks like pathology to us may actually be a useful adaptation in some circumstances in a particularly dangerous environment the characteristic manifestations of ptsd a hyper awareness of ones surroundings a quick trigger response to danger -could save someones life -the notion that the prenatal transmission of ptsd risk is adaptive is still speculative but i find it rather poignant it would mean that even before birth mothers are warning their children that its a wild world out there telling them be careful -let me be clear fetal origins research is not about blaming women for what happens during pregnancy its about discovering how best to promote the health and well being of the next generation that important effort must include a focus on what fetuses learn during the nine months they spend in the womb -learning is one of lifes most essential activities and it begins much earlier than we ever imagined thank you -im going to show you now a very short clip its a five second clip of a patient who received one of the engineered organs we started implanting some of these structures over fourteen years ago -so we have patients now walking around with organs engineered organs for over ten years as well im going to show a clip of one young lady she had a spina bifida defect -actually took care -that could be treated with tissue regeneration or replacement so what can we do about it weve talked about stem cells tonight -and now i can just go -i want -see at the end of the day the promise of regenerative medicine is a single promise and that is really very simple to make our patients better thank you for your attention -thats a way to do it but still ways to go to get stem cells into patients in terms of actual therapies for -be great if our bodies could regenerate wouldnt it be great if we could actually harness the power of our bodies to actually -heal ourselves its not really that foreign of a concept actually it happens on the earth every day -this is actually a picture of a salamander salamanders have this amazing capacity to regenerate you see here a little video this is actually a limb injury in this salamander -and this is actually real photography timed photography showing how that limb regenerates in a period of days you see the scar form -this is actually a painting that hangs at the countway library at harvard medical school and it shows the first time an organ was ever transplanted in the front you see actually joe -and that scar actually grows out a new limb so salamanders can do it why cant we why cant humans regenerate -actually we can regenerate your body -many organs and every single organ in your body has a cell population thats ready to take over at the time of injury it happens every day as you age -you get older your bones regenerate every ten years your skin regenerates every two weeks so your body is constantly regenerating the challenge occurs when there is an injury -at the time of injury or disease the bodys first reaction is to seal itself off from the rest of the body -it basically wants to fight off infection and seal itself whether its organs inside your body or your skin -the first reaction is for scar tissue to move in to seal itself off from the outside -so how can we harness that power one of the ways that we do that is actually by using smart biomaterials -how does this work well on the left side here you see a urethra which was injured this is the channel that connects the bladder to the outside of the body and you see that it is injured -we basically found out that you can use these smart biomaterials that you can actually use as a bridge if you build that bridge and you close off -from the outside environment then you can create that bridge and cells that regenerate in your body can then -cross that bridge and take that path thats exactly what you see here its actually a smart biomaterial that we used to actually treat this patient this was an injured urethra -on the left side we used that biomaterial in the middle and then six months later on the right hand side you see this reengineered urethra -the patient ready for the transplant while in the back room you see hartwell harrison the chief of urology at harvard actually harvesting the kidney -turns out your body can regenerate but only for small distances the maximum efficient distance for regeneration is only about one centimeter -so we can use these smart biomaterials but only for about one centimeter to bridge those gaps so we do regenerate but for limited distances -what do we do now if you have injury for larger organs what do we do when we have injuries for structures which are much larger than one centimeter -then we can start to use cells the strategy here is if a patient comes in to us with a diseased or injured organ you can -very small piece of tissue from that organ less than half the size of a postage stamp you can then tease that tissue apart -and look at its basic components the patients own cells you take those cells out grow and expand those cells outside the body in large quantities -but actually these materials are fairly complex and they are designed to degrade once inside the body it disintegrates a few months later -acting only as a cell delivery vehicle its bringing the cells into the body its allowing the cells to regenerate new tissue -and once the tissue is regenerated the scaffold goes away and thats what we did for this piece of muscle this is actually showing a piece of muscle and how we go through the structures -to actually engineer the muscle we take the cells we expand them we place the cells on the scaffold and we then place the scaffold back into the patient -but actually before placing the scaffold into the patient we actually exercise it we want to make sure that we condition -this muscle so that it knows what to do once we put it into the patient thats what youre seeing here youre seeing this muscle bio reactor actually exercising the muscle back and forth -okay these are flat structures that we see here the muscle -what about other structures this is actually an engineered blood vessel very similar to what we just did but a little bit more complex here we take a scaffold and we basically scaffold can be like a piece of paper here -a blood vessel is made up of two different cell types we take muscle cells we paste or coat the outside with these muscle cells very much like baking a layer cake if you will -you place the muscle cells on the outside you place the vascular blood vessel lining cells on the inside -you now have your fully seeded scaffold youre going to place this in an oven like device it has the same conditions as a human body thirty seven degrees centigrade -they were still dealing with a lot of the same challenges as many decades ago certainly many advances many lives saved -ninety five percent oxygen you then exercise it as what you saw on that tape and on the right you actually see a carotid artery that was engineered this is actually the artery that goes from your neck -to your brain and this is an x ray showing you the patent functional blood vessel -they are not nearly as complex as hollow organs hollow organs have a much higher degree of complexity because youre asking these organs to act on -so the bladder is one such organ same strategy we take a very small piece of the bladder less than half the size of a postage stamp -we then tease the tissue apart into its two individual cell components muscle and these bladder specialized cells we grow the cells outside the body in large quantities it takes about four weeks to grow these cells from the organ -take a scaffold that we shape like a bladder we coat the inside with these bladder lining cells we coat the outside -with these muscle cells we place it back into this oven like device from the time you take that piece of tissue six to eight weeks later you can put the organ right back into the patient -but we have a major shortage of organs in the last decade the number of patients waiting for a transplant has doubled while at the same time the actual number of transplants has remained almost entirely flat -this actually shows the scaffold the material is actually being coated with the cells when we did the first clinical trial for these patients we actually created the scaffold specifically for each patient we brought patients in -six to eight weeks prior to their scheduled surgery did x rays and we then composed a scaffold specifically for that patients size pelvic cavity for the second phase of the trials we just had different sizes small medium large and extra large -im sure everyone here wanted an extra large right -so bladders are definitely a little bit more complex than the other structures but there are other hollow organs that have added complexity to it this is actually a heart valve which we -and the way you engineer this heart valve is the same strategy we take the scaffold we seed it with cells and you can now see here the valve leaflets opening and closing we exercise these prior to implantation same strategy -and then the most complex are the solid organs for solid organs theyre more complex because youre using a lot more cells per centimeter -this is actually a simple solid organ like the ear its now being seeded with cartilage thats the oven like device once its coated it gets placed there and then a few weeks later we can take out the cartilage scaffold -this is actually digits that were engineering these are being layered one layer at a time first the bone we fill in the gaps with cartilage we then start adding the muscle on top and you start layering these solid structures again -more complex organs but by far the most complex solid organs are actually the vascularized -highly vascularized a lot of blood vessel supply organs such as the heart the liver the kidneys -this is actually an example several strategies to engineer solid organs this is actually one of the strategies we use a printer and instead of using ink we use you just saw and inkjet cartridge -we just use cells this is actually your typical desktop printer its actually printing this two chamber heart -one layer at a time you see the heart coming out there it takes about forty minutes to print and about four to six hours later you see the muscle cells contract -that really has to do with our aging population were just getting older medicine is doing a better job of keeping us alive -this technology was developed by tao ju who worked at our institute and this is actually still of course experimental not for use in patients -another strategy that we have followed is actually to use decellularized organs we actually take donor organs -we actually take the donor liver we use very mild detergents and we by using these mild detergents we take all the cells out of the liver -two weeks later we basically can lift this organ up it feels like a liver we can hold it like a liver it looks like a liver but it has no cells -all we are left with is the skeleton if you will of the liver all made up of collagen a material thats in our bodies that will not reject we can use it from one patient to the next we then take this vascular structure -and we can prove that we retain the blood vessel supply you can see actually thats a floroscopy were actually injecting contrast into the organ -now you can see it start were injecting the contrast into the organ into this decellularized liver and you can see the vascular tree that remains intact -we then take the cells the vascular cells blood vessel cells we perfuse the vascular tree with the patients own cells we perfuse the outside of the liver with the patients own liver cells -and we can then create functional livers and thats actually what youre seeing this is still experimental but we are able to actually reproduce the functionality of the liver structure experimentally -but as we age our organs tend to fail more so thats a challenge not just for organs but also for tissues -for the kidney as i talked to you about the first painting that you saw the first slide i showed you ninety percent of the patients on the transplant wait list are waiting for a kidney -ninety percent so another strategy were following is actually to create wafers that we stack together like an accordion if you -so we stack these wafers together using the kidney cells and then you can see these miniature kidneys that weve -they are actually making urine again small structures our challenge is how to make them larger and that is something were working on right now at the institute -the things that i wanted to summarize for you then is what is a strategy that were going for in regenerative medicine if at all possible -we really would like to use smart biomaterials that we can just take off the shelf and regenerate your organs we are limited with distances right now but our goal is actually to increase those distances over time -if we cannot use smart biomaterials then wed rather use your very own cells why because they will not reject we can take cells from you -if you present with a diseased wind pipe wed like to take cells from your windpipe if you present with a diseased pancreas wed like to take cells from that organ why -because wed rather take those cells which already know that those are the cell types you want a windpipe cell already knows its a windpipe cell we dont need to teach it to become another cell type -so we prefer organ specific cells and today we can obtain cells from most every organ in your body except for several which we still need stem cells for like heart liver nerve and pancreas and for those we still need stem cells -if we can not use stem cells from your body then wed like to use donor stem cells and we prefer cells that will not reject -and will not form tumors and were working a lot with the stem cells that we published on two years ago stem cells from the amniotic fluid and the placenta which have those properties -so at this point i do want to tell you that some of the major challenges we have you know i just showed you this presentation everything looks so good everything works -these technologies really are not that easy some of the work you saw today was performed by over seven hundred researchers at our institute -so i always like to show this cartoon this is how to stop a runaway stage and there you see the stagecoach driver and he goes on the top panel he goes a b c d e f he finally stops the runaway stage and those are usually the basic scientists the bottom is usually the surgeons -a very stunning statistic every thirty seconds a patient dies from -im a surgeon so thats not that funny -but actually method a is the correct approach and what i mean by that is that anytime weve launched one of these technologies to the clinic weve made absolutely sure that we do everything we can -in the laboratory before we ever launch these technologies to patients and when we launch these technologies to patients we want to make sure that we ask ourselves a very tough question -are you ready to place this in your own loved one your own child your own family member and then we proceed because our main goal of course is first to do no harm -charles lindbergh thats the same charles lindbergh who actually spent the rest of his life working with alexis at the rockefeller institute in new york -in the area of the culture of organs so if the fields been around for so long why so few clinical advances and that really has to do to many different challenges but if i were to point to three challenges -the first one is actually the design of materials that could go in your body and do well over time and many advances now we can do that fairly readily the second challenge was cells we could not get enough of your cells to grow outside of your body -a major health crisis today in terms of the shortage of organs -and the third challenge is vascularity the actual supply of blood to allow those organs or tissues to survive once we regenerate them so we can actually use biomaterials now this is actually a biomaterial we can weave them knit them or we can make them like you see here this is actually like a cotton candy machine -you saw the spray going in that was like the fibers of the cotton candy creating this structure this tubularized structure which is a biomaterial that we can then use -to help your body regenerate using your very own cells to do so -and thats exactly what we did here this is actually a patient who was presented with a deceased organ -the fact is that were living longer medicine has done a much better job of making us live longer and the problem is as we age our organs tend to fail more -and we then created one of these smart biomaterials and then we then used that smart biomaterial to replace -and repair that patients structure what we did was we actually used the biomaterial as a bridge so that the cells in the organ could walk on that bridge if you will -and help to bridge the gap to regenerate that tissue and you see that patient now six months after with an x ray showing you the regenerated tissue which is fully regenerated when you analyze it under the microscope -we can also use cells alone -these are actually cells that we obtained these are stem cells that we create from specific sources and we can drive them to become heart cells and they start beating in culture so they know what to do the cells genetically know what to do and they start beating together now -today many clinical trials are using different kinds of stem cells for heart disease -so thats actually now in patients or if were going to use larger structures to replace larger structures we can then use the patients own cells -or some cell population and the biomaterials the scaffolds together so the concept here so if you do have a deceased or injured organ we take a very small piece of that tissue less than half -the size of a postage stamp -we then tease the cells apart we grow the cells outside the body -we then take a scaffold a biomaterial again looks very much like a piece of your blouse or your shirt we then shape that material and we then use those cells to coat that material one layer at a time -very much like baking a layer cake if you will -we then place it in an oven like device and were able to create that structure and bring it out -and so currently there are not enough organs to go around in fact in the last ten years the number of patients requiring an organ has doubled while in the same time the actual number of transplants has barely gone up -this is actually a heart valve -and you can see here we have the structure of the heart valve and weve seeded that with cells -and then we exercise it so you see the leaflets opening and closing -of this heart valve -thats currently being used experimentally to try to get it to further studies -another technology that we have used in patients actually involves bladders we actually take a very small piece of the bladder from the patient less than half the size of a postage stamp -we then grow the cells outside the body take the scaffold coat the scaffold with the cells the patients own cells two different cell types we then put it in this oven like device it has the same conditions as the human body thirty seven -but we now have better ways to create these structures with the cells we use now some type of -technologies where for solid organs for example like the liver -what we do is we take discard livers as you know a lot of organs are actually discarded not used so we can take these liver structures which are not going to be used and we then put them in a washing machine like structure -that will allow the cells to be washed away two weeks later you have something that looks like a liver you can hold it like a liver but it has no cells its just a skeleton of the liver -and we then can re perfuse the liver with cells -another technology that weve used is actually that of printing this is -actually a desktop inkjet printer but instead of using ink were using cells -and you can actually see here the printhead going through and printing this structure and it takes about forty minutes to print this structure and theres a three d elevator that then actually goes down one layer at a time each time the printhead goes through and then finally youre able to get that structure out -so this is now a public health crisis so thats where this field comes in that we call the field of regenerative medicine -you can pop that structure out of the printer and implant it and this is actually a piece of bone that im going to show you in this slide that was actually created with this desktop printer and implanted as you see here that was all new bone that was implanted using these techniques -i know it sounds funny but thats the way it works because in reality -what you want to do is you actually want to have the patient on the bed with the wound and you have a scanner basically like a flatbed scanner thats what you see here on the right side you see a scanner technology that first scans the wound on the patient -it really involves many different areas you can use actually scaffolds biomaterials theyre like the piece of your blouse or your shirt but specific materials you can actually implant in patients and they will do well and help you regenerate or we can use cells alone either your very own cells -and then it comes back with the printheads actually printing the layers that you require on the patients themselves -this is how it actually works heres the scanner going through scanning the wound -where they need to be and this is actually new technology still under development -were also working on more sophisticated printers because in reality our biggest challenge are the solid organs -i dont know if you realize this but ninety percent -of the patients on the transplant list are actually waiting for a kidney patients are dying every day because we dont have enough of those organs to go around so this is more challenging large organ vascular a lot of blood vessel supply a lot of cells present -so the strategy here is this is actually a ct scan an x ray -and we go layer by layer using computerized morphometric imaging analysis and three d reconstruction to get right down to those patients own kidneys -we then are able to actually image those -do three hundred and sixty degree rotation to analyze the kidney in its full volumetric characteristics and we then are able to actually take this information and then scan this in a printing computerized form so we go layer by layer through the organ -analyzing each layer as we go through the organ and we then are able to send that information as you see here through the computer and actually design the organ for the patient -this actually shows -and thats been printing this kidney structure that you see here -it takes about seven hours to print a kidney so this is about three hours into it now -and dr kangs going to walk onstage right now -and were actually going to show you one of these kidneys that we printed a little bit earlier today -or different stem cell populations -or we can use both we can use actually biomaterials -this is dr kang whos been working with us on this project and part of our team thank you dr -i felt so sick i was facing basically a lifetime of dialysis -but its actually not a new field -these experiments sometimes work -and its very cool when they do luke come up please -tonys really shy -and it took a lot of convincing to get somebody as modest as tony to allow us to bring luke -so luke you go to your communications professors youre majoring in communications and you ask them for permission to come to ted which might have a little bit to do with communications -and the autobiographical self has prompted extended memory reasoning imagination creativity and language and out of that came the instruments of culture -religions justice trade the arts science technology and it is within that culture that we really can get and this is the novelty something that is not -entirely set by our biology it is developed in the cultures it developed in collectives of human beings and this is of course the culture where we have developed something that i like to call socio cultural regulation -and finally you could rightly ask why care about this why care if it is the brain stem or the cerebral cortex and how this is made three reasons first curiosity -primates are extremely curious and humans most of all and -of humankind are diseases such as depression alzheimers disease -drug addiction think of strokes that can devastate your mind or render you unconscious you have no prayer of treating those diseases effectively and in a non serendipitous way if you do not know how this works so thats a very good reason -in our brains but we certainly can begin to approach the question and we can begin to see the shape of a solution -and one more wonder to celebrate is the fact that we have imaging technologies that now allow us to go inside the human brain -and be able to do for example what youre seeing right now these are images that come from hanna damasios lab and which show you in a living brain the reconstruction of that brain and this is a person who is alive this is not a person that is -being studied at autopsy and even more and this is something that one can be really -amazed about is what im going to show you next which is going underneath the surface of the brain and actually looking in the living brain at real connections real pathways so all of those colored lines correspond to bunches of axons -the fibers that join cell bodies to synapses -and im sorry to disappoint you they dont come in color but at any rate they are there the colors are codes for the direction from whether it is back to front or vice versa at any rate what is consciousness what is a conscious mind and we could -take a very simple view and say well it is that which we lose when we fall into deep sleep without dreams or when we go under anesthesia and it is what we regain when we recover from sleep or from anesthesia -of conscious minds -but what is exactly that stuff that we lose under anesthesia or when we are in deep dreamless sleep -well first of all it is a mind which is a flow of mental images and of course consider images that can be sensory patterns visual such as youre having right now in relation to the stage and me or auditory images as you are having now in relation to my words -the wonder is about the fact that we all woke up this morning and we had with it the amazing return of our conscious mind we recovered minds with a complete sense of self and a complete sense of our own existence -that flow of mental images is mind but there is something else that we are all experiencing in this room we are not passive exhibitors of visual or auditory or tactile images -we have selves we have a me that is automatically present in our minds right now we own our minds -and we have a sense that its -everyone of us that is experiencing this not the person who is sitting next to you so in order to have a conscious mind you have a self within the conscious -so what we need to know to even address this mystery is number one how are minds are put together in the brain and number two how selves are constructed -imagine neurons and picture if you will a billboard a digital billboard where you have elements that can be either lit -the relationship between the grid of neurons and the topographical arrangement of the activity of -the neurons and our mental experience im going to tell you a personal story so if i cover my left eye im talking about me personally not all of you if i cover my left eye i look at the grid pretty much like the one im showing you everything is nice and fine and perpendicular -but sometime ago i discovered that if i cover my left eye instead what i get is this i look at the grid and i see a warping at the edge of my central left field -wonder we should in fact because without having this possibility of conscious minds we would have no knowledge whatsoever about our humanity we would have no knowledge whatsoever -but on my left retina there is a bump which is marked there by the red arrow and it corresponds to a little cyst that is located below and that is exactly what causes the warping of my -visual image so just think of this you have a grid of neurons and now you have a plane -mechanical change in the position of the grid -and you get a warping of your mental experience -so this is how close your mental experience and the activity of the neurons in the retina which is a part of the brain located in the eyeball or for that matter a sheet of visual cortex so from the retina you go onto visual cortex and -and in that image there you see a variety of islands of what i call image making regions in the brain you have the green for example that corresponds to tactile information or the blue that corresponds to auditory information and something else -where you have the plotting of all these neural maps -can then provide signals -to this ocean of purple that you see around which is the association cortex -where you can make records of what went on in those islands -of image making and the great beauty is that you can then go from memory out of those association cortices and produce back images -about the world we would have no pains but also no joys we would have no access to love or to the ability to create -in the very same regions that have perception so think about how wonderfully convenient and lazy the brain is so it provides certain areas for perception and image making and those are exactly the same that are going to be used -for image making when we recall information so far the mystery of the conscious mind is diminishing a little bit because we have a general sense of how we make these images but what about the self the self is really the elusive -and use them as the reference for all other maps so let me tell you just a little bit about how i came to this -i came to this because if youre going to have a reference that we know as self the me the i in our own processing we need to have something that is stable something that does not deviate much -from day to day well it so happens that we have a singular body we have one body not two not three and so that is a beginning there is just one reference point which is the body but then of course the body has many parts and things grow at different rates and they have different sizes and different people -and of course scott fitzgerald said famously that he who invented consciousness would have a lot to be blamed for but he also forgot that without consciousness he would have no access to true happiness and even the possibility of transcendence -however not so with the interior -the things that have to do with what is known as our internal milieu for example the whole management of the chemistries within our body are in fact extremely maintained day after day for one very good reason if -you deviate too much in the parameters that are close to the midline of that life permitting survival range -you go into disease or death so we have an in built system within our own lives -and the final thing is that there is a very tight coupling between the regulation of our body within the brain -and the body itself unlike any other coupling so for example im making images of you but theres no -look at the region there there is the brain -in the upper part of the brain stem if you damage that as a result of a stroke for example what you get is coma or vegetative state which is a state of course in which your mind disappears your consciousness disappears -what happens then actually is that you lose the grounding of the self you have no longer access to any feeling of your own existence -and in fact there can be images going on being formed in the cerebral cortex except you dont know theyre there -you have in effect lost consciousness when you have damage to that red section of the brain stem but if you consider the green part of the brain stem nothing like that happens it is that specific -so in that green component of the brain stem if you damage it and often it happens -what you get is complete paralysis -but your conscious mind is maintained -you feel you know you have a fully conscious mind that you can report very indirectly this is a horrific condition -so much for the wonder now for the mystery this is a mystery that has really been extremely hard to elucidate all the way back into early philosophy and certainly throughout the history of neuroscience this has been one mystery that has always resisted elucidation -you dont want to see it and people are in fact imprisoned within their own bodies but they do have a mind there was a very interesting film one of the rare good films done about a situation like this -by julian schnabel some years ago about a patient that was in that condition so now im going to show you a picture i promise not to say anything about this except this is to frighten you its just to tell you that in that red section -brain maps of different aspects of our interior different aspects of our body -they are exquisitely topographic and they are exquisitely interconnected in a recursive pattern and it is out of this and out of this tight coupling -between the brain stem and the body that i believe and i could be wrong but i dont think i am that you generate this mapping of the body that provides the grounding for the self and that comes in the form of feelings -primordial feelings by the way so what is the picture that we get here look at cerebral cortex look at brain stem look at body and you get the picture of the interconnectivity in which you have the brain stem providing the grounding for the self in a very tight interconnection with the body -and you have the cerebral cortex providing the great spectacle of our minds with the profusion of images that are in fact the contents of our minds and that we normally pay most attention to as we should because thats really the film that is rolling in our minds -cortex and brain stem you cannot have a conscious mind if you dont have the interaction between the brain stem and the body another thing that is interesting is that the brain stem that we have is shared with a variety of other species -so throughout vertebrates the design of the brain stem is very similar to ours -which is one of the reasons why i think those other species have conscious minds like we do except that theyre not as rich as ours because they dont have a cerebral cortex like we do thats where the difference is and i strongly disagree with the idea -that consciousness should be considered as the great product of the cerebral cortex only the wealth of our minds is not the very fact that we have a self that we can refer to our own existence and that we have any sense of person -now there are three levels of self to consider the proto the core and the autobiographical the first two are shared with many many other species -and they are really coming out largely of the brain stem and whatever there is of cortex in those species its the autobiographical self which some species have i think cetaceans and primates have -also an autobiographical self to a certain degree and everybodys dogs at home have an autobiographical self to a certain degree but the novelty is here the autobiographical self is built on the basis of past memories and memories of the plans that we have made its the lived past and the anticipated future -after this went on for days weeks months that space would get bigger and darker -here we are -in a space the subjective collective space of the darkness of the body i think of this as the place of imagination -why i became a sculptor -can connect us with so imagine were in the middle of america youre asleep you wake up -and without lifting your head from the earth on your sleeping bag you can see for seventy miles -this is a dry lake -directly with place this was a wonderful place because it was a place where you could imagine that you were the first person to be there it was a place where nothing very much had happened -they deal with objects they deal with bodies but i think -anyway -i stood on the pile and threw all of those rocks out again -and here is rearranged desert -rocks that have been the subject of geological formation erosion the action of time on objects -this is a place in a way that i just would like you to in a way look at differently because of this event that has happened in it a human event -and in general it just asks us to look again at this world so different from in a way the world that we have been sharing with each other the technological world to look again at the elemental -world the elemental world that we all live in is that space that we all visited together the darkness of the body -i wanted to start again with that environment the environment of the intimate subjective space that each of us lives in but from the other side of appearance -so here is a daily activity of the studio you can see i dont do much im just standing there again with my eyes closed and other people are molding me evidential -making space space that exists within us and without us so when i was a child -this is an indexical register of a lived moment of a body in time -can we map that space using the language of neutrinos or cosmic rays -taking the bounding condition of the body as its limit but in complete reversal of in a way the most traditional greek idea of pointing in the old days they used to take a lump of pentelic marble and drill from the surface in order to identify the skin -the appearance what aristotle defined as the distinction between substance and appearance the thing that makes things visible but here were working from the other side -or can we do it as an exclusive membrane this is a lead case made around the space that my body occupied but its now void this is a work called learning to see -it -well we could call it night we could call it the ninety six percent of gravity that we dont know about dark matter -its called learning to see because its about an object that hopefully works reflexively and talks about that vision or connection with the darkness of the body that i see as a space of potential -can we do it another way using the language of particles around a nucleus and talk about the body as an energy center no longer about statues no longer having to take that duty of standing the standing of a human body or the standing of a statue release it -allow it to be an energy field a space in space that talks about human life -between becoming an entropy as a sort of concentration of attention -i dont know how many of you grew up in the fifty s but i was sent upstairs for an enforced rest -a human place of possibility in space at large is there another way -do they also have a final skin and is that skin perceptual the horizon and is art about trying to imagine what lies beyond the horizon -can we use in a way a body as an empty catalyst for a kind of empathy with -the experience of space time as it is lived as i am standing here in front of you -trying to feel and make a connection in this space time that we are sharing can we use at it were the memory of a body of a human space in space to catalyze an experience again firsthand experience of elemental time -human time industrial time tested against the time of the tides in which these memories of a particular body that could be any body multiplied as in the time -mechanical reproduction many times placed over three square miles -a mile out to sea disappearing in different conditions of day and night you can see this work its on the mouth of the mersey just outside liverpool and there you can see what a liverpool sea looks like on a typical afternoon -the pieces appear and disappear but maybe more importantly this is just looking north from the center of the installation they create a field -a field that involves living and the surrogate bodies in a kind of relation a relation with each other and a relation with that limit the edge the horizon -supplant the first body the biological body with the second the body of architecture and the built environment this is a work called room for the great australian desert -its in an undefined location and ive never published where it is its an object for the mind i think of it as a twenty first century buddha -hot small and light and i had to lie there it was ridiculous but anyway for some reason i promised myself that i wasnt going to move that i was going to do this thing that mummy wanted me to do -its two and a half inches thick concrete with a void interior again a site found with a completely flat three hundred and sixty degree horizon -this is just simply asking again as if we had arrived for the first time what is the relationship of the human project to time and space -taking that idiom of as it were the darkness of the body transferred -to architecture can you use architectural space not for living but as a metaphor and use its systolic diastolic smaller and larger spaces to provide a kind of firsthand somatic narrative -for a journey through space light and darkness -this is a work of some proportion and some weight that makes the body into a city an aggregation of cells that are all interconnected and that allow -certain visual access at certain places -the last work that i just wanted to share with you is blind light which is perhaps -you disappear both to yourselves and to others -if you hold your hand out in front of you you cant see it if you look down you cant see your feet -and there i was lying there in this tiny space hot dark claustrophobic matchbox sized behind my eyes -but this is a space that is actually filled with people disembodied -voices and out of that ambient environment when people come close to your own body zone very close they appear to you as representations -when they appear close to the edge they are representations representations in which the viewers have become -as john cage said -we are not moving towards some kind of goal we are at the goal and it is changing with us if art has any purpose it is to open our eyes to that fact thank you very much -but it was really weird like -and one stores so it depends on the terrain but kund which uses the gypsum belt for that you have to go back to your calendar three million years -it can be done right now -and you can notice they have created a kind of false -the desert is there sand dunes some small field and this is all -you can notice the small holes the water will fall on this catchment and there is a slope sometimes -and architects do not care about slopes in bathrooms but here they will care properly and the water will go where it should go and then it is forty feet deep -the waterproofing is done perfectly better than our city contractors because not a single drop should go waste in this they collect one -we should not move quickly to the desert so -hundred thousand liters in one season and this is pure drinking water below the surface there is hard saline water but now you can have -we often use a term called bylaws because we are used to get -things but here it is unwritten by law and people make their house and the water storage tanks these raised up platforms just like this -fifteen feet deep and collect rain water from roof there is a small pipe and from their courtyard it can also harvest something like twenty five thousand in a -good monsoon another big one this is of course out of the hardcore desert area this is near jaipur this is called the jaigarh fort and it can -six million gallons of rainwater in one season the age is four hundred years -so since four hundred years it has been giving you almost six million gallons of water per season you can -the price of that water it draws water from fifteen kilometers of canals you can see a modern road hardly fifty years -it can break sometimes but this four hundred year old canal which draws water is is maintained for so many generations -of course if you want to go inside the two doors are locked but they can be opened for ted people and -them you can see person coming up with two canisters of water and the water -these are not empty canisters water level is right up to this it can -the color the taste the purity of this water and this is what they call zero b type of water because it comes from the clouds pure distilled water -stop for a quick commercial break and then we come back to the traditional systems the government -this is a very backward area and we should bring a multi million dollar project to bring water from the himalayas thats why i said that this is a commercial -but we will come back once again to the -water from three hundred four hundred kilometers away soon it become like this in many portions water hyacinth covered -these big canals like anything of course there are some areas where water is reaching im not saying that it is not reaching at all but the tail end the -you will notice in bikaner things like this where the water hyacinth couldnt grow the -sand is flowing in these canals the bonus is that you can find wildlife around it -we had full page advertisements some thirty years twenty five years ago when this canal came they said that -your traditional systems these new cement tanks will supply you piped water its a dream and it became a dream also because -so welcome to the golden desert indian desert it receives the least rainfall in the country lowest -soon the water was not able to reach these areas and people started renovating their own structures -these are all traditional water structures which we wont be able to explain in such a short time but you can see that no woman is standing on those and -this is heart of desert this town was established eight hundred years ago im not sure by -was there or delhi was there or chennai was there or bangalore was there so this was the terminal point for silk route well connected eight hundred years ago through -able to go to europe but jaisalmer was well connected to it and this is the sixteen centimeter -such a limited rainfall and highest colorful life flourished in these areas you wont find -in this slide but it is invisible somewhere a stream or a rivulet is -through here or if you want to paint you can paint it blue throughout because every roof which you see in this picture -drops and deposit in the rooms -apart from this system they designed fifty two beautiful water bodies around this town and -what we call private public partnership you can add estate also so -public and private enterprise work together to build this beautiful water body and -its a kind of water body for all seasons you will admire it just behold the beauty throughout the year whether water level goes up or down the beauty is there throughout another water body -dried up of course during the summer period but you can see how the traditional society combines -these statues marvelous statues gives you an idea of water -this rain comes and the water starts filling this tank it will submerge these beautiful statues in what we call in english today mass communication this -everybody in the town will know that this elephant has drown so water will be there for seven months or nine months or twelve months and then they will come and -small water body called the it is difficult to -hundred meters and in most parts it is saline not fit for drinking so you -in severe drought periods nobody has seen this water body getting dried up and perhaps -that on sixth november two thousand and nine there will be a ted green and blue session so they painted it like this -water body children are standing on a very difficult device to explain this is called kund we have in english -it squeeze the moisture hidden in the sand and they have dubbed this water as the third one called and -is a gypsum belt running below it and it was deposited by the great mother earth some -million years ago and where we have this gypsum strip they can harvest this water this is the same dry water body now you dont find any -they are all submerged but when the water goes down they will be able to draw water from those structures throughout the year this year they have received only six centimeters six -there is no electricity in most of the villages but suppose you use the green technology solar pumps they are of no use in this area so welcome to the golden desert -and they can telephone you that if you find any water problem in your city delhi bombay bangalore mysore please come to our area of six centimeters we can give you water -how they maintain them there are three things concept planning making the actual thing and also maintaining them -for maintain for centuries by generations without any department without any funding so the secret -your own thing not personal property my property every time so these -remind you that you are entering into a water body area dont spit dont to anything wrong so that the clean water can be -on your right side if you climb these three six steps you will find something very nice -this was done in eleventh century and you have to go further down they say that a picture is worth a thousand words so we can say a thousand words -the water table goes down you will find new stairs if it comes up some of them will be submerged so -this beautiful system will give you some pleasure three sides such steps -on the fourth side there is a four story building where you can organize such ted conferences anytime -who built these -in front of you the best civil engineers we had the best planners the best architects we can say that -clouds seldom visit this area but we find forty different names of clouds in this dialect used -there were no english medium schools at that time even no hindi schools schools but such people compelled to the east india company which came here for business a very dirty kind of business -but not -to create the engineering colleges but because of them first engineering college was created in a small village not in the town the last point we all know in -this tire comes from the airplane so look at the beauty from the desert society who can harvest rainwater -and also create something through a tire from a jet plane and used in a camel -last picture its a tattoo two thousand years old tattoo they were using it on -was at one time a kind of a blacklisted or con thing but now it -you can copy this tattoo i have some posters of this -life is water these are the beautiful waves these are the beautiful stairs which we just saw in one of -these -and these are the flowers which add fragrance to our lives so this is the message of desert thank you very much -a number of techniques to harvest rain this is a new work its a new program but for the desert society this is no program this is their life and they -first of all i wish i had your eloquence truly in any -artifacts and designs are inspiring do you believe that they can be -and in other parts also and these which stored water there are two type of things one -the next work is a sound sensitive installation -so we had these panels on three walls of a room and we had over five hundred of these little pygmies hiding behind them so this is how it works this is a video prototype -im going to take you through glimpses of about eight of my projects done in collaboration with danish artist soren pors we call ourselves pors and rao and we live and work in india -this is a video installation called the missing person and we were quite intrigued with playing with the notion of invisibility how would it be possible to experience a sense of invisibility so we worked with a company that specializes in camera surveillance and we asked them to develop a piece of software with us -so people would walking into the room and theyd almost ignore it thinking it was some crap laying around -but as soon as they passed by it would start to climb up the wall in jerky fashion and it would get exhausted and it would collapse every time laughter so this work is a caricature of an upside down man his head is so heavy full of heavy thoughts that its sort of fallen into his hat -and his bodys grown out of him almost like a plant well what he does is he moves around in a very drunken fashion on his head in a very unpredictable and extremely slow movement and its kind of constrained by that circle because if that circle werent there and the floor was very even it would start to wander about in the space and theres no -so this work was a real technical challenge for us and we worked very hard like most of our works over years to get the mechanics right and the equilibrium and the dynamics and it was very important for us to establish the exact moment that it would fall -because if we made it in a way that it would topple over then it would damage itself and if it didnt fall enough -it wouldnt instill that fatalism or that sense of wanting to go and help it so im going to show you a very quick video where we are doing a test scenario its much faster thats my colleague hes let it go now hes getting nervous so hes going to go catch it but he doesnt need to because it manages to lift itself up on its own -and the idea was to sort of contrast something very cold and distant and abstract like the universe into the familiar form of a teddy bear which is very comforting and intimate -and the idea was that at some point you would stop looking at the form of a teddy bear and you would almost perceive it to be a hole in the space and as if you were looking out into the twinkling night sky -think its possible to control someones attention -they have fancy models of attention posners trinity model of attention for me i like to think of it very simple like a surveillance system its kind of like you have all these fancy sensors and inside your brain is a little security guard for me i like to call him frank -so frank is sitting at a desk hes got all sorts of cool information in front of him high tech equipment hes got cameras hes got a little phone that he can pick up listen to the ears -all these senses all these perceptions but attention is what steers your perceptions is what controls your reality its the gateway to the mind if you dont attend to something you cant be aware of it -even more than that what about predicting human behavior -but ironically you can attend to something without being aware of it thats why theres the cocktail effect when youre in a party youre having conversations with someone and yet you can recognize your name and you didnt even realize you were listening to that -control how you spend your attention if i could maybe steal your attention through a distraction now instead of doing it like misdirection and throwing it off to the side -instead what i choose to focus on is frank to be able to play with the frank inside your head your little security guard and get you instead of focusing on your external senses just to go internal for a second -so if i ask you to access a memory like what is that what just happened do you have a wallet do you have an american express in your wallet and when i do that your frank turns around -i think those are interesting ideas if you could i mean for me that would be the perfect superpower actually kind of an evil way of approaching it but for myself in the past ive spent the last twenty years studying human behavior from a rather unorthodox way picking pockets -he accesses the file he has to rewind the tape and whats interesting is he cant rewind the tape at the same time that hes trying to process new data -now i mean this sounds like a good theory but i could talk for a long time and tell you lots of things and they may be true a portion of them but i think its better if i tried to show that to you here live so if i come down im going to do a little bit of shopping just hold still where you are -go ahead and take it off now lets try that again hold your hand out flat open it up all the way put your hand up a little bit higher but watch it close there joe see if i did it slowly itd be back on your shoulder -when we think of misdirection we think of something as looking off to the side when actually its often the things that are right in front of us that are the hardest things to see the things that you look at every day that youre blinded to for example how many of you still have your cell phones on you right now -it go yeah its funny weve got a little guy hes union he works up there all day if i did it slowly if it goes straightaway it lands down by your pocket i believe is it in this pocket sir no dont reach in your pocket thats a different show -so same question i asked you before but this time you dont have to close your eyes what am i wearing -attention is a powerful thing like i said it shapes your reality so i guess id like to pose that question to you if you could control somebodys attention what would you do with it thank you -now youve looked at them probably a few times today but im going to ask you a question about them without looking at your cell phone directly yet can you remember the icon in the bottom right corner -bring them out check and see how accurate you were -howd you do show of hands did we get -close your eyes i realize im asking you to do that while you just heard theres a pickpocket in the room but close your eyes now youve been watching me for about thirty seconds with your eyes closed what am i wearing -men sleep deprivation has become a -i was recently having dinner with a guy who bragged that he had only gotten four hours sleep the night before and i felt like saying to him but i didnt say it i felt like saying you know what if you had gotten five this dinner would have been a lot more -there is now a kind of sleep deprivation one upmanship especially here -you try to make a breakfast date and you say how about eight oclock theyre likely to tell you eight oclock is too late for me but thats okay i can get a game of tennis in and do a few -idea is a very very small idea -far too many icebergs hitting our titanics in fact i have a feeling that if lehman brothers was lehman brothers and sisters they might still be -while all the brothers were busy just being hyper connected twenty four seven -maybe a sister would have noticed the iceberg because she would have woken up from a seven and a half or eight hour sleep and have been able to see the big picture -can unlock billions of big ideas -so as we are facing all the multiple crises in our world at the moment what is good for us on a personal level whats going to bring more joy gratitude -effectiveness in our lives and be the best for our own careers is also what is best for the world so i -to shut your eyes -and discover the great ideas that lie inside us to shut your engines and discover the power of sleep thank you -that are at the moment dormant inside us and my little idea that will do that is sleep -this is a room of sleep deprived women -and -two and half years ago i fainted from exhaustion i hit my head on my desk i broke my cheek bone i got five stitches on my right eye and i began the journey of rediscovering the value of sleep -and in the course of that i studied i met with medical doctors scientists and im here to tell you -that the way to a more productive more inspired more joyful life is getting enough sleep -and we women are going to lead the way in this new revolution this new feminist issue we are literally going to sleep our way to the top -the problem with escaping your day to day life is that you have to -has been around since the ancient greeks some attribute this golden world knowledge to plato -can we redefine our relationship with the technologized world -let me show you what it looks like -that blue line there is my brainwave its the direct signal being recorded from my head rendered in real time -for instance -what if i could use this data to find out how -and our connections deeper and more -almost to the point of being meaningless but it rings familiar and true -but were always interested in multi tiered levels of human interaction and so we began looking into inventing thought controlled applications in a more complex frame than just control -we realized that we had a system that allowed technology to know something about you and it could join into the relationship with you we created the responsive -as a statement about the problems -i like to call this intra -this technology is intra active -to move you forward so you can use this information to understand you in a responsive -its how we understand the world inside and reflect it outside into this -thought controlled computing -and more importantly why -this imperative is kind of the defining characteristic of our species isnt -or what activities brought you joy -but they understood something more fundamental the sheer joy in discovery -the delight and fascination that we get from the world -i learned that our own inner worlds -our ideas emotions and imaginations -if you could think it if you could discover it you could bring it to life -to me -thought controlled computing is as simple and powerful as a paintbrush -one more tool to unlock and enliven the hidden worlds -watching the world that we can create with our new toolboxes -and the discoveries that we can make about -you start to built this cognitive map of your environment its essentially this virtual map that only exists in your brain all animal species do it even though we all use slightly different tools -us humans of course we dont move around marking our territory by scent like dogs we dont run around emitting ultrasonic squeaks like bats -we just dont do that -although a night in the temple bar district can get pretty wild -and we kind of ignore the little twists and turns that the streets make when we do however make a turn into a side street our mind tends to -adjust that turn to a ninety degree angle -this of course makes for some funny moments when youre in some old city layout that follows some sort of circular city logic yeah maybe youve had that experience as well right lets say youre on some spot on a side street that projects from a main cathedral square -and you want to get to another point on a side street just like that the cognitive map -go back to the main cathedral square take a ninety degree turn and walk down that other side street -but somehow you feel adventurous that day and you suddenly discover that the two spots were actually only a single building apart now i dont know about you but i always feel like i find this wormhole or this inter dimensional portal -often of things that dont make much sense themselves -so we move along linear routes and our mind straightens streets and perceives turns as ninety degree angles the second thing that we do to make a place our own is we attach meaning and emotions to the things -so my father might not understand what it is that i do for a living his part of my ancestry has been farmers hes part of this ethnic minority called the pontic greeks they lived in asia minor -with these markers of meaning whats more we abstract -repeat patterns and recognize them we recognize them by the experiences and we abstract them into symbols -and of course -we are all capable of understanding these symbols -and you are all capable of creating these cognitive maps yourselves -so next time when you want to tell your friend how to get to your place you grab a beermat grab a napkin and you just observe yourself create this awesome piece of communication design -its got straight lines its got ninety degree corners you might add little symbols along the way -and when you look at what youve just drawn -if you were to put an actual street map on top of what youve just drawn youd realize your streets and the distances theyd be way off -from a to b the london underground map -was not designed by a cartographer or a city planner -it was designed by an engineering draftsman -in the one thousand nine hundred and thirty s harry beck -and fled to greece after a genocide about a hundred years ago -now the very key to the success of this map -is in the omission of less important information and in the extreme simplification so straightened streets -corners of ninety and forty five degrees but also the extreme geographic distortion in that map if you were to look at the actual locations of these stations youd see theyre very different -yeah but this is all for the clarity of the public tube map -and ever since that migration has somewhat been a theme in my family -go to baker street change over take another tube of course what you dont know is that the two stations -now weve reached the subject of public transport and public transport here in dublin is a somewhat touchy subject -that grew with the city for every outskirt that was added there was another bus route added running from the outskirt all the way to the city center -my father moved to germany studied there and married and as a result i now have this -and as these local buses approach the city center they all run side by side and converge in pretty much one main street so when i stepped off the boat twelve years ago -i tried to make sense of that because exploring a city on foot only gets you so far -but when you explore a foreign and new public transport system you will build a cognitive map in your mind in pretty much the same way -typically you choose yourself a rapid transport route -and in your mind this route is perceived as a straight line -and like a pearl necklace -all the stations and stops are nicely and neatly aligned along the line and only then you start to discover some local bus routes -that would fill in the gaps and that allow you for those wormhole inter dimensional portal shortcuts -so i tried to make sense and when i arrived i was looking for some information leaflets that would help me crack this system and understand it and i found those brochures -half german brain with all the analytical thinking and that slight dorky demeanor that comes with that -they were having a lot of omission of information but unfortunately the wrong information say in the city center there were never actually any lines that showed the routes -there are actually not even any stations with names -now the maps of -dublin transport have gotten better and after i finished the project they got a good bit better but still no station names still no routes so being naive and being half german i decided -so thats what i did i researched how each and every bus route moved through the city nice and logical every bus route a separate line and i plotted it into my own map of dublin -and in the city center -i got a nice spaghetti plate -and of course it meant that i was a foreigner in both countries -and making the streets at straight ninety degree corners forty five degree corners or fractions of that and filled it in with the bus routes and i built this city center bus map of the system how it was five years ago -and that of course made it pretty easy for me to migrate as well in good family tradition if you like -as a public transport map this diagram -i now had a great visual representation of just how clogged up and overrun the city center really was -now call me old fashioned right but i think a public transport route map -my academic research loads of questionnaires case studies and looking at a lot of maps -was that a lot of the problems and shortcomings of the public transport system here in dublin was the lack of a coherent public transport map a simplified coherent public transport map because i think this is the crucial step -but of course most journeys that we undertake from day to day are within a city -to understanding a public transport network on a physical level but its also the crucial step to make a public transport network mappable on a visual level -so i teamed up with a gentleman called james leahy a civil engineer and a recent masters graduate of the sustainable development program at dit and together we drafted this simplified model network which i could then go ahead and visualize -so heres what we did we distributed these rapid transport corridors throughout the city center -and extended them into the outskirts rapid because we wanted them to be served by rapid transport vehicles yeah -and especially if you know the city getting from a to b may seem pretty obvious right but the question is -they would get exclusive road use where possible and it would be high quantity high quality transport james wanted to use bus rapid transport for that rather than light rail for me it was important -that the vehicles that would run on those rapid transport corridors would be visibly distinguishable from local buses on the street -now we could take out all the local buses that ran alongside those rapid transport means any gaps that appeared in the outskirts were filled again so in other words -if there was a street in an outskirt where there had been a bus -but connect to the nearest rapid transport mode one of these thick lines over there so the rest was merely a couple of months of work and a couple of fights with my girlfriend of our place constantly being clogged up with maps -this map only shows the rapid transport connections no local bus very much in the metro map style that was so successful in london and that since has been exported to so many other major cities and therefore is the language that we should use for public transport maps -whats also important is -with a simplified network like this -it now would become possible for me to tackle the ultimate challenge and make a public transport map for the city center -one where it wouldnt just show rapid transport connections but also all the local bus routes streets and the likes and this is what a map like this could like ill zoom in a little bit -in this map -im including each transport mode -so rapid transport bus dart tram and the likes -each individual route is represented by a separate line -the map shows each and every station each and every station name -and im also displaying side streets -in fact most of the side streets even with their name and for good measure also a couple of landmarks some of them signified by little symbols others by these isometric three dimensional birds eye view drawings -the language of way finding in our brain so straightened lines cleaned up corners -and of course that very very important geographic distortion that makes public transport maps possible -if you for example have a look at the two main corridors that run through the city the yellow and orange one over here this is how they look in an actual accurate street map -and im sure youve all had this experience before yeah you arrive in a new city and your brain is trying to make sense of this new place once you find your base your home -and this is how they would look in my distorted simplified public transport map -so for a successful public transport map we should not stick to accurate representation but design them in the way our brains work the reactions i got were tremendous it was really good to see and of course for my own self i was very happy to see that my folks in germany and greece -finally have an idea what i do for a living -ill give you a shortcut for multiplying even faster on the calculator there is something called the square of a number which most of you know is taking a number and multiplying it by itself for instance five squared would be -good morning ladies and gentlemen my name is art benjamin and i am a mathemagician what that means is i combine my loves of math and magic to do something i call -and on most calculators that will give you the square on some of these ancient rpn calculators youve got an x squared button on it will allow you to do the calculation even faster what im going to try and do now is to square in my head four two digit numbers -faster than they can do on their calculators even using the shortcut method what ill use is the second row this time and ill get four of you one two three four -yell out a two digit number and if you would square the first number and if you would square the second the third and the -i will try and race you to the answer ok so quickly a two digit number please -let me try to take this one step further im going to try to square some three digit numbers this time i wont even write these down ill just call them out as theyre called out to me anyone i point to call out a three digit number -another another three digit another -another another three digit number sir -let me try to take this one step further -im going to try to square a four digit number this time now you can all take your time on this i will not beat you to the answer on this one but i will try to get the answer right -nine ab nine seven seven five -that does yours go -in the meanwhile let me conclude -so you should have as an answer either a six digit or probably a seven digit number how many digits do you have six or seven seven and yours -i shall attempt the impossible or at least the improbable -i see i see one way in the back you sir thats three and anybody on this side here ok you over there on the aisle would the four of you with calculators please bring out your calculators then join me up on stage and lets give these volunteers a nice round of applause -the odds of me getting all four of these right by random guessing would be one in ten thousand ten to the fourth power ok any six of them -really scramble them up -you leave out the number seven and lets give all four of these people -for my next number -while i mentally recharge my batteries i have one more question for the audience by any chance does anybody here happen to know -anybody here whod like to know the day of the week they were born we can do it that way of course i could just make up an answer and you wouldnt know so i come prepared for that -i didnt mean to look at you sir you were just sitting there -you can help me out here if you wouldnt mind this is a book of calendars and -yeah ok -that book in front of you do me a favor turn to a year outside of the nineteen hundreds either into the eighteen hundreds or way into the -i havent had the chance to work with these calculators i need to make sure that they are all working properly would somebody get us started by giving us a two digit number please how about a two digit number -things up now by alluding to something from earlier in the presentation -was a gentleman up here who had a ten digit calculator where is he would you stand up ten digit guy ok well stand up for me just for a second so i can see where -you have a ten digit calculator sir as well ok what im going to try and do is to square in my head a five digit number requiring a ten digit calculator -but to make my job more interesting for you as well as for me im going to do this problem thinking out loud -so you can actually honestly hear whats going on in my mind while i do a calculation of this size -now i have to apologize to our magician friend lennart green i know as a magician were not supposed to reveal our secrets but im not too afraid that people are going to start doing my show next week -lets see lets take a lets take a different row of -with you ill get five digits one two three four oh i did this row already lets do the row before you starting with you sir one two three four five call out a single digit that will be the five digit number that i will try to square -add all those numbers together and with any luck arrive at the answer now let me recap -while i explain something else -i know that you can use right -while i do these calculation you might -words as opposed to numbers creep into the calculation let me explain what that is this is a phonetic code a mnemonic device that i use that allows me to convert numbers -into words i store them as words and later on retrieve them as numbers i know it sounds complicated its not i just dont want you to think youre seeing something out of rain man here -theres definitely a method to my madness definitely definitely sorry -want to talk to me about adhd afterwards -by the way one last instruction for my judges with -the calculators ok you know who you are there is at least a fifty percent chance that i will make a mistake here if i do -dont tell me what the mistake is just say youre close or something like that and ill try and figure out the answer which could be pretty entertaining in itself if -here -that to fission to -would you like to try a more standard calculator just in case ok great what im going to try and do then i notice that took some of you a little bit of time to get your answer thats ok -if its -it can be a lot of fun i mean probability and statistics its the mathematics of games and gambling its analyzing trends its predicting the future -look the world has changed from analog to digital and its time for our mathematics curriculum to change from analog to digital from the more classical continuous -to the more modern discrete mathematics the mathematics of uncertainty of randomness of data and that being probability and statistics -in summary instead of our students learning about the techniques of calculus i think it would be far more significant if all of them knew what two standard deviations from the mean means and i mean it thank you very much -i would have a suggestion for him that i think would vastly improve the -and algebra and everything we learn after that is building up towards one subject and at top of that pyramid -its calculus and im here to say that i think that that is the wrong summit of the pyramid -the correct summit that all of our students every high school graduate should know should be statistics probability and statistics -dont get me wrong calculus is an important subject its one of the great products of the human mind the laws of nature are written in the language of calculus -and every student who studies math science engineering economics they should definitely learn calculus by the end of their freshman year of college -but im here to say as a professor of mathematics that very few people actually use calculus in a -and should use on daily basis right its risk its reward its randomness its understanding data -and this is one that i did probably like when i was around seventh grade -and i remember when i was doing this i was thinking about that little rock there and the pathway of the vehicles as they would fly through the air and how -the characters would come shooting out of the car so on my mind i was -thinking about the trajectory of -the vehicles and of course when youre a little kid theres always destruction -so it has to end with this gratuitous violence -so that was how i first started to explore -the way things moved and expressed it now when i went to -college i found myself -making fairly complicated fragile machines -and this really came about from having many different kinds of interests when i was in high school i loved to program computers so i sort of liked the logical flow of events -i was also very interested in perhaps going into surgery and becoming a surgeon -it meant working with my hands in a very focused intense way -so i started taking art courses and i found a way to make sculpture that brought together my love for being very precise with my hands -with coming up with different kinds of logical -flows of -energy through a -also working with wire everything that i did was both -visual and a mechanical engineering decision at the same time so i was able to sort of exercise all of that now this -kind of machine is as close as i can get to painting and its full of -many little trivial end points like theres a little foot here that just drags around in circles and it doesnt really mean anything its really just -for the sort of joy of its own -connection i have with engineering is the same as any other engineer in that i love to solve problems i love to figure things out but the end result of what im doing is -really completely ambiguous -thats pretty ambiguous -the next piece that -is going to come up is -an example of a kind of machine that is -fairly complex -i gave myself the problem since im always liking to solve problems i gave myself the problem of turning a crank in one direction and solving all of the mechanical problems for getting this little man to walk back and forth -kind of as a way of surviving i would go into my own very personal space and i would make things -so when i started this i didnt have an overall plan for the machine -but i did have a sense of the gesture and a sense of the shape and how it would occupy space and then it was a matter of starting from one point and sort of building to that final point -it really its almost like doing -it came about from -playing with this wishbone after dinner you know they say never play with your food but i always play with things so i had this wishbone and i thought -make things for people as a way of you know giving showing them my love i would go into these private places and i would put my ideas -its kind of like a cowboy whos been on his horse for too long and i started to make him walk across the table and i thought oh i can make a little machine that will do that -so i made this device linked it up and the wishbone walks and because the wishbone is bone its animal its sort of a point where i -think we can enter into it -this kind of work is also very much -like puppetry -where the found object is in a sense the puppet and im the puppeteer at first because im playing with an object but then i make the machine which is sort of the stand in for me and it is able to achieve the action that i want -the next piece ill show you is a much more conceptual thought and its a little piece called corys yellow chair -i had this image in my mind -when i saw my sons little chair and i saw it explode -so the way i saw this in my mind at first was that the pieces would explode up and out with infinite speed and the pieces would move far out -then they would begin to be pulled back with a kind of a gravitational feel to the point where they would approach infinite speed back to the center and they would coalesce for just a moment -and my passions into objects and sort of learning how to speak with my hands so the whole activity of working with my hands and creating objects is very much connected -so you could perceive that there was a chair there -for me its kind of a feeling about the fleetingness of the present moment and i wanted to express that now -the machine is in this case its a real approximation of that because obviously you cant move physical matter infinitely with infinite speed and have it stop instantaneously -this whole thing is about four feet wide and the chair itself -is only about a few inches -on the left and it goes through a gear train there are twelve pairs of fifty to one reductions -so that means that the final speed of that gear on the end is so slow that it would take two trillion years to turn once so ive invented it in concrete because it doesnt really matter -all the -now a completely different thought im always imagining myself -in different situations im imagining myself as a machine what would i love i would love to be bathed in oil -so this machine does nothing but just bathe itself -and its really just sort of for me it was just really about the lusciousness of oil -i got a call from a friend -who wanted to have a show of erotic art and i didnt have any pieces but when she suggested -to be in the show this piece came to mind so its sort of related but you can see its much more overtly erotic -with not only the idea realm but also with very much the feeling realm -this is a happy machine ill tell you its definitely happy -from an engineering point of view this is just a little four bar linkage and then again this is a found object a little fan that i found and i thought -what about the gesture of opening the fan and how simply could i state something and in a case like this im trying to make something which -is clear but also not suggestive of any particular kind of animal or plant -for me the process -is very important because im inventing machines but im also inventing tools to make machines and the whole thing is all sort of wrapped up from the beginning -and -so this is a little wire bending tool after many years of bending gears with a pair of pliers i made that tool and then i made this other tool for sort of centering gears very quickly -the ideas are very disparate im going to show you many different kinds of pieces and theres no real connection between one or the other except that they sort of come out of my brain -my life completely changed when i found a spot welder -and that was that tool it completely changed what i could do now here im going to do a very -poor job of silver soldering -this is not the way they teach you to silver solder when youre in school i just like throw it in i mean real jewelers put little bits of solder -so thats a finished -when i moved to boston i joined a group -called the world sculpture racing society -and the idea -their premise was that we wanted to show pieces of sculpture on the street and thered be no subjective decision about what was the best it would be whatever came across the finish line -so i made this is my first racing sculpture and i thought -oh im going to make a cart and im going to have it im going to have my hand writing faster so as i run down the street the carts going to talk to me and its going to go faster faster -so thats what it does -then in the end what i decided was -every time you finish writing the word i would stop and i would give the card to somebody on the side of the road so i would never win the race because im always stopping -now i only have two and a half minutes im going to play -this is a piece that for me is in some ways the most complete kind of piece because when i was a kid i also played a lot of guitar -and theyre all different sort of thoughts that are triggered by looking at life and seeing nature and seeing objects and just having kind of playful random thoughts about things -and when i had this thought i was imagining that i would make -i would have a whole machine theater evening where i would you would have an audience the curtain would open and youd be entertained by machines on stage so i -a very simple gestural dance that would be between a machine and just a very simple chair -and -im making these pieces im always trying to find a point where -saying something very clearly and its very simple but also at the same time its very ambiguous -and i think theres a point between simplicity and ambiguity which can allow a viewer to perhaps take something from it -and that leads me to the thought that all of these pieces start off in my own mind in my heart -and i do my best at finding ways to express them with materials and it always feels really crude its always a struggle -but somehow i manage to sort of get this thought out into an object -and then its there ok it means nothing at all the object itself just means nothing once its perceived and -someone brings it into their own mind then theres a cycle that has been completed and to me thats the most important thing because -ever since being a kid ive wanted to communicate my passion and love and that means the complete cycle of coming from inside out to the physical -to someone perceiving -so ill just let this chair -when i was a child -i started to explore -i fell in love with the way things moved -so i started to explore motion by making little -floor sustainable recyclable chairs recycled and recyclable tables forestry commission this is norwegian forestry commission wood -this bench although it was uncomfortable for my mom she didnt like sitting on it so she went and bought these cushions from a local jumble sale reusing a job that was pretty good -i hate waste especially walls if theyre not working put a shelf on it which i did and that shows all the customers my products -the whole business is run on sustainable energy this is powered by wind all of the lights are daylight bulbs paint is all low volume chemical which is very important when youre working in the room -will they outlive me they probably might right heres a reconditioned coffee machine it actually looks better than a brand new one so looking good there now reusing is vital and we filter our own water -restaurants and the food industry in general are pretty much the most wasteful industry in the world for every calorie of food we consume -we put them in bottles refrigerate them and then we reuse that bottle again and again and again heres a great little example if you can see this orange tree its actually growing in a car tire which has been turned inside out and sewn up its got my compost in it which is growing an orange tree which is -the kitchen which is in the same room i basically created a menu that allowed people to choose the amount and volume of food that they wanted to consume rather than me putting a dish down they were allowed to help themselves to as much or as little as they -okay its a small kitchen its about five sq meters it serves two hundred and twenty people a day we generate quite a lot of waste this is the waste room -i compost it in this garden all of the soil you can see there is basically my food which is generated by the restaurant and its growing in these tubs which i made out of storm felled trees and wine casks and all sorts of things -three compost bins go through about seventy kilos of raw vegetable waste a week really good makes fantastic compost a couple of wormeries in there too and actually one of the wormeries was a big wormery i had a lot of worms in it -seeing here is a water filtration system this takes the water out of the restaurant runs it through these stone beds this is going to be mint in there and i sort of water the garden with it and i ultimately want to recycle that put it back into the loos maybe wash hands with -so water is a very important aspect i started meditating on that and created a restaurant called waterhouse if i could get waterhouse to be a no carbon restaurant that is consuming no gas to start with that would be great i managed to do it -this is an electrical restaurant the whole thing is electric the restaurant and the kitchen and its run on hydroelectricity so ive gone from air to water -this is basically air handling im taking the temperature of the canal outside pumping it through the heat exchange mechanism its turning through these amazing sails on the roof and that in turn is falling softly onto the people in the restaurant cooling them or heating them as the -this is an english willow air diffuser and thats softly moving that air current through the room very advanced no air conditioning i love it -in the canal which is just outside the restaurant there is hundreds of meters of coil piping this takes the temperature of the canal and turns it into this four degrees heat exchange i have no idea how it works but i paid a lot of money for it -and whats great is one of the chefs who works in that restaurant lives on this boat its off grid it generates all its own power hes growing all his own fruit and thats fantastic -if anybody wants to take it home and mash it later youre very welcome to the humble potato and ive spent a long time twenty five years preparing these and it pretty much goes through eight different forms in its lifetime -five restaurants based on the five chinese medicine acupuncture specialities ive got water and wood im just about to do fire -to come so youve got to watch your space for that okay so this is my next project five weeks old its my baby and its -people i e perhaps more working class or people who actually believe in a cooperative this is a social enterprise not for profit -it really is about the social disconnect between food communities in urban settings and their relationship to rural growers -thats zero food waste and no ones doing that just yet in fact sainburys if youre watching try it on im going to get there before you so nature -and thats been something thats been nurturing me for some time and its an important statement to understand if we dont stand up and make a difference and -think about sustainable food think about the sustainable nature of it then we may fail but i wanted to get up and show you that we can do it if were more -first of all its planted and that takes energy it grows and is nurtured its then harvested -the idea is embryonic i think its important i think that if we reduce reuse refuse -recycling is the last point i want to make but its the four rs rather than the three rs then i think were going to be on our way -so these three are not perfect theyre ideas i think that there are many problems to come but with help im sure im going to find solutions and i hope you all take part thank you very much -its then distributed and distribution is a massive issue its then sold and bought and its then delivered to me i basically take it prepare it and -okay you ask what a sustainable restaurant looks like basically a restaurant just like any other this is the restaurant acorn house front and back so let me run you through a few ideas -i tried to do a small good thing for my wife it makes me to stand here -that makes me -the fame the money i got out of it so what i did id gone back to my early marriage days what you did in the early marriage days you tried to impress your wife i did the same -but i am also trying to make sanitary pad with the good cotton its not working that makes me to want to refuse to continue this research and research and research you need first funds not only financial crises but because of the sanitary pad research i come through all sorts of problems including a divorce notice from my wife -why the need for accumulating money then doing philanthropy what if one decided to start philanthropy from the day one thats why -on that occasion i found my wife carrying something like this -i am giving this machine only in rural india -video one video -you just think competing giants even from harvard oxford is difficult i make a rural woman to compete with multinationals im sustaining on seventh year already six -on public domain like an open software now one hundred and ten countries are accessing -surplus educated -then i was shocked what is the connection between using a sanitary pad and a milk budget and its called affordability -i tried to impress my new wife by offering her a packet of sanitary pads i went to a local shop i tried to buy her a sanitary pad packet that fellow looks left and right and spreads a newspaper rolls it into the newspaper gives it to me like a banned item something like that -i dont know why i did not ask for a condom -often one doesnt know what one wants to do but its good enough to know what you dont want to do so i took one year off and i went to this village science program and it was a turning point it was a very small village -with four you make a square you make a pentagon you make a hexagon you make all these kind of polygons and they have some wonderful properties if you look at the hexagon for instance its like an amoeba which is constantly changing its own profile you can just pull this out this becomes a rectangle you give it a push this becomes a parallelogram but this is very shaky -in the streets of paris revolting against authority america was jolted by the -every time i go to a school i see a gleam in the eyes of the children i see hope i see happiness in their faces children want to make things children want to do things now this we make lots and lots of pumps now this is a little pump with which you could inflate a balloon it -you just wrap some tape around and this is the pump -and now if you have this pump its like a great great sprinkler -this is a toy which is made from paper its amazing there are four pictures you see insects you see frogs snakes eagles butterflies frogs snakes eagles heres a paper which you could unclear designed by -now this is -the most expensive thing is the battery inside this if you have a battery it costs five cents to make -and imagine a bunch of kids standing -in a circle and just waiting for the steel ring to be passed on and theyd be absolutely joyous playing with this well in the end what we can also do we use -and you can see this -the first day it was a huge umbrella cap like a captains cap that night when the passengers would be sleeping he would give it one more fold and the second day he would be wearing a firemans cap with a little shoot just like a designer cap because it protects the spinal cord -build on what they have this was kind of the defining slogan well i took one year i -my name is zamin and im an idp an internally displaced person from swat do you see me on the other side of this fence do i matter or really exist for you -my name is iman i am a fashion model an up and coming model from lahore do you see me simply smothered in cloth or can you move beyond my veil and see me for who i truly am inside -my name is papusay my heart and drum beat as one if religion is the opium of the masses then for me music is my one and only -a rising tide lifts all boats and the rising tide of indias spectacular economic growth has lifted over four hundred million -indians into a buoyant middle class but there are still over six hundred and fifty million indians pakistanis sri lankans bangladeshis nepalese who remain washed up on the shores of poverty -by providing them with affordable access to catastrophic health care indeed it is the emerging worlds first hmo for the urban working poor -why should we do this as indians and pakistanis we are but two threads cut from the same cloth and if our fates are intertwined -and pakistan in this particular vein is very similar because it has provoked and does provoke -that aims to give you an alternative glimpse a look inside the hearts and minds of some ordinary pakistani citizens here are some of the stories they wanted us to share with you -my name is abdul khan i come from peshawar i hope that you will be able to see not just my taliban like beard but also -the richness and color of my perceptions aspirations and dreams as rich and colorful as the satchels that i sell -my name is meher and this is my friend irim i hope to become a vet when i grow up so that i can take care of stray cats and dogs who wander around the streets of the village that i live in -my name is kailash and i like to enrich lives through technicolored glass madame would you like some of those orange bangles with the pink polka dots -the aid system does not have the knowledge the vision the ability im all for it after all i raised a lot of -to be exact you know i managed to persuade the world they had to give my country twenty seven point five billion they didnt want to give us the money ca and it still didnt work ag no its not that it didnt work its that a dollar of private -in my judgment is equal at least to twenty dollars of aid in terms of the dynamic that it generates second is that -one dollar of aid could be ten cents it could be twenty cents or it could be four dollars it depends on what form it comes what degrees of conditionalities are attached to it -the aid system at first was designed to benefit entrepreneurs of the developed countries not to generate growth in the poor countries -and this is again one of those assumptions the way car seats are an assumption that weve inherited in governments and -you would think that the us government would not think that american firms needed subsidizing to function in developing countries provide advice but they do -or how provisional our consensus to be able to move forward but the majority of the world neither benefits from capitalism nor from democratic systems -an entire weight of history vis a vis aid that now needs to be reexamined if the goal is to build states that can credibly -take care of themselves and im putting that proposition equally you know im very harsh on my counterparts -in each country in a definable period and every year there must be progress on mobilization of domestic -revenue and generation of the economy unless that kind of compact is entered into you will not be able to sustain the -most of the globe experiences the state as repressive as -and in terms of experience of capitalism there are two aspects that the rest of the globe experiences -first extractive industry blood diamonds smuggled emeralds timber -that is cut right from under the poorest second is technical assistance and technical assistance might shock you but its the worst form of today of the ugly face -a public dewey long ago observed is constituted through discussion and debate if we are to call the tyranny of assumptions into question -of the developed world to the developing countries tens of billions of dollars are supposedly spent on building capacity with people who are paid up to one thousand five hundred dollars a day -we do not live in three different worlds we live -but thats easily said but we are not dealing with the implications of the one world that we are living -and that is that if we want to have one world this one world cannot be based on huge pockets of exclusion and then inclusion for some -we must now finally come to think about the premises of a truly global -this open moment in history where we have a consensus on both the form of politics and the form of economics -what is one of these organizations to pick we have three critical terms economy civil society -and the state i will not deal with those first two except to say that uncritical transfer of assumptions -from one context to another can only make for disaster economics -in most of the elite universities are practically useless in my context my country is dominated by drug economy and a mafia -avoid doxa the realm of the unquestioned then we must be willing to subject our own assumptions -and not imposition of the framework that works on the basis of mathematical modeling for which i have enormous respect -my colleagues at johns hopkins were among the best second instead of debating endlessly about what is -we hope to share that much widely with and third is that we could actually construct an index to measure comparatively -how well these functions that we would agree on are being performed in different places so what are these functions we propose ten and -its legitimate monopoly of means of violence administrative control management of public finances investment in human capital provision of citizenship rights -to debate and discussion it is in this spirit that i -i wont elaborate i hope the questions will give me an opportunity this is a feasible goal basically because contrary to widespread assumption i would argue that we know how to do this who would have imagined -but people at oxford prepared for a democratic germany and engaged in planning and there are lots of other examples -now in order to do this and this brings this group we have to rethink the notion of capital the least important form of capital in this project is financial capital money -money is not capital in most of the developing countries its just cash because it lacks the institutional organizational managerial forms to turn it into capital -and what is required is a combination of physical capital institutional capital human capital and security of course is critical but so is information -now the issue that should concern us here and thats the challenge that i would like to pose to this group is again it takes sixteen years -in your countries to produce somebody with a bs degree it takes twenty years to produce somebody with a phd -the first challenge is to rethink fundamentally the -the time do we need to repeat -what is it that we need to do fundamentally to re engage in a project that capital formation is -they need different ways of being approached different ways of being enfranchised different ways of being -and thats the first thing second is youre problem solvers but youre not engaging your global responsibility -away from the problems of corruption you only want clean environments in which to function but if you dont think through the problems of corruption who will -you stay away from design for development youre great designers but your designs are selfish its for your own immediate use the -is your imagination to be brought to bear on problems the way a meme is supposed to work -as the work on paradigms long time ago showed thomas kuhns work its in the intersection of ideas that new developments true breakthroughs occur -and i hope that this group would be able to deal with the issue of state and development and the empowerment of the majority of the worlds poor through this means thank you -what scares me most is is you lack of your engagement -you know i always give the unconventional answer no but seriously the issue of afghanistan first has to be seen as at least a ten to twenty year perspective -today the world of globalization is on speed time has been compressed and space does not exist for most people but in my world you know when i went back to afghanistan after twenty three years -so the first is when the scale is that we need to recognize that just the simple things that are infrastructure it takes six years to deliver infrastructure in our world any meaningful sort of -but the modality of attention or what is happening today whats happening tomorrow second is when a country has been subjected to -one of the most immense brutal forms of exercise of power we had the red army for ten continuous years one hundred and ten thousand strong literally terrorizing the sky -every afghan sees the sky as a source of fear we were bombed practically out of existence -then tens of thousands of people were trained in terrorism from all sides -how to turn a bicycle into an instrument of terror how to turn a donkey a cart horse anything -and the russians equally so when violence erupts in a country like afghanistan its because of that legacy -but we have to understand that weve been incredibly lucky i mean i really cant believe how lucky i am here standing in front of you speaking -when i joined as finance minister i thought that the chances of my living more than three years would not be more than five percent -the question now however is both about which form of capitalism and which type of democratic participation -you see because i mean i give you one statistic ninety one percent of the men in afghanistan eighty six percent of the women listen to at least three radio stations -in terms of their discourse in terms of their sophistication of knowledge of the world i think that i -much more sophisticated than rural americans with college degrees and the bulk of europeans -because the world matters to them and what is their predominant concern abandonment afghans have become deeply internationalist -you know when i went back in december of two thousand and one i had absolutely no desire to work with the afghan government because id lived as a nationalist and i told them my people with the americans here -separate yes i have an advisory position with the u n i went through ten afghan provinces very rapidly and everybody was telling me it was a different world you know they engage they see engagement -global engagement as absolutely necessary to the future of the ordinary people and the thing that the ordinary afghan is most concerned with is clare lockhart is here so ill recite a discussion she had with an illiterate woman in northern afghanistan -and that woman said she didnt care whether she had food on her table what she worried about was whether there was a plan for the future where her children could really have a different life that gives me hope -how is afghanistan going to provide alternative income to the many people who are making their living off the drugs trade -but we must acknowledge that this moment has brought about a rare consensus of assumptions and that -the first is instead of sending a billion dollars on drug eradication and paying it to a couple of security companies -they should give this hundred billion dollars to fifty of the most critically innovative companies in the world to ask them to create one million jobs -to the drug eradication is jobs look theres a very little known fact countries that have a legal average income per capita of one thousand dollars dont produce drugs -if you want us to be able to compete with china and to attract investment we could probably attract four to six billion dollars -and we need to understand its the value chain look and the ordinary afghan is sick and tired of hearing about microcredit -it is important but what the ordinary women and men who engage in micro production want is global access they dont want to sell to the charity bazaars -that are only for foreigners and the same bloody shirt embroidered time and again what we want is a partnership with the italian design firms -we have the best embroiderers in the world why cant we do what was done with northern italy with the put out -so i think economically the critical issue really is to now think through and what i will say here is that aid doesnt work you know the aid system is broken -the ability to implement this to get colleagues across the entire chain to actually do these things -and the answer is yes -and its been slow to spread this is not yet our norm in surgery -let alone making checklists to go onto childbirth and other areas -theres a deep resistance because using these tools forces us to confront that were not a system forces us to behave with a different set of values just using a checklist requires you to embrace different values from the ones weve had like humility -and no its deeper than all of that the cause of our troubles is actually the complexity that science has given us and in order to understand this im going to take you back a couple of generations -i asked him what was it like to actually herd a thousand cattle across hundreds of miles how did you do that and he said we have the cowboys stationed at distinct places all around they communicate electronically constantly and they have protocols and checklists for how they handle everything laughter from -bad weather to emergencies or inoculations for the cattle -even the cowboys are pit crews now and it seemed like time that we become that way ourselves -making systems work is the great task of my generation of physicians and scientists but i would go further and say that making systems work whether in health care education -climate change making a pathway out of poverty is the great task of our generation as a whole -in every field knowledge has exploded but it has brought complexity it has brought specialization -and weve come to a place where we have no choice but to recognize -as individualistic as we want to be -complexity requires group success -i want to take you back to a time when lewis thomas was writing in his book -and very ineffective -if you were in a hospital he said it was -going to do you good only because it offered you some warmth -some food shelter -and maybe the caring attention of a nurse doctors and medicine -made no difference at all -that didnt seem to prevent the doctors from being frantically busy in their days as he explained what they were trying to do was figure out whether you might have -one of the diagnoses for which they could do something -and there were a few -you might have a lobar pneumonia for example and they could give you an antiserum an injection of rabid antibodies -to the bacterium streptococcus if the intern sub typed it correctly -if you had an acute -congestive heart failure they could bleed a pint of blood from you by opening up an arm vein -giving you a crude leaf preparation of digitalis and then giving you oxygen by tent -if you had early signs of paralysis and you were really good at asking personal questions you might figure out that this paralysis someone has is from syphilis in which case you could give this nice concoction of mercury and arsenic -as long as you didnt overdose them and kill them -beyond these sorts of things a medical doctor didnt have a lot that they could do -this was when the core structure of medicine was created what it meant -to be good at what we did and how we wanted to build medicine to be it was at a time when what was known you could know you could hold it all in your head and you could do it all if you had a prescription pad -if you had a nurse if you had a hospital that would give you a place to convalesce maybe some basic tools you really could do it all -you set the fracture you drew the blood you spun the blood looked at it under the microscope you plated the culture you injected the antiserum this was -so the natural question you ask then at that point is how do i get good at what im trying to do and it became a question of how do we all get good at what were trying to do -as a result we built it around a culture and set of values that said what you were good at was being daring -at being courageous at being independent and self sufficient autonomy -was our highest value -go a couple generations forward to where we are though and it looks like a completely different world we have now found treatments -for nearly all of the tens of thousands of conditions that a human being can have we cant cure it all we cant guarantee that everybody will live a long and healthy life -but we can make it possible for most -four thousand medical and surgical procedures -weve discovered six thousand drugs that im now licensed to prescribe -and were trying to deploy this capability town by town -to every person alive -in our own country let alone around the world -and weve reached the point where weve realized as doctors -we cant know it all -we cant do it all by ourselves -there was a study where they looked at how many clinicians it took to take care of you if you came into a hospital as it changed over time and in the year one thousand nine hundred and seventy it took just over two full time equivalents of clinicians that is to say it took basically the nursing time -its hard enough to learn to get the skills -were all specialists now -even the primary care physicians everyone just has a piece of the care -but holding onto that structure we built around the daring independence self sufficiency of each of those people -we have trained hired and rewarded people to be cowboys -try to learn all the material you have to absorb at any task youre taking on i had to think about how i sew and how i cut but then also how i pick the right person to come to an operating room and then in the midst of all this came this new context for thinking about what it meant to be good -but its pit crews that we need pit crews for patients -theres evidence all around us forty percent of our coronary artery disease patients in our communities receive incomplete or inappropriate care -our experience as people who get sick need help from other people is that we have amazing clinicians that we can turn to hardworking incredibly well trained and very smart that we have access to incredible technologies that give us great hope -from start to finish -in a successful way -theres another sign -that we need pit crews -and thats the unmanageable cost -of our care -now we in medicine i think are baffled by this question of cost we want to say this is just the way it is -this is just what medicine requires when you go from a world where you treated arthritis with aspirin that mostly didnt do the job -to one where if it gets bad enough we can do a hip replacement a knee replacement that gives you -years maybe decades without disability a dramatic change well is it any surprise -but i think were ignoring certain facts that tell us something about what we can do -as weve looked at the data about the results that have come as the complexity has increased we found that the most expensive care -is not necessarily the best care and vice versa the best care -often turns out to be the least expensive -has fewer complications the people get more efficient at what they do -and what that means is theres hope -because if to have the best results you really needed the most expensive care in the country or in the world -well then we really would be talking about rationing -who were going to cut off from medicare -but when we look at the positive deviants the ones who are getting the best results at the lowest costs -we find the ones that look the most like systems are the most successful that is to say they found ways to get all of the different pieces all of the different components to come together into a whole -in the last few years we realized we were in the deepest crisis of medicines existence due to something you dont normally think about when youre a doctor concerned with how you do good for people -having great components is not enough and yet weve been obsessed in medicine with components we want the best drugs the best technologies the best specialists -but we dont think too much about how it all comes together its a terrible design strategy actually theres a famous thought experiment that touches exactly on this that said what if you built a car from the very best car parts -a very expensive pile of junk that does not go anywhere -and that is what medicine can feel like sometimes -its not a system -now a system however -when things start to come together -you realize it has certain skills for acting and looking that way -skill number one is the ability to recognize success and the ability to recognize failure when you are a specialist you cant see the end result very well you have to become really interested in data unsexy as that sounds -one of my colleagues is a surgeon in cedar rapids iowa and he got interested in the question of well how many ct scans did they do for their community in cedar rapids he got interested in this because there had been government reports newspaper reports journal articles saying that there had been too many ct scans done -and what he found was that for the three hundred thousand people in their community in the previous year they had done fifty two thousand ct scans -they had found a problem -which brings us to skill number two a system has -skill one find where your failures are skill two is devise solutions -i got interested in this when the world health organization came to my team asking if we could help with a project to reduce deaths in surgery the volume of surgery had spread around the world but the safety of surgery had not -now our usual tactics for tackling problems like these are to do more training give people more specialization or bring in more technology -theres not a country in the world that now is not asking whether we can afford what doctors do -well in surgery you couldnt have people who are more specialized and you couldnt have people who are better trained and yet we see unconscionable levels of -and so we looked at what other high risk industries do we looked at skyscraper construction we looked at the aviation world and we found that they have technology they have training and then they have one other thing they have checklists -i did not expect to be spending a significant part of my time as a harvard surgeon worrying about checklists -and yet what we found were that -these were tools to help make experts better we got the lead safety engineer for boeing to help us could we design a checklist for surgery not for the lowest people on the -and what they taught us was that designing a checklist to help people handle complexity actually involves more difficulty than i had understood you have to think about things like pause points -the political fight that weve developed has become one around whether its the government thats the problem or is it insurance companies that are the problem -and then you need to focus on the killer items an aviation checklist like this one for a single engine plane isnt a recipe for how to fly a plane -its a reminder of the key things that get forgotten -or missed if theyre not checked -so we did this we created a nineteen item two minute checklist for surgical teams we had the pause points immediately before anesthesia is given immediately before the knife hits the skin immediately before the patient leaves the room -and we had a mix of dumb stuff on there making sure an antibiotic is given in the right time frame because that cuts the infection rate by half and then interesting stuff because you cant make a recipe for something as complicated as surgery -instead you can make a recipe for how to have a team thats prepared for the unexpected and we had items like making sure everyone in the room had introduced themselves by name at the start of the day because you get half a dozen people or more who are sometimes coming together as a team for the very first time that day -that youre coming in we implemented this checklist -in eight hospitals around the world -deliberately in places from rural tanzania to the university of washington in seattle we found that after they adopted it the complication rates fell thirty five percent -it fell in every hospital it went into the death rates fell forty seven percent -this was bigger than a drug -of course one can make a biological argument one can say ok what are we made of were made of cells and stuff between cells what can damage accumulate in the answer is long lived molecules -because if a short lived molecule undergoes damage but then the molecule is destroyed like by a protein being destroyed by proteolysis then the damage is gone too its got to be long lived molecules so these seven things were all under discussion in gerontology a long time ago -and that is pretty good news because it means that you know weve come a long way in biology in these twenty years so the fact that we havent extended this list is a pretty good indication that theres no extension to be done -i havent got time to go through them at all but my conclusion is that if we can actually get suitable funding for this then -we can probably develop robust mouse rejuvenation in only ten years but we do need to get serious about it we do need to really start trying so of course there are some biologists in the audience and -to some of the questions that you may have you may have been dissatisfied with this talk but fundamentally you have to go and read this stuff ive published a great deal on this i -i like in an audience in britain especially to talk about the comparison with fox hunting which is something that was banned after a long struggle -the experimental work on which my optimism is based and theres quite a lot of detail there the detail is what makes me confident of my rather aggressive time frames that im predicting here so if you think that im wrong youd better damn well go and find out why you think im wrong -and of course the main thing is that you shouldnt trust people who call themselves gerontologists because as with any radical departure from previous thinking within a particular field you know -you expect people in the mainstream to be a bit resistant and not really to take it seriously so you know youve got to actually do your homework in order to understand whether this is true -with a few things one thing is you know youll be hearing from a guy in the next session who said some time ago that he could sequence the human genome in -and everyone said well its obviously impossible and you know what happened so you know this does happen we have various strategies theres the methuselah mouse prize which is basically an incentive to innovate and to do -what you think is going to work and you get money for it if you win theres a proposal to actually put together an institute this is whats going to take a bit of money but i mean look how long does it take to spend that on the war in iraq not very long ok -by the government not very many months ago i mean i know im with a sympathetic audience here but as we know a lot of people are not entirely persuaded by this logic -its got to be philanthropic because profits distract biotech but its basically got a ninety percent chance i think of succeeding in this and i think we -because i am an old man i am actually one hundred and fifty eight -on this planet have evolved with immune systems to fight off all the diseases so that individuals live long enough to procreate -which is that no aging is not a product of selection evolution is simply a product of evolutionary neglect in other words -and this is actually a rather good comparison it seems to me you know a lot of people said well you know city boys have no business telling us rural types what to do with our time its a traditional part of the way of life and we should be -we have aging because its hard work not to have aging you need more genetic pathway more sophistication in your genes in order to age more slowly and that carries on being true -you push it out so to the extent that evolution doesnt matter doesnt care whether genes are passed on by individuals living a long time or by procreation -amount of modulation of that which is why different species have different lifespans but thats why there are no immortal species ca the genes dont care but we do ag thats right -hello -i read somewhere that in the last twenty years the average lifespan of basically anyone on the planet has grown by ten years -if i project that -would make me think that i would live until one hundred and twenty if i dont crash -that means that -one of your subjects to become a one thousand year old -if you -i was told that many of the brain cells we have as adults are actually in the human embryo and that the brain cells last eighty years or so -if that is indeed true biologically are there implications in the world of rejuvenation if there are cells in my body that live all eighty years as opposed to a typical you know couple of months -there are technical implications certainly basically what we need to do is replace cells in those few areas of the brain that lose cells at a respectable rate especially neurons -to carry on doing it its ecologically sound it stops the population explosion of foxes but ultimately the government prevailed in the end because the majority of the british public and certainly the majority of members of parliament -no aging hydra for example but they do it by not having a nervous system and not having any tissues in fact that rely for their function on very long lived cells -to the conclusion that it was really something that should not be tolerated in a civilized society and i think that human aging shares all of these characteristics in spades what part of this do people not understand its not just about life -its about healthy life you know getting frail and miserable and dependent is no fun -and i mean ok im not actually saying that these excuses are completely valueless there are some good points to be made here things that we ought to be thinking about forward planning so that -nothing goes too well so that we minimize the turbulence when we actually figure out how to fix aging but these are completely crazy when you actually remember your sense of proportion -you know these are arguments these are things that would be legitimate to be concerned about but the question is are they so dangerous these risks of doing something about aging -that they outweigh the downside of doing the opposite namely leaving aging as it is are these so bad that they outweigh condemning one hundred thousand people a day to an unnecessarily early death -and you know a lot of people try to fudge this question and give answers like this i dont agree with those answers i think they basically dont work i think its true that we will face a dilemma in this respect we will have -decide whether to have -a low birth rate or a high death rate a high death rate will of course arise from simply rejecting these therapies in favor of carrying on having a lot of kids and i say that thats fine the future of humanity is entitled to make that choice -whats not fine is for us to make that choice on behalf of the future if we vacillate hesitate and do not actually develop these therapies -then we are condemning a whole cohort of people who would have been young enough and healthy enough to benefit from those therapies -to talk about feasibility as well of course im going to talk about why we are so fatalistic about doing anything about aging and then im going spend perhaps the second half of the talk talking about -but will not be because we havent developed them as quickly as we could well be denying those people an indefinite life span and i consider that that is immoral thats my answer to the overpopulation question -right so the next thing is now why should we get a little bit more active on this and the fundamental answer is that the pro aging trance is not as dumb as it looks -its actually a sensible way of coping with the inevitability of aging aging is ghastly but its inevitable so you know weve got to find some way to put it out of our minds and its rational to -do anything that we might want to do to do that like for example making up these ridiculous reasons why aging is actually a good thing after all but of course -this becomes part of the problem this pro aging trance is what stops us from agitating about these things and thats why we have to really -you know how we might actually be able to prove that fatalism is wrong namely by actually doing something about it im going to do that in two steps the first one im going to talk about is -aging is a side effect of being alive in the first place which is to say metabolism this is not -a completely tautological statement its a reasonable statement aging is basically a process that happens to inanimate objects like cars and it also happens to us despite the fact that we have a lot of -clever self repair mechanisms because those self repair mechanisms are not perfect so basically metabolism which is defined as basically everything that keeps us alive from one day to the next -has side effects those side effects accumulate and eventually cause pathology thats a fine definition so we can put it this way we can say that you know we have this chain of events -the geriatrician will intervene late in the day when pathology is becoming evident and the geriatrician will try and hold back the sands of time and stop the -but unfortunately the thing is that we dont understand metabolism very well in fact we have a pitifully poor understanding of how organisms work even cells were not really too good on yet weve discovered things like for example rna interference -only a few years ago and this is a really fundamental component of how cells work basically gerontology is a fine approach in the end but it is not an approach whose time has come when were talking about intervention so then -how to get from a relatively modest amount of life extension which im going to define as thirty years applied to people who are already in middle age when you start to a point which can genuinely be called defeating aging namely essentially an elimination of the -just suppose as i said that we do acquire lets say we do it today for sake of argument -the ability to confer thirty extra years of healthy life on people who are already in middle age lets say fifty five im going to call that robust human rejuvenation ok -what would that actually mean for how long people of various ages today or equivalently of various ages at the time that these therapies arrive would actually live -that question you might think its simple but its not simple we cant just say well if theyre young enough to benefit from these therapies then theyll live thirty years longer thats the wrong -and there are incremental refinements of those breakthroughs now they differ a great deal in terms of the predictability of time -but after that things were pretty steady and pretty uniform i think this is a reasonable sequence of events that happened in the progression of the technology of powered flight we can think really that each one is -beyond the imagination of the inventor of the previous one if you like the incremental advances have added up to something which is not incremental anymore -this is the sort of thing you see after a fundamental breakthrough and you see it in all sorts of technologies computers you can look at a more or less parallel time line happening of course a bit later -you can look at medical care i mean hygiene vaccines antibiotics you know the same sort of time frame so i think that actually step two that i called a step a moment ago isnt a step -that in fact the people who are young enough to benefit from these first therapies that give this moderate amount of life extension even though those people are already middle aged when the therapies arrive -will be at some sort of cusp they will mostly survive long enough to receive improved treatments that will give them a further thirty or maybe fifty years -in other words they will be staying ahead of the game the therapies will be improving faster than the remaining imperfections in the therapies are catching up with us -this is a very important point for me to get across because you know most people when they hear that i predict that a lot of people alive today are going to live to one thousand or more they think that im saying that were going to invent therapies in the next few decades that are -but well be able to fix the things that two hundred year olds die of before we have any two hundred year olds and the same for three and four hundred and so on i decided to give this a little name which is longevity escape velocity -across so these trajectories here are basically how we would expect people to live in terms of remaining life expectancy as measured by their health -given ages that they were at the time that these therapies arrive if youre already one hundred or even if youre eighty and an average eighty year old we probably cant do a lot for you with these therapies because youre too close to deaths door for the really initial -eventually get through this and start becoming biologically younger in a meaningful sense in terms of your youthfulness both physical and mental and in terms of your risk of death from -of course if youre a bit younger than that then youre never really even going to get near to being fragile enough to die of age related causes so this is a genuine -but irrespective of that age im claiming that the first person to live to one thousand -all right so finally im going to spend the rest of the talk my last seven and a half minutes on step one namely how do we actually get to -this moderate amount of life extension that will allow us to get to escape velocity and in order to do that i need to talk about mice a little bit -i have a corresponding milestone to robust human rejuvenation im calling it robust mouse rejuvenation not very imaginatively and this is what it is i say were going to take a long lived strain of mouse which basically means mice that live about three years on average -we do exactly nothing to them until theyre already two years old and then we do a whole bunch of stuff to them and with those therapies we get them to live on average to their fifth birthday -i want to ask a question hands up anyone in the audience who is in favor of malaria that was easy ok ok hands up anyone in the audience whos not sure whether malaria is a good thing or a bad thing -and it seems to me that the first question is entirely a biology question and its extremely hard to answer one has to be very speculative and many of my colleagues would say that we should not do this speculation that we should simply -assess their priorities so i say that we have a fifty fifty chance of reaching this rhr milestone robust human rejuvenation within fifteen years from the point that we get to robust mouse rejuvenation fifteen years from the robust mouse -the publics perception will probably be somewhat better than that the public tend to underestimate how difficult scientific things are so theyll probably think its five years away theyll be wrong but that actually wont matter too much -and finally of course i think its fair to say that a large part of the reason why the public is so ambivalent about aging now is the global trance i spoke about earlier the coping strategy -that will be history at this point because it will no longer be possible to believe that aging is inevitable in humans since its been postponed so very effectively in mice so were likely to end up with a very strong change in peoples attitudes and of course that has enormous implications -so in order to tell you now how were going to get these mice im going to add a little bit to my description of aging im going to use this word damage to denote these intermediate things that are caused by metabolism and that eventually cause pathology -ok so we all think malaria is a bad thing thats very good news because i thought that was what the answer would be now the thing is i would like to put it to you that the main reason why we think that malaria is a bad thing is because of a characteristic of malaria that it shares with -but it is not part of metabolism itself and this turns out to be useful because we can re draw our original diagram this way we can say that fundamentally the difference between gerontology and geriatrics is that gerontology tries to inhibit the -which metabolism lays down this damage and im going to explain exactly what damage is in concrete biological terms in a moment -and geriatricians try to hold back the sands of time by stopping the damage converting into pathology and the reason its a losing battle is because the damage is continuing to accumulate -so theres a third approach if we look at it this way we can call it the engineering approach and i claim that the engineering approach is -so that we keep the level of damage down below the threshold that must exist that causes it to be pathogenic we know that this threshold exists because -we dont get age related diseases until were in middle age even though the damage has been accumulating since before we were born why do i say that were in range well this is basically it the point about this slide is actually the bottom -if we try to say which bits of metabolism are important for aging we will be here all night because basically all of metabolism is important for aging in one way or another this list is just for illustration it is incomplete -the list on the right is also incomplete its a list of types of pathology that are age related and its just an incomplete list but i would like to claim to you that this list in the middle is actually complete this is the list of -thing that qualify as damage side effects of metabolism that cause pathology in the end or that might cause pathology and there are only seven of them -aging and here is that characteristic the only real difference is that aging kills considerably more people than malaria -thing of course but theres only seven of them cell loss mutations in chromosomes mutations in the mitochondria and so on first of all id like to give you an argument for why that list is complete -they didnt say money they said the people who employ us treat us like we are less than human -please ask them to treat us like human beings -thats my simple understanding of human rights -in this room everybody out there we can all make a decision to come together and pick up the balls and run with the balls that governments have dropped if we dont do it -were abandoning hope were abandoning our essential humanity -and all of those products probably end their lives in a dump like this one in manila these places these origins represent governance gaps -thats the politest description i have for them these are the dark pools where global supply chains begin the global supply chains which bring us our favorite brand name products -some these governance gaps are run by rogue states -some of them are not states anymore at all theyre failed states some of them are just countries who believe that deregulation or no regulation is the best way to attract investment promote trade -now i didnt come here to depress you about the state of the global supply chain -we need a reality check we need to recognize just how -serious a deficit of rights we have this is an independent republic -probably a failed state its definitely not a democratic state -and right now that independent republic of the supply chain is not being governed in a way that would satisfy us -that we can engage in ethical trade or ethical consumption -now thats not a new story -youve seen the documentaries of sweatshops making garments all over the world even in developed countries you want to see the classic sweatshop meet me at madison square garden ill take you down the street and ill show you a chinese -but take the example of heparin -you expect that the supply chain that gets it to the hospital probably squeaky clean -the problem is is that the active ingredient in there as i mentioned earlier comes from pigs -by armed gangs using child slaves what the u n security council calls blood minerals then traveled into some components and ended up in a factory in shinjin in china -and when their factory in china which probably is pretty clean is getting all of the ingredients from backyard -some of the suppliers realized that they could substitute a product -which mimicked heparin in -the answer is quite simple -the chinese define these facilities as chemical facilities not pharmaceutical facilities so -and the u s fda has a jurisdictional problem this is -five hundred of these facilities producing active ingredients in china -in fact about eighty percent of the active ingredients in medicines now come from offshore particularly china and india -and we dont have a governance system we dont have a regulatory system able to ensure that that production -we dont have a system to ensure that human rights basic dignity are ensured -so at a national level -and we work in about sixty different countries at a national level weve got a serious breakdown in the ability of governments to regulate -that factory over a dozen people have committed suicide already this year -the real problem with the global supply chain is that its supranational -so governments who are failing who are dropping the ball -at a national level have even less ability to get their arms around the problem at an international level and you can just look at the headlines take copenhagen last year -complete failure of governments to do the right thing in the face of an international challenge take the g twenty meeting a couple of weeks ago -stepped back from its commitments of just a few months ago -you can take any one of the major global -one man died after working a thirty six -simple answer is they cant theyre national -voters are local -they have parochial interests -they cant subordinate those interests to the greater global public good -so if were going to ensure the delivery of the key public goods at an international level -in this case in the global supply chain -we have to come up with a different mechanism we need a different machine -fortunately we have some examples -in the nineteen nineties there were a whole series of scandals concerning the production of brand name goods in the u s child labor forced labor serious health and safety abuses -we all love chocolate we buy it for our kids eighty percent of the cocoa comes from cote divoire and ghana and its harvested by children -how to prevent that but im at least going to use my good offices to get you folks together to come up with a response -so they formed a white house task force and they spent about three years -arguing about who takes how much responsibility in the global supply chain companies didnt feel it was their responsibility -those facilities they dont employ those workers theyre not legally liable -agreed okay what well do is we agree on a common set of standards -make it part of the contract and that was a stroke of absolute genius -because what they did was they harnessed the power of the contract private power to deliver public goods -we have a huge problem of child slaves children have been trafficked from other conflict zones to come and work on the coffee plantations -and lets face it the contract from a major multinational brand to a supplier in india or china has much more persuasive value than the local labor law the local environmental regulations the local human rights standards -those factories will probably never -be amazing if they were able to -even if they did their jobs and they cited those facilities for their violations -the fine would be derisory but you lose that contract for a major brand name thats the difference between staying in business or going bankrupt -makes a difference so what weve been able to do is weve been able to harness -the power and the influence of the only truly transnational institution in the global supply chain -that of the multinational company and get them to do the right thing -get them to use that power for good to deliver the key public goods -now of course this doesnt come naturally to multinational companies they werent set up to do this theyre set up to make money -but they are extremely efficient organizations -they have resources and if we can add the will the commitment they know how to deliver that product -heparin blood thinner a pharmaceutical product starts out in artisanal workshops like this in china -now getting there is not easy those supply chains i put up on the screen earlier theyre not -safe space you need a place where people can come together -sit down without fear of judgment without recrimination -to actually face the problem agree on the problem and come up with solutions we can do it the technical solutions are there the problem is the lack of trust the lack of confidence the lack of partnership -between ngos campaign groups -we can put those two together in a safe space -get them to work together we can deliver public goods right now or in extremely short supply -this is a radical proposition -and its crazy to think that if youre fifteen year old bangladeshi girl -leaving your rural village to go and work in a factory in dhaka -crazy multinationals are protecting human rights -i know theres going to be disbelief youll say how can we trust -well we -and then we publish the results -you can call yourself responsible but responsibility without accountability often doesnt work -need to believe me you shouldnt believe me go to the website look at the audit results ask yourself is this company behaving -in a socially responsible way can i buy that product without compromising my ethics thats the way the system works -i hate the idea that governments are not protecting human rights around the world -i hate the idea that governments have dropped this ball and i cant get used to the idea that somehow we cant get them to do their jobs -ive been at this for thirty years and in that time ive seen the ability the commitment the will of government to do this decline and i dont see them making a comeback right now -so we started out thinking this was a stopgap measure -companies and ngos are going to have to get together to face the major challenges we are going to face just look at pandemics swine flu bird flu h one n one -look at the health systems in so many countries do they have the resources to face up to a serious pandemic -the second biggest exporter of cotton on earth every year when it comes to the cotton harvest the government shuts down the schools puts the kids in buses -could the private sector and ngos get together and marshal a response absolutely -what they lack is that safe space to come together agree and move to action -thats what were trying to provide -as well that this often seems like overwhelming level of responsibility for people to -you want me to deliver human rights -it seems too daunting too dangerous for any company to take on -but there are companies we have four thousand companies who are members -some of them are very very large companies the sporting goods industry in particular stepped up to the plate and have done it -the example the role model -and whenever we discuss one of these problems that we have to address child labor in cottonseed farms in india this year we will monitor fifty thousand cottonseed farms in india -it seems overwhelming the numbers just make you -but we break it down to some basic realities and human rights comes down to a very simple proposition can i give this person their dignity back -poor people people whose human rights have been violated -the crux of that is the loss of dignity the lack of -it starts with just giving people back their dignity -i was sitting in a slum outside gurgaon just next to delhi one of the -flashiest brightest new cities popping up in india right now and i was talking to workers who worked in garment sweatshops down the road and i asked them what message they would like me to take the brands -and this talk is kind of a greatest hits of the academic security communitys hacks none of the work is my work its all work that my colleagues have done and i actually asked them for their slides and incorporated them into this talk so the first one im going to talk about are implanted medical devices -and the technology has continued to move forward in two thousand and six we hit an important milestone from the perspective of computer security and why do i say that because thats when implanted devices inside of people started to have networking capabilities -one thing that brings us close to home is we look at dick cheneys device he had a device that pumped blood from an aorta to another part of the heart and as you can see at the bottom there it was controlled by a computer controller and if you ever thought that software liability was very important get one of these inside of you -now what a research team did was they got their hands on whats called an icd this is a defibrillator and this is a device that goes into a person to control their heart rhythm and these have saved many lives -well in order to not have to open up the person every time you want to reprogram their device or do some diagnostics on it they made the thing be able to communicate wirelessly and what this research team did is they reverse engineered the wireless protocol and they built the device you see pictured here with a little antenna that could talk the protocol to the device -and thus control it -in order to make their experience real they were unable to find any volunteers and so they went and they got some ground beef and some bacon and they wrapped it all up to about the size of a human beings area where the device would go and they stuck the device inside it to perform their experiment somewhat realistically -they launched many many successful attacks one that ill highlight here is changing the patients name i dont know why you would want to do that but i sure wouldnt want that done to me -and they were able to change therapies including disabling the device and this is with a real commercial off the shelf device simply by performing reverse engineering and sending wireless signals to it -and i think this is great but without a full understanding of trustworthy computing and without understanding what attackers can do and the security risks from the beginning theres a lot of danger in this -okay let me shift gears and show you another target im going to show you a few different targets like this and thats my talk so well look at automobiles this is a car and it has a lot of components a lot of electronics in it today in fact its got many many different computers inside of it more pentiums than my lab did when i was in college -and theyre connected by a wired network -theres also a wireless network in the car which can be reached from many different ways so theres bluetooth theres the fm and xm radio theres actually wi fi theres sensors in the wheels that wirelessly communicate the tire pressure to a controller on board -the modern car is a sophisticated multi computer device -and what happens if somebody wanted to attack this well thats what the researchers that im going to talk about today did they basically stuck an attacker on the wired network and on the wireless network -apparently i was in charge of making sure that no one stole the computers from the university -now they have two areas they can attack one is short range wireless where you can actually communicate with the device from nearby either through bluetooth or wi fi and the other is long range where you can communicate with the car through the cellular network or through one of the radio stations think about it when a car receives a radio signal -its processed by software that software has to receive and decode the radio signal and then figure out what to do with it even if its just music that it needs to play on the radio and that software that does that decoding if it has any bugs in it could create a vulnerability for somebody to hack the car -the way that the researchers did this work -is they read the software in the computer chips that were in the car and then they used sophisticated reverse engineering tools to figure out what that software did and then they found vulnerabilities in that software and then they built exploits to exploit those they actually -carried out their attack in real life they bought two cars and i guess they have better budgets than i do -the first threat model was to see what someone could do if an attacker actually got access to the internal network on the car okay so think of that as someone gets to go to your car they get to mess around with it and then they leave and now what kind of trouble are you in -the other threat model is that they contact you in real time over one of the wireless networks like the cellular or something like that never having actually gotten physical access to your -car this is what their setup looks like for the first model where you get to have access to the car they put a laptop and they connected to the diagnostic unit on the in car network and they did all kinds of silly things like heres a picture of the speedometer showing one hundred and forty miles an hour when the cars in park -then they went out to an abandoned airstrip with two cars the target victim car and the chase car and they launched a bunch of other attacks -one of the things they were able to do from the chase car is apply the brakes on the other car simply by hacking the computer they were able to disable the brakes they also were able to install malware that wouldnt kick in and wouldnt trigger until the car was doing something like going over twenty miles an hour or something like that -the results are astonishing and when they gave this talk even though they gave this talk at a conference to a bunch of computer security researchers everybody was gasping they were able to take over a bunch of critical computers inside the car -the brakes computer the lighting computer the engine the dash the radio etc and they were able to perform these on real commercial cars that they purchased using the radio network -they were able to compromise every single one of the pieces of software that controlled every single one of the wireless capabilities of the car -but thats not the most ridiculous thing ive ever heard anyone say about my work -all of these were implemented successfully -how would you steal a car in this model well you compromise the car by a buffer overflow of vulnerability in the software something like that you use the gps in the car to locate it you remotely unlock the doors through the computer that controls that start the engine bypass anti theft and youve got yourself a car -surveillance was really interesting the authors of the study have a video where they show themselves taking over a car and then turning on the microphone in the car and listening in on the car while tracking it via gps on a map and so thats something that the drivers of the car would never know was happening -the most ridiculous thing i ever heard is i was at a dinner party and a woman heard that i work in computer security and she asked me if she said her computer had been infected by a virus and she was very concerned that she might get sick from it that she could get this virus -they videotaped people on a bus and then they post processed the video what you see here in number one is a -reflection in somebodys glasses of the smartphone that theyre typing in -they wrote software to stabilize even though they were on a bus and maybe someones holding their phone at an angle to stabilize the phone process it and you may know on your smartphone when you type a password the keys pop out a little bit and they were able to use that to reconstruct what the person was typing and had a language model for detecting typing -what was interesting is by videotaping on a bus they were able to produce exactly what people on their smartphones were typing -and then they had a surprising result which is that their software had not only done it for their target but other people who accidentally happened to be in the picture they were able to produce what those people had been typing and that was kind of an accidental artifact of what their software -one is p twenty five radios p twenty five radios are used by law enforcement and all kinds of government agencies and people in combat to communicate and theres an encryption option on these phones this is what the phone looks like its not really a phone its more of a two way radio -motorola makes the most widely used one and you can see that theyre used by secret service theyre used in combat its a very very common standard in the u s and elsewhere -so one question the researchers asked themselves is could you block this thing right could you run a denial of service because these are first responders so would a terrorist organization want to black out the ability of police and fire to communicate at an emergency -they found that theres this girltech device used for texting that happens to operate at the same exact frequency as the p twenty five and they built what they called my first jammer -if you look closely at this device its got a switch for encryption or cleartext let me advance the slide and now ill go back you see the difference -so they bought a scanner these are perfectly legal and they run at the frequency of the p twenty five -and what they did is they hopped around frequencies and they wrote software to listen in if they found encrypted communication they stayed on that channel and they wrote down thats a channel that these people communicate in these law enforcement agencies and they went to twenty metropolitan areas and listened in on conversations that were happening at those frequencies -they found that in every metropolitan area they would capture over twenty minutes a day of cleartext communication -and what kind of things were people talking about well they found the names and information about confidential informants they found information that was being recorded in wiretaps a bunch of crimes that were being discussed sensitive information it was mostly law enforcement and criminal -they went and reported this to the law enforcement agencies after anonymizing it and the vulnerability here is simply the user interface wasnt good enough if youre talking about something really secure and sensitive it should be really clear to you that this conversation is encrypted that ones pretty easy to fix the last one i thought was really really cool and i just had to show it to you -its probably not something that youre going to lose sleep over like the cars or the defibrillators but -its stealing keystrokes now weve all looked at smartphones upside down every security expert wants to hack a smartphone and we tend to look at the usb port the gps for tracking the camera the microphone -but no one up till this point had looked at the accelerometer the accelerometer is the thing that determines the vertical orientation of the smartphone -and so they had a simple setup they put a smartphone next to a keyboard and they had people type and then their goal was to use the vibrations that were created by typing to measure the change in the accelerometer reading to determine what the person had been typing -now when they tried this on an iphone three gs this is a graph of the perturbations that were created by the typing and you can see that its very difficult to tell when somebody was typing or what they were typing but the iphone four greatly improved the accelerometer and so the same measurement produced this graph -now that gave you a lot of information while someone was typing -and what they did then is used advanced artificial intelligence techniques called machine learning -to have a training phase and so they got most likely grad students to type in a whole lot of things and to learn to have the system use the machine learning tools that were available to learn what it is that the people were typing and to match that up with the measurements in the accelerometer -and then theres the attack phase where you get somebody to type something in you dont know what it was -im going to get back to this notion of being able to get a virus from your computer in a serious way -now the system is interesting because it produced illinois supreme and then it wasnt sure the model produced a bunch of options -and this is the beauty of some of the a i techniques is that computers are good at some things humans are good at other things take the best of both and let the humans solve this one dont waste computer cycles a humans not going to think its the supreme might its the supreme court -right and so together were able to reproduce typing simply by measuring the accelerometer -why does this matter well in the android platform for example the developers have a manifest where every device on there the microphone etc has to register if youre going to use it so that hackers cant take over it but nobody controls the accelerometer -what im going to talk to you about today are some hacks some real world cyber attacks that people in my community the academic research community have performed which i dont think most people know about and i think theyre very interesting and scary -so whats the point you can leave your iphone next to someones keyboard and just leave the room and then later recover what they did even without using the microphone -if someone is able to put malware on your iphone they could then maybe get the typing that you do whenever you put your iphone next to your keyboard -theres several other notable attacks that unfortunately i dont have time to go into but the one that i wanted to point out was a group from the university of michigan which was able to take voting machines the sequoia avc edge dres that were going to be used in new jersey in the election that were left in a hallway and put pac man on it so they ran the pac man game -what does this all mean well i think that society tends to adopt technology really quickly i love the next coolest gadget -but its very important and these researchers are showing that the developers of these things need to take security into account from the very beginning and need to realize that they may have a threat model but the attackers may not be nice enough to limit themselves to that threat model and so you need to think outside of the box -eight years ago when i was at the media lab i started exploring this idea of how to put the power of engineers in the hands of artists and designers -a few years ago i started developing littlebits let me show you how they work -with each one specific function -theyre pre engineered to be light -and the best part about it is they snap together with magnets so you cant put them the wrong way -the bricks are color coded green is output blue is power pink is input and orange is wire so all you need to do is snap a blue to a green and very quickly you can start making larger circuits -you put a blue to a green you can make light -you can put a knob in between -and now youve made a little blinker -very quickly concrete blocks became the most used construction unit in the world they enabled us to to build things that were larger than us buildings bridges one brick at a time essentially concrete blocks had become the building block of our time -heres an example of a project they made a motion activated confetti canon ball -thats afraid of the dark -of contributors because this world that we live in this interactive world is ours -so go ahead and start inventing thank -it was called the automatic binding brick and in a few short years lego bricks took place in every household its estimated that over four hundred billion bricks have been produced or seventy five bricks for every person on the planet -meanwhile the exact same year at bell labs the next revolution was about to be announced the next building block the transistor was a small plastic unit that would take us from a world of static bricks piled on top of each other to a world where everything was interactive -like the concrete block the transistor allows you to build much larger more complex circuits one brick at a time -but theres a main difference -the transistor was only for experts i personally dont accept this that the building block of our time is reserved for experts so i decided to change that -i started to consider what i should do -i started to learn classic ballet jazz dance acrobatics and other things to make my performance better -i passed an audition for cirque du soleil today -i couldnt even do the simplest trick but it was very natural for me because i was not dextrous and hated all sports but after one week of practicing my throws became more like this -when i was eighteen years old -i was standing onstage at the world yo yo contest and i won i was so excited yes i did it i became a hero i may get many sponsors a lot of money tons of interviews and be on tv i thought -and since i study human decision making i said im going to run some studies -i want to tell you that what youre going to do in the study is -now why do you have to consume the tea why because it makes a lot of sense in order to solve these puzzles effectively if you think about it your mind needs to be in two states simultaneously right it needs to be alert -for which caffeine is very good simultaneously it needs to be calm not agitated calm for which chamomile is very good -now comes the between subjects design the ab design the ab testing so what im going to do is randomly assign you to one of two groups so imagine that there is an imaginary line out here so everyone here will be group a everyone out here will be group b -so if you think about it this is an extreme case scenario because in the real world whenever you are taking passengers seat very often the driver is going to be someone you trust an expert etc so this is an extreme case scenario -now youre going to have thirty minutes to solve fifteen puzzles heres an example of the puzzle youre going to solve -and then you have to unstick yourself -because we want this to be difficult and ill tell you why momentarily now heres another example -now the question were asking here is in terms of the outcome in terms of the number of puzzles solved will you in the drivers seat end up solving more puzzles because you are in control you could decide which tea you will choose or would you be better off in terms of the number of puzzles solved -second you have thirty minutes to solve these are you taking the entire thirty minutes or are you giving up before the thirty minutes elapse you will be more likely to give up before the thirty minutes elapse compared to you so youre putting in less juice and therefore the outcome fewer puzzles solved -you know the feedback whether youre solving the puzzles or not -the most horrifying and agonizing part of the whole experience was we were making decisions after decisions after decisions that were being thrust upon us -on the somber note i want to finish up on a more upbeat note it has now been five years slightly more than five years and the good news thank god is that the cancer is still in remission -and these were being pressed upon us by the doctors now you could ask this question why were the doctors doing this now a simplistic answer would be the doctors are doing this because they want to protect themselves legally -i think that is too simplistic -these are well meaning doctors some of them have gone on to become very good friends they probably were simply following the wisdom that has come down the ages this adage that when youre making decisions especially decisions of importance its best to be in charge its best to be in control its best to be in the drivers seat -and we were certainly in the drivers seat making all these decisions and let me tell you if some of you had been there it was a most agonizing and harrowing experience which got me thinking i said is there any validity to this whole adage -so i took one no off a tombstone from the islamic museum in cairo and i added a message to it no to military rule and i started spraying that on the streets in cairo but that led to a series of no coming out of the book like ammunition -so ill be sharing some of these noes with you -no to burning books the institute of egypt was burned on december seventeenth a huge cultural loss -protesters being run over by the tank demonstrators and a message that read starting tomorrow i wear the new face the face of every martyr i exist authority comes paints -and in arabic to say no we say no and a thousand times no so i decided to look for a thousand different noes on everything ever produced under islamic or arab patronage in the past one thousand four hundred years from spain to the borders of china -i collected my findings in a book placed them chronologically stating the name the patron the medium and the date -now the book sat on a small shelf next to the installation which stood three by seven meters in munich germany -in september of two thousand and ten now in january two thousand and eleven the revolution started and life stopped for eighteen days and on the twelfth of february we naively celebrated on the streets of cairo -believing that the revolution had succeeded -nine months later i found myself spraying messages in tahrir square the reason for this act was this image that i saw in my newsfeed i did not feel that i could live in a city where people were being killed and thrown like garbage on the street -it would be great if the story ended there unfortunately what you hold in your hand has not only -want to talk to you today about a difficult topic that is close to me and closer than you might realize to you -rape is used as a weapon of war instilling fear and depopulating whole areas the quest for extracting this mineral has not only aided but it has fueled -the ongoing war in the congo -but dont throw away your phones yet thirty thousand children are enlisted and are made to fight -the congo consistently scores dreadfully in global health and poverty rankings -but remarkably the u n environmental programme has estimated the wealth of the country to be over twenty four trillion dollars -i came to the u k twenty one years ago as an asylum seeker i was twenty one i was forced to leave the democratic republic of the congo -the state regulated mining industry has collapsed and control over mines has splintered coltan is easily controlled by armed groups -that has brought this situation to our attention we only know so much about the situation in the congo and in the mines because of the kind of communication the mobile phone allows -as with the arab spring during the recent elections in the congo voters were able to send text messages of local polling stations to the headquarters in the capital kinshasa -and in the wake of the result the diaspora has joined with the carter center the catholic church -the mobile phone has given people around the world -so we are faced with a paradox the mobile phone is an instrument of freedom and an instrument of oppression -my home where i was a student activist -who makes it and for what -here i am speaking directly to you the ted community and -all those who might be watching on a screen on your phone across the world in the congo all the technology is in place for us to communicate and all the technology is in place to communicate this -at the moment -i would love my children to be able to meet my family in the congo -there is no clear fair trade solution -but there has been a huge amount of progress the u s has recently passed legislation to target bribery and misconduct in the congo recent u k legislation could be used in the same way -there are campaigns spreading across university campuses to make their colleges conflict free but were not there yet we need to continue mounting pressure -on phone companies to change their sourcing processes -when i first came to the u k twenty one years ago i was homesick i missed my family and the friends i left behind communication was extremely difficult sending and receiving letters took months -if you were lucky -why should we allow such a wonderful brilliant and necessary product to be the cause of unnecessary suffering for human beings -how naturally your finger slides towards the buttons -but what you hold in your hand leaves a bloody trail -same thing with laysan albatross who travel an entire ocean on a trip sometimes up to the same zone the tunas use you can see why they might be caught -there is a gold rush on earth and this is a gold rush for bluefin there are traps that fish sustainably up until recently -then theres george schillinger and our leatherback team out of playa grande tagging leatherbacks that go right past where we are and scott bensons team that showed that leatherbacks go from indonesia all the way to monterrey -so what we can see on this moving ocean is we can finally see where the predators are we can actually see how theyre using ecospaces as large as an ocean -and from this information we can begin to map the hope spots right so this is just three years of data right here and theres a decade of this data we see the pulse and the seasonal -activities that these animals are going on so what were able to do with this information is boil it down to hot spots -four thousand deployments a huge herculean task two thousand tags in an area shown here for the first time off the california coast that appears to be a gathering place -and then for sort of an encore from these animals theyre helping us theyre carrying instruments that are actually taking data down -two thousand meters theyre taking information from our planet at very critical places like antarctica and the poles those are seals from many countries -and yet the type of fishing going on today with pens with enormous stakes is really wiping bluefin ecologically off the planet -and then as these animals swim and give us the information thats important to climate issues we also think its critical to get this information to the public to engage the public with this kind of data we did this with the great turtle race -tagged turtles brought in four million hits and now with googles oceans we can actually put a white shark in that ocean -and when we do and it swims we see this magnificent bathymetry that the shark knows is there on its path as it goes from california to hawaii -but maybe mission blue can fill in that ocean that we cant see weve got the capacity nasa has the ocean we just need to put it together -so in conclusion we know where yellowstone is for north america its off our coast we have the technology thats shown us where it is -what we need to think about perhaps for mission blue is increasing the biologging capacity how is it that we can actually take this type of activity elsewhere -a lot of people are excited when sharks actually went under the golden gate bridge lets connect the public to this activity right on their iphone that way we do away with a few internet myths -so we can save the bluefin tuna we can save the white shark we have the science and technology hope is here yes we can we need just to apply this capacity further in the oceans thank you -now bluefin in general goes to one place japan some of you may be guilty of having contributed to the demise of bluefin -theyre delectable muscle rich in fat absolutely taste delicious and thats their problem were eating them to death -now in the atlantic the story is pretty simple bluefin have two populations one large one small the north american population is fished at about two thousand ton -the european population and north african the eastern bluefin tuna is fished at tremendous levels fifty thousand tons over the last decade almost every year -the result is whether youre looking at the west or the eastern bluefin population theres been tremendous decline on both sides as much as ninety percent if you go back -to lions to certain african elephants and to pandas these fish have been proposed for an endangered species listing in the past two months -they were voted on and rejected just two weeks ago despite outstanding science that shows from two committees -this fish meets the criteria of cites i and if its tunas you dont care about perhaps you might be interested that international long lines -chase down tunas and bycatch animals such as leatherbacks sharks marlin albatross these animals and their demise occurs in the tuna fisheries -the challenge we face is that we know very little about tuna and everyone in the room knows what it looks like -when an african lion takes down its prey i doubt anyone has seen a giant bluefin feed this tuna symbolizes whats the problem for all of us in the room -and go deep into the seas remotely and weve got to use these technologies immediately to get a better understanding of how our ocean realm works -most of us from the ship even i look out at the ocean and see this homogeneous sea we dont know where the structure is we cant tell where are the watering holes like we can on an african plain -theyre the largest of the tunas the second largest fish in the sea bony fish they actually are a fish that is endothermic powers through the ocean with warm muscles like a mammal -we cant see the corridors and we cant see what it is that brings together a tuna a leatherback and an albatross -were only just beginning to understand how the physical oceanography and the biological oceanography come together to create -a seasonal force that actually causes the upwelling that might make a hot spot a hope spot the reasons these challenges are great -is that technically its difficult to go to sea its hard to study a bluefin on its turf the entire pacific realm its really tough to get up close and personal with a mako shark and try to put a tag on it -so the story of our team a dedicated team is fish and chips we basically are taking the same satellite phone parts or the same -and for the first time were able to watch the journey of a tuna beneath the ocean using light and photons to measure sunrise and sunset -now ive been working with tunas for over fifteen years i have the privilege of being a partner with the monterrey bay aquarium -weve actually taken a sliver of the ocean put it behind glass and we together have put bluefin tuna and yellowfin tuna on display -when the veil of bubbles lifts every morning we can actually see a community from the pelagic ocean one of the only places on earth you can see giant bluefin swim by -we can see in their beauty of form and function their ceaseless activity theyre flying through their space ocean space -brought in both bluefin and yellowfin in captivity wed been studying these fish but first we had to learn how to husbandry them what do they like to eat what is it that theyre happy with -we go in the tanks with the tuna we touch their naked skin its pretty amazing it feels wonderful and then better yet weve got our own version of tuna whisperers -our own chuck farwell alex norton who can take a big tuna and in one motion put it into an envelope of water -so that we can actually work with the tuna and learn the techniques it takes to not injure this fish who never sees a boundary in the open sea -were taking this data and building better models and when i see that tuna this is my favorite view i begin to wonder -how did this fish solve the longitude problem before we did so take a look at that animal thats the closest youll probably ever get -now the activities from the lab have taught us now how to go out in the open ocean so in a program called tag a giant weve actually gone -for ocean swimming it flies through the ocean on its pectoral fins gets lift powers its movements with a lunate tail -ireland to canada from corsica to spain weve fished with many nations around the world in an effort to basically put electronic computers inside giant tunas -its a very hard process but its a ballet we bring the tuna out we measure it a team of fishers captains scientists and technicians work together -to keep this animal out of the ocean for about four to five minutes we put water over its gills give it oxygen and then with a lot of effort -and from our data that gets collected when that tag comes back because a fisher returns it for a thousand dollar -the size of the biggest tuna weve ever tagged it takes a human effort a team effort to bring the fish in in this case what were going to do is put a pop up satellite archival tag on the tuna -this tag rides on the tuna senses the environment around the tuna and actually will come off the fish -detach float to the surface and send back to earth orbiting satellites position data estimated by math on the tag -both the electronic tags im talking about are expensive these tags have been engineered by a variety of teams in north america they are some of our finest instruments our new technology in the ocean today -one community in general has given more to help us than any other community and thats the fisheries off the state of north carolina there are two villages harris and morehead city -eight hundred to nine hundred fish in this case were actually going to measure the fish were going to do something that in recent years weve started take a mucus sample watch how shiny the skin is you can see my reflection there -and from that mucus we can get gene profiles we can get information on gender checking the pop up tag one more time and then its out in the ocean -now bluefin were revered by man for all of human history for four thousand years we fished sustainably for this animal -the tuna wants to go it wants to forage on schools of herring but it cant get there its too cold but then it warms up and the tuna pops in gets some fish maybe comes back to home base -goes in again and then comes back to winter down there in north carolina and then on to the bahamas and my favorite scene three tunas going into the gulf of mexico three tunas tagged -so from data like this were able now to put the map up and in this map you see thousands of positions -on the hot spots the hope spots theyre mixed populations and so what weve done with the science is were showing the international commission building new models showing them that a two stock no mixing model to this day used -to reject the cites treaty that model isnt the right model this is model a model of overlap is the way to move forward -so we can then predict where management places should be places like the gulf of mexico and the mediterranean are places where the single species the single population can be captured -these become forthright in places we need to protect the center of the atlantic where the mixing is i could imagine a policy that lets canada and america fish because they manage their fisheries well theyre doing a good job -and its evidenced in the art that we see from thousands of years ago bluefin are in cave paintings in france theyre in coins that date back -now in a second project called tagging of pacific pelagics we took on the planet as a team those of us in the census of marine life and funded primarily through sloan foundation and others -we were able to actually go in in our project were one of seventeen field programs and begin to take on tagging large numbers of predators not just tunas -so what weve done is actually gone up to tag salmon shark in alaska met salmon shark on their home territory -them catching salmon and then went in and figured out that if we take a salmon and put it on a line we can actually take up a salmon shark this is the cousin of the white shark -and very carefully note i say very carefully we can actually keep it calm put a hose in its mouth keep it off the deck -and then tag it with a satellite tag that satellite tag will now have your shark phone home and send in a message -and that shark leaping there if you look carefully has an antenna its a free swimming shark with a satellite tag jumping after salmon sending home its data -and come into monterrey now right next door in monterrey and up at the farallones are a white shark team led by scott anderson there and sal jorgensen they can throw out a target its a carpet -three thousand years this fish was revered by humankind it was fished sustainably till all of time except for our generation bluefin are pursued wherever they go -shaped like a seal and in will come a white shark a curious critter that will come right up to our sixteen ft boat its a several thousand pound animal and -we also tag makos with our noaa colleagues blue sharks and now together what we can see on this ocean of color thats temperature we can see ten day worms of makos and salmon sharks -we have white sharks and blue sharks for the first time an ecoscape as large as ocean scale showing where the sharks go -stick out the tuna and then let them go they get returned and when they get returned here on a nasa -our team from ucsc has tagged elephant seals with tags that are glued on their heads that come off when they slough these elephant seals cover half half an ocean -of the plants themselves if you take a closer look at a root system you will find there are many many many diverse microbial colonies -this is not big news to viticulturists they have been you know concerned with water and fertilization and again this is sort of my -notion of shit against the wall pharmacology you know certain fertilizers make the plant more healthy so you put more in you dont necessarily know with granularity -weve seen so much change and weve given ourselves these tools now these high powered tools that are allowing us to turn the lens inward into something that is common to -we all talk about terroir we worship terroir we say wow is my terroir great its so special ive got this piece of land and it creates terroir like you wouldnt believe well you know we really -we argue and debate about it we say its climate its soil its this well guess what we can figure out what the heck terroir is its in there waiting to be sequenced there are thousands of microbes there -easy to sequence unlike a human they you know have a thousand two thousand genes we can figure out what they are all we have to do is go around and sample -dig into the ground find those bugs sequence them correlate them to the kinds of characteristics we like and dont like thats just a big database and then fertilize and then we understand what is terroir -so some people will say oh my god are we playing god are we now if we engineer organisms are we playing god and you know people would always ask james watson hes not always the most politically correct guy -and they would say -are you know are you playing god and he had the best answer i ever heard to this question -i consider myself a very spiritual person and without you know the organized religion part and i will tell you i dont believe theres anything unnatural i dont believe that -but we dont make anything unnatural now we can create bad impacts we can poison ourselves we can poison the earth but thats just a natural outcome of a mistake we -so whats happening today is nature is presenting us with a toolbox and we find that this toolbox is very extensive -all of us and that is a genome -there are microbes out there that actually make gasoline believe it or not there are microbes you know go back to yeast -these are chemical factories the most sophisticated chemical factories are provided by nature and we -also is a set of rules nature will not allow you to we could engineer a grape plant but guess what we cant make the grape plant produce babies nature has put a set of rules out there -we can work within the rules we cant break the rules were just learning what the rules are i just ask the question if you could cure all disease -hows your genome today have you thought about it lately heard about it at least -if you could make disease go away because we understand how it actually works if we could end hunger by being able to create nutritious healthy plants that grow in very hard to grow environments -if we could create clean and plentiful energy we right in the labs at synthetic genomics have single celled organisms that are taking carbon dioxide -and producing a molecule very similar to gasoline -is highly refined we could solve our energy problems we can reduce co two we could clean up our oceans we could make better wine -if we could would we -well you know i think the answer is very simple working with nature working with this tool set that we now understand -i really dont understand so i will tell you right off of the bat youve heard of dna you probably studied a little bit in biology -a genome is really a description for all of the dna that is in a living organism and one thing -whats happening -genes and chromosomes and when watson and crick in the fifties first decoded this beautiful double helix that we know as -and how this revolution is about to change everything we know about the world life ourselves -the dna molecule very long complicated molecule we then started on this journey to understand that -all of the dna in your body has been around -since the beginning of us of us as creatures there is a historical archive -living in your genome is the history of our species -and you as an individual human being where youre from going back thousands and thousands and thousands of years and thats now starting to be understood -but also the genome is really the instruction manual it is the program it is the code of life it is what makes you function it is what makes every organism function -dna is a very elegant molecule its long and its complicated really all you have to know about it -is that theres four letters a t c g they represent the name of a chemical and with these four letters you can create a language -a language that can describe anything and very complicated things -and how we think about them if you saw two thousand and one a space odyssey and you heard the boom boom boom boom and you saw the monolith you know that was arthur c clarkes representation that -you know they are generally put together in pairs creating a word or what we call base pairs and you would you know when you think about it -letters or the representation of four things makes us work and that may not sound very intuitive but let me flip over to something else you know about and thats computers -look at this screen here and you know you see pictures and you see words but really all there are are ones and zeros -the language of technology is binary youve probably heard that at some point in time everything that happens in digital is -converted or a representation of a one and a zero so when youre listening to itunes and your favorite -a lot of ways to describe mechanisms so lets talk about what that means so if you look at a human genome -they consist of three point two billion of these base pairs thats a lot and they mix up in all different fashions and that makes you a human being -if you convert that to binary just to give you a little bit of sizing were actually smaller than the program microsoft office -its not really all that much data i will also tell you were at least as buggy -this here is a bug in my genome that i have struggled with for a long long time -when you get sick it is a bug in your genome in fact many many diseases -we have struggled with for a long time like cancer we havent been able to cure because we just dont understand how it works -the genomic level we are starting to understand that so up to this point we tried to fix it by using what i call shit against the wall pharmacology which means -we were at a seminal moment in the evolution of our species in this case it was picking up bones and creating a tool using it as a tool which meant that -well lets just throw chemicals at it and maybe its going to make it work but if you really understand why does a cell go from normal -cell to cancer what is the code what are the exact instructions that are making it do that then you can go about the process of trying to fix it and figure it out -so for your next dinner over a great bottle of wine heres a few factoids for you we actually have about twenty four thousand genes that do things we have about a hundred one hundred and twenty thousand others -that dont appear to function every day but represent this archival history of how we used to work as a species going back -tens of thousands of years you might also be interested in knowing that a mouse has about the same amount of genes they recently sequenced pinot noir and it also has about thirty thousand genes -so the number of genes you have may not necessarily represent the complexity or the evolutionary order of any particular species now look around -just look next to your neighbor look forward look backward we all look pretty different a lot of very handsome and pretty people here skinny chubby different races cultures we are all ninety nine point nine -percent genetically equal it is one one hundredth of one percent of genetic material that makes the difference between any one of us -thats a tiny amount of material but the way that ultimately expresses itself is what makes changes in humans and in all species -apes just sort of running around and eating and doing each other figured out they can make things if they used a tool -all the time the same thing is happening with gene sequencing now we are on the cusp of being able to sequence human -for about dollar five thousand in about an hour or a half hour you will see that happen in the next five years and what that means is you are going to walk around with your own personal genome on a smart card -it will be here and when you buy medicine you wont be buying a drug thats used for everybody you will give your genome to the pharmacist -and your drug will be made for you and it will work much better than the ones that were you wont have side effects all those side effects you know oily residue and you know whatever they -in those commercials forget about that theyre going to make all that stuff go away -what does a genome look like well there it is it is a long long series of these base pairs if you saw the genome for a mouse of for a human it would look no different than -but what scientists are doing now is theyre understanding what these do and what they mean because what nature is doing is double clicking all the time -and that moved us to the next level and you know we in the last thirty years in particular have seen this acceleration in knowledge and -in other words the first couple of sentences here assuming this is a grape plant make a root -make a branch create a blossom in a human being down in here it could be make blood cells start cancer -for me it may be every calorie you consume you conserve because i come from a very cold climate for my wife -eat three times as much and you never put on any weight its all hidden in this code and its starting to be understood at breakneck pace -so what can we do with genomes now that we can read them now that were starting to have the book of life well theres many things -some are exciting some people will find very scary i will tell you a couple of things that will probably make you want to projectile puke on me but thats okay -so you know we now can learn the history of organisms you can do a very simple test scrape your cheek send it off you can find out -how we may be able to fix them because we can understand this we can fix them make better organisms -far better and smarter than us has given us that toolbox and we now have the ability to use it -you have a uti youve probably or ever had a uti youve come in contact with this little bug very simple only has about two hundred and forty six genes but we were able to -completely synthesize that genome -now you have the genome and you say to yourself so if i plug this synthetic genome if i pull the old one out and plug it in does it just boot up and live -not only does it do that if you took the genome that synthetic genome and you plugged it into a different critter like yeast -you now turn that yeast into -sort of like booting up a pc with -a mac os software well actually you could do it the other way so you know by being able to write a genome and plug it into an organism the software if you will -changes the hardware -and this is extremely profound -last year the french and italians announced they got together and they went ahead and they sequenced pinot noir the genomic sequence now exists for the entire pinot noir organism -they identified once again about twenty nine thousand genes they have discovered pathways that create flavors although its very important to understand that -those compounds that its cranking out have to match a receptor in our genome in our tongue for us to understand and interpret those flavors theyve also discovered that theres a heck of a lot of activity going on producing aroma as well -knowing that we can read it knowing that we can write it change it maybe write its genome from scratch -in your home and in not just your pc but in every device in your washing machine -well one thing you could do is what some people might call franken -we can build a better vine -by the way just so you know you get stressed out about genetically modified organisms there is not one single vine in this valley or anywhere that is not genetically modified -not grown from seeds theyre grafted into root stock they would not exist in nature on their own so dont worry about dont stress about that stuff weve been doing this forever -so we could you know focus on disease resistance we can go for higher yields without necessarily having dramatic farming techniques to do it or -we could conceivably expand the climate window we could make pinot noir grow maybe in long island god forbid -we could produce better flavors and aromas you want a little more raspberry a little more chocolate here or there all of these things could conceivably be done and i will tell you id pretty much bet that it will be done -but theres an ecosystem here in other words were not sort of unique little organisms running around we are part of a big -your cellphone youre walking around your car has twelve microprocessors then we go along and create the internet and connect the world together we flatten the world -im sorry to inform you that inside of your digestive tract is about ten pounds of microbes which youre circulating through your body quite a bit -our oceans teaming with microbes in fact when craig venter went and sequenced the microbes in the ocean in the first three months tripled the known species on the planet -by discovering all new microbes in the first twenty feet of water we now understand that those microbes have more impact on our climate and regulating co two and oxygen than plants do which we always thought oxygenate the atmosphere -we find microbial life in every part of the planet in ice in coal in rocks in -are behind you this will fail and there isnt a formula to tell you how to get the people behind you because different people in different communities organize their lives in different ways so theres a lot -here at ted and at other places to celebrate and you dont have to be a mega hero there are ordinary heroes ordinary heroes like the janitors who are worth celebrating too -as practitioners each and everyone of us should strive to be ordinary if not extraordinary heroes as heads of organizations we should strive to create environments that encourage and nurture -both moral skill and moral will even the wisest and most well meaning people will give up if they have to swim against the current -in the organizations in which they work if you run an organization you should be sure that none of the jobs none of the jobs have job descriptions like the job descriptions of the janitors -because the truth is that any work that you do that involves interaction with other people is moral work and any moral work depends upon practical wisdom -the janitors job could just as well be done in a mortuary as in a hospital and yet -and perhaps most important as teachers we should strive to be the ordinary heroes the moral exemplars to the people we mentor -and there are a few things that we have to remember as teachers one is that we are always teaching someone is always watching the camera is always on -bill gates talked about the importance of education and in particular the model that kipp was providing -knowledge is power and he talked about a lot of the wonderful things that kipp is doing to take inner city kids and turn them in the direction of college -i want to focus on one particular thing kipp is doing that bill didnt mention that is that they have come to the realization that the single most important thing kids need to learn is character -they need to learn to respect themselves they need to learn to respect their schoolmates they need to learn to respect their teachers and most important they need to learn to respect learning -thats the principle objective if you do that the rest is just pretty much a coast downhill and the teachers the way you teach these things to the kids is by having the teachers and all the other staff -when some psychologists interviewed hospital janitors to get a sense of what they thought their jobs were like they encountered mike -other virtues honesty kindness courage and so on to be displayed at the right time and in the right way he also appealed to hope right again -think there is reason for hope i think people want to be allowed to be virtuous in many ways -its what ted is all about wanting to do the right thing in the right way for the right reasons -this kind of wisdom is within the grasp of each and every one of us if only we start paying attention paying attention to what we do -to how we do it and perhaps most importantly to the structure of the organizations in which we work -so as to make sure that it enables us and other people to develop wisdom rather than having it suppressed thank you very much -who told them about how he stopped mopping the floor because mister jones was out of his bed getting a little exercise trying to build up his strength walking slowly up and down the hall -thank you -you -his inaugural address barack obama appealed -and charlene told them about how she ignored her supervisors admonition and didnt vacuum the visitors lounge because there were some family members who were there all day every day who at this moment happened to be taking a nap -and then there was luke who washed the floor in a comatose young mans room twice -and behavior like this from janitors from technicians from nurses and if were lucky now and then from doctors -each of us to give our best -doesnt just make people feel a little better it actually improves the quality of patient care and enables hospitals to run well -now not all janitors are like this of course but the ones who are think that these sorts of human interactions involving kindness care and empathy are an essential part of the job -as we try to extricate ourselves from this current financial crisis but what did he appeal to he did not happily follow in the footsteps of his predecessor and tell us to just go shopping -and yet their job description contains not one word about other human beings these janitors have the moral will to do right by other people -and beyond this they have the moral skill to figure out what doing right means practical wisdom aristotle told us is the combination of moral will and moral skill -a wise person knows when and how to make the exception to every rule as the janitors knew when to ignore the job duties -in the service of other objectives a wise person knows how to improvise as luke did when he re washed the floor -real world problems are often ambiguous and ill defined and the context is always changing a wise person is like a jazz musician -using the notes on the page but dancing around them inventing combinations that are appropriate for the situation and the people at hand -a wise person knows how to use these moral skills in the service of the right aims to serve other people not to manipulate other people -and finally perhaps most important a wise person is made not born wisdom depends on experience -and not just any experience you need the time to get to know the people that youre serving -you need permission to be allowed to improvise try new things occasionally to fail and to learn from your failures and you need to be mentored by wise teachers -when you ask the janitors who behaved like the ones i described how hard it is to learn to do their job they tell you that it takes lots of experience -and they dont mean it takes lots of experience to learn how to mop floors and empty trash cans it takes lots of experience to learn how to care -for people at ted brilliance is rampant its scary the good news -is you dont need to be brilliant to be wise the bad news is that without wisdom -now i hope that we all know this theres a sense in which its obvious and yet let me tell you a little story its a story about lemonade -nor did he tell us trust us trust your country invest invest invest instead what he told us was to put aside childish things -a dad and his seven year old son were watching a detroit tigers game at the ballpark his son asked him for some lemonade and dad went to the concession stand to buy it -all they had was mikes hard lemonade which was five percent alcohol dad being an academic had no idea that mikes hard lemonade -and they were ready to let the kid go but not so fast the wayne county child welfare protection agency said no and the child was sent to a foster home for three days -at that point can the child go home well a judge said yes but only if the dad leaves the house and checks into a motel -after two weeks im happy to report the family was reunited but the welfare workers and -the ambulance people and the judge all said the same thing we hate to do it but we have to follow procedure -how do things like this -scott simon who told this story on npr said rules and procedures may be dumb but they spare you from thinking -and to be fair rules are often imposed because previous officials have been lax and they let a child go back to an abusive household fair enough -when things go wrong as of course they do we reach for two tools to try to fix them one tool we reach for is rules better ones more of them -the second tool we reach for is incentives better ones more of them what else after all is there -we can certainly see this in response to the current financial crisis regulate regulate regulate fix the incentives fix the incentives fix the incentives the truth is -and he appealed to virtue virtue is an old fashioned word it seems a little out of place -that neither rules nor incentives are enough to do the job how could you even write a rule that go the janitors to do what they did and would you pay them a bonus for being -its preposterous on its face -and what happens is that as we turn increasingly to rules rules and incentives may make things better in the short run but they create a downward spiral -moral skill is chipped away by an over reliance on rules that deprives us of the opportunity to improvise and learn from our improvisations -and moral will is undermined by an incessant appeal to incentives that destroy our desire to do the right thing -second no doubt more familiar to you is the nature of modern american education scripted lock step curricula -heres an example from chicago kindergarten reading and enjoying literature and words that begin with b the bath assemble students on a rug and give students a warning about the dangers of hot water say -in a cutting edge environment like this one and besides some of you might be wondering what the hell does it mean let me begin with an example -seventy five items in this script to teach a twenty five page picture book -all over chicago in every kindergarten class in the city every teacher is saying the same words in the same way on the same day -we know why these scripts are there we dont trust the judgment of teachers enough to let them loose on their own -dont get me wrong we need rules jazz musicians need some notes most of them need some notes on the page we need more rules for the bankers god knows -but too many rules prevent accomplished jazz musicians from improvising and as a result they lose their gifts or worse they stop playing altogether -now how about incentives they seem cleverer if you have one reason for doing something and i give you a second reason -for doing the same thing it seems only logical that two reasons are better than one and youre more likely to do it right -well not always sometimes two reasons to do the same thing seem to compete with one another instead of complimenting and they make people less likely to do it ill just give you one example because time is racing -in switzerland back about fifteen years ago they were trying to decide where to site nuclear waste dumps there was going to be a national referendum -they knew it was dangerous they thought it would reduce their property values but -it had to go somewhere and they had responsibilities as citizens the psychologists asked other people a slightly different question they said if we paid you six weeks salary -this is the job description of a hospital janitor that is scrolling up on the screen and all of the -every year would you be willing to have a nuclear waste dump in your community two reasons its my responsibility and im getting paid instead of fifty percent saying yes twenty five percent said yes -what happens is that the second this introduction of incentive gets us so that instead of asking what is my responsibility all we ask is what serves my interests -when incentives dont work when ceos ignore the long term health of their companies in pursuit of short term gains -that will lead to massive bonuses the response is always the same get smarter incentives -the truth is that there are no incentives that you can devise that are ever going to be smart enough any incentive system can be subverted by bad will -we need incentives people have to make a living but excessive reliance on incentives demoralizes professional activity -items on it are unremarkable theyre the things you would expect mop the floors sweep them empty the trash restock the cabinets it may be a little surprising -in two senses of that word it causes people who engage in that activity to lose morale -and it causes the activity itself to lose morality barack obama said before he was inaugurated we must ask not just is it profitable but is it right -and we certainly see it in the world of business -it is obvious that this is not the way people want to do their work so what can we do a few sources of hope we ought to try to re moralize work one way not to do it -teach more ethics courses -there is no better way to show people that youre not serious than to tie up everything you have to say about ethics into a little package with a bow and consign it to the margins as an ethics course -what to do instead one celebrate moral exemplars acknowledge when you go to law school that a little -how many things there are but its not surprising what they are but the one thing i want you to notice about them is -dont know how many of you remember this another moral hero fifteen years ago aaron feuerstein who was the head of malden mills in massachussetts they made polartec the factory burned down three thousand employees he kept -go maybe on paper our company is worth less to wall street but i can tell you its worth more were doing fine -just at this ted we heard talks from several moral heroes two were particularly inspiring to me one was ray anderson who turned -turned you know a part of the evil empire into a zero footprint or almost zero footprint business why -because it was the right thing to do and a bonus hes discovering is hes actually going to make even more money -his employees are inspired by the effort why because there happy to be doing something thats the right thing to do yesterday we heard willie smits talk about -even though this is a very long list there isnt a single thing on it that involves other human beings not one -but most important to make it work and he emphasized this is that it took knowing the people in the communities unless the people youre working with -he was married he had a third kid on the way he suffered from ptsd in addition to the bad -and recurrent nightmares and he had started using marijuana -to ease some of the symptoms -he was only able to get part time work because of his back and so he was unable to earn enough to put food on the table and take care of his family so he started selling marijuana he was busted in a drug sweep -his family was kicked out of their apartment and the welfare system was threatening to take away his kids under normal sentencing procedures -judge russell would have had little choice but to sentence pettengill to serious jail time as a drug -but judge russell did have an alternative and thats because he was in a special court he was in a court called the veterans court -in the veterans court this was the first of its kind in the united states judge russell created the veterans court it was a court only for veterans who had broken the law -and he had created it exactly because mandatory sentencing laws were taking the judgment out of -no one wanted non violent offenders and especially non violent offenders who were veterans to boot to be thrown into prison -they wanted to do something about what we all know namely the revolving door of the criminal justice system and what the veterans court did was it treated each criminal as an individual tried to get inside their problems -to fashion responses to their crimes that helped them to rehabilitate themselves and didnt forget about them once the judgment was made stayed with them followed up on them made sure that they were sticking to whatever plan -had been jointly developed to get them over the hump there are now twenty two cities that have veterans courts like this why has the idea -if things arent going right the first response is lets make more rules -well one reason is that judge russell has now seen one hundred and eight vets in his veterans court -as of february of this year and out of one hundred and eight guess how many have gone back through the revolving door of justice into prison -none -anyone would glom onto a criminal justice system that has this kind of a record so heres is a system -and it seems to be catching theres a banker who created a for profit community bank that encouraged bankers i know this is hard to believe encouraged bankers who worked there to do well -by doing good for their low income clients the bank helped finance the rebuilding of what was otherwise a dying community -though their loan recipients were high risk by ordinary standards the default rate was extremely low the bank was profitable -the bankers stayed with their loan recipients they didnt make loans and then sell the loans they serviced the loans they made sure that their loan recipients were -staying up with their payments banking hasnt always been the way we read about it now in the newspapers -lets set up a set of detailed procedures to make sure that people will do the right thing give teachers scripts -even goldman sachs once used to serve clients before it turned into an institution -that serves only itself banking wasnt always this way and it doesnt have to be this way -so there are examples like this in medicine doctors at harvard who are trying to transform medical education -so that you dont get a kind of ethical erosion and loss of empathy which characterizes most medical students in the course of their medical training and the way they do it is to give third year medical students patients who they follow for an entire year -so the patients are not organ systems and theyre not diseases theyre people people with lives and in order to be an effective doctor you need to treat people who have lives and not just disease in addition to which theres an enormous amount of back and forth mentoring -of one student by another of all the students by the doctors and the result is a generation we hope of doctors who do have time for the people they treat well see -so there are lots of examples like this that we talk about each of them shows that it is possible to build on and nurture character -and keep a profession true to its proper mission what aristotle would have called its -and ken and i believe that this is what practitioners actually want people want to be allowed to be virtuous -to follow in the classroom so even if they dont know what theyre doing and dont care about the welfare of our kids as long as they follow the scripts our kids will get educated -they want to have permission to do the right thing they dont want to feel like they need to take a shower to get the moral grime off their bodies everyday when they come home from work -aristotle thought that practical wisdom was the key to happiness and he was right theres now a lot of research being done in psychology on what makes people happy -and the two things that jump out in study after study i know this will come as a shock to all of you the two things that matter most to happiness are love and work -rules and incentives dont tell you how to be a good friend how to be a good parent how to be a good spouse or how to be a good doctor or a good lawyer or a good teacher -rules and incentives are no substitutes for wisdom indeed we argue there is no substitute for wisdom and so practical wisdom -does not require heroic acts of self sacrifice on the part of practitioners in giving us the will -in fees more and more rules to protect us against an indifferent uncaring set of institutions we have to deal with -or or maybe and in addition to rules lets see if we can come up with some really clever incentives -so that even if the people we deal with dont particularly want to serve our interests it is in their interest to serve our -the magic incentives that will get people to do the right thing even out of pure selfishness so we offer teachers bonuses -if the kids they teach score passing grades on these big test scores that are used to evaluate the quality of school systems -rules and incentives sticks and carrots we passed a bunch of rules to regulate the financial industry in response to the recent collapse theres the dodd frank act -theres the new consumer financial protection agency that is temporarily being headed through the backdoor by elizabeth warren -maybe these rules will actually improve the way these financial services companies behave well see -in addition we are struggling to find some way to create incentives for people in the financial services industry that will have them -more interested in serving the long term interests even of their own companies rather than securing short term profits -so if we find just the right incentives theyll do the right thing as i said selfishly and if we come up with the right rules and regulations they wont drive us all over a cliff -and ken and i certainly know -that you need to reign in the bankers if there is a lesson to be learned from the financial collapse it is that -but what we believe and what we argue in the book is that there is no set of rules no matter how detailed -no matter how specific no matter how carefully monitored and enforced there is no set of rules that will get us what we need -why because bankers are smart people and like water they will find cracks -in any set of rules you design a set of rules that will make sure that the particular reason why the financial system almost collapsed -again it is naive beyond description to think that having blocked this source of financial collapse you have blocked all possible -so there is among many people certainly me and most of the people i talk to a kind of collective dissatisfaction with the way things are working with the way our institutions -sources of financial collapse so its just a question of waiting for the next one and then marveling at how we could have been so stupid as not to protect ourselves against that -what we desperately need beyond or along with better rules and reasonably smart incentives is we need virtue -we need character -we need people who want to do the right thing and in particular the virtue that we need most of all -is the virtue that aristotle called practical wisdom practical wisdom is the moral -will to do the right thing and the moral skill to figure out what the right thing is so aristotle was very -in watching how the craftsmen around him worked and he was impressed at how they would improvise novel solutions to novel problems problems that they hadnt anticipated -so one example is he sees these stonemasons working on the isle of lesbos and they need to measure out round columns -well if you think about it its really hard to measure out round columns using a ruler -so what do they do they fashion a novel solution to the problem they created a ruler that bends what we would call these days a tape measure -a flexible rule a rule that bends and aristotle said hah they appreciated that sometimes to design rounded columns you need to bend the -dealing with other people demands a kind of flexibility that no set of rules can encompass wise people know when and how -our kids teachers seem to be failing them -to bend the rules wise people know how to improvise the way my co author ken and i talk about it they are kind of like jazz musicians the rules are like the notes on the page -you started but then you dance around the notes on the page coming up with just the right combination for this particular moment with this particular set of fellow players -so for aristotle the kind of rule bending rule exception finding and improvisation -that you see in skilled craftsmen is exactly what you need to be a skilled moral craftsman and in interactions with people almost all the time it is this kind of -our doctors dont know who the hell we are and they dont have enough time for us we certainly cant trust the bankers -if you are a rule bender and an improviser mostly to serve yourself what you get is ruthless manipulation of other people -so it matters that you do this wise practice in the service of others and not in the service of yourself and so the will to do the right thing is just as important as the moral skill of improvisation -and exception finding together they comprise practical wisdom which aristotle thought was the master -virtue so ill give you an example of wise practice in action its the case of michael -he had a pretty low wage job he was supporting his wife and a child and the child was going to parochial school -then he lost his job -he panicked about being able to support his family one night he drank a little too much and he robbed a cab driver -and we certainly cant trust the brokers they almost brought the entire financial system down and even as we do our -stole dollar fifty he robbed him at gunpoint -it was a toy gun he got -he had never committed a crime before he was a responsible husband and father he had been faced with desperate circumstances -all this would do is wreck a family and so she improvised a sentence eleven months and not only that but release every day to go to work -it turned out the prosecutor was not happy -that judge forer ignored the sentencing guidelines and sort of invented her own and so he appealed and he asked for the mandatory minimum sentence for armed robbery -all too often we find ourselves having to choose between doing what we think is the right thing and doing the expected thing or the required thing or the profitable -he did after all have a toy gun the mandatory minimum sentence for armed robbery is five years -had to follow the law and by the way this appeal went through after he had finished serving his sentence so he was out and working -and michael disappeared -so that is an example both of wisdom in practice and the subversion of wisdom by rules that are meant of course to make things better now consider miss dewey miss deweys a teacher in a texas elementary school -she found herself listening to a consultant one day who was trying to help teachers boost the test scores of the kids so that the school would reach the elite category -in percentage of kids passing big tests all these schools in texas compete with one another to achieve these milestones and there are bonuses and various other treats that come if you beat the other schools -dont waste your time on kids who cant pass the test no matter what you do -third dont waste your time on kids who moved into the district too late for their scores to be counted focus all of your time and attention on the kids who are on the bubble -the so called bubble kids kids where your intervention can get them just maybe over the line from failing to passing so miss dewey heard this -and she shook her head in despair while fellow teachers were sort of cheering each other on and nodding approvingly its like they were about to go play a football game for miss dewey this isnt why she became a teacher -thing so everywhere we look pretty much across the board we worry that the people we depend on dont really have our interests at heart -now ken and i are not naive and we understand that you need to have rules you need to have incentives people have to make a living -but the problem with relying on rules and incentives is that they demoralize professional activity -and they demoralize professional activity in two senses first they demoralize the people who are engaged in the activity judge forer quits and miss dewey in completely disheartened -and second they demoralize the activity itself the very practice is demoralized and the practitioners are demoralized it creates people when you manipulate incentives to get people to do the right thing -it creates people who are addicted to incentives that is to say it creates people who only do things for incentives -now the striking thing about this is that psychologists have known this for thirty years psychologists have known about -negative consequences of incentivizing everything for thirty years we know that if you reward kids for drawing pictures they stop caring about the drawing and care only about the reward -if you reward kids for reading books they stop caring about whats in the books and only care about how long they are if you reward teachers for kids test scores they stop caring about educating and only care about test preparation -if you were to reward doctors for doing more procedures which is the current system they would do more if instead you reward doctors for doing -fewer procedures they will do fewer what we want of course is doctors who do just the right amount of procedures and do the right amount for the right reason -namely to serve the welfare of their patients psychologists have known this for decades and its time for policymakers to start -or if they do have our interests at heart we worry that they dont know us well enough to figure out what they need to do in order to allow us to -paying attention and listen to psychologists a little bit instead of economists -and it doesnt have to be this way we think ken and i that there are real sources of hope we identify one set of people in all of these practices who we call canny outlaws these are people -who being forced to operate in a system that demands rule following and creates incentives find away around -the rules find a way to subvert the rules so there are teachers who have these scripts to follow and they know that if they follow these scripts the kids will learn nothing -and so what they do is they follow the scripts but they follow the scripts at double time and squirrel away little bits of extra time during which they teach in the way that they actually know is -so these are little ordinary everyday heroes and theyre incredibly admirable but theres no way that they can sustain this kind of activity in the face of a system that either roots them out or grinds them down -so canny outlaws are better than nothing but its hard to imagine any canny outlaw sustaining that for an indefinite period of time more hopeful -and we talk about several one in particular is a judge named robert russell -and one day he was faced with the case of gary pettengill pettengill was a twenty three year old vet -and therefore we set up various experiments -why did we set up these experiments -because half the worlds population -runs the risk of contracting a killer disease like malaria through a simple mosquito -every thirty seconds somewhere on this planet a child dies of malaria -and paul levy this morning he was talking about the metaphor of the seven hundred and twenty seven crashing into the united states well in africa -but we undertook some remarkable experiments that managed us to resolve this puzzle very quickly indeed first we observed that not all mosquito species bite on the same part of the body -in a large cage -and in that cage we released mosquitos -to see where they were biting on the body of that person -and we found some remarkable differences on the left here you see the bites -in contrast the african malarial mosquito had a very strong preference for biting the ankles -and feet of this person and that of course we should have known all along because theyre called mosqui toes you see -on the smell of human feet until we came across a remarkable statement in the literature -that said that cheese smells after feet rather than the reverse -of limburger cheese -which smells badly after feet to attract african malaria mosquitos and you know what -it worked in fact it worked so well -that now we have a synthetic mixture of the aroma of limburger cheese that were using in tanzania and has been shown there to be two to three times more attractive to mosquitos -as it is now used in the fight against malaria -one of the best ways of killing mosquitos -is not to wait until they fly around like adults and bite people and transmit disease -its to kill them when theyre still in the water -and theyre accessible you can actually walk up to that pool and you can kill them there -i hate them dont you -and last year we thought very very hard -how can we resolve this problem -until we realized that just like us -and so we set up another crazy experiment because we collected the smell of these larvae -that awful buzzing sound at night around your ears that drives you absolutely crazy -here we have a bar with four holes and we put the smell of these larvae in the left hole ooh that was very quick and then you see the dog its called tweed its a border collie hes examining these holes and now hes got it already -hes going back to check the control holes again but hes coming back to the first one and now hes locking into that smell -which means that now we can use dogs -with these inspectors to much better find the breeding sites of mosquitos in the field and therefore have a much bigger impact on malaria -since we also know that people that carry malaria parasites smell different compared to people that are uninfected shes convinced that we can train dogs to find people that carry the parasite -that means that in a population where malaria has gone down all the way and theres few people remaining with parasites that the dogs can find these people we can treat them with anti malarial drugs and give the final blow -knowing that she wants to stick a needle in your skin and suck out your blood -my third story is perhaps even more remarkable -and i should say has never been shown to the public until today -and ultimate revenge against mosquitos ever -in fact people have told me that now they will enjoy being bitten by mosquitos -and the question of course is what would make someone enjoy being bitten by mosquitos -and the answer i have right here -thats awful right in fact -it does miracles -let me show you how this works -here in this box i have a cage -theres only one good thing i can think of when it gets to mosquitos -and i will show you how quickly -and three hours later -what we see at the bottom of the cage -is dead mosquitos very dead mosquitos -they prefer to bite my wife -we can actually use this to contain outbreaks of mosquito born diseases of epidemics right -and better still imagine what would happen if in a very large area everyone would take these drugs this drug for just three weeks -but thats fascinating right why does she receive more bites than i do -that would give us an opportunity to actually eliminate malaria as a disease -so cheese dogs and a pill to kill mosquitos thats the kind of out of the box science that i love doing -for the betterment of mankind -and the answer is smell -the smell of her body -and since we all smell different and produce chemicals on our skin -so my wife smells nicer than i do -or i just stink more than she does -talking ninety five now princess diana is announcing on tv that landmines form a structural barrier -to any development which is really true as long as these devices are there or there is suspicion of landmines you cant really enter into the land actually there was an appeal worldwide -for new detectors sustainable -because arent they vermin well actually rats are contrary to what most people think about them rats are -left and right there the animal finds a mine it scratches on the soil and the animal comes back for a food reward very very simple -im here today to share with you an extraordinary journey extraordinarily rewarding journey actually which brought me into -very sustainable in this environment here the animal gets its food reward and thats how it works very very simple -now why would you use rats rats have been used since the fifties last century in all kinds of experiments rats have more genetic material allocated to olfaction than any other mammal species -theyre extremely sensitive to smell moreover they have the mechanisms to map all these smells and to communicate about -how do we communicate with rats well dont talk rat but we have a clicker a standard method for animal training which you see there -a clicker which makes a particular sound with which you can reinforce particular behaviors first of all we associate the click sound with a food reward which is smashed banana and peanuts together in a syringe -once the animal knows click food click food click food so click is food we bring it in a cage with -and actually the animal learns to stick the nose in the hole under which a target scent is placed and to do that for five seconds five seconds which is long for a rat once the animal knows this we make the task a bit more difficult -it learns how to find the target smell in a cage with several holes up to ten holes then the animal learns to walk on a leash in the open and find targets in the next step -training rats to save human lives by detecting landmines and tuberculosis -theres a number of mines placed blindly and the team of trainer and their rat have to find all the -just like dogs by the way maybe one slight difference we can train rats at a fifth of the price of training the mining dog -this is our team in mozambique one tanzanian trainer who transfers the skills to these three mozambican fellows and you should see the pride in the eyes of these people they have a skill -which makes them much less dependent on foreign aid moreover this small team together with of course you need the heavy vehicles and the manual deminers to follow up -with this small investment in a rat capacity we have demonstrated in mozambique that we can reduce the cost price per sq meter -as a child i had two passions one was a passion for rodents -up to sixty percent of what is currently normal two dollars per sq meter we do it at one point one eight and we can still bring that price down question of scale -if you can bring in more rats we can actually make the output even bigger we have a demonstration site in mozambique -eleven african governments have seen that they can become less dependent by using this technology they have signed the pact for peace and treaty in the great lakes region and -they endorse hero rats to clear their common borders of landmines but let me bring you to a very different problem and theres about six thousand people last year that walked on a landmine but -last year almost one point nine million died from tuberculosis as a first cause of infection especially in africa where t b and hiv are strongly linked there is a huge -common problem microscopy the standard who procedure reached from forty to sixty percent reliability -in tanzania the numbers dont lie forty five percent of people t b patients -all kinds of rats mice hamsters gerbils squirrels you name it i bred it and i sold them to -b secondary infections and -if however you are detected very early diagnosed early treatment can start and even in hiv positives -it makes sense you can actually cure t b even in hiv positives -so in our common language dutch the name for -which etymologically refers to the smell of tar already the old chinese and -actually published documented that t b can be diagnosed based on the volatiles exuding from -patients so what we did is we collected some samples just as a way of testing from hospitals trained rats on them and -this works and wonder well we can reach eighty nine percent sensitivity eighty six percent specificity using -how it works and really this is a generic technology -how does it work you have a cassette with -i also had a passion for africa growing up in a multicultural environment we had african students in the house and i learned about their stories -of a second to discriminate the scent so it goes extremely fast here its already at the third sample -which patients are positive which are -like this provided that you have rats and we have now currently twenty five tuberculosis rats -a cage like this operating throughout the day can process one thousand six hundred and eighty samples -five clinics in dar es salaam on a population of five hundred thousand people where fifteen thousand reported to get -different backgrounds dependency on imported know how goods services exuberant cultural diversity -we were able to increase case detection rates by over thirty percent throughout last year weve been -depending on which intervals you take weve been consistently increasing case detection rates in five hospitals in dar es salaam between thirty and forty percent -so this is really considerable knowing that a missed patient by microscopy infects up to fifteen people healthy people per year -you can be sure that we have saved lots of lives at least our hero rats have saved lots of lives the way forward for us is now to standardize this technology -and there are simple things like for instance we have a small laser in the sniffer hole where the animal has to stick for five seconds so to standardize this also to standardize the -and to semi automate this in order to replicate this on a much larger scale and affect the lives of many more people -to conclude there are also other applications at the horizon here is a first prototype of our camera rat which is a rat with a rat backpack -with a camera that can go under rubble to detect for victims after earthquake and so on this is in a prototype stage we dont have a working system here yet -to conclude i would actually like to say you may think this is about rats these projects but in the end it is about people it is about empowering vulnerable communities -to tackle difficult expensive and dangerous humanitarian detection tasks and -doing that with a local resource plenty available so something completely different is to keep on challenging your perception about -the resources surrounding you whether they are environmental technological animal or human and to respectfully harmonize with them in order -to foster a sustainable work thank you very much -i started working in the industry but i wasnt really happy to contribute to a material consumer society -in a linear extracting and manufacturing mode i quit my job to focus on the real world problem -but what if we eat only in the green list youve got pole caught yellowfin tuna here comes from sustainable stocks pole caught no bycatch great for fishermen lots of money supporting local economies -but its a lion of the sea its a top predator whats the context of this meal am i sitting down in a steakhouse to a sixteen oz portion of -do i do this three times a week i might still be in the green list but im not doing myself or you or the oceans any favors -we have to have a context a gauge for our actions in all this example ive heard that red wine is great for my health -and minerals heart healthy thats great i love red wine im going to drink so much of it im going to be so healthy well how many bottles is it before you tell me that i have a problem -so the first thing about this idea of restorative seafood is that it really takes into account our needs restorative seafood might best be represented not by jaws or by flipper or the gordons fisherman but rather by the jolly green giant -we must continue to eat the best seafood possible if at all but we also must eat it with a ton of vegetables -the best part about restorative seafood though is that it comes on the half shell with a bottle of tabasco and lemon wedges it comes in a five ounce portion of tilapia breaded with dijon mustard -this is an easy sell and the best part is all of those ingredients are available to every family at the neighborhood walmart jamie oliver -so i think we have this whole eating this wrong and so i think its time we change what we expect from our food sustainability is complicated but dinner is a reality that we all very much understand so lets start there -green foods often represent a way for us to disregard the responsibility as eaters just because it comes from a green source doesnt mean we can treat it with disregard on the -we have eco friendly shrimp we can make them we have that technology but we can never have any eco friendly all you can eat shrimp buffet it doesnt work -heart healthy dinner is a very important part of restorative seafood while we try and manage declining marine populations the medias recommending increased consumption of seafood -restorative options this is what we need to favor this is what the green list says but this is also how we can actually begin to restore our environment -i have a recipe for you it pretty much works with any big fish in the ocean so here we go start with a sixteen oz portion of big fish -to an opportunity to restore our ecosystem it allows for us to celebrate the seafood that were also so fortunate to eat so what do we call this i think we call it restorative seafood -i expect a lot from food i expect health and joy and family and community i expect that producing ingredients preparing dishes and eating meals is all part of the communion of human interests -i was lucky enough that my father was a fantastic cook and he taught me very early on about the privilege that eating represents i remember well the meals of my childhood they were -i get sick when i go to steakhouses i get the meat sweats its like a hangover from protein its disgusting -but of all the dire news that youll hear and that you have heard about the state of our oceans i have the unfortunate burden of delivering to you possibly the very worst of it and that is this whole time -your mother was right eat your vegetables -its pretty straightforward so what are we looking for in a meal well for health im looking for wholesome ingredients that are good for my body -for joy im looking for butter and salt and sexy things that make things taste less like penance for family im looking for recipes that genuflect to my own personal histories -for community though we start at the very beginning theres no escaping the fact that everything we eat has a global impact so try and learn as best you can what that impact is and then take the first step to minimize it -where sustainability is the capacity to endure and maintain restorative is the ability to replenish and progress restorative seafood allows for an evolving and dynamic system and acknowledges our relationship with the ocean -so if we all take only what we need then we can begin to share the rest we can begin to celebrate we can begin to restore -we need to savor vegetables we need to savor smaller portions of seafood and we need to save dinner thank you -as a resource suggesting that we engage to replenish the ocean and to encourage its resiliency it is a more hopeful it is a more human and is a more useful way of understanding our environment -guides standard issue by lots in the marine conservation world are very handy theyre a wonderful tool -green yellow and red lists seafood species the association is very easy buy green dont buy red think twice about yellow -but in my mind its really not enough to just eat green list we cant sustain this without the measure of our success really changing the fate of the species in the yellow and the red -so our children are getting larger but at the same time we are growing into different directions so -what we need is space inside the aircraft inside a very dense area -do we know about the future difficult question simple answer nothing we cannot predict the future -these people have different needs so we see a clear need of active health promotion especially in the case of the old people -we want to be treated as individuals we like to be productive throughout the entire travel chain and what we are doing in the future is we want to use the latest man machine interface -we want to integrate this and show this in one product -so we combined these needs with technologys themes so for instance we are asking ourselves how can we create more light how can we bring more natural light into the airplane so this airplane has no windows anymore for example -it will be more like a living organism than just a collection of very complex technology -and then we are talking also about materials synthetic biology for example and my belief is that we will get more and more new materials which we can put into structure later on because structure is one of the key issues in aircraft design -we only can create a vision of the future how it might be a vision which reveals disruptive ideas which is inspiring and this is the most important reason which breaks the chains of common thinking there are a lot of people who created their own vision about the future for instance -so lets compare the old world with the new world i just want to show you here what we are doing today so this is a bracket of an a three hundred and eighty crew rest compartment -it takes a lot of weight and it follows the classical design rules this here is an equal bracket for the same purpose it follows the design of bone the design process is completely different -at the one hand we have one point two kilos and at the other hand zero point six kilos so this technology three d printing and new design rules really help us to reduce the weight which is the biggest issue in aircraft design because its directly linked to greenhouse gas emissions -push this idea a little bit forward so how does nature build its components and structures so nature is very clever it puts all the information into these small building blocks which we call dna and nature builds large skeletons out of -and the same approach can be applied to technology as well so our building block is carbon nanotubes for example to create a large rivet less skeleton at the end of the -and you take this wood and make morphological optimization so you make structures sub structures which allows you to transmit electrical energy or data and now we take this material combine this with a top down approach and build bigger and bigger components -so how might the airplane of the future look so we have very different seats which adapt to the shape of the future passenger with the different anthropometrics we have social areas inside the aircraft which might turn into a place where you can play virtual golf -today we know that this future vision didnt come true so this is our largest airplane which we have the airbus a three hundred and eighty and its quite huge so a lot of people fit in there and its technically completely different than the vision ive shown to you -im working in a team with airbus and we have created our vision about a more sustainable future of aviation so sustainability is quite important for us which should incorporate social but as well as environmental and economic values -so we have created a very disruptive structure which mimics the design of bone or a skeleton which occurs in nature so thats why it looks maybe a little bit weird especially to the people who deal with structures in general -but at least its just a kind of artwork to explore our ideas about a different future -like you all to ask yourselves a question which you may never have asked yourselves before what is possible with the human voice what is possible with the human -monks can do which is like -and it hurts your throat so theres things you cant do and these limitations on the human voice have always really annoyed me -because beatbox is the best way of getting musical ideas out of your head and into the world but theyre sketches at best which is whats annoyed me if only if only there was a way for these ideas to come out -unimpeded by the restrictions which -my body gives it so ive been working with these guys and weve made a machine weve made a system which is basically a live production -machine a real time music production machine and it enables me to using nothing but my voice -create music in real time as i hear it in my head -unimpeded by any physical restrictions that my body might place on me and im going to show you -what it can do and before i start making noises with it and using it to manipulate my voice i want to reiterate that everything that youre about to hear is being made by -my voice this system has -thank you beautiful assistant -this system has no sounds in it itself until i start putting sounds in it so theres no prerecorded samples of any kind -so once this thing really gets going and it really starts to mangle the audio im putting into it it becomes -not obvious that it is the human voice but it is so im going to take you through it bit by bit and start nice and simple so the polyphony problem ive only got one voice how do i get around the problem of really wanting to have as many different voices going on at the same time the simplest way to do it is something like this -the easiest way but if you want to do something a little bit more immediate something that you cant achieve with live looping theres other ways to layer your voice up theres things like pitch shifting which are awesome and im going to show you now what that sounds like so im going to start another beat for you like this -which is nice but what if i want to make say -if i wanted to sound like the whole of pink floyd -impossible you say no it is possible and you can do it very simply using this machine its really fantastic check it out -every noise you can hear there is my voice i didnt just trigger something which sounds like that theres no samples theres no synthesizers that is literally all my voice being manipulated and when you get to that point you have to ask dont you whats the point -in actual fact i havent made this machine so that i can emulate things that already exist ive made this so that i can make any noise that i can imagine so with your permission im going to do some things that are in my mind and i hope you enjoy them -this -loosely defined that is whats possible with the human voice thank you very much -it -i created all around town it is a papercutting and then after i added color on the computer so i can call it techno crafted and along the way -i dont know the stories i take images from our global imagination from cliche from things we are thinking about from history -and everybodys a narrator because everybody has a story to tell but more important is everybody has to make a story to make sense of the world -and in all these universes its like imagination is the vehicle to be transported with but the destination is our minds -and how we can reconnect with the essential and with the magic -one year in egypt -i moved for two years in taiwan and then i settled in new york where i became a tour guide -and i still worked as a tour leader traveled back and forth in china tibet and central asia so of course it took time and i was nearly forty and i decided its time to start as an artist applause i -because graphically its very efficient and its also -and people told me like these thirty six views of the empire state building they told me youre making artist books -so artist books have a lot of definitions they come in a lot of different shapes but to me they are fascinating objects to visually narrate a story -they can be with words -or without words -and my daily language is english so i did a series of work -so this spider goes through the whole alphabet with identical adjectives and substantives so if you dont know one of these languages its instant learning -and one ancient form of the book is scrolls so scrolls are very convenient -because you can create a large image on a very small table -so the unexpected consequences of that is that you only see one part of your image so it makes a very freestyle architecture -and im making all those kinds of windows so its to look beyond the surface its to have a look at different worlds and very often ive been an outsider so i want to see how things work and whats happening so each window -its all if so what if we were -living in balloon houses it would make a very uplifting world -and we would leave a very low footprint on the planet -it would be so light so -its a global view to see our common roots -and how we can use them to catch dreams and we can use them also as a safety net and -i am a papercutter -my inspirations -are very eclectic -here its candycity its a non sugar coated history of sugar -with some sweet moments in between -and sometimes i have an emotional response to news such as the two thousand and ten haitian earthquake -and i create a mindscape -i channel their history so that they have a place to go back to look at their life -is very straightforward -mad growth on columbus circle -i take a piece of paper i visualize my story sometimes i sketch sometimes i dont -a web of time -daily battles -and at one point i had to do the whole nine yards so its actually a papercut thats nine yards long -i was also interested in the physicality of this format because you have to walk to see it -its just the training to become a long distance papercutter -here is a three week papercutting marathon at the museum of arts and design in new york city the result is hells and heavens its two panels thirteen ft high they were installed in the museum on -and against all odds they make it to heavens other people make the opposite trip thats the border you have sweatshops in hells you have people renting their wings in the heavens -and then you have all those individual stories where sometimes we even have the same action and the result puts you in hells or in heavens so the whole hells and heavens is about free -here its an artist book installation called identity project -its not autobiographical identities they are more our social identities and then you can just walk behind them and try them on so its like the different layers of what we are made of -and what we present to the world as an identity thats another artist book project in fact in the picture you have two of them its one im wearing and one thats on exhibition at the center for books arts in new york city -why do i call it a book -and also because the definition of artist book is very generous so artist books you take them off the wall you take them for a walk you can also install them as public art -here its in scottsdale arizona and its called floating memories so its regional memories -and they are just randomly moved by the wind -i love public art -i see it more as a spiral -i made an artist book -thats in stainless steel instead of paper i called it working in the same direction but i added weathervanes on both sides to show that they cover all directions -i was not born with a blade in my hand and i dont remember papercutting as a child -so for the subway in new york i saw a correspondence between riding the subway and reading it is travel in time travel on time and bronx literature its all about bronx writers and their stories -for the ohlone indian civilization then -as a teenager i was sketching drawing and i wanted to be an artist but i was also a rebel and i left everything and went for a long series of odd jobs so among them -and on the branches you have -library material growing you can also have -function and form with public art -so in aurora colorado its a bench but you have a bonus with this bench because if you sit a long time in summer in shorts -you will walk away -its a story about transformation and connections so it acts as a screen to protect the rail and the commuter and not to have objects falling on the rails to be able to change fences -and window guards -into flowers its fantastic -and here ive been working for the last three years with a south bronx developer -to bring art to life to low income buildings and affordable housing so each building has its own personality -what i want to talk about is not that context is everything but why is context everything because its answering that question that tells us not only -we see what we do but who we are as individuals and who we are as a society -now can any of you see the predator thats about to jump out at you and if you havent seen it yet youre dead right -can anyone see it anyone no now lets see the surfaces according the quality of light that they reflect and now you see it so color -to see the similarities and differences between surfaces according to the full spectrum of light that they reflect but what youve just done is in many respects mathematically impossible -i want to start with a game -why because as berkeley tells us we have no direct access to our physical world other than through our senses and the light that falls on to our eyes is determined by multiple things in the world not only the color of objects -but also the color of their illumination and the color of the space between us and those objects you vary any one of those parameters and youll change the color of the light that falls -to win this game all you have to do is see the reality thats in front of you as it really is all right so we have two panels here of colored dots -they are identical in every single way identical in shape size spectral content they are the same as far as your eye is concerned -and yet they come from completely different sources the one on the right -comes from a yellow surface in shadow oriented facing the left viewed through a pinkish medium -the one on the left comes from an orange surface under direct light facing to the right viewed through a sort of a blueish medium -completely different meanings giving rise to the exact same retinal information and yet its only the retinal information that we get -so how on earth do we even see so if you remember anything in this next eighteen minutes -remember this that the light that falls on to your eye sensory information is meaningless because it could mean literally anything -and whats true for sensory information is true for information generally there is no inherent meaning in information its what we do with that information that matters -so how do we see well we see by learning to see so the brain evolved the mechanisms for finding patterns finding relationships in information and associating those relationships with a behavioral meaning -a significance by interacting with the world were very aware of this in the form of more cognitive attributes like language so im going to give you some letter strings and i want you to read them out for me if you can -and one of those dots is the same in the two panels okay and you have to tell me which one now narrow it down to -so you dont do it again so let me show you how quickly our brains can redefine normality even at the simplest thing the brain does which is color -so if i could have the lights down up here i want you to first notice that those two desert scenes are physically the same one is simply the flipping of the other -okay -now i want you to look at that dot between the green and the red okay and i want you to stare at that dot dont look anywhere else and were going to look at that for about thirty seconds which is a bit of a killer in an eighteen minute talk -really want you to learn and ill tell you dont look anywhere else and ill tell you whats happening inside your head -i tell you i want you to look at the dot between the two desert scenes so why dont you do that now -have the lights up again i take it from your response they dont look the same -right why because -is seeing that same information as if the right one is still under red light and the left one is still under green light thats your new normal -so what does this mean for context it means that i can take these two identical squares and i can put them in light and dark surrounds and now the one on the dark surround looks lighter than the one on the -whats significant is not simply the light and dark surrounds that matter its what those light and dark surrounds meant for your behavior in the past so ill show you what i mean -here we have that exact same illusion we have two identical tiles on the left one in a dark surround one in a light surround and the same thing over on the right -notice that on the left the two tiles look nearly completely opposite one very white and one very dark alright whereas on the right the two tiles look nearly the same -and yet there is still one on a dark surround and one on a light surround why because if the tile in that shadow were in fact in shadow and reflecting the same amount of light to your eye as the one outside the shadow -it would have to be more reflective just the laws of physics so you see it that way whereas on the right the information is consistent with those two tiles being under the same light if they are under the same light reflecting the same amount of -then they must be equally reflective so you see it that way -bright orange tile at the side that is your perceptual reality the physical reality is that those two tiles are the same -gray one really okay how many people think its the green one -here you see four gray tiles on your left seven gray tiles on the right im not going to change those tiles at all but im going to reveal the rest of the -and see what happens to your perception the four blue tiles on the left are gray the seven yellow tiles on the right are also gray they are the same okay dont believe me lets watch it again -whats true for color is also true for complex perceptions of motion so here we have lets turn this around -a diamond and what im going to do is im going to hold it here and -and for all of you youll see it probably spinning this direction now i want you to keep looking at it move your eyes around blink maybe close one eye and suddenly it will flip and start spinning the opposite direction -yes raise your hand if you got that yes keep blinking every time you blink it will switch alright so i can ask you which direction is it rotating -how do you know -your brain doesnt know because both are equally likely so depending on where it looks it flips between the two possibilities -and how many people think its the orange one -sees illusions does the most complicated things that even our most sophisticated computers cant do so in my lab we of course work on bumblebees because we can completely control their experience and see how that alters the architecture of their brain and we do this in what we call the bee matrix -and here you have the hive you can see the queen bee that large bee in the middle there those are all her daughters the eggs and they go back and forth between this -and the arena via this tube and youll see one of the bees come -right we pull them out put them in the fridge and they fall asleep and then you can superglue little numbers on them -and sometimes they learn not to go to the blue but to go to where the other bees go so they copy each other they can count to five they can recognize faces and here she comes down the ladder and shell come into the hive find an empty honey pot and throw up and thats honey -lets find out what the reality is here is the orange one -now remember -and the answer to the question is no those are actually blue flowers but those are blue flowers under green light so they are using the relationships between the colors to solve the puzzle which is exactly what we do -so illusions are often used especially in art in the words of a more contemporary artist to demonstrate the fragility of our senses okay this is complete rubbish the senses arent fragile and if they were we wouldnt be here -instead the brain evolved to see the world the way it was useful to see in the past and how we see is by continually redefining -so -how can we take this incredible capacity of plasticity of the brain and get people to experience their world -here is the green one and here is the gray one -one of the ways we do in my lab and studio is we translate the light into sound and we enable people to hear their visual world -and they can navigate the world using -here is david in the right and he is holding a camera on the left is what his camera sees and youll see there is a line a faint line going across that image -that line is broken up into thirty two squares in each square we calculate the average color and then we just simply translate that into sound -and now hes going to turn around -and find a plate on the -he finds it amazing right so not only can we create a prosthetic for the visually impaired but we can also investigate -so working with kids they created images thinking about what might the images you see sound like if we could listen to them and then we translated these images and this is one of those images -and this is a six year old child composing -now what does all this mean what this suggests is that no one is an outside observer of nature okay we are not defined by our central properties by the bits that make us up -defined by our environment and our interaction with that environment by our ecology and that ecology is necessarily relative historical and -so what id like to finish with is this over here because what ive been trying to do is really celebrate uncertainty because i think only through uncertainty -is there potential for understanding so if some of you are still feeling a bit too certain id like to do this one so if we have the lights down -so this pretty amazing actually isnt it because nearly every living system has evolved the ability to detect light in one way or another so for us -what we have -here can everyone see twenty five purple surfaces on your left -right now you can see that changes the light thats coming through there right because now the light is going -yellowish filter and then a purplish filter im going to do this opposite on the left here im going to put the middle nine under -purplish light now some of you will notice that the consequence is that the light coming through those middle nine on the right -or your left is exactly the same as the light coming through the middle nine on your right agreed yes okay so they are physically the same lets pull the covers off -remember -you know the middle nine are exactly the same do they look the same no the question is is that an illusion and ill leave you with that so thank you very much -seeing color is one of the simplest things the brain does and yet even at this most fundamental level context is everything -falling in love everything begins with perception now if perception is grounded in our history -so this game is very simple -i want to tell you a story about seeing differently and all new perceptions begin in the same way they begin with a question -the problem with questions is they create uncertainty now uncertainty is a very bad thing its evolutionarily a bad thing if youre not sure thats a predator its too late -all you have to do is read what you see right so -the question why is one of the most dangerous things you can do because it takes you into uncertainty and yet the irony is the only way we can ever do anything new is to step into that space so how can we ever do anything new well fortunately -evolution has given us an answer right -so what is evolutions answer to the problem of uncertainty its play -now play is not simply a process experts in play will tell you that actually its a way of being play is one of the only human endeavors where uncertainty is actually celebrated uncertainty is what makes play fun -right its adaptable to change right it opens possibility and its cooperative its actually how we do our social bonding and its intrinsically motivated what that means is that we play to play play is its own reward -now if you look at these five ways of being these are the exact same ways of being you need in order to be a good scientist science is not defined by the method section of a paper its actually a way of being which is here and this is true for anything that is creative so -if you add rules to play you have a game thats actually what an experiment is so armed with these two ideas that science is a way of being and experiments are play we asked -can anyone become a scientist and who better to ask than twenty five eight to ten year old children because theyre experts in play so i took my bee arena down to a small school in devon and the aim of this was to not just get the kids to see science differently -but through the process of science to see themselves differently -now i should say that we didnt get funding for this study because the scientists said small children couldnt make a useful contribution to science and the teachers said kids couldnt do it so we did it anyway right of course so -here are some of the questions i put them in small print so you wouldnt bother reading it point is that five of the questions that the kids came up with were actually the basis of science publication the last five to fifteen years right so they were asking questions that were significant to expert scientists -now here i want to share the stage with someone quite special right she was one of the young people who was involved in this study and shes now one of the youngest published scientists in the world -right she will now once she comes onto stage will be the youngest person to ever speak at ted right now science and asking questions is about courage now she is the personification of courage because shes going to stand up here and talk to you all so amy would you please come up -were portuguese right how about this one one two three -and that was really hard for the teachers its easy for a scientist to go in and not have a clue what hes doing because thats what we do in the lab but for a teacher not to know whats going to happen at the end of the day so much of the credit goes to dave strudwick who was the collaborator on this project -the one on the left is mine okay laughter now i tell them a paper has four different sections an introduction a methods a results a discussion the introduction says whats the question and why methods what did you do results what was the observation -the results section it says training phase the puzzle duh duh duuuuuhhh right laughter and the methods it says then we put the bees into the fridge and made bee pie smiley face -so heres the title page we have a number of authors there all the ones in bold are eight to ten years old -and not one individual so we submit it to a public access journal and it says this it said many things but it said this im afraid the paper fails our initial quality control checks in several different ways laughter in other words it starts off once upon a time the figures are in crayon etc laughter so we said well get it reviewed -so i sent it to dale purves who is at the national academy of science one of the leading neuroscientists in the world and he says this is the most original science paper i have ever read laughter and it certainly deserves wide exposure larry maloney expert in vision says -the paper is magnificent the work would be publishable if done by adults -so what did we do we send it back to the editor they say no so we asked larry and natalie hempel to write a commentary situating the findings for scientists right putting in the references and we submit it to biology letters and there it was reviewed by five independent referees and it was published -science actually right so this makes amy and her friends the youngest published scientists in the world what was the feedback like well it was published two days before christmas downloaded thirty thousand times in the first day right -it was the editors choice in science which is a top science magazine its forever freely accessible by biology letters its the only paper that will ever be freely accessible by this journal last year it was the second most downloaded paper by biology letters -and the feedback from not just scientists and teachers but the public as well and ill just read one -childrens team from my side so id like to conclude with a physical metaphor can i do it on you -science is about taking risks so this is an incredible risk right laughter for me not for him right because weve only done this once before -and you like technology right -okay how about if everyone over there shouts one two three -its getting information its generating behavior thats useful -through the process of play right now true science education i think should be about giving people a voice and enabling to express that voice so ive asked amy to be the last voice in this short story so amy -everything had to be left behind at the end of my first week there i found myself helping out in an evacuation center in the town i was helping clean the onsen the communal onsen the huge giant bathtubs this happened to also be a place in the town -now it was emotional and it was inspiring and ive always heard about thinking outside the box but it wasnt until i had actually gotten outside of my box that something happened -as i looked through the photos there were some were over a hundred years old some still in the envelope from the processing lab i couldnt help but think as a retoucher that i could fix that tear and mend that scratch and -were pale gray creatures we hide in dark windowless rooms and generally avoid sunlight we make skinny models skinnier perfect skin more perfect and the impossible possible -i knew hundreds of people who could do the same -so we started retouching photos -this was the very first not terribly damaged but where the water had caused that discoloration on the girls face had to be repaired with such accuracy and delicacy -otherwise that little girl isnt going to look like that little girl anymore and surely thats as tragic as having the photo damaged -over time more photos came in thankfully and more retouchers were needed and so i reached out again on facebook and linkedin and within five days eighty people wanted to help from twelve different countries within two weeks i had one hundred and fifty people wanting to join in -within japan by july wed branched out to the neighboring town of rikuzentakata further north to a town called yamada once a week we would set up our scanning equipment in the temporary photo libraries that had been set up where people were reclaiming their photos -the time it took however to get it -back is a completely different story and it depended obviously on the damage involved it could take an hour it could take weeks it could take months the kimono in this shot pretty much had to be hand drawn or pieced together -picking out the remaining parts of color and detail that the water hadnt damaged it was very time consuming -now all these photos had been damaged by water submerged in salt water covered in bacteria in sewage sometimes even in oil all of which over time is going to continue to damage them so hand cleaning them was a huge part of the project we couldnt retouch the photo unless it was cleaned -and we get criticized in the press all the time but some of us are actually talented artists with years of experience and a real appreciation for images and photography -dry and reclaimed -the lady who brought us these photos was lucky as far as the photos go -when she collected the photos from us she shared a bit of her story with us her photos were found by her husbands colleagues at a local fire department in the debris a long way from where the home had once stood and theyd recognized him -the day of the tsunami hed actually been in charge of making sure the tsunami gates were closed he had to go towards the water as the sirens sounded -for her despite all of this those photos were the perfect gift back to him something he could look at again something he remembered from before that -helped us get ninety families hundreds of photographs back fully restored and retouched during this time we hadnt really spent more than about a thousand dollars in equipment and materials most of which was printer inks -we take photos constantly a photo is a reminder of someone or something -a place a relationship a loved one theyre our memory keepers and our histories the last thing we would grab -and the first thing youd go back to look for thats all this project was about -about restoring those little bits of humanity giving someone that connection back -when a photo like this can be returned to someone like this it makes a huge difference in the lives of the person receiving it -the projects also made a big difference in the lives of the retouchers for some of them its given them a connection to something bigger giving something back using their talents on something other than skinny models and perfect skin -i would like to conclude by reading an email i got from one of them cindy the day i finally got back from japan after six months -as i worked i couldnt help but think about the individuals and the stories represented in the images one in particular -a photo of women of all ages from grandmother to little girl gathered around a baby struck a chord because a similar photo from my family my grandmother and mother myself and newborn daughter hangs on our wall -across the globe throughout the ages our basic needs are just the same arent they thank you -i along with hundreds of other volunteers knew we couldnt just sit at home so i decided to join them for three weeks on may the thirteenth i made my way to the town of ofunato its a small fishing town in iwate prefecture -about fifty thousand people one of the first that was hit by the wave -the waters here have been recorded at reaching over twenty four meters in height -and traveled over two miles inland as you can imagine the town had been devastated -we pulled debris from canals and ditches we cleaned schools we de mudded and gutted homes ready for renovation and rehabilitation we cleared tons and tons of stinking rotting fish carcasses from the local fish processing plant we got dirty and we loved it -but then the anger and the depression about my fathers death set in -my freelance job ended and i had to get a full time job to pay the bills -it became impossible to park anywhere -used employee showers in office buildings and truck stops or i washed up in -food rotted in the heat -ice in my ice chest melted within hours and it was pretty miserable -i couldnt afford to find an apartment or couldnt afford an apartment that would allow me to have the rottweiler and the cat -im a writer and a journalist and im also an insanely curious person -and i refused to give them up -so i stayed in the van -outside my van at night i used a bucket -a trash bag as a toilet -a different place every night so i would avoid being noticed and hassled by the police i didnt always succeed but -out of control of my life -so in twenty two years as a journalist ive learned how to do a lot of new things -which i went from being a talented writer and journalist -i hadnt changed -my i q hadnt dropped my talent -my integrity my values -and as depressed as anyone in line -i just wasnt drunk or high -and three years ago -you arent homeless why are you really here -other homeless people didnt see me as homeless but i did -a reaction to the medication the clinic gave me for my depression left me suicidal and i remember thinking -if i killed myself no one would notice -a friend told me shortly after that that she had heard that tim russert a nationally renowned journalist had been talking about me on national -an essay id written about my father the year before he died -was in tims new book and he was doing the talk show circuit and he was talking about my writing and when i realized that tim russert -i became one of the working homeless -former moderator of meet the press was talking about my writing -while i was living in a van in a wal mart parking lot i started laughing you should too i started laughing -i quit my job as a newspaper editor -by the summer of the following year i was a working journalist i was winning awards i was living in my own apartment i was no longer homeless and i was no longer invisible -thousands of people work full and part time jobs and live in their cars -after my father died in february of that same year and decided to travel -so the homeless the working homeless primarily remain invisible but if you ever meet one -engage them encourage them and offer them hope -the human spirit can overcome anything if it has hope -or what their life situation is at any given time -three years ago i was living in a van in a wal mart parking lot -and today im speaking at ted -hope always always finds a way -his death hit me pretty hard and there were a lot of things that i wanted to feel and deal with while i was doing that ive camped my whole life and i decided that living in a van for a year to do this would be like one long camping trip so -that society equates living in a permanent structure even a shack with having value as a person -two i failed to realize how quickly the negative perceptions of other people can impact our reality if we let it -three i failed to realize that homelessness is an attitude not a lifestyle -i showered in campgrounds i ate out regularly and i had time to relax and to grieve -as a filmmaker it worried me -of where theyve come from and so few narratives of whats possible -technical access has never been greater cultural -given the access to technology -even a school in a tiny rural hamlet -could project a dvd onto a white -in the first nine months we ran twenty five clubs across the u k with kids in age groups between five and eighteen watching a film uninterrupted for ninety minutes -the outcome immediate -it was an education of the most profound and transformative kind -we had the names of a thousand schools that wished to join -technology then meant we had to hire a viewing cinema find and pay for the print and the projectionist but for my father -was so great that he chose to celebrate his half century with his three teenage children and thirty of their friends in order he said -from mother to daughter preacher to congregant teacher to pupil storyteller to audience whether in cave paintings or the latest uses of the internet human beings have always told their histories and truths through parable and fable we are inveterate storytellers -to pass the baton of concern and hope on to the next generation -sixty years after the film was made and thirty years after i first saw it i see young faces tilt up in awe their incredulity matching mine and the speed with which they associate it with slumdog millionaire or the favelas in rio speaks to the enduring nature -in a filmclub season about democracy and government we screened mr smith goes to washington made in one thousand nine hundred and thirty nine the film is older than most of our members grandparents -shortly after mr smith became a filmclub classic there was a week of all night filibustering in the house of lords and it was with great delight that we found young people up and down the country explaining with authority -in choosing hotel rwanda they explored genocide of the most brutal kind -it provoked tears as well as incisive questions about unarmed peace keeping forces and the double dealing of a western society that picks its moral fights with commodities in mind and when schindlers list demanded that they never forget one child full of the pain of consciousness -otherwise how did hotel rwanda happen -as they watch more films their lives got palpably richer pickpocket started a debate about criminality disenfranchisement -to sir with love ignited its teen audience they celebrated a change in attitude towards non white britons but railed against our restless school system that does not value collective identity unlike -by now these thoughtful opinionated curious young people thought nothing of tackling films of all forms black and white subtitled documentary non narrative fantasy -from twenty five clubs we became hundreds then thousands until we were nearly a quarter of a million kids in seven thousand clubs right across the country -and although the numbers were and continue to be extraordinary what became more extraordinary was how the experience of critical and curious questioning translated into life -some of our kids started talking with their parents others with their teachers or with their friends and those without friends -and jaws became the way in which one young boy was able to articulate the fear hed experienced in flight from violence that killed first his father then his mother the latter thrown overboard on a boat journey -they began to see themselves -i was past forty when my father died -he never mentioned that journey -my mothers mother -left europe in a hurry without her husband but with her three year old daughter -after two years in hiding -my grandfather appeared in london he was never right again -and his story was hushed -i had anne frank the great escape shoah triumph of the will -and what narrative -and they became more useful to me -what history what identity -purists may feel that fiction dissipates the quest of real human understanding that film is too crude to tell a complex and detailed history or that filmmakers always serve drama over truth -as one twelve year old said after watching wizard of oz every person should watch this because unless you do you may not know that you too have a heart -what moral code are we imparting to our young -we honor reading why not honor watching with the same passion consider citizen kane as valuable as jane austen agree that boyz n the hood like tennyson offers an emotional landscape and a heightened understanding that work together each a piece of memorable art -each a brick in the wall of who we are -and no less helpful to understanding our life and times as shakespeare is in illuminating the world of elizabethan england -cinema is arguably the twentieth centurys most influential art form its artists told stories across national boundaries in as many languages genres and philosophies as one can imagine indeed it is hard to find a subject that film has yet to tackle -what we could not have foreseen was the measurable improvements in behavior confidence and academic achievement once reluctant students now race to school talk to their teachers fight not on the playground but to choose next weeks film -young people who have found self definition -our members defy the binary description of how we so often describe our young -they are like other young people negotiating a world with infinite choice but little culture of how to find meaningful experience -we appeared surprised at the behaviors of those who define themselves by the size of the tick on their shoes yet acquisition has been the narrative we have offered -if we want different values we have to tell a different story -a story that understands that an individual narrative is an essential component of a persons identity that a collective narrative is an essential component of a cultural identity and without it -it is impossible to imagine yourself as part of a group because when these people -get home after a screening of rear window and raise their gaze to the building next door they have the tools to wonder -during the last decade weve seen a vast integration of global media now dominated by a culture of the hollywood blockbuster -we are increasingly offered a diet in which sensation not story is king -now competes with between three and five thousand different marketing messages a typical citizen see every single day we now know in fact that technology is our biggest competitor for leisure time -five yeas ago gen xers spent twenty point seven hours online and tv the majority on tv gen yers spent even more twenty three point eight hours the majority online -and now a typical university entering student arrives at college already having spent twenty thousand hours online and an additional ten thousand hours playing video games -i am a cultural omnivore one whose daily commute is made possible by attachment to an ipod an ipod that contains wagner and mozart pop diva christina aquilera -were afraid that technology has altered our very assumptions of cultural consumption thanks to the internet we believe we can get anything we want whenever we want it delivered to our own doorstep -we can shop at three in the morning or eight at night ordering jeans tailor made for our unique body types expectations of personalization and customization -that the live performing arts which have set curtain times set venues attendant inconveniences of travel parking and the like simply cannot meet -and were all acutely aware whats it going to mean in the future when we ask someone to pay a hundred dollars for a symphony opera or ballet ticket -cultural consumer is used to downloading on the internet twenty four hours a day for ninety nine cents a song -or for free these are enormous questions for those of us who work in this terrain but as particular as they feel to us we know were not -all of us are engaged in a seismic fundamental realignment of culture and communications a realignment that is shaking and decimating the newspaper industry the magazine industry the book and publishing industry and more -saddled in the performing arts as we are by antiquated union agreements that inhibit and often prohibit mechanical reproduction and streaming -locked into large facilities that were designed to ossify the ideal relationship between artist and audience most appropriate to the nineteenth century and locked into a business model dependent on high ticket revenues where we charge exorbitant prices -many of us shudder in the wake of the collapse of tower records and ask ourselves are we next -everyone i talk to in performing arts resonates to the words of adrienne rich who in doctoreams of a common language wrote we are out in a country that has no language no laws whatever we do together is pure invention the maps they -now rather than saying that were on the brink of our own annihilation i prefer to believe that we are engaged in a fundamental reformation a reformation like the religious reformation of the sixteenth century -the arts reformation like the religious reformation is spurred in part by technology with indeed the printing press really leading the charge on the religious reformation -both reformations were predicated on fractious discussion internal self doubt and massive realignment of antiquated business models -and at heart both reformations i think were asking the questions whos entitled to practice how are they entitled to practice -and indeed do we need anyone to intermediate for us in order to have an experience with a spiritual -chris anderson someone i trust you all know editor and chief of wired magazine and author of the long tail really was the first for me to nail a lot of this -he wrote a long time ago you know thanks to the invention of the internet web technology mini cams and more the means of artistic production have been democratized for the first time in all of human history -and now who in this room doesnt know a fourteen year old hard at work on her second third or fourth movie -similarly the means of artistic distribution have been democratized for the first time in human history again in the -warner bros rko did that for you now go to youtube facebook you have worldwide distribution without leaving the privacy of your own -this double impact is occasioning a massive redefinition of the cultural market a time when anyone is a potential author -and one who lives for my home theater a home theater where i devour dvds video on demand and a lot of television -but the number of arts participants people who write poetry who sing songs who perform in church choirs is exploding beyond our wildest imaginations -this group others have called the pro ams amateur artists doing work at a professional level you see them on youtube in dance competitions film festivals and more -they are radically expanding our notions of the potential of an aesthetic vocabulary while they are challenging and undermining the -cultural autonomy of our traditional institutions ultimately we now live in a world defined not by consumption but by participation -they currently are the best opportunities for artists to have lives of economic dignity not opulence of dignity and they are the places where artists who deserve and want to work at a certain scale of resources will find a home -but to view them as synonymous with the entirety of the arts community is by far too short sighted and indeed while weve tended to polarize the amateur from the professional -for me law and order svu tine fey and thirty rock and judge judy the people are real the cases are real the rulings are -the single most exciting development in the last five to ten years has been the rise of the professional hybrid artist -the professional artist who works not primarily in the concert hall or on the stage but most frequently around womens rights or human rights or on global warming issues or aids relief for more -not out of economic necessity but out of a deep organic conviction that the work that she or he is called to do cannot be accomplished in the traditional hermetic arts environment -todays dance world is not defined solely by the royal winnipeg ballet or the national ballet of canada but by liz lermans dance exchange -a multi generational professional dance company whose dancers range in age from eighteen to eighty two -and who work with genomic scientists to embody the dna strand and with nuclear physicists at cern todays professional theater community is defined not only the shaw and stratford festivals -but by the cornerstone theater of los angeles a collective of artists that after nine eleven brought together ten different religious communities -the muslim the jewish even the native american and the gay and lesbian communities of faith helping them create their own individual plays -and one massive play where they explored the differences in their faith and found commonality as an important first step toward cross -todays performers like rhodessa jones work in womens prisons helping women prisoners articulate the pain of incarceration while todays playwrights and directors work with young gangs to find alternate channels to violence and more and -im convinced a lot of you probably share my passions especially my passion for judge judy -and more and indeed i think rather than being annihilated the performing arts are posed on the brink of a time when we will be more important than we have ever been -for a long time we are critical to the health of the economic communities in your town and absolutely i hope you know that every dollar spent on a performing arts ticket in a community -and youd fight anybody who attempted to take her away from us but im a little less convinced that you share the central passion of my life -empathy to articulate change to motivate others the very capacities that the arts cultivate with every encounter especially -as we all must confront the fallacy of a market only orientation uninformed by social conscience we must seize and celebrate the power of the arts to shape our individual and national characters -and especially characters of the young people who all too often are subjected bombardment of sensation rather than digested experience -and in a context of analysis where the thing we hear most repeatedly day in day out in the united states -in every train station every bus station every plane station is ladies and gentlemen please report any suspicious behavior or suspicious individuals to the authorities nearest you -a passion for the live professional performing arts performing arts that represent the orchestral repertoire yes but jazz as well modern dance opera theater and -when all of these ways we are encouraged to view our fellow human being with hostility and fear and contempt and suspicion the arts whatever they do whenever they call us together invite us -to look at our fellow human being with generosity and curiosity god knows if we ever needed that capacity in human history we need it -you know were bound together not i think by technology entertainment and design but by common cause we work to promote healthy vibrant societies -to ameliorate human suffering to promote a more thoughtful substantive -i salute all of you as activists in that quest and urge you to embrace and hold dear the arts in your work whatever your purpose may be -i promise you the hand of the doris duke charitable foundation is stretched out in friendship for now and years to come and i thank you for your kindness and your patience in listening to me this afternoon thank you -and more and more -you know frankly its a sector that many of us who work in the field worry is being endangered and possibly dismantled by technology -while we initially heralded the internet as the fantastic new marketing device that was going to solve all our problems we now realize that the internet is if anything too effective in that regard -depending on who you read an arts organization or an artist who tries to attract the attention of a potential single ticket buyer -meal and then they got into a furious argument and what they were arguing about was this -whether the second harry potter movie was as good as the first -and doctor robicsek reeled back in his chair but quickly gathered his wits leaned forward and said well that is true but ill bet you went to the movie with a grandchild -i did conceded mister milliken aha said doctor robicsek i went to the movie all by myself -and i realized in this moment of revelation that what these two men were revealing was the secret of their extraordinary success each in his own right -and it lay precisely in that insatiable curiosity that irrepressible desire to know no matter what the subject no matter what the cost even at a time when the keepers of the doomsday clock are willing to bet even -this is what im passionate about it is precisely this it is this -undaunted appetite for learning and experience no matter how risible no matter how esoteric no matter how seditious it might seem -this defines the imagined futures of our fellow hungarians robicsek and teszler and bartok -as it does my own -as it does i suspect that of everybody here to which i need only add -this is our task we know it will be hard -it seems to me that this hungarian presence in my life is difficult to account for but ultimately -i ascribe it to an admiration for people with a complex moral awareness with a heritage of guilt and defeat matched by defiance and bravado -its not a typical mindset for most americans but it is perforce typical of virtually all hungarians so yo napot -i went back to south carolina after some fifteen years amid the alien corn at the tail end of the nineteen sixties with the reckless condescension of that era thinking i would save my people -napot pacak which as somebody here must surely know means whats up guys in magyar that peculiar -never mind the fact that they were slow to acknowledge they needed saving i labored in that vineyard for a quarter century before -i knew nothing about wofford and even less about methodism but i was reassured on the first day that i taught at wofford college to find among the auditors in my classroom a ninety year old hungarian -he was a puckish widower whose wife and children were dead and whose grandchildren lived far away in appearance he resembled mahatma gandhi minus the loincloth plus orthopedic boots -he was ostracized as a child not because he was a jew his parents werent very religious anyhow but because he had been born with two club feet -a condition which in those days required institutionalization and a succession of painful operations between the ages of one and eleven -non indo european language spoken by hungarians for which given the fact that cognitive diversity is at least as threatened as biodiversity on this planet -he went to the commercial business high school as a young man in budapest and there he was as smart as he was modest and he enjoyed a considerable success and after graduation when he went into textile engineering -the success continued he built one plant after another he married and had two sons he had friends in high places who assured him that he was of great value to the economy -he had left instructions to have done he was summoned in the middle of the night by the night watchman at one of his plants -but why do you steal from me if you need money you have only to ask the night watchman seeing how things were going and waxing indignant said well were going to call -well maybe he was too trusting because he stayed where he was long after the nazi anschluss in austria and even after the arrests and deportations began -in budapest he took the simple precaution of having cyanide capsules placed in lockets that could be worn about the necks of himself and his family -few would have imagined much of a future even a century or two ago but there it is -but none who entered that death house had ever come out alive and in a twist you would not believe in a steven spielberg film -the gauleiter who was overseeing this brutal beating was the very same thief who had stolen socks from mister teszlers hosiery mill -it was a brutal beating and midway through -and whispered into mister teszlers ear no do not take the capsule -help is on the way and then resumed the beating but help help was on the way and shortly afterward a car arrived from the swiss embassy they were spirited to safety they were reclassified as yugoslav citizens -and they managed to stay one step ahead of their pursuers for the duration of the war surviving burnings and bombings and at the end of the war arrest by the soviets -i said somebody here must surely know because despite the fact that there arent that many hungarians to begin with and the further fact that so far as i know theres not a drop of hungarian blood -and then to the center of the textile industry in the american south which as chance would have it was spartanburg south carolina the location of wofford college and there -mister teszler began all over again and once again achieved immense success especially after he invented a process for manufacturing a new fabric called double knit -and then then in the late nineteen fifties in the aftermath of brown versus board of education when the klan was resurgent all over the south mister teszler said -i have heard this talk before -and he called his top assistant to him and asked where would you say in this region -he was told and shortly afterwards mister teszler received a visit from the white mayor of kings mountain now you should know that at that time the textile industry in the south was notoriously segregated -he also received a visit from the leader of the black community a minister who said mister teszler i sure hope youre going to hire some black workers for this new plant of yours he got the same answer -you bring the best workers you can find and if they are good enough i will hire them as it happens the black minister did his job better than the white mayor but thats neither here or there misterteszler hired sixteen -eight white eight black they were to be his seed group his future foremen he had installed the heavy equipment for his new process in an abandoned store in the vicinity of kings mountain -at every critical juncture of my life there has been a hungarian friend or mentor there beside me i even have dreams that take place in landscapes -and for two months these sixteen men would live and work together mastering the new process -he gathered them together after an initial tour of the facility and asked if there were any questions there was hemming and hawing and shuffling of feet and then one of the white workers stepped forward and said well yeah -this place and theres only one place to sleep theres only one place to eat theres only one bathroom -is this plant going to be integrated or what -two months later when the main plant opened and hundreds of new workers white and black poured in to see the facility for the first time they were met by the sixteen foremen white and black standing shoulder to shoulder -the facility and were asked if there were any questions and inevitably the same question arose is this plant integrated or what one of the white foremen stepped -you are being paid twice the wages of any other workers in this industry in this region and this is how we do business do you have any other -and there were none in one fell swoop mister teszler had integrated the textile industry in that part of the south -it was an achievement worthy of mahatma gandhi conducted with the shrewdness of a lawyer and the idealism of a saint -his eighties mister teszler -having retired from the textile industry adopted wofford college auditing courses every semester and because he had a tendency to kiss anything that moved becoming affectionately known as opi which is -as the landscapes of hungarian films especially the early movies of miklos jancso so -the faculty decided to honor itself by naming mister teszler professor of the college partly because at that point he had already taken all of the courses of the catalog but mainly -he was so -wiser than any one of us -to me it was immensely reassuring that the presiding spirit of this little methodist college in upstate south carolina -was a holocaust survivor from central europe -he was indeed but he also had a wonderful sense of humor and once for an interdisciplinary class i was screening the opening segment of ingmar bergmans the seventh seal -as the medieval knight antonius blok returned from the wild goose chase of the crusades and arrived on the rocky shore of sweden only to find the specter of death waiting for him -how do i explain this mysterious affinity maybe its because my native state of south carolina -mister teszler sat in the dark with his fellow students and as death opened his cloak to embrace the knight in a ghastly embrace i heard mister teszlers -but it was music that was his greatest passion especially opera -and on the first occasion that i visited his house he gave me honor of deciding what piece of music we would listen to and i delighted him by rejecting cavalerria rusticana in favor of bela bartoks bluebeards castle -i love bartoks music as did mister teszler and he had virtually every recording of bartoks music ever issued and it was at his house that i heard for the first time bartoks third piano concerto and learned from mister teszler -that it had been composed in nearby asheville north carolina in the last year of the composers life he was dying of leukemia and he knew it -and he dedicated this concerto to his wife dita who was herself a concert pianist and into the slow second movement -marked adagio religioso he incorporated the sounds of birdsong that he heard outside his window in what he knew would be his last spring he was imagining a future -which is not much smaller than present day hungary once imagined a future for itself as an independent country and as a consequence of that presumption my hometown was burned to the ground by an invading army -for her in which he would play no part and clearly clearly this composition is his final statement to to her it was first performed after his death -and through her to the world and just as clearly it is saying -whenever you hear this -it was only after mister teszlers death that i learned that the marker on the grave of bela bartok in hartsdale new york was paid for by -not long before mister teszler a s own death at the age of ninety seven -he heard me hold forth on human iniquity i delivered a lecture in which i described history as on the whole a tidal wave of human suffering -you -human beings are fundamentally good -and i made a vow to myself then and there that if this man who had such cause to think otherwise had reached that conclusion i would not presume to differ until he released me from my vow and -now hes dead so im stuck with my vow -yo napot -i thought my skein of hungarian mentors had come to an end but almost immediately i met francis robicsek a hungarian doctor -actually a heart surgeon in charlotte north carolina then in his late seventies who had been a pioneer in open heart surgery and tinkering away in his garage behind his house had invented many of the devices that are standard parts of those procedures -hes also a prodigious art collector beginning as an intern in budapest by collecting sixteenth and seventeenth century dutch art and hungarian painting -and when he came to this country moving on to spanish colonial art russian icons and finally -an experience that has befallen many a hungarian town and village throughout its long and troubled history or maybe its because when i was a teenager back in the fifties my uncle henry -mayan ceramics hes the author of seven books six of them on mayan ceramics it was he who broke the mayan codex enabling scholars to relate the pictographs on mayan ceramics to the hieroglyphs of the mayan script -and doctor robicsek said with obvious pride now for the piece de resistance and he opened the door and we walked into a windowless twenty by twenty foot room -with shelves from floor to ceiling and crammed on every shelf his collection of mayan ceramics now i know absolutely nothing about mayan ceramics but i wanted to be as ingratiating as possible so i said but doctor -this is absolutely dazzling -yes he said that is what the louvre said they would not leave me alone until i let them have a piece but it was not a good one -well it occurred to me that i should invite doctor robicsek to lecture at wofford college on what else leonardo da vinci and further -i should invite him to meet my oldest trustee who had majored in french history at yale some seventy odd years before and at eighty nine -the worlds largest privately owned textile empire with an iron hand his name is roger milliken and -milliken agreed and doctor robicsek agreed and doctor robicsek visited and delivered the lecture and it was a dazzling success and afterwards we convened at the presidents house -with doctor robicsek on one hand mister milliken on the other and it was only at that moment as we were sitting down to dinner that i recognized the enormity of the risk i had created because to bring these two titans these two masters of the universe together -having denounced the ku klux klan and having been bombed for his trouble and had crosses burned in his yard living under death threat took his wife and children to massachusetts for safety and went back to south carolina to -so what im going to show you is -in science we dont care how many letters you have after your name in science we want to know what your reasons are for believing something how do you know that something is good for us or bad for us -every country has somebody like this she is our tv diet guru she has massive five series of prime time television giving out very lavish and -and anybody whos done school biology remembers that chlorophyll and chloroplasts only make oxygen in sunlight and its quite dark in your bowels after youve eaten spinach -next we need proper science proper evidence so red wine can help prevent breast cancer this is a headline from the daily telegraph in the u k a glass of red wine a day could help prevent breast cancer -so you go and find this paper and what you find is it is a real piece of science it is a description of the changes in one enzyme when you drip a chemical extracted from some red grape skin onto some cancer cells in a dish on a bench in a laboratory somewhere and thats a really useful thing to describe in a scientific paper -what epidemiology is epidemiology is the science of how we know in the real world if something is good for you or bad for you and its best understood through example as the science of those crazy wacky newspaper headlines and these are just some of the examples -so what we want is studies in real human people and -heres another example this is from britains leading diet and nutritionist in the daily mirror which is our second biggest selling newspaper an australian study in two thousand and one found that olive oil in combination with fruits vegetables and pulses offers measurable protection against skin wrinklings and then they give you advice if you eat olive oil and vegetables youll have fewer skin wrinkles and they very helpfully tell you how to go and find the paper -social political and cultural reasons they are less likely to have skin wrinkles that doesnt mean that its the vegetables -and this is the trial of fish oil pills and the claim was fish oil pills improve school performance and behavior in mainstream children and they said weve done a trial all the previous trials were positive and we know this ones gonna be too that should always ring alarm bells because if you already know the answer to your trial you shouldnt be doing one either youve rigged it by design or youve got enough data so theres no need to randomize people anymore -they were taking three thousand children -and then a year later they were going to measure their school exam performance and compare -their school exam performance against what they predicted their exam performance would have been if they hadnt had the pills -they got older we all develop over time -and of course also theres the placebo effect -the placebo effect is one of the most fascinating things in the whole of medicine its not just about taking a pill and your performance and your pain getting better its about our beliefs and expectations its about the cultural meaning of a treatment and this has been demonstrated in a whole raft of fascinating studies comparing one kind of -placebo against another so we know for example that two sugar pills a day are a more effective treatment for getting rid of gastric ulcers -we know from three different studies on three different types of pain that a saltwater injection is a more effective treatment for pain -than taking a sugar pill taking a dummy pill that has no medicine in it not because the injection or the pills do anything physically to the body but because an injection feels like a much more dramatic intervention so we know -that our beliefs and expectations can be manipulated which is why we do trials where we control against a placebo where one half of the people get the real treatment and the other half get placebo but thats not enough -what ive just shown you are examples of the very simple and straightforward ways that journalists and food supplement pill peddlers and naturopaths can distort evidence for their own purposes what i find really fascinating -cancer so here are some of the things they said cause cancer recently divorce wi fi toiletries and coffee here are some of the things they say prevents cancer crusts red pepper licorice and coffee so already you can see there are contradictions coffee both causes and prevents cancer and as you start to read on you can see that maybe theres some kind of political valence behind some of this -is that the pharmaceutical industry uses exactly the same kinds of tricks and devices but slightly more sophisticated versions of them -trials against placebo everybody thinks they know that a trial should be a comparison of your new drug against placebo but actually in a lot of situations thats wrong because often we already have a very good treatment that is currently available so we dont want to know that your alternative new treatment is better than nothing we want to know that its better than the best currently available treatment that we have -and yet repeatedly you consistently see people doing trials still against placebo and you can get license to bring your drug to market with only data showing that its better than nothing which is useless for a doctor like me trying to make a decision -but thats not the only way you can rig your data you can also rig your data -twenty years ago a new generation of antipsychotic drugs were brought in and the promise was that they would have fewer side effects so people set about doing trials of these new drugs against the old drugs -came off copyright so anybody could make copies everybody wanted to show that their drug was better than risperidone so you see a bunch of trials comparing new antipsychotic drugs against risperidone at eight milligrams a day again not an insane dose not an illegal dose but very much at the high end of normal and so youre bound to make your new drug look better -and so its no surprise that overall industry funded trials are four times more likely to give a positive result than independently sponsored trials -but and its a big but -you can use statistics or you can use stories i personally prefer statistics so thats what im going to do first this is something called funnel plot and a funnel plot is a very clever way of spotting if small negative trials have disappeared have gone missing in action -so for women housework prevents breast cancer but for men shopping could make you impotent -then as you go further down at the bottom what you can see is over on this side the spurious false negatives and over on this side the spurious false positives -if there is publication bias if small negative trials have gone missing in action you can see it on one of these graphs so you can see here that the small negative trials that should be on the bottom left have disappeared this is a graph demonstrating the presence of publication bias in studies of publication bias and i think thats the funniest epidemiology joke -that you will ever hear thats how you can prove it statistically but what about stories well theyre heinous they really are -this is a drug called reboxetine this is a drug that i myself have prescribed to patients and im a very nerdy doctor i hope i try to go out of my way to try and read and understand all the literature i read the trials on this they were all positive they were all well conducted i found no flaw unfortunately it turned out -so we know that we need to start unpicking the science behind this and what i hope to show is that -were withheld from doctors and patients now if you think about it if i tossed a coin a hundred times and im allowed to withhold from you the answers half the times then i can convince you that i have a coin with two heads if we remove half of the data -we can never know what the true effect size of these medicines is and this is not an isolated story around half of all of the trial data on antidepressants has been withheld but it goes way beyond that -the nordic cochrane group were trying to get a hold of the data on that to bring it all together the cochrane groups are an international nonprofit collaboration -that produce systematic reviews of all of the data that has ever been shown and they need to have access to all of the trial data -but the companies withheld that data from them and so did the european medicines agency for three years this is a problem that is currently lacking a solution and to show how big it goes this is a drug called tamiflu which governments around the world have spent billions and billions of dollars on -unpicking dodgy claims unpicking the evidence behind dodgy claims isnt a kind of nasty carping activity its socially useful but its also an extremely valuable explanatory tool because real science is all about critically appraising the evidence for somebody elses -the infectious diseases cochrane group which are based in italy has been trying to get the full data in a usable form out of the drug companies so that they can make a full decision about whether this drug is effective or not and theyve not been able to get that -information this is undoubtedly the single -biggest ethical problem facing medicine today we cannot make decisions in the absence of all of the information -so its a little bit difficult -i -i think that sunlight -is the best disinfectant -all of these things are happening in plain sight and theyre all protected by a force field of tediousness and i think with all of the problems in science one of the best things that we can do is to lift up the lid finger around in the mechanics and peer in thank you very much -so this is already evidence of how in the academic literature we will see a biased sample of the true picture of all of the scientific studies that have been conducted -but it doesnt just happen in the dry academic field of psychology it also happens in for example cancer research -so in march two thousand and twelve just one month ago some researchers reported in the journal nature how they had tried to replicate fifty three different basic science studies looking at potential treatment targets in cancer -so this chap here he thinks he can tell you the future his name is nostradamus although here the sun have made him look a little bit like sean connery -because it is a problem because it sends us all down blind alleys their first recommendation of how to fix this problem is to make it easier to publish negative results in science and to change the incentives so that scientists are encouraged to post more of their negative results in public -but it doesnt just happen in the very dry world of preclinical basic science cancer research it also happens in the very real -flesh and blood of academic medicine -so in one thousand nine hundred and eighty some researchers did a study on a drug called lorcainide and this was an anti arrhythmic drug a drug that suppresses abnormal heart rhythms and the idea was after people have had a heart attack theyre quite likely to have abnormal heart rhythms so if we give them a drug that suppresses abnormal heart rhythms this will increase the chances of them surviving -early on its development they did a very small trial just under a hundred patients fifty patients got lorcainide and of those patients ten died another fifty patients got a dummy placebo sugar pill with no active ingredient and only one of them died so they rightly regarded this drug as a failure -and its commercial development was stopped and because its commercial development was stopped this trial was never published -unfortunately over the course of the next five ten years -other companies had the same idea about drugs that would prevent arrhythmias in people who have had heart attacks these drugs were brought to market they were prescribed very widely because heart attacks are a very common thing -and it took so long for us to find out that these drugs also caused an increased rate of death that before we detected that safety signal over one hundred thousand people died -unnecessarily in america from the prescription of anti arrhythmic drugs -the development of lorcainide was abandoned for commercial reasons and this study was never published its now a good example of publication bias thats the technical term for the phenomenon where unflattering data gets lost gets unpublished is left missing in action -and they say the results described here might have provided an early warning of trouble ahead -now these are stories from basic science these are stories -from twenty thirty years ago -the academic publishing environment is very different now there are academic journals like trials the open access journal which will publish any trial conducted in humans regardless of whether it has a positive or a negative result but this problem -of negative results that go missing in action is still very prevalent in fact its so prevalent that it cuts to the core of evidence based -medicine -so this is a drug called reboxetine and this is a drug that i myself have prescribed its an antidepressant and im a very nerdy doctor so i read all of the studies that i could on this drug i read the one study that was published that showed that reboxetine was better than placebo and i read the other three studies that were published that showed that reboxetine was just as good as any other antidepressant and because -and thats probably because it was a fluke and we only hear about the flukes and about the freaks we dont hear about all the times that people got stuff wrong -but it turned out that i was misled -in fact seven trials were conducted comparing reboxetine against a dummy placebo sugar pill one of them was positive and that was published but six of them were negative and they were left unpublished -three trials were published comparing reboxetine against other antidepressants in which reboxetine was just as good and they were published but three times as many patients worth of data was collected which showed that reboxetine was worse than those other treatments and those trials were not published -i felt misled -now you might say well thats an extremely unusual example and i wouldnt want to be guilty of the same kind of cherry picking and selective referencing that im accusing other people of -but it turns out that this phenomenon of publication bias has actually been very very well studied -so here is one example of how you approach it -the classic model is you get a bunch of studies where you know that theyve been conducted and completed and then you go and see if theyve been published anywhere in the academic literature -so this took all of the trials that had ever been conducted on antidepressants that were approved over a fifteen year period by the fda they took all of the trials which were submitted to the fda as part of the approval package so thats not all of the trials that were ever conducted on these drugs because we can never know if we have those but it is the ones that were conducted in order to get the marketing authorization -and then they went to see if these trials had been published in the peer reviewed academic literature and this is what they found it was pretty much a fifty fifty split half of these trials were positive half of them were negative in reality -now we expect that to happen with silly stories about precognition -but when they went to look for these trials in the peer reviewed academic literature what they found was a very different picture -only three of the negative trials were published but all but one -of the positive trials were published now if we just flick back and forth between those two you can see what a staggering difference there was between reality -and what doctors patients commissioners of health services and academics were able to see in the peer reviewed academic literature we were misled and this is a systematic flaw in the core of medicine -but the problem is we have exactly the same problem -this is a cancer at the core of evidence based medicine -in academia and in medicine and in this environment it costs lives -if i flipped a coin one hundred times but then withheld the results from you from half of those tosses i could make it look as if i had a coin that always came up heads but that wouldnt mean that i had a two headed coin that would mean that i was a chancer and you were an idiot for letting me get away with it -and to me this is -research misconduct if i conducted one study and i withheld half of the data points from that one study you would rightly accuse me essentially of research fraud -and yet for some reason if somebody conducts ten studies but only publishes the five that give the result that they want we dont consider that to be research misconduct and when that responsibility is diffused between -a whole network of researchers academics industry sponsors journal editors for some reason we find it more acceptable but the effect on patients -so firstly thinking just about precognition as it turns out just last year a researcher called daryl bem conducted a piece of research where he found evidence -this is a drug called tamiflu tamiflu is a drug which governments around the world have spent billions and billions of dollars on stockpiling and weve stockpiled tamiflu in panic in the belief that it will reduce the rate of complications of influenza complications is a medical euphemism for pneumonia and death -now when the cochrane systematic reviewers -they found that several of those trials were unpublished the results were unavailable to them and when they started obtaining the writeups of those trials through various different means through freedom of information act requests through harassing various different organizations what they found was inconsistent -and when they tried to get a hold of the clinical study reports the ten thousand page long documents that have the -of precognitive powers in undergraduate students and this was published in a peer reviewed academic journal and most of the people who read this just said okay well fair enough but i think thats a fluke thats a freak because i know that if i did a study where i found no evidence that undergraduate students had precognitive powers it probably wouldnt get published in a journal -and the most staggering thing of all of this to me -is that not only is this a problem not only do we recognize that this is a problem -but weve had to suffer fake fixes weve had people pretend -and so then the international committee of medical journal editors came along and they said oh well we will hold the line we wont publish any journals -we wont publish any trials unless theyve been registered before they began -werent properly registered and a quarter of them werent registered -to that ruling and it turns out that only one in five have done so -this is a -we cannot know the true effects of the medicines that we prescribe if we do not have access to all of the information and this is not a difficult problem to fix -we need to force people to publish all trials conducted in humans -including the older trials because the fda amendment act only asks that you publish the trials conducted after two thousand and eight and i dont know what world it is in which were only practicing medicine on the basis of trials that completed in the past two years -we need to publish all trials in humans including the older trials for all drugs in current use and you need to tell everyone you know -and in fact we know that thats true because several different groups of research scientists tried to replicate the findings of this precognition study and when they submitted it to the exact same journal the journal said no were not interested in publishing replication were not interested in your negative data -you can see here these systems are extremely fast they collect millions of points at a time with very high accuracy and very high resolution a surveyor with -traditional survey tools would be hard pressed to produce maybe five hundred points in a whole day these babies would be producing something like ten thousand points a second -so as you can imagine this was a paradigm shift in the survey and construction as well as in reality capture industry -approximately ten years ago my wife and i started a foundation to do good and right about that time the magnificent bamiyan buddhas hundred and eighty foot tall in afghanistan -were blown up by the taliban they were gone in an instant and unfortunately there was no detailed documentation of these buddhas this clearly devastated me and i couldnt help but wonder about the fate of my old friends the winged bulls -and the fate of the many many heritage sites all over the world -both my wife and i were so -touched by this that we decided to expand the mission of our foundation to include digital heritage preservation of -world sites we called the project cyark which stands for cyber archive -to date with the help of a -global network of partners weve completed close to fifty projects let me show you some of them -chichen itza rapa nui and what youre seeing here are the cloud of points babylon -the results of our work in the field are used to produce media and deliverables to be used by conservators and researchers we also produce -media for dissemination to the public free through the cyark website these would be used for education cultural tourism etc what youre looking at in here is a three d viewer that we developed that would allow -the display and manipulation of the cloud of points in real time cutting sections through them and extracting dimensions this happens to be the cloud of points for tikal in here you see a traditional two d architectural engineering drawing thats used for preservation -and of course we tell the stories through fly throughs and here this is a fly through the cloud of points of tikal and here you see it rendered and photo textured with the photography that we take of the site -and so this is not a video this is actual three d points with two to three millimeter accuracy and of course the data can be used to develop three d models that are -very accurate and very detailed and here youre looking at a model thats extracted from the cloud of points for stirling castle its used for studies for visualization as well as for education -and finally we produce mobile apps that include narrated virtual tools the more -i got involved in the heritage field the more it became clear to me that we are losing the sites and the stories faster than we can physically preserve them -of course earthquakes and all the natural phenomena floods tornadoes etc take their toll -they would always stop by to visit these huge winged bulls that used to guard the gates of that ancient metropolis and the boy used to be scared of these winged bulls but at the same time they excited him and the dad used to use those bulls to tell the boy stories -however what occurred to me was human caused destruction which was not only causing a significant portion of the destruction but actually it was accelerating this includes arson -it was getting more and more apparent that were fighting a losing battle were losing our sites and the stories and basically were losing a piece and a significant piece of our collective memory -imagine us as a human race not knowing where we came from -luckily in the last two or three decades digital technologies have been developing that have helped us to develop tools that weve brought to bear in the digital preservation in our digital preservation war this includes -for example the three d laser scanning systems ever more powerful personal computers three d graphics high definition digital photography not to mention the internet because of this accelerated pace of destruction -it became clear to us that we needed to challenge ourselves and our partners to accelerate our work and we created a project we call the cyark five hundred challenge -and that is to digitally preserve -and our network of global partners has been expanding and can be expanded at a rapid rate so were comfortable that this task can be accomplished -however to me the five hundred is really just the first five hundred in order to sustain our work -into the future we use technology centers where we partner with local universities and colleges to take the technology to them whereby they then can help us with digital preservation of their heritage sites -and at the same time it gives them -the technology to benefit from in the future -let me close with another short story two years ago we were approached by a partner of ours -to digitally preserve an important heritage site a unesco heritage site in uganda the royal kasubi tombs the work was done successfully in the field and the data was archived and publicly disseminated through the cyark website -about that civilization and their work -last march we received very sad news the royal tombs had been destroyed by suspected arson a few days later we received a call is the data available and can it be used for reconstruction -our answer of course was yes -let me leave you with a final thought our heritage is much more than our collective memory its our collective treasure we owe it to our children our grandchildren and the generations we will never meet to keep it safe -lets fast forward to the san francisco bay area many decades later where i started a technology company that brought the world its first three d laser scanning system let me show you how it works -and to pass it along thank you -well im staying here because we wanted to demonstrate to you the power of this technology and so while ive been speaking you -have been scanned -the two wizards that i have that are behind the curtain will help me bring the results -on the screen -this is all in three d and of course you can fly through the cloud of points you can look at it from on top from the ceiling you can look from different vantage points but im going to ask doug to zoom in on -an individual in the crowd just to show the amount of detail that we can create -so you have been digitally preserved in about four minutes -id like to also thank personally the efforts of -and doug pritchard whos the head of visualization at the glasgow school of art lets give them -the point is then recorded into a three d visualization program -come from is is simply the byproduct of a crude mechanical action -or is it an imitation of one half a set of sounds we make to express disappointment the often dedental consonant of no indo european language -or is it the amplified sound of a synapse firing in the brain of a cockroach -in the nineteen fifties they tried their best to muffle this sound with mercury switches -and silent knob controls but today these improvements seem somehow inauthentic -the click is the modern triumphal clarion proceeding us through life announcing our entry into every lightless room -im going to read a few strips these are most of these are from a monthly page i do in and architecture and design magazine -the sound made flicking a wall switch off is of a completely different nature -it has a deep melancholy ring children dont like it its why they leave lights on around the house -adults find it comforting but wouldnt it be an easy matter to wire a wall switch so that it triggers the muted horn of a steam ship or the recorded crowing of a rooster -the distant peel of thunder thomas -edison went through thousands of unlikely substances before he came upon the right one for the filament of his electric lightbulb -why have we settled so quickly for the sound of its switch thats the end -praise of the taxpayer that so many of the citys most venerable taxpayers have survived yet another commercial building boom is cause for celebration -these one or two story structures designed to yield only enough income to cover the taxes on the land on which they stand were not meant to be permanent buildings -yet for one reason or another they have confounded the efforts of developers to be combined into lots suitable for high rise construction -although they make no claim to architectural beauty they are in their perfect temporariness -a delightful alternative to the large scale structures that might someday take their place -called metropolis and the first story is called the faulty switch another beautifully designed new building ruined by the sound of a common wall light switch -the most perfect examples occupy corner lots -they offer a pleasant respite from the high density development around them a break of light and air an architectural biding of time -so buried in signage are these structures that it often takes a moment to distinguish the modern specially constructed taxpayer from its neighbor -the small commercial building from an earlier century whose upper floors have been sealed and whose groundfloor space now functions as a taxpayer -the few surfaces not covered by signs are often clad in a distinctive dark green gray striated aluminum siding -take out sandwich shops film processing drop offs peep shows and necktie stores -now these provisional structures have in some cases remained standing for the better part of a human lifetime -the temporary building is a triumph of modern industrial organization a healthy sublimation of the urge to build -and proof that not every architectural idea need be set in stone thats the end -the lap was a platform upon which to place the earthly possessions of the dead thirty cubits from foot to knee -it was not until the fourteenth century that an italian painter recognized the lap as a grecian temple upholstered in flesh and cloth -over the next two hundred years we see the infant christ go from a sitting to a standing position on the virgins lap and then back again -its fine during the day when the main rooms are flooded with sunlight but at dusk everything changes the -every child recapitulates this ascension straddling one or both legs sitting sideways or leaning against the body -from there to the modern ventriloquists dummy is but a brief moment in history you were late for school again this morning -the ventriloquist must first make us believe that a small boy is sitting on his lap the illusion of speech follows incidentally -what have you got to say for yourself jimmy as adults we admire the lap from a nostalgic distance -we have fading memories of that provisional temple erected each time an adult sat down on a crowded bus there was always a -to sit -children and teenage girls who are most keenly aware of its architectural beauty -they understand the structural integrity of a deep avuncular lap as compared to the shaky arangement of a neurotic niece in high heels -the relationship between the lap and its owner is direct and intimate i envision a thirty six story four hundred and fifty unit residential high -a reason to consider the mental health of any architect before granting an important commission the bathrooms and kitchens will of course have no windows -the lap of luxury is an architectural construct of childhood which we seek in vain as adults to employ thats the end -hundreds of hours designing the burnished brass switchplates -the -serves as the temporary resting place for the haverpiece collection of european dried fruit -the profound convolutions on the surface of a dried cherry the foreboding sheen of an extra large date -do you remember wandering as a child through those dark wooden storefront galleries where everything was displayed -in poorly labeled roach proof bins pears dried in the form of genital organs -for his new office tower and then left it to a contractor to install these seventy nine cent switches behind them we know -was purchased by maurice haverpiece a wealthy prune juice bottler and consolidated to form the core collection -as an art form it lies somewhere between still life painting and plumbing -the rest of the collection remains here stored in plain brown paper bags until funds can be raised to build a permanent museum -and study center a shoe made of apricot leather for the daughter of a -where to reach when we enter a dark room we automatically throw the little nub of plastic upward but the sound we are greeted with as the room is bathed -in the simulated glow of late afternoon light recalls to mind a dirty mens room in the rear of a greek coffee shop -this sound colors our first impression of any room it cant be helped but where does this sound commonly described as a click -and scott the british guy captain scott scott had sort of ponies and some tractors and a few dogs all of which went wrong and scott and his team of four people ended up on foot -i have a school report i was thirteen years old and its framed above my desk at home it says ben lacks sufficient impetus to achieve anything -we started running very low on food we were both pretty hungry losing lots of weight some very unusual weather conditions very difficult ice conditions we had -decidedly low tech communications we couldnt afford a satellite phone so we had hf radio you can see two ski poles sticking out of the -a wire dangling down either side that was our hf radio antenna we had less than two hours two way communication with the outside world in two months -we spoke to the russian helicopter pilots on the radio and they said look boys youve run out of time weve got to pick you up and i felt that i had -of this expedition and i got back to heathrow my mum was there my brother was there my granddad was there had -one and a half times the size of america five and a half thousand square miles more than two thousand people have climbed everest twelve people have stood on the moon including me only four people have skied solo to the north pole and i think the reason for that -in a huge amount of debt personally to this expedition and lying on my mums sofa day in day out watching daytime tv -my brother sent me a text message an sms its it was a quote from the simpsons it said you tried your hardest and failed miserably the lesson is dont even try -three years i did eventually get off the sofa and start planning another expedition this time i wanted to go right across on my own this time from russia at the top of the map -reason this was what i wanted to have a crack at but i knew that even to stand a chance of getting home in one piece let alone make it across to canada i had to take a radical approach -and the expedition started in february last year big support team we had a film crew a couple of logistics people with us -the next bit wed chartered a pretty elderly russian plane to fly us up to a town called khatanga which was the sort of last bit of civilization -we got to khatanga i think the joke is that khatanga isnt the end of the world but you can see it from -loaded up the helicopters two helicopters flying in tandem dropped me off at the edge of the pack ice -to make things worse you can just see the white dot up at the top right hand side of the screen thats a full moon because wed been held up in russia of course the full moon brings the highest and lowest tides -thank you i think the reason for that is that its its well its as chris said bonkers its a journey that is right at the limit of human -i didnt have a hope in hell i had to pull one leave it and go back and get the other one literally scrambling through whats called pressure ice the ice had been -my record was minus two point five miles i got up in the morning took the tent down skied north for seven and a half hours put the tent up and i was two and a half miles further back than when id started i literally couldnt keep up with the drift of the ice -just appalling oh drifted back about five miles in the last last -later in the expedition the problem was no longer the ice it was -it also meant if the worst came to the worst i could actually jump in and swim across and drag the sledge over after me -some pretty radical technology a radical approach but it worked perfectly another exciting thing we did last year was with communications technology -as dangerous as everest it wasnt all high tech this is navigating in whats called a whiteout when you get lots of mist low cloud the wind starts blowing the snow up you -i got to the pole on the eleventh of may it took me sixty eight days to get there from russia and there is nothing -there there isnt even a pole at the pole theres nothing there purely because its sea ice its drifting stick a flag there leave it there pretty soon it will drift off usually towards canada or greenland i knew this but i was expecting something -that sat down on my sledge did a sort of video diary piece took a few photos i got my satellite phone out i warmed the battery up in my armpit i dialed three numbers i dialed my mum i dialed my girlfriend i dialed the ceo of my sponsor and i got three -the entire planet is rotating beneath my feet -the the whole world -i finally got through to my mum she was at the queue of the supermarket she started crying -i skied on for a week past the pole i wanted to get as close to canada as i could before conditions just got too dangerous to continue -this was the last day i had on the ice when i spoke to the my project management team they said look ben conditions are getting too dangerous -there are huge areas of open water just south of your position wed like to pick you up ben could you please look for an airstrip this was the view outside my tent when i had this fateful phone call -find it took me thirty six hours of skiing around trying to find an airstrip was exactly four hundred and seventy three meters i could measure it with my skis i didnt tell tony that i didnt tell the pilots that i thought itll have to do -it just about worked a pretty dramatic landing the plane actually passed over four times and i was a bit worried it wasnt going to land at all the pilot i knew was called troy i was expecting someone called troy that did this for a living to be a pretty -tough kind of guy i was bawling my eyes out by the time the plane landed -troy troy was smoking a cigarette on the ice we took a few photos he climbed up the ladder he said just just get in the back he threw his cigarette out as he got on the front and i climbed in the back -his i thought god here we go were were this is all or nothing rammed it forwards bounced down the runway just took off one of the skis just clipped a pressure ridge -i could see into the cockpit troy battling the controls and he just took one hand off reached back flipped a switch on the roof of the cockpit and it was the fasten seat belt sign you can -in the traditional sense im not skiing along drawing maps everyone knows where the north pole is at the south pole theres a big scientific base theres an airstrip theres a cafe -for me this is about exploring human limits about exploring the limits of physiology of psychology and of technology theyre the things that excite me -scratching the surface of their potential just doing three or four or five percent of what theyre truly capable of so on a wider scale i hope that this journey was a chance to inspire -other people to think about what they want to do with their potential and what they want to do with the tiny amount of time we each have on this planet -the last question whats next as quickly as possible if i have a minute left at the end ill go into more detail whats next -the coldest highest windiest and driest continent on earth -there is not the slightest prospect of any gain whatsoever oh we may learn a little about the behavior of the human body at high altitudes and possibly medical men may turn our observation to some account for the purposes of aviation -but otherwise nothing will come of it we shall not bring back a single bit of gold or silver and not a gem nor any coal or iron we shall not find a single foot of earth that can be planted with crops to raise food so it is no use -if you cannot understand that there is something in man which responds to the challenge of this mountain and goes out to meet it that the struggle is the struggle of life itself upward and forever upward then you wont see why we go -leaving the house embarking on these grand adventures is joyful and fun however doesnt tally that neatly with my own experience the furthest ive ever got away from my front door was in the spring of two thousand and four i still dont know exactly what came over me but my plan -was to make a solo and unsupported crossing of the arctic ocean -i planned essentially to walk from the north coast of russia to the north pole and then to carry on to the north coast of canada no one had ever done this i was twenty six at the time -a lot of experts were saying it was impossible and my mum certainly wasnt very keen on the idea -felix baumgartner going up rather than just coming down youll appreciate the sense of apprehension as i sat in a helicopter thundering north and the sense i think if anything of impending doom i sat there wondering what on earth i had gotten myself into -there was a bit of fun a bit of joy i was twenty six i remember sitting there looking down at my sledge i had my skis ready to go i had a satellite phone a pump action shotgun in case i was attacked by a polar bear i remember looking out of the window and seeing the second helicopter we were both thundering through this incredible siberian -does the constant supply of information steal our ability to imagine or replace our dreams of achieving after all if it is being done somewhere by someone and we can participate virtually then why -and that journey lasted ten weeks seventy two days i didnt see anyone else we took this photo next to the helicopter beyond that i didnt see anyone for ten weeks -the north pole is slap bang in the middle of the sea so im traveling over the frozen surface of the arctic ocean nasa described conditions that year as the worst since records began i was dragging one hundred and eighty kilos of food and fuel and supplies about four hundred pounds the average temperature for the ten weeks was minus thirty five minus fifty was the coldest -so again there wasnt an awful lot of joy or fun to be had -for nearly three months was unique to me no one else will ever could ever possibly see the views the vistas that i saw for ten weeks -and that i guess is probably the finest argument for leaving the house i can try to tell you what it was like -but youll never know what it was like and the more i try to explain that i felt lonely i was the only human being in five point four million square miles it was cold nearly minus seventy five with windchill on a bad day the more words fall short and im unable to do it justice -and it seems to me therefore that -the doing you know to try to experience to engage to endeavor rather than to watch and to wonder thats where the real meat of life is to be found the juice that we can suck out of our hours and days -and i would add a cautionary note here however in my experience there is something addictive about tasting life at the very -edge of whats humanly possible now i dont just mean in the field of daft macho edwardian style derring do but also in the fields of pancreatic cancer there is something addictive about this and in my case i think polar expeditions are perhaps not that far removed from -having a crack habit i cant explain quite how good it is until youve tried it but it has the capacity to burn up all the money i can get my hands on to ruin every relationship ive ever had so be careful what you wish for -scott set out just over a hundred years ago to try to become the first person to reach the south pole no one knew what was there it was utterly unmapped at the time we knew more about the surface of the moon than we did about the heart of antarctica -scott as many of you will know was beaten to it by roald amundsen and his norwegian team who used dogs and dogsleds scotts team were on foot all five of them wearing harnesses and dragging around sledges and they arrived at the pole to find the norwegian flag already there id imagine pretty bitter and demoralized -job titles but ive spent more than two percent now of my entire life living in a tent inside the arctic circle so i get out of the house a fair bit and in my nature i guess i am a doer of things more than i am a spectator or a contemplator of things and its that -there is a sort of misconception nowadays that its all been done in the fields of exploration and adventure when i talk about antarctica people often say hasnt you know thats interesting hasnt that blue peter presenter just done it on a -but scotts journey remains unfinished no one has ever walked from the very coast of antarctica to the south pole and back again it is arguably the most audacious endeavor of that edwardian golden age of exploration and it seemed to me high time given everything we have figured out -in the century since from scurvy to solar panels that it was high time someone had a go at finishing the job so thats precisely what im setting out to do this time next year in october im leading a team of three -and itll also be a four month chance for me to finally come up with a pithy answer to the question why -if i wanted to know for example how many stars were in the milky way how old those giant heads on easter island were most of you could find that out right now without even standing up -and yet if ive learned anything in nearly twelve years now of dragging heavy things around cold places it is that true real inspiration and growth only comes from adversity and from challenge -from stepping away from whats comfortable and familiar and stepping out into the unknown -in life we all have tempests to ride and poles to walk to and i think metaphorically speaking at least we could all benefit from getting outside the house a little more often if only we could sum up the courage i certainly would implore you to open the door just a little bit and take a look at whats outside -dichotomy the gulf between ideas and action that im going to try and explore briefly -the pithiest answer to the question why thats been dogging me for the last twelve years -but united cities of the world we can create a global parliament of mayors -thats an idea its in my conception of the coming world but its also on the table in city halls in seoul korea in amsterdam in hamburg -and in new york mayors are considering that idea of how you can actually constitute a global parliament of mayors and i love that idea because a parliament of mayors is a parliament of citizens and a parliament of citizens -citizens without borders i think its the citizens of ted -who show the promise to be those citizens without borders i am ready -to reach out and embrace a new global democracy to take back our democracy and the only question is are you thank you so much my fellow -and my suggestion is that we change the subject -that we stop talking about nations about bordered states and we start talking about cities because i think you will find when we talk about cities we are talking about -the political institutions in which civilization and culture were born we are talking about the cradle of democracy we are talking about the venues in which those public spaces where we come together to create democracy and at the same time -protest those who would take our freedom take place think -are the public spaces where we announce ourselves as citizens as participants as people with the right to write our own narratives -cities are not only the oldest of institutions theyre the most enduring if you think about it -constantinople istanbul much older than turkey alexandria much older -its increasingly irrelevant to the kinds of decisions we face that have to do with global pandemics -are the places where we are born grow up are educated work marry pray play get old and in time die they are home -very different than nation states which are abstractions we pay taxes we vote occasionally -we watch the men and women we choose rule rule more or less without us not so in those homes known as our towns and cities where we live moreover today more than half of the worlds population -live in cities in the developed world its about seventy eight percent more than three out of four people live in urban institutions urban places in cities today -so cities are where the action is cities are us aristotle said in the ancient world man is a political animal i say we are an urban animal we are an urban species at home in our cities -so to come back to the dilemma if the dilemma is we have old fashioned political nation states unable to govern the world respond to the global challenges that we face like climate -a cross border problem with hiv a transnational problem with markets and immigration something that goes beyond national borders with terrorism with war all now cross border problems in fact we live in a twenty first century world of -change then maybe its time for mayors to rule the world for mayors and the citizens and the peoples they represent to engage -in global governance when i say if mayors ruled the world when i first came up with that phrase it occurred to me that actually they already do -there are scores of international inter city cross border institutions networks of cities in which cities are already quite quietly -below the horizon working together to deal with climate change to deal with security to deal with immigration to deal with all of those tough interdependent problems that we face -they have strange names uclg united cities and local governments iclei the -international council for local environmental issues -and the list goes on citynet in asia city protocol a new organization out of barcelona that is using the web to share best practices among countries and then all the things we know a little better the u s conference of mayors the mexican conference of mayors the european conference -of mayors mayors are where this is happening and so the question is -how can we create a world in which mayors and the citizens they represent play a more prominent role well -to understand that we need to understand -why cities are special why mayors are so different than prime ministers and presidents because -my premise is that a mayor and a prime minister are at the opposite ends of a political spectrum -to be a prime minister or a president you have to have an ideology you have to have a meta narrative you have to have a theory of how things work you have to belong to a party independents on the whole dont get elected to office -but mayors are just the opposite mayors are pragmatists theyre problem solvers their job is to get things done and if they dont theyre out of a job -mayor nutter of philadelphia said we could never get away here in philadelphia with the stuff that goes on in washington the paralysis the non action the inaction why because potholes have to get filled -because the trains have to run because kids have to be able to get to school and thats what we have to do and to do that is about pragmatism in that deep american sense reaching outcomes washington -interdependence and brutal interdependent problems and when we look for solutions in politics and in democracy -spare me your sermons and i will fix your sewers -strange term but in some ways he is hes a libertarian -twenty years mayor in moscow though he helped found a party united party with putin in fact refused to be defined by the party and finally in fact lost his job not under brezhnev not under gorbachev but under putin who wanted a more faithful party follower -so mayors are pragmatists and problem solvers they get things done but the second thing about mayors is they are also what i like to call homeboys -or to include the women mayors homies theyre from the neighborhood theyre part of the neighborhood theyre known ed koch used to wander around new york city saying how am i doing -we are faced with political institutions designed four hundred years ago -imagine david cameron wandering around the united kingdom asking how am i doing he wouldnt like the answer or putin or any national leader he could ask that because he knew new yorkers and they knew him -mayors are usually from the places they govern its pretty hard to be a carpetbagger and be a mayor you can run for the senate out of a different state but its hard to do that as a mayor -and as a result mayors and city councillors and local authorities have a much higher trust level and this is the third feature about mayors than national governing officials in the united states we know the pathetic figures eighteen percent of americans approve -of congress and what they do and even with a relatively popular president like obama -autonomous sovereign nation states with jurisdictions and territories separate from one another each claiming to be able to solve the problem of its own people -to seventy seventy five even eighty percent because theyre from the neighborhood because the people they work with are their neighbors because like mayor booker in newark a mayor is likely to get out of his car on the way to work and go in and pull people out of a burning building -profoundly multicultural open -participatory democratic able to work with one another when states face each other china and the u s they face each other like this -when cities interact they interact like this -china and the u s despite the recent meta meeting in california are locked in all kinds of anger resentment and rivalry for number one we heard more about who will be number one -cities dont worry about number one they have to work together and they do work together they work together in climate change for example -organizations like the c forty like iclei which i mentioned have been working together -many many years before copenhagen in copenhagen four or five years ago one hundred and eighty four nations came together to explain to one another why their sovereignty didnt permit them to deal with the grave grave crisis of climate change -but the mayor of copenhagen had invited -two hundred mayors to attend they came they stayed and they found ways and are still finding ways to work together city to city and through inter city organizations eighty percent of carbon emissions come from cities -which means cities are in a position to solve the carbon problem or most of it whether or not the states of which they are a part make agreements with one another and they are doing it los angeles cleaned up its port which was forty percent of carbon emissions -twenty first century transnational world of problems and challenges seventeenth century world of political institutions in that dilemma lies the central problem of democracy -and as a result got rid of about twenty percent of carbon new york has a program to upgrade its old buildings make them better insulated in the winter -allowed surface buses to run in effect like subways express buses with corridors it helped unemployment because people could get across town and it had a profound impact on climate as well as many other things there singapore -as it developed its high rises and its remarkable public housing also developed an island of parks and if you go there youll see how much of it is green land and park land cities are doing this but not just one by one they are doing it together they are -sharing what they do and they are making a difference by shared best practices -bike shares many of you have heard of it started twenty or thirty years ago in latin america now its in hundreds of cities around the world pedestrian zones congestion fees emission limits in cities like california cities have theres lots and lots that cities can do even when opaque -stubborn nations refuse to act so whats the bottom line here -the bottom line is we still live politically in a world of borders a world of boundaries a world of walls a world where states refuse -to act together yet we know that the reality we -medecins sans frontieres of economics and technology without borders of education without borders of terrorism and war without borders that -the failure to address all of these transnational problems but we will risk losing democracy itself locked up in the old nation state box unable to address global problems democratically -so where does that leave us ill tell you the road to global democracy doesnt run through states it runs through cities democracy was born in the ancient polis -i believe it can be reborn in the global cosmopolis in that journey from polis to cosmopolis -we can rediscover the power of democracy on a global level we can create not a league of nations which failed but a league of cities not a united or a dis united nations -eminent and accomplished figures in the wine world were sort of drawn into the orbit of these bottles i think they wanted to believe -that the most expensive bottle of wine in the world must be the best bottle of wine in the world must be the rarest bottle of wine in the world i became -with the generous backing of a magazine i write for sometimes i decided to sample the very best or most expensive or most coveted item in about a dozen categories which was a very grueling quest as you -to play a brief video clip -for some reason posed his dog in a lot of them so thats why youre going to see this recurring character which i guess you know communicates to you that i did not think that one was really worth the -white truffles one of the most expensive luxury foods by weight in the world to try this i went to a mario batali restaurant in manhattan del posto the waiter you know came out with the white truffle knob and -his shaver and he shaved it onto my pasta and he said you know would signore like the truffles and -the charm of white truffles is in their aroma its not in their taste really its not in their texture its in the smell these white -that you know their purpose had been served and so im afraid to say that this was also a disappointment to me there were several several of these items were disappointments -this is soap thats made from silver nanoparticles which have antibacterial properties i washed my face with this this morning in preparation for this -and it you know tickled a little bit and it smelled good but i have to say that nobody here has complimented me on the cleanliness -then again nobody has complimented me on the -these ones gq did spring for i own these but i will tell you not only did i not get a compliment from any of you i have not gotten a compliment from anybody in the months that i have owned and -i dont think that whether or not youre getting a compliment should be the test of somethings value but i think in the case of a fashion item an article of clothing thats a reasonable benchmark -that said a lot of work goes into these they are made from handpicked organic zimbabwean cotton that has been shuttle -and then hand dipped in natural indigo twenty four times but no compliments -was kip forbes son of one of the most flamboyant millionaires of the twentieth century the original owner of the bottle turned out to be one of the most enthusiastic wine buffs of the eighteenth century -is a former filmmaker who makes this olive oil from an olive that grows on a single slope in tuscany and he goes to great lengths to protect the olive oil from -oxygen and light he uses tiny bottles the glass is tinted he tops the olive oil off with an inert gas -and he actually once he releases a batch of it he regularly conducts molecular analyses and posts the results online so you can go online -it tasted fine it tasted interesting it was very green it was very peppery but in the blind taste test it came in last -which had been oxidizing next to my stove for six months -a recurring theme is that a lot of these things are from japan youll start to notice i dont play golf so i couldnt actually road test these but i did interview a guy who owns them even the people who market these clubs -these have four axis shafts which minimize loss of club speed and thereby drive the ball farther but theyll say look you know youre not getting fifty seven thousand dollars worth of performance from these clubs youre paying for -the bling that theyre encrusted with gold and platinum the guy who i interviewed who owns them did say that hes gotten a lot of pleasure out of them so -you know this one this is a coffee made from a very unusual process -comes down and it prowls the coffee plantations and apparently its a very picky eater and it you know homes in on only the ripest coffee cherries -and then an enzyme in its digestive tract leeches into the beans and people with the unenviable job of collecting these cats leavings then go through the -one of the greatest wines in the world the prince of any wine cellar -japan is doing crazy things with -about all the videotape that remains of an event that set off the longest running mystery in the modern wine world and the mystery existed because of a gentleman named hardy rodenstock -there is now a toilet that has an mp three player in it theres one with a fragrance dispenser -and transmits the results via email to your doctor its almost like a home medical center and that is the direction that japanese toilet technology is -this one does not have those bells and whistles but for pure functionality its pretty much the best the neorest six hundred and to try this i couldnt get a loaner but -i did go into the manhattan showroom of the manufacturer toto and they have a bathroom off of the showroom that you can use which i -its fully automated you walk towards it and the seat lifts the seat is preheated theres a water jet that cleans you theres an air jet that dries you you get -it flushes by itself the lid closes it self cleans not only is it a technological leap forward but i really do believe its a bit of a cultural leap forward i mean a no hands no toilet paper toilet and i want to get one of these -i could not get a loaner of -tom cruise supposedly owns this bed theres a little plaque on the end that you know each buyer gets their name engraved on it -to try this one the maker of it let me and my wife spend the night in the manhattan showroom lights -this was a fun one -this is the fastest street legal car in the world and the most expensive production car i got to drive this with a chaperone from the company -i get up to eighty they start to rattle i switched lanes on the highway and the driver this chaperone said you know you were just going one hundred and ten miles an hour -and i had no idea that i was one of those obnoxious people you occasionally see weaving in and out of traffic because it was just that smooth and if i was a -this is a completely gratuitous video im just going to show of one of the pitfalls of advanced technology this is tom cruise arriving at the mission impossible -and cheval blanc is kind of an unusual wine for bordeaux in having a significant percentage of -that eventually kind of gave it this cultish following but its sixty years old theres not much of it left -what there is of it left you dont know if its real its considered to be the most faked wine in the world not that many people are looking to pop open their one remaining bottle for a journalist -so id about given up trying to get my hands on one of these id put out feelers to retailers to auctioneers and it was coming up empty and then i got an email from a guy named -is a uc riverside theoretical physicist who also happens to be the preeminent organizer of rare wine tastings and he said ive got a -and it was an invitation you do not refuse i went it was three days four meals and at lunch on saturday we opened the forty seven and -call my palate a philistine palate so it doesnt necessarily mean something that i wasnt impressed but i was not the only one there who had that reaction and it wasnt just to that wine -he wouldnt reveal the exact number of bottles he would not revealexactly where the building was and he would not reveal exactly who owned the building -any one of the wines served at this tasting if id been served it at a dinner party it would have been you know the wine experience of my lifetime and incredibly -memorable but drinking sixty great wines over three days they all just blurred together and it became almost a grueling experience -and i just wanted to finish by mentioning a very interesting study which came out earlier this year from some researchers at stanford and caltech and -they gave subjects the same wine labeled with different price tags a lot of people you know said that they liked the more expensive wine more it was the same wine but they thought it was a different one that was more expensive but what was unexpected was that -these researchers did mri brain imaging while the people were drinking the wine and not only did they say they enjoyed the more expensively labeled wine more -their brain actually registered as experiencing more pleasure from the same wine when it was labeled with a higher price tag thank you -the mystery persisted for about twenty years it finally began to get resolved in two thousand and five because of this -bill koch is a florida billionaire who owns four of the jefferson bottles and he became suspicious and he ended up spending over a million dollars and hiring ex fbi and ex scotland yard agents to -classical music is for everybody everybody now -how would you walk because you know my profession the music profession doesnt see it that way they say three percent of the population likes classical music if only we could move it to four percent our problems would be -if you thought everybody loves classical music they just havent found out about it yet -see -different worlds now i had an amazing experience i was forty five years old id been conducting for twenty years -i see some of you recognize this child now if he practices for a year and takes lessons hes now eight and he sounds like this -and i suddenly had a realization the conductor of an orchestra doesnt make a sound my picture appears on the front of the cd -but the conductor doesnt make a sound he depends for his power on his ability to make other people powerful and that changed everything for me it was totally life changing -i wanted to know whether i was doing that and you know how you find out you look at their eyes if their eyes are shining you know youre doing it -you could light up a village with this guys eyes right so if the eyes are shining you know youre doing it if the eyes are not shining you -ask a question and this is the question who am i being that my players eyes are not shining we can do that with our children too who am i being that my childrens eyes -thats a totally different world now were all about to end this magical on the mountain week and were going back into the world -and i say its appropriate for us to ask the question who are we being as we go back out into the world -and you know i have a definition of success for me its very simple its not about wealth and fame and power its about how many shining eyes i have around me so now i have one last thought which is that it really makes a difference what we say -the words that come out of our mouth i learned this from a woman who survived auschwitz one of the rare survivors she went to auschwitz when she was fifteen years old and -her brother was eight and the parents were lost and -she told me this she said we were in the train going to auschwitz and i looked down and saw my brothers shoes were missing -so stupid cant you keep your things together for goodness sake the way an elder sister might speak to a younger brother -for another year and takes lessons now hes nine -and i made a vow and the vow was i will never say anything that couldnt stand as the last thing i ever say -now can we do that no and well make ourselves wrong and others wrong but it is a possibility to live into thank you -for another and takes lessons now hes ten -if youd waited if youd waited for one more year you would have heard this -what happened was not maybe what you thought which is he suddenly became passionate engaged involved got a new teacher he hit puberty -or whatever it is what actually happened was the impulses were reduced you see the first time he was playing with an impulse on every note -by looking at my head -the nine year old the nine year old put an impulse on every -and the ten year old on every eight notes and the -one impulse on the whole phrase -i dont know how we got into this position -say im going to move my shoulder over move my body no the music pushed me over which is why i call it one -you know a gentleman was once watching a presentation i was doing when i was working with a young pianist he was the president of a corporation in ohio -and i was working with this young pianist and i said the trouble with you is youre a two buttock player you should be a one buttock player and i moved his body like that while he was playing and suddenly the music took off -took flight there was a gasp in the audience when they heard the difference and then i got a letter from this gentleman he said i was so moved i went back and i transformed my entire company into a one -and one of them wrote situation hopeless stop they dont wear shoes and the other one wrote glorious opportunity they dont have any shoes yet -dont mind -now comes the third group these are the people who never listen to classical music its just simply not part of your life you might hear it like second hand smoke at the airport but -people think theyre tone deaf actually i hear a lot my husband is tone deaf actually you cannot be tone deaf nobody is tone deaf if you were tone deaf you couldnt change the -on your car in a stick shift car you couldnt tell the difference between somebody from texas and somebody from rome -and the telephone the telephone if your mother calls on the miserable telephone she calls and says hello you not only know who it is you know what mood shes in -you have a fantastic ear everybody has a fantastic ear so nobody is tone deaf but i tell you what it doesnt work for me -to go on with this thing with such a wide gulf between those who understand love and passionate about classical music and those who have no relationship -the tone deaf people theyre no longer here but even between those three categories its too wide a gulf so im not going to go on until every single person in this room downstairs and in aspen and everybody else looking -now theres a similar situation in the classical music world because there are some people who think that classical music is dying and there are some of us who think you aint seen nothing yet -will come to love and understand classical music so thats what -now you notice that there is not the slightest doubt in my mind that this is going to work if you look at my face -its one of the characteristics of a leader that he not doubt for one moment the capacity of the people hes leading -to realize whatever hes dreaming imagine if martin luther king had said i have a dream of course im not sure theyll be up to it -i think probably happened in this room when i started you thought how beautiful that sounds -the same place for our summer holidays next year -and rather than go into statistics and trends and tell you about all the orchestras that are closing -has it ever occurred to you that the reason you feel sleepy in classical music is not because of you but because of us did anybody think while i was playing why is he using so many impulses if id done this with my head you certainly would have thought it and for -the rest of your life every time you hear classical music youll always be able to know if you hear those impulses so lets see whats really going on here -we have a b this is a b -the next note is a c and the job of the c is to make the b sad -with four sads now -we have -and the record companies that are folding i thought we should do an experiment tonight an experiment actually its not really an experiment because i know the outcome -that might -nobody is tone deaf right nobody is you know every village in bangladesh and every -hamlet in china everybody knows da da da da da everybody knows whos expecting that e now chopin didnt want to reach the e there -he backs away and he goes up to him again and almost kills him and the critics all of whom are sitting in the back row there they have to have an opinion so they say hamlet is a procrastinator -they say hamlet has an oedipus complex no otherwise the play would be over stupid thats why shakespeare puts all that stuff in hamlet you know ophelia going mad and the play within the play and yoricks skull and the grave diggers -thats in order to delay until act five he can kill him its the same with the chopin hes just about to reach the -now he gets excited -have to worry about it now he gets to f sharp and finally he goes down to -now we call that a deceptive cadence because it deceives us i always tell my students if you have a deceptive cadence be sure to raise your eyebrows then everybody will know -its the wrong chord now he tries e again -its the same gesture he makes when he comes home after a long day turns off the key in his car and says aah im home because we all know where home is so this is a piece which goes from away to -all the way through and youre going to follow b c b c b c b down to a down to g down to f almost goes to e but otherwise the play would be over he goes back up to b he gets very excited -to e its the wrong chord its the wrong chord its the wrong chord and finally goes to e and its home and what youre going to see is one buttock playing -for me to join the b to the e i have to stop thinking about every single note along the way and start thinking about the long long -line from b to e you know we were just in south africa and you cant go to south africa without thinking of mandela in jail for twenty seven years what was he thinking about lunch -to follow the line all the way from b to e and ive one last request before i play this piece all the way through would you think of somebody who you -whos no longer there a beloved grandmother a lover somebody in your life who you love with all your heart but that person is no longer with you -bring that person into your mind and at the same time follow the line all the way from b to e and youll hear everything that -now -you -may be -you may be wondering why im clapping well i did this at a school in boston with about seventy seventh graders twelve year olds -and i did exactly what i did with you and i told them and explained them and the whole thing and at the end they went crazy clapping they were clapping i was clapping they were clapping finally i said why am i clapping and one of the little kids said because we were listening -by a piece by chopin now that is something now am i sure that every single person followed that understood it was moved by it of course i cant be sure but i tell you what happened to me i was in ireland -and one of them came to me the next morning and he said you know ive never listened to classical music in my life but when you played that shopping piece -he said my brother was shot last year and i didnt cry for him but last night when you played that piece he was the one i was thinking about -and i felt the tears streaming down my face and you know it felt really good to cry for my brother so i made up my mind at that moment -now this is the real its a cauliflower now why do i show a cauliflower a very ordinary and ancient vegetable -because old and ancient as it may be its very complicated and its very simple both at the same time -if you try to weigh it of course its very easy to weigh it and when you eat it the weight matters but suppose you try to measure its surface -very interesting if you cut with a sharp knife one of the florets of a cauliflower and look at it separately you think of a whole cauliflower but smaller -and then you cut again again again again again again again again again and you still get small cauliflowers so the experience of humanity has always been -that there are some shapes which have this peculiar property that each part is like the whole but smaller -did humanity do with that very very little so -what i did actually is to study this problem and i found something -surprising that one can measure roughness by a number a number two point three one point two and sometimes much more one day a friend of mine to bug me -brought a picture and said what is the roughness of this curve i said well just short of one point five it was one point -time ive been looking at these things for so long so these numbers are the numbers which denote the roughness of these surfaces i hasten to say that these surfaces -well the topic im going to discuss is one which is in a certain sense very peculiar because its very old roughness is part of human life -and so on the left i took the roughness copied from many landscapes to the right i took a higher roughness so the eye after a while can distinguish these two very well -to learn about measuring roughness this is very rough and this is sort of smooth and this perfectly smooth very few things are very smooth so then if you -to ask questions whats the surface of a cauliflower well you measure and measure and measure each time youre closer it gets bigger -very very small distances whats the length of the coastline of these lakes the closer you measure the longer it -the concept of length of coastline which seems to be so natural because its given in many cases is in fact completely fallacy theres no such thing -you must do it differently what good is that to know these things well surprisingly enough its good in many ways -to begin with artificial landscapes which i invented sort of are used in cinema all the time we see mountains in the distance they may be mountains but they may be just -just cranked on now its very easy to do it used to be very time consuming but now its nothing -something very strange if you take this thing you know very well it weighs very little the volume of a lung is very small but what about the area of -why so because in fact the area of the lung is something very -the bronchi branch branch branch and they stop branching not because of -any matter of principle but because of physical considerations the mucus which is in the lung so what happens is that -the way you have a much bigger lung but if it branches and branches down to distances about the same for a whale for a man and for -what good is it to have that well surprisingly enough amazingly enough the anatomists had a very poor idea of the structure of the lung until very recently and i think that my mathematics -so i found myself in other words constructing a geometry a geometry of things which had no geometry and a surprising aspect of it is that very often the rules of this geometry are extremely short -it several times sometimes repeatedly again again again the same repetition and at the end you get things like that this cloud is completely one hundred percent artificial -something so complicated like a cloud so unstable so varying should have a simple rule behind it now this simple rule -not an explanation of clouds the seer of clouds had to take account of it i dont know how much -advanced these pictures are theyre old i was very much involved in it but then turned my attention to other phenomena now here is another thing which is -one of the shattering events in the history of mathematics which is not appreciated by many people -different kinds of mess now in fact by a complete fluke i got involved many years ago in a study of this form of complexity -to an extent which was absolutely amazing that man can invent things that nature -in particular it could invent things like a curve which fills the plane a curves a curve a planes a plane and the two wont mix well they do mix -a man named peano did define such curves and it became an object of extraordinary interest it was very important but mostly interesting because a kind of break a separation between -the mathematics coming from reality on the one hand and new mathematics coming from pure mans mind well i was very sorry to point out that the pure mans mind has in fact -seen at long last what had been seen for a long time and so here i introduce something the set of rivers of a plane filling curve and well its a story unto itself -and the objects which were used as examples when i was a child and a student of the break between mathematics -and visible reality those objects i turned them completely around i used them for describing some of the aspects of the complexity of nature -i first told it to my friends in mathematics they said dont be silly its just something well actually i was -and to my utter amazement i found traces very strong traces i must say of order in that -painter hokusai knew it very well the things on the ground are algae he did not know the mathematics it didnt yet exist -and he was japanese who had no contact with the west but painting for a long time had a fractal side i could speak of that for a long time -has a fractal aspect and i read the book that mister eiffel wrote about his tower and indeed it was astonishing how much -he understood this is a mess mess mess brownian loop one day i decided -i was held by so many things in my work i decided to test myself could i just look at something which everybody had been looking at for a long time and find something dramatically new -then i was telling my assistant i dont see anything can you paint it so he painted it which means he put inside everything he said well this thing came out and i said stop stop stop -i see its an island and amazing so brownian motion which happens to have a roughness number of two -i measured it one point three three again again again long measurements big brownian motions one point three three mathematical problem how to prove it -it took my friends twenty years three of them were having incomplete proofs they got together and together they had the proof -and so today i would like to present to you a few examples of what this represents i prefer the word roughness to the word irregularity because irregularity to someone who had latin -so they got the big medal in mathematics one of the three medals that people have received for proving things which ive seen without being able to prove them -now everybody asks me at one point or another how did it all start what got you in that strange business -to be at the same time a mechanical engineer a geographer and a mathematician and so on -well actually i started oddly enough studying stock market prices and so here i had this theory and i wrote books about it -it was very easy and you can write many books very fast about it there are thousands of books on that -now compare that with real price increments and where are real price increments well these other lines include some real price increments and some -forgery which i did so the idea there was that one must able to how do you say model price variation -and it went really well fifty years ago for fifty years people were sort of pooh poohing me because they could do it much much easier but i tell you at this point people listened to me -these two curves are averages standard poor the blue one and the red one is standard poors from which the five biggest discontinuities are taken out -now discontinuities are a nuisance so in many studies of prices one puts them aside well acts of -and you have the little nonsense which is left acts of god in this picture five acts of god are as important as everything -in other words it is not acts of god that we should put aside that is the meat the problem if you master these you master price and if you dont master these you can master the little noise -as well as you can but its not important well here are the curves for it now i get to the final thing which is the set of which my name is attached -in my long past youth means the contrary of regularity but it is not so regularity is the contrary of -in a way its the story of my life my adolescence was spent during the german occupation of france and -since i thought that i might vanish within a day or a week i had very big dreams and -after the war i saw an uncle again my uncle was a very prominent mathematician and he told me look theres a problem which i could not solve twenty five years ago -and i went from whats called real numbers which are points on a line to imaginary complex numbers which are points on a plane -which is what one should do there and this shape came out this shape is of an extraordinary complication -equation is hidden there z goes into z squared plus c its so simple so dry its so uninteresting now you turn the crank once twice twice -marvels come out i mean this comes out i dont want to explain these things this comes out this comes out shapes which are of such complication such harmony and such beauty -because the basic aspect of the world is very rough so let me show you a few objects some of them are artificial others of them are very real in a certain sense -this comes out repeatedly again again again and that was one of my major discoveries was to find that these islands were -the same as the whole big thing more or less and then you get these extraordinary baroque decorations all over the place -all that from this little formula which has whatever five symbols in it and then this one the color was added for two reasons first of all because these shapes are so complicated -one couldnt make any sense of the numbers and if you plot them you must choose some system and so my principle has been to always -present the shapes with different colorings because some colorings emphasize that and others it is that or that its so complicated -a pilot was flying over the landscape and found this thing so where did this come from obviously from -so the newspaper in cambridge published an article about that discovery and received the next day five thousand letters from people saying but thats simply a mandelbrot set very -well let me finish this shape here just came out of an exercise in pure mathematics bottomless wonders spring from simple rules which are repeated without end thank you very much -which some of us refer to as noise -there was a time when i considered wild soundscapes to be a worthless artifact they were just there but they had no significance -well i was wrong what i learned from these encounters was that careful listening gives us incredibly valuable tools by which to evaluate the health of a habitat across the entire spectrum of life -to me this was a little like trying to understand the magnificence of beethovens fifth symphony by abstracting the sound of a single violin player out of the context of the orchestra and hearing just that one part -fortunately more and more institutions are implementing the more holistic models that i and a few of my colleagues have introduced to the field of soundscape ecology -when i began recording over four decades ago i could record for ten hours and capture one hour of usable material good enough for an album or a film soundtrack or a museum installation -when i first began recording wild soundscapes forty five years ago i had no idea that ants insect larvae sea anemones and viruses created a sound signature -now because of global warming resource extraction and human noise among many other factors it can take up to one thousand hours or more to capture the same thing -fully fifty percent of my archive comes from habitats so radically altered that theyre either altogether silent or can no longer be heard in any of their original form -the usual methods of evaluating a habitat have been done by visually counting the numbers of species and the numbers of individuals within each species in a given area -however by comparing data that ties together both density and diversity from what we hear im able to arrive at much more precise fitness outcomes -and i want to show you some examples that typify the possibilities unlocked by diving into this universe this is lincoln meadow lincoln meadows a three and a half hour drive east of san francisco in the sierra nevada mountains at about two thousand meters altitude and ive been recording there for many years -in one thousand nine hundred and eighty eight a logging company convinced local residents that there would be absolutely no environmental impact from a new method they were trying called selective logging taking out a tree here and there rather than clear cutting a whole area -with permission granted to record both before and after the operation i set up my gear and captured a large number of dawn choruses to very strict protocol and calibrated recordings because i wanted a really good baseline this is -but they do and so does every wild habitat on the planet like the amazon rainforest youre hearing behind me in fact -well a year later i returned and using the same protocols and recording under the same conditions i recorded a number of examples of the same dawn choruses and now this is what weve got this is after selective logging you can see that the stream is still represented in the bottom third of the page but notice whats missing -in the top two thirds -coming up is the sound of a woodpecker -well ive returned to lincoln meadow fifteen times in the last twenty five years and i can tell you that the biophony the density and diversity of that biophony has not yet returned to anything like it was before the operation -but heres a picture of lincoln meadow taken after and you can see that from the perspective of the camera or the human eye hardly a stick or a tree appears to be out of place which would confirm the logging companys contention that theres nothing of environmental impact however -temperate and tropical rainforests each produce a vibrant animal orchestra that instantaneous and organized expression of insects -our ears tell us a very different story -young students are always asking me what these animals are saying and really ive got no idea but i can -i was walking along the shore in alaska and i came across this tide pool filled with a colony of sea anemones these wonderful eating machines relatives of coral and jellyfish -and curious to see if any of them made any noise i dropped a hydrophone an underwater microphone covered in rubber -down the mouth part and immediately the critter began to absorb the microphone into its belly and the tentacles were searching out of the surface for something of nutritional value the static like sounds that are very low that youre going to hear right now -yeah but watch when it didnt find anything to eat -at the end of its breeding cycle the great basin spadefoot toad digs itself down about a meter under the hard panned desert soil of the american west where it can stay for many seasons until conditions are just right for it to emerge again -and when theres enough moisture in the soil in the spring frogs will dig themselves to the surface and gather around these large vernal pools in great numbers -reptiles amphibians birds and mammals and every soundscape that springs from a wild habitat generates its own unique signature one that contains incredible amounts of information and its some of that information i want to share with you today -and they vocalize in a chorus thats absolutely in sync with one another and they do that for two reasons the first is -competitive because theyre looking for mates and the second is cooperative because if theyre all vocalizing in sync together it makes it really difficult for predators like coyotes foxes and owls to single out any individual for a meal -this is a spectrogram of what the frog chorusing looks like when its in a very healthy pattern -and its a favorite habitat of these toads and its also favored by u s navy jet pilots who train in their fighters flying them at speeds exceeding one thousand one hundred kilometers an hour and altitudes only a couple hundred meters above ground level of the mono basin very fast very low -and so loud that the anthrophony the human noise even though its six and a half kilometers from the frog pond you just heard a second ago -it masked the sound of the chorusing toads you can see in this spectrogram that all of the energy that was once in the first spectrogram is gone from the top end of the spectrogram and that theres breaks in the chorusing at two and a half four and a half and six and a half seconds -and then the sound of the jet the signature is in yellow at the very bottom of the page -now at the end of that flyby it took the frogs fully forty five minutes to regain their chorusing synchronicity during which time and under a full moon we watched as two coyotes and a great horned owl came in to pick off a few of their numbers -the good news is that with a little bit of habitat restoration and fewer flights the frog populations once diminishing during the one thousand nine hundred and eighty s and early ninety s have pretty much returned to normal -i want to end with a story told by a beaver -a colleague of mine was recording in the american midwest around this pond that had been formed maybe sixteen thousand years ago at the end of the last ice age it was also formed in part by a beaver dam at one end that held that whole ecosystem together in a very delicate -the soundscape is made up of three basic sources the first is the geophony or the nonbiological sounds that occur in any given habitat like wind in the trees water in a stream waves at the ocean shore movement of the earth -balance and one afternoon while he was recording there suddenly appeared from out of nowhere -a couple of game wardens who for no apparent reason walked over to the beaver dam dropped a stick of dynamite down it blowing it up killing the female and her young babies horrified my colleagues remained behind to gather his thoughts -the lone surviving male beaver swimming in slow circles crying out inconsolably for its lost mate and offspring this is probably the saddest sound ive ever heard coming from any organism human or other -yeah well there are many facets to soundscapes among them the ways in which animals taught us to dance and sing which ill save for another time -but you have heard how biophonies help clarify our understanding of the natural world youve heard the impact of resource extraction human noise and habitat destruction and where environmental sciences have typically tried to understand the world from what we see -a much fuller understanding can be got from what we hear -in a matter of seconds a soundscape reveals much more information from many perspectives from quantifiable data to cultural inspiration -visual capture implicitly frames a limited frontal perspective of a given spatial context while soundscapes widen that scope to a full three hundred and sixty degrees completely enveloping us -and while a picture may be worth one thousand words a soundscape is worth one thousand pictures -and our ears tell us that the whisper of every leaf and creature speaks to the natural sources of our lives which indeed may hold the secrets of love -the second of these is the biophony the biophony is all of the sound thats generated by organisms in a given habitat at one time and in one place -for all things especially our own humanity and -the last word goes to a jaguar from the amazon -you -and the third is all of the sound that we humans generate thats called anthrophony some of it is controlled like music or theater but most of it is chaotic and incoherent -so you see this is what were doing on our side everyone has his goal has his dreams has his visions -the question i leave you with now is which is the ballast you would like to throw overboard -which will be the altitude at which you would like to fly in your life to get to the success that you wish to have to get to the point that really belongs to you -with the potential you have and the one you can really fulfill because the most renewable energy we have -how do we steer a balloon by understanding that the atmosphere is made out of several different layers of wind which all have different direction -so then we understand that if we want to change our trajectory in life or in the balloon we have to change altitude -but how do we do that in ballooning or in life how do we change altitude -how do we go from the metaphor to something more practical that we can really use every day well in a balloon its easy we have ballast and when we drop the ballast overboard -we climb sand water all the equipment we dont need anymore and i think in life it should be exactly like this you know when people speak about pioneering spirit -well -very often they believe that pioneers are the ones who have new ideas its not true the pioneers are not the ones who have new ideas because new ideas are so easy to have we just close our eyes for a minute we all come back with a lot of new ideas -learned a lot of things about ballooning especially at the end of these balloon flights around the world i did with brian jones -the pioneer is the one who allows himself to throw overboard a lot of ballast habits certainties convictions exclamation marks -paradigms dogmas and when we are able to do that what happens -life is not anymore just one line going in one direction in one dimension no -life is going to be made out of all the possible lines that go in all the possible directions in three -and pioneering spirit will be each time we allow ourselves to explore this vertical axis of course not just like the atmosphere in the balloon but in life itself -this is very practical this can be in politics this can be in spirituality this can be in environment in finance in education of children -i deeply believe that life is a much greater adventure if we manage to do politics -when i took this picture the window was frozen because of the moisture of the night and on the other side there was a rising sun -i deeply believe that we can make much more protection of the environment if we get rid if we throw overboard this fundamentalism -that some of the greens have showed in the past and that we can aim for much higher spirituality if we get rid of the religious dogmas -throwing overboard as ballast to change our direction well these basically are things i believed in such a long time but actually i had to go around the world in a balloon to be invited to talk about it -one who calculate the direction of each layer of wind at which altitude in order to help the balloonist but sometime its very paradoxal when brian jones and i were flying around the world -the weather man asked us one day to fly quite low and very slow and when we calculated we thought were never going to make it around the world at that speed so we disobeyed we flew much higher and double the speed -and i was so proud to have found that jetstream that i called the weather man and i told him hey guy dont you think were good pilots up there we fly twice the speed you predicted and he told me dont do that go down immediately in order to slow down -so you see that on the other side of ice you have the unknown you have the non obvious you have the non seen for the people who dont dare to go through the ice -and i started to argue i said im not going to do that we dont have enough gas to fly so slow and he told me yes but with the low pressure you have on your left if you fly too fast in a couple of hours you will turn left and end up at the north pole -and then he asked me and this is something i will never forget in my life he just asked me youre the good pilot up there what do you really want you want to go very fast in the wrong direction or slowly in the good direction -and this is why you need weathermen this is why you need people with long term vision and this is precisely what fails -in the political visions we have now in the political governments we are burning as you heard -so much energy not understanding that such an unsustainable way of life can not last for long -so we went down actually we slowed down and we went through moments of fears because we had no idea how the little amount of gas we had in the balloon could allow us to travel forty five thousand kilometers -in the middle of the pacific when you dont have the good winds you can not land you can not go back thats a crisis -thats the moment when you have to wake up from the automatic way of thinking thats the moment when you have to motivate your inner potential -your creativity thats when you throw out all the ballast all the certainties in order to adapt to the new situation -and actually we changed completely our flight plan we changed completely our strategy and after twenty days we landed successfully in egypt -but if i show you this picture its not to tell you how happy we were its to show you how much gas was left in the last bottles -so many people who prefer to suffer in the ice they know instead of taking the risk of going through the ice to see what there is on the other side -we took of with three point seven tons of liquid propane we landed with forty kilos -when i saw that i made a promise to myself i made a promise that the next time i would fly around the world it would be with no fuel -i had no idea how it was possible i just thought its a dream and i want to do it -and when the capsule of my balloon was introduced officially in the air and space museum in washington together with the airplane of charles lindbergh with apollo eleven with the wright brothers flier with chuck yeagers sixty one -i had really a thought then i thought well the twentieth century that was brilliant it allowed to do all those things there -but it will not be possible in the future any more it takes too much energy it will cost too much it will be prohibited because well have to save our natural resources in a few decades -from now so how can we perpetuate this pioneering spirit -with something that will be independent from fossil energy and this is when the project solar impulse really started to turn in my head -it has been done but rather to improve the quality of life how can we go through the ice of certainty -in order to make the most incredible a possible thing what is today completely impossible -rid of our dependency on fossil energy if you tell to people we want to be independent from fossil energy in our world people will laugh at you except here where crazy people are invited to speak -and i think thats one of the main problems of our society we learn maybe not the famous ted audience but so many other people learn -so the idea is that if we fly around the world in a solar powered airplane using absolutely no fuel -nobody ever could say in the future that its impossible to do it for cars for heating systems for computers and so on and so on -well solar power airplanes are not new they have flown in the past but without saving capabilities without batteries which means that they have more proven the limits of renewable energies than the potential of -if we want to show the potential we have to fly day and night that means to load the batteries during the flight in order to spend the night on the batteries -and fly the next day again it has been made already on remote controlled little airplane models without pilots but it stays an anecdote because the public couldnt identify to -i think you need a pilot in the plane that can talk to the universities that can talk to students talk to politicians during the flight and really make it a human adventure -that unfortunately four meters wingspan is not enough you need sixty four meter wingspan -because fuel is not easy to replace thats for sure and with two hundred square meters of solar power on our plane -the unknown the doubts the question marks are dangerous and we have to resist to the changes we have to keep everything under control -we can produce the same energy than two hundred little lightbulbs that means a christmas tree a big christmas tree -so the question is how can you carry a pilot around the world with an airplane that uses the same amount of energy as a big christmas tree people will tell you its impossible and thats exactly why we try to do it -we have gone through the stages of simulation design computing preparing the construction of the first prototype that has been achieved after two years of work -propeller engine just the fuselage here its so light its not designed by an artist but it could be fifty kilos for the entire fuselage couple of kilos more for the wing spars -this is the complete structure of the airplane and one month ago we have unveiled it -you can not imagine how it is for a team who has been working six years on it to show that its not only a dream and a vision its a real airplane -real airplane that we could finally present and whats the goal now the goal is to take -end of this year for the first test but mainly next year spring or summer take off on our own power without additional help without being -to nine thousand meters altitude the same time we load the batteries we run the engines and when we get at the maximum -we arrive at the beginning of the night and there there will be just one goal just one reach the next sunrise before the batteries are empty -well the unknown is part of life and in that sense ballooning is a beautiful metaphor because in the balloon like in life -and this is exactly the symbol of our world if our airplane is too heavy if the pilot wastes energy -never make it through the night and in our world if we keep on spoiling wasting our energy resources if we keep on building things that consume so much energy that most of the companies now go bankrupt -its clear that well never give the planet to the next generation without a major problem so you see that this airplane is more a symbol i dont think it will transport two hundred people in the next -but when lindbergh crossed the atlantic the payload was also just sufficient for one person and some fuel -and twenty years later there were two hundred people in every airplane crossing the atlantic so we have to start and show the example a little bit like on this picture here this is a painting from -in the museum in holland that i love so much its a pipe and its written this is not a pipe this is not an airplane -this is a symbol of what we can achieve when we believe in the impossible when we have a team -when we have pioneering spirit and especially when we understand that all the certainties we have should be thrown overboard -pleases me very much is that in the beginning i thought that we would have to fly around the world with no fuel in order to have our message been understood -and more and more were invited around the world with andre to talk about that project to talk about the symbol of it invited by politicians invited in -we go very well in unforeseen directions we want to go in a direction but the winds push us in another direction like in life -energy forums in order to show that its not anymore completely stupid to think about getting rid of the dependency on fossil energies -so through speeches like this one today through interviews through meetings our goal is to get as many people possible on the team -success will not come if we just quote unquote fly around the world in a solar powered airplane no -the success will come if enough people are motivated to do exactly the same in their daily life save energy -go to renewables and this is possible you know with the technologies we have today we can save between thirty and fifty percent of the energy of a country in europe -and we can solve half of the rest with renewables it leaves twenty five or thirty percent for oil gas coal nuclear or whatever this is acceptable -this is why all the people who believe in this type of spirit are welcome to be on that team you can just go on solarimpulse com subscribe to -just be informed of what were doing but much more to get advices to give your comments to spread the word that if its possible in the air of course its possible in the -and as long as we fight horizontally against life against the winds against whats happening to us life is a nightmare -and each time we have some ice in the future we have to know that life will be great and the success will be brilliant -if we dare to overcome our fear of the ice to go through the obstacle to go through the problem in order to see what there is on the other side -but i would argue that if we want to see the kinds of innovations the hopeful and exciting innovations that we hear talked about here at ted in clean energy in clean education -in development if we want to see those adopted and we want to see those scaled we want to see them become the governance of tomorrow then we must all participate then we must get involved we must open up our institutions and like the leaf we must let the nutrients flow -companies make goods but governments they make public goods they work on the cure for cancer and educating our children and making roads -but we dont have institutions that are particularly good at this kind of complexity we dont have institutions that are good at bringing our talents to bear at working with us in this kind of open and collaborative way -so when we wanted to create our open government policy what did we do we wanted naturally to ask public sector employees how we should open up government -turns out that had never been done before -we wanted to ask members of the public to help us come up with a policy not after the fact commenting on a rule after its written the way is typically the case but in advance -there was no legal precedent no cultural precedent no technical way of doing this in fact many people told us it was illegal -heres the crux of the obstacle -governments exist to channel the flow of two things really values and expertise to and from government and to and from citizens to the end of making decisions -but the way that our institutions are designed in our rather eighteenth century centralized model is to channel the flow of values through voting -once every four years once every two years at best once a year this is a rather anemic and thin way in this era of social media for us to actually express our values today we have technology that lets us express ourselves a great deal perhaps a little too much -but weve centralized these bureaucracies weve entrenched them and we know that the smartest person always works for someone else we need to only look around this room to know that expertise and intelligence is widely distributed in society and not limited simply to our institutions -and a leaf is designed to channel the flow of nutrients to the tree sometimes even having to route around an obstacle but to get that nutrition flowing -the same can be said for our social systems for our systems of government where at the very least flow offers us a helpful metaphor for understanding what the problem is whats really broken and the urgent need that we have that we all feel today to redesign the flow of our institutions we live in a cambrian era -of big data of social networks and we have this opportunity to redesign these institutions that are actually quite recent -think about it what other business do you know what other sector of the economy and especially one as big as the public sector -that doesnt seek to reinvent its business model on a regular basis sure we invest plenty in innovation we invest in broadband and science education and science grants but we invest far too little in reinventing and redesigning the institutions that we have -now its very easy to complain of course about partisan politics and entrenched bureaucracy and we love to complain about government its a perennial pastime especially around election time -but the world is complex we soon will have ten billion people many of whom will lack basic resources so complain as we might what actually can replace what we have today what comes the day after the arab spring well one -later in the one thousand eight hundred and fifty s under president pierce he was known to have remarked probably the only thing hes known for -to fight against legislative incursion and the citizens of these networks work together to serve each other in great ways -but private communities private corporate privatizing communities are not bottom up democracies they cannot replace government friending someone on facebook is not complex enough to do the hard work of you and i collaborating with each other and doing the hard work of governance -but social media do teach us something -why is twitter so successful because it opens up its platform it opens up the api to allow hundreds of thousands of new applications to be built on top of it so that we can read and process information in new and exciting ways we need to think about how to open up the api of government -and the way that were going to do that the next great superpower is going to be the one who can successfully combine -the hierarchy of institution because we have to maintain those public values we have to coordinate the flow but with the diversity and the pulsating life and the chaos and the excitement of networks all of us working together to build these new innovations on top of our institutions to engage in the practice of governance -when a neighbor passed by and said id love to see the beautiful house and pierce said to him why my dear sir of course you may come in this isnt my house it is the peoples house -we have a precedent for this good old henry ii here in the twelfth century invented the jury -powerful practical palpable model for handing power from government to citizens -today we have the opportunity and we have the imperative -to create thousands of new ways of interconnecting between networks and institutions thousands of new kinds of juries the citizen jury the carrotmob the hackathon we are just beginning to invent the models by which we can cocreate the process of governance -some of its very high tech and some of it is extremely low tech -such as the project that mkss is running in rajasthan india -where they take the spending data of the state and paint it on one hundred thousand village walls and then invite the villagers to come and comment who is on the government payroll whos actually died what are the bridges that have been built to nowhere and to work together through civic engagement to save real money and participate and have access to that budget -but its not just about policing government its also about creating government spacehive in the u k is engaging in crowd funding getting you and me to raise the money to build the goalposts and the park benches that will actually allow us to deliver better services in our communities -created after the post election riots in kenya in two thousand and eight this crisis mapping website and community is actually able to crowdsource and target the delivery of better rescue services to people trapped under the rubble whether its after the earthquakes in haiti or more recently in italy -and the red cross too is training volunteers and twitter is certifying them not simply to supplement existing government institutions but in many cases to replace them -theres so many examples i could have picked and i selected this one of jon bon jovi some of you may or may not know that he runs a soup kitchen in new jersey where he caters to and serves the homeless and particularly homeless veterans -in february he approached the white house and said i would like to fund a prize to create scalable national applications apps that will help not only the homeless but those who deliver services to them to do so better february two thousand and twelve to june of two thousand and twelve -the finalists are announced in the competition can you imagine in the bureaucratic world of yesteryear getting anything done in a four month period of time you can barely fill out the forms in that amount of time let alone generate real palpable innovations that improve peoples lives -bomb blast curtains covered my windows we were running windows two thousand social media were blocked at the firewall we didnt have a blog let alone a dozen twitter accounts like we have today -and i want to be clear to mention that this open government revolution is not about privatizing government -because in many cases what it can do when we have the will to do so is to deliver more progressive and better policy than the regulations and the legislative and litigation oriented strategies by which we make policy today -but to replace those regulations with more innovative alternatives sometimes using transparency in the creation of new iphone apps that will allows us both to protect consumers and the public and to encourage economic development -that is a nice sideline of open government its not only the benefits that weve talked about with regard to development its the economic benefits and the job creation thats coming from this open innovation work -last year they saved a billion dollars thirty billion rubles from open innovation and theyre pushing radically the extension of crowdsourcing not only from banking but into the public sector -and we see lots of examples of these innovators using open government data not simply to make apps but then to make companies and to hire people to build them working with the government -so a lot of these innovations are local in san ramon california they published an iphone app -in which they allow you or me to say we are certified cpr trained and then when someone has a heart attack a notification goes out so that you can rush over to the person over here and deliver cpr the victim who receives bystander cpr is more than twice as likely to survive -there is a hero in all of us is their slogan -but its not limited to the local british columbia canada is publishing a catalogue of all the ways that its residents and citizens can engage with the state -let me be very clear and perhaps controversial that open government is not about transparent government -simply throwing data over the transom doesnt change how government works it doesnt get anybody to do anything with that data to change lives to solve problems and it doesnt change government what it does is it creates an adversarial relationship between civil society and government over the control and ownership of information -and transparency by itself is not reducing the flow of money into politics and arguably its not even producing accountability as well as it might if we took the next step of combining participation and collaboration with transparency to transform how we work -starting in two thousand and five and this is how this open government work in the u s really got started i was teaching a patent law class to my students and explaining to them how a single person in the bureaucracy has the power to make a decision about which patent application becomes the next patent -and therefore monopolizes for twenty years the rights over an entire field of inventive activity -well what did we do we said we can make a website we can make an expert network a social network that would connect the network to the institution -to allow scientists and technologists to get better information to the patent office to aid in making those decisions we piloted the work in the u s and the u k and japan and australia -and now im pleased to report that the united states patent office will be rolling out universal complete and total openness so that all patent applications will now be open for citizen participation beginning this year -is that companies are very good at getting people to work together in teams and in networks to make very complex products like cars and computers and the more complex the products are a society creates the more successful the society is over time -the second phase of this evolution yeah -first phase is in getting better information in the second phase is in getting decision making power out -participatory budgeting has long been practiced in porto alegre brazil theyre just starting it in the forty ninth ward in chicago russia is using wikis to get citizens writing law together as is lithuania when we start to see power over the core functions of government -spending legislation decision making then were well on our way to an open government revolution -there are many things that we can do to get us there -obviously opening up the data is one but the important thing is to create lots more create and curate lots more participatory opportunities hackathons and mashathons and working with data to build apps is an intelligible way for people to engage and participate like the jury is -but were going to need lots more things like it -and thats why we need to start with our youngest people -weve heard talk here at ted about people biohacking and hacking their plants with arduino and mozilla is doing work around the world in getting young people to build websites and make videos -when we start by teaching young people that we live not in a passive society a read only society but in a writable society where we have the power to change our communities to change our institutions thats when we begin to really put ourselves on the pathway towards this open government -innovation towards this open government movement towards this open government revolution -so let me close by saying that i think the important thing for us to do is to talk about and demand this revolution we dont have words really to describe it yet words like equality and fairness and the traditional elections democracy these are not really great terms yet -is probably true thats really what it needs we need it we respect and celebrate each other as a man and a woman as a community and as part of this planet -getting to know her that individual personality of hers and really coming to know her now im destined to spend a lot of time with some unique -very very special individualistic and often seductive female characters -clearly one of them and -this little leopard legadema is another and she changed our lives -well we certainly did spend a lot of time with her in fact more time than even her mother did when her mother would go off hunting we would stay and film and early on -a lightning bolt hit a tree twenty paces away from us it was frightening and it showered us with leaves and a pungent smell and of course we were standing for -well we neednt have worried she came charging out of the thicket straight towards us sat next to us shivering -with her back towards dereck and looking out and actually from that day on shes been comfortable with us -so we felt that that day was the day that she really earned her name we called -about the african wilderness and protecting the african wilderness and so what weve done is weve focused on -which means light from the sky -now weve found these individualisms in all sorts of animals in particular in the cats this particular one is called eetwidomayloh he who greets with fire -and you can just see that about him you know thats his character but only by getting up close to these animals and spending time with them can we actually even reach out and dig out these personal characters that -but through our investigation we have to seek the wildest places in africa and right now this is in the okavango delta in botswana -yes it is swamp we live in the swamp in a tent but i must tell you everyday is exhilarating but also our hearts are in -now one of the big things of course everybody knows that cats hate water and so this was a real revelation for us and we could only find this by pushing ourselves by going where no sane person should go -and i know in the light of -around we dont always get -we seriously underestimated the depth we got deeper and deeper until it -we drowned our pride i must tell you which was really serious and we seized the -and of course one of the rules that we have in the vehicle is that he who drowns the vehicle gets to swim with the crocodiles -notice also that all of these images here are taken from the top angle by beverly the dry top angle -all the places we get stuck in really have great views and it wasnt a moment and these lions came back towards us and beverly was able to get a great -but we truly do spend day and night trying to capture unique footage and twenty years ago we did a film called eternal enemies -one would -it was amazing because you can see that this lion is doing exactly what his name eetwidomayloh represents hes focused on this hyena and he is going to get it -today were here to share with you a message that we have learned from a very important and special character this -but thats i think what this is all about is that these individuals have these personalities and characters but for us to get them not only do we push ourselves but we live by certain rules of engagement which mean we cant interfere -so as dereck says we have to work through extremes extreme temperatures push ourselves at night sleep deprivation -on the edge through a large part of the time for ten years we tried to -that it was a disturbing night for me -i had tears rolling down my cheeks i was shaking with anxiety -but i knew that to capture something that had never been seen before had never been documented and i do believe you should stay with us -the amazing thing about these moments and this is probably a highlight of our career is that you never know how its going to end -many people believe in fact that death begins in the eyes not in the heart not in the lungs and thats when people give up hope or when any life form gives up -and you can see the start of it here this elephant against overwhelming odds simply gives up -well our lives have basically been like a super long episode of csi something like twenty eight years -but by the same token -so just when you think its all over something else happens some spark gets into -some sort of will to fight that iron will that we all have that this elephant has that conservation has that big cats have everything has that will -to survive to fight to push through that mental barrier and to keep going -and for us in many ways this elephant has become a symbol of inspiration for us a symbol of that hope as we go forward in our -this is about couples working together and so i do need to say that within the vehicle we have quite strict territories beverly and -but when this little cub saw that i had vacated my seat and climbed to the back to get some camera gear she came in like a curious cat to come and -it was phenomenal and we felt grateful that she trusted us to that extent but at the same time we were concerned -that if she created this as a habit and jumped into somebody elses car it might not turn out the same way she might get shot for that -so we knew we had to react quickly and the only way we thought we could without scaring her -were excited i was like watching a graduation ceremony we felt like we were surrogate parents and of course we knew now that she was going to survive -but only when we saw the tiny baby baboon clinging to the mothers fur did we realize that something very unique was taking place here with -the next couple of hours was very unique -it was absolutely amazing when she picked it up to safety protecting it from the hyena -over the next five hours she took care of it -we realized that we actually dont know everything and that -so she was a little bit -but in fact -what we were seeing here was interesting because she is a -wanting to play but she was also a predator needing to kill and yet conflicted in some way because she was also an emerging mother she had this maternal instinct -and of course through the night they lay together they ended up sleeping for hours but i have to tell you everybody always asks what happened to the baby baboon -die and we suspect it was from the freezing -so at this stage i guess we had very very firm ideas on what conservation meant we had to deal with these individual personalities we had to deal with them with respect and celebrate them -and so we with the national geographic formed the big cats initiative to march forward into conservation taking care of the big cats that we loved -and then had an opportunity to look back over the last fifty years to see how well we had all collectively been doing so when beverly and i were born there were four hundred and fifty thousand lions and today there are twenty -and then cheetahs have crashed all the way down to twelve thousand leopards have plummeted from seven hundred thousand down to -fifty thousand now in the extraordinary time that we have worked with legadema which is really over a five year period -ten thousand leopards were legally shot by safari hunters and thats not the only leopards that were being killed through that period -the same tree that we found her mother in and her grandmother and she took us on a journey and revealed something very special to us -an immense amount of poaching as well and so possibly the same amount its simply not sustainable we admire them and we fear them -we want to steal their power -it used to be the time where only kings wore a leopard skin but now throughout rituals and ceremonies traditional healers and ministers and of course looking at -that has been skinned it eerily reminds me of a human hand and thats ironic because their fate is in our hands -a burgeoning bone trade south africa just released some lion bones onto the market lion bones and tiger bones look exactly the same and so in -the lion bone industry is going to wipe out all the tigers so we have a real problem here no more so than the lions -the male lions so the twenty thousand lion figure you just saw is actually a red herring because there may be three or four thousand male lions and they all are actually infected with the same disease -because theres a sport theres an activity going on that were all aware of that we -and you have to know that when a male lion is -eight days old and the minute we found this leopard we realized that we needed to move in and so we basically stayed with this leopard for the next four -into the area and takes over the pride and of course first of all kills all the cubs and possibly some of the females that -so weve estimated that between twenty to thirty lions are killed when one lion is hanging on a wall somewhere in a far off place -so what our investigations have shown is that these lions are essential theyre essential to the habitat it they disappear whole ecosystems in africa disappear -an eighty billion dollar a year eco tourism revenue stream into africa so this is not just a concern about lions its a concern about communities in africa as well -if they disappear all of that goes away but what im more concerned about in many ways is that as we de link ourselves from nature as we de link ourselves spiritually from these animals we -so you have to know looking into the eyes of -and leopards right now it is all about critical awareness and so what we are doing in february were bringing out a film called the last -and the last lion is exactly what is happening right now that is the situation were in the last -that is if we dont take action and do something these plains will be completely devoid of big cats and then in turn everything else will disappear and simply if we cant protect them were going to have a job protecting ourselves as well -and in fact that original thing that we spoke about and designed our lives by that conservation was all about respect and celebration -of -of -the -the -less than three tenths of one percent -about forty percent of all the -a -the fact that -that -for those of -on -for -in -to save as many lives as quickly as we can but to do it in -in -to -a -on -them -to -help -this -it -and -a -of -a couple of -in the united -were more important than -public -the -of -try to -to -to -that would -to -with me and i want to -it -five hundred dollars -first week we were working we got the price down to five hundred dollars -of the -and -a low margin -the -i -we cant do this or the other thing -in poor countries -in -to -to -a -in -in -of -in haiti and -that -were -and -the -and put the full resources of the government -the -in the type of people who have been willing to do this kind of -is -but this part of the equation -i didnt really get and i dont think my physicians really get this part of the equation what does that mean my environment well it can mean a lot of things this is my life -these are my life places we all have these -while im talking id like you to also be thinking about how many places have you lived -just think about that you know wander through your life thinking about this and you realize that you spend it in a variety of different places -you spend it at rest and you spend it at work and if youre like me youre in an airplane a good portion of your time traveling some place so its not really simple -when somebody asks you where do you live where do you work and where do you spend all your time and where do you expose yourselves to risks that maybe perhaps you dont even see -well when i have done this on myself i always come to the conclusion that i spend about seventy five percent of my time -can geographic information -and i dont wander far from that place for a majority of my time even though im an extensive global trekker -but this is where i spent my first nineteen years with my little young lungs you know breathing high concentrations here of sulfur dioxide carbon dioxide and methane gas -make you healthy -in unequal quantities nineteen years of this and if youve been in that part of the country this is what those piles of burning smoldering coal waste look like -so then i decided to leave that part of the world and i was going to go to the mid west okay so i ended up in louisville kentucky well i decided to be neighbors to a place called -they manufacture plastics they use large quantities chloroprene and benzene okay i spent twenty five years in my middle age lungs now -in two thousand and one i got hit by a train -it it was insidious and it was really happening and then i decided i had to get really smart i would take this job in the west coast -and i moved to redlands california very nice and there my older senior lungs as i like to call them i filled with particulate matter carbon dioxide and very high does of ozone -my train was a heart attack -well the picture is there is a huge gap here the one thing that never happens in my doctors office they never ask me about my place history -doctor can i remember ever asking me -asked me what kind of the quality of the drinking water that i put in my mouth -or the food that i ingest into my stomach -they really dont do that its missing -look at the kind of data that is available -i found myself in a hospital in an intensive care ward -so how many people are in the white how many people in the room have spent the majority of their life in the white space -anybody boy youre lucky how many have spent it in the red places -not so lucky -recuperating from emergency surgery and i suddenly realized something that i was completely in the dark -some sense of whats going to be our train wreck -but none of that is in my medical record and its not in yours either -so here is my friend paul hes a colleague -he allowed his cell phone to be tracked every two hours twenty four seven three hundred and sixty five days out of the year for the last two years everywhere he -and you can see hes been to a few places around the united states and this is where he has spent most of his time -if you really studied that you might have some clues as to what paul likes to do anybody got any clues skiing right we can zoom in here and we suddenly see -now we see where paul has really spent a majority of his time and all of those black dots are all of the toxic release inventories that are monitored by the -did you know that data existed -for every community in the united states you could have your own personalized map of that -our cellphones can now build a place history this is how paul did it he did it with his iphone this might be what we end up with this is what the physician would have in front of him and her when we enter that exam room -i started asking my questions well why me why now why here could my doctor have warned me so what i want to do here in the few minutes i have with you is really talk about what is the formula for life and good health -i suggest that maybe you not decide just because youre out here in beautiful california and its warm every day that you get out and run at six oclock at night id suggest that thats a bad idea bill -because of this report -what id like to leave you for are two prescriptions okay number one is we must teach physicians about the value of geographical information its called geomedicine there are about a half a dozen programs in the world right now that are focused on this -and theyre in the early stages of development -these programs need to be supported -and we need to teach our future doctors of the world the importance of some of the information ive shared here with you today -the second thing we need to do is while were spending billions and billions of dollars all over the world building an electronic health record we make sure we put a place history inside that medical record -will also be useful for us -with that i would like to just say that jack lord said this almost ten years ago -just look at that for a minute -that was what the conclusion of the dartmouth atlas of healthcare was about with saying that we can explain the geographic variations -that occur in disease in illness in wellness and how our healthcare system actually operates that was what he was talking about on that quote -and i would say he got it right almost a decade ago so id very much like to see us begin to really seize this as an opportunity to get this into our medical records -so with that ill leave you that in my particular view of view of health geography always matters and i believe that geographic information can make both you and me very healthy thank you -well i understand the genetics and lifestyle part and you know why i understand that because my physicians constantly ask me questions about this -you ever had to fill out those long legal size forms in your doctors office i mean if youre lucky enough you get to do it more than once right -do it over and over again and they ask you questions about your lifestyle and your family history your medication history your surgical history your allergy history did i forget any history -and electric fields are not magnetism -what electric fields are are a field of forces -and these forces -act on attract bodies that have an electrical charge -the best way to visualize an electric field is to think of gravity gravity is also a field of forces that act on masses we can all picture astronauts in space -they float freely in three dimensions without any forces acting on them but as that space shuttle returns to earth -and as the astronauts enter the earths gravitational field they begin to see the effects of gravity they begin to be attracted towards earth and as they land theyre fully aligned in the gravitational field were of course all stuck in the earths gravitational field right now thats why youre all in your chairs -in our societys life is touched by cancer if not personally then through a loved one a family member colleague -and thats why we have to use our muscle energy to stand up to walk around and to lift things in cancer -cells rapidly divide and lead to uncontrolled tumor growth -we can think of a cell from an electrical perspective as if its a mini space station -and in that space station we have the genetic material the chromosomes within a nucleus and out in the cytoplasmic soup we have special proteins that are required for cell division that float freely in this soup in three dimensions -importantly those special proteins are among the most highly charged objects in our body -as cell division begins the nucleus disintegrates the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and those special proteins -undergo a three dimensional sequence whereby they attach and they literally click into place end on end to form chains -friend and once our lives are touched by cancer we quickly learn that there are basically three weapons or three tools that are available to fight the disease -these chains then progress and attach -to the genetic material and pull the genetic material from one cell into two cells and this is exactly how one cancer cell becomes two cancer cells two cancer cells become four cancer cells and we have ultimately uncontrolled -tumor growth tumor treating fields use -externally placed transducers attached to a field generator to create an artificial electric field on that space station -and when that cellular space station is within the electric field it acts on those highly charged proteins -and aligns them and it prevents them from forming those chains those mitotic spindles that are necessary to pull the genetic material into the daughter cells -what we see is that the cells will attempt to divide for several hours -and they will either enter into this so called cellular suicide programmed cell death or they will form unhealthy daughter cells and enter into apoptosis once they have divided -and we can observe this what im going to show you next are two in vitro experiments this is cultures identical cultures of cervical cancer cells and weve stained these cultures with a green florescent dye so that we can look -at these proteins that form these chains the first clip -shows a normal cell division without the tumor treating fields what we see are -first of all a very active culture a lot of divisions and then very clear nuclei once the cells have separated and we can see them dividing throughout -when we apply the fields again in the identical time scale to the identical culture youre going to see something different the cells round up for division but theyre very static in that position well see two cells in the -surgery radiation and chemotherapy and once we get involved in the therapeutic decisions again either personally or with our loved ones -and then this bubbling this membrane bubbling is the hallmark of apoptosis in this cell -formation of healthy mitotic spindles is necessary for division -in all cell types weve applied tumor treating fields to over twenty different cancers in the lab and we see this effect in all of them -now -importantly these tumor treating fields have no effect on normal undividing cells -ten years ago dr palti founded a company called novocure to develop his discovery into a practical therapy for patients -in that time novocures developed two systems one system for cancers in the head and another system for cancers in the trunk of the body -the first cancer that we have focused on is the deadly brain cancer gbm gbm affects about ten thousand people in the u s each year -its a death sentence the expected five year survival is less than five percent and the typical patient with optimal therapy survives just a little over a year -and only about seven months from the time that the cancer is first treated and then comes back and starts growing again -surgery -high dose radiation to the head and first line chemotherapy and that had failed and their tumors had grown back we divided the patients into two groups the first group received second line chemotherapy which is expected to double the life expectancy versus no treatment at all -and then the second group received only tumor treating field therapy -what we saw in that trial is that that the life expectancies of both groups so the chemotherapy treated group and the tumor treating field group was the same -but importantly the tumor treating -field group suffered none of the side effects typical of -chemotherapy patients they had no pain suffered none of the infections they had no nausea diarrhea constipation fatigue that would be expected -included in their approval of an oncology treatment a quality of life claim -so im going to show you now one of the patients from this trial -robert dill bundi is a famous swiss cycling champion he won the gold medal in moscow in the four thousand meter pursuit -and five years ago robert was diagnosed with gbm he received the standard treatments he received surgery he received high dose radiation to the head and he received first line chemotherapy -im very thankful to jay and to mark and the tedmed team for inviting me today to describe a fourth tool a new tool that we call tumor treating fields -a year after this treatment in fact this is his baseline mri you can see that the black regions in the upper right quadrant are the areas where he had surgery and a year after that treatment -his tumor grew back with a vengeance that cloudy white mass that you see is the recurrence of the tumor at this point he was told by his doctors that he had about three months to live -he entered our trial and here we can see him getting the therapy first of all these electrodes are noninvasive theyre attached to the skin in the area of the tumor here you can see that a technician is placing them on there much like bandages -the patients learn to do this themselves -and then the patients can -undergo all the activities of their daily life theres none of the tiredness theres none of what is called the chemo head -theres no sensation it doesnt interfere with computers or electrical equipment and the therapy is delivered continuously at home without having to go into the hospital either periodically or continually -these are roberts mris again under only ttfield treatment this is a therapy that takes time to work its a medical device it works when its on but what we can see is by month six -the tumor has responded and its begun to melt away its still there by month twelve we could argue whether theres a little bit of material around the edges but its essentially completely gone -tumor treating fields were invented by dr yoram palti professor emeritus at the technion in israel and they use low intensity electric fields -she underwent four different regimes of chemotherapy over two years none of which had an effect her cancer continued to grow -three years ago she entered the novocure lung cancer trial -you can see in her case shes wearing her transducer arrays one of the front of her chest one on the back and then the second pair side to side over the liver you can see the tumor treating -field field generator but importantly you can also see that she is living her life she is managing her farm shes interacting with her kids and her grand kids -and when we talked to her she said that when she was undergoing chemotherapy she had to go to the hospital every month for her infusions her whole family suffered as her side effect profile came and went -to fight cancer to understand how tumor treating fields work we first need to understand what are electric fields -now she can run all of the activities of her farm its only the beginning -the self repair mechanisms that we have theres now a new research project underway at the karolinska in sweden to prove that hypothesis we have more trials planned for lung cancer pancreatic cancer ovarian cancer and breast cancer and i -firmly believe that in the next ten years tumor treating fields will be a weapon available to doctors and patients for all of these most difficult to treat solid tumors -im also very hopeful that in the next decades we will make big strides -on reducing that death rate that has been so challenging in this disease -let me first address a few popular misconceptions -first of all electric fields are not an electric current that is coursing through the tissue electric fields are not ionizing radiation like x rays or proton beams that bombard tissue to disrupt dna -so it kind of cooled my test driving for a little while -but cars are really more than a passion of mine theyre quite literally in my blood my great grandfather was henry ford and on my mothers side my great grandfather was harvey firestone so -when i was born i guess you could say expectations were kind of high for me -but my great grandfather henry ford really believed that the mission of the ford motor company was to make peoples lives better and make cars affordable so that everyone could have them -because he believed that with mobility comes freedom and progress and thats a belief that i share my other great passion is the environment -and as a young boy i used to go up to northern michigan and fish in the rivers that hemingway fished in and then later wrote about -and it really struck me as the years went by in a very negative way when i would go to some stream that id loved and was used to walking through this field that was once filled with fireflies and now had a strip mall or a bunch of condos on it -and so even at a young age that really resonated with me and the whole notion of environmental preservation at a very basic level sunk in with me as a high schooler i started to read authors like thoreau and aldo leopold and edward abbey -and i really began to develop a deeper appreciation of the natural world -but it never really occurred to me that my love of cars and trucks would ever be in conflict -with nature and that was true until i got to college -and when i got to college you can imagine my surprise when i would go to class and a number of my professors would say that ford motor company and my family was everything that was wrong with our country they thought that we were more interested as an industry in profits rather than progress -and that we filled the skies with smog -and frankly we were the enemy i joined ford after college after some soul searching whether or not this is -and for most of those years i worried about how am i going to sell more cars and trucks but today i worry about what if all we do is sell more cars and trucks what happens when the number of vehicles on the road doubles -really the right thing to do but i decided that i wanted to go and see if i could affect change there -and as i look back over thirty years ago it was a little naive to think at that age that i could but i wanted to and i really discovered that my professors werent completely wrong -in fact when i got back to detroit my environmental leanings werent exactly embraced by those in my own company and certainly by those in the industry i had some very interesting conversations as you can imagine -i was considered a radical and ill never forget the day i was called in by a member of top management and told to stop associating with any known or suspected environmentalists -and in time my views went from controversial to more or less consensus today i mean i think most people in the industry understand that weve got to get on with it and the good news is today we are tackling the big issues of cars and the environment not only at ford but really as an industry -were pushing fuel efficiency to new heights -and with new technology were reducing and i believe someday well eliminate co two emissions were starting to sell electric cars which is great were developing alternative powertrains that are going to make cars affordable in every sense of the word -economically socially and environmentally -and actually although weve got a long way to go and a lot of work to do i can see the day where my two great passions cars and the environment actually come into harmony -but unfortunately as were on our way to solving one monstrous problem and as i said were not there yet weve got a lot of work to do but i can see where we will but even as were in the process of doing that another huge problem is looming and people arent noticing -triples or even quadruples my life is guided by two great passions and the first is automobiles -and that is the freedom of mobility that my great grandfather brought to people is now being threatened just as the environment is the problem put in its simplest terms is one of mathematics -today there are approximately six point eight billion people in the world and within our lifetime that numbers going to grow to about nine billion -and at that population level our planet will be dealing with the limits of growth -and with that growth comes some severe practical problems -one of which is our transportation system simply wont be able to deal with it -when we look at the population growth in terms of cars it becomes even clearer today there are about eight hundred million cars on the road worldwide but with more people and greater prosperity around the world that numbers going to grow to between two and four billion cars by mid century -and this is going to create the kind of global gridlock -now think about the impact that this is going to have on our daily lives today the average american spends about a week a year stuck in traffic jams and thats a huge waste of time and resources but thats nothing compared to whats going on in the nations that are growing the fastest -i literally grew up with the ford motor company -today the average driver in beijing has a five hour commute -and last summer many of you probably saw this -there was a hundred mile traffic jam that took eleven days to clear in china -in the decades to come seventy five percent of the worlds population will live in cities and fifty of those cities will be of ten million people or more -so you can see the size of the issue that were facing when you factor in population growth -its clear that the mobility model that we have today simply will not work tomorrow -frankly four billion clean cars on the road are still four billion cars -and a traffic jam with no emissions is still a traffic jam -and our ability to deliver food and health care particularly to people that live in city centers and our quality of life is going to be severely compromised -so whats going to solve this -well the answer isnt going to be more of the same my great grandfather once said before he invented the model t if i had asked people then what they wanted they would have answered we want faster horses -so the answer to more cars is simply not to have more roads when america began moving west we didnt add more wagon trains we built railroads -and to connect our country after world war ii we didnt build more two lane highways we built the interstate highway system -today we need that same leap in thinking for us to create a viable future we are going to build smart cars but we also need to build smart roads smart parking smart public transportation systems and more -we dont want to waste our time sitting in traffic sitting at tollbooths or looking for parking spots -we need an integrated system that uses real time data to optimize personal mobility on a massive scale -without hassle or compromises for travelers and frankly thats the kind of system thats going to make the future of personal mobility sustainable -now the good news is some of this work has already begun in different parts of the world -the city of masdar in abu dhabi uses driverless electric vehicles that can communicate with one another and they go underneath the city streets and up above youve got a series of pedestrian walkways -my parents would go to dinner theyd sit down id sneak out of the house id jump behind the wheel and take the new model around the driveway and it was a blast and that went on for about two years until i think i was about twelve my dad brought home a lincoln mark iii and it was snowing that day -pedestrian zones and dedicated traffic lanes are going to be created and all of this will cut down the average rush hour commute to get across town in new york -from about an hour today at rush hour to about twenty minutes now if you look at hong kong they have a very interesting system called octopus there its a system that really ties together all the transportation assets -into a single payment system -so parking garages buses trains they all operate within the same system -now shared car services are also springing up around the world -and these efforts i think are great theyre relieving congestion and theyre frankly starting to save some fuel -these are all really good ideas that will move us forward -but what really inspires me is whats going to be possible when our cars can begin talking to each other -very soon the same systems that we use today to bring music and entertainment and gps information into our vehicles are going to be used to create a smart vehicle network -every morning i drive about thirty miles from my home in ann arbor to my office in dearborn michigan -and every night i go home my commute is a total crapshoot -and i often have to leave the freeway and look for different ways for me to try and make it home but very soon were going to see the days when cars are essentially talking to each other -so if the car ahead of me on i ninety four hits traffic it will immediately alert my car and tell my car to reroute itself to get me home in the best possible way and these systems are being tested right now and frankly theyre going to be ready for prime time pretty soon -but the potential of a connected car network is almost limitless so just imagine -one day very soon youre going to be able to plan a trip downtown and your car will be connected to a smart parking system -so you get in your car and as you get in your car your car will reserve you a parking spot before you arrive no more driving around looking for one which frankly is one of the biggest -users of fuel in todays cars in urban areas is looking for parking spots or think about being in new york city and tracking down an intelligent cab on your smart phone so you dont have to wait in the cold to hail one -or being at a future ted conference and having your car talk to the calendars of everybody here and telling you all the best route to take home and when you should leave so that you can all arrive at your next destination on time this is the kind of technology that will merge millions of individual vehicles -into a single system so i think its clear we have the beginnings of a solution to this enormous problem -but as we found out with addressing co two issues and also fossil fuels there is no one silver bullet -the solution is not going to be more cars more roads or a new rail system it can only be found i believe in a global network of interconnected solutions now i know we can develop the technology thats going to make this work -so he and mom went to dinner and i snuck out and thought itd be really cool to do donuts or even some figure eights in the snow my dad finished dinner early that evening and he was walking to the front hall -whether that means vehicle sharing or public transportation or some other way we havent even thought of yet -our overall transportation mix and infrastructure must support -all the future options we need our best and our brightest to start entertaining this issue companies entrepreneurs venture capitalists they all need to understand this is a huge business opportunity as well as an enormous social problem and just as these groups -embrace the green energy challenge and its really been amazing to me to watch how much brain power how much money and how much serious thought has really over the last three years just poured into the green energy field -we need that same kind of passion and energy to attack global gridlock but we need people like all of you in this room leading thinkers i mean frankly i need all of you to think about how you can help solve this huge issue -and we need people from all walks of life not just inventors we need policymakers and government officials to also think about how theyre going to respond to this challenge this isnt going to be solved by any one person or one group -its going to really require a national energy policy frankly for each country because the solutions in each country are going to be different based upon income levels traffic jams and also how integrated the systems already are -but we need to get going and we need to get going today and we must have an infrastructure thats designed to support this flexible future -you know weve come a long way -since the model t most people never traveled more than twenty five miles from home in their entire lifetime -and since then the automobile has allowed us the freedom to choose where we live where we work where we play and frankly when we just go out and want to move around -we dont want to regress and lose that freedom were on our way to solving and as i said earlier i know weve got a long way to go the one big issue that were all focused on that threatens it and thats the environmental issue but i believe we all must turn all of our effort and all of our ingenuity -and out the front door just about the same time i hit some ice and met him at the front door with the car and almost ended up in the front hall -and determination to help now solve this notion of global gridlock -because in doing so were going to preserve -what weve really come to take for granted which is the freedom to move and move very effortlessly around the world and it frankly will enhance our quality of life if we fix this because if you can envision as i do -a future of zero emissions and freedom to move around the country and around the world like we take for granted today thats worth the hard work today to preserve that for tomorrow -i believe were at our best when were confronted with big issues this is a big one and it wont wait so lets get started now -first of all theres a lot more testing going on and thats given us the picture of where we are and that allows us to understand -that things are being recorded on an ongoing basis is very practical in all public schools and so every few weeks teachers could sit down and say ok heres a little clip of something i thought i did well -little clip of something i think i did poorly advise me when this kid acted up how should i have dealt with that and they could all sit and work together on those problems -you can take the very best teachers and kind of annotate it have it so everyone sees who is the very best at teaching this stuff you can take those great courses and make them available so that a kid could go out and watch the physics course -learn from that if you have a kid whos behind you would know you could assign them that video to watch and review the concept and in fact these free courses could not only be available just on the internet but you could make it so that dvds were always -so thats a factor of two reduction of the childhood death rate its a phenomenal thing each one of those lives matters a lot -available and so anybody who has access to a dvd player can have the very best teachers -and so by thinking of this as a personnel system we can do it much better -and i thought it was so fantastic it gave you a sense of what a good teacher does im going to send everyone here a free copy of this book -i really think that education is the most important thing to get right -for the country to have as strong a future as it should have in fact we have in the stimulus bill its interesting the house version actually had money in it for these data systems -and it was taken out in the senate because there are people who are threatened by these things but i im optimistic i think people are beginning to recognize -how important this is and it really can make a difference for millions of lives if we get it right -only had time to frame those two problems theres a lot more problems like that -see youre getting excited just at the very name of these things and the skill sets required to tackle these things are very broad you know the system doesnt naturally make it happen -and the key reason we were able to it was not only rising incomes but also a few key breakthroughs vaccines that were used more widely -governments dont naturally pick these things in the right way the private sector doesnt naturally put its resources into these things so its going to take brilliant people like you to study these things get other people involved -and youre helping to come up with solutions and with that i think theres some great things that will come out of it -well under twenty years why well theres only a few diseases that account for the vast majority of those deaths -diarrhea pneumonia -last week talking about the work of the foundation sharing some of the problems and warren buffet had recommended i do that being honest about what was going well what wasnt and making it kind of an annual thing -actually peaked at a bit over five million in the nineteen thirties so it was absolutely gigantic and the disease was all over the world a terrible disease it was in the united states it was in europe -people didnt know what caused it until the early nineteen hundreds when a british military man figured out that it was mosquitoes so it was everywhere -two tools helped bring the death rate down one was -killing the mosquitoes with ddt the other was treating the patients with quinine or quinine derivatives and so thats why the death rate did come down -and so this leads to the paradox that because the disease is only in the poorer countries -it doesnt get much investment -for example theres more money put into baldness drugs than are put into malaria -now baldness its a terrible -and rich men are afflicted and so thats why that priority has been set -but malaria even the million deaths a year caused by malaria greatly understate its impact over two hundred million people at any one time are suffering from it -a goal i had there was to draw more people in to work on those problems because i think there are some very important problems that dont get worked on naturally that is the market does not drive -it means that you cant get the economies in these areas going because it just holds things back so much -now malaria is of course transmitted by mosquitoes i brought some here just so you could experience this well let those roam around the -the -those mosquitoes are not infected -so weve come up with a few new things weve got bed nets and bed nets are -a great tool what it means is the mother and child stay under the bed net at night so the mosquitoes that bite late at night cant get at them -and when you use indoor spraying with ddt and those nets you can cut deaths by over fifty percent -and thats happened now in a number of countries its great to see but we have to be careful because malaria -and so you end up with two choices if you go into a country with the right tools and the right way you do it vigorously you can actually get a local eradication and thats where we saw the malaria map shrinking -or if you go in kind of half heartedly for a period of time youll reduce the disease burden -but eventually those tools will become ineffective and the death rate will soar back up again and the world has gone through this where it paid attention and then didnt pay attention now were on the upswing -bed net funding is up theres new drug discovery going on our foundation has backed a vaccine thats going into phase three trial that starts in a couple months -over two thirds of the lives if its effective so were going to have these new tools but that alone doesnt give us the road map -the scientists the communicators the thinkers the governments to do the right things and only by paying attention to these things and having brilliant people who care -it involves social scientists so we know how to get not just seventy percent of the people to use the bed nets but ninety percent -we need mathematicians to come in and simulate this to do monte carlo things to understand how these tools combine and work together of course we need drug companies to give us their expertise -we need rich world governments to be very generous in providing aid for these things and so as these elements come together im quite optimistic that we will be able to eradicate malaria -let me turn to a second question a fairly different question but id say equally important -and this is how do you make a teacher great -lets start with why this is important -well all of us here ill bet had some great teachers we all had a wonderful education thats part of the reason were here today part of the reason were successful -i can say that even though im a college drop out i had great teachers in fact in the united states the teaching system has worked fairly well there are fairly effective teachers -in a narrow set of places so the top twenty percent of students have gotten a good education and those top twenty percent -have been the best in the world if you measure them against the other top twenty percent and theyve gone on to create the revolutions in software and biotechnology and keep the u s at the forefront -now the strength for those top twenty percent is starting to fade on a relative basis but even more concerning is the education that the balance of people are getting -and draw other people in can we make as much progress as we need to so this morning im going to share two of these problems and talk about -not only has that been weak its getting weaker and if you look at the economy -it really is only providing opportunities now -to people with a better education and we have to change this we have to change it so that people have equal opportunity -we have to change it so that the country is strong and stays at the forefront of things that are driven by advanced education like science and mathematics -when i first learned the statistics i was pretty stunned at how bad things are over thirty percent of kids never finish high school -and that had been covered up for a long time because they always took the dropout rate as the number who started in senior year and -the stated dropout rate as soon as that tracking was done to over thirty percent for minority kids its over fifty percent -and even if you graduate from high school -if youre low income you have less than a twenty five percent chance of ever completing a college degree -if youre low income in the united states you have a higher chance of going to jail than you do of getting a four year degree -and that doesnt seem entirely fair -so how do you make education better -our foundation for the last nine years has invested in this theres many people working on it weve worked on small schools weve funded scholarships weve done things in libraries a lot of these things had a good effect -but before i dive into those i want to admit that i am an optimist any tough problem i think it can be solved -but the more we looked at it the more we realized -having great teachers was the very key thing -and we hooked up with some people studying how much variation is there between teachers between say the top quartile the very best and the bottom -how much variation is there within a school or between schools and the answer is that these variations are absolutely unbelievable a top quartile teacher -will increase the performance of their class based on test scores by over ten percent in a single year what does that mean that means that if the entire u s -for two years had top quartile teachers the entire difference between us and asia would go away -within four years we would be blowing everyone in the world away so its simple all you need are those top quartile teachers -and so youd say wow we should reward those people we should retain those people we should find out what theyre doing -and transfer that skill to other people but i can tell you that absolutely is not happening today -part of the reason i feel that way is looking at the past -you might think these are people with masters degrees theyve gone back and theyve gotten their masters of education -over the past century average lifespan has more than doubled -this chart takes four different factors and says how much do they explain teaching quality that bottom thing which says theres no effect at all is a masters degree -now the way the pay system works is theres two things that are rewarded one is seniority because your pay goes up and you vest into your pension the second is -but it in no way is associated with being a better teacher -teach for america slight effect for math teachers majoring in math theres a measurable effect but overwhelmingly its your past performance there are some people who are very good at this -and weve done almost nothing to study what that is and to draw it in and to replicate it to raise the average capability or to encourage the people with it to stay in the system -another statistic perhaps my favorite is to look at childhood deaths -now there are a few places very few where great teachers are being made -a good example of one is a set of charter schools called kipp kipp means knowledge is power its an unbelievable thing they have sixty six schools mostly middle schools some high schools -and what goes on is great teaching they take the poorest kids and over ninety six percent of their high school graduates go -to four year colleges and the whole spirit and attitude in those schools is very different -in the normal public schools theyre team teaching theyre constantly improving their teachers theyre taking data the test scores and saying to a teacher hey you caused this amount of increase theyre deeply engaged in making teaching better -actually go and sit in one of these classrooms at first its very bizarre i sat down and -i thought what is going on the teacher was running around and the energy level was high i thought im in the sports rally or something whats going on -and the teacher was constantly scanning to see which kids werent paying attention which kids were bored and calling kids rapidly putting things up on the board it was a very dynamic environment because particularly in those middle school years fifth through eighth grade -keeping people engaged and setting the tone that everybody in the classroom needs to pay attention nobody gets to make fun of it or have the position of the kid who -a normal school teachers -how good they are the data isnt gathered -in the teachers contract it will limit the number of times the principal can come into the classroom sometimes to once per year -and they need advanced notice to do that so imagine running a factory where youve got these workers some of them just making -crap and the management is told hey you can only come down here once a year but you need to let us know because we might actually fool you and try and do a good job in that one brief moment -even a teacher who wants to improve doesnt have the tools to do it -they dont have the test scores and theres a whole thing of trying to block the data for example new york passed a law -five years ago one hundred and thirty five million children were born so more and less than ten million of them died before the age of five -that said that the teacher improvement data could not be made available and used in the tenure decision for the teachers -but im optimistic about this i think there are some clear things we can do -sort of a mind blowing number and some of that in fact is due to the fact that weve had an economic recession receipts go down some spending programs go up but most of it is not because of that -most of it is because of ways that the liabilities are building up and the trends -and that creates a huge challenge -in fact this is the forecast picture there are various things in here i could say we might raise more revenue or medical innovation will make the spending even higher it is an increasingly difficult picture even assuming the economy does quite well probably better than -this is about state budgets this is probably the most boring topic of the whole morning but i want to tell you i think its an important topic that we need to care about -how did we get here how could you have a problem like this after all at least on paper -theres this notion that these state budgets are balanced only one state says they dont have to balance the budget but what this means actually is that theres a pretense theres no real true balancing going on and in a sense the games they play -to hide that actually obscure the topic so much -that people dont see things that are actually pretty straight forward challenges -when jerry brown was elected this was the challenge that was put to him that is through various gimmicks and things a so called balanced budget had led him to have twenty five billion missing out of the seventy six billion in proposed spending -now hes put together some thoughts about half of that hell cut another half -perhaps in a very complex set of steps taxes will be approved -but even so as you go out into those future years various pension costs health costs go up enough -and the revenue does not go up enough so you get a big squeeze what were those things that allowed us to hide this well some really nice little tricks and these were somewhat noticed the paper said its not really balanced its got holes -it perpetuates deficit spending its riddled with gimmicks and -really when you get down to it -the guys at enron never would have done this this is so blatant so extreme is anyone paying attention to some of the things these guys do they borrow money -theyre not supposed to but they figure out a way they make you pay more in withholding just to help their cash flow out they sell off the assets -state budgets are big big money ill show you the numbers -they defer the payments -they sell off the revenues from tobacco and californias not unique in fact theres about five states that are worse and only really four states -that dont face this big challenge so its systemic across the entire country it really comes from the fact that certain long term obligations health care where innovation makes it more expensive -early retirement and pension where the age structure gets worse for you and just generosity that these mis accounting things allow to develop over time -the forecast for the medical piece alone is to go from twenty six percent of the budget to forty two percent well whats going to give well in order to accommodate that you would have to cut education spending in half -it really is this young versus the old to some degree if you dont change that revenue picture if you dont solve what youre doing in health care youre going to be deinvesting in the young the great university of california university system the great things that have gone on wont happen -and they get very little scrutiny the understanding is very low many of the people involved have special interests or short term interests that get them not thinking about what the implications of the trends are -so far its meant layoffs increased class sizes within the education community theres this discussion of should it just be the young teachers who get laid off or the less good teachers who get laid off and theres a discussion if youre going to increase class sizes where do you do that how much effect does that have and unfortunately as you get into that people get confused and think -well maybe you think thats okay in fact no education spending should not be cut -theres ways if its temporary to minimize the impact -but its a problem its also really a problem for where we need to go technology has a role to play well we need money to experiment with that to get those tools in there theres the idea of paying teachers for effectiveness measuring them giving them feedback taking videos in the classroom -in a situation where you have growth you put the new money into this or even if youre flat you might shift money into it -so whats going on wheres the brain trust thats in error here well there really is no brain trust laughter its sort of the voters its sort of us showing up just look at this spending california will spend over one hundred billion -microsoft thirty eight google about nineteen -the amount of iq in good numeric analysis both inside google and microsoft and outside with analysts and people of various opinions should they have spent on that no they wasted their money on this what about this thing it really is quite phenomenal -everybody has an opinion theres great feedback and the numbers are used -to make decisions if you go over the education spending and the health care spending particularly these long term trends you dont have -that type of involvement on a number thats more important in terms of equity in terms of learning so what do we need to do -we need better tools we can get some things out on the internet im going to use my website to put up some things that will give the basic picture we need lots more theres a few good books one about school spending and where the money comes from how thats changed over time and the challenge -and these budgets -we need better accounting we need to take the fact that the current employees the future liabilities they create that should come out of the current budget -we need to understand why theyve done the pension accounting the way they have it should be more like -private accounting its the gold standard -and finally we need to really reward politicians whenever they say theres these long term problems we cant say oh youre the messenger with bad news we just shot you -are the key for our future theyre the key for our kids most education funding whether its k through twelve or the great universities or community colleges most of the money for those things is coming out of these state budgets but we have a problem -in fact there are some like these erskine bowles alan simpson and others who have gone through and given proposals for this overall federal health spending state level problem but in fact their work -than their assumptions -so we need these pieces now i think this is a solvable problem its a great country with lots of people but we have to draw -and thats the kind of thing the investment in the young that makes us great allows us to contribute it allows us to do the art the biotechnology the software and all those magic things -heres the overall picture u s economy is big fourteen point seven trillion -so this is combining the federal level which is the largest the state level and the local level and its really in this combined way that you get an overall sense of whats going on because theres a lot of complex things like medicaid and research money that flow across those boundaries -our teachers deserve better -the system we have today isnt fair to them its not fair to students and its putting americas global leadership at risk -so today i want to talk about how we can help all teachers get the tools for improvement they want and deserve lets start by asking whos doing well -consider the rankings for reading proficiency -the u s isnt number one were not even in the top ten were tied for fifteenth with iceland and poland -it doesnt matter whether youre a basketball player -now out of all the places that do better than the u s in reading how many of them have a formal system for helping teachers improve -so theres really only one area where were near the top and thats in failing to give our teachers the help they need to develop their skills lets look at the best academic performer -a tennis player a gymnast -the province of shanghai china now they rank number one across the board in reading math and science and one of the keys to shanghais incredible success is the way they help teachers keep improving -they made sure that younger teachers get a chance to watch master teachers at work they have weekly study groups where teachers get together and talk about whats working they even require each teacher to observe and give feedback to their colleagues -you might ask why is a system like this so important -its because theres so much variation in the teaching profession -some teachers are far more effective than others -in fact there are teachers throughout the country who are helping their students make extraordinary gains if todays average teacher could become as good as those teachers our students would be blowing away the rest of the world -so we need a system that helps all our teachers be as good as the best -what would that system look like -well to find out -we had observers watch videos of teachers in the classroom and rate how they did on a range of practices for example did they ask their students challenging questions did they find multiple ways to explain an idea -we also had students fill out surveys with questions like does your teacher know when the class understands a lesson do you learn to correct your mistakes -and what we found is very exciting first -the teachers who did well on these observations -i want to show you what this video component of met -looks like in action -my name is sarah brown wessling i am a high school english teacher at johnston high school in johnston iowa turn to somebody next to you tell them what you think i mean when i talk about moves to prove ive talk about i think that there is a difference for teachers between -the abstract of how we see our practice and then the concrete reality of it okay so i would like you to please bring up your papers i think what video offers for us is a certain degree of reality you cant really dispute what you see on the video -and there is a lot to be learned from that and there are a lot of ways that we can grow as a profession -we all need people who will give us feedback -when we actually get to see this i just have a flip camera and a little tripod and invested in this tiny little wide angle lens -at the beginning of class i just perch it in the back of the classroom its not a perfect shot it doesnt catch every little thing thats going on but i can hear the sound i can see a lot and im able to learn a lot from it so it really has been a simple but powerful tool in my own reflection -thats how we improve -once im finished taping then i put it in my computer and then ill scan it and take a peek at it if i dont write things down i dont remember them so having the notes is a part of my thinking process and i discover what im seeing as im writing -unfortunately theres one group of people who get almost no systematic feedback to help them do their jobs better and these people have one of the most important jobs in the world -and then help our broader communities understand what this complex work is really all about -i think it is a way to exemplify and illustrate things that we cannot convey in a lesson plan things you cannot convey in a standard things that you cannot even sometimes convey in a book of pedagogy -but we still have more work to do -diagnosing areas where a teacher needs to improve is only half the battle -we also have to give them the tools they need to act on the diagnosis -if you learn that you need to improve the way you teach fractions you should be able to watch a video of the best person in the world teaching fractions -so building this complete teacher feedback and improvement system wont be easy -for example i know some teachers arent immediately comfortable with the idea of a camera in the classroom -thats understandable but our experience with met -suggests that if teachers manage the process if they collect video in their own classrooms and they pick the lessons they want to submit a lot of them will be eager to participate building this system will also require a considerable investment -our foundation estimates that it could cost up to five billion dollars -now thats a big number but to put it in perspective its less than two percent of what we spend every year on teacher salaries -im talking about teachers -the impact for teachers would be phenomenal -we would finally have a way to give them feedback -as well as the means to act on it -but this system would have an even more important benefit for our country it would put us on a path to making sure all our students get a great education find a career thats fulfilling and rewarding and have a chance to live out their dreams -when melinda and i learned how little useful feedback most teachers get we were blown away until recently over ninety eight percent of teachers just got one word of feedback -this wouldnt just make us a more successful country -it would also make us a more fair and just one too -im excited about the opportunity to give all our teachers the support they want and deserve -satisfactory -if all my bridge coach ever told me was that i was satisfactory i would have no hope of ever getting better how would i know -really good combination of those two factors it turns out theres a lot of powerful sun all around the world obviously but in special places where it happens to be relatively inexpensive to place these -and also in many more places where there is high wind power so an example of that is heres the map of the united states -and all this does is affect the payback period it doesnt mean that you couldnt use solar energy you could use solar energy anywhere on earth it just affects the payback period if youre comparing to grid supplied electricity -three lotus one two three came out and i was completely blown away by lotus one two three i began operating my business with one two three began writing add ins for one two three -chances for solar energy and of course look at africa its just unbelievable what the potential is to take advantage of solar energy there and im really excited to talk more about finding ways we can help with that so in conclusion i would say -my journey has shown me that you can revisit old ideas in a new light and sometimes ideas that have been discarded in the past can be practical now if you apply some new technology or new twists -if you get it down below five years then it becomes almost a no brainer because the interest to own it someone else will finance it for you and you can just make money basically from day one so thats our real powerful goal that were really shooting for in the company -other things that i learned that were very surprising to me one was how casual we are about energy -at full power so theres basically fifteen horses running at full speed just to keep the stage lit not to mention the two hundred horses that are probably running right now to keep the airconditioning going -just amazing walk in the elevator and theres lights on in the elevator of course now im very sensitive at home when we leave the lights on by mistake -basically oil is solar energy concentrate its been pounded for a billion years with a lot of energy to make it have all that energy contained in it and we dont have a birthright to just use that up as fast as we are i think -then much much later in two thousand very recently the new california energy crisis or what was purported to be a big energy crisis was coming and i was trying to figure if there was some way we could build something that would capitalize on that and try and get people back up energy in case the crisis really came -i started looking at how we could build battery back up systems that could give people five hours ten hours maybe even a full day or three days worth of back up power im glad you heard earlier today batteries are unbelievably energy lack of density compared to fuel -so much more energy can be stored with fuel than with batteries youd have to fill your entire parking space of one garage space just to give yourself four hours of battery back up -and i concluded after researching every other technology that we could deploy for storing energy flywheels different formulations of batteries it just wasnt practical to store energy -so what about making energy maybe we could make energy i tried to figure out maybe solars become attractive its been twenty five years since i was doing this let me go back and look at whats been happening with solar cells -and the price had gone down from ten dollars a watt to about four or five dollars a watt but it stabilized and it really needed to get much lower than that to be cost effective i studied all the new things that had happened in solar cells and was trying to look for ways we could innovate and make solar cells more inexpensively -a lot of new things that are happening to do that but fundamentally the process requires a tremendous amount of energy some people even say -it takes more energy to make a solar cell than it will give out in its entire life hopefully if we can reduce the amount of energy it takes to make the cells that will become more practical but right now you pretty much have to take -so i thought of an idea what if we collect the sun with a large reflector like i had been thinking about way back when when i was in high school but maybe with modern technology we could make a cheaper large collector concentrate it to a small converter -and then the conversion device wouldnt have to be as expensive because its much smaller rather than solar cells which have to covering the entire surface area that you want to gather sun from -the energy crisis was in full bore i started reading popular science magazine and i got really excited about the potential of solar energy to try and solve that crisis -very short on genetic algorithms its a powerful way of solving intractable problems using natural selection you take a problem that you cant solve with a pure mathematical answer you build an evolutionary system to try multiple tries at guessing -you add sex where you take half of one solution and half of another and then make new mutations and you use natural selection to kill off not as good solutions usually with a genetic algorithm on a computer today with a three gigahertz processor -you can solve many many formerly intractable problems in just a matter of minutes we tried to come up with a way to use genetic algorithms to create a new type of concentrator and ill show you what we came up with traditionally concentrators look like this those shapes are -they take all the parallel incoming rays and focus it to a single spot they have to track the sun because they have to be pointing directly at the sun they usually have about a one degree acceptance angle meaning once theyre more than about a degree off -with no moving parts so we created this genetic algorithm to try this out we made a model in xl of a multi surface reflector and an amazing thing evolved literally evolved -from trying a billion cycles a billion different attempts with a fitness function that defined how can you collect the most light from the most angles over a day from the sun and this is the shape that evolved -i had just taken trigonometry in high school i learned about the parabola and how it could concentrate rays of light to a single focus that got me very excited -two places and take two bounces so for direct light it takes only one bounce for off axis light it might take two and for extreme off axis it might take three -your efficiency goes down with more bounces because you lose about ten percent with each bounce but this allowed us to collect light from a plus or minus twenty five degree angle so about two and a half hours of the day we could collect with a stationary component -solar cells collect light for four and a half hours though on an average adjusted day a solar cell because the suns moving across the sky the solar cell is going down with a sine wave function of performance at the -axis angles it collects about four an a half average hours of sunlight a day so even this although it was great with no moving parts we could achieve high temperatures -enough we needed to beat solar cells so we took a look at another idea we looked at a way to break up a parabola into individual petals that would track -so what you see here is twelve separate petals that each could be controlled with individual microprocessors that would only cost a dollar you can buy a two megahertz microprocessor for a dollar now and you can buy stepper motors -that pretty much never wear out because they have no brushes for a dollar we can control all twelve of these petals for under fifty dollars and what this would allows us to do is not have to move the focus any more -only move the petals the whole system would have a much lower profile but also we could gather sunlight for six and a half to seven hours a day now that we have concentrated sunlight what are we going to put at the center to -and i really felt that there would be potential to build some kind of thing that could concentrate light so i started this company called solar devices and this was a company where i built -so we tried to look at all the different heat engines that have been used in history to try and convert sunlight to electricity or heat to electricity and one of the great ones of all time -he added a condenser to cool the steam outside the cylinder he made the engine double acting so it had double the power those were major breakthroughs i mean all of the improvements he made and its justifiable that our measure of energy the watt today is named after him -so we looked at this engine and this had some potential steam engines are dangerous and they had tremendous impact on the world as you know industrial revolution and ships and locomotives but theyre usually good to be large so theyre not good for -this engine because it was so interesting it only worked on air no steam has led to hundreds of creative designs over the years that use the stirling engine principle -and it was a major achievement because it brought the power density of the engine way up you could now get a lot more power in a lot smaller space and that allowed the engine to be used for mobile applications so once you have mobility -so because it went into mass production costs were reduced one hundred years of refinement emissions were reduced -looking at these three and forty seven others we concluded that the stirling engine would be the best one to use i want to give you a brief explanation of how we looked at it and how it works so we tried to look at the stirling engine in a new way because -it was practical weight no longer mattered for our application the internal combustion engine took off because weight mattered because you were moving around but if youre trying to generate solar energy in a static place -the weight doesnt matter so much the other thing we discovered is that efficiency doesnt matter so much if your energy source is free -normally efficiency is crucial because the fuel cost of your engine over its life dwarfs the cost of the engine -but if your fuel source is free then the only thing that matters is the up front capital cost of the engine so you dont want to optimize for efficiency you want to optimize for power per dollar -so using that new twist with the new criteria we thought we could re look at the stirling engine and also bring genetic algorithms in basically robert stirling didnt have gordon moore before him to get us three gigahertz of processor power -so we took the same genetic algorithm that we used earlier to make that concentrator which didnt work out for us to optimize the stirling engine and make its design sizes and all of its dimensions -the exact optimum to get the most power per dollar irrespective of weight irrespective of size to get the most conversion of solar energy because the sun is free -and thats the process we took let me show you how the engine works the simplest heat engine or hot air engine of all time would be this take a box a steel canister with a piston put a flame under it the piston moves up -the problem is the efficiency is one hundredth of one percent because youre heating all the metal of the chamber and then cooling all the metal of the chamber each time -i sold the plans for this engine and for this dish in the back of popular science magazine for four dollars each -you move that up and down with a little bit of energy but now youre only shifting the air down to the hot end and up to the cold end down to the hot end and up to the cold end so now youre -im still heating the air every time and cooling the air every time what about if i put a thermal sponge in the middle in the passageway between where the air has to move between hot and cold -so he made fine wires and cracked glass and all different kinds of materials to be a heat sponge so when the air pushes up to go from the hot end to the cold end -it puts some heat into the sponge and then when the air comes back after its been cooled it picks up that heat again so youre reusing your energy five or six times -and that brings the efficiency up between thirty and forty percent its a little known but brilliant genius invention of robert stirling that takes the hot air engine from being somewhat impractical like i found out when i made the real simple version in high school to very potentially possible -once you get the efficiency up if you can design this to be low enough cost so we really set out on a path to try and make the lowest cost possible we built a huge mathematical model of how a stirling engine works we applied the genetic -and i earned enough money to pay for my first year of caltech it was a really big excitement for me to get into caltech and my first year at caltech i continued the business -we got the results from that for the optimal engine we built engines so we built one hundred different engines over the last two years we measured each one we readjusted the model to what we measured and then we led that to the current prototype -it led to a very compact inexpensive engine and this is what the engine looks like let me show you what it looks like in real life -so this is the engine its just a small cylinder down here which holds the generator inside and all the linkage and its the hot cap the hot cylinder on the top this part gets hot this part is cool and electricity comes out -the exact converse is also true if you put electricity in this will get hot and this will get cold you get refrigeration so its a complete reversible cycle a very efficient cycle and quite a simple thing to make -so now you put the two things together so you have the engine now what if you combine the petals and the engine in the center the petals track -thank you so this is a unit with the twelve petals these petals cost about a dollar each lightweight injection bolted plastic aluminized the mechanism to control each petal is below there with a microprocessor on each one -but then in the second year of caltech they started grading the whole first year was pass fail but the second year was graded i wasnt able to keep up with the business -there are thermocouples on the engine little sensors that detect the heat when the sunlight strikes them each petal adjusts itself separately to keep the highest temperature on -each one of these petals figures out where the sun is with no user set up so you dont have to tell what latitude longitude youre at you dont have to tell what your roof slope angle is -doesnt really care what it does is it searches to find the hottest spot it searches again a half an hour later it searches again a day later it searches again a month later it basically figures out where on earth you are -by watching the direction the sun moves so you dont have to actually enter anything about that the way the unit works is when the sun comes out the engine will start and you get power out here -and i ended up with a twenty five year detour my dream had been to convert solar energy at a very practical cost but then i had this big detour first -the hot waters optional you dont have to use the hot water it will cool itself but you can use it to optionally heat hot water and that brings the efficiency up even higher -so this is the first test where we took it outside and each of the petals were individually seeking and what they do is step -it could be on your roof or in your backyard or somewhere else you dont have to have enough units to power your entire house you just save money with each incremental one you add so youre still using the grid potentially in this type of application to be your back up supply of course you cant use these at night -and you cant use these on cloudy days but by reducing your energy use pretty much at the peak times usually when you have you air conditioning on or other times like that -so that people who are doing things that had a higher cost of catastrophe would have to take insurance against that risk so if you wanted to put a drug on the market you could put it on but it wouldnt have to be approved by regulators youd have to convince an actuary -with the law and finally i think we have to do something thats not really its almost unacceptable to say this which we have to begin to design the future -we cant pick the future but we can steer the future our investment in trying to prevent pandemic flu is affecting the distribution of possible outcomes -we may not be able to stop it but the likelihood that it will get past us is lower if we focus on that problem so we can design the future -if we choose what kind of things we want to have happen and not have happen and steer us to a lower risk place vice president gore will talk about -how we could steer the climate trajectory into a lower probability of catastrophic risk but above all what we have to do is we have to help the good guys the people on the defensive side -have an advantage over the people who want to abuse things and what we have to do to do that is we have to limit access to certain information -and growing up as we have and holding very high the value of free speech this is a hard thing for us to accept for all of us to accept its especially hard -for the scientists to accept who still remember you know galileo essentially locked up and who are still fighting this battle against the church but -thats the price of having a civilization the price of retaining the rule of law is to limit the access to the great and kind of unbridled power thank you -it extends beyond a nation state its not the nation states that have potential access to mass destruction but individuals and this is a consequence of the -fact that these new technologies tend to be digital we saw genome sequences you can download the gene sequences of pathogens off the internet -flu is too dangerous to fedex around if people want to use it in their labs for working on research just reconstruct it yourself -what technology can we really apply -because you know it might break in fedex so that this is possible to do this is not -it be biological or other are clearly a danger in our world and the danger is that they can cause roughly whats a pandemic -to reducing global poverty -and we really dont have experience with pandemics and were also not very good as a society at acting to things we dont have direct and sort of gut level experience with so its not in our nature to pre act -and in this case piling on more technology doesnt solve the problem because it only super empowers people more -so the solution has to be as people like russell and einstein and others imagine in a conversation that existed in a much stronger form i think early in the twentieth century -solution had to be not just the head but the heart you know public policy and moral progress the bargain that gives us civilization is a bargain to not use power -and what i found was quite surprising we started looking at things like death rates in the twentieth century and how theyd been improved and very simple things turned out -we get our individual rights by society protecting us from others not doing everything they can do but largely doing only what is legal and so -to limit the danger of these new things we have to limit ultimately the ability of individuals to have access essentially to pandemic power we also have to have sensible defense because no limitation is going to prevent a crazy person from doing something -the troubling thing is that its much easier to do something bad than to defend against all possible bad things so the offensive uses -and then i signed a book contract to write more gloomy thoughts about this and moved into a hotel room in new york with one room full of books on the plague -and you know nuclear bombs exploding in new york where i would be within the circle and so on and then i was there on september -and i stood in the streets with everyone and it was quite an experience to be there i got up the next morning and walked out of the city and all -was quite a compelling experience but not really i suppose a surprise to someone whod had his room full of the books it was always a surprise that it happened then and there but it wasnt a surprise that it happened -at all and everyone then started writing about this thousands of people started writing about this and i eventually abandoned the book and then chris called me to talk at the conference i really dont talk about this any more because you know theres enough frustrating and depressing things going on -but i agreed to come and say a few things about this and i would say that we cant give up the rule of law to fight an asymmetric threat which is what we seem to be doing -because of the present the people that are in power -because thats to give up the thing that makes civilization and we -fight the threat in the kind of stupid way were doing because a million dollar act causes a billion dollars of damage causes a trillion dollar response which is largely ineffective and arguably -so -after giving up on the book and i had the great honor to be able to join kleiner perkins about a year ago -and to work through venture capital on the innovative side and to try to find some innovations that could address what i saw as -some of these big problems things where you know a factor of ten difference can make a factor of a thousand difference in the outcome -the last year at the incredible quality and excitement of the innovations that have come across my desk -its overwhelming at times im very thankful for google and wikipedia so i can understand at least a little of what people are talking about who come through the doors -but i wanted to share with you three areas that im particularly excited about and that relate to the problems that i was talking about in the wired article -then early web -the first is this whole area of education and it really relates to what nicholas was talking about with a hundred dollar computer and that is to say that -would clearly make a huge difference to -weve seen and ive had the pleasure to invest in companies that give me great confidence that well extend moores law all the way down to roughly the ten -scale another factor of say six in dimensional reduction which should give us about another factor of one hundred in raw improvement in what the chips can do -and so to put that in practical terms if something costs about one thousand dollars today -that problem -say the best personal computer you can buy that might be its cost i think we can have that in two thousand and twenty for ten dollars -now just imagine what that hundred dollar computer will be in two thousand and twenty as a tool for education i think the challenge for us is im very certain that that will happen the challenge is will we develop -but i also in looking at more powerful technologies and nanotechnology and genetic engineering -the kind of educational tools and things with the net to let us take advantage of that device id argue today that we have incredibly powerful computers but we dont have very good software for them -when they took the apple mac interface and they put it back on the apple ii the apple ii was perfectly capable of running that kind of interface we just didnt know how to do it -at the time so given that we know and should believe because moores law -a constant i mean its just been very predictable progress over the last forty years or whatever we can know what the computers are going to be -like in two thousand and twenty its great that we have initiatives to say lets go create the education and educate people in the world because thats a great force for peace and we can give everyone in the world a hundred dollar computer or a ten dollar computer in the next -other new emerging kind of digital technologies became very concerned about the potential for abuse -the thing that we see as the kind of moores law trend thats driving improvement in our ability to address the environmental problem is new materials we have a challenge because the urban population is growing -in this century from two billion to six billion in a very short amount of time people are moving to the cities they all need clean water they need energy they need transportation and we want them to develop in a -their strength theyre almost the strongest material tensile strength material known -if you make a three dimensional structure like a buckyball they have all sorts of incredible properties if you shoot a particle at them and knock a hole in them they repair themselves they go zip and they repair the hole in femtoseconds which is not is really quick -if you think about it in history a long long time ago we dealt with the problem of -if you shine a light on them -they produce electricity in fact if you flash them with a camera they catch on fire if you put electricity on them they emit light if you run current through them you can run one thousand times more current through one of these than through a piece of metal -you can make both p and n type semiconductors which means you can make transistors out of them they conduct heat along their length but not across -well there is no width but not in the other direction if you stack them up thats a property of carbon fiber also -if you put particles in them and they go shooting out the tip theyre like miniature linear accelerators or electron guns the inside -where the kind of things lisa randalls talking about are in there i had one business plan where i was trying to learn more about wittens cosmic dimension strings to try to understand what the phenomenon was going on in this proposed nanomaterial so -that we can do things with different properties lighter stronger and apply these new materials to the environmental problems -new materials that can make water new materials that can make fuel cells work better new materials that catalyze chemical reactions that cut pollution and so on ethanol -new ways of making ethanol new ways of making electric transportation the whole green dream because it can be profitable -weve dedicated weve just raised a new fund we dedicated one hundred million dollars to these kinds of investments we believe that genentech the compaq the lotus the sun the netscape the amazon the google -in these fields are yet to be found because this materials revolution will drive these things forward -the third area that were working on and we just announced last week we were all in new york we raised -two hundred million dollars in a specialty fund to work on a pandemic in biodefense -and to give you an idea of the last fund that kleiner raised was a four hundred million dollar fund so this for us is a very substantial fund -john doerr and brook and others got concerned and we started looking around at what the world was doing about being prepared for a pandemic and we saw -to keep the many from tyrannizing the one we came up with concepts like individual liberty -a lot of gaps and so we asked ourselves you know can we find innovative things that will go fill these gaps and -a break here he said hes found so much stuff he cant sleep because theres so many great technologies out there were essentially buried and -we need them you know we have one antiviral that people are talking about stockpiling that still works roughly thats tamiflu -but tamiflu the virus is resistant it is resistant to tamiflu weve discovered with aids we need cocktails to -work well so that the viral resistance we need several antivirals we need better surveillance we need networks that can find out whats going on we need rapid diagnostics so that we can tell if somebody has -a strain of flu which we have only identified very recently weve got to be able to make the rapid diagnostics quickly we need new antivirals and cocktails we need new kinds of vaccines vaccines that are broad spectrum vaccines that we can manufacture quickly -we believe that if we could fill these ten gaps we have a chance to help really reduce the risk of a pandemic -and the difference between a normal flu season and a pandemic is about a factor of one thousand in deaths and certainly enormous economic impact -that will address this so if we can address use technology help address education help address the environment help address the pandemic does that solve the larger problem -so what we need to do is we need better policy and for example some things we could do that would be policy solutions which are not really in the political air right now but perhaps with the change of administration would be -use markets markets are a very strong force for example rather than try to regulate away problems which probably wont work if we could price into the cost of doing business the cost of catastrophe -it can be done in seven years with the right backing -we have already gone far beyond the limits of human endurance from the entrance this is nothing like a commercial cave -those who join me in making it happen will become a part of history and join other bold individuals from time past who had they been here today would have heartily approved -there was once a time when people did bold things to open the frontier -we have collectively forgotten that lesson -now were at a time when boldness is required to move forward -one hundred years after sir ernest shackleton wrote these words -i intend to plant an industrial flag on the moon and complete the final piece that will open the space frontier in our time for all of us thank you -youre looking at camp two in a place called j two not k two but j two were roughly two days from the entrance at that point and -first place id like to take you is what many believe will be -damp moist cold conditions in utterly dark places i should mention that everything youre seeing here by the way is artificially illuminated at great effort otherwise it is completely dark in these places -deeper you go the more you run into a conflict with water its basically like a tree collecting water coming down -and eventually you get to places where it is formidable and dangerous and unfortunately slides just dont do justice so ive got a very brief clip here -the worlds deepest natural abyss and i say believe because this process is still ongoing right now there are major expeditions being planned for next year that ill talk a little bit about -taken in the late nineteen eighties -descend into huautla plateau in mexico -i have to tell you that the techniques being shown here are obsolete and dangerous we would not do this today unless we were doing it for film -along that same line -to tell you that with the spate of hollywood movies -came out last year we have never seen monsters underground -at least the kind that eat you if there is -a monster underground it is the crushing psychological remoteness that begins to hit every member of the team once you cross about three days inbound from the nearest entrance -next year ill be leading an international team to j two were going to be shooting from minus two thousand six hundred meters thats a little over eight thousand six hundred feet down -at thirty kilometers from the entrance the lead crews will be underground for pushing thirty days straight i dont think theres been a mission like that in a long time -when you used to find these things they would put a label on a map that said terminal siphon now i remember that term really well for two reasons number one its the name of my rock band and -second is because the confrontation of these things forced me to become an inventor and weve since gone on to develop many generations of gadgets -for exploring places like this this is some life support equipment closed cycle and you can use that now to go for many kilometers horizontally underwater and to depths of two hundred meters straight down underwater -when you do this kind of stuff its like doing eva its like doing extra vehicular activity in space -things thats changed here in the last one hundred and fifty years since jules verne had great science fiction concepts of what the underworld was like is that -at much greater distances and at much greater physical peril so it makes you think about how to design your equipment for long range away from a safe haven heres a -this is where the -it was developed within a two year period and used on actual exploratory projects this gadget you see right here was called the digital wall mapper and -it produced the first three dimensional map anybody has ever done of a cave and it happened to be underwater in wakulla springs it was that gadget that serendipitously opened a door to another unexplored world -this is europa carolyn porco mentioned another one called enceladus the other day this is one of the places where -couple of years ago called aliens of the deep there was a brief clip -a mission to explore under the ice of europa would be the ultimate -to -its basically a nuclear heated torpedo -when you reach the surface -needs to be one smart puppy able to navigate and make decisions -jim didnt know when he released that movie was that six months earlier nasa had funded a team i assembled -three years of engineering meetings design and system integration and introduced depthx deep phreatic thermal explorer and as the movie says this is one smart puppy -more than ten kilos of tnt in electrical onboard equivalent this is the target site the worlds deepest hydrothermal spring at cenote zacaton in northern mexico its been explored to a depth of two hundred and ninety two meters and beyond that nobody knows anything -this is part of depthxs mission theres two primary targets were doing here one is how do you do science autonomy underground how do you take a robot and turn it into a field -wall where theres a high probability of life we move along the wall in whats called proximity operations looking for changes in color if we see something that looks interesting we pull it into a microscope if it passes the microscopic test -and chambers so large that you can see for hundreds of meters without a break in the line of sight -we go for a collection we either draw in a liquid sample or we can actually take a solid core from the wall no hands at the wheel this is all behavioral autonomy here thats being conducted by the robot on its own -the real hat trick for this vehicle though is a disruptive new navigation system weve developed known as three d slam for simultaneous localization and mapping -an all seeing eyeball its sensor beams look both forward and backward at the same time allowing it to do new exploration while its still achieving geometric sensor lock on what its gone through already what im going to show you next -is the first fully autonomous -when you go on a thing like this we can usually be in the field for anywhere from two to four months with a team of as small as twenty or thirty to as big as one hundred and fifty -this may were going to go from minus one thousand meters in zacaton and if were very lucky depthx will bring back the first robotically discovered division of bacteria -the successful conclusion of that mission will result in infrequent visitation of the moon by a small number of government scientists and pilots -it will leave us no further along in the general expansion of humanity into space than we were fifty years ago -to show you next are a couple of controversial ideas and i hope youll bear with me and have some faith that theres credibility behind what were going to say here -there are three -underpinnings -is the requirement for economical earth to space transport -the bert rutans and richard bransons of this world have got this in their sights and i salute them go go go the next thing we need -people ask me you know what kind of people do you get for a project like this and while our -are places to stay on orbit orbital hotels to start with but workshops for the rest of us later on -the final missing piece the real paradigm buster is this -a gas station on orbit its not going to look like that -if it existed it would change all future spacecraft design and space mission planning now -ten thousand dollars for that in orbit -the second is more than ninety percent of the weight of a vehicle is in propellant -thus every time youd want to do anything in space -you are literally blowing away enormous sums of money every time you hit the accelerator not even the guys at tesla can fight that physics -so what -a place where you can in fact you can get it better you can get it at fourteen times lower if you can find propellant on the moon -was a strong hydrogen signature at shackleton crater on the south pole of the moon -that signal was so strong it could only have been produced by ten trillion tons of water buried in the sediment collected over millions and billions of years by the impact of asteroids and comet material -if were going to get that and make that gas station possible we have to figure out ways to move large volumes of payload through space we cant do that right now -the way you normally build a system right now is you have a tube stack that has to be launched from the ground and resist all kinds of aerodynamic forces we have to beat that -we can do it because in space there are no aerodynamics we can go and use inflatable systems for almost everything this is an idea that again -to just about everything bob bigelow currently has a test article in the orbit we can go much further we can build space tugs orbiting platforms for holding cryogens and water -theres another thing when youre coming back from the moon you have to deal with orbital mechanics it says youre moving ten thousand feet per second faster than you really want to be -to get back to your gas station you got two choices you can burn rocket fuel to get there or you can do something really incredible -but we also value esprit de corps and the ability to diplomatically resolve inter personal conflict while under great stress in remote locations -the traditional approach to space exploration has been that you carry all the fuel you need to get everybody back in case of an emergency -if you try to do that for the moon youre going to burn a billion dollars in fuel alone sending a crew out there but if you send a mining team there without the return propellant first -this is not like that im much more like scotty i like this equipment you know and i really value it so were not going to burn the gear but -if you were truly bold you could get it there manufacture it and it would be the most dramatic demonstration that you could do something worthwhile off this planet that has ever been done -thats not true in seven years we could pull off an industrial mission to shackleton and demonstrate that you could provide commercial reality out of this in low earth orbit -the orbital refueling stations ive just described could create an entirely new industry and provide the final key for opening space to the general exploration to bust the paradigm a radically different approach is needed -we can do it by jump starting with an industrial lewis and clark expedition to shackleton crater -like to close here -by putting a stake in the sand at ted -i intend to lead that expedition -i -i cant get these parents to come to the school he said ill get them to -to sign a piece of paper that says you can -art opening but you probably didnt have -one -children at the manchester craftsmens guild because -there is no statistical difference -between the white parents -so for the remaining two years of my high school -have to -i even -stuck -just got this slide -i gave this little slide show at a place -and i did all right and the woman came out of the audience she said that was a great story and i was very -criticism is your computers are getting a little bit old and i said well what do you do for a living -you that hp and a furniture company called steelcase have adopted us as a demonstration model for all of their technology and all -you so its kind of the world debut of our digital imaging center -i only have a couple more slides and this is where the story gets kind -so i just want you to listen up for a couple more minutes and -and a guy named dizzy gillespie showed up to play there because he knew this man over here marty ashby -and i stood on that stage with dizzy gillespie on sound -on a wednesday afternoon and i said dizzy why would you come to a black run center in the middle of an industrial park with a high crime rate that doesnt even have a reputation in music he said because i heard you built the center and i didnt believe that you -i wanted to see for myself and -i have i want to give you a gift i said youre the gift he said no sir -and i recorded dizzy and he died a year later -and -and a band called the count basie orchestra -guy named gary burton -all have come to this center in the middle of an industrial park -the greatest artists -and i dont want it on my conscience -but not before his last recording was -school and im taking you with -when the basie band came the band got so excited about the school they voted to give me the rights to the music -he drove me out to the university of pittsburgh where i filled out a college application -jazz orchestra dropped -and we recorded them and got nominated for a second grammy back to back -hot -city with a high crime -place all filled up with -bomb on that room youd have wiped out all the money in -a great honor to be here -including my mother and father -just like -and he was -was our first recording studio which was -and i can now tell you with absolute certainty -an appearance on oprah winfrey will sell ten thousand cds -we are currently number four on the billboard charts right -tony bennett and i think were going to be -this was burned out during the riots this is next to my building -and so i had another cardboard box built and i walked back out on the streets again and thats the building and thats the model -the guy who came from the neighborhood -and on the rights the high tech greenhouse and in the middles the medical technology building and im very pleased to tell you that the -also -every building -the university of pittsburgh medical center are anchor tenants and they took half the building and we now train medical technicians through all their system and mellon banks a tenant and i love them because they pay the rent on -who got into the place on probation dont give up on the poor kids because you never know whats going to happen to those children -that -and you will see the greenhouse thats going to open in october this year because were going to -we have a handshake with one of the large retail grocers to sell our orchids -in all two hundred and forty -and our partners are zuma canyon orchids -which he readily agreed and we got the funding -this is what i want to do when i grow up -in life -the brown building is the one you guys have been looking at and ill tell you where i made my -i had a chance to buy this -whole industrial park which is less than one thousand feet from the riverfront -for four million dollars and i didnt do it -and i built the first building and guess what happened -im going to show you for a couple of minutes -i appreciated the real estate values beyond everybodys expectations -and the owners of the park turned me down for eight -and said mister strickland -this is in a place called -the reason this pictures in here -i did this slide show a couple years ago at a big economics summit and there was a fellow in the audience who came up to me he said man thats a great story i want one -i -what do you do for a living he says -willie brown -and so i kind of -the flattery and the praise and put it out of my mind and that weekend i was going back home -and herbie hancock was playing at our center that -and he said as god is -ive had a center like this in my mind for twenty five years and youve built it and now i really -he -chance you know willie brown -as a matter of fact he did know willie brown and willie brown and herbie and i -four years ago and we started drawing out that center on the -one is called bidwell training -willie brown said as sure as -center it is a vocational school for ex steel workers and -he got me five acres of land on san francisco bay -we got an architect and we got a general contractor and we got herbie on the board -and our friends from hp and our friends from steelcase and our friends from cisco and our friends from wells fargo and -and along the way i met this real short -slide show in the silicon valley -to me afterwards he said -man thats a fabulous story -i want to help you and i said well thank you very much for that what do you do for a living he said well -very nice thanks very much and give me your card and sometime well talk i didnt know ebay from that -jar of water sitting on that piano -but i had the presence of mind to go back and talk to one of the techie kids at my center i said hey man what is ebay he said well thats the electronic commerce network -the good news is im very aware of my responsibilities to get you out -the -and he left me his card so i called him up on the phone and i said mister skoll ive come to have a much deeper appreciation of who you are -jeff and i did become friends -and hes organized a team of -and were going to build this -and i went down into the neighborhood -called bayview hunters point and i said -the mayor sent me down to work with you -and i want to build a center with you but im not going to build you anything if you -and so -two hundred very angry -and i started showing these pictures and after about ten pictures they all settled down -of the room a woman stood up and she said in thirty five -come down here -and she turned that audience around on a pin and i -i think we can get in the ground this year -the first replication of the center -and -said i want to help you man -lets do one in l a -and so hes -people and ive fallen in love with him as i have with herbie and with -said where did the idea -for centers like this come from -because mister ross used to bring in your albums when i was sixteen years old -when the world was all dark -thats not true -i believe in your hopes and your dreams -i believe in your intelligence and i believe in your -and im tired of -going into town after town with people standing around on corners with -eyes used to be -their spirits damaged -we wont make it as a country unless we can turn this thing around -and pennsylvania it costs sixty thousand dollars to keep people in jail most of whom look like me -forty thousand dollars to build the university of pittsburgh medical school -its twenty thousand dollars cheaper to -very decent people -i think we can build these all over the country -and i believe we can turn this whole story around to one of celebration -in my business its very difficult work youre always fighting upstream like -never enough money too much -and so there is a tendency to have an occupational depression that accompanies my work and so ive figured out -the solution to the depression -you make a friend -made a few -and -in very close -as -and last year i spoke at his memorial service -the only thing standing between you -i went out and hired a student of frank lloyd wright -built in a tough neighborhood where people have been given up for -the life of -look like the solution and not the problem as you can -it -and the good news is -their courtyard i noticed that they had a -life -before you ever give them a speech -and -in my view -is this kind of -we also -created a boardroom -and i hired a japanese cabinetmaker from kyoto japan and commissioned him to do sixty pieces of furniture for our -custom furniture for rich people and i got sixty pieces out of it for my -because i felt that welfare -to come to a school where there was handcrafted furniture -because it sets a tone and an attitude about how you feel about people long before you give them the speech -even have flowers in the hallway -and theyre not plastic those -and we were particularly touched by the flowers and we were curious as to how the flowers got there i said well i got in my car and i went out to the -people remember pictures long after theyve -what you need to know is that the children and the adults deserve flowers in their life -we believe in hope and human possibilities -and so the next thing youll see -a a million -heard about my desire to build a new building because i had a cardboard box and i put it in a garbage bag and i walking all over pittsburgh trying to raise money for this site and he called me into his office which is the equivalent of going to see the wizard of -john heinz had six hundred million dollars and at the time i had about -he said but weve heard about you weve heard about your work with the kids and the ex steel workers -and were inclined to want to support your desire to build a new building and you could do us a great service if you would add a culinary program -to your program because back then we were building a trades program he said that way we could fulfilll our affirmative action goals -go into a field that i dont know much about but i promise you that if youll support my school ill get it built and in a couple of years ill come back -and weigh out that program that you desire -said well what would your reaction be -i said senator it appears that were going into the food training business -and john heinz did give me a million -and most importantly he loaned me the head of research for the heinz company and we kind of borrowed the curriculum from the culinary institute of america which in their mind is kind of the harvard -in this million dollar kitchen that happens to be our cafeteria -pastry day why because the students made puff pastry and thats what the school ate every day -the concept was that i wanted to take the stigma -good foods not for rich people good foods for everybody on the planet and theres no excuse why we cant all be eating it so at -we subsidize a gourmet lunch program for welfare -in a tough neighborhood -i wanted to let them know every day -black kids and white -and -no sophistication no class no dignity no history what weve discovered is the only thing wrong with poor people is they dont have any money -wednesday afternoon i was walking down -happens to be a curable condition -its all in the way that you think about people that often determines -by a student after seven months in the program -done by a very brilliant young woman who was taught by our -actually eaten seven of those baskets and theyre very -thats our dining room it looks like your average high school cafeteria in your average town -this is my -we train medical technicians for the medical industry -and we train chemical technicians for companies like bayer and calgon carbon and fisher scientific and exxon and i will guarantee you that if you come to my center in pittsburgh -welfare mothers doing analytical chemistry with logarithmic calculators -ten months from -people cant learn world class technology what weve discovered -you have to give -and i have -children with high school diplomas that they cant read -in the twenty one st century -that we graduate children from schools who cant read the diplomas that they -the reason is that the system gets reimbursed for the kids they spit out at the other end -the -not the children -i can take these children and in twenty weeks demonstrated aptitude -four hundred kids from the pittsburgh public school system that -for arts education and these are children -last year i put eighty eight percent of those kids in college and ive averaged over -for fifteen years weve made a fascinating -never seen anything like that before -and -that -i figured that if -treat children like human beings it increases the likelihood theyre going to behave that way -and why we cant institute -in every school and in every city -let me show you what -the art room and i said what is that and he said ceramics and who are you -in fact -i brought in a mosaic artist from the vatican an african american woman who had studied the old vatican mosaic techniques and let me show you what -sunlight -teach photography -four -we have a world class gallery because we believe that -so i designed this thing -we have smoked salmon at the -and i even have figured out a way to get their parents to come i couldnt buy a parent fifteen years ago so i hired a guy who got off -i think more influential than emily dickinson or coleridge or wordsworth on my imagination were warner brothers -merrie melodies and loony tunes cartoons bugs bunny is my muse -give you your recommended -i created a poetry channel on delta airlines that lasted for a couple of years so you could tune into poetry as you were flying and my sense is its a good thing to get poetry off the shelves and more into public life -dietary allowance of poetry -start a meeting with a poem that would be an idea you might take with you when you get a poem on a billboard or on the radio or on a cereal box or whatever it happens to you so suddenly that you dont have time to deploy your anti poetry deflector shields -that were installed in high school -so let us start with the first one its a little poem called budapest and in it i reveal or pretend to reveal the secrets of the creative -and the way im going to do that is present to you -process video narration budapest -my pen moves along the page like the snout of a strange animal shaped like a human arm and dressed in the sleeve of a loose green sweater i watch it sniffing the paper ceaselessly intent as any forager -five animations of five of my poems and let me just tell you a little bit of how that came about because the mixing of those two media is a sort of unnatural or unnecessary act but when i was united states poet laureate -it wants only to be here tomorrow dressed perhaps in the sleeve of a plaid shirt -nose pressed against the page writing a few more dutiful lines while i gaze out the window and imagine budapest or some other city where i have never been -she said you know poetry is harder than writing which i found both erroneous and profound -legs at the knees if they come with that feature and fix them into the tiny wooden chairs -all afternoon they face one another the man in the brown suit the woman in the blue dress perfectly motionless perfectly -then lowered into the dining room of a dollhouse to sit with the others at the long table -very funny but how would you like it if you never knew from one day to the next -or sitting down there amidst the wallpaper staring straight ahead -with your little plastic -and i love saying that -slippage and the poem begins with a certain species of forgetfulness that someone called literary amnesia in other words forgetting the things that you have read -of the author is the first to go followed obediently by the title the plot the heartbreaking conclusion -the entire novel which suddenly becomes one you have never read -never even heard of -it is as if one by one -the memories you used to harbor decided to retire to the southern hemisphere -long ago you kissed the names of the nine muses good bye -and you watched the quadratic equation -when i was him back then i was approached by j walter thompson the ad company and they were hired -the address of an uncle the capital of paraguay -not even lurking in some obscure -well on your own way to oblivion -where you will join those who have forgotten even how to swim -no wonder the moon in the window seems to have drifted out of a love poem -sort of by the sundance channel and the idea was to have me record some of my poems and then they would find animators to animate them and i was initially resistant because i always think poetry can stand alone by itself -deer hunting which meant getting lost with a gun basically -i wondered about you when you told me never to leave a box of wooden strike anywhere matches just lying around the house because the mice might get into them and start a fire but your face was absolutely straight -against rough hewn beam the sudden flare and the creature for one bright shining moment suddenly thrust ahead of his time -and who could fail to notice lit up in the blazing insulation -the tiny looks of wonderment on the faces of his fellow mice one time inhabitants of what once was your house in the country -thank you and the last poem is called the dead i wrote this after a friends funeral but not so much about the friend as something the eulogist kept saying as all eulogists tend to do which is -attempts to put my poems to music have had disastrous results in all cases and the poem if its written with the ear already has been set to its own verbal music as it was composed -how happy the deceased would be to look down and see all of us assembled and that to me was a bad start to the afterlife having to witness your own funeral and feel gratified so the little poem is called -the dead are always looking down on us they say -and when we lie down in a field or on a couch -drugged perhaps by the hum of a warm afternoon they think we are looking back at them which makes them lift their oars and fall silent and wait like parents for us to close our eyes -and schlepping is an ancient and honorable art -if it has a subject the subject is adolescence -and its addressed to a certain person its called to my favorite seventeen year old high school girl -do you realize that if you had started building the parthenon on the day you were born you would be all done in only one more year -of course you couldnt have done that all alone so never mind youre fine just being yourself -youre loved for just being you -but did you know that at your age judy garland was pulling down one hundred and fifty thousand dollars a picture -joan of arc was leading the french army to victory -and blaise pascal had cleaned up his room no wait i mean he had invented the calculator -of course there will be time for all that later in your life -after you come out of your room and begin to blossom or at least pick up all your socks -and surely if youre reading a poem that mentions a cow you dont need on the facing page a drawing of a cow i mean lets let the reader do a little work -for some reason i keep remembering that lady jane grey was queen of england when she was only fifteen -but then she was beheaded so never mind her as a role model -when he was your age franz schubert was doing the dishes for his family -but that did not keep him from composing two symphonies four operas and two complete masses as a youngster -not here in the suburbs of cleveland -playing with your food and staring into space -but i relented because it seemed like an interesting possibility and also im like a total cartoon junkie since childhood -but death is inevitable -i spoke some time ago to -why they have a speaker from the field of religion -a joint session of congress last year -and we were meeting in that room -about three hundred of them -and i said theres one thing that we have in common in this room all of us together whether republican or democrat -i said were all going to die and we have that in common with all these great men of the past that are staring down at us -and its often difficult for young people to understand that -as the ancient writer of ecclesiastes wrote -he said theres every activity under heaven -theres a time to be born -the deathbed -of several famous people whom you would know -seen them in those agonizing moments when they were scared to -and yet a few years earlier -richard can answer that -death never -i talked to a woman this past week -was a famous doctor -never thought of god never talked about god didnt believe in god he was an atheist -because he made that decision -as he came to -and he said for the first time in his life hed thought about -and about god -what is the greatest surprise in your life -and i said the greatest surprise in my life is the brevity of life -passes so -in the aftermath of world war ii concluded quote -science and religion are not antagonists -on the contrary -he put it on a personal basis i knew doctor von braun very well -and he said speaking for myself i can only say that the grandeur of the cosmos serves only to confirm a belief in the certainty of a creator -he also said -in our search to know god ive come to believe that the life of jesus christ -should be the focus of our efforts and inspiration the reality of this life and his resurrection is the hope of mankind -ive done a lot of speaking in germany -and in france -and in different parts of the world one hundred and five countries its been my privilege to speak in -and i was invited one day to visit -and on that elevator a man said i hear billy graham is staying in this hotel -and he once and he said to me he said young man -he said do you believe in the resurrection of jesus christ -and i said sir i do -he said so do i he said when i leave office -im going to spend my time writing a book -on why jesus christ rose again and why its so important to believe that -in one of his plays alexander solzhenitsyn -depicts a man dying who says to those gathered around his bed -the moment when its terrible to feel regret is when one is dying -how should one live in order not to feel regret when one is dying -another man looked in my direction and said yes there he is hes on this elevator with us and this man looked me up and down for about ten seconds and he said my what an -at the frontiers of mathematics even as a teenager -he is viewed by many as the -the probability theory -and a creator of the first model of a computer -and of course you are all familiar with the computer language named for him -he was astounded -at the phenomenon weve been considering that -yet they also are full of anger hypocrisy and have and self hatreds pascal saw us as a remarkable mixture of genius and self delusion -four -had a profound -he wrote in his journal these -i submit myself -to jesus christ my redeemer -a french historian said -two centuries later -seldom has so mighty an intellect -that his own sins and failures could be forgiven -and that when he died he would go to a place called heaven -he experienced it in a way that went beyond scientific observation and reason it was he who penned the well known words -the heart has its reasons -which reason knows not -equally well known is pascals wager -essentially he said this if you bet on -open yourself to his love you lose nothing even if youre wrong -but if instead you bet that there is no god -the knowledge of god was far beyond anything that ever crossed his mind -when he died at the age of thirty nine -to be seventy a long time in his era yet he too had to face death -and he wrote these words -i walk through the valley of the shadow of death -i will fear no -for you are with me -this was davids answer to three dilemmas of evil suffering and death -and allow him to fill your life -when i was seventeen years of age -i was born and reared on a farm in north carolina -i milked cows every morning and i had to milk the same cows every evening when i came home -i hope that you wont feel that these few moments with me is not a is an anticlimax after all this tremendous -and i worked on the farm -and tried to keep up with my studies -good grades in high school -i didnt make them in college until -one day i was faced face to face -the way the truth and the -can you imagine that i am the truth -im the embodiment of all truth -he was a liar -or he was insane -or he was what he claimed to be -i had to make that decision -but by faith i said i believe him -and he came into my heart -when i hear that call -to go into the presence of god -thank you and god bless all of you -on an airplane in the east some years ago -and the man sitting across the aisle from me was the mayor of charlotte north carolina his name was john belk some of you will probably know him -and there was a drunk man on -and he got up out of his seat two or three times and he was making everybody upset by -what he was trying to do and he was slapping the stewardess and pinching her as she went -and everybody was upset with him -and finally john belk said do you know whos sitting here -man -and he turned to me and he said -he said your sermons have certainly helped -and i suppose that thats true with thousands of people -i know that as you have been peering into the future -and as weve heard some of it here tonight -i would like to live in that age and see what is going to be -but i -because im eighty years old this is my -and i know that my time is brief -i have phlebitis at the moment in both legs -and some other problems that i wont talk about -this is not the first time that weve had a technological revolution -in one generation -the nation of the people of israel -a tremendous and dramatic change that made them a great power -a man by the name of david came to the throne -and king david became one of the great leaders -of his generation -brilliant poet -soldier with strategies in battle and conflict that people study even today -but they wouldnt allow the israelis to look into it or to have any -but david changed all of -and he introduced the iron age to israel -and the bible says that david laid up great stores of -which archaeologists have found that in present day palestine -there are evidences of that generation now instead of -crude tools -made of sticks and stones -as a clergyman -israel now had iron -and in the course of one generation israel was completely changed the introduction of iron in some ways had an impact -you can imagine how out of place -there were many problems that technology could not solve -and theyre still with us and you havent solved them and i havent heard anybody here speak to that -how do we solve these three problems that id like to mention -the first one that david saw was human evil -i feel like a fish out of -how do we solve it -and again in the psalms which gladstone said was the greatest book in the world -david describes the evils of the human -and yet he says -he restores my soul -have you ever thought about what a contradiction we -on one hand we can probe the deepest secrets of the universe and dramatically push back the frontiers of technology -as this conference vividly demonstrates -weve seen under the -an owl out of the air -hundreds of billions of years out in the future -our battleships -our soldiers -on a frontier now almost ready to go to war -why do we have these wars in every generation and in every part of the world and revolutions -we cant get along with other people -even in our own families -find ourselves in the paralyzing grip of self destructive habits we cant break -and injustice and violence sweep our world bringing a tragic harvest of heartache and -i was preaching in san jose some time ago and my friend mark kvamme who helped introduce me to this conference -even the most sophisticated among us seem powerless to break this cycle -i would like to see oracle -work on this how do we change man -the bible says the problem is within us -within our hearts and our souls -which we call god -and we need to have our souls restored -jesus said for out of the heart -come evil thoughts -false testimonies slander -the british philosopher bertrand russell was not a religious man -but he said its in our hearts that the evil lies -and its from our hearts that it must be plucked out -albert einstein -mister einstein he didnt have a doctors degree because he said nobody was qualified to give him -easier to denature plutonium -to denature the evil spirit of man -brought several ceos and leaders of some of the companies here in the silicon valley to have breakfast with me or i with them -and many of you im sure have thought about that -and puzzled over it youve seen people -take beneficial technological advances -such as the internet weve heard about tonight and twist them into something -the oklahoma city bombing was simple technology -the problem is the person or persons using it -king david said -that he knew the depths of his own soul -that included murder -yet king david sought gods forgiveness and said you can restore my soul -the bible teaches -that were more than a body and -we are -thats the part of us that yearns -for god or something more -we find in technology -your soul is that part of you that yearns for meaning in life -and which seeks for something beyond this life -its the part of you that yearns really for god i find young people all over the world -are searching for something -they dont know what it is i speak at many universities -oxford ive spoken at all of those universities im going to harvard in about three or four no its about two months from now -to give a lecture and -the same questions that i was asked the last few times ive been -and i was so stimulated and had such it was an -on these few questions -i come from why am i here where am i going whats life all about why am i here -even if you have no religious belief there are times when you wonder that theres something else -thomas edison also said when you see everything that happens in the world of science and in the working of the universe you cannot deny that theres a captain on the bridge -i went to ambassador dobrynin whom i knew very well and id been to russia several times -under the communists and theyd given me marvelous freedom that i didnt expect -going to sit beside misters -and he surprised me with the answer he said talk to her about religion and philosophy thats what shes really interested in i was a little bit surprised but that evening -eye opening experience -thats what we talked about and it was a stimulating conversation -and afterward she said you know im an atheist but i know that theres something up there higher than we are -the second problem that king david -writing the oldest book in the world was job and he said man is born unto trouble as the sparks fly upward -to hear them talk -a few months ill be eighty years of age -i admit that im very grateful for all the medical advances -about the world that is yet to come -that have kept me in relatively good health all these years -i havent given a talk in -and when you speak as much as i do three or four times a day -every time you ever hear me on the television or somewhere -through technology -got some notes here so that -which i do sometimes -ive got something i can turn to -but even here among us -and science -in the most advanced society in the world -we have poverty -friends that betray us unbearable psychological pressures bear down on us ive never met a person in the world that didnt have a problem -or a worry why do we suffer -its an age old question that we havent -yet david again and again said -that he would turn to god -he said the lord is my shepherd -the -problem that david knew he could not solve was death -i know that were near the end of this conference -many commentators have said that death is the forbidden subject of our generation -most people live as if -going to die -we see people on our screens marilyn monroe is just as beautiful on the screen as she was in person -and our many young people think shes -and some of you may be wondering -they dont know that shes dead -or clark gable or whoever it is -the old stars they come to life -the dirt to make plants grow they do this because theyve stripped the soil of all nutrients from growing the same crop over and over again next more harmful chemicals are sprayed on fruits and vegetables like -to kill weeds and bugs when it rains these chemicals seep into the ground or run off into our waterways -i discovered that theres a movement for a better way now a while back i wanted to be an nfl football player i decided that id rather be an organic farmer instead -my name is birke baehr and im eleven years old i -have a greater impact on the world this -we can all make a difference by making different choices by buying our food directly from local farmers or our neighbors who weve known all our lives -whats wrong with our food system first of all i would like to say -now -bills farm and volunteer so i can see up close and personal where the meat i eat comes from i want you to know that i believe kids will eat fresh vegetables and good food -my little cousin told his dad that he would rather have the organic toasted os cereal because birke said he shouldnt eat sparkly cereal -and that my friends is how we can make a difference one kid at a time so next time youre at the grocery store think local choose organic know your farmer and know your -to get their parents to buy stuff that really isnt good for us or the planet little kids especially are attracted by colorful packaging and plastic toys -came from these happy little farms where pigs rolled in mud and cows grazed on grass all day -was this is not -i began to look -i discovered the dark side of the industrialized food system first theres genetically engineered seeds and organisms that is when a seed is manipulated in a laboratory to do something not intended by nature -and the buildings they dont only sort of invoke the imagery of the mountains they also operate like mountains they create shelter from the wind -they accumulate the solar energy they accumulate the water so they actually transform the entire island into a single ecosystem -so we recently presented the master plan and it has gotten approved and this summer we are starting the construction documents -of the two first mountains in whats going to be the first carbon neutral island in -the cliche of the radical architect is the sort of angry young man rebelling against the establishment or this idea of the misunderstood genius frustrated that the world doesnt fit in with his or her ideas -so in a way you can see how the mountain in copenhagen sort of evolved into the seven peaks of azerbaijan -with a little luck and some more evolution maybe in ten years it could be the five mountains of on mars thank you -rather than revolution were much more interested in evolution this idea that things gradually evolve by adapting and improvising to the -his famous evolutionary tree could almost be a diagram of the way we work as you can see a project evolves through a series of generations of design meetings -about architecture quite often just stays on contemplating the final result sort of the architectural object is the latest tower in london a gherkin or a sausage or a -at each meeting theres way too many ideas only the best ones can survive and through a process of architectural selection we might choose a really beautiful model -or we might have a very functional model we mate them they have sort of mutant offspring -and through these sort of generations of design meetings we arrive at a design a very literal way of showing it is a project we did for a library and a hotel in copenhagen -the design process was like really tough almost like a struggle for survival but gradually an idea evolved this sort of idea of a rational tower that melts together with the surrounding city -but darwin doesnt only explain the evolution of a single idea as you can see sometimes a subspecies branches off and quite often we sit in a design meeting and we discover that -this great idea it doesnt really work in this context but for another client in another culture it could really be the right answer to a different question -so as a result we never throw anything out we keep our office almost like an archive of architectural biodiversity you never know when you might need it -and what id like to do now in an act of warp speed story telling is tell the story of how two projects evolved by adapting and improvising to the happenstance of the world -the first story starts last year when we went to shanghai to do the competition for the danish national pavilion for the world expo in two thousand and ten and we saw this guy -the mascot of the expo and he looks strangely familiar in fact he looked like a building we had designed for -a hotel in the north of sweden when we submitted it for the swedish competition we thought it was a really cool scheme but it didnt exactly look like something from the north of sweden the swedish jury didnt think so -so we lost but then we had a meeting with a chinese businessman who saw our design and said wow thats the chinese character for the word people -so recently we asked ourselves if we could invent a format that could actually tell the stories behind the projects maybe combining images and drawings and words to actually sort of -so apparently this is how you write people as in the peoples republic of china we even double checked and at the same time we got invited to exhibit at the shanghai creative industry week -so the peoples building as we called it this is our two interpreters sort of reading the architecture it went on the cover of the wen wei po newspaper which got mister liang yu chen the mayor of shanghai to visit the exhibition and we had the chance to explain the project -and he said shanghai is the city in the world with most skyscrapers but to him it was as if the connection to the roots had been cut over -but like i said haibao looked very familiar because he is actually the chinese character for people and they chose this mascot because the theme -of the expo is better city better life sustainability and we thought like sustainability has grown into being this sort of neo protestant idea that is has to hurt in order to do good -you know youre not supposed to take long warm showers youre not supposed to fly on holidays because its bad for the environment -you get this idea that sustainable life is less fun than normal life so we thought that maybe it could be interesting to focus on examples where a sustainable city actually increases the quality of life -china has many great poets but we discovered that in the peoples republic public school curriculum they have three fairy tales by an tu shung or hans christian anderson as we call him -tell stories about architecture and we discovered that we didnt have to invent it it already existed in the form of a comic book -so that means that all one point three billion chinese have grown up with the emperors new clothes the matchstick girl and the little mermaid its almost like a fragment of danish culture integrated into chinese culture -and it sort of shows the difference between these two cities copenhagen shanghai modern european but then we looked at recent urban development -and we noticed that this is like a shanghai street thirty years ago all bikes no cars this is how it looks today all traffic jam bicycles have become forbidden many places -we donate one thousand bikes to shanghai so if you come to the expo go straight to the danish pavillion get a danish bike and then continue on that to visit the other pavillions -so we basically copied the format of the comic book so actually we tell the stories of behind the scenes how our projects actually evolve through adaptation and improvisation -so we thought that these expos quite often have a lot of state financed propaganda images statements but no real experience so just like with a bike we dont talk about it you can try it like with the -this is where people normally object that it doesnt sound very sustainable to sail water from copenhagen to china but in fact the container ships go full of good from china to denmark -and then they sail empty back so quite often you load water for ballast so we can actually hitch a ride for free and in the middle of this sort of harbor bath were actually going to put the actual little mermaid -so the real mermaid the real water and the real bikes and when shes gone were going to invite a chinese artist to reinterpret her the architecture of the pavilion is this sort of loop of exhibition and -when you go to the exhibition youll see the mermaid and the pool youll walk around start looking for a bicycle on the roof jump on your ride and then continue out into the rest of the expo -so when we actually won the competition we had to do an exhibition in china explaining the project and to our surprise we got one of our boards back with corrections from the chinese state censorship -so when it came out in denmark that we were actually going to move our national monument the national peoples party sort of -the turmoil and the opportunities and the incidents of the real world we call this comic book yes is more -rebelled against it they tried to pass a law against moving the mermaid so for the first time i got invited to speak at the national parliament -in the morning from nine to eleven they were discussing the bailout package how many billions to invest in saving the danish economy -but to conclude if you want to see the mermaid from may to december next year dont come to copenhagen because shes going to be in shanghai -if you do come to copenhagen you will probably see an installation by ai weiwei the chinese artist but if the chinese government intervenes it might even be a panda -so the second story that id like to tell is actually starts in my own house this is my apartment -this is the view from my apartment over the sort of landscape of triangular balconies that our client called the leonardo dicaprio balcony -which is obviously a sort of evolution of the ideas of some of our heroes in this case its mies van der rohes less is more he triggered the modernist revolution -and -they form this sort of vertical backyard where on a nice summer day youll actually get introduced to all your neighbors in a vertical radius of ten meters -the house is sort of a distortion of a square block trying to zig zag it to make sure that all of the apartments look at the straight views instead of into each other -because copenhagen is completely flat if you want to have a nice south facing slope with a view you basically have to do it yourself then we sort of cut up the volume so we wouldnt block the view from my apartment -and essentially the parking is sort of occupying the deep space underneath the apartments and up in the sun you have like a single layer of apartments -all the splendors of a suburban lifestyle like a house with a garden with a sort of metropolitan view and a sort of dense urban location -this is our first architectural model this is an aerial photo taken last summer and essentially the apartments cover the parking they are accessed through this diagonal -after him followed the post modern counter revolution robert venturi saying less is a bore after him philip johnson sort of introduced -and -the facade of the parking we wanted to make the parking naturally ventilated so we needed to perforate it and we discovered that by controlling the size of the holes we could actually turn the entire facade into a gigantic naturally ventilated rasterized image -so if you go back into the parking into the corridors its almost like traveling into a parallel universe from -into this sort of south facing urban oasis the wood of your apartment continues outside becoming the facades if you go even further it turns into -and all the rainwater that drops on the mountain is actually accumulated and there is an automatic irrigation system -so the mountain is like our first built example of what we like to refer to as architectural alchemy this idea that you can actually create if not gold then at least added value by mixing traditional ingredients like normal apartments and normal parking -and in this case actually offer people the chance that they dont have to choose between a life with a garden or a life in the city they can actually have both -as an architect its really hard to set the agenda you cant just say that -now id like to do a sustainable city in central asia because thats not really how you get commissions you always have to sort of adapt and improvise to the opportunities and accidents that happen and the sort of turmoil of the world -one last example is that recently we like last summer we won the competition to design a nordic national bank this was the director of the bank when he was still smiling -it was in the middle of the capital so we were really excited by this opportunity unfortunately it was the national bank of iceland -at the same time we actually had a visitor a minister from azerbaijan came to our office we took him to see the mountain -and he got very excited by this idea that you could actually make mountains out of architecture because azerbaijan is known as the alps of central asia -so he asked us if we could actually imagine an urban master plan on an island outside the capital that would recreate the silhouette of the seven most significant mountains of azerbaijan -so we took the commission and we made this small movie that id like to show we quite often make little movies we always argue a lot about the soundtrack but in this case it was really easy to choose the song -so basically baku is this sort of crescent bay overlooking the island of zira the island that we are planning almost like the diagram of their flag -and what wed like to say with yes is more is basically trying to question this idea that the architectural avant garde is almost always negatively defined as who or what we are against -our main idea was to sort of sample the seven most significant mountains of the topography of azerbaijan and reinterpret them into urban and architectural structures inhabitable of human life -it has no vegetation it has no water it has no energy no resources so we actually sort of designed the entire island as a single ecosystem exploiting wind energy to drive the desalination plants and to use the thermal properties of water -to heat and cool the buildings and all the sort of excess freshwater wastewater is filtered organically into the landscape gradually transforming the desert island into sort of a green lush landscape -so you can say where an urban development normally happens at the expense of nature in this case its actually creating nature -the obvious question would be to ask what do you think are the biggest things where should we start on solving these problems but thats a wrong problem to ask that was actually the problem -in davos in january but of course theres a problem in asking people to focus on problems because -what id like to talk about is really the biggest problems in the world im not going to talk about the skeptical environmentalist probably thats also a good choice -to communicable diseases it might be health clinics or mosquito nets to conflicts it would be u n s peacekeeping forces and so on -the point that i would like to ask you to try to do is just in thirty seconds and i know this is in a sense an impossible task write down what you think is probably some of the top priorities and also and thats of course where economics gets evil -to put down what are the things we should not do first what should be at the bottom of the list please just take thirty seconds perhaps talk to your neighbor and just figure out what should be the top priorities and the bottom priorities of the solutions that we have to the worlds biggest issues -the amazing part of this process and of course i mean i would love to i only have eighteen minutes ive already given you quite a substantial amount of my -these discussions afterwards to think about -how do we actually prioritize of course you have to ask yourself why on earth was such a list never done before and one reason is that prioritization is incredibly uncomfortable -but i am going talk about what are the big problems in the world and i must say before i go on i should ask every one of you to try and get out pen and paper because im actually going to ask you to help me to look at how we do that so get out your pen and paper -spots on the list than there is number ones it makes perfect sense not to want to do such a list weve had the u n for almost sixty years yet weve never actually made -a fundamental list of all the big things that we can do in the world and said which of them should we do first so it doesnt mean -that we are not prioritizing any decision is a prioritization so of course we are still prioritizing if only implicitly and thats unlikely to be as good as if we actually did the prioritization and went in and talked about -so what im proposing is really to say that we have for a very long time had a situation when weve had a menu of choices there are many many things we can do out there -not had the prices nor the sizes we have not had an idea imagine going into a restaurant and getting this big menu card but you have no idea what the price is you know you -have a pizza youve no idea what the price is it could be at one dollar it could be one thousand dollars it could be a family size pizza it could be a very individual size pizza right wed like to know these things -and that is what the copenhagen consensus is really trying to do to try to put prices on these issues and so basically this has been the copenhagen consensus process -we got thirty of the worlds best economists three in each area so we have three of worlds top economists write about climate change what can we do -what will be the cost and what will be the benefit of that likewise in communicable diseases three of the worlds top experts saying what can we do what would be the price -what should we do about it and what will be the outcome and so on then we had some of the worlds top economists -of the worlds top economists including three nobel laureates meet in copenhagen in may two thousand and four we called them the dream team the cambridge university -call them the real madrid of economics that works very well in europe but it doesnt really work over here and what they basically did was come out with a prioritized list and then you ask why economists -and of course im very happy you asked that question because thats a very good question the point is of course if you want to know about malaria you ask a malaria expert if you want to know about climate you ask a climatologist -bottom line is there is a lot of problems out there in the world im just going to list some of them there are eight hundred million people starving theres a billion people without clean drinking water -but if you want to know which of the two you should deal with first you cant ask either of them because thats not what they do that is what economists do they prioritize they make that -in some ways disgusting task of saying which one should we do first and which one should we do afterwards -so this is the list and this is the one id like to share with you of course you can also see it on the website and well also talk about it more im sure as the day goes on they basically came up with a list where they said there were -projects where if you invest a dollar you get less than a dollar back then theres fair projects good projects and very good projects and of course its the very good projects we should start doing im going to go from backwards so that we end up with the best -as you might see the bottom of the list was climate change this offends a lot of people and thats probably one of the things where people will say i shouldnt come back -reason why they came up with saying that kyoto or doing something more than kyoto is a bad deal is simply because its very inefficient its not saying that global warming is not happening its not saying that its not a big problem but its saying -that what we can do about it is very little at a very high cost -what they basically show us the average of all macroeconomic models is that kyoto if everyone agreed would cost about one hundred and fifty billion dollars a year -thats a substantial amount of money thats two to three times the global development aid that we give the third world every year yet it would do very little good all models show it will postpone warming -so the idea here really is to say well weve spent a lot of money doing a little good and just to give you a sense of reference the u n actually estimate that for half that amount for about seventy five billion dollars a year -we could solve all major basic problems in the world we could give clean drinking water sanitation basic healthcare and education to every single human being on the planet -so we have to ask ourselves do we want to spend twice the amount on doing very little good -or half the amount on doing an amazing amount of -and that is really why it becomes a bad project its not to say that if we had all the money in the world we wouldnt want to do it but its to say when we don -its just simply not our first priority the fair projects notice im not going to comment on all these but communicable diseases scale of basic health services just made it simply because yes scale of basic health services is a great thing it would do a lot of -but its also very very costly again what it tells us is suddenly we start thinking about both sides of the equation if you look at the good projects a lot of sanitation and water projects came in again sanitation and water is incredibly important -but it also costs a lot of infrastructure so id like to show you the top four priorities which should be at least the first ones -that we deal with when we talk about how we should deal with the problems in the world the fourth best problem is malaria dealing with malaria the incidence of malaria is about a couple of people get infected every year it might even cost up towards -percentage point of gdp every year for affected nations if we invested about thirteen billion dollars over the next four years we could bring that incidence down to half -change so on there are many many problems out there in an ideal world we would solve -we would significantly increase their ability to deal with many of the other problems that they have to deal with of course in the long run also to deal with global warming -third best one was free trade basically the model showed that if we could get free trade and especially cut subsidies in the u s and europe -we could basically enliven the global economy to an astounding number of about two thousand four hundred billion dollars a year -half of which would accrue to the third world again the point is to say that we could actually pull two to three hundred million people out of poverty -theres a very cheap way of dealing with malnutrition namely the lack of micronutrients basically about half of the worlds population is lacking in iron zinc iodine and vitamin a -but we dont we dont actually solve all problems and if we do not the question i think we need to ask ourselves and thats why its on the economy session -if we invest about twelve billion dollars we could make a severe inroad into that problem that would be the second best investment that we could do and the very best project would be -to focus on hiv aids basically if we invest twenty seven billion dollars over the next eight years we could avoid twenty eight new million cases of hiv aids -again what this does and what it focuses on is saying there are two very different ways that we can deal with hiv aids one is treatment the other one is -and again in an ideal world we would do both -but in a world where we dont do either or dont do it very well -we have to at least ask ourselves where should we invest first and treatment is much much more expensive than prevention so basically what this focuses on is saying we can do a lot more by investing in prevention basically for the amount of money that we spend -we can do x amount of good in treatment and ten times as much good in prevention so again what we focus on is prevention rather than treatment at first rate what this really does is that it makes us think about our priorities -have you look at your priority list and say did you get it right or did you get close to what we came up with -well of course one of the things is climate change again i find a lot of people find it very very unlikely that we should do that we should also do climate change if for no other reason simply because its such a big problem -but of course we dont do all problems there are many problems out there in the world and what i want to make -if we actually focus on problems that we focus on the right ones the ones where we can do a lot of good rather than a little good and i think actually -thomas schelling one of the participants in the dream team he put it very very well one of things that people forget is that in one hundred years when were talking about most of the climate change impacts will be -people will be much much richer even the most pessimistic impact scenarios of the u n estimate that the average person in the developing world -one hundred will be about as rich as we are today much more likely they will be two to four times richer than we are and of course well be even richer than that -but the point is to say when we talk about saving people or helping people in bangladesh in two thousand one hundred were not talking about a poor bangladeshi were actually talking about a fairly rich dutch guy -and so the real point of course is to say do we want to spend a lot of money helping a little one hundred years from now a fairly rich dutch guy -or do we want to help real poor people right now in bangladesh who really need the help and whom we can help very very cheaply or as schelling put it imagine if you were -will be a rich chinese a rich bolivian a rich congolese in two thousand one hundred thinking back on two thousand and five and saying how -that they cared so much about helping me a little bit through climate change -and cared so fairly little -about helping my grandfather and my great grandfather -they could have helped so much more -and who needed the help so much more -so i think that really does tell us why it is we need to get our priorities straight even if it doesnt accord to the typical way we see this problem of course thats mainly because climate change has such good pictures -we have you know the day after tomorrow it looks great right its a good film in the sense that i certainly want to see it right but dont expect emmerich -to spend to do good in this world where should we spend it we identified ten of the biggest challenges in the world -to cast brad pitt in his next movie digging latrines in tanzania or something it just doesnt make for as much of a movie so in many ways i think of the copenhagen consensus and the whole discussion of priorities as a defense for boring problems -to make sure that we realize its not about making us feel good its not about making things that have the most media attention but its about making places where we can actually do the most good -the other objections i think that are important to say is that im somehow or we are somehow positing a false choice of course we should do all things in an ideal world i would certainly agree -likewise people are also saying but what about the iraq war you know we spend one hundred billion dollars why dont we spend that on doing good in the world im all for that if any one of you guys can talk bush into doing that thats fine but the point of course is still to say if you get another one hundred billion dollars -just briefly read them climate change communicable diseases conflicts education financial instability governance and corruption malnutrition and hunger -so the real issue here is to get ourselves back and think about what are the right priorities i should just mention briefly is this really the right list that we got out -you know when you ask the worlds best economists you inevitably end up asking old white american men and theyre not necessarily -ways of looking at the entire world so we actually invited eighty young people from all over the world to come and solve the same problem the only two requirements were that they were -studying at the university and they spoke english -the majority of them were first from developing countries they had all the same material but they could go vastly outside the scope of discussion and they certainly did to come up with their own lists and the surprising thing was -that the list was very similar with malnutrition and diseases at the top and climate change at the bottom weve done this many other times theres been many other seminars and university students and different things -they all come out with very much the same list and that gives me great hope really in saying that i do believe that there is a -to get us to start thinking about priorities and saying what is the important thing in the world of course in an ideal world again wed love to do everything but if we dont do it -then we can start thinking about where should we start i see the copenhagen consensus as a process we did it in two thousand and four and we hope to assemble many more people -getting much better information for two thousand and eight two thousand and twelve map out the right path for the world but also to start thinking about political -at the end of the day you can disagree with the discussion of how we actually prioritize these but we have to be honest and frank about saying if theres some things we do -but im going to show you some more candy sort of stuff so we see the imagery of course not stopping -sky these little green bubbles represent photosynths that users have made im not going to dive into them either but photosynths and integrated into the map -and so when you fly down -thank you when you fly down to the ground -and you see this kind of panoramic imagery the first thing that you might notice is that its not just a picture theres -just as much three dimensional understanding of this environment as there is of the three dimensional city from above so if i click on something to get a closer view of it -then the fact that that transition looks as it does is a function of all of that geometry all of that three d understanding behind this model now ill show you a fun app -that -thank -but whats cool about this is that not only is it augmenting this visual representation of the world with -now i just made a transition indoors thats also interesting okay notice theres now a roof above us were inside the pike place market -and this is something that were able to do with a backpack camera so were not only imaging in the street with this camera on tops of cars but were also imaging inside -which is microsofts online mapping effort in the past two and a half weve been very hard at work on redefining the way maps work online -and from here were able to do the same sorts of registration not only of still images but also -of video so this is something that were now going to try for the first time live and this is really truly very frightening -okay -all right guys are you there all right -there we go so these are our friends in pike place market the lab -theyre broadcasting this live okay george can you pan back over to the corner market because i want to show points of interest -the other way yeah yeah back to the corner back to the corner i dont want to see you guys yet -back to the corner back to the corner back to the -and we really are seeing this in very different terms from the kind of mapping and direction site that one is used to -were doing two different things here one of them is to take that -now and walk back outside and while i walk outside ill just mention that here were using this for telepresence but you can equally well use this -on the spot for augmented reality when you use it on the spot it means that youre able to bring all of that metadata and information about the world to you so here were taking the extra step of also broadcasting it that was being broadcast by the way on a four g network from -the market all right and now theres one last ted talk that microsoft has given in the past several years and thats curtis wong worldwide telescope so were going to head over to the dumpsters where its traditional after a long day at the market -to go out for a break but also stare up at the sky this is the integration of worldwide telescope -time but if we scrub the time then we can see how the sky will look at different times and we can get all this very detailed information -about different times different dates lets move the moon a little higher in the sky maybe change the -date i would like to kind of zoom in on the moon -so this is an astronomically complete representation of the sky integrated right into the earth all right now ive run my time so ive got to stop thank you all very much -mapping is of course not just about cartography its also about imagery so as we zoom in beyond a certain level this resolves into a kind of sim city like -we see this space this three dimensional environment as being a canvas on which all sorts of applications can -play out and maps directions are really just one of them if you click on -this youll see some of the ones that weve put out just in the past couple of months since weve launched so for example a couple of days after the disaster in haiti we -an earthquake map that showed before and after pictures from the sky this wonderful one which i dont have time to show you is taking hyper local blogs in real time and mapping those stories those entries to the places that are referred to on the blogs its wonderful -and they dissipate this energy in the form of heat and you know that effect however -inside a superconductor -there are no collisions so there is no energy dissipation its quite remarkable -think about it in classical physics there is always some friction some energy loss but not here because it is a quantum effect but thats not all because -perfect as we all know and sometimes strands of magnetic field remain inside the superconductor -now -under proper conditions which we have here these strands of magnetic field can be trapped -inside the superconductor -inside the superconductor -these are not particles but they behave like particles -when we put it inside -dissipate energy which breaks the superconductivity state -so what it actually does it locks these strands which are called fluxons and it locks these fluxons in place and by doing that what it actually does -is locking itself in place why because -any movement -of the superconductor will change their place will change their configuration so we get quantum locking and let me show you -how this works i have here a superconductor which i wrapped up so itd stay cold long enough -and when i place it on -and it will be locked in this new configuration -like this or move it slightly to the right or to the left so -this is quantum locking -you wont be surprised to hear that if i take this circular magnet -in which the magnetic field is the same all around -the superconductor will be able to freely rotate around the axis of the magnet why because as long as it rotates -the locking is maintained you see i can adjust -and i can rotate the superconductor we have -frictionless motion it is still levitating but can move freely all around -so -we have quantum locking and we can levitate it on top of this magnet -three inch disk but thats not the amazing part yet because there is something i havent told you yet -and yeah the amazing part is that this superconductor that you see here -superconductivity is a quantum state of matter -i can extend this circular magnet and make whatever track i want for example i can make -and when i place the superconducting disk on top of this rail it moves freely -and again thats not all i can adjust its position like this and rotate and it -freely moves in this new position -while it stays here dont move i will try to -hopefully if i did it correctly it stays suspended -you see its quantum locking not levitation -let me tell you a little bit about superconductors now -so we now know that we are able to transfer enormous amount of currents inside superconductors so we can use them -to produce strong magnetic fields such as needed in mri machines particle accelerators and so on -but we can also store energy using superconductors because we have no dissipation and we could also produce power cables to transfer enormous amounts of -let me answer this simple question by giving you an example imagine you would have -a disk similar to the one i have here in my hand three inch diameter with a single difference the superconducting layer instead of being half a micron thin -being two millimeters thin quite thin this two millimeter thin superconducting layer -in my hand amazing thank you -we are now able to demonstrate to you quantum levitation and quantum locking so -a superconductor is defined by two properties the first is zero electrical resistance and the second is the expulsion of a magnetic field -from the interior of the superconductor -that sounds complicated right but what is electrical resistance so -look at this cartoon by roz chast the guy reading the obituary two years younger than you twelve years older than you three years your junior your age on the dot exactly your age -so it focuses on our obsessions our narcissism our foils and our foibles really not someone else -art and science is whats called bisociation you have to bring together ideas from different frames of reference and you have to do it quickly to understand the cartoon if the different frames of reference dont come together in about five seconds its not funny but i think they will for you here -different frames of reference you slept with her didnt you -french army knife -that are puzzling like this cartoon would puzzle many people how many people know what this cartoon -the dog is signaling -he wants to go for a walk this is the signal for a catcher to walk -here cowboy to a cow very impressive id like to find five thousand more like you -we understand that its absurd but were putting the two together -in general people who enjoy more nonsense enjoy more abstract art they tend to be liberal less conservative that type of stuff but for us and for me helping design the humor it doesnt make any sense to compare one to the other its sort of a smorgasbord thats made all interesting -now when you look at new yorker cartoons id like you to stop and think a little bit more about them thank you -and when you actually look at that and nobody knows what anybody else is laughing at and when you look at that the subjectivity involved in humor is really interesting lets look at this cartoon -discouraging data on the antidepressant -generally about eighty five percent of the people liked it a hundred and nine voted it a ten the highest ten voted it one but look at the individual responses i like animals look how much they like them -to people like this i point out we use anesthetic ink -and we have one thousand cartoons of course many many cartoons must be rejected now we could fit more cartoons in the magazine if we removed the articles -but i feel that would be a huge loss -cartoonists come in through the magazine every week the average cartoonist who stays with the magazine does ten or fifteen ideas every week but they mostly are going to be rejected thats the nature of any creative activity many of them fade away -some of them stay matt diffee is one of them heres one of his cartoons -now i know all about rejection because when i quit actually i was booted out of psychology school and decided to become a cartoonist a natural segue from one thousand nine hundred and seventy four to one thousand nine hundred and seventy seven i submitted two thousand cartoons to the new yorker and got two thousand cartoons rejected by the new yorker -at a certain point this rejection slip in one thousand nine hundred and seventy seven we regret that we are unable to use the enclosed material thank you for giving us the opportunity to consider it magically changed to this -and of course that is not new yorker humor what is new yorker humor well after one thousand nine hundred and seventy seven i broke into the new yorker and started selling cartoons finally in one thousand nine hundred and eighty i received the revered new yorker contract which i blurred out parts because its none of your business -the word idea drawings and thats the sine qua non of new yorker cartoons so what is an idea drawing an idea drawing is something that -requires you to think now thats not a cartoon it requires thinking on the part of the cartoonist and thinking on your part to make it into a cartoon laughter here -the new yorker and i when we made comments the cartoon carries a certain ambiguity about what it actually is what is it the cartoon is it really about lemmings no its about us -you know its my view basically about religion that the real conflict and all the fights between religion is who has the best imaginary friend -about never is never good for you -but compressed to how about never is never good -now these look like very different forms of humor but actually they bear a great similarity in each instance our expectations are defied -in each instance the narrative gets switched theres an incongruity and a contrast in no thursdays out how about never is never good for you what you have is the syntax of politeness and the message of being rude -that really is how humor works its a cognitive synergy where we mash up these two things which dont go together and temporarily in our minds exist -you have the propriety of the new yorker and the vulgarity of the language basically thats the way humor works so im a humor analyst you would say now e b white said analyzing humor is like dissecting a frog nobody is much interested and the frog dies well im going to kill a few but there wont be any genocide -hes the critic hes the critic of humor and really im forced to be in that position when im at the new yorker and thats the danger that i will become -im thinking about having a child -you have an interesting the guilty laugh -now in fact -and also okay at the same time if we think its completely wrong we say thats not funny -and if its completely okay whats the joke okay and so this benign thats true of no thursdays out how about never is never good for you its rude the world really shouldnt be that way within that context we feel its okay so within this context -within the context of the new yorker magazine -t cell army can the bodys immune response help treat cancer -when were in a playful mood we want excitement -we want high arousal we feel excited then if were in a purposeful mood that makes us anxious the rejection collection is absolutely in this field you want to be stimulated you want to be aroused you want to be transgressed -he laughs he is both in danger and safe incredibly aroused theres no joke no joke needed if you arouse people enough and get them stimulated enough they will laugh at very very little this is another cartoon from the rejection collection too snug -but like i said you cannot satisfy everyone you couldnt satisfy this guy -the great sam gross cartoon this happened after the muhammad controversy where its muhammad in heaven the suicide bomber is all in little pieces and hes saying to the suicide bomber youll get the virgins when we find your penis -another joke on old white males ha ha the wit its nice im sure to be young and rude but some day youll be old unless you drop -these cartoons are not about them theyre about us the humor reflects back on us the easiest thing to do with humor and its perfectly legitimate is a friend makes fun of an enemy -the wonder of the universe everyone looked in that and they saw in there the total interconnectedness of all -life in all universes and of course in the buddhist cosmos there are millions and billions of planets with human life on -and enlightened beings can see the life on all the other planets so they dont when they look out and they see those lights that you showed in the sky -they dont just see sort of pieces of matter burning or rocks or flames or gases exploding they actually see landscapes and human beings and -i know his other name told us about interconnection and about how were all totally interconnected here -and how weve all known each other and of course in the buddhist universe weve already done this already billions of times in many many lifetimes in the past -and i didnt give the talk always you -did and we had to watch you and so forth and were all still trying to i guess were all trying to become tedsters if thats a modern form of enlightenment -i guess -because in a way if a tedster relates to all the interconnectedness of all the computers and everything its the forging of a mass awareness -of where everybody can really know everything thats going on everywhere in the planet and therefore it will become intolerable what compassion is is where it will become intolerable for us -totally intolerable that we sit here in comfort and in pleasure and enjoying the life of the mind or whatever it is -and there are people who are absolutely riddled with disease and they cannot have a bite of food and they -and i feel like this whole evening has been very amazing to me i feel its sort of like the vimalakirti sutra an ancient work from ancient india in which the buddha appears -have no place or theyre being brutalized by some terrible person and so forth it just becomes intolerable with all of us knowing everything were kind of forced by -and of course we all will be deeply disappointed when we do -we think that because we are kind of tired of what we do a little bit tired we -do suffer we do enjoy our misery in a certain way we distract ourselves from our misery by running around somewhere but basically we all have this common misery that -stuck inside our skins and everyone else is out there and occasionally we get together with another person stuck in their skin and the two of us enjoy each other -and each of us tried to get out of our own and ultimately it fails of course and were back into this thing -because our egocentric perception from the buddhas point of view misperception is that all we are is what is inside our skin -and its inside and outside self and other and other is all very different and everyone here is unfortunately carrying that habitual perception a little bit -whos that and so you wouldnt sit that close to another person because of your notion that its you versus the universe thats all buddha discovered -because that cosmic basic idea that it is us all alone each of us and everyone else is different then that puts us in an impossible situation doesnt it -who is it whos going to get enough attention from the world whos going to get enough out of the world whos not going to be overrun by an infinite number of other beings -if youre different from all the other beings so where compassion comes is where -you surprisingly discover you lose yourself in some way through art through meditation through understanding -through knowledge actually knowing that you have no such boundary knowing your interconnectedness with other beings you can experience yourself as the other beings when you see through the delusion of being separated from them -at the beginning and a whole bunch of people come to see him from the biggest city in the area -when you do that youre forced to feel what they feel luckily they say i still am not sure but luckily -they say that when you reach that point because some people have said in the buddhist literature they say ooh who would really want to be compassionate how awful im so miserable on my own -my head is aching my bones are aching i go from birth to death im never satisfied i never have enough even im a billionaire i never have enough i need a hundred billion -so im like that imagine if i had to feel even a hundred other peoples suffering it would be terrible -but apparently this is a strange paradox of life when youre no longer locked in yourself and as the wisdom or the intelligence or the scientific knowledge of the nature of the world that enables you -to let your mind spread out and empathize and enhance the basic human ability of empathizing -and realizing that you are the other being somehow by that opening you can see the deeper nature of life -and to bring some sort of jeweled parasols to make offering to -song that song a perfect teaching -but when were relieved from that we somehow then become interested in all the other beings and we feel ourselves differently its totally -the young people actually from the city the old fogeys dont come because theyre mad at buddha because when he came to their city he accepted he always accepts the first invitation that comes to him from whoever it is -when you give birth in your mind to the idea of compassion its because you realize that you yourself and your pains and pleasures are finally too small a theater for your intelligence its really -like this or like that or what you know and the more you focus on how you feel by the way the worse it gets -like even when youre having a good time when is the good time over the good time is over when you think how good is it and then its never good enough i love that -said that the way of helping those who are suffering badly on the physical plane or on other planes is having a good time doing it by having a good time -i think the dalai lama should have heard that i wish hed been there to hear that he once told me he looked kind of sad he worries very much about the haves and have nots -he said well a hundred years ago they went and took everything away from the haves you know the big communist revolutions russia and china and so forth they took it all away by violence -saying they were going to give it to everyone and then they were even worse they didnt help at all so what could possibly change this terrible gap that has opened up in the world today -and so then he looks at me so i said well you know youre all in this yourself you teach its generosity was all i could think of what is virtue -but of course i think the key to saving the world the key to compassion is that it is more -it should be done by fun generosity is more fun thats the key everybody has the wrong idea they think buddha was so boring and theyre so surprised when they meet dalai lama and hes fairly jolly -even though his people are being genocided and believe me he feels every blow on every old nuns head in every chinese prison he feels it -he feels the way they are harvesting yaks nowadays i wont even say what they do but he feels it and yet hes very jolly hes extremely jolly -because when you open up like that then you cant just what good does it do to add being miserable with others misery -you have to find some vision where you see how hopeful it is how it can be changed look at that beautiful thing chiho showed us she scared us with the lava man she scared us with the lava man is coming -the tsunami is coming but then finally there was flowers and trees and it was very beautiful -its really lovely -so compassion means to feel the feelings of others and the human being actually is compassion -the human being is almost out of time the human being is compassion because what is our brain for -jims brain is memorizing the almanac but he could memorize all the needs of all the beings that he is he will he did -he could memorize all kinds of fantastic things to help many beings and he would have tremendous fun doing that -so the first person who gets happy when you stop focusing on the self centered situation of how happy am i where youre always dissatisfied as mick jagger told us -never get any satisfaction that way so then you decide well im sick of myself im going to think of how other people can be happy -and the first person who gets happy when you do that you dont do anything for anybody else but you get happier you yourself because your whole perception broadens and you suddenly see the whole world and all of the people in it -and you realize that this being with these people is the flower garden that chiho showed us it is nirvana and my time is up and i know the ted commandments thank you -and so they boycotted him they wouldnt go listen to him but the young people all came and they brought this kind of a jeweled parasol and they put it on the ground -and as soon as they had laid all these all their big stack of these jeweled parasols that they used to carry in ancient india he performed a kind of special effect which made it into a giant planetarium -and so the thousands of young muslim men who flocked to afghanistan in the one thousand nine hundred and eighty s to fight against the soviet occupation of a muslim country -in their minds they were fighting a jihad they were doing jihad and they named themselves the mujahideen which is a word that comes from the same root as jihad -we forget this now but back then the mujahideen were celebrated in this country in america we thought of them as holy warriors who were taking the good fight to the ungodly communists america gave them weapons gave them money gave them support encouragement -but within that group a tiny smaller group a minority within a minority within a minority were coming up with a new and dangerous conception -and the things he did in the pursuit of this jihad were so horrendous so monstrous and had such great impact that his definition was the one that stuck -not just here in the west we didnt know any better we didnt pause to ask we just assumed that if this insane man and his psychopathic followers were calling what they did jihad then thats what jihad must mean but it wasnt just us even in the muslim world -his definition of jihad began to gain acceptance -a year ago i was in tunis and i met the imam of a very small mosque an old man fifteen years ago he named his granddaughter jihad after the old meaning he hoped that a name like that would inspire her to live a spiritual life -but he told me that after nine eleven he began to have second thoughts he worried that if he called her by that name especially outdoors outside in public he might be seen as endorsing bin ladens idea of jihad -on fridays in his mosque he gave sermons trying to reclaim the meaning of the word -and it filled this old imam it filled him with great sadness -he didnt so much appropriate it as kidnapped it and debased it and corrupted it -and turned it into something it was never meant to be and then persuaded all of us that it always was -it was dying well before he did and now its on its last legs opinion polls from all over the muslim world show that there is very little interest among muslims in a global holy war against the west against the far enemy -the supply of young men willing to fight and die for this cause is dwindling the supply of money just as important more important perhaps the supply of money to this activity is also dwindling the wealthy fanatics who were previously sponsoring this kind of activity are now less generous -what does that mean for us in the west does it mean we can break out the champagne -and so theres now a lot of different violent jihads all over the world in somalia in mali in nigeria in iraq in afghanistan pakistan there are groups that claim to be the inheritors of the legacy of osama bin laden -they use his rhetoric they -so there is now an al qaeda in the islamic maghreb theres an al qaeda in the arabian peninsula there is an al qaeda in mesopotamia there are other groups in nigeria boko haram in somalia al shabaab and they all pay homage to osama bin laden but if you look closely -in that original idea the concept of jihad is as important to muslims as the idea of grace is to christians -theyre not fighting a global jihad theyre fighting battles over much narrower issues -from iraq to syria from mali to algeria -from somalia to kenya but theyre not fighting a global jihad against some far enemy -but they have been distracted recently last year they took control over a portion of southern yemen and ran it taliban style -and then the yemeni military got its act together and ordinary people rose up against these guys and drove them out and since then most of their activities most of their attacks have been directed at yemenis -so i think weve come to a point now where we can say that just like all politics all jihad is local but thats still not reason for us to disengage -because weve seen that movie before in afghanistan when those mujahideen defeated the soviet union we disengaged -its a very powerful word jihad if you look at it in that respect and theres a certain almost mystical resonance to -and -the taliban had taken over in kabul and we said local jihad not our problem and then the taliban gave the keys of kandahar to osama bin laden he made it our problem local jihad if you ignore it becomes global jihad -the good news is that it doesnt have to be we know how to fight it now we have the tools we have the knowhow and we can take the lessons weve learned from the fight against global jihad the victory against global jihad and apply those to local jihad what are those lessons -we know who killed bin laden seal team six -there lie the answers to the solution to local jihad who killed bin ladenism lets start with bin laden himself -he probably thought nine eleven was his greatest achievement in reality it was the beginning of the end for him he killed three thousand innocent people and that filled the muslim world with horror and revulsion -nine eleven didnt empower him it doomed -who killed bin ladenism abu musab al zarqawi killed it he was the especially sadistic head of al qaeda in iraq who sent hundreds of suicide bombers to attack not americans but iraqis muslims sunni as well as shiites -who killed osama bin laden the seal team six who killed bin ladenism al jazeera did al jazeera and half a dozen other satellite news stations in arabic because they circumvented the old state owned television stations in a lot of these countries -which were designed to keep information from people al jazeera brought information to them showed them what was being said and done in the name of their religion exposed the hypocrisy of osama bin laden and al qaeda and allowed them gave them the information that allowed them to come to their own conclusions -who killed bin ladenism the arab spring did because it showed a way for young muslims to bring about change -and perhaps a time will come when they get the rightful credit for it so all these factors and many more besides we dont even fully understand some of them yet these came together -and hindus my people name our daughters bhakti which means in sanskrit spiritual worship -we dont have to reinvent the wheel the notion of violent jihad in which more muslims are killed than any other kind of people is already thoroughly discredited we dont have to go back to that -satellite television and the internet are informing and empowering young muslims in exciting new ways and the arab spring has produced governments many of them islamist governments who know that for their own self preservation they need to take on -we dont need to persuade them but we do need to help them because they havent really come to this place before -private investment fair terms of trade medicine education -technical support for training for their police forces to become more effective for their anti terror forces to become more -efficient weve got plenty of these things some of the other things that they need were not very good at giving maybe nobody is time patience subtlety understanding these are harder to give -i live in new york now just this week posters have gone up in subway stations in new york that describe jihad as savage -but in all the many years that i have covered the middle east i have never been as optimistic as i am today -who are reclaiming this word and restoring to its original beautiful purpose bin laden is dead bin ladenism has been defeated his definition of jihad can now be expunged -now i have shared this story with you as an example of what can happen to participants in the clinical trial when it is poorly conducted -maybe this particular trial yielded exciting results maybe it even got published in a high profile scientific journal -maybe it would inform clinicians around the world on how to improve on the clinical management of hiv patients but it would have done so at a price to hundreds of patients who like celine were left to their own devices once the research had been completed -i do not stand here today to suggest in any way that conducting hiv clinical trials in developing countries is bad -on the contrary clinical trials are extremely useful tools and are much needed to address the burden of disease in developing countries -however the inequalities that exist between richer countries and developing countries in terms of funding pose a real risk for exploitation especially in the context of externally funded research -share with you the story of one of my patients called celine celine is a housewife and lives in a rural district of cameroon in west central africa -sadly enough the fact remains that a lot of the studies that are conducted in developing countries could never be authorized in the richer countries which fund the research -also research within the continent is a lot easier to conduct due to widespread poverty endemic diseases and inadequate health care systems -a clinical trial that is considered to be potentially beneficial to the population is more likely to be authorized -and in the absence of good health care systems almost any offer of medical assistance is accepted as better than nothing even more problematic reasons include lower risk of litigation -less rigorous ethical reviews and populations that are willing to participate in almost any study that hints at a cure as -funding for hiv research increases in developing countries and ethical review in richer countries become more strict you can see why this context becomes very very attractive -six years ago at the time of her hiv diagnosis she was recruited to participate in the clinical trial which was running in her health district at the time -the high prevalence of hiv drives researchers -to conduct research that is sometimes scientifically acceptable but on many levels ethically questionable how then can we ensure that in our search for the cure we do not take an unfair advantage of those who are already most affected by the pandemic -i invite you to consider four areas i think we can focus on in order to improve the way in which things are done -the first of these is informed consent -now in order for a clinical trial to be considered ethically acceptable participants must be given the relevant information in a way in which they can understand and must freely consent to participate in the trial this is especially important in developing countries -because they believe it is the only way in which they can receive medical care or other benefits -consent procedures that are used in richer countries are often inappropriate or ineffective in a lot of developing countries -for example it is counterintuitive to have an illiterate study participant like celine sign a lengthy consent form that they are unable to read let alone understand -local communities need to be more involved in establishing the criteria for recruiting participants in clinical trials as well as the incentives for participation -the information in these trials needs to be given to the potential participants in linguistically and culturally acceptable formats the second point i would like for you to consider is the standard of care that is provided to participants within any clinical trial -when i first met celine a little over a year ago she had gone for eighteen months without any antiretroviral therapy and she was very ill -now this is subject to a lot of debate and controversy -should the control group in the clinical trial be given the best current treatment which is available anywhere in the world -or should they be given an alternative standard of care such as the best current treatment available in the country in which the research is being conducted is it fair to evaluate a treatment regimen which may not be affordable or accessible -to the study participants once the research has been completed -now in a situation where the best current treatment is inexpensive and simple to deliver -it is important to assess the potential risks and benefits of the standard of care which is to be provided to participants in any clinical trial and establish one which is relevant for the context of the study and most beneficial for the participants within the study -that brings us to the third point i want you think about the ethical review of research an effective system for reviewing the ethical suitability of clinical trials is primordial to safeguard participants within any clinical trial -unfortunately this is often lacking or inefficient in a lot of developing countries -local governments need to set up effective systems for reviewing the ethical issues around the clinical trials which are authorized in different developing countries -she told me that she stopped coming to the clinic when the trial ended because she had no money for the bus fare and was too ill to walk the thirty five kilometer distance -and they need to do this by setting up ethical review committees that are independent of the government and research sponsors public accountability needs to be promoted through transparency and independent review by nongovernmental and international organizations as appropriate -the final point i would like for you to consider tonight is what happens to participants in the clinical trial once the research has been completed -i think it is absolutely wrong for research to begin in the first place without a clear plan -is accessible to the participants of the trial once the trial has been completed -in addition they should be able to consider the possibility of introducing and maintaining effective treatments in the wider community once the trial ends -if for any reason they feel that this might not be possible then i think they should have to ethically justify why the clinical trial should be conducted in the first place -now fortunately for celine our meeting did not end in my office -i was able to get her enrolled into a free hiv treatment program closer to her home and with a support group to help her cope her story has a positive ending but there are thousands of others in similar situations who are much less fortunate -although she may not know this my encounter with celine has completely changed the way in which i view hiv clinical trials in developing countries and made me even more determined to be part of the movement to change the way in which things are done -now during the clinical trial shed been given all her antiretroviral drugs free of charge and her transportation costs had been covered by the research funds -i believe that every single person listening to me tonight can be part of that change -if you are a researcher i hold you to a higher standard of moral conscience to remain ethical in your research and not compromise human welfare in your search for answers -if you work for a funding agency or pharmaceutical company i challenge you to hold your employers to fund research that is ethically sound -if you come from a developing country like myself -i urge you to hold your government to a more thorough review of the clinical trials which are authorized in your country -yes there is a need for us to find a cure for hiv to find an effective vaccine for malaria -all of these ended once the trial was completed leaving celine with no alternatives -she was unable to tell me the names of the drugs shed received during the trial or even what the trial had been about -i didnt bother to ask her what the results of the trial were because it seemed obvious to me that she would have no clue -yet what puzzled me most was celine had given her informed consent to be a part of this trial yet she clearly did not understand the implications of being a participant or what would happen to her once the trial had been completed -the earth weve also made pro quorum sensing molecules so weve targeted those systems to make the molecules work better remember you have these ten times or more bacterial cells in you or on you keeping you healthy what were also trying to do -is to beef up the conversation of the bacteria that live as mutualists with you in the hopes of making you more healthy making those conversations better so bacteria can do things that we want them to do better than they would be on their own -at the best youre ten percent human but more likely about one percent human depending on which of these metrics you like i know you think of yourself as human beings but i think of you as ninety or ninety nine percent bacterial -i hope when you learn things like about how the natural world works i just want to say that whenever you read something in the newspaper or you get to hear some talk about something ridiculous in the natural world -it was done by a child science is done by that demographic all of those people are between twenty and thirty years old and they are the engine -that drives scientific discovery in this country its a really lucky demographic to work with i keep getting older and older -they digest our food they make our vitamins they actually educate your immune system to keep bad microbes out so they do all these amazing things that help us and are vital for keeping us alive -that have no business being in you or on you at any time and if they are they make you incredibly sick -so the question for my lab is whether you want to think about all the good things that bacteria do or all the bad things that bacteria do the question we had is how could they do anything at all i mean theyre incredibly small you have to have a microscope to see one -they live this sort of boring life where they grow and divide and theyve always been considered to be these asocial reclusive organisms -are the oldest living organisms on the earth theyve been here for billions of years and what they are are single celled microscopic organisms -what youre looking at on this slide is just a person from my lab holding a flask of a liquid culture of a bacterium a harmless beautiful bacterium that comes from the ocean named -this bacterium has the special property that it makes light so it makes bioluminescence like fireflies make light were not doing anything to the cells here we just took the picture by turning the lights off in the room and this is what we see -was actually interesting to us was not that the bacteria made light but when the bacteria made light what we noticed is when the bacteria were alone so when they were in dilute suspension -they made no light but when they grew to a certain cell number all the bacteria turned on light simultaneously -the question that we had is how can bacteria these primitive organisms tell the difference from times when theyre alone and times when theyre in a community and then all do something together -when its alone it doesnt make any light but what it does do is to make and secrete small molecules that you can think of like hormones and these are the red triangles and when the bacteria is alone the molecules just float away and so no light -so they are one cell and they have this special property that they only have one piece of dna they have very few genes and genetic information to encode all of the traits that they carry out -but when the bacteria grow and double and theyre all participating in making these molecules the molecule the extracellular amount of that molecule increases in proportion to cell number -and when the molecule hits a certain amount that tells the bacteria how many neighbors there are they recognize that molecule and all of the bacteria turn on light -in synchrony thats how bioluminescence works theyre talking with these chemical words the reason that vibrio fischeri is doing that comes from the biology again another plug for the -and these house the vibrio fischeri cells they live in there at high cell number that molecule is there and theyre making light -the reason the squid is willing to put up with these shenanigans is because it wants that light the way that this symbiosis works is that this little squid lives just off the coast of hawaii just in sort of shallow knee deep water -the squid is nocturnal so during the day it buries itself in the sand and sleeps but then at night it has to come out to hunt -on bright nights when there is lots of starlight or moonlight that light can penetrate the depth of the water the squid lives in since its just in those couple feet of water -what the squid has developed is a shutter that can open and close over this specialized light organ housing the bacteria then it has detectors on its back so it can sense how much starlight or moonlight is hitting its back -and it opens and closes the shutter so the amount of light coming out of the bottom which is made by the bacterium exactly matches how much light hits the squids back so the squid doesnt make a shadow -actually uses the light from the bacteria to counter illuminate itself in an anti predation device so predators cant see its shadow calculate its trajectory and eat it this is like the stealth bomber of the ocean -but then if you think about it the squid has this terrible problem because its got this dying thick culture of bacteria and it cant sustain that -and so what happens is every morning when the sun comes up the squid goes back to sleep it buries itself in the sand and its got a pump thats attached to its circadian rhythm and when the sun comes up it pumps out like ninety five percent of the bacteria now the bacteria are dilute -that little hormone molecule is gone so theyre not making light but of course the squid doesnt care its asleep in the sand and as the day goes by the bacteria double they release the molecule and then light comes on at night exactly when the squid wants it -and what we found so this is supposed to be again my bacterial cell is that vibrio fischeri has a protein thats the red box its an enzyme that makes that little hormone molecule the red triangle -and then as the cells grow theyre all releasing that molecule into the environment so theres lots of molecule there -and the bacteria also have a receptor on their cell surface that fits like a lock and key with that molecule these are just like the receptors on the surfaces of your cells when the molecule increases to a certain amount which says something about the number of cells -it locks down into that receptor and information comes into the cells that tells the cells to turn on this collective behavior of making light -and one cell becomes two and so on and so on they just grow and divide and grow and divide so a kind of boring life except that what i would argue is that you have an amazing interaction with these critters -why this is interesting is because in the past decade we have found that this is not just some anomaly of this ridiculous glow in the dark bacterium that lives in the ocean -all bacteria have systems like this so now what we understand is that all bacteria can talk to each other they make chemical words they recognize those words -and they turn on group behaviors that are only successful when all of the cells participate in unison -we have a fancy name for this we call it quorum sensing they vote with these chemical votes the vote gets counted and then everybody responds to the -whats important for todays talk is that we know that there are hundreds of behaviors that bacteria carry out in these collective fashions but the one thats probably the most important to you -they wait they start growing they count themselves with these little molecules and they recognize when they have the right cell number that if all of the bacteria launch their virulence attack together -they are going to be successful at overcoming an enormous host bacteria always control pathogenicity with quorum sensing -thats how it works we also then went to look at what are these molecules these were the red triangles on my slides before this is the vibrio fischeri molecule this is the word that it talks with -the left hand part of the molecule is identical in every single species of bacteria but the right hand part of the molecule is a little bit different in every single species -what that does is to confer exquisite species specificities to these languages each molecule fits into its partner receptor and no other so these are private secret conversations -i know you guys think of yourself as humans and this is sort of how i think of you this man is supposed to represent a generic human being and all of the circles in that man are all of the cells that make up your body -these conversations are for intraspecies communication each bacteria uses a particular molecule thats its language that allows it to count its own siblings -we got that far we thought we were starting to understand that bacteria have these social behaviors but what we were really thinking about is that most of the time bacteria dont live by themselves they live in incredible mixtures with hundreds or thousands of other species of bacteria -so we went back to molecular biology and started studying different bacteria and what weve found now is that in fact bacteria are multilingual -they all have a species specific system they have a molecule that says me but then running in parallel to that is a second system that weve discovered thats generic so they have a second enzyme that makes a second signal -and it has its own receptor and this molecule is the trade language of bacteria its used by all different bacteria and its the language of interspecies communication -what happens is that bacteria are able to count how many of me and how many of you -they take that information inside and they decide what tasks to carry out depending on whos in the minority and whos in the majority of any given population -then again we turn to chemistry and we figured out what this generic molecule is that was the pink ovals on my last slide this is it its a very small five carbon molecule -a trillion human cells that make each one of us who we are and able to do all the things that we do -what the important thing is that we learned is that every bacterium has exactly the same enzyme and makes exactly the same molecule so theyre all using this molecule for interspecies communication this is the bacterial esperanto -we got that far we started to learn that bacteria can talk to each other with this chemical language but what we started to think is that maybe there is something practical that we can do here as well ive told you that bacteria do have all these social behaviors they communicate -with these molecules of course ive also told you that one of the important things they do is to initiate pathogenicity using quorum sensing we thought what if we made these bacteria so they cant talk or they cant hear -couldnt these be new kinds of antibiotics of course youve just heard and you already know that were running out of antibiotics bacteria are incredibly multi drug resistant right now and thats because all of the antibiotics that we use -we kill bacteria with traditional antibiotics and that selects for resistant mutants and so now of course we have this global problem in infectious diseases -we thought well what if we could sort of do behavior modifications just make these bacteria so they cant talk they cant count and they dont know to launch virulence and so thats exactly what weve done and weve sort of taken two strategies -the first one is weve targeted the intraspecies communication system so we made molecules that look kind of like the real molecules which you saw but theyre a little bit different and so they lock into those receptors and they jam recognition of the real thing -the hope is that these will be used at broad spectrum antibiotics that work against all bacteria to finish ill just show you the -this one im just using the interspecies molecule but the logic is exactly the same what you know is that when that bacterium gets into the animal in this case a mouse it doesnt initiate virulence right away -it gets in it starts growing it starts secreting its quorum sensing molecules it recognizes when it has enough bacteria that now theyre going to launch their attack and the animal dies -what weve been able to do is to give these virulent infections but we give them in conjunction with our anti quorum sensing molecules so these are molecules that look kind of like the real thing but theyre a little bit different which ive depicted on this slide -and of course its the dna that counts so heres all the a t gs and cs that make up your genetic code and give you all your charming characteristics -what we now know is that if we treat the animal with a pathogenic bacterium a multi drug resistant pathogenic bacterium -in the same time we give our anti quorum sensing molecule in fact the animal lives we think that this is the next generation of antibiotics and its going to get us around at least initially this big problem of resistance -what i hope you think is that bacteria can talk to each other they use chemicals as their words they have an incredibly complicated chemical lexicon that were just now starting to learn about -of course what that allows bacteria to do is to be multicellular so in the spirit of ted theyre doing things together because it makes a difference -is that bacteria have these collective behaviors and they can carry out tasks that they could never accomplish if they simply acted as individuals -what i would hope that i could further argue to you is that this is the invention of multicellularity bacteria have been on the earth for billions of years -humans couple hundred thousand we think bacteria made the rules for how multicellular -you have about thirty thousand genes well it turns out you have one hundred times more bacterial genes playing a role in you or on you all of your life -we know that the principles and the rules if we can figure them out in these sort of primitive organisms the hope is that they will be applied to other human diseases and human behaviors as well -i hope that what youve learned is that bacteria can distinguish self from other by using these two molecules they can say me and they can say you -again of course thats what we do both in a molecular way and also in an outward way but i think about the molecular stuff this is exactly what happens in your body -again we think that bacteria invented that and youve just evolved a few more bells and whistles but all of the ideas are in these simple systems that we can study -the final thing is again just to reiterate that theres this practical part and so weve made these anti quorum sensing molecules that are being developed as new kinds of therapeutics but then to finish with a plug for all the good and miraculous bacteria that live -i have been of late disappointed with the bush administration -they started out with such promise on africa they made some really great promises and actually have fulfilled a lot of them -but some of them they havent they dont feel the push from the ground is the truth -but my disappointment has much more perspective when i talk to american people and i hear their worries about the deficit -the fiscal well being of their country i understand that but theres much more push from the ground than youd think if we got organized -what i try to communicate and you can help me if you agree is that aid for africa is just great value for money at a time when america really needs it putting it in the crassest possible terms -the investment reaps huge returns not only in lives saved but in goodwill stability and security that well gain -so this is what i hope that you will do if i could be so bold and not have it deducted from my number of wishes -what i hope is that beyond individual merciful acts that you will tell the politicians to do right by -if you wanted to make a film you needed a mass of equipment and a hollywood budget now you need a camera that fits in your -by america and by the world -give them permission if you like to spend their political capital and your financial -your national purse on saving the lives of millions of people thats really what i would like you to do because we also need your intellectual capital your ideas your skills your ingenuity -and you at this conference are in a unique position some of the technologies weve been talking about you invented -pushed the boundaries and wed like you to -a lot of people are getting together and working under this umbrella i told you about earlier the one campaign -i think they just have one idea in their mind which is -where you live in the world should not determine whether you live -and a couple of bucks for a blank dvd imagination has been -like -god is watching what we do when the history books get written i think our age will be remembered for three things really its just three things -this whole age will be remembered for the digital revolution yes the war against terror yes and what we did -or did not do to put out the fires -some say we cant afford to i say -we cant afford not to -the ones that ted has offered to grant -you see if this is true and i believe it is that the digital world you all created has -from the old constraints and that really really excites me im excited when i glimpse that kind of thinking -the creative imagination from the physical constraints of matter this should be a piece -that this started out as a -wishes most of them impossible some of them impractical and one or two of them certainly immoral -business -gets to be addictive you know what i mean when somebody else is picking up the -anyway heres number one i wish for you to help -build a social movement of more than one million american activists -well -my first wish i believe its possible a few minutes ago i talked about all the citizens campaigns that are springing up -you know theres lots out there and with this one campaign as our umbrella my organization data and other groups have been tapping into the energy and -the enthusiasm thats out there from hollywood into the heartland of america we know theres more than enough energy to power this movement we just need your help -in making it happen we want all of you here church america corporate america microsoft america apple america coke america pepsi america nerd america noisy america -writ large what i would like to see is idealism decoupled from all constraints political economic psychological whatever -we cant afford to be cool and sit this one out i do believe if we build a movement thats one million americans strong -we will have the ear of congress -be the first page in condi rices briefing book and right into the oval office if theres one million americans and i really know this -who are ready to make phone calls who are ready to be on email i am absolutely sure that we can actually change the course -of history literally for the continent of africa anyway so id like your help in getting that signed up i know john -number two i would like one media hit for every person on the planet who is living on less than one dollar a day -one billion media hits could be on google could be on aol steve case larry sergey theyve done a lot already -could be nbc it could be abc actually were talking to abc today about the oscars we have a film produced by jon kamen at radical media -but you know we want we need some airtime for our ideas we need to get the math we need to get the statistics out to the american people i really believe -that old truman line that if you give the american people the facts theyll do the right thing -and the other thing thats important is that this is not sally struthers this has to be described as an adventure not a burden -one by one they step forward a nurse a teacher a homemaker and lives are saved the problem is enormous every three seconds one person dies another three seconds one more -the geopolitical world has got a lot to learn from the digital world from the -as one we can beat extreme poverty starvation aids -we need your help one more person letter voice will mean the difference between life and death for millions of people -please join us by working together americans have an unprecedented opportunity we can make history we can start to make poverty history -one by one by one please visit one at this address were not asking for your money were asking for your voice -all right i wish for ted -to truly show the power of information its power to rewrite the rules and transform lives by connecting every hospital health -with which you swept away obstacles that no one knew could even be budged and thats actually what id like to talk about today -and school in one african country and i would like it to be ethiopia i believe -we can connect every school in ethiopia every health clinic every hospital we can connect to the internet that is my wish my third wish i think its possible i think we have the money and brains in the room to do that -and that would be a mind blowing wish to come true ive been to ethiopia as i said earlier its actually where it all started for me -the idea that the internet which changed all of our lives can transform a country -and a continent that has hardly made it to analog let alone digital blows my mind but it didnt start -was just nine years later that addis ababa was connected by phone to harare which is five hundred kilometers away -since then not that much has changed the average waiting time to get a land line in ethiopia is actually about seven or eight -first though i should probably explain why -wireless technology wasnt dreamt up then anyway im irish and as you can see i know how important talking is -and how i got to this place its a journey that started twenty years ago -you may remember that song we are the world or do they know its christmas band aid live aid another very tall -was a great moment and it utterly changed my life that summer my wife ali and myself went to ethiopia -we went on the quiet to see for ourselves what was going on we lived in ethiopia for a month working at an orphanage the children had a name for me they called me the girl with the -dont ask anyway we found africa to be a magical place -big shining continent beautiful royal people anybody who ever gave anything -to africa got a lot more back ethiopia didnt just blow my mind it opened my mind -anyway on our last day at this orphanage a man handed me his baby and said -would you take my son with you he knew in ireland that his son would live and that in ethiopia his son would die it was the middle of that awful famine -well -i turned him down and -was a funny kind of sick feeling but i turned him down and its a feeling i cant ever quite forget -thank you very much as another famous man jerry garcia said what a strange long trip -and in that moment i started this journey in that moment i became the worst thing of all i became a rock star with -except this isnt the cause is it six and a half thousand africans dying every single day from aids -a preventable treatable disease for lack of drugs we can get in any pharmacy -thats not a cause thats an emergency eleven million aids orphans in africa twenty million by the end of the decade thats not a cause -an emergency -so what were talking about here is human rights the right to live like a human -the right to live period and what were facing in africa is an unprecedented threat to human dignity and equality -this is about justice really this is not about charity this is about justice -and he should have said what a strange long trip its about to become at this very moment you are viewing my upper half my lower half is appearing at a different -thats right and thats too bad because were very good at charity americans like irish people are good -even the poorest neighborhoods give more than they can afford we like to give and we give a lot look at the response to the tsunami its inspiring -but justice is a tougher standard than charity you see africa makes a fool of our idea of justice -it makes a farce of our idea of equality it mocks our pieties it doubts our concern it questions our -because there is no way we can look at whats happening in africa and if were honest conclude that it would ever be allowed to happen anywhere else -as you heard in the film anywhere else not here not here not in america not in europe -a head of state that youre all familiar with admitted this to me -really true there is no chance this kind of hemorrhaging of human life would be accepted anywhere else other than africa -africa is a continent in flames and deep down if we really accepted that africans were equal to us we would all do more to put the fire out were standing around with watering cans -what we really need is the fire brigade you see its not as dramatic as the tsunami -crazy really when you think about it does stuff have to look like an action movie these days -to exist in the front of our brain the slow extinguishing of countless lives is just not dramatic enough it would appear -anyway i believe that that kind of thinking offends the intellectual rigor in this room -i want to argue with you tonight that thats our crisis i want to argue that though africa is not the front line in the war against terror it could be soon -every week religious extremists take another african village theyre attempting to bring order to chaos well -why arent we poverty breeds despair we know this despair breeds violence we know this in turbulent times isnt it cheaper -and smarter to make friends out of potential enemies than to defend yourself against them later the war against terror is bound up in the war against poverty -two places at once but still im sorry i cant be with you in person ill explain at another -and i didnt say that colin powell said that now when the military are telling us that this is a war that cannot be won -by military might alone maybe we should listen theres an opportunity here -and its real its not spin its not wishful thinking the problems facing the developing world afford us in the developed world a chance to re describe ourselves to the world -we will not only transform other peoples lives but we will also transform the way those other lives see us and that might be smart in these nervous dangerous times -dont you think that on a purely commercial level that anti retroviral drugs -great advertisements for western ingenuity and technology doesnt compassion look well on us and lets cut the -crap for a second in certain quarters of the world brand eu brand usa is not at its shiniest the neon sign is fizzing and -someones put a brick through the window -the regional branch managers are getting nervous -never before have we in the west been so scrutinized our values do we have any our credibility -time and though im a rock star i just want to assure you that none of my wishes will include a hot tub but what really turns me on about technology -these things are under attack around the world brand usa could use some polishing and i say that as a fan you know -as a person who buys the products but think about it more anti retrovirals make sense but thats just the easy part -equality for africa thats a big expensive idea -you see the scale of the suffering numbs us into a kind of indifference what on earth can we all do -well much more than we think we cant fix every problem but the ones we can i want to argue we must and because we can we must -this is the straight truth the righteous truth it is not a theory the fact is that ours is the first generation that can look disease and extreme poverty in the eye -look across the ocean to africa and say this and mean it we do not have to stand for this a whole continent written off we do not have to stand for this -let me say this without a trace of irony before i back it up to a bunch of ex hippies -forget the sixties we can change the world i cant you cant as individuals but we -is not just the ability to get more songs on mp three players the revolution this revolution is much bigger than that -can change the world i really believe that the people in this room look at the gates foundation theyve done incredible stuff unbelievable stuff -but working together we can actually change the world we can turn the inevitable outcomes -and transform the quality of life for millions of lives who look and feel rather like us when -im sorry to laugh here but you do look so different than you did in haight ashbury in the sixties -but i want to argue that this is the moment that you are designed for it is the flowering of the seeds you planted in earlier headier days -ideas that you gestated in your youth this is what excites me this room was born for this moment is really what i want to say to you tonight most of you started out wanting to change the world -most of you did the digital world well now -actually because of you it is possible to change the physical -and they know much more than i do so -why then are we not pumping our fists into the air probably because when we admit we can do something about it weve got to do something about it it is -pain in the arse this equality business is actually a pain in the arse but for the first time in history we have the technology we have the know how we have the cash we have the life saving drugs -do we have the will i hope this is obvious but -im not a hippie and im not really one for the warm fuzzy feeling i do not have flowers in my hair actually i come from punk rock the clash wore big army boots not -but i know toughness when i see it and for all the talk of peace and love on the west coast there was muscle -to the movement that started out here you see idealism detached from action is just a dream -but idealism allied with pragmatism with rolling up your sleeves and making the world bend a bit is -very exciting its very real its very strong and its very present in a crowd like you -last year at data this organization i helped set up we launched a campaign to summon this spirit in the fight against aids and extreme poverty were calling it the one campaign -its based on our belief that the action of one person can change a lot but the actions of many coming together as one can change the world -well we feel that now is the time to prove were right there are moments in history when civilization redefines itself -we believe this is one we believe that this could be the time when the world finally decides that the wanton loss of life in africa is just no longer -who live on planet earth momentum has been building lurching a little but its building this year is a test for us all -especially the leaders of the g eight nations who really are on the line here -with all the world in history watching -crowds are gathered in tahrir square they turn a social network from virtual to actual and kind of rebooted the twenty first century -not to undersell how messy and ugly the aftermath of the arab spring has been neither to oversell the role of technology but these things have given a sense of whats possible when the age old model of power the pyramid -gets turned upside down putting the people on top and the pharaohs of today on the bottom as it were its also shown us -that something as powerful as information and the sharing of it can challenge inequality because facts -liberty is usually around the corner even for the poorest of the poor facts that can challenge cynicism and the apathy -that leads to inertia facts that tell us whats working and more importantly whats not so we can fix it facts that if we hear them and heed them could help us meet the challenge that nelson mandela made -anderson asked me if i could put the last twenty five years of anti poverty campaigning into ten minutes for ted thats an englishman asking an irishman to be succinct -back in two thousand and five -when he asked us to be that great generation that overcomes that most awful offense to humanity extreme poverty -facts that build a powerful momentum so i thought forget the rock opera -forget the bombast -my usual tricks the only thing singing today -activist the factivist -because what the facts are telling us -is that the long slow journey -humanitys long slow journey of equality is actually speeding up look at whats been achieved look at the pictures these data sets print -since the year two thousand since the turn of the millennium there are eight million more aids patients getting life saving antiretroviral drugs malaria there are eight countries in sub saharan africa that have their death rates cut by seventy five percent -for kids under five child mortality kids under five its down by two point six five million a year thats a rate of seven thousand two hundred and fifty six childrens lives saved each day -lets just stop for a second actually and think about that have you read anything anywhere in the last week -this fantastic news didnt happen by itself it was fought for it was campaigned for it was innovated for -and this great news gives birth -to even more great news because the historic trend is this -the number of people living in back breaking soul crushing extreme poverty has declined from forty three percent of the worlds population in one thousand nine hundred and ninety to thirty three percent by two thousand and then to twenty one -percent by two thousand and ten give it up for that -the rate is still too high still too many people unnecessarily losing their lives theres still work to do but its heart stopping -he said bono wouldnt that be a good use of your messianic complex so -its mind blowing stuff -and if you live -on less than dollar one point two five a day if you live in that kind of poverty -this is not just data -the best for your kids and -this rapid transition is a route out of despair -and into hope and guess what if the trajectory continues look -where the amount of people living on dollar one point two five a day gets to by two thousand and thirty -for number crunchers like us that is the erogenous zone -and its fair to say that i am by now sexually aroused -by the collating of data -of extreme poverty as defined by people living on less than dollar one point two five a day adjusted of course for inflation from a one thousand nine hundred and ninety baseline we do love a good -baseline -thats amazing -now i know that some of you think this progress is all in asia or latin america or model countries like brazil and who doesnt love a brazilian model but look at sub saharan africa -doubled education completion rates and they too -so the pride of lions -is the proof of concept -there are all kinds of benefits to this for a start -you wont have to listen to an insufferable little jumped up jesus like myself -at least in my head the journey for justice the march against inequality and poverty really began three thousand years ago civilization just getting started on the banks of the nile some slaves jewish shepherds in this instance -so why arent we jumping up and down about this well -the opportunity is real but so is the jeopardy we cant get this done until we really accept that we can get this done -and the next one is really beautiful -its called momentum -and its how we can bend the arc of history -down towards zero just doing the things that we know work so inertia versus momentum there is jeopardy -and of course the closer you get it gets harder we know the obstacles that are in our way right now in difficult times in fact today in your capital -in difficult times some who mind the nations purse want to cut life saving programs like the global fund but you can do something about that you can tell politicians that these cuts can cost lives right now -today in oslo as it happens oil companies are fighting to keep secret their payments to governments for extracting oil in developing countries you can do something about that too you can join the one campaign and leaders like -mo ibrahim the telecom entrepreneur were pushing for laws that make sure that at least some -of the wealth under the ground ends up -in the hands of the people living above it -of all is not a disease its corruption but theres a vaccine for that too its called transparency open data sets -something the ted community is really on it -daylight you could call it -transparency and technology is really turbocharging this its getting harder to hide if youre doing bad stuff -so let me tell you about the -all across uganda young people armed with two g phones an sms social network -exposing government corruption and demanding to know whats in the budget and how their money is being spent -this is exciting stuff -smelling of sheep shit i guess proclaimed to the pharaoh sitting high on his throne we -you cant delete this data from your brain but you can delete -the cliched image of supplicant impoverished peoples not taking control of their own lives you can erase that you really can because its not true -every place with a rough semblance of governance -might actually be on their way -with this virtuous data based virus the one we call factivism its not going to kill you -countless lives -i guess we in the one campaign would love you to be contagious spread it share it pass it on -by doing so -you will join us and countless others in what i truly believe -is the greatest adventure ever taken the ever -your majesty ness -that mandela asked us to be might we answer that -clarion call with science with reason with facts -and dare i say it -factivists have feelings too -some of you know him he set up one of the facebook groups behind the tahrir square -in cairo he got thrown in jail for it but i have his words tattooed on my brain -we are going to win -because we dont understand politics we are going to win because we dont play their dirty games we are going to win because we dont have a party political agenda we are going to win because the tears that come from our eyes actually come from our hearts we are going to win because we have dreams -because the power of the people -than the people in power -and they say no no thats what it says here in our holy book -cut to our century same country same pyramids another people spreading the same idea of equality with a different book this time its called the facebook -when they won the world series it was amazing i happened to be living in springfield at the time and the best part of it was is that you would close the womens door in the bathroom and i remember seeing go sox and i thought really -so this was an amazing experience and again yes it was a game -but they didnt write newspaper articles people didnt say you know really i can die now because the red sox won -we think of games theres all kinds of things maybe youre ticked off or maybe youre looking forward to a new game youve been up too late playing a game all these things happen to me -and i was at a dinner part of the job of it when youre a chair of a department is to -eat and i did that very well and so im out at a dinner with this guy -called zig jackson so this is zig in this photograph this is also one of zigs photographs hes a photographer and he goes all around the country taking pictures of himself -and you can see here hes got zigs indian reservation and this particular shot this is one of the more traditional shots this is a rain dancer and this is one of my favorite shots here so you can look at this and maybe youve even seen things like this this is an expression of culture right and this -right like seriously nobody would do this it baffles the mind and so zig being indian likewise it baffles his mind his favorite photograph my favorite photograph of his which i dont have in here is indian taking picture of white people taking pictures of indians -but when we think about games a lot of times we think about stuff like this first person shooters or the big what we would call aaa games or maybe youre a facebook game player this is one my partner and i worked on maybe you play facebook games and thats what were making right now this is a lighter form of game -or not and that was fascinating to me as a game designer because it never occurs to me like should i make the game about this difficult topic -or not because we just make things that are fun or you know will make you feel fear you know that visceral excitement -but every other medium does it so this is my kid this is maezza and when she was -seven years old she came home from school one day and like i do every single day i asked her -whatd you do today so she said we talked about the middle passage now this was a big moment maezzas dad is black and i knew this day was coming i wasnt expecting it at seven i dont know why but i wasnt anyways so i asked her how do you feel about that -so she proceeded to tell me and so any of you who are parents will recognize the bingo buzzwords here so the ships start in england they come down from england they go to africa they go across the ocean thats the middle passage part they come to america where the slaves are sold shes telling me but abraham lincoln was elected president and then he passed the emancipation proclamation and now theyre free -pause for about ten seconds can i play a game mommy and i thought thats it and so you know this is the middle passage this is an incredibly significant event -and shes treating it like basically some black people went on a cruise -this was the boat it was made quickly obviously -maybe you think about the tragically boring board games that hold us hostage in thanksgiving situations -and she realizes you know we dont have enough food and so she asks what to do and i say well we can either remember shes seven we can either put some people in the water -and she just the look on her face came over and she said now mind you this is after a month of this is black history month right after a month she says to me did this really happen -this would be one of those tragically boring board games that you can figure out or maybe youre in your living room you know playing with the wii with the kids or something like that and you know theres this whole range of games and thats very much what i think about i make my living from games ive been lucky enough to do this since i was fifteen which also qualifies as ive never really had a real job -so this is a game called siochan leat its peace be with you its the entire history of my family in a single game -i made another game called train i was making a series of six games that covered difficult topics and if youre going to cover a difficult topic this is one you need to cover and ill let you figure out what thats about on your own -and i also made a game about the trail of tears this is a game with fifty thousand individual pieces i was crazy when i decided to start it but im in the middle of it now -its the same thing im hoping that ill teach culture through these games and the one im working on right now which is because im right in the middle of it and these for some reason choke me up like crazy is a game called mexican kitchen workers -and originally it was a math problem more or less like heres the economics of illegal immigration and the more i learned about the mexican culture my partner is mexican the more i learned that you know for all of us food is a basic need but -but we think about games as fun and thats completely reasonable but lets just think about this so this one here this is the one thousand nine hundred and eighty olympics now i dont know where you guys were but i was in my living room it was practically a religious event -and this is when the americans beat the russians and this was yes it was technically a game hockey is a game but really was this a game i mean people cried ive never seen my mother cry like that at the end of monopoly and so this was just an amazing experience or you know if anybody here is from boston -so when the boston red sox won the world series after i believe three hundred and fifty one years -things worth doing because theyre good things to do and that clear eyed empiricism can help us figure out how to do them -so contrary to popular belief there is not a conflict of interest between empiricism and values -what it would take to get a little girl to put her hands on a computer to achieve the level of comfort and ease with the technology that little boys have because they play video games -we spent two and a half years conducting research we spent another year and a half in advance development -then we formed a spin off company and the research phase of the project at interval we partnered with a company called cheskin research and these people -and they did not do the incredibly stupid thing of saying to a child of all these things we already make you which do you like best which gives you zero answer thats usable -so what we did for the first two and a half years was four things we did an extensive review of the literature in related fields like cognitive psychology spacial cognition gender studies play theory sociology primatology thank you frans de waal wherever you are i love you and id give anything to meet you -after we had done that with a pretty large team of people and discovered what we thought the salient issues were with girls and boys and playing because after all thats really what this is about -we moved to the second phase of our work where we interviewed adult experts in academia some of the people whod produced the literature that we found relevant and also we did focus groups with people who were on the ground with kids every day like playground supervisors talked to them -then we did what i consider to be the heart of the work interviewed one thousand one hundred children boys and girls ages seven to twelve all over -united states except for silicon valley boston and austin because we knew that their little families would have millions of computers in them and they wouldnt be a representative sample -and at the end of those remarkable conversations with kids and their best friends across the united states after two years -we pulled together some survey data from another ten thousand children drew up a set up of what we thought were the key findings of our research -and spent another year transforming them into design heuristics for designing computer based products and in fact any kind of products for little girls ages eight to twelve -i met with david to talk about what i might do in his company i was just coming out of a failed virtual reality business and supporting my self by being on the speaking circuit and writing books -that has now served twenty five million pages and has forty two thousand registered young girl users who spend -an average of they visit an average of one and a half times a day spend an average of thirty five minutes a visit and look at fifty pages -so we feel that weve formed a successful online community with girls we launched two titles in october rocketts new school which is the first of a series of products about a character called rockett beginning her first day of school in eighth grade at a brand new place with a blank slate -which allows girls to play with the question of what will i be like when im older whats it going to be like to be in high school or junior high school who are my friends -to exercise the love of social complexity and the narrative intelligence that drives most of their play behavior -and which embeds in it values about noticing that we have lots of choices in our lives and the ways that we conduct ourselves -the other title that we launched is called secret paths in the forest that addresses the more fantasy oriented inner lives of girls these two titles both showed up in the top fifty entertainment titles in pc data entertainment titles in pc data -in december right up there with john madden football which thrills me to death so were real and weve touched several hundreds of thousands of little girls now then -after twenty years or so in the computer game industry -weve made half a billion impressions with marketing and pr for this brand purple moon ninety six percent of them roughly have been positive four percent of them have been other -i want to talk about the other because the politics of this enterprise in a way have been the most fascinating part of it -really two kinds of negative reviews that weve received one kind of reviewer is a male gamer who thinks he knows what games ought to be and wont show the product to little girls -the other kind of reviewer is a certain flavor of feminist who thinks they know what little girls ought to be -having ideas that people didnt think they could sell -its funny to me that these interesting odd bedfellows have one thing in common -they dont listen to little girls -they havent looked at children -like to play you some voices of little girls from the two and a half years of research that we did actually some of the voices are more recent -and these voices will be accompanied by photographs that they took for us of their lives of the things that they value and care about these are pictures the girls themselves never saw but they gave to us -this is the stuff those reviewers dont know about and arent listening to and this is the kind of research i recommend to you who want to do humanistic work -yeah my character is usually a tomboy hers is -what else -and all those -we make -newspaper on the computer for a girls game also usually theyll have really -you -and i love a lot of things to do and sometimes i -sometimes it gets annoying when you brothers and sisters or brother or sister when they copy you and you get your idea first and they take your idea and they do it themselves -she -this is the second day in rocketts life and the reason im showing you this is im hoping that the scene that im going to show you will look familiar and sound familiar now that youve listened to some girls voices -just be a giant sexist conspiracy these people arent that smart theres six billion dollars on the table -and you can see how weve tried to incorporate the issues that matter to them in -asked me to make sure you knew about -awful event occurs rocket gets -want to -s -so were going to emotionally navigate if we were playing the game thats what wed do if at any time during the game we want to learn more about the characters we can go into this hidden hallway -and ill quickly just show you the interface we can for example go find mikos locker -they would go for it if they could figure out how so what is the deal here -girls their desires to experience greater emotional flexibility and to play around with the social complexity of their lives -i want to make the point that what were giving girls i think through this effort is a kind of validation a sense of being seen and a sense of the choices that are available in their lives we love them -we see them -were not trying to -but were really really happy about who they are it turns out theyre really great i want to close by showing you -and as we thought about our goals -i should say that interval is really a humanistic institution in the classical sense that humanism at its best finds a way to combine -clear eyed empirical research with a set of core values that fundamentally love and respect people the basic idea of humanism is the improvable -quality of life that -we can do good things that there are -and it becomes this dangerous cycle -one of the things -i think we need to think about is why and how we numb and it doesnt just have to be addiction -the other thing we do is we make everything thats uncertain -just certain -the more afraid we are the more vulnerable we are the more afraid we are this is what politics looks like today theres no discourse anymore -we -if theres anyone who wants their life to look like this it would be me but it doesnt work because what we do is we take fat from our butts and put it in our cheeks -which just i hope in a hundred years people will look back and -theyre hardwired for struggle when they get here and when you hold those perfect little babies in your hand our job is not so say look at her shes -my job is just to keep her perfect make sure she makes the tennis team by fifth grade and yale by seventh grade -job our job is to look and say you know what youre imperfect and youre wired for struggle but you are worthy of love and belonging -thats our job show me a generation of kids raised like that and well end the problems i think that we see today we pretend -whether its a bailout an oil spill a recall we pretend like what were doing doesnt have a huge impact on other people i would say to companies this is not our first rodeo people -i was a young researcher doctoral student my first year i had a research professor who said to -we just need you to be authentic and real and say -to let ourselves be seen deeply seen vulnerably seen -to love with our whole -to practice gratitude and joy in those moments of terror when were wondering can i love you this much can i believe in this this passionately can i be this fierce about -heres the thing if you cannot measure it it does not exist and -is to believe that were enough because when we work from a place i believe that says im enough -so my entire academic career was surrounded by people who kind of believed the lifes messy love it -and im more of the lifes messy clean it up -and so to think that i had found my way to found a career that takes me really one of the big sayings in social work is lean into the discomfort of the work -and im like knock discomfort upside the head and move it over and get all as that was my -so ill start with this a couple years ago an event planner called me because i was going to do a speaking event and she called and she said -so i was very excited -i thought you know what -this is the career for me because i am interested in some messy topics but i want to be able to make them -i want to understand them i want to hack into these things i know are important and lay the code out for everyone to see so where i started -was with connection because by the time youre a social worker for ten years what you realize is that connection is -why were here its what gives purpose and meaning to our lives this is what its all about it doesnt matter whether you talk to people who work in social justice and mental health -know that situation where you get an evaluation from your boss and she tells you thirty seven things you do really awesome and one thing an opportunity for growth -and all you can think about is that opportunity for growth right -really struggling with how to write about you on the little flier and i thought well whats the struggle and she said -well apparently this is the way my work went as well because when you ask people about love -they tell you about heartbreak when you ask people about belonging theyll tell you their most excruciating experiences of being excluded and when you ask people about connection the stories they told me were about disconnection -very quickly really about six weeks into this research i ran into this unnamed thing that absolutely unraveled connection -in a way that i didnt understand or had never seen and so i pulled back out of the research and thought i need to figure out what this is and it turned out to be shame -be worthy of connection -the things i can tell you about it its universal we all have it the only people who dont experience shame have no capacity for human empathy or connection no one wants to talk about it and the less you talk about it the more you have -well i saw you speak and im going to call you a researcher i think but im afraid if i call you a researcher no one will come because theyll think youre boring -what underpinned this shame this im not good enough -which we all know that feeling im not blank enough im not thin enough rich enough beautiful enough smart enough promoted enough the thing that underpinned this was -idea -in order for connection to happen we have to allow ourselves to be seen really seen and you know how i feel about vulnerability i hate vulnerability and so i thought this is my chance -to beat it back with my measuring stick im going in im going to figure this stuff out im going to spend a year im going to totally deconstruct shame im going to understand how vulnerability works and im going to outsmart it -so i was ready and i was really excited -as you know its not going to turn out well -so i could tell you a lot about shame but id have to borrow everyone elses time but heres what i can tell you that it boils down to -and this may be one of the most important things that ive ever learned in the decade of doing this research -my one year turned into six years thousands of stories hundreds of long interviews focus groups at one point people were sending me journal pages and sending me their stories -thousands of pieces of data in six years and i kind of got a handle on it i kind of understood this is what shame is this is how it works -who really have a sense of worthiness thats what this comes down to a sense of worthiness they have a strong sense of love and belonging -okay and she said -and folks who struggle for it and folks who are always wondering if their good enough there was only one variable that separated the people who have a strong sense of love and belonging -the thing i liked about your talk is youre a storyteller so i think what ill do is just call you a storyteller and of course the academic insecure part of me was like -and the people who really struggle for it and that was the people who have a strong sense of love and belonging -and to me the hard part of the one thing that keeps us out of connection is our fear that were not worthy of connection was something that personally and professionally i felt like i needed to understand better -so what i did -is i took all of the interviews where i saw worthiness where i saw people living that way and just looked at -what do these people have in common i -slight office supply addiction but thats another talk -so i had a manila folder and i had a sharpie and i was like what am i going to call this research and the first words that came to my mind were -whole hearted these are whole hearted people living from this deep sense of worthiness so i wrote at the top of the manila folder and i started looking at the data in fact i did it first in a four day -my husband left town with the kids -meaning heart and the original definition was to tell the story of who you are with your whole heart and so these folks had very simply the courage to be imperfect -and she said im going to call you a storyteller and i was like -they had the compassion to be kind to themselves first and then to others because as it turns out -we cant practice compassion with other people if we cant treat ourselves kindly and the last was they had connection and this was the hard part -as a result of authenticity -they were willing to let go of who they thought they should be -in order to be who they were -to absolutely do that for connection -the other thing that they had in common was -fully embraced vulnerability -they -believed that what made them vulnerable made them beautiful -they didnt talk about vulnerability being comfortable nor did they talk about it being excruciating as i had heard it earlier in the shame interviewing they just talked about it being necessary -they talked about the willingness -to say i love you first the willingness to -do something where there are no guarantees the willingness to breathe through waiting for the doctor to call after your mammogram -willing to invest in a relationship -that may or may not work out -they thought this was fundamental -i personally thought it was betrayal i could not believe i had pledged allegiance to research -let me think about this for a second i tried to call deep on my courage -and now my mission to control and predict had turned up the answer that the way to live is with vulnerability -sounds better than breakdown but i assure you it was a breakdown -i thought i am a storyteller im a qualitative researcher i collect stories -and theyre like im just saying you know -dont bring your measuring stick -i brought in my list of the way the whole hearted live and i sat down -and she said how are you -im okay she said whats going on and this is a therapist -because we have to go to those because their b s meters are -i do and maybe stories are just data with a soul and maybe im just a storyteller and so i said you know what -and so i said heres the thing -of shame and fear and our struggle for worthiness but it appears that its also the birthplace of joy -of creativity of belonging of -love and i think i have a problem and i need some help and i said but heres the thing no family stuff no childhood shit i just -neither good nor bad -and it did and it didnt and it took about a year and you know how there are people that when they realize -say im a researcher storyteller -thats not me and b i dont even hang out with people like -for me -pushed i pushed back i lost -the fight but probably won my life back -and so then i went back into the research and spent the next couple of years really trying to understand what they the whole hearted what choices they were making and what are we doing with vulnerability -why do we struggle with it so much am i alone in struggling with vulnerability -so this is what i learned -we numb vulnerability -were waiting for the call it was funny i sent something out on twitter and on facebook that says how would you define vulnerability what makes you feel vulnerable and within an hour and a half i had a one hundred and fifty responses because i wanted to know whats out there -im a researcher storyteller and im going to talk to you today were talking about expanding perception and so i want to talk to you and tell some stories about a piece of my research -being turned down asking someone -we live in a vulnerable world and one of the ways we deal with it is we numb vulnerability and i think theres evidence and its not the only reason this evidence exists but i think its a huge cause we are -the most in debt -addicted and medicated adult cohort in u s history -the problem is and i learned this from the research that you cannot selectively numb -you cant say heres the bad -heres vulnerability heres grief heres shame heres fear heres disappointment i dont want to feel these im going to have a couple of beers and a banana nut muffin -i dont want to feel these -and i know thats knowing laughter i hack into your lives for a living god -you cant numb those hard feelings without numbing the affects our emotions you cannot selectively numb so when we numb those -we numb joy -we numb gratitude we numb happiness and -we are miserable and we are looking for purpose and meaning and then we feel vulnerable so then we have a couple of -and he said thats convenient -you say to reach out tell our story -because the women in my life are harder on me than anyone else -so i started interviewing men and asking questions -and what i learned is this -you show me a woman who can actually sit with a man in real vulnerability and fear -ill show you a woman whos done incredible work -you show me a man who can sit with a woman -cant do it all anymore -and his first response is not i unloaded the dishwasher -but he really listens -shame is an epidemic -to find our way back to each other we have to understand how it affects us and how it affects the way were parenting the way were working the way were looking at each other -very quickly some research by mahalik at boston college -he asked what do women need to do to conform to female norms the top answers in this country -nice thin modest and use all available resources for appearance -when he asked about men what do men in this country need to do to conform with male norms the answers were -always show emotional control -work is first -and know empathy because empathys the antidote to shame -if you put shame in a petri dish -it needs three things to grow exponentially secrecy silence and judgment -if you put the same amount of shame in a petri dish and douse it with empathy it cant survive -the two most powerful words when were in struggle me too -and so ill leave you with this thought -if were going to find our way back to each other -vulnerability is going to be that -and i know its seductive to stand outside the arena because i think i did it my whole life -when im bulletproof and when im perfect -and that is seductive but the truth is -when you got in there thats not what we want to see -we want you to go in -we want to be with you and across from you -and we just want -then wed have to break into his dorm room and then erase the tape -for ourselves and the people we care about and the people we work with -m thinking to myself -so i looked back up and she said -are you really going to try to break in -and steal the video before they put it on youtube -if five hundred turns into one thousand -i had no contingency plan for four million -and maybe the hardest part about my life ending is that i -i woke up the morning after i gave that talk -staying right under the radar -but i want to talk about what ive learned theres two things that ive learned in the last year -with the worst vulnerability hangover -and that myth -how many of you honestly when youre thinking about doing something vulnerable or saying something vulnerable -think god vulnerabilitys weakness this is weakness how many of you think of vulnerability and weakness synonymously -vulnerability is not weakness -emotional risk -exposure uncertainty -it fuels our daily lives -that vulnerability is our most accurate -measurement of courage -to be vulnerable to let ourselves be seen to be honest -one of the weird things thats happened is after the ted explosion i got a lot of offers to speak all over the country everyone from schools and parent meetings to fortune five hundred companies and so many of the calls went like this hey dr brown we loved your tedtalk wed like you to come in and speak -wed appreciate it if you wouldnt mention vulnerability or shame -theres three big answers this is mostly to be honest with you from the business sector innovation creativity and change -the first time i left was to meet a friend -so let me go on the record -theres nothing more vulnerable than that -adaptability to change is all about vulnerability -the second thing in addition to really finally understanding -the relationship between vulnerability and courage the second thing i learned is this -we have to talk about shame -and im going to be really honest with you -and that became the focus because of the tedtalk and im not kidding ill give you an example about -three months ago i was in a sporting goods store buying goggles and shin guards and all the things that parents buy at the sporting goods store about from a hundred -feet away this is what i hear vulnerability ted vulnerability ted -our family motto is lock and load i am not a natural vulnerability researcher -youre the shame researcher who had the breakdown -and she looks back and does this -we watched your tedtalk in my book -then we read your book and we renamed ourselves the breakdown babes -she said our tagline is were falling apart and it feels -like ninja barbie but im vulnerability ted -i thought im going to leave that shame stuff behind because i spent six years studying shame before i really started writing and talking about vulnerability and i thought thank god because shame is this horrible topic no one wants to talk about it its the best way to shut people down on an airplane what do you do i study shame -i was reminded of a cardinal rule not a research rule -but a moral imperative -that i became a researcher to avoid vulnerability and that when being vulnerable emerged from my data -and i did not learn about vulnerability and courage and creativity and innovation -from studying vulnerability -i learned about these things from studying shame -and so i want to walk you in to shame -the swampland of the soul -and were going to walk in and the purpose is not to walk in and construct a home and live there -it is to put on some galoshes -and walk through and find our way around -because you cannot talk about race without talking about privilege and when people start talking about privilege they get paralyzed by shame -we heard a brilliant simple solution -to not killing people in surgery which is have a checklist -you cant fix that problem without addressing shame because when they teach those folks how to suture -as absolutely essential to whole hearted living -they also teach them how to stitch their self worth -to being all powerful -and all powerful folks dont need -myshkin ingawale -and he said i saw this need so you know what i did i made it and everybody just burst into applause and they were like yes and he said and it didnt work -i told these five hundred people that i had a breakdown -and then i made it thirty two more times -because very few people here are afraid to fail -and no one who gets on the stage so far that ive seen has not failed -because of shame -theres a great quote that saved me this past year by theodore roosevelt -a lot of people refer to it as the man in the arena quote -whose face is marred with dust and blood -but when he fails when he loses he does so daring greatly -and thats what this conference to me is about -thats what life is about about daring greatly about being in the arena when you walk up to that arena and you put your hand on the door and you think im going in and im going to try this -shame is the gremlin who says -i know your dad really wasnt in luxembourg he was in sing sing -i know you dont think that youre pretty enough or smart enough or talented enough or powerful enough -and say im going to do this -and if you can talk it out of that one -shame is a focus on self guilt is a focus on behavior shame is i am bad guilt is i did something bad -how many of you if you did something that was hurtful to me would be willing to say im sorry i made a mistake how many of you would be willing to say that -guilt im sorry i made a mistake shame im sorry i am a mistake -shame is highly highly correlated with addiction depression violence aggression bullying suicide eating disorders -the ability to hold something weve done or failed to do up against who we want to be is incredibly adaptive its uncomfortable but its adaptive -the other thing you need to know about shame is its absolutely organized by gender -if shame washes over me and washes over chris -its going to feel the same -everyone sitting in here knows the warm wash of shame -were pretty sure that the only people who dont experience shame are people who have no capacity for connection or empathy -which means yes i have a little shame no im a sociopath -so i would opt for yes you have a little shame -shame feels the same for men and women but its organized by gender -i dont know how much perfume that commercial sold but i guarantee you it moved a lot of antidepressants and anti anxiety meds -conflicting competing expectations about who were supposed to be -and its a straight jacket -for men shame is not a bunch of competing conflicting expectations -now a lot of these materials so weve got about one hundred thousand pieces up there so -and all of the pages on it every two months and actually its really been pioneered by alexa internet which donates this collection to the internet archive -and its been growing along for the last eleven years and its a fantastic resource and weve made a way back machine that you can then go and see old -of everything ever published everything that was ever meant for distribution available to anybody in the world thats ever wanted to have access to it -kind of the way they were if you go and search on something this is google com the different versions of it that we have this is what it looks like when it was an alpha release -and this is what it looked like at stanford so anyway youve got basically an idea of where things came from mostly people want to see their old stuff out of this if theres one thing that we want to learn from the library of alexandria version one which is probably best known for -burning is dont just have one copy so weve started to weve made another copy of all of this and we actually put it back in the -flood zone in amsterdam and in the middle east right so anyway so were hedging our bets here if we go and put it in a couple more places i think well be in good -shape theres a political and social question out of this is all of this as we go digital is it going to be public or private theres some large companies that have seen this vision that are doing large scale digitization but theyre locking up the public domain -the question is is that the world that we really want to live in whats the role of the public versus the private as things go forward how do we go and have a world where we both have libraries and publishing -in the future just as we basically benefited as we were growing up so universal access to all knowledge i think it can be one of the greatest achievements of humankind -yes theres issues about how money should be distributed and thats still being refigured out but id say theres plenty of money and theres plenty of demand so we can actually achieve that -like the man on the moon or the gutenberg bible or the library of alexandria it could be something that were remembered for for millennia for having achieved -and as i said before ill end with something thats carved above the door of the carnegie library carnegie one of the great capitalists of this country carved above his legacy free to the people thank you very much -im going to go over the technological social and sort of where are we as a whole trying to get to that particular vision and the way im going to try to do this is do it like the amazon com website -the books music video and just go step media type by media type just go and say all right how we doing on this so if we start with books -where are we well first you have to as an engineer scope the problem how big is it if you wanted to put all of the published works online so that anybody could have it available -we really need to put the best we have to offer within reach of our children -well how big a problem is it well we dont really know but the largest print library in the world is the library of congress its twenty six million volumes twenty six million volumes its by far and away the largest print library in the world and a book if you had a book -is about a megabyte so you know if you had it in microsoft word so a megabyte twenty six million megabytes is twenty six terabytes it goes mega -so for the cost of a house or around here a garage you can put you can have spinning all of the words in the library of congress -if we dont do that were going to get the generation we deserve -thats pretty neat then the question is what do you get you know is it worth trying to get there do you actually want it online some of the first things that people do is -they make book readers that allow you to search inside the books and thats kind of fun and you can download these things and look around them in new and different ways and you can get at them remotely if you happen to have a laptop theres starting to be some of these -sort of page turn ee interfaces that look a whole lot like books in certain ways and you can search them make little tabs and -its kind of cute still very book like on your laptop but i dont know reading things on a laptop whenever i pull up my laptop it always feels like work -i think thats one of the reasons why the kindle is so great i dont have to feel like im at work to read a kindle its starting to be a little bit more specified -but i have to say that theres older technologies that i tend to like -i like the physical book -and i think we can go and use our technology to go and digitize things put them on the net and then download print them and bind them and end up with books again -and we sort of said well how hard is this and it turns out to not be very hard we actually went off to make a bookmobile and a bookmobile the size of a van with a satellite dish a printer binder and cutter and kids make their own books it costs about three dollars -to download print and bind a normal old book and they actually come out kind of nice looking you can actually get really good looking books for on the order of one penny per page sort of the parts cost -for doing this so the idea of this technology actually may end up putting books back in peoples hands again there are some other bookmobiles running around this is eric eldred making books at walden pond thoreaus works this is just before he got kicked out by the parks -the elite parents librarians professionals whatever it is a bunch of our activities are in fact in trying to get the best we have to offer within reach -for competing with the bookstore there in india theyve got another couple bookmobiles running around and this is the opening day at the library of alexandria the new library of alexandria in egypt -was quite popularly attended and kids starting to make their own books and a happy kid with the first book that hes ever -so the idea of being able to use this technology to end up with paper where i can handle sort of sounds a little retro but i think it still has its place and being sort of from the silicon valley sort of utopia and sort of you know -world we thought if we can make this technology work in rural uganda we might have something so we actually got some funding from the world bank to try it out and we found in about thirty days we could go and take a couple folks from -so the books were in the library we could get it to people if theyre digitized but we didnt know how to quite get them digitized everybody thought the answer is send things to india and china -and so weve tried that and ill go over that in a moment there are some newer technologies for delivering that have happened -are actually quite exciting as well one is a print on demand machine that looks like a rube goldberg machine we have one of these things now its completely cool its all conveyor belt and it makes a -and its called the espresso book machine and in about ten minutes you can press a button and make a book something else im quite excited about in this particular domain -of those around us or as broadly as we can im going to start and end this talk with a couple things that are carved in stone one is whats on the boston public library carved above their door is free to all -beyond these sort of kiosky things where you can get books on demand is some of these new little -and one of my favorites in this is the one hundred dollar laptop and i dont mean to -steal any thunder here but weve gone and used one of these things to be an e book reader so heres one of the -units and you can it actually turns out to be a really good looking -e book reader -and we have a quick hack that we did to try to put one of our books on it and it turns out that two hundred dots per inch means that you can put scanned books on them -that look really good at two hundred dots per inch its kind of the equivalent of a three hundred dot print laser printer were in good enough shape you actually can go and read scanned books quite easily so the idea of electronic books is starting -to come about but how do you do all this scanning so we thought okay well lets try out this send books to india thing and there was a project with funded by the national science foundation sent a bunch of scanners and the american libraries were supposed to send books -well they didnt they didnt want to send their books so we bought one hundred thousand books and sent them to india and then we learned why you dont want to send books to india -the lesson we learned out of this is scan your own books if you really care about books youre going to scan them better especially if theyre valuable books if theyre new books and you can just you know -butcher them because you could just buy another one thats not such a big deal in terms of doing high quality scanning but do things that you love -but the indians have been scanning a lot of their own books about three hundred thousand now doing very well the chinese did over a million and the egyptians are about thirty thousand but we sent thought ok if were going to need to do this -lets do it in library how do we go and do this and how do we get it down so that its a cost point that we could afford and we sort of picked the price point of ten cents a page if its basically the cost of xeroxing -kind of an inspiring statement and ill go back at the end of this im a librarian and what im trying to do is bring all of the works of knowledge -to digitize ocr package it up make it so that you could download print and bind it the whole shebang we would have achieved something -so we started out trying to figure out how do we get to ten cents and we tried these robot things and they worked pretty well sort of these auto page turning things if we can have mars rovers -think you could turn pages but it actually turns out to be pretty hard to turn pages and the volume isnt there so anyway so we ended up making our own book scanner -and with two digital high grade professional digital cameras controlled museum lighting so even if its a black and white book -you can go and get the proper intonation so you basically do a beautiful respectful job this is not a fax this is the idea is to do a beautiful job -as youre going through these libraries and weve been able to achieve ten cents a page if we run things in volumes this is what it looks like at the university of toronto -and actually it turns out to you know pay a living wage people seem to love it yes its a little boring but some people kind of get into the zen of it -and especially if its kind of interesting books that you care about in languages that you can read we actually have been able to do a pretty good job of this at getting ten cents a page so ten cents a page -to as many people as want to read it and the idea of using technology is perfect for us i think we have the opportunity to one up the greeks -three hundred pages in your average book thirty dollars a book the library of congress if you did the whole darn thing twenty six million books is about seven hundred and fifty million dollars -but a million books i think actually would be a pretty good start and that would cost thirty million dollars thats not that big a bill and what weve been able to do is get into libraries weve now got -eight of these scanning centers in three countries and libraries are up for having their books scanned the getty here is moving their books -to the ucla which is where we have one these scanning centers and scanning their out of copyright books which is fabulous so were starting to get the institutional responsibility the thing were missing is the ten cents -if we can get the ten cents all the rest of it flows weve scanned about two hundred thousand books now were scanning about fifteen thousand books a month and its starting to gear up another factor of two -from there so all in all thats going very well and were starting to move out of the just out of copyright into the out of print world -so i think of were kind of going from the out of copyright library stuff and amazon com is coming from the in print world -and i think well meet in the middle some place and have the classic thing that you have which is a publishing system and a library system working in parallel -and so were starting up a program to do out of print works but loaning them -what loaning means im not quite sure but anyway loaning out of print works from the boston public library the woods hole oceanographic institute -and a few other libraries that are starting to participate in this program to try out this model of where does a library stop and where does the bookstore -take over so all in all its possible to do this in large scale were also going back over microfilm and getting that online -so we can do ten cents a page were going fifteen thousand books a month and weve got about two hundred and fifty thousand books online counting all the other projects that are starting to add in -so what i wanted to argue is books are within our grasp the idea of taking on the whole ball of wax is not that big a deal yes it costs tens of millions -low hundreds of millions but one time shot and weve got basically the history of printed literature online -and then theres business model issues about how to try to effectively market it and get it to people but it is within our grasp technologically -and law wise at least for the out of print and out of copyright we suggest to be able to get the whole darn thing online -now lets go for audio and im going to go through these so how much is there well as best we can tell there are about two to three million disks having been published so seventy eight s long playing records and -cds or at least thats the largest archives of published materials weve been able to sort of point at it costs about ten dollars a piece to go and take a disk and put it online if youre doing things in volume -problem was you actually had to go to alexandria to go to it on other hand if you did then great things happened i think we can one up the greeks -and weve been starting to make these available by going and offering shelf space on the net in the united states it doesnt cost you to give something away -right if you give something to a charity or to the public you get a pat on the back and a tax donation except on the net -can go broke if you put up a video of your garage band and it starts getting heavily accessed you can lose your guitars or your house this doesnt make any sense so weve offered unlimited storage unlimited bandwidth forever for free -bands a day signing up they give permission and we get about forty or fifty concerts a day we have about forty thousand concerts everything the grateful dead ever did -up on the net so that people can see it and listen to this material so audio is possible to put up -but the rights issues are really pretty thorny weve got a lot of collections now a couple hundred thousand items and its growing over time -and achieve something and im going to try to argue only one point today that universal access to all knowledge -that are really meant for a large scale theatrical distribution its just not that many but half of those were indian but anyway its doable but weve only found about a thousand of these things that to be -out of copyright so weve digitized those and made those available but weve found that theres lots of other types of movies that havent really seen the light of day archival films weve found also -a lot of political films a lot of amateur films all sorts of things that are basically needing of a home a permanent home so weve been starting to make these available and its grown to be very -which has just been great fun television comes quite a bit larger we started recording twenty channels of television twenty four hours a day -sort of the biggest tivo box youve ever seen its about a petabyte so far of worldwide television -mostly for cost reasons which is the nine eleven sort of from nine eleven two thousand and one for one week what did the world see -is within our grasp so if im successful then youll actually come away thinking yeah we could actually achieve the great vision -cnn were saying that palestinians were dancing in the streets were they lets look at the palestinian television and find out how can we have -building the last piece of atlas so as of today its finished id like to say that i planned that for ted but i didnt so its been completed as of today -wonderful achievement so you might be asking why why create the conditions that were present less than a billionth of a second after the universe began -the hundred billion suns in our galaxy and the hundred billion galaxies in the observable universe absolutely everything now you might say well ok but why not just look at it you know if you want to know what im made of lets look at me well -this is the large hadron collider its twenty seven kilometers in circumference its the biggest scientific experiment ever attempted -we found that as you look back in time the universe gets hotter and hotter denser and denser and simpler and simpler now theres no real reason im aware of for that but that seems to be the case -so way back in the early times of the universe we believe it was very simple and understandable all this complexity all the way to these wonderful things human brains -are a property of an old and cold and complicated universe back at the start in the first billionth of a second we believe or weve observed it was very simple -but as you heat it up itll melt into a pool of water and you would be able to see that actually it was just made of h twenty water -in that same sense that we look back in time to understand what the universe is made of and as of today its made of these things just twelve particles of matter stuck together by four forces of nature -the quarks these pink things are the things that make up protons and neutrons that make up the atomic nuclei in your body the electron the thing that goes around the atomic nucleus -held around in orbit by the way by the electromagnetic force thats carried by this thing the photon the quarks are stuck together by other things called gluons and these guys here theyre the weak nuclear force probably the least familiar but without it the sun wouldnt shine -ten thousand physicists and engineers from eighty five countries around the world have come together over several decades to build this machine -up the road relative to the universe its just up the road -so this thing was discovered in the year two thousand so its a relatively recent picture one of the wonderful things actually i find is that weve discovered any of them when you realize how tiny -a step in size from the entire observable universe so one hundred billion galaxies thirteen point seven billion light years away -a step in size from that to monterey actually is about the same as from monterey to these things absolutely exquisitely minute and yet weve discovered -what we do is we accelerate protons so hydrogen nuclei around ninety nine point nine nine nine nine nine nine percent the speed of light -so one of my most illustrious forebears at manchester university ernest rutherford discoverer of the atomic nucleus once said all science is either physics or stamp collecting -i dont think he meant to insult the rest of science although he was from new zealand so its possible -what he -was that what weve done really is stamp collect there ok weve discovered the particles but unless you understand the underlying reason for that pattern you know why its built the way it is really youve done stamp collecting you havent done science fortunately we have -this is -a little disingenuous because ive expanded it out in all its gory detail this equation though allows you to calculate everything other than gravity that happens in the universe so you want to know why the sky is blue why atomic nuclei stick together -in principle youve got a big enough computer why dna is the shape it is in principle you should be able to calculate it from that equation -can anyone see what it is a bottle of champagne for anyone that tells me ill make it easier actually by blowing one of the lines up -basically each of these terms refers to some of the particles so those ws there refer to the ws and how they stick together -these carriers of the weak force the zeds the same but theres an extra symbol in this equation h right h h stands for higgs particle -that speed they go around that twenty seven kilometers eleven thousand times a second and we collide them with another beam of protons going in the opposite direction -so all the exquisitely detailed calculations we can do with that wonderful equation wouldnt be possible without an extra bit so its a prediction a prediction of a new particle -what does it do well we had a long time to come up with good analogies and back in the nineteen eighties when we wanted the money for the lhc from the uk government -the whole universe is full of something called a higgs field higgs particles if you will the analogy is that these people in a room are the higgs particles -now when a particle moves through the universe it can interact with these higgs particles but imagine someone whos not very popular moves through the room then everyone ignores them -they can just pass through the room very quickly essentially at the speed of light theyre massless and imagine someone incredibly important and popular and intelligent -heavy in a sense and massive because theyre surrounded by higgs particles theyre interacting with the higgs field if that pictures true then we have to discover those higgs particles at the lhc -we collide them inside giant detectors theyre essentially digital cameras and this is the one that i work on atlas you get some sense of the size you can just see these eu standard size people -so thats one of the prime reasons we built this giant machine im glad you recognize margaret thatcher actually i thought about making it more culturally relevant -but -so thats one thing thats essentially a guarantee of what the lhc will find there are many other things youve heard many of the big problems in particle physics one of them you heard about dark matter dark energy -so the electromagnetic force the force that holds us together gets stronger as you go to higher temperatures the strong force the strong nuclear force which sticks nuclei together gets weaker -what you see is the standard model you can calculate how these change is the forces the three forces other than gravity almost seem to come together at one point its almost as if there was one beautiful kind of super force back at the beginning of time but they just -theory called supersymmetry which doubles the number of particles in the standard model which at first sight doesnt sound like a simplification but actually with this theory we find that the forces of nature do seem to unify together back at the big bang -many other things that the lhc could discover but in the last few minutes i just want to give you a different perspective -i think what particle physics really means to me particle physics and cosmology and thats that i think its given us a wonderful -and id say that it deserves in the spirit of wade davis talk to be at least put up there with these wonderful creation stories of the peoples of the high andes and the frozen north this is a creation story i think equally as wonderful -the story goes like this we know that the universe began thirteen point seven billion years ago in an immensely hot dense state much smaller than a single atom -the size forty four meters wide twenty two meters in diameter seven thousand tons and we re create the conditions that were present -after the big bang gravity separated away from the other forces the universe then underwent an exponential expansion called inflation -in about the first billionth of a second or so the higgs field kicked in and the quarks and the gluons and the electrons that make us up got mass the universe continued to expand and cool after about -a few minutes there was hydrogen and helium in the universe thats all the universe was about seventy five percent hydrogen twenty five percent helium it still is today -to expand about three hundred million years then light began to travel through the universe it was big enough to be transparent to light and thats what we see in the cosmic microwave background that george smoot described as looking at the face of god -so the elements of life carbon and oxygen and iron all the elements that we need to make us up were cooked in those first generations of stars -fuel exploded threw those elements back into the universe they then re collapsed into another generation of stars -less than a billionth of a second after the universe began up to six hundred million times a second inside that detector immense numbers -and planets and on some of those planets the oxygen which had been created in that first generation of stars could fuse with hydrogen to form water liquid water on the surface on at least one -and on maybe only one of those planets primitive life evolved which evolved over millions of years into things that walked upright and left footprints about three and a half million years ago in the mud flats of tanzania and eventually -left a footprint on another world and built this civilization this wonderful picture that turned the darkness into light and you can see the civilization from space as one of my great heroes carl sagan said these are the things -and actually not only these but i was looking around these are the things like saturn v rockets and sputnik and dna and literature and science these are the things that hydrogen atoms do when given thirteen point seven billion years -carbon and oxygen wouldnt be stable inside the hearts of stars and there would be none of that in the universe and i think -it makes me really feel that that civilization which as i say if you believe the scientific creation story -see those metal bits there those are huge magnets that bend electrically charged particles so it can measure how fast theyre traveling this is a picture about a year ago -emerged purely as a result of the laws of physics and a few hydrogen atoms then i think to me anyway it makes me feel incredibly valuable -so thats the lhc the lhc is certainly when it turns on in summer going to write the next chapter of that book and im certainly looking forward with immense excitement to it being turned on thanks -those magnets are in there and again an eu standard size real person so you get some sense of the scale and its in there that those mini big bangs will be created sometime in the summer this year and actually this morning i got an email saying that weve just finished today -sent back by the cassini space probe around saturn after wed finished filming wonders of the solar system so it isnt in the series -the moon enceladus so that big sweeping white sphere in the corner is saturn which is actually in the background of the picture -and that crescent there is the moon enceladus which is about as big as the british isles its about five hundred km in diameter so tiny moon -whats fascinating and beautiful this an unprocessed picture by the way i should say its black and white straight from saturnian orbit whats beautiful is you can probably see in the limb there some faint sort of wisps of almost smoke -we live in difficult and challenging economic times of course and one of the first victims of difficult economic times i think is public spending of any kind -thats fascinating and beautiful in itself but we think that the mechanism for powering those fountains requires there to be lakes of liquid water beneath the surface of this moon -and whats important about that is that on our planet on earth wherever we find liquid water we find life so to find -is really quite astounding so what were saying essentially is maybe thats a habitat for life in the solar system -just a few hundred kilometers above the surface and so this again a real picture of the ice fountains rising up into space absolutely beautiful -but thats not the prime candidate for life in the solar system thats probably this place which is a moon of jupiter europa and again we had to fly to the jovian system to get any sense that this moon as most moons -but by measure the way that europa interacts with the magnetic field of jupiter and looking at how those cracks in the ice that you can see there on that graphic move around -weve inferred very strongly that theres an ocean of liquid surrounding the entire surface of europa so below the ice theres an ocean of liquid around the whole moon -but certainly in the firing line at the moment is public spending for science and particularly curiosity led science and exploration -it could be hundreds of kilometers deep we think we think its saltwater and that would mean that theres more water on that moon of jupiter than there is in all the oceans of the earth combined -so that place a little moon around jupiter is probably the prime candidate for finding life on a moon or a body outside the earth that we know of tremendous and beautiful discovery -our exploration of the solar system has taught us that the solar system is beautiful it may also have pointed the way to answering one of the most profound questions that you can possibly ask which is are we alone in the universe -turbulent year the student riots in paris the height of the vietnam war the reason many people think that about this picture and al gore has said it many times actualy on the stage at ted -so i want to try and convince you in about fifteen minutes that thats a ridiculous and ludicrous thing to do but i think to set the scene -is that this picture arguably was the beginning of the environmental movement because for the first time we saw our world not as -well a solid immovable kind of indestructible place but as a very small fragile looking world just hanging against the blackness of space whats also not often -it cost a lot didnt it well actually many studies have been done about the economic effectiveness the economic impact of -so the apollo program paid for itself in inspiration in engineering achievement and i think in inspiring young scientists and engineers fourteen times over so exploration can pay for itself what about -eighteen eighties eighteen nineties many scientists many observers looked at the light given off from atoms and they saw strange pictures like this -you put it through a prism is that you heat hydrogen up and it doesnt just glow like a white light it just emits light at particular colors a red one a light blue one -i want to show the next slide is not my attempt to show the worst ted slide in the history of ted but it is a bit of a mess -now that led to an understanding of atomic structure because the way thats explained is atoms are a single nucleus with electrons going around them and the electrons can only be in particular places and when they jump -was one of the key drivers that led to the development of the quantum theory the theory of the structure of atoms i just wanted to show this picture because this is remarkable this is actually a picture of the spectrum of the sun -but look at the number of black lines in that spectrum and the element helium was discovered just by staring at the light from the sun -helios from the sun now that sounds esoteric and indeed it was an esoteric pursuit but the quantum theory quickly led to an understanding of the behaviors of electrons in materials like silicon for example -but actually its not my fault its from the guardian newspaper and its actually a beautiful demonstration of how much science costs because if im going to make the case for continuing to spend on curiosity driven science -we wouldnt have transistors we wouldnt have silicon chips we wouldnt have pretty much the basis of our modern economy theres one more i think wonderful twist to that -in wonders of the solar system we kept emphasizing the laws of physics are universal its one of the most incredible things about the physics -imposed on the mass of stars you can work it out on a piece of paper in laboratory get a telescope swing it to the sky and you find that there are no dead stars bigger than one point four times the mass of the sun -this is the picture of a galaxy a common our garden galaxy with what one hundred billion stars like our sun in it its just one of -billions of galaxies in the universe there are a billion stars in the galactic core which is why its shining out so brightly this is about fifty million light years away so one of our neighboring galaxies -but that bright star there is actually one of the stars in the galaxy so that star is also fifty million light years away -thats an incredible phenomena because its a star that sits there its called a carbon oxygen dwarf it sits there about say one point three times the mass of the sun and it has a binary companion that goes around it so a big -star a big ball of gas and what it does is it sucks gas off its companion star until it gets to this -i should tell you how much it costs so this is a game called spot the science budgets this is the u k government spend you see there its about six hundred and twenty billion a year the science budget is actually if you look -and then it explodes and it explodes and it shines as brightly as a billion suns for about two weeks and releases not only energy but a huge amount of -i think thats a remarkable demonstration of the power and beauty and universality of the laws of physics because we understand that process because we understand the structure of atoms -i certainly didnt plan to revolutionize all medicine by discovering the worlds first antibiotic now the explorers of the world of the atom did not intend to invent the transistor and they certainly didnt intend to -so i think science can be serendipity is important it can be beautiful it can reveal quite astonishing things it can also -i think finally reveal the most profound ideas to us about our place in the universe and really the value of our home planet this is a spectacular picture or our home planet now it doesnt look like -to your left theres a purple set of blobs and then yellow set of blobs and its one of the yellow set of blobs -it looks like saturn because of course it is it was taken by the cassini space probe but its a famous picture not because of the beauty and majesty of saturns rings -but actually because of a tiny faint blob just hanging underneath one of the rings and if i blow it up there you see -like a moon but in fact its a picture of earth it was a picture of earth captured in that frame of saturn thats our planet from seven hundred and fifty million miles away -the voyager spacecraft and thats a picture of me in front of it for scale the voyager is a tiny machine its currently ten billion miles away from -very hard to see the earth there its called the pale blue dot picture but earth is suspended in that shaft -of light thats earth from four billion miles away and id like to read you what sagan wrote about it just to finish because i cannot say -around the big yellow blob its about three point three billion pounds per year out of six hundred and twenty billion that funds everything in the u k from medical research space exploration -words as beautiful as this to describe what he saw in that picture that he had taken he said consider again that -thats here thats home thats us on it everyone you love everyone you know everyone youve ever heard of every human being who ever was lived out their lives -the aggregates of joy and suffering thousands of confident religions ideologies and economic doctrines every hunter and forager every hero and coward every creator and destroyer of civilization -every king and peasant every young couple in love every mother and father hopeful child inventor and explorer every teacher of morals every corrupt politician -to me it underscores our responsibility to deal more kindly with one another and to preserve and cherish the pale blue dot the only home weve ever known -where i work at cern in geneva particle physics engineering even arts and humanities funded from the science budget which is that three point three billion that little tiny yellow blob around the orange blob at the top left of the screen -the turn of the nineteenth century just exploit it just build things he said this he said nothing is more fatal to the progress of the human mind -that our views of science are ultimate that our triumphs are complete that there are no mysteries in nature and that there are no new worlds to conquer thank you -their worst cases -legendary -and it starts with one physician at a time the redefined physician is human knows shes human accepts it isnt proud of making mistakes but strives to learn one thing from what happened that she can teach to somebody else -and she works in a culture of medicine that acknowledges that human beings run the system and when human beings run the system they will make mistakes from time to time so the system is -evolving to create -and also fosters in a loving supportive way places where everybody who is observing in the health care system can actually point out things that could be potential mistakes and is rewarded for doing so and especially people like me when we do make mistakes were rewarded for coming clean -i am a redefined physician im human i make mistakes im sorry about that -but i strive to learn one thing that i can pass -what we do though is we send each one of them including myself out into the world with the admonition be perfect never ever ever make a mistake but you worry about the details about how that -and all the while i was amassing more and more knowledge and i did well i graduated with -and to report back to my attending -and i saw mrs drucker and she was breathless and when i listened to her she was making a wheezy sound and when i -to get her to pee out the access fluid and over the course of the next hour and a half or two she started to feel -without speaking to my attending -maybe i didnt want to be a high maintenance resident maybe i wanted to be so successful and so able to take responsibility -in sending her home i disregarded a little voice deep down inside that was trying to tell me -goldman not a good idea -in fact so lacking in confidence was i that -when i did something that i dont usually do i walked through the emergency department on my way home -and it was there that another nurse not the nurse who was looking after mrs drucker before but another nurse said three words to me that are the three words that most emergency physicians i know dread others in medicine dread them as well but theres something particular about emergency medicine because we see patients so fleetingly -the three words are -slowly but surely it lifted -and she said the three words -do you remember -felt cleansed and went back -they had their operations and they did okay -but each time they were gnawing at me eating at me and id like to be able to say to you that my worst mistakes only happened in the first five years of practice as many of my colleagues say -which is total b s laughter some of my doozies have been in -believe me id have trouble making eye -what will we be left with but a safe -ive made a personal study of medical malpractice and medical errors to learn everything i can from one of the first articles i wrote for the toronto star to my show white coat black art and what ive learned is that errors are absolutely ubiquitous -in this country as many as twenty four thousand canadians die of preventable medical errors in the united states the institute of medicine pegged it at one hundred thousand in both cases these are gross underestimates because we really arent ferreting out the problem as we -in cern geneva switzerland a machine is being built called the large hadron collider its a machine that will send particles -around a tunnel opposite directions near the speed of light every so often those particles will be aimed at each other so theres a head on collision -the hope is -that if the collision has enough energy it may eject some of the debris from the collision from our dimensions -after the collision than before this will be evidence that the energy has drifted away and if it drifts away in the right pattern that we can calculate this will be evidence that the extra dimensions are there let me show you that idea visually so imagine we -a certain kind of particle called a graviton thats the kind of debris we expect to be ejected out if the extra dimensions are real but heres how the experiment will go -you take these particles you slam them together you slam them together and if we are right some of the energy of that collision will go into debris that flies off into these extra dimensions so this is the kind of experiment that well be looking at in the next five -theory of gravity in the late sixteen hundreds that works well describes the motion of planets the motion of the moon and so forth -seven to ten years or so and if this experiment bears fruit if we see that kind of particle ejected -by noticing that theres less energy in our dimensions than when we began this will show that the extra dimensions are real -and to me this is a really remarkable story and a remarkable opportunity going back to newton with absolute space didnt provide anything but an arena a stage in which the events of the universe take place -einstein comes along and says well space and time can warp and curve thats what gravity is and now string theory comes along -and says yes gravity quantum mechanics electromagnetism all together in one package but only if the universe has more dimensions -than the ones that we see -and this is an experiment that may test for them in our lifetime -the motion of apocryphal of apples falling from trees hitting people on the head all of that could be described using newtons work but -einstein realized that newton had left something out of the story because even newton had written that although he understood how -to calculate the effect of gravity hed been unable to figure out how it really works how is it that the sun ninety three million miles away somehow -the motion of the earth how does the sun reach out across empty inert space and exert -influence and that is a task to which einstein set himself to figure out how gravity works and let me show you what it is that he found -so einstein found that the medium that transmits gravity is space itself the idea goes like this -a virtually unknown german mathematician named theodor kaluza -of space to warp to curve and that communicates the force of gravity even the earth warps space around it now look at the moon -the moon is kept in orbit according to these ideas because it rolls along a valley in the curved environment that the sun and the moon and the earth can all create by virtue of their presence we go to a full frame view of this -the earth itself is kept in orbit because it rolls along a valley in the environment thats curved because of the suns presence that is this new idea about how -actually works now -one theory that might be able to describe all of natures forces from one set of ideas one set of principles one master equation if you will -a very bold and in some ways a very bizarre idea he proposed that our universe might actually have more than the three dimensions -so kaluza said to himself einstein has been able to describe gravity in terms of warps and curves in space in fact space and time to be more precise maybe i can play the same game with the other known force which -was at that time known as the electromagnetic force we know of others today but at that time that was the only other one people were thinking about you know the force responsible for electricity and magnetic attraction and so forth so kaluza says maybe i can play the same game and describe electromagnetic -force in terms of warps and curves that raised a question warps and curves in what -so kaluza said well -maybe there are more dimensions of space he said if i want to describe one more force maybe i need one more dimension so he imagined that the world had four dimensions of space not three -and imagined that electromagnetism was warps and curves in that fourth dimension now heres the thing when he wrote down the equations describing warps and curves in a universe with four space dimensions not three -he found the old equations that einstein had already derived in three dimensions those were for gravity but he found one more equation because of the one more dimension -and when he looked at that equation it was none other than the equation that scientists had long known to describe the electromagnetic force -amazing it just popped out he was so excited by this realization that he ran around his house screaming victory that he had found -that we are all aware of that is in addition to left right back forth and up down kaluza proposed that there might be additional dimensions of space that for some reason -kaluza was a man who took theory very seriously he in fact there is a story that when he wanted to learn how to swim -he read a book a treatise on swimming -then dove into the ocean -this is a man who would risk his life on theory -now but for those of us who are a little bit more practically minded two questions immediately arise from his observation number one if there are more dimensions in space where are they -seem to see them -and number two does this theory really work in detail when you try to apply it to the world around us now the first question -there might be big easy to see dimensions but there might also be tiny curled up dimensions curled up so small even though theyre all around us that we dont see them let me show you that one visually -but you and i all know that it does have some thickness its very hard to see it though from far away but if we zoom in and take the perspective of say a little ant walking around -little ants are so small that they can access all of the dimensions the long dimension but also this clockwise counter clockwise direction and i hope you appreciate this it took so long to get these ants to do this -but this illustrates the fact that dimensions can be of two sorts big and small and the idea that maybe the big dimensions around us are the ones that we can easily see -but there might be additional dimensions curled up sort of like the circular part of that cable so small -that they have so far remained invisible let me show you what that would look like so if we take a look say at space itself -i can only show of course two dimensions on a screen some of you guys will fix that one day but anything thats not flat on a screen is a new dimension goes smaller smaller smaller and way down in the microscopic depths of space itself -this is the idea you could have additional curled up dimensions here is a little shape of a circle so small that we dont see them -but if you were a little ultra microscopic ant walking around you could walk in the big dimensions that we all know about thats like the grid part but you could also access the tiny curled up -so small that we cant see it with the naked eye or even with any of our most refined equipment but deeply tucked into the fabric of space itself the idea is there could be more dimensions as we see there now -thats an explanation about how the universe could have more dimensions than the ones that we see but what about the second question that i asked -does the theory actually work when you try to apply it to the real world well it turns out that einstein and kaluza and many others -worked on trying to refine this framework and apply it to the physics of the universe as was understood at the time -detail it didnt work in detail for instance they couldnt get the mass of the electron to work out correctly in this theory so many people worked on it but by the -by the fifties this strange but very compelling idea of how to unify the laws of physics had gone away -until something wonderful happened in our age in our era a new approach to unify the laws of physics is being pursued by physicists such as myself many others around the world its called superstring theory as you were indicating -around us this particular idea however although we dont yet know whether its right or wrong and at the end ill discuss experiments which in the next few years may tell us whether its right or wrong -and the wonderful thing is that superstring theory has nothing to do at first sight with this idea of extra dimensions -theory that tries to answer the question what are the basic fundamental indivisible uncuttable constituents making up everything in the world around us -the idea is like this so imagine we look at a familiar object just a -we also all know that atoms are not the end of the story they have little -even the neutrons and protons have smaller particles inside of them known as quarks that is where conventional ideas stop -here is the new idea of string theory -deep inside any of these particles there is something else this something else is this dancing filament of energy it looks like a vibrating string thats where the idea string theory comes from -and just like the vibrating strings that you just saw in a cello can vibrate in different patterns these can also vibrate in different patterns they dont produce different musical notes rather they produce the different particles making up the world around us -these ideas are correct this is what the ultra microscopic landscape of the universe looks like its built up of a huge number of these little tiny filaments -this idea has had a major impact on physics in the last century and continues to inform a lot of cutting edge research so id like to tell you something about the story of these extra dimensions -vibrating energy vibrating in different frequencies the different frequencies produce the different particles the different particles -are responsible for all the richness in the world around us and there you see unification because matter particles electrons and quarks -put together under the rubric of vibrating strings and thats what we mean -by a unified theory now here is the catch -when you study the mathematics of string theory you find that it doesnt work in a universe that just has three dimensions of space it doesnt work in a universe with four dimensions of space nor five nor six -finally you can study the equations and show that it works only in a universe that has ten dimensions of space -and one dimension of time -us right back to this idea of kaluza and klein that our world when appropriately described -has more dimensions than the ones that we see -now you might think about that and say well ok you know if you have extra dimensions and theyre really tightly curled up -that is true one of the other predictions of string theory -no thats not one of the other predictions of string theory -but it raises the question are we just trying to hide away these extra dimensions or -do they tell us something about the world in the remaining time id like to tell you two features of them -first is many of us believe that these extra dimensions hold the answer to what perhaps is the deepest question in theoretical physics theoretical science and that question is this -when we look around the world as scientists have done for the last hundred years there appear to be about twenty numbers that really describe our universe these are numbers like the mass of the particles like electrons and quarks -the strength of gravity the strength of the electromagnetic force a list of about twenty numbers that have been measured with incredible precision but nobody has an explanation for why the numbers have the particular values that they do -if those numbers had any other values than the known ones the universe as we know it wouldnt exist -this is a deep question why are those numbers so finely tuned to allow stars to shine and planets to form when we recognize that if you fiddle with those numbers if i had twenty dials up here and i let you come up and fiddle with those numbers almost any fiddling makes -the universe disappear so can we explain those twenty numbers and string theory suggests that those twenty numbers have to do with the extra dimensions let me show you how -so when we talk about the extra dimensions in string theory its not one extra dimension as in the older ideas of kaluza -and klein this is what string theory says about the extra dimensions they have a very rich intertwined geometry this is an example of something known as a calabi yau shape -name isnt all that important but as you can see the extra dimensions fold in on themselves and intertwine in a very interesting shape interesting structure -and the idea is that if this is what the extra dimensions look like then the microscopic landscape of our universe all around us -would look like this on the tiniest of scales when you swing your hand youd be moving around these extra dimensions over and over again but theyre so small that we wouldnt know it -so what is the physical implication though relevant to those twenty numbers consider this if you look at the instrument a french horn notice that the vibrations of the airstreams are affected by the shape of the instrument now in string theory all the numbers -are reflections of the way strings can vibrate so just as those airstreams are affected by the twists and turns in the instrument -strings themselves will be affected by the vibrational patterns in the geometry within which they are moving so let me bring some strings into the story -and if you watch these little fellows vibrating around theyll be there in a second right there notice that they way they vibrate is affected by the geometry of the extra dimensions -so if we knew exactly what the extra dimensions look like we dont yet but if we did we should be able to calculate the allowed notes the allowed vibrational patterns and if we could calculate the allowed vibrational patterns we should be able to calculate -those twenty numbers and if the answer that we get from our calculations agrees with the values of those numbers that have been determined through -detailed and precise experimentation this in many ways would be the first fundamental explanation -for why the structure of the universe is the way it -now the second issue that i want to finish up with -how might we test for these extra dimensions more directly is this just an interesting mathematical structure that might be able to explain some previously unexplained features of the world -and in that moment there are many people around who thought that that project had already been resolved newton had given the world -or can we actually test for these extra dimensions and we think and this is i think very exciting that in the next five years or so we may be able to test for the existence of these extra dimensions heres how it goes -the inflationary theory already has strong observational support because the theory predicts -that the big bang would have been so intense that as space rapidly expanded tiny quantum jitters from the micro world would have been stretched out to the macro world yielding a distinctive fingerprint a pattern of slightly hotter spots and slightly colder spots across space which powerful telescopes -im going to tell the story of the multiverse in three parts -if there are other universes -the theory predicts that every so often those universes can collide and if our universe got hit by another that collision -would generate an additional subtle pattern of temperature variations across space that we might one day be able to detect and so exotic as this picture is it may one day be grounded in observations establishing the existence -of other universes ill conclude with -in part one im going to describe those nobel prize winning results and to highlight a profound mystery which those results revealed in part two -a striking implication -of all these ideas for the very far future you see we learned -that our universe is not static that space is expanding -that that expansion is speeding up and that there might be other universes all by carefully examining faint pinpoints of starlight coming to us from distant galaxies but because the expansion is speeding up -in the very far future those galaxies will rush away so far and so fast that we wont be able to see them not because of technological limitations but because of the laws of physics the light those galaxies emit even traveling at the -a picture of the cosmos that we definitively know -to be wrong now maybe those future astronomers will have records handed down from an earlier era like ours attesting to an expanding cosmos teeming with galaxies but would those future astronomers believe such ancient knowledge -or would they believe in the black static empty universe that their own state of the art observations reveal -powerful telescopes to the sky have captured a handful of starkly informative photons a kind of cosmic telegram billions of years in transit and the message echoing across the ages is clear sometimes -nature guards her secrets with the unbreakable grip of physical law -sometimes the true nature of reality beckons from just beyond the horizon thank you very much -the range of ideas youve just spoken about are dizzying exhilarating incredible -how do you think of where cosmology is now in a sort of historical side are we in the middle of something unusual historically in your opinion -maybe were already in that position and certain deep critical features of the universe already have escaped our ability to understand because of how cosmology evolves -so from that perspective maybe we will always be asking questions and never be able to fully answer them -on the other hand we now can understand how old the universe is we can understand how to understand the data from the microwave background radiation that was set down thirteen point seven two billion years ago and yet we can do calculations today to predict how it will look and it matches holy cow thats just amazing -so on the one hand its just incredible where weve gotten -but who knows what sort of blocks we may find in the future -this was revolutionary the prevailing wisdom was that on the largest of scales the universe was static but even so -there was one thing that everyone was certain of the expansion must be slowing down -few months ago the nobel prize in physics was awarded to two teams of astronomers for a discovery -that much as the -gravitational pull of the earth slows the ascent of an apple tossed upward the gravitational pull of each galaxy on every other must be slowing -the expansion of space -now lets fast forward to the one thousand nine hundred and ninety s when those two teams of astronomers i mentioned at the outset were inspired by this reasoning to measure the rate at which the expansion has been slowing and they did this -by painstaking observations of numerous distant galaxies allowing them to chart how the expansion rate has changed over time -you saw an apple do that youd want to know why whats pushing on it similarly the astronomers results are surely well deserving of the nobel prize but they raised an analogous question what force is driving all galaxies to rush away from every other at an ever quickening speed -that has been hailed as one of the most important astronomical observations ever and today after briefly describing what they found im going to tell you about a highly controversial framework for explaining their discovery namely the possibility -well the most promising answer comes from an old idea of einsteins you see we are all used to gravity being a force that does one thing -pulls objects together but in einsteins theory of gravity his general theory of relativity gravity can also -push things apart how well according to einsteins math if space is uniformly filled with an invisible energy sort of like a uniform invisible mist -then the gravity generated by that mist would be repulsive repulsive gravity which is just what we need to explain the observations because the repulsive gravity of an -this number is small expressed in the relevant unit it is spectacularly small and the mystery is to explain this peculiar number we want this number to emerge from the laws of physics but so far -no one has found a way to do that now you might wonder should you care -maybe explaining this number is -just a technical issue a technical detail of interest to experts but of no relevance to anybody else well it surely is a technical detail but some details really matter some details provide windows into uncharted realms of reality and this peculiar number may be doing just that -as the only approach thats so far made headway to explain it invokes the possibility of other universes an idea that naturally emerges from string theory which takes me to part two -string theory so -that way beyond the earth the milky way and other distant galaxies we may find that our universe is not the only universe but is instead part of a vast complex of universes that we call the multiverse now the idea of a multiverse is a strange -as i now go on to tell you three -key things about string theory first off what is it well its an approach -to realize einsteins dream of a unified theory of physics a single overarching framework that would be able to describe all the forces at work in the universe and the central idea of string theory is quite straightforward it says that -little tiny vibrating filament of energy a little tiny -from vibrating strings its a -compelling picture a kind of -cosmic symphony where all the richness that we see in the world around us emerges from the music that these little tiny strings can play but theres a cost to this -elegant unification because years of research have shown that the math of string theory doesnt quite work it has internal inconsistencies unless we allow for something -wholly unfamiliar -extra dimensions of space that is we all know about the usual -three dimensions of space and you can think about -those as height width and depth but string theory says that on fantastically small scales there are additional dimensions crumpled to a tiny -the strengths of forces and most importantly -of the extra dimensions all we have -is a list of candidate shapes allowed by the math now when these ideas -first developed there were only about five different candidate shapes so you can imagine analyzing them one by one to determine if any yield the physical features we observe -but over time the list grew as researchers found other candidate shapes from five the number grew into the hundreds and then the thousands a large but still manageable collection to analyze since after all graduate students need something to do -but then the list continued to grow into the millions and the billions until today the list of candidate shapes has soared to about ten to the five hundred -so what to do well some researchers lost heart -concluding that was so many candidate shapes for the extra dimensions each giving rise to different physical features string theory would never make definitive testable -predictions but others turned this issue on its head -taking us to the possibility of a multiverse heres the idea maybe each of these shapes is on an equal footing with every other each is as real as every other in the sense that there are many universes each with a different shape -prize winning results because you see -the laws of physics cant explain one number for the dark energy because -which means we have been asking the wrong question -why do we humans find ourselves in a universe with a particular amount of dark energy weve measured instead of any of the other possibilities that are out there and thats a question on which we can make headway because -i was holding her and i said -those universes that have much more dark energy than ours whenever matter tries to clump into galaxies -the repulsive push of the dark energy is so strong that it blows the clump apart and galaxies dont form and -sophia i love you more than anything in the universe and she turned to me and said daddy universe or multiverse -and no chance for our form of life to exist in those other universes so we find ourselves in a universe with the particular amount of dark energy weve measured simply because -our universe has conditions hospitable -to our form of life -now some find this explanation -unsatisfying were used to physics giving us definitive explanations for the features we observe but the point is if -the feature youre observing -can and does take on a wide variety of different values across the wider landscape of reality then thinking one explanation for a particular value -who was obsessed with understanding a different number why the sun -is ninety three million miles away from the earth and he worked for decades trying to explain this number but he never succeeded and we know why -kepler was asking the wrong question we now know that there are many planets at a wide variety of different distances from their host stars so hoping that the laws of physics will explain one particular number ninety three million miles well that is simply wrongheaded -instead the right question to ask is -it yields conditions vital to our form of life and when it comes to planets and their distances this clearly is the right kind of reasoning -the point is -when it comes to universes and the dark energy that they contain it may also be the right kind of reasoning one key difference of course is -we know that there are other planets out there but so far ive only speculated on the possibility that there might be other universes so to pull it all together -we need a mechanism that can actually generate -other universes and that takes me to my final part part three -because such a mechanism has been found by cosmologists trying to understand the big bang you see when we speak of the big bang we often have an image of a kind of cosmic explosion that created our universe and set space rushing outward but theres a little secret -the big bang leaves out something pretty important the bang -it tells us how the universe evolved after the bang but gives us no insight into what would have powered the bang itself and this gap was finally filled by an enhanced version of the big bang theory its called inflationary cosmology which identified -that would rightly be called universes of their own and yet speculative though the idea surely is i aim to convince you that theres reason for taking it seriously as it just might be right -a particular kind of fuel that would naturally generate an outward rush -of space the fuel is based on something called a quantum field but the only detail that matters for us is that this fuel proves to be so efficient that its virtually impossible -to use it all up which means in the inflationary theory the big bang giving rise to our universe is likely not a one time event instead the fuel not only generated -the different shapes yield different physical features and we find ourselves in one universe instead of another simply because its only in our universe that the physical features like the amount of dark energy -for our form of life to take hold and this is the compelling but highly controversial picture of the wider cosmos -that cutting edge observation and theory have now led us to seriously -consider one big remaining question of course is could we ever -the icy twenty nine degree water but as i got more involved in the story i realized that there were two big environmental issues i couldnt ignore the first was that these animals continue to be hunted -killed with hakapiks at about eight fifteen days old it actually is the largest marine mammal slaughter on the planet with hundreds of thousands of these seals being killed every year -and even though we see a lot of ice in this picture theres a lot of water as well which wasnt there historically and the ice that is there is quite -the problem is that these pups need a stable platform of solid ice in order to nurse from their moms they only need twelve days from the moment theyre born until their on their own but if they dont get twelve days they can fall into the ocean and die -a photo that i made showing one of these pups thats only about five or seven days old still has a little bit of the umbilical cord on its belly that has fallen in because of the thin ice and the mother is frantically trying to push it up to breathe and to get it back to stable purchase -i would like to share with you this morning some stories about the ocean through my work as a still photographer for national geographic magazine -this problem has continued to grow each year since i was there i read that last year the pup mortality rate was one hundred percent in parts of the gulf of st lawrence so clearly this species has a lot of problems going forward -this ended up becoming a cover story at national geographic and it received quite a bit of attention and with that i saw the potential to begin doing other stories about ocean problems -so i proposed a story on the global fish crisis in part because i had personally witnessed a lot of degradation in the ocean over the last thirty years but also because i read a scientific paper -stated ninety percent of the big fish in the ocean have disappeared in the last fifty or sixty years these are the tuna the billfish and the sharks -and when i read that i was blown away by those numbers i thought this was going to be headline news in every media outlet but it really wasnt so i wanted to do a story that was a very different kind of -the first component of the story that i thought was essential however was to give readers a sense of appreciation for the ocean animals that they were eating -i think people go into a restaurant and somebody orders a steak and we all know where steak comes from and somebody orders a chicken and we know what a chicken is -in reality these animals have no terrestrial counterpart theyre unique in the world these are animals that can practically swim from the equator to the poles and can crisscross entire oceans in the course of a year -if we werent so efficient at catching them because they grow their entire life would have thirty year old bluefin out there that weigh a ton but the truth is were way too efficient at catching them -i guess i became an underwater photographer and a photojournalist because i fell in love with the sea as a child and i wanted to tell stories about all the amazing things i was seeing underwater -just warehouse after warehouse and as i wandered around and made these pictures it sort of occurred to me that the oceans not a grocery store you know we cant keep taking without expecting serious consequences as a result -i also with the story wanted to show readers how fish are caught some of the methods that are used to catch fish like a bottom trawler which is one of the most common methods in the world -this was a small net that was being used in mexico to catch shrimp but the way it works is essentially the same everywhere in the world you have a large net in the middle with two steal doors on either end and -as this assembly is towed through the water the doors meet resistance with the ocean and it opens the mouth of the net and they place floats at the top and a lead line on the bottom and this just drags over the bottom in this case to catch shrimp -but as you can imagine its catching everything else in its path as well and its destroying that precious benthic community on the bottom things like sponges and corals that critical habitat for other animals -so this is the true cost of a shrimp dinner maybe seven or eight shrimp and ten lbs of other animals that had to die in the process and to make that point even more visual i swam under the shrimp boat and made the this picture of the guy shoveling this bycatch into the sea as trash -and photographed this cascade of death you know animals like guitarfish bat rays flounder pufferfish that only an hour before were on the bottom of the ocean alive but now being thrown back as trash -i also wanted to focus on the shark fishing industry because currently on planet earth were killing over one hundred million sharks every single year -but before i went out to photograph this component i sort of wrestled with the notion of how do you make a picture of a dead shark that will resonate with readers you know i think theres still a lot of people out there who think the only good shark is a dead shark -but this one morning i jumped in and found this thresher that had just recently died in the gill net and with its huge pectoral fins and eyes still very visible it struck me as sort of a crucifixion if you will -because i love sharks im somewhat obsessed with sharks i wanted to do another more celebratory story about sharks as a way of talking about the need for shark conservation so i went to the bahamas because theres very few places in the world where sharks are doing well these days but -the bahamas seem to be a place where stocks were reasonably healthy largely due to the fact that the government there had outlawed longlining several years ago and i wanted to show several species that we hadnt shown much in the magazine -and worked in a number of locations one of the locations was this place called tiger beach in the northern bahamas where tiger sharks aggregate in shallow water this is a low altitude photograph that i made showing our diving boat with about a dozen of these big old tiger sharks sort of just swimming around behind -but the one thing i definitely didnt want to do with this coverage was to continue to portray sharks as something like monsters i didnt want them to be overly threatening or scary -and with this photograph of a beautiful fifteen ft probably fourteen ft i guess female tiger shark i sort of think -got to that goal where she was swimming with these little barjacks off her nose and my strobe created a shadow on her face and i think its a gentler picture a little less threatening a little more respectful of the species -creature but this an animal thats considered data deficient by science in both florida and in the bahamas you know we know almost nothing about them we dont know where they migrate to or from where they mate where they have their pups -but more and more frequently these days im seeing terrible things underwater as well things that i dont think most people realize -and yet hammerhead populations in the atlantic have declined about eighty percent in the last twenty to thirty years you know were losing them faster than we can possibly find them -this is the oceanic whitetip shark an animal that is considered the fourth most dangerous species if you pay attention to such lists but its an animal thats about ninety eight percent -in decline throughout most of its range because this is a pelagic animal and it lives out in the deeper water and because we werent working on the bottom i brought along -shark cage here and my friend shark biologist wes pratt is inside the cage youll see that the photographer of course was not inside the cage here so clearly the biologist is a little smarter than the photographer i guess -and lastly with this story i also wanted to focus on baby sharks nurseries and i went to the island of bimini in the bahamas to work with lemon shark pups -this is a photo of a lemon shark pup and it shows these animals where they live for the first two to three years of their lives in these protective mangroves -and ive been compelled to turn my camera towards these issues to tell a more complete story i want people to see whats happening underwater both the horror and the magic -on the rest of the reef after i left bimini i actually learned that this habitat was being bulldozed to create a new golf course and resort -and other recent stories have looked at single flagship species if you will that are at risk in the ocean as a way of talking about other threats one such story i did documented the leatherback sea turtle -this is the largest widest ranging deepest diving and oldest of all turtle species here we see a female crawling out of the ocean under moonlight on the island of trinidad -these are animals whose lineage dates back about one hundred million years and there was a time in their lifespan where they were coming out of the water to nest and saw tyrannosaurus rex running by and today they crawl out and see condominiums -but despite this amazing longevity theyre now considered critically endangered in the pacific where i made this photograph their stocks have declined about ninety percent in the last fifteen years -this is a photograph that shows a hatchling about to taste saltwater for the very first time beginning this long and perilous journey only one in a thousand -the first story that i did for national geographic where i recognized the ability to include environmental issues within a natural history coverage was a story i proposed on harp seals -another charismatic megafauna species that i worked with is the story i did on the right whale and essentially the story is this with right whales that about a million years ago there was one species of right whale on the planet -but as land masses moved around and oceans became isolated the species sort of separated and today we have essentially two distinct stocks we have the southern right whale that we see here -the north atlantic right whale that we see here with a mom and calf off the coast of florida now both species were hunted to the brink of extinction by the early whalers but the southern right whales have rebounded a lot better because theyre located in places farther away from human activity -the north atlantic right whale is listed as the most endangered species on the planet today because they are urban whales they live along the east coast of north america united states and canada and they have to deal with these urban ills -this photo shows an animal popping its head out at sunset off the coast of florida you can see the coal burning plant in the background they have to deal with things like toxins and pharmaceuticals that are flushed out into the ocean and may be even affecting their reproduction -they also get entangled in fishing gear this is picture that shows the tail of a right whale and those white markings are not natural markings these are entanglement scars -the other problem is they get hit by ships and this was an animal that was struck by a ship in nova scotia canada being towed in where they did a necropsy to -now the story i wanted to do initially was just a small focus to look at the few weeks each year where these animals migrate down from the canadian arctic -sub antarctic of of new zealand a place called the auckland islands i went down there in the winter time and these are animals that had never seen humans before -and one of these amazingly beautiful forty five ft seventy ton whales like a city bus just swimming up you know they were in perfect condition very fat and healthy robust no entanglement scars the way theyre suppose to -i settled on working in the country of new zealand because new zealand was rather progressive and is rather progressive in terms of protecting their ocean and i really wanted this story to be about three things i wanted it to be about abundance about diversity and about resilience and one of the first places i worked was -to the gulf of st lawrence in canada to engage in courtship mating and to have their pups and all of this is played out against the backdrop of transient pack ice that moves with wind and tide -these fish predate on sea urchins and when the fish were all gone all anyone ever saw underwater was just acres and acres of sea urchins but when the fish came back and began predating and controlling the urchin population low and behold -kelp forests emerged in shallow water and thats because the urchins eat kelp so when the fish control the urchin population -the ocean was restored to its natural equilibrium you know this is probably how the ocean looked here one or two hundred years ago but nobody was around to tell us -i worked in other parts of new zealand as well in beautiful fragile protected areas like in fiordland where this sea pen colony was found little blue cod swimming in for a dash of color -in the northern part of new zealand i dove in the blue water where the waters a little warmer and photographed animals like this giant sting ray swimming through an underwater canyon -every part of the ecosystem in this place seems very healthy from tiny little animals like a nudibrank crawling over encrusting -or a leatherjacket that is a very important animal in this ecosystem because it grazes on the bottom and allows new life to take -i wanted to finish with this photograph a picture i made on a very stormy day in new zealand when i just laid on the bottom amidst a school of fish swirling around me and i was in a place that had only been protected about twenty years ago -and i talked to divers that had been diving there for many years and they said that the marine life was better here today than it was in the nineteen sixties and thats because its been protected that it has come back -i became an underwater photographer because i fell in love with the sea and i make pictures of it today because i want to protect it and i dont think its too late thank you very much -that we cause the kind of messes that we see with the food system -and you can actually get optimal nutritional yield by running a kind of high quality liquid soil over plants root systems -now to a vegetable plant my apartment has got to be about as foreign as outer space but i can offer some natural light and year round climate control -fast forward two years later we now have window farms which are vertical hydroponic platforms for food growing indoors -and the way it works is that theres a pump at the bottom which periodically sends some of this liquid nutrient solution up to the top which then trickles down through plants root systems that are suspended in clay pellets so theres no dirt involved -like many of you am one of the two billion people on earth -now light and temperature vary with each windows microclimate so a window farm requires a farmer -and she must decide what kind of crops she is going to put in her window farm and whether she is going to feed her food organically back at the time a window farm was no more than a technically complex idea that was going to require a lot of testing -and i really wanted it to be an open project because hydroponics is one of the fastest growing areas of patenting in the united states right now and could possibly become another area like monsanto where we have a lot of corporate intellectual property in the way of peoples food -so i decided that instead of creating a product what i was going to do was open this up to a whole bunch of co developers -the first few systems that we created they kind of worked we were actually able to grow about a salad a week in a typical new york city apartment window -who live in cities and there are days i dont know about the rest of you guys but there are days when i palpably feel how much i rely on other people for pretty much everything in my life -and we were able to grow cherry tomatoes and cucumbers all kinds of stuff but the first few systems were these leaky loud power guzzlers that martha stewart would definitely never have approved -and we even went so far as to point out everything that was wrong with these systems and then we invited people all over the world to build them and experiment with us -so actually now on this website we have eighteen thousand people and we have window farms all over the world -what were doing is what nasa or a large corporation would call r d or research and development but what we call it is r d i y or research and develop it yourself -so for example jackson came along and suggested that we use air pumps instead of water pumps it took building a whole bunch of systems to get it right but once we did we were able to cut our carbon footprint nearly in half -tony in chicago has been taking on growing experiments like lots of other window farmers and hes been able to get his strawberries to fruit for nine months of the year in low light conditions by simply changing out the organic nutrients -and window farmers in finland have been customizing their window farms for the dark days of the finnish winters by outfitting them with led grow lights that theyre now making open source and part of the project -so window farms have been evolving through a rapid versioning process similar to software and with every open source project the real benefit is the interplay between the specific concerns of people customizing their systems for their own particular concerns and the universal concerns -so my core team and i are able to concentrate on the improvements that really benefit everyone and were able to look out for the needs of newcomers -so for do it yourselfers we provide free very well tested instructions so that anyone anywhere around the world can build one of these systems for free and theres a patent pending on these systems as well thats held by the community -and some days that can even be a little scary -and to fund the project we partner to create products that we then sell to schools and to individuals who dont have time to build their own systems -now within our community a certain culture has appeared in our culture it is better to be a tester who supports someone elses idea than it is to be just the idea guy -what we get out of this project is we get support for our own work as well as an experience of actually contributing to the environmental movement in a way other than just screwing in new light bulbs -but what im here to talk to you about today is how that same interdependence is actually an extremely powerful social infrastructure that we can actually harness -but i think that eileen expresses best what we really get out of this which is the actual joy of collaboration so she expresses here what its like to see someone halfway across the world having taken your idea built upon it and then acknowledging you for contributing -if we really want to see the kind of wide consumer behavior change that were all talking about as environmentalists and food people maybe we just need to ditch the term consumer and get behind the people who are doing stuff -and were building upon innovations of generations who went before us and were looking ahead at generations who really need us to retool our lives now -a couple of years ago i read an article by new york times writer michael pollan in which he argued that growing even some of our own food is one of the best things that we can do for the environment -now at the time that i was reading this it was the middle of the winter and i definitely did not have room for a lot of dirt in my new york city apartment -so i was basically just willing to settle for just reading the next wired magazine and finding out how the experts were going to figure out how to solve all these problems for us in the future but that was actually exactly the point that michael pollan was making in this article was its precisely when we hand over the responsibility for all these things to specialists -and within six months we were testing a new polio vaccine that targeted just two years ago the last two types of polio in the world now june the ninth two thousand and nine we got the first results from the first trial with this vaccine and it turned out to be a game changer -the new vaccine had twice the impact on these last couple of viruses as the old vaccine had -and we immediately started using this well in a couple of months we had to get it out of production -now here at ted over the last couple of days ive seen people challenging the audience again and again to believe in the impossible -so this morning at about seven oclock i decided that wed try to drive chris and the production crew here berserk by downloading all of our data from india again so that you could see something thats just unfolding today which proves that the impossible is possible -this disease was terrifying there was no cure and there was no vaccine -five hundred thousand children every single month sanitation is terrible and our old vaccine you remember worked half as well as it should have -and yet the impossible is happening -the disease was so terrifying that the president of the united states launched an extraordinary national effort -indias not unique in umars home country of nigeria a ninety five percent reduction in the number of children paralyzed by polio last year and in the last six months weve had less places -reinfected by polio than at any other time in history ladies and gentlemen with a combination of smart people smart technology and smart investments polio can now be eradicated anywhere -we have major challenges you can imagine to finish this job but as youve also seen its doable it has great secondary benefits and polio eradication is a great buy -and as long as any child anywhere is paralyzed by this virus its a stark reminder that we are failing as a society to reach children with the most basic of services and for that reason polio eradication its the ultimate in equity and its the ultimate in social justice -the huge social movement thats been involved in polio eradication is ready to do way more for these children its ready to reach them with bed nets with other things but capitalizing on their enthusiasm capitalizing on their energy means finishing the job that they started twenty years ago -to find a way to stop it twenty years later they succeeded and developed the polio vaccine it was hailed as a scientific miracle in the late one thousand nine hundred and fifty s finally a vaccine that could stop this awful disease -finishing polio is a smart thing to do and its the right thing to do -now were in tough times economically but as david cameron of the united kingdom said about a month ago when he was talking about polio theres never a wrong time to do the right thing -finishing polio eradication is the right thing to do and we are at a crossroads right now in this great effort over the last twenty years we have a new vaccine we have new resolve and we have new tactics -we have the chance to write an entirely new polio free chapter in human history but if we blink now -we will lose forever the chance to eradicate an ancient disease -heres a great idea to spread end polio now help us tell the story help us build the momentum so that very soon every child every parent everywhere -can also take for granted a polio free life -forever thank you -where do you think the toughest places are going to be where would you say we need to be the smartest ba the four -places where you saw that weve never stopped northern nigeria northern india the southern corner of afghanistan and bordering areas of pakistan theyre going to be the toughest but the interesting thing is of those three indias looking real good as you just saw in the data and afghanistan afghanistan we think -and here in the united states it had an incredible impact as you can see the virus stopped and it stopped very very fast -but -this wasnt the case everywhere in the world and it happened so fast in the united states however that even just last month jon stewart said -to share with you over the next eighteen minutes a pretty incredible idea -but the reality is that polio still exists today we made this map for jon to try to show him exactly where polio still exists this is the picture -theres not very much left in the world but the reason theres not very much left is because theres been an extraordinary public private partnership working behind the scenes almost unknown im sure to most of you here today its been working for twenty years to try and eradicate this disease -and its got it down to these few cases that you can see here on this graphic -but just last year we had an incredible shock and realized that almost just isnt good enough with a virus like polio -and this is the reason in two countries that hadnt had this disease for more than probably a decade on opposite sides of the globe there was suddenly terrible polio outbreaks hundreds of people were paralyzed hundreds of people died children -actually its a really big idea but to get us started i want to ask if everyone could just close your eyes for two seconds and try and think of a technology or a bit of science that you think has changed the world -as well as adults and in both cases we were able to use genetic sequencing to look at the polio viruses and we could tell these viruses were not from these countries they had come from thousands of miles away and in one case it originated on another continent -and not only that but when they came into these countries then they got on commercial jetliners probably and they traveled even farther to other places like russia where for the first time in over a decade last year children were crippled and paralyzed by a disease that they had not seen for years -now all of these outbreaks that i just showed you these are under control now and it looks like theyll probably stop very very quickly but the message was very clear -polio is still a devastating explosive disease its just happening in another part of the world -and our big idea is that the scientific miracle of this decade should be the complete eradication of poliomyelitis so i want to tell you a little bit about what this partnership the polio partnership is trying to do -were not trying to control polio were not trying to get it down to just a few cases -because this disease is like a root fire it can explode again if you dont snuff it out completely so what were looking for is a permanent solution we want a world in which every child just like you guys can take for granted a polio free world so were looking for a permanent solution -and this is where we get lucky this is one of the very few viruses in the world where there are big enough cracks in its armor that we can try to do something truly extraordinary -this virus can only survive in people it cant live for a very long time in people it doesnt survive in the environment hardly at all and weve got pretty good vaccines as ive just showed you -so we are trying to wipe out this virus completely what the polio eradication program is trying to do is to kill the virus itself that causes polio everywhere on earth -now we dont have a great track record when it comes to doing something like this to eradicating diseases its been tried six times in the last century and its been successful exactly once -and this is because disease eradication its still the venture capital of public health the risks are massive but the pay off -economic humanitarian motivational its absolutely huge one congressman here in the united states thinks that the entire investment that the u s put into smallpox eradication pays itself off every twenty six days in foregone treatment costs and vaccination costs -now i bet in this audience youre thinking of some really incredible technology some stuff that i havent even heard of im absolutely sure but im also sure pretty sure that absolutely nobody is thinking of this -and if we can finish polio eradication the poorest countries in the world are going to save over fifty billion dollars in the next twenty five years alone so those are the kind of stakes that were after but -smallpox eradication was hard it was very very hard and polio eradication in many ways is even tougher and theres a few reasons for that -the first -is that when we started trying -and there were more than ten times as many people living in these countries so it was a massive effort the second challenge we had was in contrast to the smallpox vaccine which was very stable and a single dose protected you for life the polio vaccine is incredibly fragile it deteriorates so quickly in the tropics -that weve had to put this special vaccine monitor on every single vial so that it will change very quickly when its exposed to too much heat and we can tell that its not a good vaccine to use on a child its not potent its not going to protect them even then kids need many doses of the vaccine -but the third challenge we have and probably even bigger one the biggest challenge -is that in contrast to smallpox where you could always see your enemy every single person almost who was infected with smallpox had this telltale rash so you could get around the disease you could vaccinate around the disease and cut it off -weve had to create one of the largest social movements in history -theres over ten million people probably twenty million people largely volunteers who have been working over the last twenty years in what has now been called the largest internationally coordinated operation in peacetime -this is a polio vaccine -these people these twenty million people vaccinate over five hundred million children every single year multiple times at the peak of our operation -now giving the polio vaccine is simple its just two drops like that but reaching five hundred million people is much much tougher -and these vaccinators these volunteers they have got to dive headlong into some of the toughest densest urban slums in the world theyve got to trek under sweltering suns to some of the most remote difficult to reach places in the world and they also have to dodge bullets -and its a great thing actually that nobodys had to think about it here today because it means that we can take this for granted this is a great technology we can take it completely for granted but it wasnt always that way even here in california -because we have got to operate during shaky cease fires and truces to try and vaccinate children even in areas affected by conflict -one reporter who was watching our program in somalia about five years ago a place which has eradicated polio not once but twice because they got reinfected he was sitting outside of the road watching one of these polio campaigns unfold and a few months later he wrote this is foreign aid at its most heroic -and these heroes they come from every walk of life all sorts of backgrounds but one of the most extraordinary is rotary international this is a group whose million strong army of volunteers have been working to eradicate polio for over twenty years theyre right at the center of the whole thing -now it took years to build up the infrastructure for polio eradication more than fifteen years much longer than it should have but once it was built the results were striking -within a couple of years every country that started polio eradication rapidly eradicated all three of their polio viruses with the exception of four countries that you see here and in each of those it was only part of the country -and then by one thousand nine hundred and ninety nine one of the three polio viruses that we were trying to eradicate had been completely eradicated worldwide proof of concept and then today -theres been a ninety nine percent reduction greater than ninety nine percent reduction in the number of children who are being paralyzed by this awful disease when we started over twenty years ago one thousand children were being paralyzed every single day by this virus last year it was one thousand -and at the same time the polio eradication program has been working to help with a lot of other areas its been working to help control pandemic flu sars for example -its also tried to save children by doing other things giving vitamin a drops giving measles shots giving bed nets against malaria even during some of these campaigns -but the most exciting thing that the polio eradication program has been doing has been to force us the international community -to reach every single child every single community the most vulnerable people in the world with the most basic of health services irrespective of geography poverty culture and even conflict -so things were looking very exciting and then about five years ago this virus this ancient virus started to fight back -the first problem we ran into was that in these last four countries the strongholds of this virus we just couldnt seem to get the virus rooted out -if we were to go back just a few years it was a very different story people were terrified of this disease they were terrified of polio and it would cause public panic and it was because of scenes like this in this scene people -and then to make the matters even worse the virus started to spread out of these four places especially northern india and northern nigeria into much of africa asia and even into europe causing horrific outbreaks in places that had not seen this disease for decades -and then -in one of the most important tenacious and toughest reservoirs of the polio virus in the world we found that our vaccine was working half as well as it should have in conditions like this the vaccine just couldnt get the grip it needed to in the guts of these children and protect them the way that it needed to -now at that time there was a great as you can imagine frustration lets call it frustration it started to grow very very quickly and all of a sudden some very important voices in the world of public health started to say hang on we should abandon this idea of eradication lets settle for control thats good enough -now as seductive as the idea of control sounds its a false premise -the brutal truth is if we dont have the will or the skill or even the money that we need to reach children the most vulnerable children in the world with something as simple as an oral polio vaccine -then pretty soon more than two hundred thousand children are again going to be paralyzed by this disease every single year theres absolutely no question these are children like -umar is seven years old and hes from northern nigeria he lives in a family home there with his eight brothers and sisters -but umar is a fantastic student hes an incredible kid as you probably cant see the detail here but this is his report card and youll see hes got perfect scores he got one hundred percent in all the important things like nursery rhymes for example there -are living in an iron lung these are people who were perfectly healthy two or three days before and then two days later they can no longer breathe and this polio virus has paralyzed not only their arms and their legs -but you know id love to be able to tell you that umar is a typical kid with polio these days but its not true umar is an exceptional kid in exceptional circumstances -the reality of polio today is something very different polio strikes the poorest communities in the world -it leaves their children paralyzed and -we think children deserve better and so -and try and find innovative new solutions new ways to get to the children that we were missing again and again in northern india we started mapping the cases using satellite imaging like this so that we could guide our investments and vaccinator shelters so we could get to the millions of children on the koshi river basin where there are no other health services -in northern nigeria the political leaders and the traditional muslim leaders they got directly involved in the program to help solve the problems of logistics and community confidence -and now theyve even started using these devices speaking of cool technology -these little devices little gis trackers like this which they put into the vaccine carriers of their vaccinators and then they can track them and at the end of the day they look and see did these guys get every single street every single house this is the kind of commitment now were seeing to try and reach all of the children weve been missing -and in afghanistan were trying new approaches access negotiators were working closely with the international committee of the red cross to ensure that we can reach every child -but as we tried these extraordinary things as people went to this trouble to try and rework their tactics we went back to the vaccine its a fifty year old vaccine and we thought surely we can make a better vaccine so that when they finally get to these kids we can have a better bang for our buck -but also their breathing muscles and they were going to spend the rest of their lives usually in this iron lung to breathe for them -and this started an incredible collaboration with industry -what they will do and if you engineer what they do you can change the world you can get a better result i would like to leave you with one thought -i dont predict stock markets ok its not going up any time really soon but im not engaged in doing that -which is for me the dominant theme of this gathering and is the dominant theme of this way of thinking about the world when people say to you -with i dont know how to do it thank you -i got very nervous halfway through the talk though just panicking whether youd included in your model the possibility that putting this prediction out there might change the result weve got eight hundred people in -thought about that since ive done a lot of work for the intelligence community theyve also pondered that it would be a good thing if -people paid more attention took seriously and engaged in the same sorts of calculations because it would change things but it would change things in two beneficial ways it would hasten -how quickly people arrive at an agreement and so it would save everybody a lot of grief and time -im not engaged in predicting random number generators i actually get -to say people of iran this is your destiny lets go there -well people of iran this is what many of you are going to evolve to want and we could get there a lot sooner and you would suffer -a lot less trouble from economic sanctions and we would suffer a lot less fear of the use of military force on our end and the world would be a better place -phone calls from people who want to know what lottery numbers are going to win i dont have a clue -heres hoping they -i engage in the use of game theory game theory is a branch of mathematics and that means sorry that even in the study of politics math has come -the picture we can no longer pretend that we just speculate about politics we need to look at this in a rigorous way now -what is game theory about it assumes that people -are looking out for whats good for them that doesnt seem terribly shocking although its controversial for a lot of people that we are self interested -in order to look out for whats best for them or what they think is best for them -and they face limitations constraints they may be weak they may be located in the wrong part of the world they may be einstein -im going to try to do is explain to you quickly how to predict and illustrate it with some predictions about what iran is going to do in the next couple of years -away farming someplace in a rural village in india not being noticed as was the case for ramanujan for a long time a great mathematician but nobody noticed -who is rational a lot of people are worried about what is rationality about people are rational mother theresa she was rational -i think there are only two exceptions that im aware of two year olds they are not rational they have very fickle preferences they switch what they think all the time -and schizophrenics are probably not rational but pretty much everybody else is rational that is they are just trying to do what they think is in their own best -now in order to work out what people are going to do to pursue their interests we have to think about who has influence in the world if youre trying to influence corporations to change their behavior with regard to producing pollutants -you would like it to have but if you show them that its in their interest then theyre responsive so we have to work out who influences problems -if were looking at iran the president of the united states we would like to think may have some influence certainly the president in iran has some influence -doesnt know much about iran or about energy policy or about health care or about any particular policy that person -surrounds himself or herself with advisers if were talking about national security -its the secretary of state maybe its the secretary of defense the director of national intelligence maybe the ambassador to the united nations or somebody else who they think is going to know more about the -in order to predict effectively we need to use science and the reason that we need to use science is because then we can reproduce what were doing its not just wisdom or guesswork -problem but lets face it the secretary of state doesnt know much about iran the secretary of defense doesnt know much about iran each of those people in turn -has advisers who advise them so they can advise the president there are lots of people shaping decisions and so if we want to predict correctly -we have to pay attention to everybody who is trying to shape the outcome not just the people at the pinnacle of the decision making pyramid -a lot of times we dont do that theres a good reason that we dont do that and theres a good reason that -using game theory and computers we can overcome the limitation of just looking at a few people imagine a problem with just five decision makers -imagine for example that sally over here wants to know what harry and jane and george and frank -thinking and sends messages to those people sallys giving her opinion to them and theyre giving their opinion to sally -but sally also wants to know what harry is saying to these three and what theyre saying to harry and harry wants to know -what each of those people are saying to each other and so on and sally would like to know what harry thinks those people are saying thats a complicated problem thats a lot to know with five decision makers -there are a lot of linkages one hundred and twenty as a matter of fact if you remember your factorials five factorial is one hundred and twenty -that mean weve doubled the number of pieces of information we need to know from one hundred and twenty to two hundred and forty no how about ten times -but computers -they can they dont need coffee breaks they dont need vacations they dont need to go to sleep at night -and if we can predict then we can engineer the future so if you are concerned to influence energy policy or you are concerned to influence national security policy -why should we believe what hes saying -so im going to show you -a factoid this is an assessment by the central intelligence agency of the percentage of time that the model im talking about -is right in predicting things whose outcome is not yet known when the experts who provided the data inputs got it wrong -thats not my claim thats a cia claim you can read it it was declassified a while ago you can read it in a volume edited by h bradford westerfield yale university press -so what do we need to know in order to predict -we do need to know who has a stake in trying to shape the outcome of a decision we need to know what they say they want -that is how willing are they to drop what theyre doing when the issue comes up and attend to it instead of something else thats on their plate how big a deal is it to them and how much clout could they bring to bear if they chose to -on the issue if we know those things we can predict their behavior -by assuming that everybody cares about two things on any decision they care about the outcome theyd like an outcome as close to what they are interested in as possible -theyre careerists they also care about getting credit theres ego involvement they want to be seen as important in shaping the outcome -or as important if its their druthers to block an outcome and so we have to figure out how they balance those two things different people trade off -or health policy or education science and a particular branch of science is a way to do it not the way weve been doing it which is seat of the pants wisdom -going down in a blaze of glory or giving it up putting their finger in the wind and doing whatever they think is going to be a winning position most people fall in between and if we can work out where they fall we can work out how to negotiate with them -to change their behavior so with just that little bit of input -we can work out what the choices are that people have what the chances are that theyre willing to take what theyre after what they value what they want and what they believe about other people you might notice what we dont need to know -no history in here how they got -to where they are may be important in shaping the input information but once we know where they are were worried about where theyre going to be headed in the future how they got there turns out not to -be terribly critical in predicting i remind you of that ninety percent accuracy rate -so where are we going to get this information we can get this information from the internet -from the economist the financial times the new york times u s news and world report lots of sources like that or we can get it from asking experts who spend their lives studying places and problems -because those experts know this information if they dont know who are the people trying to influence the decision how much clout do they have -how much they care about this issue and what do they say they want are they experts thats what it means to be an expert thats the basic stuff an expert needs to know -turn to iran let me make -three important predictions you can check this out -iran going to do -about its nuclear weapons program -how secure is the theocratic regime in iran whats its future and everybodys best friend -now before i get into how to do it let me give you a little truth in advertising because im not engaged in the business of magic -things going for him how are things going to be working out for him in the next year or two -you take a look at this this is not based on statistics i want to be very clear here im not projecting some -the dynamics of interaction and these are the simulated dynamics the predictions about -the path of policy so you can see here on the vertical axis i havent shown it all the way down to zero there are lots of other options but here im just showing you -it would achieve some national pride but not go ahead and build a weapon and down at one hundred they would build civilian nuclear energy which is what they say is their objective -there are lots of thing that the approach i take can predict and there are some that it cant it can predict -the yellow line shows us the most likely path the yellow line includes an analysis of eighty seven decision makers in iran and a vast number of outside influencers trying to pressure iran -changing its behavior various players in the united states and egypt and saudi arabia and russia european union japan so on and so forth -the white line reproduces the analysis if the international environment just left iran to make its own internal decisions under its own domestic political pressures thats not going to be happening but you can see -the line comes down faster if theyre not put under international pressure if theyre allowed to pursue their own devices -but in any event by the end of this year beginning of next year we get to a stable equilibrium outcome and that equilibrium is not what the united states would like -but its probably an equilibrium that the united states can live with and that a lot of others can live with and that is that iran will achieve that nationalist pride -making enough weapons grade fuel through research so that they could show that they know how to make weapons grade fuel but not enough to actually build a bomb -how is this happening over here you can see this is the distribution of power -in favor of civilian nuclear energy today this is what that -power block is predicted to be like by the late parts of two thousand and ten early parts of two thousand and eleven -out here today there are a bunch of people ahmadinejad for example who would like not only to build a bomb but test a bomb that -power disappears completely nobody supports that by two thousand and eleven these guys are all shrinking the power is all drifting over here so the outcome is going to be the weapons grade fuel -who are the winners and who are the losers in iran take a look at these guys theyre growing in power -and by the way this was done a while ago before the current economic crisis and thats probably going to get steeper these -are the moneyed interests in iran the bankers the oil people the bazaaries they are growing in political clout as the -much of what has to do with business but sorry if youre looking to speculate in the stock market -are isolating themselves with the exception of one group of mullahs who are not well known to americans thats this line here growing in power -these are what the iranians call the quietists these are the ayatollahs mostly based in qom who have great clout in the religious community -have been quiet on politics and are going to be getting louder because they see iran going in an unhealthy direction a direction contrary to what khomeini had in mind -player in iran he is on the way down -ok so id like you to take a little away from this everything is not predictable the stock market is at least for me not predictable -but most complicated negotiations are predictable again whether were -health policy education environment energy litigation mergers -all of these are complicated problems that are predictable -that this sort of technology can be applied to -the reason that being able to predict those things is important is not just because you might run a hedge fund and make money off of it but because if you can predict what people will do you -and every seven sets of seven years the land gets an extra year of rest during which time all families are reunited and people surrounded with the ones they love -year is called the jubilee year and its the origin of that term -and though im shy of fifty it captures my own experience my lost year was my jubilee year -by laying fallow i planted the seeds for a healthier future and was reunited with the ones i love -the one year anniversary of my journey i went to see my surgeon doctor john healey and by the way healey great name for a doctor -hes the president of the international society of limb salvage which is the least euphemistic term ive ever heard -and i said doctor healey if my daughters come to you one day and say what should i -i would tell them what i know and that is everybody dies -but not everybody lives -as i looked at this list to me it was sort of like a psalm book of living i realized we may have done it for our girls but it really changed us -and that is the secret of the council of dads is that my wife and i did this in an attempt to help our daughters but it really changed us -so i stand here today -as you see now walking without crutches or -wrote a series of books about my travels including walking the bible i hosted a television show by that name on pbs i was for all the world the walking guy -and last week i had my eighteen month scans -say can never find a solution for scan xiety -as i was going there i was wondering what would i say depending on what happened here -heard about our story and very quickly in a span of three weeks put the full resources of twenty three andme and we announced an initiative in july to get to decode the genome of -anybody a living person with a heart tissue bone sarcoma and she told me last night in the three months since weve done it weve gotten three hundred people whove contributed to this program -and the epidemiologists here will tell you thats half the number of people who get the disease in one year in the united states so if you go to twenty three andme or if you go to councilofdads com you can click on a link and we encourage anybody -been talking about by leaving you with this message -and take a long slow walk -until in may two thousand and eight a routine visit to my doctor and a routine blood test produced evidence in the form of an alkaline phosphatase number that something might be wrong with my bones -and my doctor on a whim sent me to get a full body bone scan which showed that there was some growth in my left leg -that sent me to an x ray then to an mri and one afternoon i got a call from my doctor -the tumor in your leg is not consistent with a benign tumor i stopped walking and it took my mind a second to convert that -in the same place in my body as the accident thirty eight years earlier it seemed like too much of a coincidence -i was four years old and my family moved to a new neighborhood in our hometown of savannah georgia and this was the nineteen sixties when actually all the streets in this neighborhood were named after confederate war generals -so that afternoon i went back to my house and my three year old identical twin daughters eden and tybee feiler came running to meet me theyd just turned three and they were into all things pink and purple in fact we called them pinkalicious and purplicious -although i must say our favorite nickname occurred on their birthday april fifteenth when they were born at six fourteen and six forty six on april fifteen -aisles i might not walk down -they wonder who i was i thought would they yearn for my approval my love my voice -few days later i woke with an idea of how i might give them that voice i would reach out to six men from all parts of my life -and ask them to be present in the passages of my daughters lives -i believe my girls will have plenty of opportunities in their lives i wrote these men theyll have loving families and welcoming homes -but they may not have me they may not have their dad -will you help be their dad -in this culture i dont have to tell you that you sort of happy your way through a problem we should focus on the positive my wife as i said she grew up outside of boston shes got a big smile shes got a big personality shes got big hair -we lived on robert e lee blvd and when i was five my parents gave me an orange schwinn stingray bicycle -although she told me recently i cant say she has big hair because if i say she has big hair people will think shes from texas and its apparently okay to marry a boy from georgia but not to have hair from texas -i said look in georgia at least we want to know in arkansas they dont even ask what i didnt tell her is if she said yes you could jump you dont need the thirty day waiting period because you dont need the get to know you session at that point -so i wasnt going to tell her about this idea but the next day i couldnt control myself i told her and she loved the idea but she quickly started rejecting my nominees -well i love him but i would never ask him for advice so it turned out that starting a council of dads was a very efficient way to find out what my wife really thought of my friends -so we decided that we needed a set of rules and we came up with a number and the first one was no family only friends we thought our family would already be there -it had a swooping banana seat and those ape hanger handlebars that made the rider look like an -second men only we were trying to fill the dad space in the girls lives and then third sort of a dad for every side we kind of went through my personality and tried to get a dad who represented each different thing -so what happened was i wrote a letter to each of these men and rather than send it i decided to read it to them in person linda my wife joked that it was like having six different marriage proposals i sort of friend married each of these guys -we were in this youth hostel in a castle and i snuck out behind and there was a moat a fence and a field of cows and jeff came up beside me and said so have you ever been cow tipping -so before i had a chance to determine whether this was right or not we had jumped the moat we climbed the fence we were tiptoeing through the dung and approaching some poor dozing cow -so a few weeks after my diagnosis we went up -and then i asked him a question which i ended up asking to all the dads and ended up really encouraging me to write this story down in a book and that was whats the one piece of advice you would give to my girls -and jeffs advice was be a traveller not a tourist -get off the bus seek out whats different approach the cow -so its ten years from now i said and my daughters are about to take their first trip abroad and im not here what would you tell them -as he talked he had that glint in his eye that i first saw back in holland the glint that says lets go cow tipping even though we never did tip the cow even though no one tips the cow -even though cows dont sleep standing up -he said i want to see you back here girls at the end of this experience covered in -two weeks after my diagnosis a biopsy confirmed i had a seven inch osteosarcoma in my left femur six hundred americans a year get an osteosarcoma eighty five percent are under twenty one -twenty years ago doctors would have cut off my leg and hoped and there was a fifteen percent survival rate -room i went through four and a half months of chemo actually i had cisplatin doxorubicin and very high dose methotrexate and then i had a fifteen hour surgery in which my surgeon doctor john healey at memorial sloan kettering hospital in new york -took out my left femur and replaced it with titanium and if you did see the sanjay special you saw these enormous screws that they screwed into my pelvis -then he took my fibula from my calf cut it out and then relocated it to my thigh where it now lives and what he actually did was he de vascularized it -this is a surgery so rare only two human beings have survived -and my reward for surviving it was to go back for four more months of chemo it was as we said in my house a lost year -and i remember a particular one night that when you told that story of i dont know where you are doctor nuland of william sloane coffin it made me think of it -i was in the hospital after i think it was my fourth round of chemo when my numbers went to zero and i had basically no immune system and they put me in an infectious disease ward at the hospital -and anybody who came to see me had to cover themselves in a mask and cover all of the extraneous parts of their body and one night i got a call from my mother in law that my daughters at that time three and a half -i was hit by a passing sedan -absence and i hung up the phone -and i put my face in my hands and i screamed this silent scream -and what you said doctor nuland i dont know where you are made me think of this today because the thought that came to my mind was that feeling that i had was like a primal scream -and what was so striking and one of the messages i want to leave you here with today is the experience as i became less and less human -my mangled body flew in one direction my mangled bike flew in the other -at that moment i was less and less human i was also at the same time maybe the most human ive ever been -and what was so striking about that time was instead of repulsing people i was actually proving to be a magnet for people people were incredibly drawn -my wife and i had kids we thought it would be all hands on deck instead it was everybody running the other way and when i had cancer we thought itd be everybody running the other way instead it was all hands on deck -and when people came to me rather than being incredibly turned off by what they saw i was like a living ghost they were incredibly moved to talk about what was going on in their own lives -it is an invitation maybe even a mandate to enter the most vital arenas of human life the most sensitive and the most frightening the ones that we never want to go to -but when we do go there we feel incredibly transformed when we do and this also happened to my girls as they began to see and we thought maybe became an ounce more compassionate -one of the profound things that happened was this act of actually connecting to all these people and it made me think and ill just note for the record one word that ive only heard once actually was when we were all doing -tony robbins yoga yesterday the one word that has not been mentioned in this seminar actually is the word friend -bruce i said and promptly passed out -and no one captures this modern manhood to me more than david black now david is my literary agent hes about five foot three and a half -on a good day standing fully upright in cowboy boots and on kind of the manly male front he answers the phone i can say this i guess because youve done it here he answers the phone yo motherfucker -he gives boring speeches about obscure bottles of wine and on his fiftieth birthday he bought a convertible sports car although like a lot of men hes impatient he bought it on his forty -i broke my left femur that day its the largest bone in your body and spent the next two months in a body cast that went from my chin to the tip of my toe to my right knee and a steel bar went from my right knee to my left ankle -but like a lot of modern men he hugs he bakes he leaves work early to coach little league someone asked me if he cried when i asked him to be in the council of dads i was like david cries when you invite him to take a walk -he said i dont see the wall and im telling you the same dont see the wall you may encounter one from time to time but youve got to find a way to get over it around it or through it but whatever you do dont succumb to it dont give in to the wall -my home is not far from the brooklyn bridge and during the year and a half i was on crutches it became a sort of symbol to me -so one day near the end of my journey i said come on girls lets take a walk across the brooklyn bridge we set out on crutches i was on crutches my wife was next to me my girls were doing these rockstar poses up ahead -because walking was one of the first things i lost i spent most of that year thinking about this most elemental of human acts -as my physical therapist likes to say every step is a tragedy waiting to happen you nearly fall with one leg then you catch yourself with the other -and the biggest consequence of walking on crutches as i did for a year and a half is that you walk slower -you hurry you get where youre going but you get there alone -you go slow you get where youre going but you get there with this community you built along the way -at the risk of admission i was never nicer than the year i was on crutches -two hundred years ago a new type of pedestrian appeared in paris he was called a flaneur one who wanders the arcades -and it was the custom of those flaneurs to show they were men of leisure by taking turtles for walks and letting the reptile set the pace -and i just love this ode to slow moving and its become my own motto for my girls take a walk with a turtle behold the world in -tolstoy became consumed with that stick but he never found -that story perfectly captures for me the final lesson that i learned -happiness is not something we find its something we make -almost anybody whos looked at well run organizations has come to pretty much the same conclusion greatness is not a matter of circumstance its a matter of choice -keep reaching for that green stick -in the end this may be the greatest lesson of all -whats the secret to a happy family -the starrs are a regular american family with their share of regular american family problems david is a software engineer eleanor takes care of their four children ages ten to fifteen -one of those kids tutors math on the far side of town one has lacrosse on the near side of town one has asperger syndrome one has adhd we were living in complete chaos eleanor said -what the starrs did next though was surprising instead of turning to friends or relatives they looked to davids workplace they turned to a cutting edge program called agile development that was just spreading from manufacturers in japan to startups in silicon valley -in agile workers are organized into small groups and do things in very short spans of time so instead of having executives issue grand proclamations the team in effect manages itself you have constant feedback you have daily update sessions you have weekly reviews youre constantly changing -david said when they brought this system into their home the family meetings in particular increased communication decreased stress and made everybody happier to be part of the family team -when my wife and i adopted these family meetings and other techniques into the lives of our then five year old twin daughters it was the biggest single change we made since our daughters were born and these meetings had this effect while taking under twenty minutes -companies followed the waterfall method right in which executives issued orders that slowly trickled down to programmers below and no one had ever consulted the programmers eighty three percent of projects failed they were too bloated or too out of date by the time they were done -sutherland wanted to create a system where ideas didnt just percolate down but could percolate up from the bottom and be adjusted in real time -he read thirty years of harvard business review before stumbling upon an article in one thousand nine hundred and eighty six called the new new product development -in sutherlands system companies dont use large massive projects that take two years they do things in small chunks nothing takes longer than two weeks so instead of saying you guys go off into that bunker and come back with a cell phone or a social network you say you go off and come up with one element then bring it back lets talk about it lets adapt -you succeed or fail quickly -today agile is used in a hundred countries and its sweeping into management suites inevitably people began taking some of these techniques and applying it to their families -you had blogs pop up and some manuals were written even the sutherlands told me that they had an agile thanksgiving where you had one group of people working on the food one setting the table and one greeting visitors at the door sutherland said it was the best thanksgiving ever -so lets take one problem that families face crazy mornings and talk about how agile can help -a key plank is accountability so teams use information radiators these large boards in which everybody is accountable -so the starrs in adapting this to their home created a morning checklist in which each child is expected to tick off chores -so on the morning i visited eleanor came downstairs poured herself a cup of coffee sat in a reclining chair -and she sat there kind of amiably talking to each of her children as one after the other they came downstairs checked the list made themselves breakfast checked the list again put the dishes in the dishwasher rechecked the list -now heres the bad news nearly everyone is completely overwhelmed by the chaos of family life every parent i know myself included feels like were constantly playing defense just when our kids stop teething they start having tantrums just when they stop needing our help taking a bath they need our help dealing with cyberstalking or -fed the pets or whatever chores they had checked the list once more gathered their belongings and made their way to the bus it was one of the most astonishing -family dynamics i have ever seen -and when i strenuously objected this would never work in our house our kids needed way too much monitoring eleanor looked at me thats what i thought she said i told david keep your work out of my kitchen but i was wrong -so i turned to david so why does it work he said you cant underestimate the power of doing this and he made a checkmark he said in the workplace adults love it with kids its heaven -the week we introduced a morning checklist into our house it cut parental screaming in half -but the real change didnt come until we had these family meetings so following the agile model we ask three questions what worked well in our family this week what didnt work well and what will we agree to work on in the week ahead everyone throws out suggestions and then we pick two to focus on -and suddenly the most amazing things started coming out of our daughters mouths what worked well this week getting over our fear of riding bikes making our beds -what didnt work well our math sheets or greeting visitors at the door like a lot of parents our kids are something like bermuda triangles like thoughts and ideas go in but none ever comes out i mean at least not that are revealing this gave us access suddenly to their innermost thoughts -but the most surprising part was when we turned to what are we going to work on in the week ahead -now look naturally theres a gap between their kind of conduct in these meetings and their behavior the rest of the week but the truth is it didnt really bother us it felt like we were kind of laying these underground cables that wouldnt light up their world for many years to come -three years later our girls are almost eight now were still holding these meetings my wife counts them among her most treasured moments as a mom -so what did we learn the word agile entered the lexicon in two thousand and one when jeff sutherland and a group of designers met in utah and wrote a twelve point agile manifesto -i think the time is right for an agile family manifesto ive taken some ideas from the starrs and from many other families i met im proposing three planks -plank number one adapt all the time -when i became a parent i figured you know what well set a few rules and well stick to them that assumes as parents we can anticipate every problem thats going to arise we cant whats great about the agile system is you build in a system of change so that you can react to whats happening to you in real time -its like they say in the internet world if youre doing the same thing today you were doing six months ago youre doing the wrong thing parents can learn a lot from that -but to me adapt all the time means something deeper too we have to break parents out of this straitjacket that the only ideas we can try at home are ones that come from shrinks or self help gurus or other family experts -the truth is their ideas are stale whereas in all these other worlds there are these new ideas to make groups and teams work effectively -i met a celebrity chef in new orleans who said no problem ill just time shift family dinner im not home cant make family dinner well have family breakfast well meet for a bedtime snack well make sunday meals more important -and the truth is recent research backs him up -it turns out theres only ten minutes of productive time in any family meal the rest of its taken up with take your elbows off the table and pass the ketchup you can take that ten minutes and move it to any part of the day and have the same benefit so time shift family dinner thats adaptability -ellen galinsky of the families and work institute asked one thousand children if you were granted one wish about your parents -my wife and i actually moved where we sit for difficult conversations because i was sitting above in the power position so move where you sit thats adaptability -the point is there are all these new ideas out there weve got to hook them up with parents so plank number one adapt all the time -be flexible be open minded let the best ideas win plank number two empower your children -our instinct as parents is to order our kids around its easier and frankly were usually right theres a reason that few systems have been more waterfall over time than the family but the single biggest lesson we learned is to reverse the waterfall as much as possible enlist the children in their own upbringing -just yesterday we were having our family meeting and we had voted to work on overreacting -so we said okay give us a reward and give us a punishment okay so one of my daughters threw out you get five minutes of overreacting time all week so we kind of liked that but then her sister started working the system she said do i get one five minute overreaction or can i get ten thirty second overreactions -what would it be the parents predicted the kids would say spending more time with them they were wrong -i loved that spend the time however you want now give us a punishment okay if we get fifteen minutes of overreaction time thats the limit every minute above that we have to do one pushup -the point is we have to let our children succeed on their own terms and yes on occasion fail on their own terms -i was talking to warren buffetts banker and he was chiding me for not letting my children make mistakes with their allowance and i said but what if they drive into a ditch he said its much better to drive into a ditch with a dollar six allowance than a dollar sixty thousand a year salary or a dollar six million inheritance so the bottom line is empower -the kids number one wish that their parents be less tired and less stressed -adaptability is fine but we also need bedrock -jim collins the author of good to great told me that successful human organizations of any kind have two things in common they preserve the core they stimulate progress so agile is great for stimulating progress but i kept hearing time and again you need to preserve the core so how do you do that -collins coached us on doing something that businesses do which is define your mission and identify your core values so he led us through the process of creating a family mission statement -we did the family equivalent of a corporate retreat we had a pajama party i made popcorn -so how can we change this dynamic are there concrete things we can do to reduce stress draw our family closer and generally prepare our children to enter the world -actually i burned one so i made two my wife bought a flip chart and we had this great conversation like whats important to us what values do we most uphold and we ended up with ten statements we are travelers not tourists we dont like dilemmas we like solutions -a few weeks later we got a call from the school one of our daughters had gotten into a spat and suddenly we were worried like do we have a mean girl on our hands and we didnt really know what to do so we called her into my office the family mission statement was on the wall and my wife said -so anything up there seem to apply and she kind of looked down the list and she said bring people together suddenly we had a way into the conversation -another great way to tell your story is to tell your children where they came from -researchers at emory gave children a simple what do you know test do you know where your grandparents were born do you know where your parents went to high school do you know anybody in your family who had a difficult situation an illness and they overcame -the do you know test was the single biggest predictor of emotional health and happiness as the author of the study told me children who have a sense of theyre part of a larger narrative have greater self confidence -i spent the last few years trying to answer that question -but as i began working on this project i began changing my mind -recent scholarship has allowed us for the first time to identify the building blocks that successful families have -ive mentioned just three here today adapt all the time empower the children -traveling around meeting families talking to scholars experts ranging from elite peace negotiators to warren buffetts bankers to the green berets i was trying to figure out what do happy families do right and what can i learn from them to make my family happier -i work a lot in what i call retrofuturism which is looking back to see how yesterday viewed tomorrow -and theyre always wrong always hilariously optimistically wrong -and the peak time for that was the thirties because the depression was so dismal that anything to get away from the present into the future and technology was going to carry us along -this is popular workbench popular science magazines in those days i had a huge collection of them from the thirties all they are just poor people being asked to make sunglasses out of wire coat hangers and everything improvised and dreaming about these wonderful -giant radio robots playing ice hockey at three hundred miles an hour it a s all going to happen it a s all going to be wonderful automotive retrofuturism is -one of my specialties i was both an automobile illustrator and an advertising automobile copywriter so i have a lot of revenge to take on the subject -i dont know what the hell im doing here -my teeth techno archaeology is digging back and finding past miracles that never happened for good reason usually the zeppelin this was from a brochure about -based obviously on the hindenburg but the zeppelin was the biggest thing that ever moved made by man and it carried fifty six people at the speed of a buick -at an altitude you could hear dogs bark and it cost twice as much as a first class cabin on the normandie to fly it so the -was inevitable it was going to go this is auto gyro jousting in malibu in the thirties the auto gyro -couldnt wait for the invention of the helicopter but it should have it wasnt a big success its the only spanish innovation technologically of the twentieth century by the way -needed to know that -most useless human emotion so i think that a s a case for serious play -this is emblematic of it this is wing dining -and i paint on paper using gouache which hasnt changed in six hundred years -reading some pages from his new novel to fitzgerald and ford madox ford until the slipstream blows him away this is tank polo in -this is -the brainless rich are more fun to make fun of than anybody i do a lot of that -they had two machine guns and a cannon and they had ninety horsepower ricardo engines they went five miles an hour and inside it was one hundred and five degrees in the pitch dark and they had a canary hung inside the thing to -happy little story isnt it this is motor ritz towers in manhattan in the thirties where you drove up to your front door if you had the -but -about three years ago i had an art show in new york and i titled it serious nonsense so i think im actually the first one here -fond memory of times past hyperbolic overkill is a way of taking exaggeration to the absolute -ultimate limit just for the fun of it -this was a piece i did a brochure again -and its so safe it carries no insurance -but its not a cri de coeur about mans hubris in the face of the elements its just a sick silly joke -shamelessly cheap is something i think this will wake you up it has no -meaning just desoto discovers the mississippi and thats a desoto discovering the mississippi -i did that as a -i lead i called it serious nonsense because on the serious side i use a technique of painstaking realism -thirty of them are based on that concept i was driving down seventh avenue one night at three a m and this steam pouring out of the street and i thought what causes that and -who a s to say the temple of dendur at the metropolitan in new york its a very somber place i thought i could jazz it up a bit have a little fun with it this is a very un pc cover -not in new york i couldnt resist and i got a nasty email from some environmental group saying this is too serious and solemn to make fun of you should be ashamed please apologize on our website havent got around to it yet -i -this is the word side of my -love the word -if you live in new york you know how the bike messengers move except that hes carrying a tube for blueprints and stuff they all do -of editorial illustration from when i was a kid i copied it and i never unlearned it its the only style i know and its very kind of staid and formal -i dont know a hell of a lot about fashion i was told to do what they call a mary jane and then i got into this terrible fight between the art director and the editor saying put a strap on it no dont put a strap on it put a strap on it -one letter makes an idea -this is a big joke this is -the audition for king kong -you know that name called me and said she loved the cover it was so sweet her former name was fay wray and so that was i didnt have the wit to say take the painting -and meanwhile i use nonsense as you can see this is a scottish castle where people are playing golf indoors and -you cant see it all together unfortunately but if you look at it enough you can sort of start to see how it actually starts to move -the trick was to bang the golf ball off a suits of armor which you cant see there this was one of a series called zany afternoons which became a book this is a home built rocket propelled -would just like to add a crass commercial i have a kids book coming out -so thank you very much -strong feelings can create a model -personal health scare a health scare in the news -youll see these called flashbulb events by psychiatrists -they can create a model instantaneously because theyre very emotive -so in the technological world we dont have experience -to judge models and we rely on others we rely on proxies i mean this works as long as its to correct others -some of us have a burglar alarm system at home and some of us dont and itll depend on where we live whether we live alone or have a family how much cool stuff we have how much were willing to accept the risk of theft -we rely on -government agencies to tell us what pharmaceuticals -are safe i flew here yesterday i didnt check the airplane -but because were pretty sure the building codes here are good -now when these go out of whack you have two options one you can fix peoples feelings directly appeal to feelings its manipulation but it can work -the second more honest way is to actually fix the model -change happens slowly the smoking debate took forty years and that was an easy -some of this stuff is hard -i mean really though information seems like our best hope and i lied remember i said feeling model reality i said reality doesnt change it actually does we live in a technological world reality changes all the time -so we might have for the first time in our species feeling chases model model chases reality realitys moving they might never catch up -put poison in it closed it up put it back on the shelf someone else bought it and died this terrified people there were a couple of copycat attacks -there wasnt any real risk but people were scared and this is how the tamper proof drug industry was invented those tamper proof caps that came from this its complete security theater as a homework assignment think of ten ways to get around it ill give you one a syringe -in politics also there are different opinions a lot of times these trade offs are about more than just security and i think thats really important now people have a natural intuition about these trade offs -but it made people feel better -it made their feeling of security more match the reality -i said well thats kind of neat -i wonder how rampant baby snatching is out of hospitals i go home i look it up it basically never happens -but if you think about it if you are a hospital and you need to take a baby away from its mother out of the room to run some tests -you better have some good security theater or shes going to rip your arm off -or even look at public policy in ways that affect security -its not just reality its feeling and reality whats important -is that they be about the same its important that if our feelings match reality we make better security trade offs -we make them every day -or you in your car when you drove here -multiple times a day we often wont even notice them theyre just part of being alive we all do it every species does it -security is two different things its a feeling and its a reality and theyre different you could feel secure even if youre not and you can be secure even if you dont feel it really we have two separate concepts mapped onto the same word -imagine a rabbit in a field eating grass and the rabbits going to see a fox that rabbit will make a security trade off should i stay or should i flee -and if you think about it the rabbits that are good at making that trade off will tend to live and reproduce and the rabbits that are bad -so youd think that -us as a successful species on the planet you me everybody -yet it seems again and again that were hopelessly bad at it -and i think thats a fundamentally interesting question ill give you the short answer -the answer is we respond to the feeling of security and not the reality -now most of the time that works -certainly thats true for most of human prehistory weve developed this ability because it makes evolutionary sense -now there are several biases in risk perception a lot of good experiments in this and you can see certain biases that come up again and again so ill give you four we tend to exaggerate spectacular and rare risks and downplay common risks so flying versus driving -the unknown -one example would be people fear kidnapping by strangers when the data supports kidnapping by relatives is much more common this is for children -third personified risks are perceived to be greater than anonymous risks so bin laden is scarier because he has a name -and the fourth is people underestimate risks in situations they do control and overestimate them in situations they dont control so once you take up skydiving or smoking -you downplay the risks -if a risk is thrust upon you terrorism was a good example youll overplay it because you dont feel like its in your control -there are a bunch of other of these biases these cognitive biases that affect our risk decisions -theres the availability heuristic -which basically means we estimate the probability of something by how easy it is to bring instances of it to mind -so you can imagine how that works if you hear a lot about tiger attacks there must be a lot of tigers around you dont hear about lion attacks there arent a lot of lions around this works until you invent newspapers -and what i want to do in this talk is to split them apart figuring out when they diverge and how they converge and language is actually a problem here there arent a lot of good words for the concepts were going to talk about -because what newspapers do is they repeat again and again rare risks i tell people if its in the news dont worry about it because by definition news is something that almost never happens -were also a species of storytellers we respond to stories more than data -and theres some basic innumeracy going on -i mean the joke one two three many is kind of right were really good at small numbers one mango two mangoes three mangoes ten thousand mangoes one hundred thousand mangoes its still more mangoes you can eat before they rot so one half one quarter one fifth were good at that one in a million one in a billion theyre both almost never -so we have trouble with the risks that arent very common and what these cognitive biases do is they act as filters between us and reality -and the result is that feeling and reality get out of whack they get different -i write a lot about security theater -which are products that make people feel secure but dont actually do anything -so back to economics if economics if the market drives security -and if people make trade offs based on the feeling of security -then the smart thing for companies to do for the economic incentives are to make people feel secure -and there are two ways to do this one you can make people actually secure and hope they notice or two you can make people just feel secure and hope they dont notice -so what makes people notice -but if you know stuff youre more likely -to have your feelings match reality enough real world examples helps now we all know the crime rate in our neighborhood because we live there and we get a feeling about it that basically matches reality -so if you look at security from economic terms its a trade off every time you get some security -security theaters exposed when its obvious that its not working properly -okay so what makes people not notice -well a poor understanding -if you dont understand the risks you dont understand the costs youre likely to get the trade off wrong and your feeling doesnt match reality -not enough examples -if for example terrorism almost never happens -of counter terrorist measures -also feelings that are clouding the issues the cognitive biases i talked about earlier fears folk beliefs -basically an inadequate model of reality -so let me complicate things -i have feeling and reality i want to add a third element i want to add model -feeling and model in our head reality is the outside world it doesnt change its real -thats basically the difference in a primitive and simple world theres really no reason for a model -youre always trading off something whether this is a personal decision whether youre going to install a burglar alarm in your home or a national decision where youre going to invade some foreign country youre going to trade off something either money or time convenience capabilities maybe fundamental liberties -because feeling is close to reality you dont need a model -but in a modern and complex world -you need models to understand a lot of the risks we face -its of course limited by science by technology -we couldnt have a germ theory of disease before we invented the microscope to see them -but it has the ability to override our feelings -culture teachers elders a couple years ago i was in south africa on safari the tracker i was with grew up in kruger national park he had some very complex models of how to survive -and it depended on if you were attacked by a lion or a leopard or a rhino or an elephant and when you had to run away and when you couldnt run away and when you had to climb a tree when you could never climb a tree i would have died in a day -but he was born there and he understood how to survive -i was born in new york city i could have taken him to new york and he would have died in a day -models can come from the media -from our elected officials -airline safety car safety models can come from industry -health models are a great example think of cancer of bird flu swine flu sars -come from models given to us really by science filtered through the media -so models can change -models are not static as we become more comfortable in our environments -our model can move closer to our feelings -so an example might be if you go back one hundred years ago when electricity was first becoming common there were a lot of fears about it i mean there were people who were afraid to push doorbells because there was electricity in there and that was dangerous -and the question to ask when you look at a security anything is not whether this makes us safer but whether its worth the trade off youve heard in the past several years the world is safer because saddam hussein is not in power that might be true but its not terribly relevant the question is was it worth it -our model of security around electricity -is something we were born into -how your parents approach internet security versus how you do -versus how our kids will -models eventually fade into the background -so as your model is close to reality and it converges with feelings you often dont know its there -so there was that feeling of lack of control and those two things made the risk more than it was as the novelty wore off the months went by there was some amount of tolerance people got used to it -people thought the doctors should have solved this already -and acceptance -and when the vaccine appeared last winter there were a lot of people a surprising number who refused to get it -with no new information with no new input -this kind of thing happens a lot -i have a very relativistic view of security i think it depends on the observer -and most security decisions have a variety of people involved and stakeholders with specific -trade offs will try to influence the decision and i call that their agenda -and you see agenda this is marketing this is politics trying to convince you to have one model versus another trying to convince you to ignore a model and trust your feelings marginalizing people with models you dont like -this is not uncommon -in the history of the past fifty years the smoking risk shows how a model changes and it also shows how an industry fights against a model it doesnt like -compare that to the secondhand smoke debate probably about twenty years behind -and you can make your own decision and then youll decide whether the invasion was worth it thats how you think about security in terms of the trade off -all examples of models changing -what we learn is that changing models is hard -models are hard to dislodge if they equal your feelings you dont even know you have a model -and theres another cognitive bias ill call confirmation bias where we tend to accept data -that confirms our beliefs and reject data that contradicts our beliefs -at models that span eighty years we can do to the next harvest we can often do until our kids grow up -but eighty years were just not good at -so its a very hard model to accept -and so the two of us are here to give you an example of creation and im going to be folding one of robert langs models -and this is the piece of paper it will be made from and you can see all of the folds that are needed for it and rufus is going to be -doing some improvisation on his custom five string electric cello and its very exciting to listen to him -we wont be judged by our design -we wont be judged by our intellect and reason ultimately you judge the character of a society -not by how they treat their rich and the powerful and the privileged but by how they treat the poor -the condemned the incarcerated because its in that nexus that we actually begin to understand truly profound things about who we are -i sometimes get out of balance ill end with this story i sometimes push too hard i do get tired as we all do sometimes those ideas get ahead of our thinking in ways that are important -and ive been representing these kids who have been sentenced to do these very harsh sentences and i go to the jail and i see my client whos thirteen and fourteen and hes been certified to stand trial as an adult i start thinking well how did that happen -how can a judge turn you into something that youre not -and the judge has certified him as an adult but i see this kid and i was up too late one night and i starting thinking well gosh if the judge can turn you into something that youre not the judge must have magic power -and i finally decided oh gosh -i said im a lawyer he said youre a lawyer -i said yes sir and this man came over to me and he hugged me -and he whispered in my ear he said im so -and police officers were coming in and assistant prosecutors and clerk workers and before i knew it the courtroom was filled with people angry that we were talking about race that we were talking about poverty that we were talking about inequality and out of the corner of my eye i could see this janitor pacing back and forth and he kept looking through the window and he could hear all of this holler he kept pacing back and forth -and then shed let me go and an hour or two later if i saw her shed come over to me and shed say bryan do you still feel me hugging you -and finally this older black man with this very worried look on his face -came into the courtroom and sat down behind me almost at counsel table -and this deputy jumped up and he ran over to this older black man he said jimmy what are you doing in this courtroom and this older black man stood up and he looked at that deputy -and he looked at me and he said i came into this courtroom to tell this young man keep your eyes on the prize hold on -ive come to ted because i believe that many of you understand -our survival is tied to the survival of everyone that our visions of technology and design and entertainment and creativity have to be married with visions of humanity compassion and justice and more than anything for those of you who share that ive simply come to tell you -and if i said no shed assault me again and if i said yes shed leave me alone and she just had this quality that you always wanted to be near her -to keep your eyes on the prize hold on thank you very much -so you heard and saw an obvious desire by this audience this community to help you on your way and to do something on this issue other than writing a check -really extraordinary honor for me i spend most of my time in jails in prisons on death row i spend most of my time in very low income communities in the projects and places where theres a great deal of hopelessness -and yet forty six percent of all homicide cases dont result in arrest fifty six percent of all rape cases dont result so theres an opportunity to change that and this referendum would propose having those dollars go to law enforcement and safety and i think that opportunity exists all around -and the only challenge was that she had ten children my mom was the youngest of her ten kids and sometimes when i would go and spend time with her it would be difficult to get her time and attention my cousins would be running around everywhere and i remember when i was about eight or nine years old waking up -not do less and i think our current punishment philosophy -does nothing for no one and i think thats the orientation that we have to change -and after about fifteen or twenty minutes of this she got up and she came across the room and she took me by the hand and she said come on bryan you and i are going to have a talk and i remember this just like it happened yesterday i never will forget it -she took me out back and she said bryan im going to tell you something but you dont tell anybody what i tell you -i said okay mama she said now you make sure you dont do that -i said sure then she sat me down and she looked at me -and she said i want you to know ive been watching you -and she said i think youre special -she said i think you can do anything you want to do -i said okay mama she said the first thing i want you to promise me is that youll always love your mom -she said thats my baby girl and you have to promise me now youll always take care of her well i adored my mom so i said yes mama ill do that -then she said the second thing i want you to promise me is that youll always do the right thing -even when the right thing is the hard thing -then finally she said the third thing i want you to promise me is that youll never drink alcohol -he had a sip of this beer and he gave some to my sister and she had some and they offered it to me i said no no no thats okay you all go ahead im not going to have any beer my brother said come on were doing this today you always do what we do i had some your sister had some have some beer i said no i dont feel right about that yall go ahead yall go ahead and then my brother started staring at me he said whats wrong with you have some beer -and being here at ted and seeing the stimulation hearing it has been very very energizing to me and one of the things thats emerged in my short time here is that ted has an identity -then he looked at me real hard and he said -oh i hope youre not still hung up on that conversation mama had with you -two years old and im going to admit to you that ive never had a drop of alcohol -i say that because there is power in identity -when we create the right kind of identity we can say things to the world around us that they dont actually believe makes sense we can get them to do things that they dont think they can do -when i thought about my grandmother of course she would think all her grandkids were special my grandfather was in prison during prohibition my male uncles died of alcohol related diseases and these were the things she thought we needed to commit to -this country is very different today than it was forty years ago in one thousand nine hundred and seventy two there were three hundred thousand people in jails and prisons today there are two point three million -the united states now has the highest rate of incarceration in the world we have seven million people on probation and parole and mass incarceration in my judgment has fundamentally changed our world -in poor communities in communities of color there is this despair there is this hopelessness that is being shaped by these outcomes -and you can actually say things here -one out of three black men between the ages of eighteen and thirty is in jail in prison on probation or parole -in urban communities across this country los angeles philadelphia baltimore washington fifty to sixty percent -of all young men of color are in jail or prison or on probation or parole -our system isnt just being shaped in these ways that seem to be distorting around race theyre also distorted by poverty we have a system of justice in this country -that have impacts around the world and sometimes when it comes through ted it has meaning and power that it doesnt have when it doesnt and i mention that because i think identity is really important and weve had some fantastic presentations -that treats you much better if youre rich and guilty than if youre poor and innocent wealth -not culpability shapes outcomes -and yet we seem to be very comfortable -the politics of fear and anger have made us believe that these are problems that are not our problems -weve been disconnected -permanently lost the right to vote were actually projecting in another ten years the level of disenfranchisement will be as high as its been since prior to the passage of the voting rights act and there is -this stunning silence -i represent children a lot of my clients are very young the united states is the only country in the world where we sentence thirteen year old children to die in prison -we have life imprisonment without parole for kids in this country and were actually doing some litigation -but theres another way of thinking about where we are in our identity -the other way of thinking about it is not do people deserve to die for the crimes they commit but do we deserve to kill -a kind of astonishing error rate -one out of nine people innocent -but somehow we can insulate ourselves from this problem -its not our problem its not our burden its not our struggle -i tell them about slavery i tell them about terrorism the era that began at the end of reconstruction that went on to world war ii we dont really know very much about it but for african americans in this country that was an era defined by terror -and i think what weve learned is that if youre a teacher your words can be meaningful but if youre a compassionate teacher they can be especially meaningful -in many communities people had to worry about being lynched they had to worry about being bombed it was the threat of terror that shaped their lives and these older people come up to me now -and they say mr stevenson you give talks you make speeches you tell people to stop saying were dealing with terrorism for the first time in our nations history after nine eleven they tell me to say no tell them that we grew up with that -and that era of terrorism of course was followed by segregation and decades of racial subordination and apartheid and -and yet we have in this country this dynamic where we really dont like to talk about our problems we dont like to talk about our history and because of that we really havent understood -what its meant to do the things weve done historically -and i believe its because we are unwilling to commit ourselves to a process of truth and reconciliation in south africa -people understood that we couldnt overcome apartheid without a commitment to truth and reconciliation -in rwanda even after the genocide there was this commitment but in this country we havent done that i was giving some lectures in germany about the death penalty it was fascinating because one of the scholars stood up after the presentation and said well you know its deeply troubling to hear what youre talking about -if youre a doctor you can do some good things but if youre a caring doctor you can do some other things -and the room got very quiet and this woman -said theres no way with our history -we could ever engage in the systematic killing of human beings it would be unconscionable for us -to in an intentional and deliberate way set about executing people -where the nation state of germany was executing people especially if they were disproportionately jewish i couldnt bear it -and yet in this country -in the states of the old south we execute people -well i believe that our identity is at risk -that when we actually dont care about these difficult things -the positive and wonderful things are nonetheless implicated -and i didnt learn about this actually practicing law and doing the work that i do i actually learned about this from my grandmother i grew up in a house that was the traditional african american home that was dominated by a matriarch and that matriarch was my grandmother she was tough she was strong she was powerful -we love innovation we love technology we love creativity we love entertainment -but ultimately those realities are shadowed by suffering -abuse degradation -because ultimately we are talking about a need to be more hopeful -more committed more dedicated to the basic challenges of living in a complex world and for me that means spending time thinking and talking about the poor -the disadvantaged those who will never get to ted -but thinking about them in a way that is integrated in our own lives -you know ultimately we all have to believe things we havent seen we do as rational as we are as committed to intellect as we are innovation creativity development comes not from the ideas in our mind alone they come from the ideas in our mind that are also fueled by some conviction in our heart -and its that mind heart connection that i believe compels us -to not just be attentive to all the bright and dazzly things -but also the dark and difficult things -vaclav havel the great czech leader talked about this he said when we were in eastern europe and dealing with oppression we wanted all kinds of things but mostly what we needed was hope an orientation of the spirit a willingness to sometimes be in hopeless places and be a witness -well that orientation of the spirit is very much at the core of what i believe even ted communities have to be engaged in -there is no disconnect -around technology and design -that will allow us to be fully human until we pay attention to suffering -it will get to you i had the great privilege when i was a young lawyer of meeting rosa parks and ms parks used to come back to montgomery every now and then and she would get together with two of her dearest friends these older women -johnnie carr who was the organizer of the montgomery bus boycott -she was the end of every argument in our family -the prison population were trying to end mass incarceration i gave her my whole rap and when i finished she looked at me and she said -brave brave -we need to find ways to embrace these challenges these problems the suffering -because ultimately our humanity depends on everyones humanity ive learned very simple things doing the work that i do its just taught me very simple things ive come to understand and to believe that each of us is more than the worst thing weve ever done i believe that for every person on the planet -she was the beginning of a lot of arguments in our family -i think if somebody tells a lie theyre not just a liar -i think if somebody takes something that doesnt belong to them theyre not just a thief i think even if you kill someone youre not just a killer -and because of that theres this basic human dignity that must be respected by law -that the opposite of poverty is not wealth -she was the daughter of people who were actually enslaved her parents were born in slavery in virginia in the one thousand eight hundred and fortys she was born in the one thousand eight hundred and eightys and the experience of slavery very much -i dont believe that i actually think in too many places the opposite of poverty is justice -and finally i believe -that despite the fact that it is so dramatic and so beautiful -and so inspiring and so stimulating -we will ultimately not be judged by our technology -difficult husband not possible -called the husband the husband came swaggering politician mobile in his hand not possible why not -the woman look how beautiful she is i said yeah she is very beautiful what happens if she runs off with an indian -she went like a grandmother -national press and she was a star and when i went back six months later i said wheres your husband oh somewhere it doesnt matter -wind up by saying -look for solutions within and listen to people they have the solutions in front -dont even worry dont listen to the world bank listen to the people on the ground -first they ignore you -and -and i wanted to give something back -no job no money no security no prospect i said i want to live -and dig wells for five years -dig wells for five years you went to the most expensive school and college in india and you want to dig wells for five years -she didnt speak to me for -but then -i was exposed to the most extraordinary knowledge and skills that very poor people have -which is never identified respected applied on a large scale and i thought id start a barefoot college -college only for the poor -what the poor thought was important would be reflected in the college -and said are you running from the police -and id like to share -i said no i want to actually start a college only for the poor -a forty five year old love story -what the poor thought was important would be reflected in the college so the elders gave me some very sound and profound advice -they said please -dont bring anyone with a degree and qualification into your college -so its the only college in india where if you should have a ph d or a masters you are disqualified to come -you have to be a cop out or a wash out -you have to have a dignity of labor you have to show that you have a skill that you can offer to the community and provide a service to the community so we started -who is a professional a professional is someone -who has a combination of competence confidence and belief -a water diviner is a professional a traditional midwife -is a professional these are professionals all over the world you find them in any inaccessible village around the world and we thought that these people should come into the mainstream and show -that the knowledge and skills that they have -and no one can get more than dollar one hundred a month you come for the money -work and the challenge youll come to the barefoot -i went to a very elitist snobbish expensive education in india -the teacher is the learner -and the learner is the teacher -and its the only college where we dont give a certificate -you are certified by the community you serve -you dont need a paper to hang on the wall to show -that you are an engineer -so when i said that they said well show us what is possible what are you doing this is all mumbo jumbo if you cant show it on the ground so we built the first -it was built by twelve barefoot architects who cant read and write -they got the aga khan award for architecture in two thousand and two -we are the only ones who actually returned the award -i asked a forester -high powered paper qualified expert i said what can you -and that almost destroyed me -build in this place he had one look at the soil and said forget it no way not even worth it no water rocky soil -i was in a bit of a spot and i said okay ill go to the old man in village and say what should i grow in this spot -he looked quietly at me and said you build this you build this you put this and itll work this is what it looks like today -went to the roof -and all the women said clear out -all the power comes from the sun -i was all set to be a diplomat teacher doctor -by a priest a hindu priest whos only done eight years -of primary schooling -never been to school never been to college he knows more about solar than -anyone i know anywhere in the world -who actually fabricate the most sophisticated solar cooker its a parabolic scheffler solar cooker -unfortunately theyre almost half german -absolutely to the last inch they can make that cooker and we have sixty meals twice a day of solar cooking -very little water is wasted all the roofs are connected underground to a four hundred thousand liter tank -and no water is wasted -sixty percent of children dont go to school -because they have to look after animals sheep goats -at night for the children -because the night schools of tilonia over seventy five thousand children -have gone through these night schools because its for the convenience of the child its not for the convenience of the teacher and what do we teach in these schools democracy citizenship how you should measure your land what you should do if youre arrested what you should do if your animal is sick -this is what we teach in the night schools but all the schools are solar lit -every five years -participate in a democratic process -the prime minister is twelve years old -she has a cabinet -and they actually monitor and supervise one hundred and fifty schools for seven thousand children -she got the worlds childrens prize -five years ago and she went to sweden first time ever going out of her village never seen -and the queen of sweden whos there turned to me and said can you ask this child where she got her confidence from shes only twelve years old and shes not dazzled by anything -turned to me and looked at the queen straight in the eye -and then i thought out of curiosity id like to go and live and work and just see what a village is like -he is my psychoanalyst he is my teacher -hes my donor he actually raises money solves my disputes -so this decentralized demystified approach of solar electrifying villages -so in one thousand nine hundred and sixty five -because theres no place it was all snowed up on both sides -and she thought for a minute and said -one lesson we learned in india -men are compulsively mobile -and i saw starvation -and they all want a certificate -because they want to leave the village -and go to a city looking for a job -so we came up with a great solution -train grandmothers -telegraph no -people dying of hunger for the first time -i said ill make a concession ill take the husbands along as well so i took the husbands along of course the women were much more intelligent than the men -you dont choose the spoken word -you use sign language -they go back and solar electrify their own village -and there was this minister driving down in the dead of night comes across this village comes back goes into the village says well whats the story they said -mother went into a coma -whether were first or not really doesnt matter the russians actually flew a supersonic transport before the concorde -what were looking forward to -and then they flew a few cargo flights and took it out of service i think you kind of see the same kind of parallel when the commercial stuff is offered -already theres about a billion and a half to a billion point seven investment in private space flight that is not government at all already worldwide -read if you google it youll find about half of that money but theres twice of that being committed out there not spent yet but being committed and planned for the next few years -what were looking forward to -im predicting though as profitable as this industry is going to be and it certainly is profitable when you fly people -two hundred thousand dollars on something that you can actually operate at a tenth of that cost or less this is going to be very profitable i predict also that -is not only the inspiration of our children but the current plan right now is -and every dollar that flows into that will be spent more efficiently by factor of ten to fifteen -and what that means is before we know -the progress in human space flight with no taxpayer dollars will be at a level -that is because -us its private industry you should never depend on the government to do -this sort of stuff and weve done it for a long time the naca before nasa never developed an airliner and never ran an airline -but nasa is developing the space liner always has and runs the only space line ok -and weve shied away from it because were afraid of it but starting back in june of two thousand and four -not really even -when i showed that a little -allowing the most creative people in this country the boeings and lockheeds space engineers to go out and take risks and try new stuff -were going to go back to the moon fifty years later and were going to do it very specifically planned to not learn anything new -im really troubled by that but anyway thats the basis of the thing that i want to share with you today though is -that right back to where we inspire people who will be our great leaders later thats the theme of my next fifteen minutes here -i want to start off by saying houston we have a problem -and i think that the inspiration begins when youre very young three year olds up to twelve fourteen year olds what we what they look at is the most important thing -take a snapshot at aviation and there was a wonderful little short four year time period -airplanes were invented by natural selection now you can say that intelligent design designs our airplanes of today but there was no intelligent design really designing those early airplanes there -probably at least thirty thousand different things tried and when they crash and kill the pilot dont try that again -entering a second generation of no progress in terms of human flight in space in fact -the ones that flew and landed ok because there was no trained pilots who had good flying qualities by definition so we by making a whole bunch of attempts -thousands of attempts in that four year time period we invented the concepts of the airplanes that we fly today and thats why theyre so safe as we gave it a lot of chance to -find whats good that has not happened at all in space flying theres only been two concepts tried two by the u s and one by the russians -well who was inspired during that time period aviation week asked me to make a list of who i thought were the movers and shakers of the first one hundred years of aviation and i wrote them down and i found out later that every one of them was a little kid -in that wonderful renaissance of aviation well what happened when i was a little kid was some pretty heavy stuff -the jet age started the missile age started von braun was on there showing how to go to mars and this was before sputnik and this was at a time when mars was a hell of a lot more interesting -than it is now we thought thered be animals there we knew there were plants there the colors change right but you know nasa screwed that up because theyve sent these robots and theyve landed it only in the -we stand a very big chance of losing our ability to inspire our youth to go out and continue this very important thing -if you look at what happened this little black line is as fast as -man ever flew and the red line is a top of the line military fighters and the blue line is commercial air transport you notice heres a big jump when i was a little kid -and i think that had something to do with giving me the courage to go out and try something that other people werent having the courage to try -well what did i do when i was a kid i didnt do the hotrods and the girls and the dancing and well we didnt have drugs in those days but i did competition model airplanes -i spent about seven years during the vietnam war flight testing airplanes for the air force and then i went in and i had a lot of fun building airplanes that people -could build in their garages and some three thousand of these are flying of course one of them is around the world voyager -the most impressive airplane ever -i believe was designed only a dozen years after the first operational jet -the most impressive spaceship ever i believe was a grumman lunar lander it was a you know it landed on the moon take off of the moon didnt need any maintenance guys -that we as a species have always done and that is instinctively weve gone out and climbed over -three years and we cant do that now crazy -talk very briefly about innovation cycles things that grow have a lot of activity they die out when theyre replaced by something else these things tend to happen every twenty five years -forty years long with an overlap you can put that statement on all kinds of different technologies the interesting thing by the way the speed here excuse me higher speed travel is the -title of these innovation cycles there is none here -heres the biggie and that is you dont have innovation cycles if the government develops and the government uses it -you know a good example of course is the darpa net computers were used for artillery first then irs but when we got it now you have all the level of activity all the benefit from it private sector -to do it keep that in mind i put down innovation ive looked for innovation cycles in space and i found -the very first year starting when gagarin went in space and a few weeks later alan shepherd there were five manned space flights in the world the very first year -in two thousand and three everyone that the united states sent to space was killed -there were only three or four flights in two thousand and three in two thousand and four -there were only two flights two russian soyuz flights to the international manned station and i had to fly three in mojave with my little group of a couple dozen people -this is a picture here taken from spaceshipone this is a picture here taken from orbit our goal is to make it so that you can see this picture and really enjoy that we know how to do it -for sub orbital flying now do it safe enough at least as safe as the early airlines so that can be done and i think i want to talk a little bit about why we had the courage to go out and try that -as a small -well first of all whats going to happen next the first industry will be a high volume a lot of players -another one announced just last week and it will be sub orbital and the reason it has to be sub orbital -and i feel very strongly that its not good enough -is there is not solutions for adequate safety to fly the public to orbit -the governments have been doing this three governments have been doing this for forty five years and still four percent of the people that have left the atmosphere have died thats you dont want to run a business with that kind of a safety -be very high volume we think one hundred thousand people will fly by two thousand and twenty i cant tell you when this will start because i dont want my competition to know my schedule -but i think once it does we will find solutions and very quickly youll see those resort hotels in orbit and that real easy thing to do which is a swing around the moon so you have this cool view and -that will be really cool because the moon doesnt have an atmosphere you can do an elliptical orbit and miss it by ten feet if you want oh its going to be so much fun -for us to have generations of kids that think that its ok to look forward to a better version of a cell phone with a video in it they need to look forward to -my critics say hey rutans just spending a lot of these billionaires money for joyrides for -whats this this is not a transportation system its just for fun -because i could say i got a computer at my house and you dont what do you use it for come over it does frogger -not the banks computer or -big development big improvement and capability and so on and they get out there in enough homes we were -for a new invention and the inventor is in this audience al gore invented the internet and because of that -something that we used for a whole year excuse me a whole decade for fun became everything our commerce our research our communication and if we let the google guys -think for another couple weekends we can add a dozen more things to the list and it wont be very long before you wont be able to convince kids that we didnt always have computers in our -a group of people that have come forward and you dont know all of them but the ones that have come forward were inspired -as young children this little three to fifteen year old age by us going to orbit and going to the moon here right in this time period -paul allen -richard branson jeff -the ansari family which is now funding the russians sub orbital thing bob bigelow a private space station and -these people are taking money and putting it in an interesting area and i think its a lot better than they put it -in an area of a better cell phone or something but theyre putting it in very areas and this will lead us into this kind of capability -and it will lead us into the next really big thing and it will allow us to explore and i think eventually it will allow us to colonize and to keep us from going extinct -we need to inspire them because they need to lead us and help us survive in the future im particularly troubled that what nasas doing right now with this new bush doctrine to -they were inspired by big progress -but look at the progress thats going on after that -there were a couple of examples here the military fighters had a highest performance military airplane was the sr seventy one it went a whole life cycle -got too rusty to fly and was taken out of service the concorde doubled the speed for airline travel it went a whole life cycle without competition took out of service -and were stuck back here with the same kind of capability for military fighters and commercial airline travel that we had back in the late -but something is out there to inspire our kids now and im talking about if youve got a baby now or if youve got a ten year old now whats out -there is theres something really interesting going to happen here relatively soon youll be able to buy a ticket and fly higher and faster than the highest performance military operational airplane its never happened before -the fact that they have stuck here with this kind of performance has been well you know you win the war in twelve minutes why do you need something better -but i think when you guys start buying tickets and flying sub orbital flights to space very soon -wait a minute whats happening here well have military fighters with sub orbital capability and i think very soon this but the interesting thing about it is the commercial guys are going to go first ok i look forward to a new -we didnt lose them technically the fact that we had the hardware to put something in orbit when we let von braun fly -technology and that was a very strong thing and then we flew alan shepherd weeks after gagarin not months or decades or whatever so we had the capability but america lost -for this next decade and a half oh shoot i screwed up we have real specific instructions here not to talk about politics -well again whats interesting here is weve lost to the russians on the first couple of milestones already you cannot buy a ticket commercially to fly into space in america -you can buy it in russia -its commercial it can be defined as space tourism they are also offering a trip to go on this whip around the moon like apollo eight was done one hundred million bucks -go to the moon but you know would you have thought back in the sixties when the space race was going on that the first commercial capitalist like thing to do -to buy a ticket to go to the moon would be in russian hardware and would you have thought would the russians have thought that when they first go to the moon in their developed hardware -the guys inside wont be russians maybe itll probably be a japanese or an american billionaire well thats weird you know it really is but anyway i think we need to beat them again -i think what well do is well see a successful very successful private space flight industry -leans into the window farther still smiling farther and farther though it takes less time than this really an instant -and lets herself fall -a casual impulse a fancy never thought of until now hardly thought of even now no -more than impulse or fancy the girl knows what shes doing the girl means something the girl means to mean because -it occurs to her in that instant that beautiful or not bright yes or no shes not who she is shes not the person she is and the reason she suddenly knows -is that theres been so much premeditation where she is so much plotting and planning theres hardly a person where she is or if there is its not her -or not wholly her its a self inhabited lived in by her and seemingly even as she thinks it she knows whats been missing -when that was published in a magazine i got an irate letter from my -grace not premeditation but grace a kind of being in the world spontaneously with grace -weightfully upon me was the world -weightfully this self which graced the world yet never wholly itself -weightfully this self which weighed upon me the release from which is what i desire and what i -and the girl remembers in this infinite instant already now so many times divided the sadness she felt once hardly knowing she felt it -to merely inhabit herself yes the girl falls absurd to fall even the earth with its compulsion to take unto itself all that falls must know that falling is absurd -you have maligned a great woman -just one more i dont usually say that i like to just end but im afraid that ricky will come out here and -this is called old man appropriately enough special -big tits says the advertisement for a soft core magazine on our neighborhood newsstand but forget her breasts a lush fresh lipped blond skin glowing gold sprawls there -it took some -coming of age in the american sensual darkness never seeing an unsmudged nipple an uncensored vagina -has left me forever infected with an unquenchable lust of the eye always that erotic murmur im hardly myself if im not in a state of incipient desire -i thought i would read poems i have that relate to the subject of youth and age -god knows though there are worse twists your obsessions can take last year in israel a young ultra orthodox rabbi guiding some teenage girls through the shrine of the -forbade them to look in one room because there were images in it he said were licentious -the display was a photo men and women stripped naked some trying to cover their genitals others too frightened to bother lined up in snow waiting to be shot and thrown into a ditch -the girls to my horror -averted their gaze what carnal mistrust had their teacher taught them -even that though -i kept finding myself at her page that she died in the camps made her i didnt dare wonder why more present more precious -in those days -died in the camps that too people or jews anyway kept from their children back then but it was like sex you didnt have to be told -and death how close they can seem so -constantly conscious now of death moving towards me sometimes i think i confound them my wifes loveliness almost consumes me my passion for her goes beyond reasonable bounds -those days which exist for me only as the most elusive memory now -when we make love her holding me everywhere all around me im there and not there my mind teems jumbles of faces voices impressions i live my life over -as though i were drowning -then i am drowning in despair at having to leave her this everything -all unbearable awful -to be able to die with no special contrition not having been slaughtered or enslaved and not having to know historys next mad rage or regression -it might be a relief -when often the first sound youd hear in the morning would be a storm of birdsong then the soft clop of the hooves of the horse hauling a milk wagon down your block -no again no i dont mean that for a moment what i mean is the world holds me so tightly the good and the bad -siren seductress how much more she reveals in her glare of ink than she knows -how she incarnates our desperate human need for regard our passion to live in beauty to be beauty -to be cherished by glances if by no more -of something like love -and the last sound at night as likely as not would be your father pulling up in his car having worked late again always late -and going heavily down to the cellar to the furnace to shake out the ashes and damp the draft before he came upstairs to fall into bed -those long ago days women my mother my friends mothers our neighbors all the women i knew wore often much of the day what were called housedresses cheap -printed pulpy seemingly purposefully shapeless light cotton shifts that you wore over your nightgown and when you had to go look for a child hang wash on the line -sort of astonished to find out how many i have actually the first one is dedicated to spencer and his grandmother who was shocked by his work -or run down to the grocery store on the corner under a coat the twisted hem of the nightgown always lank and yellowed dangling beneath -more than the curlers some of the women seemed constantly to have in their hair in preparation for some great event a ball one would think that never came to pass -more than the way most womens faces not only were never made up during the day but seemed scraped bleached and with their plucked eyebrows scarily masklike -more than all that it was those dresses that made women so unknowable and forbidding adepts of enigmas to which men could have no access and boys no conception -only later would i see the dresses also as a proclamation that in your dim kitchen your laundry -your bleak concrete yard what you revealed of yourself was a fabulation your real sensual nature veiled in those sexless vestments was utterly your dominion -in those days one hid much else as well grown men didnt embrace one another unless someone had died and not always then -you shook hands or at a ball game thumped your friends back and exchanged blows meant to be codes for affection -of childhood youd never again know the shock of your fathers whiskers on your cheek not until mores at last had evolved -and you could hug another man then hold on for a moment then even kiss your fathers bristles white and stiff now -my poem is called -what release finally the embrace though we were wary it seemed so audacious -how much unspoken joy there was in that affirmation of equality and communion no matter how much misunderstanding and pain had passed between you -we knew so little in those days as little as now i suppose about healing those hurts even the women in their best dresses with beads and sequins sewn on the bodices -my grandmother is washing my mouth out with soap -even in lipstick and mascara their hair aflow could only stand wringing their hands begging for peace while father and son -like thugs like thieves like romans simmered and hissed and hated inflicting sorrows that endured -the worst anyway through the kiss and embrace bleeding from brother to brother into the generations -in those days there was still countryside close to the city farms cornfields cows -half a long century gone and still she comes at me with that thick cruel yellow bar -even not far from our building with its blurred brick and long shadowy hallway you could find tracts with hills and trees you could pretend were mountains and forests -or you could go out by yourself even to a half block long empty lot -into the bushes like a creature of leaves youd lurk crouched crawling simplified savage alone -already there was wanting to be simpler -is another longish one about the old and the young it actually happened right at the time we met part of the poem takes place -space we shared and time we shared its called the neighbor -her five horrid deformed little dogs who incessantly yap on the roof under my window -her cats god knows how many who must piss on her rugs her landings a sickening reek -all because of a word i said not even said really only repeated but open she says open up her hand clawing at my head -her shadow once fumbling the chain on her door then the door slamming fearfully shut only the barking and the music jazz filtering as it does day and night into the hall -the time it was chris connor singing lush life how it brought back my college sweetheart my first real love -who till i left her played the same record and head on my shoulder hand on my thigh sang sweetly along -of regrets and depletions she was too young for -as i was too young later to believe in her pain it startled then bored then repelled me -my starting to fancy shed ended up in this fire trap in the village that my neighbor was her my thinking wed meet recognize one another become friends that id accomplish a penance -my seeing her it wasnt her at the mailbox gray yellow hair army pants under a -her turning away hiding her ravaged face in her hands muttering an inappropriate hi -come back darlings come back dear ones my sweet angels come back -medea she was next time i saw her sorceress tranced ecstatic stock still on the sidewalk -i know now her life was hard she lost three children as babies then her husband died too leaving young sons and no money -ragged coat hanging agape passersby flowing around her her mouth torn suddenly open as though in a -silently though as though only in her brain or breast had it erupted a cry so pure practiced detached it had no need of a voice or could no longer bear one -these invisible links that allure these transfigurations even of anguish that hold us the girl my old love -the last lost time i saw her when she came to find me at a party her drunkenly stumbling falling sprawling skirt hiked eyes veined red swollen with -tears her shame her dishonor my ignorant arrogant coarseness my secret pride my turning away -still life on a rooftop dead trees in barrels a bench broken dogs excrement sky what pathways through pain what junctures of vulnerability -what crossings and counterings too many lives in our lives already too many chances for sorrow too many unaccounted for pasts -behold me the god of frenzied inexhaustible love says rising in bloody splendor behold me -her making her way down the littered vestibule stairs one agonized step at a time my holding the door -shed stand me in the sink to pee because there was never room in the toilet but oh her soap might its bitter burning have been what made me a poet -her crossing the fragmented tiles faltering at the step to the street droning not looking at me can you help me -taking my arm -leaning lightly against me -her wavering step into the world her whispering thanks love -think ill lighten up a little -another different kind of poem of youth and age -gas -nice i think when the blue haired lady in the doctors waiting room bends over the magazine table and farts just a little and violently blushes -wouldnt it be nice if intestinal gas came embodied in visible clouds so she could see that her really quite inoffensive pop had only barely grazed my face before it drifted away -besides for this to have happened now is a nice coincidence because not an hour ago while we were on our walk my dog was startled by a backfire and jumped straight up like a horse bucking -and that brought back to me the stable i worked on weekends when i was twelve and a splendid piebald stallion who whenever he was mounted would buck just like that though more hugely of course enormous gleaming resplendent -and the woman her face abashedly buried in her elle now reminded me id forgotten that not the least part of my awe consisted of the fact that with every jump -the horse would powerfully fart phwap phwap phwap something never mentioned in the dozens of books about horses and their riders i devoured -the street she lived on was unpaved her flat two cramped rooms and a fetid kitchen where she stalked and caught me -all that savage grandeur the steely glinting hooves the eruptions driven from the creatures mighty innards -this is called thirst -many most of my poems actually are urban poems i happen to be -until finally one day she vanished -we regarded each other scrutinized one another me shyly obliquely trying not to be furtive -she boldly unblinkingly even pugnaciously wrathfully even when her bottle was empty -i was frightened of her i felt like a child i was afraid some repressed part of myself would go out of control and id be forever entrapped in the shocking seethe of her stench -not excrement merely not merely surface and orifice going unwashed rediffusion of -i admit that after she did it i never really loved her again -there was will in it and intention power and purpose a social ethical rage and rebellion -despair too though -sometimes id think i should take her home with me bathe her comfort her dress her she wouldnt have wanted me to i would think -instead id step into my train how rich i would think is the lexicon of our self absolving -how enduring our bland fatal assurance that reflection is righteousness being accomplished -the dance of our glances the clash pulling each other through our perceptual punctures -then holocaust holocaust host on host of ill injured presences squandered consumed -she lived to a hundred even then -her vigil somewhere i know continues her occupancy her absolute faithful attendance -the dance of our glances challenge abdication -the perfume of our consternation -the title is this happened -all along it was the sadness the squalor but i never until now loved her again -you might fall almost banteringly chides her you might fall -and the young woman eighteen a girl really though she wouldnt think that as brilliant as she is first in her class and beautiful too shes often told -smiles back and leans into the open window which wouldnt even be open if it were winter if it were winter someone would have closed it close it -fliers for the neighborhoods co yeah but we dont even know what houses are accepting help at this point we need to canvas and send out volunteers mo we need to tell people what not to bring hey theres a news truck ill tell them -so this is what filled our days we had to learn how to -large aid organizations are exceptional at bringing massive resources to bear after a disaster but they often fulfill very specific missions and then they leave this leaves local residents to deal with the thousands of spontaneous volunteers thousands of donations and all with no training and no tools so they use post its or excel or facebook but -in a disaster however you start with all of the interest and none of the capacity and youve only got about seven days to capture fifty percent of all of the web searches that will ever be made to help your area -then some sporting event happens and youve got only the resources that youve collected thus far to meet the next five years of recovery needs -this is the slide for katrina -this is the curve for joplin and this is the curve for the dallas tornadoes in april where we deployed software theres a gap here affected households have to wait for the insurance adjuster to visit before they can start accepting help on their properties and youve only got about four days of interest in dallas -fema and the state will pay eighty five percent of the cost of a federally declared disaster leaving the town to pay last fifteen percent of the bill now that expense can be huge but if the town can mobilize x amount of volunteers for y hours the dollar value of that labor used goes toward the towns contribution but who knows that -now try to imagine the sinking feeling you get when youve just sent out two thousand volunteers and you cant prove it -all in an easy to use website co and we needed help -alvin our software engineer and cofounder has built these tools chris and bill have volunteered their time to use operations and partnerships and weve been flying into disaster areas since this past january setting up software training residents and licensing the software to areas that are preparing for disasters -all of the interest came in the first four days but by the time they lost the news cycle thats when the needs came in yet they had this massive resource of what people were able to give and theyve been able to meet the needs of their residents -so thats what were working on were working on getting the software to places so people expect it so people know how to use it and so it can be filled ahead of time with that microinformation that drives recovery -they took to it immediately and now they are forces of nature there are over three volunteer groups working almost every day and have been since june first of last year to make sure that these residents get what they need and get back in their homes -they have hotlines and spreadsheets and data -weve been able to see the same transformation in texas and in alabama because it doesnt take harvard or mit to fly in and fix problems after a disaster it takes a local no matter how good an aid organization is at what they do they eventually have to go home -but if you give locals the tools if you show them what they can do to recover they become experts -in massachusetts and i was cleverly standing in the front yard when one came over the hill after a lamppost flew by my family and i sprinted into the basement trees were thrown against the house the windows exploded when we finally got out the back door transformers were burning in the street -so i missed her call so i get the call from caitria i hear the news and i start tracking the radar online to call the family back when another supercell was forming in their area and i drove home late that night with batteries and ice -we live across the street from an historic church that had lost its very iconic steeple in the storm it had become a community gathering place overnight the town hall and the police department had also suffered direct hits and so people wanting to help or needing information went to the church -this now thats the mcnugget maker and this is a this is my oldest daughter making a mcapple pie and lets see you can make the pie and cinnamon and sugar and then you eat and you eat -little creatures that you can love now these are -a feeling of caring and we have -i have a little something here now i do want to say that -you know ugobe is not there yet weve just opened the door and its for all of you to step through it we did include some things that are hopefully useful -me pleo they he has a usb and he has a sd card so its completely open architecture so anyone can plug him thank you this is john over here anyone can take pleo and they can totally redo -you can change his homeostatic drives or whatever you want to call them kids can just drag and drop put in new sounds we actually -so its -he likes that -so theyre a handful we hope you get one -missing to say but as a last thing id like to say is that if we continue along this path we are designing our -about three hundred pounds now no shes not shes beautiful this is how they looked when they came out at the end these are a this is like a fifteen million dollar line and it -through some -a -that paid the rent for about a month this is a walking barbie i said oh this is -im using little phone connectors -or was or kind of am a toy designer and before i was a toy designer oh i was a mime a street mime actually -and then i made a lego animator i thought this would be so great and you know lego dont -i started doing animatronics i loved dinosaurs i used to be in the film business kind of and actually nicholas negroponte saw this when i was like twelve and anyway so then they said no you have to make -and -so this is a i used to kind of be an actor and im not really very good at it but the this is a guy named doctor yutz who would take toys -and show kids about engineering and you can see the massively parallel processing nintendos there and over to the left is a view master of the cd rom and a guy named stan reznikov did this as a pilot this is a you can see the little -and then i was an entertainer i guess and before that i was a silversmith and before that i was i was out of the house at about fifteen and a half and i -that was the first batch of products most of them did not go you get one out of twenty one out of thirty products and every now and then we do something like a -you know an automated hair wrap machine you know that tangles your hair and pulls your scalp out and and wed make some money on that you know and wed give it out but eventually -we left la and we moved to idaho where there was actually a lot of peace and quiet and i started working on this project oh i have to tell you about this real quick -you know you to find innovation and i tried to sum this up in some kind of symbol that means something to me anyway and so art and science have a kind of dynamic balance thats where i think innovation happens and actually this is to me how i -can come up with great ideas but its not how you actually get leverage actually you have to put a circle around that and call it business and those three together i think give you leverage in the world but moving on so this is a quick tale im going to tell this is the furby tale -as he said i was co inventor of the furby i did the body and creature well youll see so by way of showing you this you can kind of get an understanding of what it is to hopefully try to create -robotic life forms or technology that has an emotional connection with the user so this is my family -this is my wife christi and abby and melissa and my seventeen year old now emily who was just a pack of trouble all right theres theres that robot again i came out of the movie business as i said and i said lets make these animatronic robots lets make these things -and so ive always had a big interest in this this one actually didnt go anywhere but i got my feet wet doing this this is a smaller one and i have a little moving torso on there a little tiny guy walks along more servo drives lots of servo hacking lots of mechanical stuff -so the challenge was i worked for microsoft for a little bit working on the microsoft barney and this is a you know the purple dinosaur with kind of bloat wear and you know -fewest pieces we could use to make a little life form and thats our little thirty cent mabuchi motor and so i have all these design books like im sure many of you have and throughout the books this is the first page on furby i have kind of the art and science i have the -really cool anyway i wanted -over here and the how over there i try to do a lot of philosophy a lot of thinking about all of these projects because theyre not just bing ideas you have to really dig deep -to show you a little bit about the world of toy design at least from my small aperture of the world this is a this is a video i made when i first started -that turned out to be a little more than true theres my first exploded view and all the little pieces and the little worm drive and all that stuff -the little bb in the box is my tilt sensor i just basically gnawed all this stuff out of plastic -so theres the back of his head with a billion holes in it and there i am im done theres my little furby no its a little robot on heroin or something i think -right now you see i love little robots so my wife says well you may like it but nobody else will so she comes to the rescue this is my wife christi who is just you know -doing toy design im in my garage making weird stuff and then you go to these toy companies and theres some guy across the table and he goes pass pass pass you know you think its so cool but they anyway id made this little tape that i always show when i go in this is the name of my -so heres a little pink one a little pouf on his head and heres this didnt do so well in testing either i dont know why theres my favorite demon furby that was a good one -and since then every time i come home from toys r us with dolls or something they disappear from my desk and they get hidden in the house i have three girls and they just they its like a rescue animal thing theyre going -little tether coming off its just a control for the furs mouth and his eyes its just a little server control and i made a -and thats how we sold him and hasbro actually said i meant tiger electronics at the time said yeah we want to do this we have you know -ran the parts for that so this is how they come out close to the end and then they looked like little garfields there eight months later you may remember this this was a -total total total chaos for a while they were making two million furbys a month they actually wound up doing about forty million furbys i its unbelievable how -i dont know how that can be and hasbro made about you know a billion and a half dollars -so -full circle why do i do this why do you you know try to do this stuff and its of course for your kids and theres my youngest daughter with her furbys and she still actually has those so i kind of retired and were already living in paradise up in boise on a river you know -and then i started another company called toy innovation and we did some projects with mattel with a actually with a lady whos here ivy ross and -moves baby made it in wired magazine did a bunch of other stuff and then i started another company we did a little -guy saw it and then people started to want to do it and they said theyd spend all this time so i said ok lets try to do this dinosaur project the crazy idea is were going to try to -so i used to work at mattel actually and after i left mattel i started -a dinosaur as much as we can with todays technology and its not really but as close as we can do and were going to try to really -pull this off intentfully try to make something that seems like its alive not a robot that kind of does but lets really go for it -so i picked a camarasaurus because the camarasaurus was the most abundant of the sauropods in north america and you could actually find full fossil evidence of these thats a juvenile and so we actually went in theres a book -very very obsessive theres a kind of truncated camarasaurus skeleton but the geometrys correct and then i went in and measured all the geometry because -i figured hey biomimicry if i do it kind of right it might move kind of like the real thing so theres the motor and about this time you know all these other people are starting to help heres an example of what we did with the skull theres the skull -all these hamburger makers and then got the license to make the maker so this is a hamburger maker that you take the peanut butter and stuff and you put it in there and it makes and this is a french fry maker little tiny -theres some solid works versions of it heres some sla parts of the same thing and then these are really crude pieces we were just doing some tests here theres the skull pretty much the same shape as the camarasaurus theres a -photo realistic eye behind a lens and theres kind of the first exploded view or see through view theres the first sla version and it already kind of has the feel it has kind of a cuteness already -and the thing about blending science and art in this multidisciplinary stuff is you can do a robot and then you go back and do the shape and then you go back and forth the servos in the front legs we had to shape those like muscles they had to fit within the -a tremendous amount of work to get all that working right all the neck and the tail are cable so it moves smoothly and organically and then of course youre not done yet you have to get the look for the skin the skins a whole another thing probably the hardest part -so you hire artists and you try to get the look and feel of the character now this is not with character designers right -and were still trying to keep with the real character so now you go back and you cover the whole thing with clay now you start doing the sculpture for this and you can see we got a guy from whos just -john sosoka is our cto and is really the man thats done most of the work with our like forty person company id like to give john a hand he never gets recognition this -right -its very painful so these -and you can probably see them this i on purpose they go through life stages so when you first get them theyre babies and you more you have them kind of the older they get and they kind of learn through their behavior so this one this ones actually asleep and -so this guys listening to my voice here but they have forty sensors all over their body they have seven processors they have fourteen motors they have -you dont care do you theyre just cute right thats the idea thats the idea -so you see hey come -good wake up wake up wake up yeah theyre like kids you know you yeah -hes hungry ill show you what hes been doing for for four years here here here -have some money pleo -thats what the investors think that -right right so -theyre really sweet little guys and were hoping that you know our belief is that humans need to feel empathy towards -things in order to be more human and we think we can help that out by having -and jim clark and jim barksdale have all got it and they built netscape imagine if they were given ritalin we wouldnt have have that stuff right al gore would have really invented the internet -a video that was done by one of the companies that i mentor these guys grasshopper its about kids its about entrepreneurship hopefully this inspires you to take what youve heard from me and do something with it to change the world -be an entrepreneur entrepreneurs are people because we have a lot of them in this room who have these ideas and these passions or see these needs in the world and decide to stand up and do it -we have an obligation as parents and a society to start teaching our kids to fish instead of giving them the fish -the old parable if you give a man a fish you feed him for a day if you teach a man to fish you feed him for a lifetime if we can teach our kids to become entrepreneurial the ones that show those traits to be like we teach the ones who have science -gifts to go on in science what if we saw the ones who had entrepreneurial traits and taught them to be entrepreneurs we could have all these kids spreading businesses instead of waiting for government handouts -that im the dumbest guy in the room because i couldnt get through school i struggled with school but what i knew at a very early age was that i loved money and i loved business and i loved this entrepreneurial thing and i was raised to be an entrepreneur -what we do is we sit and teach our kids all the things they shouldnt do dont hit dont bite dont swear -right now we teach our kids to go after really good jobs you know and the school system teaches them to go after things like being a doctor and being a lawyer and being an accountant and a dentist and a teacher and a pilot -and the media says that its really cool if we could go out and be a model or a singer or a sports hero like sidney crosby our mba programs do not teach kids to be entrepreneurs -even in popular literature the only book ive ever found and this should be on all of your reading lists the only book ive ever found that makes the entrepreneur into the hero is atlas shrugged -and we all decided to start these things because its really the only place we fit we didnt fit in the normal work we couldnt work for somebody else because were too stubborn and we have all these other traits -kids could be entrepreneurs as well im a big part of a couple organizations globally called the entrepreneurs organization and the young presidents organization i just came back from speaking in barcelona at the ypo global conference and everyone that i met over there whos an entrepreneur -go on and on kids you can see these signs in kids and what were doing is were giving them ritalin and saying dont be an entrepreneurial type fit into this other system and try to become a student -and what ive been really passionate about ever since and ive never spoken about this ever until now so this is the first time anyones ever heard it except my wife three days ago because she said what are you talking about and i told -arent students we fast track we figure out the game i stole essays i cheated on exams i hired kids to do my accounting assignments in university for thirteen consecutive assignments but as an entrepreneur you dont do accounting you hire accountants so i just figured that out earlier -at least i can admit i cheated in university most of you wont im also quoted and i told the person who wrote the textbook im now quoted in that exact same university textbook in every canadian -heard those things about is it nurture or is it nature right is it thing one or thing two what is it well i dont think its either i think it can be both i was groomed as an entrepreneur -when i was growing up as a young kid i had no choice because i was taught at a very early young age when my dad realized i wasnt going to fit in to everything else that was being taught to me in school -that he could teach me to figure out business at an early age he groomed us the three of us to hate the thought of having a job and to love the fact of creating companies that we could employ other people -my first little business venture i was seven years old i was in winnipeg and i was lying in my bedroom with one of those long extension cords and i was calling all the dry cleaners in winnipeg to find out how much would the dry cleaners pay me -for coat hangers and my mom came into the room and she said where are you going to get the coat hangers to sell to the dry cleaners -is that i think we miss an opportunity to find these kids who have the entrepreneurial traits and to groom them -i was going door to door in the neighborhood to collect coat hangers to put in the basement to sell because i saw her a few weeks before that you could get paid they used to pay you two cents per coat hanger -so i was just like well theres all kinds of coat hangers and so ill just go get them and i knew she wouldnt want me to go get them so i just did -and i learned that you could actually negotiate with people this one person offered me three cents and i got him up to three and a half i even knew at a seven year old age that i could actually get a fractional percent of a cent and people would pay that because it multiplied up at seven years old i figured it out i got three and a half cents -for a thousand coat hangers i sold license plate protectors door to door my dad actually made me go find someone who would sell me these things at wholesale and at nine years old i walked around the city of sudbury -but you have two cars and they dont have license plate protectors and he said i know and i said the car heres got one license plate thats all crumpled up and he said yes thats my wifes car and i said why dont we just test one -show them that being an entrepreneur is actually a cool thing its not something that is a bad thing and is vilified which is what happens in a lot of society -on the front of your wifes car and see if it lasts longer so i knew there were two cars with two license plates on each if i couldnt sell all four i could at least get one i learned that at a young age -i did comic book arbitrage when i was about ten years old i sold comic books out of our cottage on georgian bay and i would go biking up to the end of the beach and buy all the comics from the poor kids and then i would go back to the other end of the beach and sell them to the rich kids -so thats obvious right its like a recession so theres a recession theres still thirteen trillion dollars circulating in the u s economy go get some of -so not only would he get me one but i had to get two and then he wanted me to hire someone to deliver half the papers which i did and then i realized that collecting tips was where you made all the money so i would collect the tips -and get payment so i would go and collect for all the papers he could just deliver them because then i realized i could make the money by this point i was definitely not going to be an employee -my dad owned an automotive and industrial repair shop and he had all these old automotive parts lying around and they had this old brass and copper -kids when we grow up have dreams and we have passions and we have visions and somehow we get those things crushed -i got paid and i thought that was kind of cool strangely enough thirty years later were building one eight hundred got junk and making money -make these chairs and i had these little pillows that i would sew up and you could stuff pins in them because people used to sew and they needed a pin cushion -but what i realized was that you had to have options so i actually spray painted a whole bunch of them brown and then when i went to the door it wasnt do you want to buy one it was which color would you like -right like cutting lawns is brutal but because i had to cut lawns all summer for all of our neighbors and get paid to do that i realized that recurring revenue -from one client is amazing that if i land this client once and every week i get paid by that person thats way better than trying to sell one -i would caddy i would go to the golf course and caddy for people but i realized that there was this one hill on our golf course the thirteenth hole that had this huge hill and people could never get their bags up -so i would sit there with a lawn chair and just carry up all the people who didnt have caddies i would carry their golf bags up to the top and theyd pay me a dollar meanwhile my friends were working for five hours -some guys bag around and get paid ten bucks im like thats stupid because you have to work for five hours that doesnt make any sense you just figure out a way to make more money faster -every week i would go to the corner store and buy all these pops then i would go up and deliver them to these seventy year old women playing bridge and theyd give me their orders for the following week and then id just deliver pop and id just charge twice and i had this captured market you didnt need contracts -i went and got golf balls from golf courses but everybody else was looking in the bush and looking in the ditches for golf balls im like screw that theyre all in the pond -and nobodys going into the pond so i would go into the ponds and crawl around and pick them up with my toes you just pick them up with both feet you cant do it on stage and -i packaged them up three ways i had the pinnacles and ddhs and the really cool ones back then those sold for two dollars each and then i had all the good ones that didnt look crappy -two years ago i was the highest rated lecturer at mits entrepreneurial masters program and it was a speaking event in front of groups of entrepreneurs from around the world -to all the kids in high school this is what really kind of gets everybody hating you is because youre trying to extract money from all your friends all the time but it paid the bills -so i sold lots and lots of sunglasses and then when the school shut me down the school actually called me into the office and told me i couldnt do it so i went to the gas stations and i sold -lots of them to the gas stations and had the gas stations sell them to their customers that was cool because then i had retail outlets and i think i was fourteen and then i paid my entire way through first year university -by selling wine skins door to door you know that you can hold a forty oz bottle of rum and two bottles of coke in a wineskin so what right yeah but you know what you stuff that down your shorts when you go into a football game you can get booze in for free everybody bought them -you know we teach our kids and we buy them games but why dont we get them games if theyre entrepreneurial kids that kind of nurture the traits that you need to be entrepreneurs why dont you teach them -not to waste money i remember being told to walk out in the middle of a street in banff alberta because id thrown a penny out on the street and my dad said go pick it up he said i work too damn hard for my money im not going to see you ever waste a penny and i remember that lesson to this day -when i was in grade two i won a city wide speaking competition but nobody had ever said hey this kids a good speaker he cant focus but he loves walking around and getting people energized no one said get him a coach in speaking they said get me a tutor in what i -breeding kids at a young age to expect a regular paycheck thats wrong for me if you want to raise entrepreneurs what i do with my kids now ive got two nine and seven is i teach them to walk around the house and the yard looking for -that needs to get done come to me and tell me what it is or ill come to them and say heres what i need done and then you know what we do we negotiate they go around looking for what it is but then we negotiate on what theyre going to get paid -the fifty percent that goes in their house account every six months goes to the bank they walk up with me every year all the money in the bank goes to their broker both my nine and seven year old have a stock broker already -but im teaching them to force that savings habit it drives me crazy that thirty year olds are saying maybe ill start contributing to my rsp now shit youve missed twenty five years -a red shirt a blue tie a kangaroo and a laptop and have them tell a story about those four things my kids do that all the time it teaches them to sell it teaches them creativity it teaches them to think on their feet just do that kind of stuff and have fun with it -get kids to stand up in front of groups and talk even if its just stand up in front of their friends and do plays and have speeches those are entrepreneurial traits that you want to be nurturing -show the kids what bad customers or bad employees look like show them the grumpy employees when you see grumpy customer service point that out to them say by the way that guys a crappy employee and say these ones are good ones -if you go into a restaurant and you have bad customer service show them what bad customer service looks like weve all these lessons in front of us but we dont take those opportunities we teach kids to go get a tutor -pull up the photos teach them how to do that kind of stuff and make money then the money they get fifty percent goes in their house account fifty percent goes in their toy account my kids love this stuff -two traits that i want you to also look out for that we dont kind of get out of their system dont medicate kids for attention deficit disorder unless it is really really freaking bad -the same with the whole things on mania and stress and depression unless it is so clinically brutal man bipolar disorder is nicknamed the ceo disease when steve jurvetson -image is powerful but also image is superficial -i just totally transformed what you thought of me in six seconds and in this picture i had actually never had a boyfriend in real life i was totally uncomfortable and the photographer was telling me to arch my back and put my hand -or the fake tan that i got two days ago for work theres very little that we can do to transform how we look and how we look though it is superficial and immutable has a huge impact -on our lives -so today for me being fearless means being honest and i am on this stage because i am a model i am on this stage because i am a pretty white woman and in my industry we call that a sexy girl -and im going to answer the questions that people always ask me but with an honest twist -so the first question is how do you become a model and i always just say oh i was scouted but that means nothing the real way that i became a model is i won a genetic lottery and i am the recipient of a legacy and maybe youre wondering what is a legacy well -for the past few centuries we have defined beauty not just as -but also as tall slender figures and femininity and white skin and this is a legacy that was built for me and its a legacy that ive been cashing out on -and i know there are people in the audience who are skeptical at this point and maybe there are some fashionistas who are like wait naomi tyra joan smalls liu wen and first i commend you on your model knowledge very impressive -saying that you want to be a model when you grow up is akin to saying that you want to win the powerball when you grow up -its out of your control and its awesome and its not a career path -i will demonstrate for you now ten years of accumulated model knowledge because unlike cardio thoracic surgeons it can just be distilled right into right now so -if the photographer is right there and the light is right there like a nice hmi and the client says cameron we want a walking shot well then this leg goes first nice and long this arm goes back this arm goes forward the head is at three quarters and you just go back and forth just do that and then you look -the next question people always ask me is do they retouch all the photos and yeah they pretty much retouch all the photos but that is only a small component of whats happening -this picture is the very first picture that i ever took and its also the very first time that i had worn a bikini and i didnt even have my period yet i know were getting personal but i was a young girl this is what i looked like with my grandma just a few months earlier -heres me on the same day as this shoot my friend got to come with me heres me at a slumber party a few days before i shot french vogue -heres me on the soccer team and in v magazine -and heres me today and i hope what youre seeing is that these pictures are not pictures of me they are constructions and they are constructions by a group of professionals by hairstylists and makeup artists and photographers and stylists and all of their assistants and pre production and post production and they build this thats not me -is the free stuff that i get in real life and thats what we dont like to talk about i grew up in cambridge and one time i went into a store and i forgot my money and they gave me the dress for free -when i was a teenager i was driving with my friend who was an awful driver and she ran a red and of course we got pulled over and all it took was a sorry officer and we were on our way -and i got these free things because of how i look not who i am and there are people paying a cost for how they look and not who they are i live in new york and last year of the one hundred and forty thousand teenagers that were stopped and frisked eighty six percent of them were black and latino and most of them were young men -so the last question people ask me is -you will be so happy and fabulous and when were backstage we give an answer that maybe makes it seem like that we say its really amazing to travel and its amazing to get to work with creative inspired passionate people and those things are true but theyre only one half of the story because the thing -that we never say on camera that i have never said on camera -is i am insecure -and im insecure because i have to think about what i look like every day -and if you ever are wondering if i have thinner thighs and shinier hair will i be happier you just need to meet a group of models because they have the thinnest thighs and the shiniest hair and the coolest clothes and theyre the most physically insecure women probably on the planet -but mostly it was difficult to unpack a legacy of gender and racial oppression when i am one of the biggest beneficiaries -but im also happy and honored to be up here and i think that its great that i got to come before ten or twenty or thirty years had passed and id had more agency in my career because maybe then i wouldnt tell the story of how i got my first job or maybe i wouldnt tell the story of how i paid for college which seems so important right now -well hopefully not as awkward as that picture -china -that led to a number of prototypes being built and really experimenting with some ideas two years later we started doing a project on developing mobile health clinics in sub saharan africa responding to the hiv aids pandemic -the average age of a designer who gets involved in this project is thirty two thats how old i am so its a young -the best designed toilet in the world if youre ever ever in india go use this toilet -chris luebkeman will tell you why im sure thats how he wanted to spend the party but -but the future is not going to be the sky scraping cities of new york but this and when you look at this you see crisis what i see is many many inventors -one billion people live in abject poverty we hear about them all the time four billion live in growing but fragile economies -one in seven live in unplanned settlements if we do nothing about the housing crisis thats about to happen in twenty years one in three people will live in an unplanned settlement or a refugee camp -look left look right one of you will be there how do we improve the living standards of five billion people -with ten million solutions so i wish to develop a community that actively embraces innovative and sustainable design to improve the living conditions -thats my wish -we -open source architecture is the way to go you have a diverse community of participants and were not just talking about inventors and designers but were talking about the funding model -my role is not as a designer its a conduit between the design world and the humanitarian world and what we need is something that replicates me globally because i havent slept in seven years -in the west taking their idea and basically profiting from it so creative commons has developed the developing nations license -and what that means that a designer can the siyathemba project i showed was the first ever building to have a creative commons license on it -why not allow designers the opportunity to do this but still protecting their rights here we want to have a community where you can upload ideas and those ideas can be tested in earthquake in flood -you on a journey very quickly to explain the wish im going to have to take you somewhere which many people havent been and thats around the world when i was about twenty four years old -in all sorts of austere environments the reason thats important is i dont want to wait for the next katrina to find out if my house works -thats too late we need to do it now so doing that globally and i want this whole thing to work -fifty three countries we also have designers from around the world that participate and we had an exhibit of work that followed -when you look at the face of an architect most people think a gray haired white guy i dont see that i see the face of the world -so i want everyone from all over the planet to be able to be a part of this design and development the idea of needs based competitions x prize for the other ninety eight percent if you want to call it that -we also want to look at ways of matchmaking and putting funding partners together and the idea of integrating manufacturers fab labs in every country -when i hear about the one hundred dollar laptop and its going to educate every child educate every designer in the world put one in every favela every -slum settlement because you know what innovation will happen and i need to know that its called the leap back we talk about leapfrog technologies -i write with worldchanging and the one thing weve been talking about is i learn more on the ground than ive ever learned here so lets take those ideas adapt them and we can use them -these ideas are supposed to have adaptable theyre allowed to be they should have the potential for evolution they should be developed by every nation on the world and useful for every nation on the world -what will it take there should be a sheet i dont have time to read this because im going to be yanked off -well what will it take you guys are smart so its going to take a lot of computing power because i want this to i want the idea that any laptop anywhere in the world can plug into the system -two thousand and four was the tipping point for us we started responding to natural disasters and getting involved in iran and bam also following up on our work in africa -i want every arup engineer in the world to check and make sure that were doing stuff thats standing because those guys are the best in the world -and so you know i want these and i just should note i have two laptops and one of them there is there and that has three thousand designs on it if i drop that laptop -what happens -so its important to have these proven ideas put up there easy to use easy to get -my mom once said theres nothing worse than being all mouth and no trousers -fed up of talking about making change you only make it by doing it weve changed fema guidelines weve changed public policy weve changed international response -based on building things so for me its important that we create a real conduit for innovation and that its free innovation think of free culture this is free innovation -somebody said this a couple of years back -i will give points for those who know it i think the man was -maybe twenty five years too early so lets do it thank you -or go down to alabama or mississippi pre katrina and i could have shown you places that have far worse conditions than many developing countries ive been to so we got involved in and worked in inner cities and elsewhere and then also -i will go into some more projects two thousand and five mother nature kicked our arse i think we can pretty much assume that two thousand and five was a horrific year when it comes to natural disasters and because of the internet and because of -we run from a couple of laptops in the first couple of days i had four thousand emails from people needing help so we began to get involved in projects there and ill talk about some others -and then of course this year weve been responding to katrina as well as following up on our reconstruction works this is a brief overview -in two thousand and four i really couldnt manage the number of people who wanted to help or the number of requests that i was getting it was all coming into my laptop and cell phone so we decided to embrace an open -kate store and myself started an organization to get architects and designers involved in humanitarian work not only about responding to natural disasters but involved in systemic issues -problems are local all solutions are local so and that means you know somebody who is based in in mississippi knows more about mississippi than i do so -what happened is we used meetup and all these other kind of internet tools and we ended up having forty chapters starting up thousands of architects in one hundred and four countries -so the the bullet point sorry i never do a suit so i knew that i was going to take this off ok because im going to do it very quick so -the past seven years this isnt just about nonprofit what it showed me is that theres a grassroots movement going on -socially responsible designers who really believe that this world has got a lot smaller and that we have the opportunity not the responsibility but the opportunity to really get involved in making change -im adding that to my time so -what you dont know is weve got these thousands of designers working around the world connected basically by a website and we have a staff of three -by doing something the fact that nobody told us we couldnt do it we did it and so theres something to be said about naivete so seven years later -weve developed so that weve got advocacy instigation and implementation we advocate for good design not only through student workshops and lectures and public forums op -we have a book on humanitarian work but also disaster mitigation and dealing with public policy we can talk about fema but thats another talk -we believed that where the resources and expertise are scarce innovative sustainable design can really make a difference in peoples lives -a reality until its built so its really important that if were designing and trying to create change we build that change -so heres a select number of projects kosovo -this is kosovo in ninety nine we did an open design competition like i said it led to a whole variety of ideas and this -emergency shelter but transitional shelter that would last five to ten years that would be placed next to the land the resident lived in -and that they would rebuild their own home this wasnt imposing an architecture on a community this was giving them the tools and and the space to allow them to rebuild and regrow the way they want to -we have from the sublime to the ridiculous but they worked this is an inflatable hemp house it was built it works this is a shipping container -built and works and a whole variety of ideas that not only dealt with architectural building but also the issues of governance and the idea of creating communities through complex networks -so weve engaged not just designers but also you know a whole variety of technology based professionals using rubble from destroyed homes to create new homes using -so this all began my i started my life as an architect or training as an architect and i was always interested in socially -and so we came up with the bright idea that instead of getting people to walk ten fifteen kilometers to see doctors you get the doctors to the people and we started engaging the the medical community -and i thought you know we thought we were real bright you know sparks weve come up with this great idea mobile health clinics that can widely distributed throughout sub saharan africa and the community the medical community there said weve said this for the last decade -we know this we just dont know how to show this so in a way we had taken a pre existing need and shown solutions and so again we had a whole variety of ideas that came in -this one i personally love because the idea that architecture is not just about solutions but about raising awareness this is a kenaf clinic you get seed and you grow it in a plot of land and then -and it grows fourteen feet in a month and on the fourth week the doctors come and they mow out an area put a tensile structure on the top and -when the doctors have finished treating and seeing patients and villagers you cut down the clinic and you eat it its an eat your own clinic so its dealing with the fact that -if you have aids you also need to have nutrition rates and the idea that the idea of nutrition is as important as getting anti retrovirals out there so you know this is a serious solution -this one i love the idea is its not just a clinic its a community center this looked at setting up trade routes and economic engines within the community so it can be a self sustaining project every one of these projects is sustainable -you have to know where your energy is coming from you have to know where your resource is coming from and you have to keep the maintenance down so this is about getting an economic engine and then at night it turns into a movie theater so its not an aids clinic its -a community center so you can see ideas and these ideas -from that we also developed siyathemba which was a project the community came to us and said the problem is that the girls dont have education -many architects seemed to think that when you design you design a jewel and its a jewel that you try and crave for whereas i felt that when you design -and were working in an area where young women between the ages of sixteen and twenty four have a fifty percent hiv aids -and thats not because theyre promiscuous its because theres no knowledge and so we decided to look at the idea of sports and create a youth sports center that doubled as an hiv aids outreach center -and the coaches of the girls team were also trained doctors so that there would be a very slow way of developing -they said this is our design because its not only about engaging a community its about empowering a community and about getting them to be a part of the rebuilding process -so the winning design is here and -then of course we actually go and work with the community and the clients so this is the designer hes out there working with the first ever womens soccer team in kwa zulu natal siyathemba -and -a consultant and im also the national -also play in -for the team called tembisa which has now changed to -this is -in tanzania and we met literally a couple of months ago weve already developed a design and the team is over there working in partnership this was a matchmaking thanks to a couple of tedsters -and andrew zolli who connected me with this amazing african woman and we start construction in june and it will be opened by tedglobal so when you come to tedglobal you can check it out -but what were known probably most for is dealing with disasters and development and weve been involved in a lot of issues such as -the tsunami and also things like hurricane katrina this is a three hundred and seventy dollar shelter that can be easily assembled -this is a community design a community designed community center and what that means is we actually live and work with the community -and theyre part of the design process -the kids actually get involved in mapping out where the the community center should be and then eventually the community is actually through skills training end up building the building with us -here is another school this is what the u n gave these guys for six months twelve plastic tarps this was in august -so we said if the rains coming down lets get fresh water so every one of our schools have rain water collection systems very low cost -we started by responding to the issue of the housing crisis for returning refugees in kosovo and i didnt know what i was doing like i say mid twenties -its built by the parents of the kids the kids are out there on site building the buildings and it opened a couple of weeks ago and theres six hundred kids that are now using the schools -so disaster hits home weve see the bad stories on cnn and fox and all that but we dont see the good stories -here is a community that got together and they said no to wait to waiting they formed a partnership a diverse partnership of -to actually map out east biloxi to figure out who is getting involved weve had one thousand five hundred volunteers rebuilding rehabbing homes -utility room for a woman who is on a walker shes seventy years old this is what fema gave her six hundred bucks happened two days ago -we put together very quickly a washroom its built its running and she just started a business today where shes washing other peoples clothes this is -the calhouns theyre photographers who have documented the lower ninth for the last forty years that was their home and these are the photographs they took and were helping working with them to create a new building -and im the im the internet generation so we started a website we put a call out there and to my surprise in a couple of months we had hundreds of entries from around the world -this is the u n tent -this is the new u n tent just introduced this year quick to assemble its got a flap thats the invention -it took twenty years to design this and get it implemented in the field i was twelve years old -theres a problem here luckily were not alone there are hundreds and hundreds and hundreds and hundreds and hundreds -more hemp houses its a theme in japan -this is a grip clip designed by somebody who said all you need is some way to attach membrane structures to physical support beams -this guy designed for nasa is now doing housing im going to whip through this quickly because i know ive got only a couple of minutes -when the contractors had gone bust as theyd been over leveraged like everyone else the difference is everything goes missing documentation -passports and tickets home for these workers currently right now thousands of workers are abandoned there is no way back home and there is no way and no proof of arrival -these are the boom and bust refugees the question is as a building professional as an architect -if you know this is going on as we go to the sights every single week are you complacent or complicit in the human rights violations -so lets forget your environmental footprint lets think about your ethical footprint what good is it to build a zero carbon energy efficient complex -when the labor producing this architectural gem is unethical at best now recently ive been told ive been taking the high road but quite frankly on this issue there is no other road -years ago my eyes were opened to the dark side of the construction industry in two thousand and six young qatari students took me to go and see the migrant worker camps and since then ive followed the -so lets not forget who is really paying the price of this financial collapse and that as we worry about our next job in the office the next design that we can get to keep our workers -lets not forget these men who are truly dying to work thank you -one point one million of them -mainly indian pakistani sri lankan and nepalese these laborers risk everything to make money for their families back home -they pay a middle man thousands of dollars to be there and when they arrive they find themselves in labor camps with no water no air conditioning and their passports taken away -while its easy to point the finger at local officials and higher authorities ninety nine percent of these people are hired by the private sector -and so therefore we are equally if not more accountable -in august two thousand and eight uae public officials noted that forty percent of the countrys one thousand and ninety eight labor camps had violated minimum health and fire safety regulations and last summer -more than ten thousand workers protested for the non payment of wages for the poor quality of food and inadequate housing and then the financial collapse happened -as the iceberg melts it is releasing mineral rich fresh water that nourishes many forms of life -i approach photographing these icebergs as if im making portraits of my ancestors knowing that in these individual moments they exist in that way and will never exist that way again -it is not a death when they melt it is not an end but a continuation of their path through the cycle of life -some of the ice in the icebergs that i photograph is very young a couple thousand years old and some of the ice is over one hundred thousand years old -the last pictures id like to show you are of an iceberg that i photographed in qeqetarsuaq greenland its a very rare occasion that you get to actually witness an iceberg rolling -so here it is you can see on the left side a small boat thats about a fifteen foot boat and id like you to pay attention to the shape of the iceberg and where it is at the waterline -you can see here it begins to roll and the boat has moved to the other side and the man is standing there this is an average size greenlandic iceberg its about one hundred and twenty feet above the water or forty meters and this video is real time -i first went to antarctica almost ten years ago where i saw my first icebergs -i was in awe my heart beat fast my head was dizzy trying to comprehend what it was that stood in front of me the icebergs around me were almost two hundred feet out of the water and i could only help but wonder that this was one snowflake on top of another snowflake -year after year -each iceberg has its own individual personality -they have a distinct way of interacting with their environment and their experiences some refuse to give up and hold on to the bitter end while others cant take it anymore and crumble in a fit of dramatic passion -its easy to think when you look at an iceberg that theyre isolated that theyre separate and alone much like we as humans sometimes view ourselves but the reality is far from it as an iceberg melts i am breathing in its ancient atmosphere -these clouds can grow so big -and reach up to sixty five thousand feet into the atmosphere -they can grow so big blocking all daylight making it very dark and ominous standing under them -storm chasing is a very tactile experience -theres a warm moist wind blowing at your back -and the smell of the earth the wheat the grass -the charged particles -and then there are the colors in the clouds -ive learned to respect the lightning -my hair used to be straight -as a shinnecock indian i was raised to know this we are a small fishing tribe situated on the southeastern tip of long island near the town of southampton in new york -the way they swirl and spin and undulate with their lava lamp like mammatus clouds -they become lovely monsters -when im photographing them i cannot help but remember my grandfathers lesson -as i stand under them i see not just a cloud but understand that what i have the privilege to witness is the same forces the same process in a small scale version that helped to create our galaxy -our solar system -our sun and even this very planet -all my relations thank you -when i was a little girl -my grandfather took me to sit outside in the sun on a hot summer day -there were no clouds in the sky -and after a while i began to perspire -and he pointed up to the sky -that feeds the plants that feeds the animals -in my continued exploration of subjects in nature that have the ability to illustrate the interconnection of all life -i started storm chasing in two thousand and eight after my daughter said mom you should do that -and so three days later driving very fast -i found myself stalking a single type of giant cloud called the super -capable of producing grapefruit size hail -and spectacular tornadoes although only two percent actually do -her name was joan and she was a mother to me -and her death was sudden and unexpected -and i thought about death a lot -and -but i struggle -to maintain this perspective in my daily life -i feel like its easy to get caught up in the day to day and forget what really matters to you -so with help from old and new friends i turned the side of this abandoned house into a giant chalkboard and stenciled it with a fill in the blank sentence -before i die i want to -a lot of ways the people around us can help improve our lives we dont bump into every neighbor so a lot of wisdom never gets passed on though we do share the same public spaces so over the past few years ive tried ways to share more with my neighbors in public space -so anyone walking by can pick up a piece of chalk reflect on their lives and share their personal aspirations in public space -before i die i want to be tried for piracy -before i die i want to straddle the international date line -before i die i want to sing for millions -before i die i want to plant a tree -before i die i want to live off the grid -before i die i want to hold her one more time -before i die i want to be someones cavalry -before i die i want to be completely myself -thinking about death clarifies your life -using simple tools like stickers stencils and chalk and these projects came from questions i had like -how much are my neighbors paying for their apartments laughter how can we lend and borrow more things without knocking on each others doors at a bad time -how can we share more of our memories of our abandoned buildings and gain a better understanding of our landscape -and how can we share more of our hopes for our vacant storefronts so our communities can reflect our needs -and what that means is that i dont i no longer overload myself gratuitously my default mode is no longer to be a rush aholic -i no longer hear times winged chariot drawing near or at least not as much as i did before i can actually hear it now because i see my time is ticking off and the -you know salute the sun but only want to give over about twenty minutes to it i mean these are sort of the extreme examples and theyre amusing and -of all of that is that i actually feel a lot happier healthier more productive than i ever have i feel like im im living my life rather than actually just racing -through it and perhaps the most important measure of the success of this is that i feel that my relationships are a lot deeper richer -stronger and for me the i guess the litmus test for whether this would work and what it would mean was always going to be bedtime stories because thats sort of where the -the journey began and there too the news is rosy i you know at the end of the day i go into my sons room i dont wear a watch i switch off my computer so i cant hear the email pinging into the basket and i just -slow down to his pace and and we read and because children have their own tempo and internal clock they dont do quality time where you schedule ten minutes for them to open up to you -they need you to move at their rhythm i find that ten minutes into a story you know my son will suddenly say you know -used to be a kind of a box on my to do list something that i dreaded because it was so slow and i had to get through it quickly its become -my reward at the end of the day something i really i really cherish and i have a kind of hollywood ending to my talk this afternoon which goes a little bit like this -a few months ago i was getting ready to go on another book tour and i had my bags packed i was downstairs by the front door -character tintin on the front and he said to me or he handed this to me and and i read it and it said to daddy love benjamin and i thought aah thats really sweet you know is -a good luck on the book tour card and he said no no no daddy this is a card for being the best story reader in the world and i thought yeah you know this slowing down thing thank you very much -of the damage that this roadrunner form of living does to us were so marinated in the culture of speed -that we almost fail to notice the toll it takes on every aspect of our lives on our health our diet our work our relationships the environment and our community and sometimes it takes -id like to start off with is an observation which is that if ive learned anything over the last year its that the supreme irony of publishing a book about slowness is that you have to go around promoting it really fast -a a wake up call doesnt it to to alert us to the fact that were hurrying through our lives instead of actually living them that were living the fast life instead of the good life and i think for many people that wake up call takes the form of an illness you -a burn out or eventually the body says i cant take it anymore and throws in the towel or maybe a relationship goes up in smoke because we havent had the time or the patience or the tranquility to be with the other person to listen to them -my wake up call came when i started reading bedtime stories to my son and i found that at the end of day i would go into his room and i just couldnt slow down you know id be speed reading the cat -so we would quarrel and what should have been the most relaxing the most intimate the most tender moment of the day when a dad sits down to read to -became instead this kind of gladiatorial battle of wills a clash between his speed and my or my speed and his slowness -and this went on for some time until i caught myself scanning a newspaper article with time saving tips for fast people and one of them made reference to a series of books called the one minute bedtime story -and i i wince saying those words now but my first reaction at the time was very different my first reflex was to say hallelujah what a great idea this is exactly what im looking for to speed up bedtime even more but thankfully -a light bulb went on over my head and my next reaction was very different and i took a step back and i thought whoa you know has it really come to this am i really in such a hurry that im prepared to fob off my son with a sound byte at the end of the day -i seem to spend most of my time these days you know zipping from city to city studio to studio interview to interview serving up the book in really tiny bite size chunks -the first was how did we get so fast and the second is is it possible or even desirable to slow down -now if you think about how our world got so accelerated the usual suspects rear their heads you think of you know urbanization consumerism the workplace technology but i think if you cut through -those forces you get to what might be the deeper driver the nub of the question which is how we think about time itself in other cultures time is cyclical its seen as moving in great -unhurried circles its always renewing and refreshing itself whereas in the west time is linear its a finite resource its always -draining away you either use it or lose it time is money as benjamin franklin said and i think what that that does to us psychologically -moment of every day into a race to the finish line a finish line incidentally that we never reach but a finish line nonetheless -tells us that faster is always better and that busier is best right across the world people are doing the unthinkable theyre slowing down and finding that although conventional wisdom tells you that if you slow down youre roadkill -because everyone these days wants to know how to slow down but they want to know how to slow down really quickly so so i did a spot on cnn the other day where i actually spent more time in makeup than i did talking on air -the opposite turns out to be true that by slowing down at the right moments people find that they do everything better they eat better they make love better they exercise better they work better they live better and in this kind of -cauldron of moments and places and acts of deceleration lie what a lot of people now refer to as the international slow movement now if youll permit me a small act of hypocrisy -a very quick overview of what whats going on inside the slow movement if you think of food many of you will have heard of the slow food movement -and more health from our food when we cultivate cook and consume it at a reasonable pace i think also the explosion of -organic farming movement and the renaissance farmers markets is another are other illustrations of the fact that people are desperate to get away from -eating and cooking and cultivating their food on an industrial timetable they want to get back to slower rhythms and out of the slow food movement has grown something called the slow cities movement -which has started in italy but has spread right across europe and beyond and in this towns begin to rethink how they organize the urban landscape so that people are encouraged to to slow down and smell the roses and connect with one another so they might -becomes officially a slow city its kind of like a philosophical declaration its saying to the rest of world and to the people in that town that we believe that in the twenty one st century slowness has a role to play -in medicine i think a lot of people are deeply disillusioned with the kind of quick fix mentality you find in conventional medicine and millions of them around the world are turning to to complementary and alternative forms of medicine -and i think that thats not really surprising though is it because thats kind of the world that we we live in now a world stuck in fast forward -which tend to tap into sort of slower gentler more holistic forms of healing now obviously the jury is out on many of these complementary therapies and i personally doubt that the coffee enema will ever you know gain mainstream approval -other treatments such as acupuncture and massage and even just relaxation clearly have some kind of benefit and blue chip medical colleges everywhere -and i saw a magazine a mens magazine and it said on the front how to bring your partner to orgasm in thirty seconds so you know even sex is on a stopwatch these days -now you know i like a quickie as much as the next person but i think that theres an awful lot to be gained from slow sex from slowing down in the bedroom you -you tap into that those deeper sort of you know psychological emotional spiritual currents and you get a better orgasm -a world obsessed with speed with doing everything faster with cramming more and more into less and less time every moment of the day feels like -with the buildup you can get more bang for your buck lets say i mean the pointer sisters said it most eloquently didnt they when they sang the praises of a lover with a slow hand -now we all laughed at sting a few years ago when he went tantric but you fast forward a few years and now you find couples of all ages flocking to workshops or maybe just on their own in their own bedrooms finding ways -to put on the brakes and have better sex and of course in italy where i mean italians always seem to know where to find their pleasure theyve launched an official slow sex movement the workplace -right across much of the world north america being a notable exception working hours have been coming down and europe is an example of that and people finding that their quality of life improves as theyre working less and also that their -hourly productivity goes up now clearly there are problems with the thirty five hour work week in france too much too soon too rigid but other countries -in europe notably the nordic countries are showing that its possible to have a kick ass economy without being a workaholic -and norway sweden denmark and finland now rank among the top six most competitive nations on earth and they work the kind of hours that would make the average american weep with envy -and if you go beyond sort of the country level down at the micro company level more and more companies now are realizing that they need to allow their staff either to work fewer hours or just -to take a lunch break or to go sit in a quiet room to switch off their blackberrys you at the back -a race against the clock to borrow a phrase from carrie fisher which is is in my bio there ill just toss it out again these days even instant gratification takes too long and -mobile phones during the work day or on the weekend so that they have time to recharge and to for the brain to slide into that kind of creative mode of thought -its not just though these days adults who overwork though is it its children too im thirty seven and my childhood ended in the mid eighties and i look at kids now and im just amazed by the way they -race around with more homework more tutoring more extracurriculars than we would ever have conceived of a generation ago -and some of the most heartrending emails that i get on my website are actually from adolescents hovering on the edge of burnout pleading with me -to their parents to help them slow down to help them get off this full throttle treadmill -less can be more so there was a case up in scotland recently where a fee paying high achieving private school banned homework for everyone under the age of thirteen -and the high achieving parents freaked out and said what are you you know our kids will fall the headmaster said no no your children need to slow down at the end of the day and just this last month -the elite universities who are often cited as the reason that people drive their kids and hothouse them so much are starting to notice the caliber of students coming to them is falling these kids have wonderful marks -if you think about how we to try to make things better what do we do no we speed them up dont we so we used to dial now we speed dial we used to read now we speed read we used to walk now we speed walk and of course we used to date and now we speed date -and so what these ivy league schools and oxford and cambridge and so on are starting to send a message to parents and students that they need to put on the brakes a little bit and in harvard for instance they send out a letter to undergraduates freshmen -telling them that theyll get more out of life and more out of harvard if they put on the brakes if they do less but give time to things the time that things need to enjoy them to savor them and even if they sometimes do nothing at all and that letter -is called very revealing i think slow down with an exclamation mark on the end so wherever you look the message it seems to me is the same that less is very often more that slower is very often -better but that said of course its not that easy to slow down is it i mean you heard that i got a speeding ticket while i was researching my book on the benefits of slowness and thats true but thats not all of it i was actually en route to a dinner held by slow food at the time -and if thats not shaming enough i got that ticket in italy and if any of you have ever driven on an italian highway youll have a pretty good idea of how fast i was going -but why is it so hard to slow down i think there are various reasons one is that that speed is fun you know speed is sexy its all that adrenaline rush its hard to give it up -i think theres a kind of metaphysical dimension that speed becomes a way of walling ourselves off from the bigger deeper questions we fill our head with distraction with -so that we dont have to ask am i well am i happy are my children growing up right are politicians making good decisions on my -with being stupid i guess what the slow movement the purpose of the slow movement or its main goal really is to tackle that taboo and to say that that yes -but the new idea the sort of revolutionary idea of the slow movement is that there is such a thing as good slow too and good slow is you know taking the time to eat a meal with your family with the tv switched off -and savor your life now one of the things that i found most uplifting about all of this stuff thats happened around the book since it came out is the reaction to it -and i knew that when my book on slowness came out it would be welcomed by the new age brigade but its also been taken up with great gusto by the corporate world -business press but also you know big companies and leadership organizations because people at the top of the chain people like you i think are starting to realize that theres too much -another encouraging sign i think is that its not just in the developed world that this ideas been taken up in the developing world in countries that are on the verge of making that leap into first world status china brazil thailand poland and so on these countries are -have embraced the idea of the slow movement many people in them and theres a debate going on in their media on the streets because i think theyre looking at the west and -we like that aspect of what youve got but were not so sure about that so all of that said is it i guess -is it possible thats really the main question before us today is it possible to slow down and i im happy to be able to say to you that the answer is a resounding -yes and i present myself as exhibit a a kind of reformed and rehabilitated speed aholic -i still love speed you know i live in london and i work as a journalist and i enjoy the buzz and the busy ness and the adrenaline rush that comes from both of those things i play -we should just get rid of them but in the entire rest of government right now and for the last at least thirty years there has been a culture of deregulation that is caused directly -by the people who we need to be protected from buying the government out from under us -complained that they were already bidding defiance to the laws of our country -they would tell these corporations to go to hell thats what it would really mean to be conservative -so what we really need to do is regain the idea that its our government -all the fossil fuels have changed the atmosphere greatly carbon dioxide level has gone up and up and up were warming the climate -i think there are signs of hope we seem to be waking up a little bit the glass steagall act which was really to protect us from the kind of thing that caused the recession to happen -now theres a mood to put some of that stuff back in place but the lobbyists are all ready there trying to weaken the regulations -after the legislation has just passed so its a continued fight its a historic moment right now were either going to have an absolutely unmitigated catastrophe of this oil leak in the gulf or we will make the moment we need -out of this as many people have noted today theres certainly a common theme about needing to make the moment out of this weve been through this before with other ways of offshore drilling the first -now are we stuck with this ever since we lived in caves every time we wanted any energy we lit something on fire and that is still what were doing were still lighting something on fire every time -we want energy and people say we cant have clean energy because its too expensive -so the blowout in the gulf is just a little piece of a much larger problem that we have with the energy that we use to run civilization -who says its too expensive people who sell us fossil fuels weve been here before with energy and people saying the economy cannot withstand a switch because the cheapest energy -was slavery energy is always a moral issue its an issue that is moral right now its a matter of right and wrong thank you very much -beyond warming we have the problem of the oceans getting more acidified and already measurably so and already effecting animals -now in the laboratory if you take a clam and you put it in the ph that is not eight point one which is the normal ph of seawater but -seven point five it dissolves in about three days if you take sea urchin larva from eight point one -put it in a ph of seven point seven not a huge change it becomes deformed and dies and already -the ocean as i used to know -coral reefs are growing slower in some places because of this problem so this really matters now lets take a little tour around the gulf a little bit -things that really impresses me about the people in the gulf they are really really aquatic people and they can handle water they can handle a hurricane that comes and goes when the water goes down they know what to do -and i find that since ive been in the gulf a couple of times i really kind of am traumatized because whenever i look at the ocean now no matter where i am -but when its something other than water and their water habitat changes they dont have many options in fact those entire communities really dont have -many options they dont have another thing they can do they cant go and work in the local hotel business because there isnt one in their community -if you go to the gulf and you look around you do see a lot of oil you see a lot of oil on the ocean you see a lot of oil on the shoreline if you go to the site of the blowout -it looks pretty unbelievable it looks like you just emptied the oil pan in your car and you just dumped it in the ocean and one of the really most incredible things i think -is that theres nobody out there trying to collect it at the site where it is densest parts of the ocean there look just absolutely apocalyptic -you go in along the shore you can find it everywhere its really messy if you go to the places where its just arriving like the eastern part of the gulf in alabama -theres still people using the beach while there are people cleaning up the beach and they have a very strange way of cleaning up the beach theyre not allowed to put more than ten lbs of -you see people who are really shell shocked they are very hardworking people all they know about life is they get up in the morning and if their engine starts they go to work -even where i know none of the oil has gone i sort of see slicks and im finding that im very much haunted -they always felt that they could rely on the assurances that nature brought them through the ecosystem of the gulf and theyre finding that their world is really collapsing and so you can see literally signs of -their shock signs of their outrage signs of their anger -and signs of their grief these are the things that you can see -and -and i learned in fact i confirmed the hypothesis that oil and water dont mix until you add a dispersant -by it -and then -they start mixing and you add a little energy from the wind and the waves and you get a big mess -a big mess that you cant possibly clean you cant touch you cant extract and i think most importantly this is what i think -you cant see it i think its being hidden on purpose now this is such a catastrophe and such a mess -but what i want to talk to you about today is a lot of things that try to put all of this in context not just about the oil eruption but -that lots of stuff is leaking out on the edges of the information stream but as many people have said theres a large attempt to suppress whats going on personally i think that -dispersants are a major strategy to hide the body because we put the murderer in charge of the crime scene -but you can see it you can see where the oil is concentrated at the surface and then it is attacked because they dont want the evidence in my opinion okay -we heard that bacteria eat oil so do sea turtles when it breaks up it has a long way to go before it gets down to bacteria -turtles eat it it gets in the gills of fish these guys have to swim around through it i heard the most incredible story today when i was on the train coming here a writer named ted williams called me -and he was asking me a couple of questions about what i saw because hes writing an article for audubon magazine he said that he had been in the gulf a little while ago like about a week ago and -a guy who had been a recreational fishing guide took him out to show him whats going on that guides entire calendar year is -what it means and why it has happened first just a little bit about me im basically just a guy that likes to go fishing ever since i was a little kid -ted that on the last day he went out a bottlenosed dolphin suddenly appeared next to the boat and it was splattering oil out its blowhole -and he -now in the exxon valdez spill about thirty percent of the killer whales -died in the first few months their numbers have never recovered so the recovery rate of all this stuff is going to be variable its going to take -so the gulf is a really important piece of water more important than a similar volume of water in the open atlantic ocean -and because i did i wound up studying sea birds to try to stay in the coastal habitats that i so loved -very much right in the area of the slick theyre probably having at the very least a catastrophic spawning season this year im hoping that maybe the adults are avoiding that dirty water -they dont usually like to go into water that is very cloudy anyway but these are really high performance athletic animals -i dont know what this kind of stuff will do in their gills i dont know if itll effect the adults if its not its certainly effecting their eggs and larvae i would certainly think -i think its important to keep in mind that weve done a lot to effect whats in the ocean for a very very long time its not like were starting with something thats been okay were starting with something thats had a lot of stresses and a lot of problems -to begin with if you look around at the birds there are a lot of birds in the gulf that concentrate in the gulf at certain times of the year but then leave and they populate much larger areas -and now i mainly write books about how the ocean is changing and the ocean is certainly changing very rapidly now we saw this kind of graphic earlier on -so for instance most of the birds in this picture are migratory birds they were all on the gulf in may while oil was starting to come ashore in certain places -down on the lower left there are ruddy turnstones and sanderlings they breed in the high arctic and they winter down in southern south america but they -so this is a hemispheric issue the economic effects go at least nationally in many ways the biological effects are certainly hemispheric -i think that this is one of the most absolutely mindboggling examples of total unpreparedness that i can even think of even when -the japanese bombed pearl harbor at least they shot back and we just seem to be unable to figure out what to do there was nothing ready -and you know as we can see by what theyre doing mainly what theyre doing is booms and dispersants the booms are absolutely not -made for open water they dont even attempt to corral the oil where it is most concentrated they get near shore look at these two boats that one on the right is called fishing fool -and i think you know thats a great name for boats that theyre going to do anything to make a dent in this by dragging a boom between them when there are literally hundreds of thousands of square miles -that we really live on a hard marble that has just a slight bit of wetness to it its like you dipped a marble in water -in the gulf right now with oil at the surface the dispersants make the oil go right under the booms the booms are only about thirteen inches in diameter -so its just absolutely crazy here are shrimp boats employed there are hundreds of shrimp boats employed to drag booms instead of nets here they are working -you can see easily that all the oily water just goes over the back of the boom all theyre doing is stirring it its just ridiculous -also for all the shoreline that has booms hundreds and hundreds of miles of shoreline all of the shoreline that has booms theres adjacent shoreline that doesnt have any booms there is ample opportunity for -oil and dirty water to get in behind them and that lower photo thats a bird colony that has been boomed everybodys trying trying to protect -the bird colonies there well as an ornithologist i can tell you that birds fly and that -and that booming a bird colony doesnt do it it doesnt do it these birds make a living by diving into the water -in fact -really what i think they should do if anything theyre trying so hard to protect those nests actually if they destroyed every single nest some of the birds would leave and that would be better for them this year -and the same thing with the atmosphere if you took all the atmosphere and rolled it up in a ball you would get that little sphere of gas on the right so we live -as far as cleaning them i dont mean to cast any aspersion on people cleaning birds -its really really important that we express our compassion i think thats the most important thing that people have is compassion -its really important to get those images and to show it but really where are those birds going to get released to -its like taking somebody out of a burning building treating them for smoke inhalation and sending them back into the building because the oil is still gushing -to acknowledge this as anything like an accident i think that this is the result of gross negligence -not just b p b p operated very -and very recklessly because they could and they were allowed to do so because of the absolute failure of oversight of the government thats supposed to be our government protecting us -it turns out that you see this sign on almost every commercial vessel in the united states you know if you spilled a couple of gallons of oil you would be in big trouble and you have to really wonder who are the laws -made for and who has gotten above the laws now there are things that we can do in the future we could have the kinds of equipment that we would really need -it would not take an awful lot to anticipate that after making thirty thousand holes in the sea floor of the gulf of mexico looking for oil -on the most fragile little soap bubble you can imagine a very sacred soap bubble but one that is very very easy to effect and all the burning of oil and coal and gas -oil might start coming out of one of them and youd have some idea of what to do thats certainly one of the things we need to do but i think we have to understand where this leak really started from -it really started from the destruction of the idea that the government is there because its our government meant to protect the larger public interest -so i think that the oil blowout the bank bailout the mortgage crisis and all these things are absolutely symptoms of the same cause -we still seem to understand that at least we need the police to protect us from a few bad people and even though the police can be a little annoying at times giving us tickets and stuff like that nobody says that -it somehow only stains about one percent of them it clears the forest -reveals the trees inside if everything had been labeled nothing would have been visible so somehow it shows whats there spanish neuroanatomist santiago ramon y cajal whos widely considered the father of modern neuroscience applied this golgi stain which yields data which looks like this and really gave us -the modern notion of the nerve cell the neuron and if youre thinking of the brain as a computer this is the transistor -and very quickly cajal realized that neurons dont operate alone but rather make connections with others that form circuits just like in a computer -now green fluorescent protein which oddly enough comes from a bioluminescent jellyfish is very useful because if you can get the gene for green fluorescent protein and deliver it to a cell that cell will glow green or any of the many variants now of green fluorescent protein you get a cell to glow many different colors -thousand year old drawing of the brain -and so coming back to the brain this is from a genetically engineered mouse called brainbow and its so called of course because all of these neurons are glowing different colors -now sometimes neuroscientists need to identify individual molecular components of neurons molecules rather than the entire cell and theres several ways of doing this but one of the most popular ones involves using antibodies -and youre familiar of course with antibodies as the henchmen of the immune system but it turns out that theyre so useful to the immune system because they can recognize specific molecules like for example the code protein of a virus thats invading the body -and researchers have used this fact in order to recognize specific molecules inside of the brain recognize specific substructures of the cell and identify them individually and a lot of the images ive been showing you here are very beautiful but theyre also very powerful they have great explanatory power -this for example is an antibody staining against serotonin transporters in a slice of mouse brain -and youve heard of serotonin of course in the context of diseases like depression and anxiety youve heard of ssris which are drugs that are used -to treat these diseases and in order to understand how serotonin works its critical to understand where the serontonin machinery is and antibody stainings like this one can be used to understand that sort of question -id like to leave you with the following thought -green fluorescent protein and antibodies are both totally natural products at the get go -they were evolved by nature in order to get a jellyfish to glow green for whatever reason or in order to detect the code protein of an invading virus for example and only much later did scientists come onto the scene and say hey these are tools these are functions that we could use in our own research tool palette -and instead of applying feeble human minds to designing these tools from scratch there were these ready made solutions right out there in nature developed and refined steadily for millions of years by the greatest engineer of all thank you -and if we compare this to more recent representations of the visual system youll see that things have gotten substantially more complicated over the intervening thousand years and thats because today we can see whats inside of the brain rather than just looking at its overall shape imagine you wanted to understand how a computer works -and all you could see was a keyboard a mouse a screen -you really would be kind of out of luck you want to be able to open it up crack it open look at the wiring inside and up until a little more than a century ago nobody was able to do that with the brain nobody had had a glimpse of the brains wiring and thats because if you take -a brain out of the skull and you cut a thin slice of it put it under even a very powerful microscope theres nothing there -its gray formless theres no structure it wont tell you anything and this all changed in the late nineteenth century suddenly -new chemical stains for brain tissue were developed and they gave us our first glimpses at brain wiring the computer was cracked open so what really launched modern neuroscience was a stain called the golgi stain and it works in a very particular way instead of staining all of the cells inside of a tissue -real time control system and basically its a system made of two components a sensing and an actuating component -what is interesting today is that real time control systems are starting to enter into our lives our cities over the past few years just have been blanketed with networks electronics theyre becoming like computers in open air and as computers in open air theyre starting to respond in a different way to be able to -sensing and actuating is entering our everyday objects thats from an exhibition that paola antonelli is organizing at moma later this year during the summer its called talk to me well our objects our environment is starting to talk back to us -in a certain sense its almost as if every atom out there were becoming both a sensor and an actuator and that is radically changing the interaction we have as humans with the environment out there in a certain sense its almost as if -the old dream of michelangelo you know when michelangelo sculpted the moses at the end it said that he took the hammer threw it at the moses actually you can still see a small chip underneath -lets starting with sensing -in italy and what we did there was actually use a new type of network at the time that had been deployed all across the world thats a cellphone network and use anonymous and aggregated information from that network thats collected anyway by the operator in order to understand -how the city works the summer was a lucky summer two thousand and six -its when italy won the soccer world cup -look at what happened that day just by monitoring activity happening on the network -here you see the city you see the colosseum in the middle the river tiber its morning -the match begins silence -france scores italy scores halftime people make a quick call and go to the bathroom second half end of normal time first overtime second zidane the headbutt in a moment -italy wins -mac computer how they came together but we know very little about where things go so in this project we actually developed some small tags to track trash as it moves through the system so we actually started with a number of volunteers who helped us in seattle just over a year ago -different types of things as you can see here -things they would throw away anyway -here are the results we just obtained -think about this as a pixel a flying pixel -but the other thing is that we believe that if we see every day that the cup were throwing away it doesnt disappear its still somewhere on the planet and the plastic bottle were throwing away every day still stays there and if we show that to people then we can also promote some behavioral change so that was the reason for the project -this is what we call in our lab sensible design let me tell you a bit about it now if you take this picture im italian originally and every boy in italy grows up with this picture on the wall of his bedroom -my colleague at mit assaf biderman he could tell you much more about sensing and many other wonderful things we can do with sensing but i wanted to go to the second part we discussed at the beginning and thats actuating our environment and the first project is something we did -a couple of years ago in zaragoza spain -and even you can approach it and it will open up to let you jump through as you see in this image -close the building and the whole architecture will disappear -the architecture almost disappears heres the building working you see the person puzzled about what was going on inside -and that was for us -now some time ago if you wanted to win a formula one race you take a budget and you bet your budget on a good driver and a good car and if the car and the driver were good enough then youd win the race now today if you want to win the race actually you need also something like this -the pixels made of water and then projections on them -you can have a kind of flexible screen or display like this -or in regular but in three dimensions where the thing that changes is the light not the pixels position -you can play with a different type imagine your screen could just appear in different scales or sizes -cloud of pixels that you can approach and move through it and see from many many directions -you see on the left the pixels the different resolutions being captured its both three d scanning in real time and motion capture -so you can reconstruct a whole movement -something that monitors the car in real time has a few thousand sensors collecting information from the car transmitting this information into the system and then processing it and using it in order to go back to the car with decisions and changing things in real time -but then once we have the pixels then you can play with them and play with color and movement -so we want to use this as one of the possible inputs for flyfire -i wanted to show you the last project we are working on its something were working on for the london olympics -its called the cloud and the idea here is imagine again we can involve people in doing something and changing our environment almost to impart what we call cloud raising like barn raising but with a cloud imagine you can have everybody make a small donation for one pixel -and i think what is remarkable that has happened over the past couple of years is that -over the past couple of decades we went from the physical world to the digital one this has been digitizing everything knowledge and making that accessible through the internet -now today for the first time and the obama campaign showed us this we can go from the digital world from the self organizing power of networks to the physical one this can be in our case we want to use it for designing and doing a symbol that means something built in a city -but tomorrow it can be in order to tackle todays pressing challenges think about climate change or co two emissions how we can go from the digital world to the physical one -you can move inside have different types of experiences you can actually see from underneath sharing the main moments for the olympics in two thousand and twelve and beyond -and really using it as a way to connect with the community so both -and something you can go to the top of like londons new mountaintop -i said look please let me take care of her ok because i know her and believe me shes like a small atomic weapon you know you just want to handle her really gingerly -and the girl goes i know but i mean i swear to god she reminds us of our mother -he turns to her on the heel of his shoe its a half whisper -they turn then shoulder to shoulder and walk away lost in their own reverie -you crazy probably for about fourteen fifteen more years if youre lucky -but after that honey -going -my father is at once quick witted -i already heard your mother i think shes right -after what i just told you -good storytelling is crafting a story that someone wants to listen to great story is the art of letting go -when i knew i was going to come and speak to you -from the mists of avalon back in time but further still -we were doing the pictographs on walls in -moist damp caves -been watching the commercials -because every one of us has this desire for once just once to tell our story and have it heard -late at night to a friend -maybe once in your life -and then there are stories -we whisper into a stygian darkness -its about human connection -my cuban mother which i just briefly introduced you to in that short character sketch -a small southern town and in that little southern town i grew up and grew up hearing these stories but this story only happened a few years ago -i called my mom it was a saturday morning and i was calling about how to make ajiaco its a cuban meal its delicious its savory it makes spit froth in the little corners of your mouth it makes your armpits juicy you know -that big four feet nothing larger than the sum of her figurative parts you still with me -food yeah this is the sensory part of the program people -i called my mother and she said carmen i need you to come please i need to go to the mall and you know your father now he takes a nap in the afternoon and i got to go i got an errand to run let me -esther my mother had stopped driving several years ago to the collective relief of the entire city of atlanta -any vehicular outing with that woman from the time i was a young child guys naturally included flashing blue lights but shed become adept at dodging -the boys in blue and when she did meet them oh she had wonderful -did you know that was -i called her up hello howre you doing baby hey ma i got to talk to you youre talking to me already whats the matter i said ive got to talk to a bunch of nice people -you dont speak english -and that meant that everyone in the family had to sign up to take her to have her hair dyed you know that peculiar color of blue that matches her polyester pants suit -this is the woman that wants me to come on a saturday morning when i have a lot to do but it doesnt take long because cuban guilt is a weighty thing -political on you but and so i go to my mothers i show up shes in the carport of course they have a carport the kind with the corrugated roof you know the buicks parked outside and shes jingling jangling a pair of keys i got a surprise -nice people except when you went to the white house -she gets into the car shes sitting on two phone books i cant even make this part up because shes that tiny shes engineered an umbrella so she can bam slam the door -and so we left my father fast asleep -down because -they expect you to use them and there she goes -she has been out and not been stopped so -we can talk itll be a diversion itll help my breathing itll do something for my pulse maybe mommy i know you have been stopped -ok so i stopped at a light and theres a guy you know in the back would this guy have like a blue uniform -and a terrified look on his face -i have to tell you as she did because it loses something if i -and he does a thing like this -you -i -like a cat batting back a mouse batting back a mouse left paw right paw left paw right -the mall now you all have all been at a mall during the holidays yes talk to -so first i say ma why are we here you mean like in the -are we here today -because i have to exchange your father -its technology entertainment and design -do i want to walk in because unless i have ariadnes thread to anchor enough metaphors for you somewhere -i may not get out but you know -why do we have to take pops underwear back now and why what is wrong with -hes supposed to buy the -why i read it on the internet you cannot have -now we have now crawled another four feet -my mother finally says to me i knew it i knew it im an immigrant we make a space what i tell you right there and she points out the passenger window and i look out and three -three aisles down -look the -you design a story when you make it up its entertainment when you tell it and youre going to use a microphone -know that honey -get out of the car and go stand in the parking space -this is you know youd think by now im and -the car knocks out the phone books and then she walks around shes carrying her cheap kmart purse with her around the front of the car -speed for a woman her age too before i know it she has skiddled across the parking lot and in between the cars and people behind me with that kind of usual religious charity that the holidays bring us -a brevity brevity of everything with this child you know she eats small portions language is something to be meted out in small phonemes you know just -but she pauses occasionally and says how do you spell that -she writes the expose in about twenty years dont believe a word of it but this is my daughter lauren my remarkable daughter my borderline aspergers kid -pearls of wisdom leaping from my lips like lemmings is no good for you -she says ma -now when this -i look in bewildered awe shes standing those rockports slightly apart but grounded shes holding out that cheap kmart purse and she is wielding it shes -of steel -with the sheer force -saying things like -it -ready brace yourselves here it comes no my daughter shes coming in the buick honey sit up so they can see you -i finally come and now its the south i dont know what part of the country you live in -my pop -but in the south we love a good story people have pulled aside i mean theyve come out of that queue line they have popped their trunks pulled out lawn chairs and cool drinks bets are placed im with the little lady damn -im thinking accelerator break accelerator break like youve never thought that in your life right yeah i pull in i put the car in park engines still running mine not the car -some of them youve got to make up people -some -to -after i say -i gave it up with pantyhose theyre both -i turn around but its not a child its a young woman a little taller than i pale green amused eyes with her is a young man husband brother lover -its not my job and she says pardon me maam thats how we talk down there is that your mother -women around parking lots to see if theyll stop yes its my mother the boy now he says well what my sister meant they look at each other its a knowing glance -he grew up in a bohio of dirt floors and the structure was the kind used by the tainos our old arawak ancestors -god -interstate conflict today eighty percent of the agenda of the u n security council is about conflicts within states -and when i look back on my time at the security council and what happened with the kosovars and i realize that -often the people who were most directly affected by what we were doing in the security council werent actually -actually invited to give their views to the security council i thought this is wrong somethings got to be done about this so i started off in a traditional -me and my colleagues at independent diplomat went around the u n security council we went around seventy u n member states the kazaks the ethiopians the israelis you name them we went to see them -more effective and durable -you would think i mean incredibly logical so obvious anybody could it and of course everybody got it everybody went yes of course your absolutely right come back to us in maybe six months -i was fascinated by the cold war by the inf negotiations over intermediate range nuclear missiles the proxy war between the soviet union and the u s in angola or afghanistan -so we looked at that observation of basically failure and thought what can we do about it and i thought -if im going to spend the rest of my life lobbying for these crumby governments to do what needs to be done so what were going to do is were actually going to set up these meetings ourselves -so now independent diplomat is in the process of setting up meetings between the u n security council and the parties to the disputes that are on the agenda of the security council so we will be bringing darfuri rebel -the northern cypriots and the southern cypriots -rebels from -and awful long laundry list of chaotic conflicts around the world and we will be trying to bring the parties -to new york to sit down in a quiet room in a private setting with no press and actually explain what they want to the members of the u n security council -of course describing all this any of you who know politics will think this is incredibly difficult and i entirely agree with you the chances of failure are very high -if we dont try to make it happen -and my politics has changed fundamentally from when i was a diplomat to what i am today and i think that outputs is what matters not process not technology frankly so much -these things really interested me and so i decided quite at an early age i wanted to be a diplomat and i one day -and in a way independent diplomat embodies that fragmentation that change that is happening to all of us -i announced this to my parents and my father denies this story to this day i said daddy i want to be a diplomat and he turned to me and he said carne you have to be very clever -i entered the british foreign service that year five thousand people applied to become a diplomat and twenty of us succeeded and -as those numbers suggest i was inducted into an elite and fascinating and exhilarating world -my story is a little bit about war its about disillusionment its about death and its about rediscovering idealism -being a diplomat then and now is an incredible job and i loved every minute of it i enjoyed the status of it i bought myself a nice suit and wore leather soled shoes -and reveled in this amazing access i had to world events i traveled to the gaza strip i headed the middle east peace process section in the british foreign ministry i became a speechwriter -for the british foreign secretary i met yasser arafat i negotiated with saddams diplomats at the u n later -i traveled to kabul and served in afghanistan after the fall of the taliban and i would travel in a c one hundred and thirty transport -and visit warlords in mountain hideaways and negotiate with them about how we were going to eradicate al qaeda from -dangerous and that was exciting that was fun it was really interesting and -but i was posted to new york to serve on the u n security council for the british delegation and my responsibility was the middle east which was my specialty and there i dealt with things like the middle east peace process -the lockerbie issue we can talk about that later if you wish but above all my responsibility was iraq and its weapons of mass destruction and the sanctions we placed on iraq to oblige it to disarm itself of these weapons -i was the chief british negotiator on the subject and i was steeped in the issue and anyway -it was kind of a very exciting time i mean it was very dramatic diplomacy we went through several wars during my time -in new york i negotiated for my country -the resolution in the security council of the twelfth of september two thousand and one condemning the attacks of the day before which were of course deeply present to us actually living in new york at the time -so it was kind of the best of time worst of times kind of experience i lived the high life -i worked very long hours i lived in a penthouse in union square i was a single british diplomat in new york city you can imagine what that might have meant -i had a good time -in two thousand and two when my tour came to an end -i decided i wasnt going to go back to the job that was waiting for me in london i decided to take a sabbatical in fact at the new school bruce in some inchoate inarticulate way i realized that there was something wrong -with my work with me i was exhausted -and i was also disillusioned in a way i couldnt quite put my finger on and i decided to take some time out from work the foreign office was very generous you could take these special unpaid leave as they called them -and yet remain part of the diplomatic service but not actually do any work i was nice and eventually i decided to take a secondment to join the u n in kosovo -which was then under u n administration and two things happened in kosovo which kind of -again shows the randomness of life because these things turned out to be two of the pivots of my life and helped to deliver me to the next stage -but they were random things one was that in the summer of two thousand and four the british government somewhat reluctantly decided to have an official inquiry into the use of intelligence on wmd in the run up to the iraq war -a very limited subject and i testified to that inquiry in secret i had been steeped in the intelligence on iraq and its wmd and my testimony to the inquiry said three things that -i dont believe in straightforward narratives i dont believe in a life or history written as decision a led to consequence b led to consequence c these neat narratives that were presented with -the government exaggerated the intelligence which was very clear in all the years id read it and indeed our own internal assessment was very clear -discreditable thing still the third reason i wont go into but anyway i gave that testimony and that presented my with a crisis what was i going to do this testimony was deeply critical of my colleagues of my ministers -and so i was in crisis and this wasnt a pretty thing -it i hesitated i went on and on and on to my long suffering wife and eventually i decided to resign from the british foreign service i felt -in the al pacino movie the insider which you may know where he goes back to cbs after theyve let him down -the tobacco guy and he goes you know i just cant do this anymore somethings broken and it was like that for me i love that movie i felt just somethings broken i cant actually sit with my foreign minister or my prime minister again -with a smile on my face and do what i used to do gladly for them so took a running leap and jumped over the edge of a cliff -and it was a very very uncomfortable unpleasant feeling and i started to fall and -today that fall hasnt stopped im still falling but in a way ive got used to the sensation of it and in a way i kind of like the sensation of it -a lot better than i like actually standing on top of the cliff wondering what to do a second thing happened in kosovo which kind of i need a quick gulf of water forgive me -and that perhaps we encourage in each other i believe in randomness and one of the reasons i believe that is because me becoming a diplomat was random -a second thing happened in kosovo which kind of delivered the answer which i couldnt really answer which is -what do i do with my life -i love diplomacy -i have no career i expected my entire life to be a diplomat to be serving my country i wanted to be an ambassador -my mentors my heroes -in march two thousand and four there were terrible riots all over the province as it then was of kosovo eighteen people were killed it was -will stop is when they decide to stop and when theyve had enough burning and killing and that is not a very nice feeling to see and i saw it and i went through it i went through those mobs -and with my albanian friends we tried to stop it but we failed -me something which isnt immediately obvious and its kind of a complicated story but one of the reasons that riot took place those riots which went on for several days took place was because the kosovo people were disenfranchised from their own future -were diplomatic negotiations about the future of kosovo going on then -and the kosovo government let alone the kosovo people were not actually participating in those talks -there was this whole fancy diplomatic system this negotiation process about the future of kosovo and the kosovars werent part of it and funnily enough they were frustrated about that -im colorblind i was born unable to see most colors this is why i wear gray and black most of the time and i have to take my wife with me to chose clothes and -the only reason and life is not simple one reason narratives it was a complicated thing and im not pretending it was more simple than it was but that was one of the reasons -and that kind of gave me the inspiration or rather to be precise it gave my wife the inspiration she said why dont you advise the kosovars why dont you advise their government -on their diplomacy and the kosovars were not allowed a diplomatic service they were not allowed diplomats -they were not allowed a foreign office to help them deal with this immensely complicated process which became known as the final status process of kosovo -and so that was the idea that was the origin of the thing that became independent diplomat the worlds first diplomatic advisory group and a non profit to -and it began when i flew back from london after my time at the u n in kosovo i flew back and had dinner with the kosovo prime minister and said to him -that i come and advise you on the diplomacy i know this stuff its what i do why dont i come and help you and he -the multi party negotiation team of kosovo and kosovo became independent independent diplomat is now established in five diplomatic centers around the world and were advising seven or eight different countries -you heard it here first is going to be a new country within the next few years were advising polisario front of the western sahara who are fighting to get their country back from moroccan occupation after thirty four years of dispossession -to be a fighter pilot when i was a boy i loved watching planes barrel over our holiday home in the countryside and it was my boyhood dream to be a fighter pilot and -were advising various island states in the climate change negotiations which is suppose to culminate in copenhagen -a bit of randomness here too because when i was beginning independent diplomat i went to a party in the house of lords which is a ridiculous place -i was holding my drink like this and i bumped into this guy who was standing behind me and we started talking and he said i told him what i was doing and i -rather grandly i was going to establish independent diplomat in new york at that time there was just me and me and my wife were moving back to new york -and he said why dont you see my colleagues in new york and it turned out he worked for an innovation company called what if which some of you have probably heard of -and one thing led to another and i ended up having a desk in what if in new york when i started independent diplomat -and watching what if develop new flavors of chewing gum for wrigley or new flavors for coke actually helped me innovate new strategies for the -and yet the word innovation doesnt exist in diplomacy its all zero sum games and realpolitik and ancient institutions that have been there for generations and do things the same way theyve always done things -and independent diplomat today tries to incorporate some of the things i learned at what if we all sit in one office and shout at each other across the office we all work on little laptops and try to move desks to change the way we think and we use -naive experts who may know nothing about the countries were dealing with but may know something about something else to try to inject new thinking -i did the tests in the royal air force to become a pilot and sure enough i failed i couldnt see all the blinking different lights and i cant distinguish color -into the problems that we try to address for our clients its not easy because our clients by definition are having a difficult time -diplomatically there are -i dont know some lessons from all of this personal and political -and in a way theyre the same thing the personal one -off a cliff is actually a good thing and i recommend it and its a good thing to do at least once in your life just to tear everything up and jump -the second thing is a bigger lesson about the world today independent diplomat is part of a trend -the world which is that -the world is fragmenting states mean less than they used to and the power of the state is declining -that means the power of others things is rising those other things are called non state actors they may be corporations they may be mafiosi they may be nice ngos they may anything any number of things -we are living in a more complicated and fragmented world if governments are less able to affect the problems -in the world -whos left to deal with it we have no choice but to embrace that reality -so i had to chose another career and this was in fact relatively easy for me because i had an abiding passion all the way through my childhood which was international relations as a child i read the newspaper -what this means is its no longer good enough to say that international relations or global affairs or chaos in somalia -whats going on in burma is none of your business and that you can leave it to governments to get on with -i can connect any one of you by six degrees of separation to the al shabaab militia in somalia -how later but if you eat fish interestingly enough but that connection is there we are all intimately connected and this isnt just tom friedman its actually provable -in case after case after case what that means is instead of asking your politicians to do things you have to look to yourself to do things -on my seventeenth birthday -as janis ian would best say -i learned the truth at seventeen -every man in this room even you steve is george clooney -no special needs schools -and they decided to tell me -i wanted to be a biker chick laughter i wanted to race cars -a boy given a girls name -i would grow up and learn from experience how to be tough and how to survive -but more significantly they gave me the ability to believe -totally to believe -and i swear to god i walked out of his office i will drive -i will drive youre mad ill drive i know i can drive -and with the same dogged determination that my father had bred into me since i was such a child he taught me how to sail knowing i could never see where i was going i could never see the shore and i couldnt see the sails and i couldnt see the destination but he told me to believe and feel the wind in my face -and that wind in my face made me believe that he was mad and i would drive and for the next eleven years i swore nobody would ever find out that i couldnt see because i didnt want to be a failure and i didnt want to be weak and i believed i could do it so i rammed through life as only a casey can do -and i wanted to be mowgli from the jungle book -and i was an archeologist and then i broke things and then i managed a restaurant and then i slipped on things and then i was a masseuse and then i was a landscape gardener and then i went to business school and you know disabled people are hugely educated -and then i went in and i got a global consulting job with accenture and they didnt even know -and its extraordinary how far belief can take you -because they were all about being free -in one thousand nine hundred and ninety nine two and a half years into that job -very unexpectedly -and two years in i really could see very little -and i found myself in front of an hr manager -and you all know what it is you dont need to have a disability to know that we all know how hard it is to admit weakness and failure and its frightening isnt -its such a small thing -and you know how exhausting it can be to try to -and that eye specialist he didnt bother testing my eyes god no it was therapy and he asked me several questions of which many were -why why are you fighting so hard -not to be yourself -and do you love what you do -not that we could have afforded i drive but to give me the dream of driving -and as i left his office -he called me back -and he said i think its time i think -and my chest ached -and i had no idea where i was going i had no idea but i did know the game was up and i went home and because the pain in my chest ached so much i thought ill go out for a run really not a very sensible thing to do and -broken fallen -and on my seventeenth birthday i accompanied my little sister in complete innocence -and i was broken and i was angry -and i didnt know what to do -i just simply had no answers i had lost my belief look where my belief had brought me to and now i had lost it and now i really couldnt see i was crumpled and then i remember thinking about that -as i always had all my life -and really slowly slowly slowly -my visually impaired sister to go to see an eye specialist because big sisters are always supposed to support their little sisters -im going to be an elephant handler -and i had no idea how i was going to be an elephant handler from global management consultant -and you know what when you really believe in yourself and everything about you its extraordinary what happens and you know what that trip that thousand kilometers it raised enough money for six thousand cataract eye operations six thousand people got to see because of that when i came home off that elephant -and my little sister wanted to be a pilot god help her -because my organization was always going to be named after my elephant because disability is like the elephant in the room and i wanted to make you see it in a positive way no charity no pity but i wanted to work only and truly with business and media leadership to totally reframe disability in a way that was -so i used to get my eyes tested just for fun -and possible -it was extraordinary -i was petrified and i speak but this is an amazing audience -but as i was traveling here youll be very happy to know i did use my white symbol stick cane because its really good to skip queues in the airport -and on my seventeenth birthday after my fake eye exam -and i got my way here -you can make change happen and we need to make it happen -the eye specialist just noticed it happened to be my birthday and he said -disabled perfect normal whatever -we are extraordinary different wonderful people -you -a -to -me -farther -you -now ive got a story for you -when i arrived off the plane after a very long journey from the west of england my computer my beloved laptop had gone mad and -you -s -had oh a bit like that and the display on it anyway the whole thing -i went to the it guys here -and -a gentleman mended my computer and then he said what are you doing here -and -of -is -luckily all of this changed a couple of centuries later so one person could actually play and almost this is pretty heavy carry the hurdy gurdy -the hurdy gurdy has been used historically through the centuries in mostly dance music because of the uniqueness of the melody combined with the acoustic boombox here -and today the hurdy gurdy is used in all sorts of music traditional folk music dance contemporary and world music in the u k in france in spain and in italy -and this kind of hurdy gurdy takes anywhere from three to five years its made by specialized luthiers also in europe and its very difficult to tune so -to sing in basque which is the language spoken in the basque country where i live a region in france and spain -this is tedglobal who can tell me what this is called in french i see youre all up on the history of hurdy gurdy vielle -and in spanish zanfona and in italian ghironda okay hurdy gurdy or wheel fiddle -so these are the different kinds and shapes of the hurdy gurdy the hurdy gurdy is the only musical instrument that uses a crank to turn a wheel -drone string which plays a continuous sound like the bagpipe -the second string is a melody string which is played with a wooden keyboard tuned like a piano -and the third is pretty innovative its also the only instrument that uses this kind of technique it activates whats called the buzzing bridge or the dog -i turn the crank and i apply pressure -it makes a sound like a barking dog okay all of this is pretty innovative if you consider -that the hurdy gurdy appeared about a thousand years ago and it took two people to play it one to turn the crank and another person yes to play the melody by physically pulling up large wooden pegs -and the perspective of ourselves that we gain from that may be in the end the finest reward that we earn from this journey of discovery that started half a century ago and thank you very much -now the saturn system is a rich planetary system it offers mystery scientific insight and obviously splendor beyond compare -and the investigation of this system has enormous cosmic reach -in the next eighteen minutes im going to take you on a journey and -just studying the rings alone we stand to learn a lot about the discs of stars and gas that we call the spiral galaxies and heres a beautiful picture of the andromeda nebula which is our closest -is really part of and is also a metaphor for a much larger human voyage to understand the inter connectiveness of everything around us -and also how humans fit into that picture and it pains me that i cant tell you all that we have learned with cassini -its a journey that you and i have been on for many years now and it began some fifty years ago when humans first stepped off our planet and in those fifty years not only did we literally physically -show you all the beautiful pictures that weve taken in the last two and a half years because i simply dont have the time so im going to concentrate on two of the most exciting stories that have emerged out of -this major exploratory expedition that we are conducting around saturn and have been for the past two and a half years saturn is accompanied by a very large and diverse collection of moons they range in size from a few kilometers across -to as big across as the us most of the beautiful pictures weve taken of saturn in fact show saturn in accompaniment with some of its moons heres saturn with -and then heres saturn showing the rings edge on showing you just how vertically thin they are with the moon enceladus now two of the forty seven moons that saturn has are standouts and those are titan -and enceladus titan is saturns largest moon and until cassini had arrived there was the largest single expanse of unexplored terrain that we had remaining in our solar system -and it is a body that has long intrigued people whove watched the planets it has a very large thick atmosphere and in fact its surface environment was believed to be more like -the environment we have here on the earth or at least had in the past than any other body in the solar system its atmosphere is largely molecular nitrogen like you are breathing here in this room -except that its atmosphere is suffused with simple organic materials like methane and propane and ethane and these molecules high up in the atmosphere of titan get broken down -and their products join together to make haze particles this haze is ubiquitous its completely global and enveloping -titan and thats why you cannot see down to the surface with our eyes in the visible region of the spectrum but these haze particles it was surmised before we got there with cassini -over billions and billions of years gently drifted down to the surface and coated the surface in a thick organic sludge so like the equivalent -the titan equivalent of tar or oil or what we didnt know what but this is what we suspected and these molecules especially methane and ethane can be -it turns out that methane is to titan what water is to the earth its a condensable in the atmosphere and so -set foot on the moon but we have dispatched robotic spacecraft to all the planets all eight of them and -ok and above those clouds you have this hundreds of kilometers of haze which prevent any sunlight from getting to the surface the temperature at the surface is some three hundred and fifty degrees below zero fahrenheit -but despite that cold you could have rain falling down on the surface of titan and doing on titan what rain does on the earth it carves gullies -it forms rivers and cataracts it can create canyons it can pool in large basins and craters -it can wash the sludge off high mountain peaks and hills down into the lowlands so stop and think for a minute try to imagine what the surface of titan might look like its dark -high noon on titan is as dark as deep earth twilight on the earth its cold its eerie its misty it might be raining and you might be standing on the shores of lake michigan brimming with paint -that is the view that we had of the surface of titan before we got there with cassini and i can tell you that what we have found -on titan though it is not the same in detail is every bit as fascinating as that story is and for us it has been like for cassini people it has been like a jules verne adventure come true -as i said it has a thick extensive atmosphere this is a picture of titan back lit by the sun with the rings as a beautiful backdrop -we have landed on asteroids we have rendezvoused with comets and at this point in time we have a spacecraft on its way to pluto the body formerly known as a planet -and yet another moon there i dont even know which one it is its a very extensive atmosphere we have instruments on cassini which can see down to the surface through this atmosphere -and my camera system is one of them and we have taken pictures like this and what you see is bright and dark regions and thats about as far as it got for us it was so mystifying we couldnt make out what we were seeing on titan when you look closer at this region -you start to see things like sinuous channels we didnt know you see a few round things this we later found out is in fact a crater but theres very few craters on the surface of titan meaning its a very young surface -and there are features that look tectonic they look like theyve been pulled apart whenever you see anything linear on a planet it means theres been a fracture -like a fault and so its been tectonically altered but we couldnt make sense of our images until six months after we got into orbit -an event occurred that many have regarded as the highlight of cassinis investigation of titan and that was the deployment of the huygens probe the european built huygens probe that cassini had carried for seven years across the solar system -we deployed it to the atmosphere of titan it took two and a half hours to descend and it landed on the surface and i just want to emphasize how significant an event this is this is a device -of human making and it landed in the outer solar system for the first time in human history it is so significant -that in my mind this was an event that should have been celebrated with ticker tape parades in every city across the us and europe and sadly that wasnt the case -it was significant for another reason this is an international mission and this event was celebrated in europe in germany and the celebratory presentations were given -in english accents and american accents and german accents and french and italian and dutch accents it was a moving demonstration of what the words united nations is supposed to mean -and all of these robotic missions are part of a bigger human journey a voyage to -a true union of nations joined together in a colossal effort for good and in this case it was a massive undertaking -to explore a planet and to come to understand a planetary system that for all of human history had been unreachable and now humans had actually touched it -so it was i mean im getting goose bumps just talking about it it was a tremendously emotional event and its something that i will personally never forget and you -probe took measurements of the atmosphere on the way down and it also took panoramic pictures and i cant tell you what it was like to see the first pictures of titans surface from the probe and this is what we saw -and it was a shocker because it was everything we wanted those other pictures taken from orbit to be it was an unambiguous pattern a geological pattern its a dendritic drainage pattern that can be formed only by -the flow of liquids and you can follow these channels and you can see how they all converge and they converge into this channel here which drains into this region you are looking at a shoreline -was this a shoreline of fluids we didnt know but this is somewhat of a shoreline this picture is taken at sixteen kilometers this is the picture taken at eight kilometers ok again the shoreline okay now sixteen kilometers eight kilometers this is roughly -understand something to get a sense of our cosmic place to understand something of our origins and how -an airline altitude if you were going to take an airplane trip across the us you would be flying at these altitudes so this is the picture you would have at the window of titanian airlines as you fly across the surface of titan -and then finally the probe came to rest on the surface and im going to show you ladies and gentlemen the first picture ever taken from the surface of a moon in the outer solar system -and here is the horizon ok these are probably water ice pebbles yes -and obviously it landed in one of these flat dark regions and it didnt sink out of sight so it wasnt fluid that we landed in what -the probe came down in was basically the titan equivalent of a mud flat this is an unconsolidated ground -that is suffused with liquid methane and its probably the case that this material has washed off the highlands of -titan through these channels that we saw and has drained over billions of years to fill in low lying basins and that is what the huygens probe landed in but still there was no -earth our planet and we living on it came to be and of all the places in the solar system that we might go to and search for answers to questions like this -in our images or even in the huygens images of any large open bodies of fluids where were they it got even more puzzling when we found dunes -ok so this is our movie of the equatorial region of titan showing these dunes these are dunes that are one hundred meters tall -this is the saharan desert of titan its obviously a place which is very dry or you wouldnt get dunes so again it got puzzling that there were no -bodies of fluid until finally we saw lakes in the polar regions and there is a lake scene in the south polar region -of titan its about the size of lake ontario and then only a week and a half ago we flew over the north pole of titan and found again we found -feature here the size of the caspian sea so it seems that the liquids for some reason we dont understand or during at least this season are apparently at the poles of -titan and i think you would agree that we have found titan is a remarkable mystical place its exotic its alien -but yet strangely earth like and having earth like geological formations and a tremendous geographical diversity and -is a fascinating world whose only rival in the solar system for complexity and richness is the earth itself and so now we go onto enceladus -is a small moon its about a tenth the size of titan and you can see it here next to england just to show you the size this is not meant to be a threat -and enceladus is very white its very bright -and its surface is obviously -and we have been to saturn before we visited saturn in the early nineteen eighties but our investigations of saturn -with fractures it is a very geologically active body but the motherlode of discoveries on -was found at the south pole and were looking at the south pole here where we found this system of fractures and theyre a different color because theyre a different composition they are coated -these fractures are coated with organic materials moreover this whole entire region -the south polar region has elevated temperatures its the hottest place on the planet on the body thats as bizarre as finding that the antarctic on the earth is hotter than the tropics and then when we took -additional pictures we discovered that from these fractures are issuing jets of fine icy particles extending hundreds of miles into space and when we color code this image to bring out the faint light levels we see -that these jets feed a plume that in fact we see in other images goes thousands of miles into the space above enceladus my team and i have examined images like this and like this one and have -thought about the other results from cassini and we have arrived at the conclusion that these jets may be erupting from pockets of liquid water -have become far more in depth and detailed since the cassini spacecraft traveling across interplanetary space for seven years -under the surface of enceladus so we have possibly liquid water organic materials and excess heat in order words we have possibly stumbled upon the holy grail -of modern day planetary exploration or in other words an environment that is potentially suitable for living organisms and i dont think i need to tell you -that the discovery of life elsewhere in our solar system whether it be on enceladus or elsewhere would have enormous cultural and scientific implications because if we could demonstrate -genesis had occurred not once but twice independently in our solar system -then that means by inference it has occurred a staggering number of times throughout the universe and its thirteen point seven billion year history -right now earth is the only planet still that we know is teeming with life it is precious it is unique it is still so far the only home weve ever known and if -any of you were alert and coherent during the nineteen sixties -wed forgive you if you -a picture that no human eye has ever seen before it is a total eclipse of the sun seen from the other side of saturn -and in this impossibly beautiful picture you see the main rings back lit by the sun you see the refracted image of the sun and you see this ring -created in fact by the exhalations of enceladus but as if that werent brilliant enough we can spot in this -beautiful image sight of our own planet -now there is something deeply moving about seeing ourselves from afar and capturing the sight of our little blue ocean planet in the skies of other worlds and that -flying closer and deeper into these jets into the denser regions of these jets so that now we have come away with some very precise compositional measurements -and we have found that the organic compounds coming from this moon are in fact more complex than we previously reported -while theyre not amino acids were now finding things like propane and benzene hydrogen cyanide and formaldehyde -and the tiny water crystals here now look for all the world like they are frozen droplets of salty water which is a discovery that suggests that not only do the jets come from -two years ago here at ted i reported that we had discovered at saturn with the cassini spacecraft an anomalously warm and geologically active region at the southern tip of the small -so we are very encouraged by these results and we are much more confident now than we were two years ago that we might indeed have on this moon -under the south pole an environment or a zone that is hospitable to living organisms whether or not there are living organisms there of course is an entirely different matter and that will have to await the arrival back at -when we might journey to the saturnine system and visit the enceladus interplanetary geyser park just because we can -moon enceladus seen here this region seen here for the first time in the cassini image taken in two thousand and five -this is the south polar region with the famous tiger stripe fractures crossing the south pole and seen just recently in late two thousand and eight -here is that region again now half in darkness because the southern hemisphere is experiencing the onset of august and eventually winter -and i also reported that wed made this mind blowing discovery this once in a lifetime discovery of towering jets erupting from those fractures at the south pole -and at that time two years ago i mentioned that we were speculating that these jets might in fact be geysers and erupting from pockets or chambers of liquid water underneath the surface but we werent really sure -however the implications of those results of a possible environment within this moon that could support prebiotic chemistry and perhaps life itself -were so exciting that in the intervening two years we have focused more on enceladus weve flown the cassini spacecraft by this moon now several times -and given that it takes three times as much grain actually ten times as much grain to feed a human if its passed through an animal first thats not a very efficient way -feeding us an its an escalating problem too by two thousand and fifty its estimated that twice the number of us are going to be living in cities -its also estimated that there is going to be twice as much meat and dairy -rising hand in hand and thats going to pose an enormous problem six billion hungry carnivores to feed by -thats a big problem and actually if we carry on as we are its a problem were very unlikely to be able to solve nineteen million hectares of rainforest are lost every year -to create new arable land although at the same time were losing an equivalent amount of existing arables to -were very hungry for fossil fuels too it takes about ten calories to produce every calorie of food that we consume in the west -feed a city its one of the great questions of our time yet its one thats rarely asked we take it for granted that if we go into a shop or restaurant -and even though there is food that we are producing at great cost we dont actually value it half the food produced in the usa is currently thrown away -even managing to feed the planet properly a billion of us are obese while a further billion -none of it makes very much sense and when you think that eighty percent of global trade in food now is controlled by just five multinational corporations its a grim picture -into cities the world is also embracing a western diet and if we look to the future its an unsustainable diet so how did we get here and more importantly what are we going to do about it -well to answer the slightly easier question first about ten thousand years ago i would say is the beginning of this process in the ancient near east known as the fertile crescent because as you can -see it was crescent shaped and it was also fertile and it was here about ten thousand years ago that two extraordinary inventions agriculture -and urbanism happened roughly in the same place and at the same time this is no accident because agriculture and cities are bound together they need each other -and if we look at what those settlements were like we see they were compact they were surrounded by productive farm land and dominated by large temple complexes like this one -or indeed into this theaters foyer in about an hours time there is going to be food there waiting for us having magically come from somewhere but when you think that every day for a city the size of london enough food has to -that were in fact effectively spiritualized centralized food distribution centers because it was the temples that organized the harvest gathered in the grain offered it to the gods and then offered the grain that the gods didnt eat back to the people -if you like the whole spiritual and physical life of these cities was dominated by the grain and the harvest that sustained them -and in fact thats true of every ancient city but of course not all of them were that small and famously rome had about a million citizens by the first century a d so how did a city like this -feed itself -answer is what i call ancient food miles basically rome had access to the sea which made it possible for it to import food from a very long way away -this is the only way it was possible to do this in the ancient world because it was very difficult to transport food over roads which were rough and the food obviously went off very quickly -so rome effectively waged war on places like carthage and egypt just to get its paws on their grain reserves -in fact you could say that the expansion of the empire was really sort of one long drawn out militarized shopping spree -have to mention this rome in fact at one stage i think thats extraordinary so rome shaped its hinterland through its appetite -but the interesting thing is that the other thing also happened in the pre industrial world if we look at a map of london in the seventeenth century we can see that its grain which is coming in from the thames along the bottom of this map -so the grain markets were to the south of the city and the roads leading up from them to cheapside which was the main market -grain markets and if you look at the name of one of those streets bread street you can tell what was going on there three hundred years -the same of course was true for fish fish was of course coming in by river as well same thing and of course billingsgate famously was londons fish market operating on site here until the mid nineteen eighties which is extraordinary really when you think about it -this is another thing about food in cities once its roots into the city are established they very rarely move meat -is a very different story because of course animals could walk into the city so much of londons meat was coming from the northwest from scotland and wales so it was coming in -produced transported bought and sold cooked -and arriving at the city at the northwest which is why smithfield londons very famous meat market was located up there poultry was coming in from east anglia and so on to the northeast i feel a bit like a weather woman -and so the birds were coming in with their feet protected with little canvas shoes and then when they hit the eastern end of cheapside -sold which is why its called poultry and in fact if you look at the map of any city built before the industrial age -you can trace food coming in to it you can actually see how it was physically shaped by food both by reading the names of the streets which give you a lot of clues friday street in a previous life is where you went to buy your fish on a friday -but also you have to imagine it full of food because the streets and the public spaces were the only places where food was bought -earlier so this was obviously an organic city part of an organic cycle -and that something similar has to happen every day for every city on earth its remarkable that cities -all of a sudden these animals are no longer walking into market theyre being slaughtered out of sight and mind somewhere in the countryside and theyre coming into the city by rail and this changes -everything -to start off with it makes it possible for the first time to grow cities really any size and shape in any place cities used to be constrained by geography -they used to have to get their food through very difficult physical means all of the sudden they are effectively emancipated from -and as you can see from these maps of london in the ninety years after the trains came it goes from being a little blob that was quite easy to feed -by animals coming in on foot and so on to a large splurge that would be very very difficult to feed with anybody on foot either animals or people -and of course that was just the beginning after the trains came cars and really this marks the end of this process its the final emancipation of the city -from any apparent relationship with nature at all and this is the kind of city thats devoid of smell devoid of mess certainly devoid of people because nobody would have dreamed of walking in such a landscape in fact what they did to get food was they got in their cars -we live in places like this as if theyre the most natural things in the world forgetting that because were animals and that we need to eat were actually as dependent on the natural world as our ancient -to a box somewhere on the outskirts came back with a weeks worth of shopping and wondered what on earth to do with it and this really is the moment when our relationship both with food and cities changes completely -here we have food that used to be the center the social core of the city at the periphery it used to be a social event buying and selling food now its anonymous we used to cook now we just add water -a little bit of an egg if youre making a cake or something we dont smell food to see if its okay to eat we just -read the back of a label on a packet and we dont value food we dont trust it so instead of trusting it we fear it and instead of valuing it we throw it away -one of the great ironies of modern food systems is that theyve made the very thing they promised to make easier much harder -by making it possible to build cities anywhere and any place theyve actually distanced us from our most important relationship which is that of us and nature -its not a new question five hundred years ago its what thomas more was asking himself this is the frontispiece of his book utopia -and it was a series of semi independent city states if that sounds remotely familiar a days walk from one another where everyone was basically farming -and grew vegetables in their back gardens and ate communal meals together and so on and i think you could argue that food is a fundamental -it even got built but nothing to do with this vision that howard had and that is the problem with these utopian ideas that they are utopian utopia was actually a word that thomas moore used deliberately it was a kind of -were and as more of us move into cities more of that natural world is being transformed into extraordinary landscapes like the one behind me its soybean fields in mata grosso in brazil in -got a double derivation from the greek it can either mean a good place or no place because its an ideal its an imaginary thing we cant have it and i think as a conceptual tool for thinking about the very deep problem of human dwelling -that makes it not much use so ive come up with an alternative which is sitopia from the ancient greek sitos for food and topos for place i believe we already live in sitopia -we live in a world shaped by food and if we realize that we can use food as a really powerful tool a conceptual tool design tool to shape the world differently so if we were to do that what might sitopia look like -i think it looks a bit like this i have to use this slide its just the look on the face of the dog but anyway this is its food at the center of life at the center of family life being celebrated being enjoyed people taking time for it -this is where food should be in our society but you cant have scenes like this unless you have people like this by the way these can be men as well -of the social life of the city because without that you cant have this kind of place food that is grown locally and also is part of the landscape and is not just a -and this is a community project i visited recently in toronto its a greenhouse where kids get told all about food and growing their own food here is a plant called kevin or maybe its -so sitopia for me is really way of seeing its basically recognizing that sitopia already exists in little pockets everywhere the trick is to join them up to use food as a way of -and if we do that were going to stop seeing cities as big metropolitan unproductive blobs like this were going to see them more like this as part of the -these are extraordinary landscapes but few of us ever get to see them and increasingly these landscapes are not just feeding -which is why i think this image just sums up for me the kind of thinking we need to be doing its a reconceptualization of the way food shapes our -the best image i know of this is from six hundred and fifty years ago its ambrogio lorenzettis allegory of good government its about the relationship between the city and the -and i think the message of this is very clear if the city looks after the country the country will look after the city -and i want us to ask now what would ambrogio lorenzetti paint if he painted this image today what would an allegory of good government look like today -i think its an urgent question its one we have to ask and we have to start answering we know we are what we eat -we need to realize that the world is also what we eat but if we take that idea we can use food as a really powerful tool to shape the world better thank you very much -as more of us move into cities more of us are eating meat so that a third of the annual grain crop globally now gets fed to animals rather than to us human animals -nasa supported this work twelve years ago -as part of the rebuilding of the hayden planetarium so that we would share this with the world the digital universe is the basis of our space show productions that we do -our main space shows in the dome but what you see here is the result of actually internships that we hosted with linkoping university in sweden -ive had twelve students work on this for their graduate work and the result has been this software called uniview and a company called sciss in sweden -this software allows interactive use so this actual flight path and movie that we see here was actually flown live -captured this live from my laptop in a cafe called earth matters on the lower east side of manhattan where i live -and it was done as a collaborative project -with the rubin museum of -for an exhibit on comparative cosmology -and so as we move out -we see continuously from our planet all the way out into the realm of galaxies as we see here light travel time giving you a sense of how far away we are -the light from these distant galaxies have taken so long were -backing up into the past we -so far up were finally seeing a containment around us the afterglow of the big bang this is the -see well fly outside it here just to see this sort of containment if we were outside this it would almost be meaningless in the sense as before time -but this our containment of the visible universe we know the universe is bigger than that which we can see coming back quickly -we see here the radiosphere that we jumped out of in the beginning but these are positions the latest positions of exoplanets that weve mapped -and our sun here obviously with our own solar system what youre going to see youre going to have to jump in here pretty quickly between several orders of magnitude to get down -orbit of the moon and we see the -can be updated and we can add in new data -i know doctor carolyn porco is the camera p i for the cassini mission but here we see the complex trajectory of the cassini mission color coded for different mission phases -this software allows us to come close and look at parts of this this software can also be networked between domes we have a growing -user base of this and we network domes and we can network between domes and classrooms were actually sharing tours of the universe with the first sub saharan planetarium in -as well as new libraries that have been built in the ghettos in columbia and a high school in cambodia -and the cambodians have actually controlled the hayden planetarium from their high school -this is an image from saturday photographed by the aqua satellite but through the uniview software and so youre seeing the edge of the earth this is nepal this is in fact right here is the valley of lhasa -here in tibet -the flat horizon that weve evolved with has been a metaphor for the infinite unbounded resources and unlimited capacity for disposal of waste -we can see the haze from fires and so forth in the ganges valley down below in india this is nepal and tibet -to say this beautiful world that we live on -bit of the snow that some of you may have had to brave in coming out -so id like to just say that what the world needs now is a sense of being able to look at ourselves in this much larger condition now and a much larger sense of what home is -because our home is the universe and we are the universe essentially we carry that in us and to be able to see our -it wasnt until we really left earth got above the atmosphere and had seen the horizon bend back on itself -the digital universe atlas has been built at the american museum of natural history -over the past twelve years we maintain that -put that together as a project to really chart the universe across all scales -what we see here are satellites around the earth and the earth in proper registration against the universe as we see -you see apples that are red yellow and green and thats about it so let me show you a picture of one form of diversity heres some beans and -are about thirty five or forty different varieties of beans on this picture now -imagine each one of these varieties as being distinct from another about the same way as a poodle as a great dane if i wanted to show you a picture of all the dog breeds in the world -and i put thirty or forty of them on a slide it would take about ten slides because there about four hundred breeds of dogs in the world -but there are thirty five to forty thousand different varieties of beans so if i were to going to show you all the beans in the world -and i had a slide like this and i switched it every second it would take up my entire ted talk and i wouldnt have to say anything -ive been fascinated with crop diversity for about thirty five years from now ever since i stumbled across a fairly obscure academic article by a guy named jack harlan -but the interesting thing is that this diversity and the tragic thing is that this diversity is being lost we have about two hundred thousand different varieties of wheat -and we have about two to four hundred thousand different varieties of rice but its being lost and i want to give you an example of that -its a bit of a personal example in fact in the united states in the eighteen hundreds thats where we have the best -farmers and gardeners were growing seven thousand one hundred named varieties of apples imagine that seven thousand one hundred apples with names today six thousand -eight hundred of those are extinct no longer to be seen again -and at the end of the speech i would ask how many people have found a name and i never had fewer than two thirds of an audience hold up their hand and i said you know what -these apples come from your ancestors and your ancestors gave them the greatest honor they could give them they gave them their name -the bad news is theyre extinct the good news is a third of you didnt hold up your hand your apples still out there find it make sure it doesnt join the list -so i want to tell you that the piece of the good news is that the fowler apple is still out there -and he described the diversity within crops all the different kinds of wheat and rice and such as a genetic resource -the fowler apple is described in here i hope this doesnt surprise you as a beautiful -i dont know if we named the apple of or the apple named us -to be honest the description goes on and it says that it doesnt rank high in quality however and then he has to go even further it sounds like it was written by an old school teacher of -as grown in new york the fruit usually fails to develop properly in size and quality and is on the whole -and i guess theres a lesson to be learned here and the lesson is so why save it i get this question all the time why dont we just save the best one -and there are a couple of answers to that question one thing is that there is no such thing as a best one todays best variety is tomorrows lunch for insects or pests or disease -and he said this genetic resource and ill never forget the words stands between us and catastrophic starvation on a scale we cannot imagine -the other thing is that maybe that fowler apple or maybe a variety of wheat thats not economical right now -has disease or pest resistance or some quality that were going to need for climate change that the others dont so its not necessary -why as a raw material as a trait we can use in the future think of diversity as -options and options of course are exactly what we need an era of climate change -and university of washington to ask the question whats going to happen to agriculture in an era of climate change and what kind of traits and characteristics do we need in our agricultural crops to be able to adapt to this -in short the answer is that in the future in many countries the coldest growing seasons are going to be hotter -than anything those crops have seen in the past the coldest growing seasons of the future hotter than the hottest of the past -agriculture adapted to that i dont know can fish play the piano if agriculture hasnt experienced that how could it be adapted -now the highest concentration of poor and hungry people in the world and the place where climate change ironically is going to be the worst is in south asia and sub sahara africa so ive picked two examples here and i want to show you -i figured he was really on to something or he was one of these academic nutcases so i looked a little further and what i figured out was that he wasnt a nutcase he was the most respected scientist in the field -in the histogram before you now the blue bars represent the historical range of temperatures going back -far as we have temperature data and you can see that theres some difference between one growing season and another some are colder some are hotter and its a bell shaped curve -the tallest bar is the average temperature for the most number of growing seasons in the future later this century its going -totally out of bounds the agricultural system and more importantly the crops in the field in india have never experienced this before -thirty if the maize or corn varieties which is the dominant crop fifty percent of the in southern africa are still in the field -thirty percent decrease of production in the context of increasing population thats a food crises its global in nature we will watch children starve to death on tv -now you may say that twenty years is a long way off its two breeding cycles for maize we have two rolls of the dice to get this right we have to get climate ready crops in the field and we have to do that rather quickly -now the good news is that we have conserved we have collected and conserved a great deal of biological diversity agricultural diversity mostly in the form of seed -and we put it in seed banks which is a fancy way of saying a freezer if you want to conserve seed for a long term and you want to make it available to plant breeders and researchers you dry it and then you freeze -in rwanda in the solomon islands and then there are just daily disasters that take place in these buildings financial problems and mismanagement and equipment failures and all kinds of things and every time something like this happens -what he understood was that biological diversity crop diversity is the biological foundation of agriculture -it means extinction we lose diversity and im not talking about losing diversity in the same way that you lose your car keys im talking about losing it in the same way that we lost the dinosaurs -actually losing it never to be seen again so a number of us got together and decided that you know enough is enough and we need to do something about that and we need to have a facility -that can really offer protection for our biological diversity -maybe not the most charismatic diversity you dont look in the eyes of a carrot seed quite in the way you do a panda bear but its very important diversity -so we needed a really safe place and we went quite -far north to find it to svalbard in fact this is above mainland norway you can see greenland there thats at seventy eight degrees north its as far as you can fly on a regularly scheduled airplane -its a remarkably beautiful landscape i cant even begin to describe it to you its otherworldly beautiful we worked with the norwegian government and with -which is built in a mountain in svalbard the idea of svalbard was that its cold so we get natural freezing temperatures -its remote its remote and accessible so its safe and we dont depend on mechanical refrigeration this is more than just an artists dream its now a reality -its the raw material the stuff of evolution in our agricultural crops not a trivial matter -and this next picture shows it in context in svalbard and heres the front door of this facility when you open up the front door -this is what youre looking at its pretty simple its a hole in the ground its a tunnel and you go into the tunnel chiseled in solid rock about one hundred and thirty meters there are now a couple of security doors so you wont see it quite like this again -when you get to the back you get into an area thats really my favorite why is that i think of it as sort of a cathedral and i know that this tags me as a bit of a nerd but some -the happiest days of my life have been spent -if you were to walk into one of these rooms you would see this its not very exciting but if you know whats there its pretty emotional -and he also understood that that foundation was crumbling literally crumbling that indeed a mass extinction was underway -we have now about four hundred and twenty five thousand samples of unique crop varieties theres seventy thousand samples of different varieties of rice -in this facility right now about a year from now well have over half a million samples were going up to over a million and someday well basically have -samples about five hundred seeds of every variety of agricultural crop that can be stored in a frozen state in this facility -this is a backup system for world agriculture its a backup system for all the seed banks storage is free it operates like a safety deposit box norway owns the mountain and the facility but the -this particular picture that you see shows the national collection of the united states of canada and an international institution from syria i think its interesting in that -this facility i think is almost the only thing i can think of these days where countries literally -every country in the world because we have seeds from every country in the world all the countries of the world have gotten together to do something thats both long term -the water crisis agriculture takes seventy percent of fresh water supplies on earth i cant look you in the eyes and tell you that there is such a solution for those things or the energy crisis or world hunger -in our fields in our agricultural system and that this mass extinction was taking place with very few people noticing and even fewer caring -or peace in conflict i cant i look you in the eyes and tell you that i have a simple solution for that but i can look you in the -and tell you that we cant solve any of those problems if we dont have crop diversity because i challenge you to think of -an effective efficient sustainable solution to climate change if we dont have crop diversity -because quite literally if agriculture doesnt adapt to climate change neither will we -and if crops dont adapt to climate change neither will agriculture neither will we so this is not something pretty and nice to do there are a lot of people who would love to have this diversity exist just -for the existence value of it it is i agree a nice thing to do but its a necessary thing to do so in a very really sense -i believe we as an international community should get organized to complete the task the svalbard global seed vault -is a wonderful gift that norway and others have given us but its not the complete answer we need to collect the remaining diversity thats out there -we need to put it into good seed banks that can offer those seeds to researchers in the future we need to catalog it its a library of life but right now i would say we dont have a card catalog for it -and we need to support it financially my big idea would be that while we think of it as commonplace to endow -an art museum or endow a chair at a university we really ought to be thinking about endowing wheat -thirty million dollars in an endowment would take care of preserving all the diversity in wheat forever so we need to be thinking a little bit in those terms and my final thought is that -now i know that many of you dont stop to think about diversity in agricultural systems and lets face it thats logical you dont see it in the newspaper every day and when you go into the supermarket you certainly dont see a lot of choices there -we of course by conserving wheat rice potatoes and the other crops we may quite simply end up saving ourselves thank you -and this is a sheet of acrylic infused with colorless light diffusing particles what this means is that while regular acrylic only diffuses light around the edges this one illuminates across the entire surface when i turn on the lights around it -two of the known applications for this material include interior design and multi touch systems -and thermochromic pigments change color at a given temperature so im going to place this on a hot plate that is set to a temperature only slightly higher than ambient and you can see what happens -so these are just a few of what are commonly known as smart materials in a few years they will be in many of the objects and technologies we use on a daily basis -we may not yet have the flying cars science fiction promised us but we can have walls that change color depending on temperature keyboards that roll up and windows that become opaque at the flick of a switch -so im a social scientist by training so why am i here today talking about smart materials -well first of all because i am a maker im curious about how things work and how they are made but also because i believe we should have a deeper understanding of the components that make up our world and right now we dont know enough about these high tech composites our future will be made of -smart materials are hard to obtain in small quantities theres barely any information available on how to use them and very little is said about how they are produced so for now they exist mostly in this realm of -trade secrets and patents only universities and corporations have access to -so a little over three years ago kirsty boyle and i started a project we called open materials its a website where we and anyone else who wants to join us share experiments publish information encourage others to contribute whenever they can -and aggregate resources such as research papers and tutorials by other makers like ourselves -we would like it to become a large collectively generated database of do it yourself information on smart materials -but why should we care how smart materials work and what they are made of -first of all because we cant shape what we dont understand and what we dont understand and use ends up shaping us the objects we use the clothes we wear the houses we live in all have a profound impact on our behavior health and quality of life -so if we are to live in a world made of smart materials we should know and understand -so many times amateurs not experts have been the inventors and improvers of things ranging from mountain bikes to semiconductors personal computers airplanes -jordan bunker who had had no experience with chemistry until then read this paper and reproduced the experiment at his maker space using only off the shelf substances and tools -he used a toaster oven and he even made his own vortex mixer based on a tutorial by another scientist maker -so jordans main form of innovation was to take an experiment created in a well equipped lab at the university and recreate it in a garage in chicago using only cheap materials and tools he made himself -and now that he published this work others can pick up where he left and devise even simpler processes and improvements -another example id like to mention is hannah perner wilsons kit of no parts her projects goal is to highlight the expressive qualities of materials while focusing on the creativity and skills of the builder -many of these do it yourself practices were lost in the second half of the twentieth century -electronics kits are very powerful in that they teach us how things work -but the constraints inherent in their design influence the way we learn so hannahs approach on the other hand is to formulate a series of techniques for creating unusual objects that free us from pre designed constraints by teaching us about the materials themselves -just like jordan and so many other makers hannah published her recipes and allows anyone to copy and reproduce them -but paper electronics is one of the most promising branches of material science in that it allows us to create cheaper and flexible electronics -so the interesting thing about makers is that we create out of passion and curiosity and we are not afraid to fail we often tackle problems from unconventional angles and in the process end up discovering alternatives or even better ways to do things -back then computers were these large mainframes only scientists cared about and no one dreamed of even having one at home -so its a little strange that im standing here and saying you must understand smart materials now just keep in mind that acquiring preemptive knowledge about emerging technologies is the best way to ensure that we have a say in the making of our future thank you -so conductive ink allows us to paint circuits instead of using the traditional printed circuit boards or wires in the case of this little example im holding we used it to create a touch sensor that reacts to my skin by turning on this little light -so with the combination of these technologies we can reach it all and we can see it all we can -heal the disease and we can leave the patient whole and intact and functional afterwards -ive talked about the patient as if the patient is somehow someone abstract outside this room and that is not the case -many of you all of you maybe will at some point or have already faced a diagnosis of cancer or heart disease or some organ disfuction thats going to buy you a date with a surgeon -and when you get to that point -these maladies dont care how many books youve written how many companies youve started -that nobel prize you have yet to win how much time you planned to spend with your children these maladies come for us all -and the prospect im offering you of an easier surgery is that going to make that diagnosis any less terrifying -im not sure i really even want it to -because facing your own mortality causes a re evaluation of priorities -and a realignment of what your goals are in life unlike anything else and i would never want to deprive you of that epiphany -five to ten thousand years now imagine this you are a healer in a stone age village and you have some guy that youre not quite sure whats wrong with him oliver sacks is going to be born way in the future -what i want instead -is for you to be whole -intact and functional enough to go out and save the world -hes got some seizure disorder and you dont understand this but you think to yourself im not quite sure whats wrong with this guy but maybe if i cut a hole in his head i can fix it -now that is surgical thinking now weve got the dawn of interventional surgery here what is astonishing about this is even though we dont know really how much of this was intended to be -talk about surgical robots is also a talk about surgery and while ive tried to make my images not too graphic keep in mind that surgeons have a different relationship with blood than normal people do -and so what we are seeing is evidence of a refined technique that was being handed down over thousands and thousands of years -all over the world this arose independently at sites everywhere that had no communication to one another we really are seeing the dawn of interventional surgery -now we can fast forward many thousands of years into the bronze age and beyond and we see new refined tools coming out but surgeons in these eras are a little bit more conservative than their bold trephanating ancestors -these guys confined their surgery to fairly superficial injuries and surgeons were tradesmen rather than physicians -this persisted all the way into and through the renaissance that may have saved the writers but it didnt really save the surgeons terribly much they were still a mistrusted lot surgeons still had a bit of a pr problem -because we were in the age before anesthesia the agony of the patient is really as much of the public spectacle as the -surgery itself one of the most famous of these guys frere jacques shown here doing a lithotomy -the removal of the bladder stone one of the most invasive surgeries they did at the time had to take less than two minutes you had to have quite a flare for the dramatic and be really really quick and so here you see him doing a lithotomy -and he is credited with doing over four thousand of these public surgeries wandering around in europe which is an astonishing number when you think that surgery must have been a last resort i mean who would put themselves through that -until anesthesia the absence of sensation -this was truly a revolution in surgery but there was a pretty big problem with this after these very long painstaking operations attempting to cure things theyd never been able to touch before -because after all what a surgeon does to a patient if it were done without consent would be a felony -the patients died -they died of massive infection surgery didnt hurt anymore but it killed you pretty quickly -and infection would continue to claim a majority of surgical patients until the next big revolution in surgery which was the aseptic technique -joseph lister was asepiss or sterilitys biggest advocate to a very very skeptical bunch of surgeons -and they said they had learned it was as important to wash your hands before doing surgery as it was to wash up afterwards -with the patient insensitive to pain and a sterile operating field -all bets were off the sky was the limit you could now start doing surgery -the gut -on the liver on the heart on the brain transplantation you could take an organ out of one person you could put it in another person and it would -surgeons didnt have a problem with respectability anymore they had become gods the era of the big surgeon big incision had arrived -surgeons are the tailors the plumbers the carpenters some would say the butchers of the medical world -but at quite a cost because they are saving lives but not necessarily quality of life because healthy people -dont usually need surgery and unhealthy people have a very hard time recovering from a cut like that the question had to be asked well -can we do these same surgeries but through little incisions laparoscopy is doing this kind of surgery surgery with long instruments through small incisions -and it really changed the landscape of surgery some of the tools for this had been around for a hundred years but it had only been used as a diagnostic technique -until the nineteen eighties when there was changes in camera technologies and things like that that allowed this to be done for real operations -so what you see this is now the first surgical image as were coming down the tube this is a new entry into the body it looks very different from what youre expecting surgery to look like -we bring instruments in from two separate cuts in the side and then you can start manipulating tissue -within ten years of the first gallbladder surgeries being done -cutting reshaping reforming bypassing fixing but you need to talk about -a majority of gallbladder surgeries were being done laparoscopically truly -pretty big revolution but there were casualties of this revolution -these techniques were a lot harder to learn than people had anticipated the learning curve was very long and during that learning curve the complications went -quite a bit higher surgeons had to give up their three d vision they had to give up their wrists they had to give up intuitive motion in the instruments -has over three thousand hours of laparoscopic experience now this is a particularly frustrating placement of the needle but this is hard -and one of the reasons why it is so hard -is because the external ergonomics are terrible youve got these long instruments and youre working off your center line and the instruments are essentially working backwards -so what you need to do to take the capability of your hand and put it on the other side of that small incision is you need to put a -on that instrument and so i get to talk about robots the da vinci robot put just that wrist on the other side of that -and you can pass it all the way through and follow it in a trajectory and the reason why this becomes so much easier is you can see -the bottom the hands are making the motions and the instruments are following those motions exactly now what you put between -those instruments and those hands is a large fairly complicated robot the surgeon is sitting at a console and -which is a prostate deep in the pelvis and it requires fine dissection and -some kind of a perspective of where we are right now with surgical robots and where were going to be going in the future i want to give you a little bit of perspective of how we got to this point -without cracking the chest this is all done in between the ribs and you can go inside the heart itself and repair the valves from the inside youve got these technologies -i talked about the large complicated robot with all its bells and whistles one of those robots will cost you about as much as a solid gold surgeon -but there are other barriers so something like a prostatectomy the prostate is small and its in one spot and you can set your robot up very precisely to work in that one spot -but if you need to reach more places than just one you need to move the robot and you need to put some new incisions in there and you need to re set it up and you need to add some more ports and more -and the problem is it gets time consuming and cumbersome and for that reason there are many surgeries that just arent being done with the da vinci so we had to ask the question well how do we fix that -what if we could change it so that we didnt have to re set up each time we wanted to move somewhere different what if we could bring all the instruments in together in one place how would that change the capabilities of the surgeon -how we even came to believe that surgery was ok that this was something that was possible to do that this kind of cutting and reforming was ok so a little bit of perspective -and how would that change the experience for the patient now to do that we need to be able to bring a camera -and instruments in together through one small tube like that tube you saw in the laparoscopy video -or not so coincidentally like a tube like this -so whats going to come out of that tube is the debut of this new technology this new robot that is going to be able to reach anywhere -so here it comes this is the camera -it has to be able to come off of the center line and then be able to work back toward that center line hes a cheeky little devil -but its worth it for the freedom that this gives us as were going around for the patient however -its transparent this is all theyre going to see -its very exciting to think where we get to go with this -we get to write the script of the next revolution in surgery -as we take these capabilities and we get to -go to the next places we get to decide what our new surgeries are going to be and i think to really get the rest of the way in that revolution -we need to not just take our hands in in new ways we also need to take our eyes in in new ways we need to see beyond the surface we need to be able to guide what were cutting in a much better way -this is a cancer surgery one of the problems with this even for surgeons whove been looking at this a lot is you cant see the cancer especially when its hidden below the surface -about ten thousand years of perspective this is a trephanated skull -go bind to the cancer and we can make those markers glow and we can take special cameras -and we can look at it now we know where we need to cut even when its below the surface we can take these markers and we can inject them in a tumor site -we can inject these dyes into the bloodstream so that when we sew on a new vessel and we bypass a blockage on the heart -we can see if we actually made the connection before we close that patient back up again something that we havent been able to do without radiation before -we can light -and we dont even need to confine ourselves to this macro vision we have flexible microscopic probes that we can bring down into the body -and we can look at cells directly im looking at nerves here so these are nerves you see down on the bottom and the microscope probe thats being held by the robotic hand up at the top so this is all very prototypey at this point -but you care about nerves if you are a surgical patient because they let you keep continence bladder control and sexual function after surgery all of which is generally fairly important to the patient -lets go to a sponge i wipe it with a sponge and i put it under the running water and i have a lot less energy and a lot more water unless youre like me and you leave the handle in the position of hot even when you turn it on -and then you start to use more energy or worse you let it run until its warm to rinse out your towel and now all bets are off so -what this says is that sometimes the things that you least expect the position in which you put the handle -have a bigger effect than any of those other things that you were trying to optimize now imagine someone as twisted as me trying to build a house -my husband and i are doing right now and so we wanted to know how green could we be and theres a thousand and one articles out there telling us how to make all these green trade offs -and they are just as suspect in telling us to optimize these little things around the edges and missing the elephant in the living -now the average house has about three hundred megawatt hours of embodied energy in it this is the energy it takes to make it millions and millions of paper towels we wanted to know how much better we could do -first of all im a geek im an organic food eating carbon footprint minimizing robotic surgery geek and i really want to build -and so like many people we start with a house on a lot and im going to show you a typical construction on the top and what were doing on the bottom -so first we demolish it it takes some energy but if you deconstruct it you take it all apart you use the bits you can get some of that energy back -we then dug a big hole to put in a rainwater catchment tank to take our yard water independent and then we poured a big -foundation for passive solar now you can reduce the embodied energy by about twenty five percent by using high fly ash concrete -we then put in framing and so this is framing lumber composite materials and its kind of hard to get the embodied energy out of that but it can be a sustainable resource if you use f s c certified lumber -we then go on to the first thing that was very surprising if we put aluminum windows in this house -we would double the energy use right there now pvc is a little bit better but still not as good as the wood that we chose -we then put in plumbing electrical and hvac and insulate now spray foam is an excellent insulator it fills in all the cracks but it is pretty high embodied energy -and sprayed in cellulose or blue jeans is a much lower energy alternative to that we also used straw bale in fill for our library -which has zero embodied energy when it comes time to sheetrock if you use ecorock its about a quarter of the embodied energy of standard sheetrock -but im very suspicious of all of these well meaning articles people long on moral authority and short on data telling me how to do these kinds of things and so i have to figure this out for myself for example is this -so now we add in the final construction energy we add it all up and weve built a house for less than half of the typical embodied energy for building a house like this -but before we pat ourselves too much on the back we have poured one hundred and fifty one megawatt hours of energy into constructing this house when there was a house there before -and so the question is how could we make that back and so if i run my new energy efficient house forward compared with the old non energy efficient house we make it back in about six years -now i probably would have upgraded the old house to be more energy efficient and in that case it would take me more about twenty years to break even -now if i hadnt paid attention to embodied energy it would have taken us over fifty years to break even compared to the upgraded house -so what does this mean on the scale of my portion of the house this is equivalent to about as much as i drive -in a year its about five times as much as if i went entirely vegetarian but my elephant in the living room flies -clearly i need to walk home from ted but all the calculations for embodied energy are on the blog -and remember its sometimes the things that you are not expecting to be the biggest changes that are thank you -i have dropped a blob of organic yogurt from happy self actualized local cows on my counter top and i grab a paper towel -the answer to this can be found in embodied energy this is the amount of energy that goes into any paper towel or embodied water -and every time i use a paper towel i am using this much virtual energy and water wipe it up throw it away now if i compare that to a cotton towel that i can use a thousand times -i dont have a whole lot of embodied energy until i wash that yogurty towel this is now operating energy so if i throw my towel in the washing machine -now put energy and water back into that towel unless i use a front loading high efficiency washing machine and then it looks -but what about a recycled paper towel that comes in those little half sheets well now a paper towel looks better screw the paper towels -so i wanted to develop something that we could develop very fast that would be cheap and that would be open source so because oil spills are not only happening in the gulf of mexico -currently what they were doing is that they were using these small fishing boats and they were cleaning clean lines in an ocean of dirt if youre using the exact same amount of surface of oil absorbent but youre just paying attention to natural patterns and if youre going up the winds you can collect a lot more material -if youre multiplying the rig so you multiply how many layers of absorbent youre using you can collect a lot more but its extremely difficult to move oil absorbent against the winds the surface currents -is the common point between oil plastic and radioactivity -and the waves these are enormous forces so the very simple idea was to use the ancient technique of sailing and tacking of the wind to capture or intercept the oil that is drifting down the wind -so this didnt require any invention we just took a simple sailing boat and we tried to pull something long and heavy but as we tacked back and forth what we lost was two things we were losing pulling power -then i was so happy that i kept playing with the robot and so you see the robot has a front rudder here normally its at the back and playing i realized that the maneuverability of this was really amazing and i could avoid an obstacle at the very last second more maneuverable than a normal boat -on the top line this is the bp oil spill billions of barrels of oil gushing in the gulf of mexico the middle line is millions of tons of plastic debris accumulating in our ocean and the third line is radioactive material leaking from fukushima nuclear power plant in the pacific ocean -and the properties of sailing that we get are very superior compared to a normal boat when were turning we have the feeling of surfing and the way its going up wind its very efficient this is low speed low wind speed and the maneuverability is very increased and here im going to do a small jibe -and look at the position of the sail whats happening is that because the boat changes shape the position of the front sail and the main sail are different to the wind were catching wind from both sides -and this is exactly what were looking for if we want to pull something long and heavy we dont want to lose pulling power nor direction -so what we are doing is an accelerated evolution of sailing technology we went from a back rudder to a front rudder to two rudders to multiple rudders to the whole boat changing shape -so i brought to you for the first time on the ted stage protei number eight its not the last one but its a good one for making demos -and youre putting vertical youre bending and if youre moving this way forward your instinct will tell you that you might go this way but if youre moving fast enough you might create what we call lateral lift so we could get further or closer to the wind -other property is this a normal sailing boat has a centerboard here and a rudder at the back -and these two things are what creates most resistance and turbulence behind the boat but because this doesnt have either a centerboard or a rudder we hope that if we keep working on this hull design we can improve and have less resistance -the other thing is most boats when they reach a certain speed and they are going on waves they start to hit and slap on the surface of the water and a lot of the energy moving forward -is lost but if were going with the flow if we pay attention to natural patterns instead of trying to be strong but if youre going with the flow we may absorb a lot of environmental noises so the wave energy to actually save some energy to move forward -this should make us feel very terribly awful as much as it should make us feel hopeful because if we have the power to create these problems we may as well have the power to remediate these problems but what about natural forces -what we really want is that this innovation happens continuously the inventor and engineers and also the manufacturers and everybody works at the same time -but this would be sterile if this was happening in a parallel and uncrossed process what you really want is not a sequential not parallel development you want to have a network of innovation you want everybody like were doing now to work at the same time and that can only happen if these people all together decide -so what is open hardware essentially open hardware is a license its just an intellectual property setup -and i started this project alone in a garage in new orleans but quickly after i wanted to publish and share this information so i made a kickstarter which is a crowd fundraising platform and in about one month we fundraised thirty thousand dollars -with this money i hired a team of young engineers from all over the world and we rented a factory in rotterdam in the netherlands we were peer learning we were engineering we were making things -this is a proud member of protei from korea and on the right side this is a multiple masts design proposed by a team in mexico -this idea really appealed to gabriella levine in new york and so she decided to prototype this idea that she saw and she documented every step of the process -were working on also simpler technology not that complex with younger people -well thats exactly what i want to talk about today is how we can use these natural forces to remediate these man made problems when the bp oil spill happened i was working at mit and i was in charge of developing an oil spill cleaning technology -and what puts us together is that we have a common at least global understanding of what the word business is or what it should be this is how most work today business as usual is saying whats most important is to make lots of profit and youll be using technology for that and people will be your work force instrumentalized -and environment is usually the last priority it will be just a way to say greenwash your audience and say increase your price tag what were trying to do or what we believe because this is how we believe the world really works is that without the environment you have nothing -whats next for us so this small machine that youve seen were hoping to make small toys like one meter remote control protei that you can upgrade so replace the remote control parts by androids so the mobile phone and arduino micro controller so you could be controlling this from your mobile phone your tablet -then what we want to do is create six meter versions so we can test the maximum performance of these machines so we can go at very very high speed so imagine yourself you are laying down in a flexible torpedo sailing at high speed controlling the shape of the hull with your legs and controlling the sail with your arms so thats -this is what our teammates we dream of at night we hope that we can sometime clean up oil spills or we can -gather or collect plastic in the ocean or we can have swarms of our machines controlled by multi player video game engines to control many of these machines to monitor coral reefs -or to monitor fisheries our hope is that -we can use open hardware technology to better understand and protect our oceans thank you very much -and i had a chance to go in the gulf of mexico and meet some fishermen -and see the terrible conditions in which they were working more than seven hundred of these boats which are fishermen boats repurposed with oil absorbent in white and oil containment in orange were used but they only collected three percent of the oil on the surface -if i wasnt doing anything interesting i would probably forget to record the video -so the day the first time that i forgot it really hurt me because its something that i really wanted to from the moment that i turned thirty i wanted to keep this project going until forever and having missed that one second i realized it just kind of -created this thing in my head where i never forgot ever again -this has really invigorated me day to day when i wake up to try and do something interesting with my day -now one of the things that i have issues with is that -as the days and weeks and months go by time just seems to start blurring and blending into each other and you know i hated that and visualization is the way to trigger memory -you know this project for me is a way for me to bridge that gap and remember everything that ive done even just this one second allows me to remember everything else i did that one day its difficult sometimes to pick that one second on a good day ill have -maybe three or four seconds that i really want to choose but ill just have to narrow it down to one but even narrowing it down to that one allows me to remember the other three anyway -its also kind of a protest a personal protest against the culture we have now where people just are at concerts with their cell phones out recording the whole concert and theyre disturbing you theyre not even enjoying the show theyre watching the concert through their cell phone -i hate that i admittedly used to be that guy a little bit back in the day and ive decided that the best way -for me to still capture and keep a visual memory of my life and not be that person is to just record that one second that will allow me to trigger that -memory of yeah that concert was amazing i really loved that concert and it just takes a quick quick second -i was on a three month road trip this summer it was something that ive been dreaming about doing my whole life just driving around the u s and canada and just figuring out where to go the next day and it was kind of outstanding -i actually ran out i spent too much money on my road trip for the savings that i had to take my year off so i had to i went to seattle and i spent some time with friends working on a really neat project -i found myself never having time for all the projects that i wanted to work on on my own and one day i was at work and i saw a talk by stefan sagmeister on ted and it was called the power of time off and he spoke about how every seven years he takes a year off from work so he could -one of the reasons that i took my year off was to spend more time with my family and this really tragic thing happened where my sister in law her intestine suddenly strangled one day and we took her to the emergency room and she was -it helped me realize something else during this project is that -but we rarely do that when were having a bad day and something horrible is happening and i found that its actually been very very important to record even just that one second of a really bad moment it really helps you appreciate the good times -its not always a good day -i try to capture the moment as much as possible as the way that i saw it with my own eyes i started a rule of first person perspective -early on i think i had a couple of videos where you would see me in it but i realized that wasnt the way to go the way to really remember what i saw was to record it as i actually saw it -now a couple of things that i have in my head about this project are -i turned thirty one last week which is there -i think it would be interesting to see what everyone did with a project like this i think everyone would have a different interpretation of it i think everyone would benefit from just having that one second to remember every day personally im tired of -and its something thats i never want to forget another day that ive ever lived and this is my way of doing that and itd be really interesting also to see if you could just type in on a website june eighteen two thousand -do his own creative projects and i was instantly inspired and i just said i have to do that i have to take a year off i need to -basically im recording one second of every day of my life for the rest of my life chronologically compiling these one second -tiny slices of my life into one single continuous video -the purpose of this project is one i hate not remembering things that ive done in the past -because if compassion was a chore nobodys going to do it except maybe the dalai lama or something but if compassion was fun everybodys going to do it therefore to create the conditions for global compassion -all we have to do is to reframe compassion as something that is fun -but fun is not enough what if compassion is also profitable what if compassion is also good for business -then every boss every manager in the world will want to have compassion like this -what does the happiest man in the world look like he certainly doesnt look like me he looks like this -that would create the conditions for world peace so i started paying attention to what compassion looks like in a business setting -fortunately i didnt have to look very far -because what i was looking for was right in front of my eyes in google my company i know there are other compassionate companies in the world but google is the place im familiar with because ive been there for ten years so ill use google as the case study -google is a company born of idealism -its a company that thrives on idealism and maybe because of that compassion is organic and widespread company wide -and then other googlers join in and it just gets bigger and bigger and sometimes it gets big enough to become official -so in other words it almost always starts from the bottom up -and let me give you some examples -the first example is the largest annual community event where googlers from around the world donate their labor to their local communities -was initiated and organized by three employees -his name is matthieu ricard so how do you get to be the happiest man in the world -before it became official because it just became too big another example three googlers a chef -an engineer and most funny a massage therapist three of them they learned about a region in india where two hundred thousand people live without a single medical facility -so what do they do they just go ahead and start a fundraiser and they raise enough money to build this hospital the first hospital of its kind for two hundred thousand people -during the haiti earthquake -well it turns out there is a way to measure happiness in the brain -working on issues such as education poverty health care and the environment -there is so much organic social action all around google that the company decided to form a social responsibility team just to support these efforts and this idea again came from the grassroots from two googlers -who wrote their own job descriptions and volunteered themselves for the job -and i found it fascinating that the social responsibility team was not formed as part of some grand corporate strategy it was two persons saying lets do this and the company said yes -so it turns out that google is a compassionate company because googlers found compassion to be fun but again fun is not enough -and you do that by measuring the relative activation of the left prefrontal cortex in the fmri versus the right prefrontal cortex and matthieus happiness measure is off the charts hes by far the happiest man ever measured by science -and there is a motivational component which is i want to help you so what has this got to do with business leadership -according to a very comprehensive study led by jim collins and documented in the book good to great it takes a very special kind of leader to bring a company from goodness to greatness -and he calls them level five leaders these are leaders who in addition to being highly capable -and they according to the research make the best business leaders -and if you look at these qualities in the context of compassion -we find that the cognitive and affective components of compassion -understanding people and empathizing with people -inhibits tones down what i call the excessive self obsession -the motivational component of compassion creates ambition for greater good -in other words compassion is the way to grow level five leaders and this is the first compelling business benefit the second compelling benefit of compassion is that it creates an inspiring workforce -employees mutually inspire each other towards greater good -it creates a vibrant energetic community where people admire and respect each other i mean you come to work in the morning and you work with three guys who just up and decide to build a hospital in india -so having said all that what is the secret formula for brewing compassion in the corporate setting in our experience there are three ingredients -the first ingredient is to create a culture of passionate concern for the greater good -so always think -how is your company and your job serving the greater good or how can you further serve the greater good -this awareness of serving the greater good is very self inspiring and it creates fertile ground for compassion to grow in thats one the second ingredient is autonomy so in google theres a lot of autonomy -if you already have a culture of compassion -and idealism -and you let your people roam free they will do the right thing in the most compassionate way the third ingredient is to focus on inner development and personal growth -leadership training in google for example -perhaps something very naughty -empathy and compassion -the first step is attention training -attention is the basis of all higher cognitive and emotional abilities therefore -any curriculum for training emotion intelligence -has to begin with attention training the idea here is to train attention to create a quality of mind that is calm and clear at the same time -and this creates the foundation for emotion intelligence the second step follows the first step the second step is developing self knowledge and self mastery so using the supercharged attention from step one -we create a high resolution perception into the cognitive and emotive processes -and the process of emotion -with high clarity objectivity and from a third person perspective and once you can do that you create the kind of self knowledge that enables self mastery the third step following the second step -is to create new mental habits what does that mean imagine this imagine whenever you meet any other person any time you meet a person your habitual instinctive first thought is i want you to be happy -and this also creates the conditions for compassion in the workplace someday we hope to open source search inside yourself -so that everybody in the corporate world will at least be able to use it as a reference -and in closing i want to end the same place i started -with happiness -i want to quote this guy the guy in robes not the other guy the dalai lama -who said if you want others to be happy -practice compassion if you want to be happy practice compassion -and to do that by creating the conditions for inner peace -she was absolutely emphatic i was singing my own obituary i was very limited by my condition physically -limited when i sang and as air came up from my lungs through -my vocal cords and passed my lips as sound it was the closest thing i had ever come -to transcendence and just because of someones hunch i wasnt going to give it up thankfully i met -who is dry as toast but he and his team at johns hopkins didnt just want me to survive -they wanted me to live a meaningful life this meant making trade offs -i come from colorado its a mile high and i grew up there with my ten brothers and sisters and two adoring parents -may -know this but you are celebrating an anniversary with me im not -well the altitude exacerbated my symptoms so i moved to baltimore to be near my doctors and enrolled in conservatory nearby -i couldnt walk as much as i used to so i opted for five inch heels and i gave up salt i went vegan and i started taking huge doses -also known as viagra -my father and my grandfather were always looking for the newest thing in alternative or traditional therapies for ph -i had a heart catheterization where they measure this internal arterial pulmonary pressure which is supposed to be between fifteen and twenty -was one hundred and forty six i like to do things big and it meant one -there is a big gun treatment for pulmonary hypertension called flolan and its not just a -its a way of life doctors insert a catheter in your chest which is attached to a pump that weighs about four and a half pounds -one year ago today i woke up from a month long coma following a double lung transplant crazy i -every day twenty four hours that pump is at your side administering medicine directly to your heart and its not a particularly -like a peanut butter and jelly sandwich youll probably end up in the icu if you go through a metal detector youll probably die if you -a bubble in your medicine because you have to mix it every morning and it stays in there you probably die -if you run out of medicine you definitely die no one wants to go on flolan but when i -it was a godsend within a few days i could walk again -within a few weeks i was performing and in a few months i debuted at the kennedy center the -was a little bit problematic when performing so id attach it to my inner thigh with the help of the girdle and -hundreds of elevator rides were spent with me alone stuffing the pump into my spanx hoping the doors wouldnt open unexpectedly -and the tubing coming out of my chest was a nightmare for costume designers i graduated from graduate school in two thousand and six and i got a fellowship to go back to europe -a few days after arriving i met this wonderful old conductor who started casting me in all of these roles and before long i was commuting between budapest milan and florence -this ugly unwanted high maintenance mechanical pet my life was kind of like the happy part in an opera very complicated but in a good -then in february of two thousand and eight my grandfather passed away -he was a big figure in all of our lives and we loved him very much it certainly didnt prepare me for what came next seven weeks later i got -a call from my family my father had been in a catastrophic car accident and he died -at twenty four my death would have been entirely expected but his -well the only way i can articulate how it felt was that it precipitated my medical decline against my -but soon i was showing signs of right heart failure and i had to return to sea level doing so knowing that i probably would never see my home again -six years before that i was starting my career as an opera singer in europe when i was diagnosed idiopathic pulmonary hypertension also known as -i canceled most of my engagements that summer but i had one left in tel aviv so i went after one performance -i could barely drag myself from the stage to the taxicab i sat down and felt the blood rush down from my face and in the heat of the desert i was -freezing cold my fingers started turning blue and i was like what is going on here i heard my hearts valves snapping -that stuff up fast i would never leave that apartment alive i started mixing and i felt like everything was going to fall out through one hole -but i just kept on going finally with the last bottle in and the last bubble out i attached the pump to the tubing and lay -it would kick in soon enough if it didnt id probably see my father sooner than i anticipated -which is a side effect of the medication and i knew id be okay were not big on fear in my family but i was scared -went back to the states anticipating id return to europe but the heart catheterization showed that i wasnt going -anywhere farther that a flight for life from johns hopkins hospital i performed here and there but as my condition deteriorated so did my voice -months after having very challenging surgeries i knew another young man though who had ph who died while waiting for one -i wanted to live i thought stem cells were a good option but they hadnt developed to a point where i could take advantage of them yet -i officially took a break from singing and i went to the cleveland clinic to be reevaluated for the third time in five years for transplant -it happens when theres a thickening in the pulmonary veins making the right side of the heart work overtime -is a healthy patient it was like in one verbal swoop he had channeled my -on life and medicine and confucius i still didnt want a transplant but in a month -i was back in the hospital with some severely edemic kankles very attractive and it was right heart failure -i finally -it was time to take my doctors advice it was time for me to go to cleveland and to start the agonizing wait -i was still in the hospital i got a telephone call it was my doctor in cleveland marie -and they had lungs it was a match they were from texas -and causing what i call the reverse grinch effect my heart was three and a half sizes too big -and everybody was really happy for me but me because despite their problems i -there in hopes that they would meet me and say what we knew might be our final goodbye but organs dont wait and i went into surgery -before i could say goodbye -the last thing i remember was lying on a white blanket telling my surgeon that i needed to see my mother again and to please try and save my voice -fell into this apocalyptic dreamworld during the thirteen and a half hour surgery i flatlined twice -forty quarts of blood were infused into my body and in my surgeons twenty year career he said it was among the most difficult -that hes ever performed -they left my chest open for two weeks you could see my over sized heart beating inside of it i was on a dozen machines that were keeping my alive an infection ravaged my skin -i -had hoped my voice would be saved but my doctors knew that the breathing tubes going down my throat might have already destroyed it if they stayed in there was no way i would ever sing again -so my doctor got the ent the top guy at the clinic to come down and give me surgery to move the tubes around my voice box -he said it would kill me so my own surgeon performed the procedure in a last ditch attempt to save my voice though my mom couldnt say goodbye to me before the surgery she didnt leave my side -package it is her one year ago to this very day i woke up -ninety five lbs there were a dozen tubes coming in and out of my body i couldnt walk i couldnt talk i couldnt eat i couldnt move i certainly couldnt sing i couldnt even breathe -when i looked up and i saw my mother -i couldnt help -whether by a mack truck or by heart failure or faulty lungs death happens but life isnt really just about avoiding death is it its about living -i went to see this specialist and she was top of the field and told me i had to stop singing she said those high notes are going to kill you -and im so grateful they did this past summer when i was running and singing and dancing and playing with my nieces -that i couldnt sing and i wanted to tell her and i want to tell you we -to stop letting disease divorce us from our dreams when we do -we will find that patients dont just survive we thrive and some of us might even sing -have any medical evidence to back up her claim that there was a relationship between operatic arias and pulmonary hypertension -it works is it comes from the southwest it comes off the ocean here and is drawn up towards india so it comes from the southwest its a southwest monsoon picks up moisture as it crosses the ocean thats what brings the monsoon rain -and then in the winter things cool down high pressure builds over india and the whole system goes into reverse so the wind is now coming from the northeast out of india across the indian ocean this way towards africa -keep that in mind now im a marine biologist but im actually a bit of an old fashioned naturalist i suppose im interested in all sorts of things almost everything that moves including -and im actually going to talk this afternoon about dragonflies this is a very beautiful species its called the oriental scarlet and one thing you need to know about dragonflies one important thing is that they lay their eggs in fresh water they need fresh water to breed -they lay the eggs into fresh water little larvae hatch out in fresh water they feed on other little things they feed on mosquito larvae so theyre very important -is a lot of variation but if you have a dragonfly with say a one year life cycle which is quite typical the larva living in the fresh water lives for ten or eleven months -adult which comes after lives for one or two months so its essentially a freshwater animal it really does need fresh water -or wandering glider and as the name might suggest it is found pretty much around the world it lives throughout the tropics the americas africa asia australia into the pacific -and it wanders far and wide we know that much about it but it really hasnt been studied very much its a rather mediocre -it seems a bit dull you know its sort of dull colored and its fairly common and it occurs everywhere you know why bother but -on diving spent as much of my time as i could in and under the water didnt notice any dragonflies maybe they were there maybe they werent didnt notice them -but after some time after some months one day as i was going out and about suddenly i noticed hundreds of dragonflies hundreds of dragonflies something like this these are all this species globe skimmer i didnt know at the time but i know now theyre globe skimmers -i live actually sitting here today in mysore were closer to mala than we are to delhi for example -i was a bit slow i didnt really take too much notice but i asked some maldivian friends and colleagues and yes they come every year and i asked people about them and yes they knew but they didnt know anything where they came from or anything and again i didnt think too much of it -but slowly it began to dawn on me that something rather special was happening because dragonflies need fresh water to breed -its built entirely of coral reefs and on top of the coral reefs are sand banks average height about that much above sea level so global warming sea level rise its a real serious issue -under the soil the trees can put their roots into it humans can dig holes and make a well but -bit tricky there is no surface fresh water there are no ponds streams rivers lakes nothing like that so why is it that every year millions of dragonflies millions millions of -if youre in it india obviously is the place to be at the moment but if youre a marine biologist maldives is not such a bad place to be and it has been my home these -those of you who are indian or spent your childhood here let me have a show of hands who of you not yet not yet youre too keen youre too keen no hang on hang on wait for the -those of you who grew up in india do you remember in your childhood dragonflies swarms of dragonflies maybe at school maybe tying little bits of string onto them maybe pulling bits off im not asking about that -south asia including the maldives and i got a bit curious about it in the maldives now in india there is plenty of water so dragonflies yeah of course why not -still in southwest monsoon maldives is still in the southwest monsoon but wind is invariably every time is from the west its going towards india not from india so are these things how are these things getting here are they coming from india against the wind seemed a bit unlikely so -and pretty soon a picture started emerging in bangalore a colleague there sent me information for three years average twenty fourth of september so late september -time of year this is when they first arrive but how long are they around for does that give any clues so i started a very rigorous scientific process i had a rigorous scientific transect -i got on my bicycle and i cycled around the island of mala its about five kilometers around counting the dragonflies as i go trying not to bump into people as im looking in the trees -and -here for a very short time october november december thats it and then they tail off theres a few but thats it october november december that is not the northeast monsoon season thats not the southwest season thats the inter monsoon -the time when the monsoon changes now what i said was you get the southwest monsoon going one way and then it changes and you get the northeast monsoon going the other way -and that front in the middle is not vertical its at an angle so as it comes over towards mala im standing in mala underneath the front i can be in the southwest monsoon but the wind above is from the northeast -so the dragonflies are actually coming from india on the northeast monsoon but at an altitude at one thousand to two thousand meters up in the air incredible -these little insects its the same ones we see out here two inches long five centimeters long flying in their millions four hundred miles across the ocean at two thousand meters up quite incredible -so i was quite pleased with myself i thought wow ive tracked this one i know how they come here -i know how they come here but why do they come here what are millions of dragonflies doing flying out over the ocean every year -all the way across to east africa i know that because i have friends who work on fisheries research vessels who have sent to me reports from boats out in the ocean i know because we have reports from seychelles which fit in as well down here and i know -to go hunting for seasonal rain and they fly south as the monsoon withdraws to the south they come down through karnataka into kerala and then they -but they are incredibly good fliers this particular species it can fly for thousands of kilometers and it just keeps going and the wind the northeast wind swooshes it around and carries it off across the ocean to africa where -the young of this generation they hatched out in india theyre looking for somewhere to breed if it rains here theyll breed but most of them are going to carry on and next -out of a long drought just last week the rains broke the short rains broke and its raining there now -and the dragonflies are there i have reports from my various contacts the dragonflies are here now theyre breeding there when those guys theyll lay their eggs now -the sun is overhead maximum heating maximum evaporation maximum clouds maximum rainfall maximum opportunities for reproduction not only that because you have this -drawn towards it to replace the air thats rising so the little fellow that hatches out here he gets up in to the air he is automatically carried to where the rain is falling -lay their eggs next generation they come up automatically carried to where the rain is falling its now back there they come out its time to come back -so in four generations one two three four and then back a complete circuit of the indian ocean this is a circuit -now when i talk about the northeast monsoon season im sure many of you here know exactly what i mean but perhaps some of you are not quite so sure i need to explain a little bit about monsoons -about sixteen thousand kilometers sixteen thousand kilometers four generations mind you for a two inch long insect its quite incredible those of you from north america will be familiar with the monarch butterfly -which up until now has had the longest known insect migration its only half the length of this one and this crossing here of the ocean is the -only truly regular transoceanic crossing of any insect a quite incredible feat -and i only stumbled on this because i was living in mala in maldives for long enough for it to percolate into my brain that something rather special was going on -china and russia up here in the far east so siberia manchuria and thats where it breeds and if youre a falcon its quite a nice place to be in the summer but its a pretty miserable place to be in the winter its well you can imagine so -as any sensible bird would do he moves south they move south the whole population moves south but then the being sensible stopped so now they dont stop here or even down here no they turn across here they have a little -and down here and they winter down here incredible this is the most extraordinary migration of any bird of prey a quite incredible migration -and these birds what ive done is ive complied all the records all the available records of these birds put them together and found out they migrate at exactly the same time as the dragonflies -got back to base and they pulled the remains of one of these out flying at night over the indian ocean two thousand four hundred and twenty four meters same height as the dragonflies go so they are using the same winds -and the other thing the other important factor for all these birds all medium sized fellows and this includes the next slide as well which is a bee eater bee eaters eat bees this one has a nice blue cheek its -blue cheeked bee eater and every one of these birds that makes the crossing from india to east africa eats insects large insects the size of dragonflies thank you -and in the summer india heats up gets very hot hot air rises and air is drawn in off the sea to replace it and -right itself and then slowly slow itself -the spacecraft so that it can land itself safely -immensely exciting and challenging -so now let me talk about the next things that we are doing so we are in the process as we speak of actually designing the next rover that we are going to be sending to mars so i thought i would go a little bit and tell you kind of the steps we go through its very similar to what -you do when you design your product as you saw a little bit earlier when we were doing the phoenix one we have to take into account the heat that we are going to be facing so we have to study all kinds of different materials the shape that we want to do -in general we dont try to please the customer here what we want to do is to make sure we have an effective you know an efficient kind of machine first we start by we want to have our employees to be as imaginative -about things we have a bunch of legos so as i said this is a playground for adults where they sit down and try to play with different shapes and different -then we get a little bit more serious so we have what we call our cad camiss and all the engineers who are involved or scientists who are involved who know about thermal properties know about design -know about atmospheric interaction parachutes all of these things which they work in a team effort and actually design a spacecraft in a computer to some extent so to see does that meet the requirement -we need on the right also we have to take into account the environment of the planet where we are going if you are going to jupiter you have a very high radiation you know environment its about the same radiation environment close by jupiter as inside a nuclear reactor -in our early days we used to work a lot on rockets but we also used to have a lot of parties you know as you can see one of our parties you know a few years ago but then a big difference happened about fifty years ago -so just imagine you take your pc and throw it into a nuclear reactor and it still has to work so these are kind of some of the little challenges -you know that we have to face if we are doing entry we have to do tests of parachutes you saw in the video a parachute breaking that would be a bad day -you know if that happened so we have to test because we are deploying this parachute at supersonic speeds we are coming at extremely high speeds and we are deploying them to slow us down so we have to do all kinds of tests to give you an idea of the -you know of that parachute relative to the people standing there next step we go and actually build some kind of test models and actually test them you know -in the lab at jpl in what we call our mars yard we kick them we hit them we drop them just to make sure we understand how where would they break and then we back off you know from that point -and then we actually do the actual building and the flight and this next rover that were flying is about the size of a car that big -that you see outside thats a heat shield which is going to protect it and that will be basically built over the next year and it will be launched june a year from now now in that case because it was a very big -rover we couldnt use airbags and i know many of you kind of last time afterwards said well that was a cool thing to have those airbags unfortunately this rover is like ten times the size of -you know mass wise of the other rover or three times the mass so we cant use airbags so we have to come up with another ingenious idea of how do we -and we didnt want to take it propulsively all the way to the surface because we didnt want to contaminate the surface we wanted the rover to immediately land on its legs -so we came up with this ingenious idea which is used here on earth for helicopters actually the lander will come down to about one hundred feet and hover -above that surface for one hundred feet and then we have a sky crane which will take that rover and land it down on the surface hopefully it all will work you know it will work that way and that rover will be more kind of like a -sputnik was launched we launched the first american satellite and thats the one you see on the left in there and here we made one hundred and eighty degrees change -what we are going to be doing with that rover as it drives around its going to go and analyze the chemical composition of rocks so it will have an arm which will take samples -put them in an oven crush and analyze them but also if there is something that we cannot reach because it is too high on a cliff we have a little laser -stuff and also to help you to help the community so you can do ads on that rover we are going to train that rover to actually in addition to do this -to actually serve cocktails you know also on mars so thats kind of giving you an idea of the kind of you know fun things we are doing on mars i thought id go to the -lord of the rings now and show you some of the things we have there now the lord of the rings has two things played through it one its a very attractive -planet it just has the beauty of the rings and so on but for scientists also the rings have a special meaning because we believe they represent on a small scale how the solar system actually -some of the scientists believe that the way the solar system formed that the sun when it collapsed and actually created the -a lot of the dust around it created rings and then the particles in those rings accumulated together and they formed bigger rocks and then thats how the planets you know -we changed from a rocket house to be an exploration house and that was done over a period of a couple of years and now we are the leading organization you know exploring space on all of your behalf -so the idea is by watching saturn were actually watching our solar system in real time being formed on a smaller scale so its like -it so let me show you a little bit on what that saturnian system looks like first im going to fly you -over the rings by the way all of this is real stuff this is not animation or anything like this this is actually taken from the satellite that we have in orbit around saturn the cassini -and you see the amount of detail that is in those rings which are the particles some of them are accumulating together to form larger particles so thats why you have these gaps is because a small satellite -you know is being formed in that location now you think that those rings are very large objects yes they are very large in one dimension in the other dimension they are paper thin -very very thin what you are seeing here is the shadow of the ring on saturn itself and thats one of the satellites which was actually formed on that one so think about it as a paper thin huge area of many hundreds of thousands of miles -which is rotating and we have a wide variety of kind of satellites which will form each one looking very different and very odd and that keeps scientists busy for -tens of years trying to explain this and telling nasa we need more money so we can explain what these things look like or why they formed that way -there were two satellites which were particularly interesting one of them is called enceladus its a satellite which was all made of ice -and we measured it from orbit made of ice but there was something bizarre about it if you look at these stripes in here what we call tiger stripes when we flew over them all of a sudden we saw an increase in the temperature -coming out so this is a yellowstone you know of saturn we are seeing geysers of ice which are coming out of that planet which indicate that most likely there is an ocean -but even when we did that we had to remind ourselves sometimes there are setbacks so you see on the bottom that rocket was supposed to go upward somehow it ended going sideways -you know below the surface and somehow through some dynamic effect were having these geysers which are being -you know emitted from it and the reason i showed the little arrow there i think that should say thirty miles we decided a few months ago to actually fly the spacecraft through the plume of that geyser so we can actually measure -that there is a fair amount of organic material which is being emitted in combination with the ice and over the next few years as we keep orbiting you know saturn we are planning to get closer and closer down to the surface and make more accurate -now another satellite also attracted a lot of attention and thats titan and the reason titan is particularly interesting its a satellite bigger than our moon and it has an atmosphere -and that atmosphere is very as dense as our own atmosphere so if you were on titan you would feel the same pressure that you feel in here except its a lot colder and that atmosphere is heavily made of methane -material so people believe now that titan is most likely what we call a prebiotic planet because its so cold -three billion years ago before life actually started on it so thats getting a lot of interest and to show you some example of what we did in there we actually dropped a probe -so thats what we call the misguided missile but then also just to celebrate that we started an event at jpl for miss guided missile so we used to have a celebration every year and select -down just looked like the coast of california for me you see the rivers which are coming along the coast and you see that white area which looks like catalina island and that looks like an ocean -and then with an instrument we have on board a radar instrument we found there are lakes like the great lakes in here so it looks very much like earth it looks like there are rivers on it -i thought id start with telling you or showing you the people who started -oceans or lakes we know there are clouds we think its raining also on it so its very much like the cycle on earth except because its so cold it could not be water -but is all made of ethane and methane and organic material so if you were on mars sorry on titan you dont have to worry about four dollar gasoline you just drive to the nearest lake -stick your hose in it and youve got your car filled up on the other hand if you light a match the whole planet will blow up -so in closing i said i want to close by a couple of pictures and just to kind of put us in perspective this is a picture of saturn taken with a spacecraft -from behind saturn looking towards the sun the sun is behind saturn so we see what we call forward scattering so it highlights all the rings -and im going to zoom there is a im not sure you can see it very well but on the top left around ten oclock there is a little teeny dot -and thats earth you barely can see ourselves so what i did i thought id zoom on it so as you zoom in you know you can see earth you know just in the middle here so we zoomed all the way on the art center -to be competition and parades and so on its not very appropriate to do it now some people tell me to do it i think well thats not really proper you know these days so we do something a little bit more serious and thats what you see in the last -so thank you very much -rose bowl you know when we entered one of the floats thats more on the play side and on the right side thats the rover just before we finished its testing -to take it to the cape to launch it these are the rovers up here that you have on mars now so that kind of tells you about kind of the fun things -you know and the serious things that we try to do but i said im going to show you a short clip of one of our employees to kind of give you an idea about some of the -they were a bunch of kids they were kind of very imaginative very adventurous as they were trying at caltech to mix chemicals and see which one blows up more well i dont recommend that you try to do that now -being able to treat sound as an instrument and be able to dig for more abstract sounds and things to play live mixing electronics and -the -now moving from the play stuff to the serious stuff always people ask why do we explore why are we doing all of these missions and why are we exploring them -well the way i think about it is fairly simple somehow thirteen billion years ago there was a big bang and youve heard a little bit about you know the origin of the universe but somehow -what strikes everybodys imagination or lots of peoples imagination somehow from that original big bang we have this beautiful world that we live in today -how did that evolve how did the universe form how did the galaxies form how did the planets form why is there a planet on which there is life which have evolved is that very common -up a shack and caltech well then hey you go to the arroyo and really do all your tests in there so thats what we call our first -life on every planet that you can see around the stars so we literally are all made out of stardust we started from those stars we are made of stardust so -but literally we are all made of stardust so what we are trying to do in our exploration is effectively write the book of how things have came about as they are today -and one of the first or the easiest places we can go and explore that is to go towards mars and the reason mars takes particular attention its not very far from us -it has an atmosphere somewhat thinner than ours so it has weather so its very similar to some extent and you can see some of the features on it like the grand canyon on mars or what we call the grand canyon on mars -is like the grand canyon on earth except a hell of a lot larger so its about the size you know of the united states it has volcanoes on it -and thats mount olympus on mars which is a kind of huge volcanic shield -on that planet and if you look at the height of it and you compare it to mount everest you see itll give you an idea of how large that mount olympus you know is relative to mount everest -so it basically dwarfs you know mount everest here on earth so that gives you an idea of the tectonic events or volcanic events which have happened on that planet -from one of our satellites this shows that its earth like we caught a landslide occurring as it was happening so it is a dynamic planet -and activity is going on as we speak today and these rovers people wonder now what are they doing today so i thought i would show you a little bit -and you can see whats below the surface so this is called victoria crater which is about a few football fields in size and if you look at the top left you see a little teeny dark dot this picture was taken from an orbiting satellite -if i zoom on it you can see thats the rover on the surface so that was taken from orbit we had the camera zoom on the surface and we actually saw the rover on the surface and we actually used the combination -of the satellite images and the rover to actually conduct science because we can observe large areas and then you can get those rovers to move around -was kind of part of a cult which was not too far from here on orange grove and unfortunately he blew up himself because he kept mixing chemicals and trying to figure out which ones were the best -and basically go to a certain location so specifically what we are doing now is that rover is going down in that crater as i told you geologists love craters -and the reason is many of you went to the grand canyon and you see in the wall of the grand canyon you see these layers and what these layers thats what the surface used to be -million years ago -ten million years ago a hundred million years ago and you get deposits on top of them so if you can read the layers its like reading your book and you can learn the history of what happened in the past -in that location so what you are seeing here are the layers on the wall of that crater and the rover is going down now measuring you know the -a slope like this if you were there you wouldnt do it yourself but we really made sure we tested those rovers before we got them down or that rover and made sure that its all working well -now when i came last time shortly after the landing i think it was like a hundred days after the landing i told you i was surprised that those rovers are lasting even a hundred days -are four years later and theyre still working now you say charles you are really lying to us and so on but thats not true we really believed they were going to last ninety days or one hundred days because they are solar -and mars is a dusty planet so we expected the dust would start accumulating on the surface and after a while we wouldnt have enough power you know to keep them warm well i always say its important that you are smart but every once in a while its good to be lucky -and thats what we found out it turned out that every once in a while there are dust devils which come by on mars as you are seeing here and when the dust devil comes over the rover it just cleans it -like a brand new car that you have and thats literally why they have lasted so long and now we designed them reasonably well -but thats exactly why they are lasting that long and still providing all the science data now the two rovers each one of them is kind of getting old you know one of them one of the wheels is stuck is not working one of the front wheels so what we are doing we are driving it backwards -and the other one has arthritis of the shoulder joint you know its not working very well so its walking like this and we can move the arm you know that way but still they are producing a lot of scientific data -now during that whole period a number of people got excited you know outside the science community about these rovers so i thought id show you a video just to give you a reflection -how these rovers are being viewed by people other than the science community so let me go on the next short video -dutch will find -what is -so anyway let me continue on showing you a little bit about the beauty of that planet as i said earlier it looked very much like earth so you see sand dunes -it looks like i could have told you these are pictures taken from the sahara desert or somewhere and youd have believed me but these are pictures taken from mars -but one area which is particularly intriguing for us is the northern region you know of mars close to the north pole because we see ice caps and we see the ice caps shrinking and expanding -i tried to come like him this morning but as i walked out then it was too cold and i said id better put my shirt back on but more importantly the reason i wanted to show this picture look where the other people are looking and look where he is looking -so its very much like you have in northern canada and we wanted to find out and we see all kinds of glacial features on it so we wanted to find out actually what is that ice made of and could that have embedded in it some organic you know material -so we have a spacecraft which is heading towards mars called phoenix and that spacecraft will land seventeen days seven hours -and twenty seconds from now so you can adjust your watch so its on may twenty five around just before five oclock our time here on the west coast -and take samples that -and actually heat them and look what gases will come from it so this was launched about nine months ago -coming in at twelve thousand miles per hour and in seven minutes we have to stop and touch the surface very softly so we dont break -mars scout mission its the first mission thats going to try to land near the north pole of mars and its the first mission thats actually going to try and reach out and touch water on the surface of -there tends to be water at least on earth there tends to be life and so its potentially a place where life could have existed on the planet -wherever anybody else looks look somewhere else and go do something different you know and doing that and thats kind of what has been the spirit -take a spacecraft that is traveling at twelve thousand five hundred miles -and bring it to a screeching -in a soft way in a very short -we enter the martian atmosphere were seventy miles above the surface -and our lander is safely tucked inside what we call an -the front of it is this heat shield this saucer looking thing that has about a half inch of essentially whats cork on the front of it which is our heat shield now this is really special cork and this cork is whats going to protect us from the violent atmospheric entry that were about -through the atmosphere to our advantage to -from this point were going to decelerate from twelve thousand -is this window of opportunity within which we can -a relatively slow two hundred and fifty miles -we no longer need the heat shield to protect us from the force of atmospheric entry so we jettison -the heat shield has -how far phoenix really is from -but that last one percent as it always seems to be is the tricky part eb now -spacecraft actually has to decide when its going to get rid of its parachute bc we -its a very scary -this is the moon people could live there one day ill meet you at frigoris no i dont think so -i didnt just draw this in a day by the way you know try making some charts like this at home you gotta be accurate theres measurement involved increments these are maps by the way not stamps but one day -punch golden ratio its crazy and look at this built within it is the golden ratio i start looking at that and look at them again they start looking like planets i go to -was right -days in a year -there we see mars again with various names and this is all done by the way by the international astronomical union this is an actual group of people that sit around naming planetary objects -this is from their actual book these are some of the names that they have chosen ladies and gentlemen ill go through a little of them bolotnitsa that of course is the slavic swamp mermaid -the whole concept of a mermaid doesnt really blend into the swamp feel -look -fluctus if that dont flow off the tongue what -mean kids are studying this stuff and theyve got the word fluctus up there thats wrong -i am going to be talking about secrets obviously the best way to divulge a secret is to tell someone to not say anything about it -thats a little more flowing hikuleo sounds like a kind of a leonardo dicaprio -really im so busy with the stars would you mind taking the insects thank you darling oh take the spiders too i know theyre not insects but i dont care monkeys chimps just get rid of -now were going to be going to mars one day and when we do its going to be unfair for the people that are living there to have to live with these ridiculous names so youll be on mars and your at hellespointica depressio which has got to be a really up place -yeah im at the depressio and i want to get over to amazonis so i plug it into the mars map and click the button and theres my directions -cool name i will say that so i hold back a little of my venom for these astronomical misnomers and then of course arnon to -and of course there will be advertisements this is from their rule book the international astronomical union and you know their international because they put it -international for those of you who dont speak french i thought id translate for you from the rulebook nomenclature is a tool the first consideration -make it clear simple and unambiguous and i think that djabran fluctus that fits that -simple the goddess of goats very simple djabran fluctus now frank is this clear to you djabran fluctus yeah -also from the actual document i highlighted a part i thought may be of interest anyone can suggest changing a name -so i look to you fellow member of the earth community weve got to change this stuff up fast so these are actual names of people that work there -and when you use these things you dont have to go like that -i did some more investigation these are more people working for this group and as you can see they dont use their first names -these are people naming planets and they wont use their first names something is askew here -is it because his name is really jupiter -that mars -i dont know but its investigative material no doubt there are some mapping people who do use their names witness please eugene shoemaker -make maps thats wonderful eugene you could make maps of toronto no i want to make maps of planets -seems a little silly to me there are no jovians getting back to my premise i used stamps by the way because you dont have to pay anybody for the rights -by the way thats a natural picture of saturn no adjustments i mean thats just beautiful so beautiful that i will even give up a laugh to explain my love of this particular planet and the day saturday named after it wonderfully -yes -so formulas relate number to form thats euler his formula was one of the inspirations that lead to the beginning of string theory which is kind of cool not that funny but it is cool -he was also famous for having no body -which is one of the five sacred solids very important shapes you see the icosahedron again -im sure just change -the dodecahedron its dual there is a dodecahedron which i had to do in my room last night the five sacred solids as you can see there which is not to be confused with the five sacred salads -blue cheese ranch oil and vinegar thousand islands and house i suggest the house -the reality now here is something important whats important about this is these shapes are duals of each other and you can see how the icosahedron withdraws into the dodecahedron -and then they just merge into each other so the whole concept of branes in the universe if the universe is shaped like a dodecahedron -this is is a very good map of what could possibly be and that is of course what we are here to talk about what a coincidence october -in france jean pierre luminet said that the universe is probably shaped like a dodecahedron based on information that they got from this probe -this would be a normal wave pattern but what theyre seeing way out there in the far reaches of the microwave background is this kind of odd undulation it doesnt -bill gates -what they suspected a flat universe would be so you can kind of get and idea from this extrapolating -the universe is either a dodecahedron or a cheeseburger and for me -really hurry up -i just threw this in because as important as all of our intellectual abilities are without heart and without love its just its all meaningless and that to me is really beautiful -back to the point of my particular presentation kepler one of my great -who realized that these five solids which i spoke of earlier were related somehow to the planets but he couldnt prove it it freaked him out but it did lead to -i am not suggesting at all that my vietnamese brothers and sisters could maybe use a little art class here and there but -thats not my slides but its okay -not a good picture now my friends in the island of nevis are a little better look at that -what a handsome cat once again nicaragua let me down -and copurnicus looks like johnny carson which is really -that at all once again these guys rock it out isaac is kickin ass man he looks like a rock star this is freaky is a major way this is sierra leone they got little babies in there floating in -i dont really need to comment on this but i didnt know that isaac newton was in the moody blues -as you can see these are all maps and maps are important devices for transferring information especially if you have human cognitive ability -its a different kind of course and theyve got five apples i mean these guys are extrapolating in realms that are not necessarily valid although five is a good number of course ecuador my friend kepler -as you can see -this is of course the cartesian coordinates once again thats sierra leone this is again indicating how -numbers relate to space relate to form maps of the universe because thats why were here really i think -now monaco took descartes and just flipped him around now monaco is problematic for me and ill show you why here is a map all they have is a casino on -and why franklin delano roosevelt is on their map i dont even want to hazard a guess but id say hed been to hellespointica depressio recently -this is the flag of monaco ladies and gentlemen the flag of indonesia please examine -not sure how this came to be but its not right in monaco no what are you talking about they are so different look ours is more red its longer -was a guy named titus and the reason i just bring this up because it is a law that doesnt really work thats jude law and some of his films -we can see that all formulas are really maps now as humans we make maps of places that we seldom even go which seems a little wasteful of time this of course is a map of the moon -prime numbers gauss one of my favorites golden section ive been obsessed with this thing since before i was born -that scares a lot of you but that was my purpose entirely there we can see fibonacci numbers related to the golden section because fibonacci and golden section relate to the unfolding of the measured meter of mater as i refer to it if fibonacci had been on paxil -that -alright where is this going thats a good question here is the premise that i began twenty seven years ago if numbers can express -the laws of this incredible universe that we live i reason through some sort of reverse engineering we could extrapolate from them -some basic structural element of this universe and thats what i did twenty seven years ago i started working on this and i tried to build a particle accelerator -and that didnt work out well so then i thought a calculator is a metaphor i can just divide numbers thats like atom smashing thats what i did thats how i found moleeds moleeds are what i believe the thing that will allow string -to be proved they are the nodes on the string patterns and relationships twenty seven thirty seven that was the first chart i came up with -you can see even if you dont go for the numbers the beauty of the symmetry the numbers from one to thirty six divided into six groups symmetry pairs every top -adds up to thirty seven bottom all seventy four there is so many intricate relationships that im not going to go there now because you would say hey go back to the fluctus -circle of fifths acoustic harmony geometric symmetry i knew those two were related once again the cartesian kind of -some very delightful names tranquilacalitis my favorite is frigoris what are these people thinking frigoris what the frigoris you doing names are -so i said if im going to put a circle see what kind of patterns i get boom the red system look at that you cant just make this stuff -youll see over here these are multiples of the number twenty seven and they recapitulate that shape even though thats a circle of nine and thats a circle of thirty six -make that stuff -of a tree ladies and gentlemen -here at ted why because this is the place if aliens land i hope they come here -last year i have found these subsequent systems which allow for the mathematic possibilities of the calabi yau manifolds in a way that doesnt necesitate these little -hidden dimensions which works mathematically but it just doesnt seem god like to me it just seems like its not sexy and elegant its hidden i dont want hidden -is like crazy am i the only one that sees this -gentlemen the scottish ensemble -in order for all this to work obviously i have got to be in a position of trust i have to trust the orchestra and even more crucially i have to trust myself think about it when youre in a position of not trusting -and i remember at the beginning of my career again and again on these dismal outings with orchestras i would be going completely insane on the podium trying to engender a small scale crescendo really just a little upsurge in volume -bugger me they wouldnt give it to me -i spent a lot of time in those early years weeping silently in dressing rooms and how futile seemed the words of advice to me from great british veteran conductor sir colin davis who said conducting charles is like holding a small bird -now a fundamental and really viscerally important experience for me in terms of music has been my adventures in south africa the most dizzyingly musical country on the planet in my view but a country which through its musical culture has taught me one fundamental lesson -back in two thousand i had the opportunity to go to south africa to form a new opera company so i went out there and i auditioned mainly in rural township locations right around the country i heard about two thousand singers -and pulled together a company of forty of the most jaw droppingly amazing young performers the majority of whom were black but there were a handful of white performers now it emerged early on in the first rehearsal period that one of those white performers had in his previous incarnation been a member of the south african police force -and in the last years of the old regime he would routinely be detailed to go into the township to aggress the community -through which we can spin a musical narrative that we all believe in -we sang we sang -we sang -and amazingly new trust grew and indeed friendship blossomed and that showed me such a fundamental truth that music making and other forms of creativity can so often go to places where mere words cannot -so we got some shows off the ground we started touring them internationally one of them was carmen we then thought wed make a movie of carmen which we recorded and shot outside on location in the township outside cape town called khayelitsha the piece was sung entirely in xhosa which is a beautifully musical language if you dont know it -its called u carmen e khayelitsha literally carmen of khayelitsha i want to play you a tiny clip of it now -for no other reason than to give you proof positive that there is nothing tiny about south african music making -now in the old days conducting music making was less about trust and more frankly about coercion up to and around about the second world war conductors were invariably dictators these tyrannical figures who would rehearse not just the orchestra as a whole but individuals within it within an inch of their lives -you can teach a bunch of south africans a tune in about five seconds flat and then as if by magic they will spontaneously improvise a load of harmony around that tune because they can now those of us that live in the west if i can use that term i think have a much more hidebound attitude or sense of music -and yet ladies and gentlemen every single one of us on this planet probably engages with music on a daily basis and if i can broaden this out for a second im willing to bet that every single one of you sitting in this room would be happy to speak with acuity with total confidence about movies probably about literature -but how many of you would be able to make a confident assertion about a piece of classical music why is this -and what im going to say to you now is im just urging you to get over this supreme lack of self confidence to take the plunge to believe that you can trust your ears you can hear some of the fundamental muscle tissue fiber dna what makes a great piece of music great -i as the conductor have to come to the rehearsal with a cast iron sense of the outer architecture of that music within which there is then immense personal freedom for the members of the orchestra to shine -the youngest of my children was born with cerebral palsy which as you can imagine if you dont have an experience of it yourself is quite a big thing to take on board but the gift that my gorgeous daughter has given me aside from her very existence -is that its opened my eyes to a whole stretch of the community that was hitherto hidden the community of disabled people and i found myself looking at the paralympics and thinking how incredible how technologys been harnessed to prove beyond doubt that disability is no barrier to the highest levels of sporting achievement -you cant tell me that there arent millions of disabled people in the u k alone with massive musical potential -astonishingly gifted disabled musicians normally when you improvise and i do it all the time around the world -for myself of course i have to completely trust my body language thats all i have at the point of sale its silent gesture -theres this initial period of horror like everyones too frightened to throw the hat into the ring an awful pregnant silence -i would rather be able to play an instrument -i can hardly bark out instructions while were playing -i only wish that some of those musicians were here with us today so you could see at firsthand how utterly extraordinary they are paraorchestra is the name of that project if any of you thinks you want to help me in any way to achieve what is a fairly impossible and implausible dream still at this point please let me know now my parting shot comes courtesy of the great joseph haydn -wonderful austrian composer in the second half of the eighteenth century spent the bulk of his life in the employ of prince nikolaus esterhazy along with his orchestra now this prince loved his music -long way away in those days you can imagine the musicians were disconsolate -haydn remonstrated with the prince but to no avail so given the prince loved his music haydn thought hed write a symphony to make the point and were going to play just the very tail end of this symphony now and youll see the orchestra in a kind of sullen revolt -where there is no trust the music quite simply withers away -go into one of his games you create a character that you develop in the course of the game if for some reason your credit card bounces or theres some other problem you lose your character youve got two options -and sort of mixed and matched various ingredients and for the first i dont know three to five years of their life mountain bikes were known as clunkers and they were just made in a community of bikers mainly in northern california -one option you can create a new character right from scratch but with none of the history of your player that costs about one hundred dollars -or you can get on a plane fly to shanghai queue up outside shandas offices cost probably six hundred seven hundred dollars and reclaim your character get your history back -every morning there are six hundred people queuing outside their offices to reclaim these characters so this is about companies built on communities that provide communities with tools resources platforms in which they can share -hes not open source but its very very powerful so here is one of the challenges i think for people like me -do a lot of work with government if youre a games company and youve got a million players in your game -you only need one percent of them to be co developers contributing ideas and youve got a development workforce of ten thousand people -to the resources available to the education system or if you got one percent of the patients in the nhs to in some sense be co -of health the the reason why despite all the efforts to cut it down to constrain it to hold it back why these open models will still start emerging with tremendous force -is that they multiply our productive resources and one of the reasons they do that is that they turn users into producers consumers into designers thank you very much -and then one of these companies that was importing parts for the clunkers decided to set up in business start selling them to other people and gradually another company emerged out of that marin -and it probably was i dont know ten maybe even fifteen years before the big bike companies realized there was a market thirty years later -mountain bike sales and mountain bike equipment account for sixty five percent of bike sales in america thats fifty eight billion dollars -this is a category entirely created by consumers that would not have been created by the mainstream bike market because they couldnt see the need the opportunity they didnt have the incentive to innovate -the one thing i think i disagree with about yochais presentation is when he said the internet causes this distributive capacity for innovation to come alive -in the spirit of collaborative creativity is simply repeat many of the points that the three people before me have already made but do them this is called creative collaboration its actually called borrowing -its when the internet combines with these kinds of passionate pro am consumers who are knowledgeable theyve got the incentive to innovate theyve got the tools they want to that you get this kind of explosion of creative -collaboration and out of that you get the need for the kind of things that jimmy was talking about which is our new kinds of organization or a better way to put it how do we organize ourselves without organizations thats now possible -you dont need an organization to be organized to achieve large and complex tasks like innovating new software programs so this is a huge challenge to the way we think creativity comes about -the traditional view still enshrined in much of the way that we think about creativity in organizations in government is that creativity is about special people -wear baseball caps the wrong way round come to conferences like this in special places elite universities r d labs in the forests water -maybe special rooms in companies painted funny colors you know bean bags maybe the odd table football table -they can say yes or no to the invention thats the idea of creativity whats the policy recommendation out of that if youre in government or youre running a large company -more special people more special places build creative clusters in cities create more r d parks so on and so forth expand the pipeline down to the consumers -well this view i think is increasingly wrong i think its always been wrong because i think always creativity has been highly collaborative and its probably been largely interactive -and theyre often ahead of the producers why is that well one issue is that radical innovation when youve got ideas that affect a large number of technologies or people -have a great deal of uncertainty attached to them the payoffs to innovation are greatest where the uncertainty is highest -and when you get a radical innovation its often very uncertain how it can be applied the whole history of telephony is a story of dealing with that uncertainty -but do it through a particular perspective and that is to ask about the role of users and consumers in this emerging world of -the very first land line telephones the inventors thought that they would be used for people to listen in to live performances from west end theaters -when the mobile telephone companies invented sms they had no idea what it was for it was only when that technology got into the hands of teenage users that they invented the use -so the more radical the innovation the more the uncertainty the more you need innovation in use to work out what a technology is for all of our patents our -entire approach to patents and invention is based on the idea that the inventor knows what the invention is for we can say what its -more and more the inventors of things will not be able to say that in advance it will be worked out in use in collaboration -we like to think that invention is a sort of moment of creation there is a moment of birth when someone comes up with an idea -the truth is that most creativity is cumulative and collaborative like wikipedia it develops over a long period of time -the second reason why users are more and more important is that they are the source of big disruptive innovations if you want to find -the big new ideas its often difficult to find them in mainstream markets in big organizations and just look inside large organizations and youll see why that -so youre in a big corporation youre obviously keen to go up the corporate ladder do you go into your board and say look ive got a fantastic idea -for an embryonic product in a marginal market with consumers weve never dealt with before and im not sure its going to have a big payoff but it could be really really big in the future -what you do is you go in and you say ive got a fantastic idea for an incremental innovation to an existing product we sell through existing channels to existing users and i can guarantee you get this much return out of it over the next three years -big corporations have an in built tendency to reinforce past success theyve got so much sunk in it that its very difficult for them to spot -who in the music industry thirty years ago would have said yes lets invent a musical form which is all about -dispossessed black men in ghettos expressing their frustration with the world through a form of music that many people find initially quite difficult to listen to that sounds like a winner well go with it -so what happens rap music is created by the users they do it on their own tapes with their own recording equipment they distribute it themselves thirty years later rap music is the dominant musical form of popular culture -would never have come from the big companies had to start this is the third point with these pro ams this is the phrase that ive used -some stuff which ive done with a think tank in london called demos where weve been looking at these people who are amateurs i e they do it for the love of it -but they want to do it to very high standards and across a whole range of fields from software astronomy -natural sciences vast areas of leisure and culture like kite surfing so on and so forth you find people -who want to do things because they love it but they want to do these things to very high standards they work at their leisure if you like they take their leisure very seriously -they acquire skills they invest time they use technology thats getting cheaper its not just the internet cameras design technology leisure technology surfboards so -more able to do things together consumption in that sense is an expression of their productive potential -why we found people were interested in this is that at work they dont feel very expressed they dont feel as if theyre doing something that really matters to them -so they pick up these kinds of activities this has huge organizational implications for very large areas of life take astronomy as an example which yochai has already mentioned -twenty years ago thirty years ago only big professional astronomers with very big telescopes could see far into space -and theres a big telescope in northern england called jodrell bank and when i was a kid it was amazing because the moon shots would take off and this thing would move on rails and it was huge it was absolutely enormous now six -working with the internet with dobsonian digital telescopes which are pretty much open source with some -light sensors developed over the last ten years the internet they can do what jodrell bank could only do thirty years ago -so here in astronomy you have this vast explosion of new productive resources the -camps over here youve got the old traditional corporate model special people special places patent it push it down the pipeline to largely waiting passive -consumers over here lets imagine weve got wikipedia linux and beyond open source this is open this is closed -this is new this is traditional well the first thing you can say i think with certainty is what yochai has said already is there is a great big struggle between those two organizational forms -these people over there will do everything they can to stop these kinds of organizations succeeding because theyre threatened by them -and so the debates about copyright digital rights so on and so forth these are all about trying to stifle -in my view these kinds of organizations what were seeing is a complete corruption of the idea of patents and copyright meant to be a way to incentivize -meant to be a way to orchestrate the dissemination of knowledge they are increasingly being used by large companies to create thickets of patents to prevent innovation taking place -the mountain bike came from users came from young users particularly a group in northern california -that is much much better than microsoft outlook which venture capitalist in their right mind is going to give you any money to set up a venture competing with microsoft -so there is a huge competitive argument about sustaining the capacity for open source and consumer driven innovation because its one of the greatest competitive levers against monopoly -be huge professional arguments as well because the professionals over here in these closed organizations they might be academics they might be -they might be doctors they might be journalists my former profession say no no you cant trust these people over here -when i started in journalism financial times twenty years ago -it was very very exciting to see someone reading the newspaper and youd kind of look over their shoulder on the tube to see if they were reading your reading your article -who were frustrated with traditional racing bikes which were those sort of bikes that eddy merckx rode or your big brother and theyre very glamorous -and we allowed users readers two places where they could contribute to the paper the letters page where they could write a letter in -and we would condescend to them cut it in half and print it three days later or the op ed page where if they knew the editor had been to school with him slept with his wife they could write an article for the op ed page -those were the two places shock horror now the readers want to be writers and publishers thats not their role theyre supposed to read what we -but they dont want to be journalists the journalists think that the the bloggers want to be journalists they dont want to be journalists they just want to have a voice they want to as jimmy said they want to have a dialogue a conversation they want to be part -of that flow of information whats happening there is that the whole domain of creativity is expanding so theres going to be a tremendous struggle -and these i think are two challenges for the open movement the first is can we really survive on volunteers -if this is so critical do we not need it funded organized supported in much more structured ways i think the idea of creating the red cross for information and knowledge is a fantastic idea -but also frustrated with the bikes that your dad rode which sort of had big handlebars like that and they were too heavy so they got the frames from these big bikes put them together with the gears from the racing bikes got the brakes from motorcycles -but can we really organize that just on volunteers what kind of changes do we need in public policy and funding -to make that possible whats the role of the bbc for instance in that world what should be the role of public policy and finally what i think you will see -new organizational models coming about mixing closed and open in tricky ways it -in an office block built on what was a rice paddy five years ago one of the two thousand five hundred skyscrapers -built in shanghai in the last ten years and i was having dinner with this guy called timothy chen timothy chen set up an internet business in -two thousand didnt go into the internet kept his money decided to go into computer games he runs a company -called shanda which is the largest computer games company in china nine thousand servers all over china -has two hundred and fifty million subscribers at any one time there are four million people playing one of his games how many people does he employ to service that population -five hundred people well how can he service two and a half two hundred and fifty million people from five hundred employees because basically he doesnt service them -he gives them a platform he gives them some rules he gives them the tools and then he kind of orchestrates the conversation he orchestrates the action -the finns may be a bit boring and depressive and theres a very high suicide rate but by golly they are qualified and they have absolutely amazing education -the most famous of these is reggio emilia in italy the family based learning system to support and encourage people in schools the most exciting is the harlem childrens -which over ten years led by geoffrey canada has through a mixture of schooling and family and community projects attempted to transform not just education in schools but the entire culture and -about ten thousand families in harlem we need more of that completely new and radical thinking you can go to places an hour away less -from this room just down the road which need that -which need radicalism of a kind that we havent imagined and finally you need transformational innovation that could imagine getting learning to people in completely new and different -so we are on the verge two thousand and fifteen of an amazing achievement the schoolification of the world every child -unlike cars which -and so we all troop off to finland and we wonder at their social democratic miracle of finland and its cultural homogeneity and all the rest of it and then we struggle to imagine how we might bring lessons -as they developed its recognizably nineteenth century in its roots and of course its a huge achievement and of course it will bring great things -it will bring skills and learning and reading but it will also lay waste to imagination it will lay waste to appetite it will lay waste to social confidence it will stratify society as much as it liberates it -and we are bequeathing to the developing world schools systems that they will now spend a century trying to -well so for this last year with the help of cisco who sponsor me for some balmy reason to do this ive been looking somewhere else -and not enough resources for traditional solutions to work traditional high cost solutions which depend on professionals which is what schools and hospitals are -so i ended up in places like this this is a place called monkey hill its one of the hundreds of favelas in rio most of the populations growth of the next fifty years will be in cities -pleasure to be here its a great pleasure to speak after brian cox from -by six cities of twelve million people a year for the next thirty years almost all of that growth will be in the developed world -at the age of fourteen in common with many fourteen year olds in the brazilian education system he dropped out of school it was -and juanderson instead went into what provided kind of opportunity and hope in the place that he lived which was the drugs -and by the age of sixteen with rapid promotion he was running the drugs trade in ten favelas he was turning over two hundred thousand dollars a week he employed two hundred people he was going to be dead by the age of twenty five -is the home of the -which took computers donated by corporations put them in community centers in favelas and created -or you can go to places like this this is kibera which is the largest slum in east africa millions of people living here stretched over many kilometers and there i met these two -happened to the small -has managed to make it even worse so there are schools in slums like this theyre places like this -where maureen went to school theyre private schools there are no state schools in slums and the education they got was pitiful -it was in places like this this a school set up by some nuns in another slum called nakuru half the children -so the challenges of education in this kind of place are not to learn the kings and queens of kenya or britain they are to stay alive to earn a living to not become hiv positive -the small hadron collider once was the big thing now the small hadron collider is in a cupboard overlooked and neglected you know when the large hadron collider started and it didnt work -the mobile phone if you want to design from scratch virtually any service in africa you would start now -or you could go to places like this this is a place called the madangiri settlement colony which is a very developed slum about twenty five minutes outside -where i met these characters who showed me around for the day the remarkable thing about these girls and the sign of the kind of social revolution sweeping through the developing world is that these girls -all across the developing world there are millions of parents tens hundreds of millions who for the first time are with children doing homework -and the reason they carry on studying is not because they went to a school like this this is a private school this is a fee pay school this is a good school -this is the best you can get in hyderabad in indian education the reason they went on studying was this -this is a computer installed in the entrance to their slum by a revolutionary social entrepreneur called sugata mitra whos adopted the most radical experiments showing -children in the right conditions can learn on their own with the help of computers those girls have never touched google they know nothing about wikipedia imagine -what their lives would be like if you could get that to them so if you look as i did through this -and by looking at about a hundred case studies of different social entrepreneurs working in these very extreme conditions look at the recipes they come up with for learning they look nothing like school what do they -well education is a global religion and education plus technology is a great source of hope you can go to places like this this is a school three hours outside -and people tried to work out why it was the small hadron collider team who sabotaged it because they were so -most of the children there have parents who are illiterate many of them dont have electricity at home but they find it completely -most of our education system is push i was literally pushed to school when you get to school things are pushed at you knowledge exams systems timetables -that isnt really going to attract him you need to pull him and so education needs to work by pull not push and so the idea of a curriculum is completely -in a setting like this you need to start education from things that make a difference to them in their settings what does that -well the key is motivation and there are two aspects to it one is to deliver extrinsic motivation that education has a -our education systems all work on the principle that there is a payoff but you have to wait quite a long time thats too long if -waiting ten years for the payoff from education is too long when you need to meet daily needs when youve got siblings to look after or a business to help with so you need education to be relevant and help people to make a living there and then often -the whole hadron collider family needs unlocking the lesson of brians presentation in a way all those fantastic pictures is this really that -two hundred games to teach virtually any subject under the sun in the schools and communities that taio works in the day always starts in a circle and always starts from a question -imagine an education system that started from questions not from knowledge to be imparted -or started from game not from a lesson -or started from the premise that -you have to engage people first before you can possibly teach them our education systems you do all that stuff afterward if youre lucky sport drama music these things they teach through -they attract people to learning because its really a dance project or a circus project or the best example of all el sistema in venezuela its a music project -and so you attract people through that into learning not adding that on after all the learning has been done and youve eaten your cognitive greens -so el sistema in venezuela uses a violin as a technology of learning taio rocha uses making soap as a technology of -what you find when you go to these schemes is that they use people and places in incredibly creative ways masses of -get learning to people when there are no teachers when teachers wont come when you cant afford them and even if you do get teachers what they teach isnt relevant to the communities that they serve -vantage point determines everything that you see what brian was saying was science has opened up successively different vantage points from which we can see ourselves and thats why its -well you create your own teachers you create peer to peer learning or you create para teachers or you bring in specialist skills but you find ways to get learning thats relevant to people through technology people and places that are different so -this is a school in a bus on a building site in pune the fastest growing city in asia pune has five thousand -it has thirty thousand children on those building sites thats one city imagine that urban explosion thats going to take place across the developing world -and how many thousands of children will spend their school years on building sites well this is a very simple scheme to get the learning to them through -they all treat learning not as some sort of academic analytical activity but thats something thats productive -something you make something you can do perhaps earn a living from so i met this character steven hed spent three years -in nairobi living on the streets because his parents had died of aids and he was finally brought back into school not by the offer of gcses but by the offer of learning how to become a carpenter a practical making skill -so the trendiest schools in the world high tech high and others they espouse a philosophy of learning as productive activity here there isnt really an option learning has to be productive in order for it to make sense -and finally they have a different model of scale and its a chinese restaurant model of how to scale and i learned it from -is an amazing character hes probably the most remarkable social entrepreneur in education in the world his name is -and he created something called pratham and pratham runs preschool play groups for now twenty one million children in india its the largest ngo in education in the world -so the vantage point you take determines virtually everything that you will see the question that you will ask will determine much of the answer that you will get and so if you ask this question where would you look to see the future of education -and it also supports working class kids going into indian schools hes a complete revolutionary hes actually a trade union organizer by background and thats how he learned the skills to build his organization -came along and looked at his model and said you know what you should do with this madhav you should turn it into mcdonalds and what you do when you go to any new site is you kind of roll out a franchise and its the same -you go its reliable and people know exactly where they are and theyll be no mistakes and madhav said why do we have to do -why cant we do it more like the chinese restaurants there are chinese restaurants everywhere but there is no chinese restaurant chain -yet everyone knows what is a chinese restaurant they know what to expect even though itll be subtly different and the colors will be different and the name will be different you know a chinese restaurant when you see it -these people work with the chinese restaurant model same principles different applications and different settings not the mcdonalds model the mcdonalds model scales the chinese restaurant model spreads -so mass education started with social entrepreneurship in the nineteenth century and thats desperately what we need again on a global scale -and what can we learn from all of that -well we can learn a lot because our -systems are failing desperately in many ways they fail to reach the people they most need to serve they often hit the -miss the point improvement is increasingly difficult to organize our faith in these systems incredibly fraught and this is just a very simple way of understanding -what kind of innovation what kind of different design -formal settings schools colleges hospitals in which innovation can take place and informal settings communities families -the answer that weve traditionally given to that is very straightforward at least in the last twenty years you go to finland finland is the best place in the world to see school systems -as i said the trouble with this is that in the developing world there just arent teachers to make this model work youd need millions and millions of teachers in china india nigeria and the rest of developing world to meet need -system we know that simply doing more of this wont eat into deep educational inequalities especially in inner cities and former industrial areas -so thats why we need three more kinds of innovation we need more reinvention and all around the world now you see more -called jaringan and they all have the same kind of features highly collaborative very personalized often pervasive technology -learning that starts from questions and problems and projects not from knowledge and curriculum so we certainly need more of -but because so many of the issues in education arent just in school theyre in family and community what you also need definitely is more on the right hand side you need efforts to supplement schools -just as a listener as just a fan i listen to that and im just astounded i think how can this possibly be how can the brain generate that much information that much music -so i am a surgeon who studies creativity and i have never had a patient tell me that i really want you to be creative during surgery -very dense and when you go through them its very hard to recognize the music in it in fact they seem to be very unmusical entirely and to miss the whole point of the music -but i will say that from a scientific perspective we talked a lot about innovation today the science of innovation how much we understand about how the brain is able to innovate is in its infancy -truly we know very little about how we are able to be creative and so i think that were going to see over the next ten twenty thirty years a real science of creativity thats burgeoning and is going to flourish because we now have new methods that can -us to take this process of something like this complex jazz improvisation and study it rigorously and so it gets down to the brain and so all of us have this remarkable brain which is poorly understood to say the least i think that -much more questions than answers and i myself im not going to give you many answers today just ask a lot of questions and fundamentally thats what i do in my lab i ask questions about what is this brain doing to enable us to do this this is the main method that i use this is called functional mri -and so i guess theres a little bit of irony to it i will say though that after having done surgery -if youve been in an mri scanner its very much the same but this one is outfitted in a special way to not just take pictures of your brain but to also take pictures of active areas of the brain now -the way thats done is by the following theres something called bold imaging which is blood oxygen level imaging now when youre in an fmri scanner youre in a big magnet thats aligning your molecules in certain areas -when an area of the brain is active meaning a neural area is active it gets blood flow shunted to that area that blood flow causes an increase -in local blood to that area with a deoxyhemoglobin change in concentration deoxyhemoglobin can be detected by mri whereas oxyhemoglobin can -so through this method of inference and were measuring blood flow not neural activity we say that an area of the brain thats getting more blood was active during a particular task and thats the crux of how fmri works and its been used since the nineties to study really complex processes -now im going to review a study that i did which was jazz in an fmri scanner and this was done with a colleague of mine alan braun at the nih this is a short video of how we did this project -so it works and so through this piano keyboard we now have the means to take a musical process and -so what do you do now that you have this cool piano keyboard you cant just sort of its great weve got this keyboard we actually have to come up with a scientific experiment and so the experiment really rests on the following -what happens in the brain during something thats memorized and over learned and what happens in the brain during something that is spontaneously generated or improvised in a way thats matched motorically and in terms of lower level sensory motor features -and so i have here what we call the paradigms theres a scale paradigm which is just playing a scale up and down memorized and then theres improvising on a scale quarter notes metronome right hand -its not the most natural environment but theyre able to play real music and ive listened to that solo two hundred times and i still like it and -these are contrast maps that are showing subtractions between what changes when youre improvising versus when youre doing something memorized in red is an area that active in the prefrontal cortex the frontal lobe of the brain and in blue is this area that was deactivated -do a whole host of things that have to do with self reflection introspection working memory and so forth really consciousness is seated in the frontal lobe -but we have this combination of an area thats thought to be involved in self monitoring turning off and this area thats thought to be autobiographical or self expressive turning on and we think at least in this preliminary its one study its probably wrong but its one study -we think that at least a reasonable hypothesis is that to be creative you have to have this weird dissociation in your frontal lobe one area turns on -and a big area shuts off so that youre not inhibited so that youre willing to make mistakes so that youre not constantly shutting down all of these new generative impulses now -a lot of people know that music is not always a solo activity sometimes its done communicatively and so the next question was what happens when musicians are trading back and forth something called trading fours which is something they do normally in a jazz experiment so -this is a twelve bar blues and ive broken it down into four bar groups here so you would know how you would trade now what we did was we brought a musician into the scanner same way had them memorize this melody and then had another musician out in the control room trading back and forth interactively -now playing the piece that we just -start off by playing a video for you and this video is a video of keith jarrett whos a well know jazz improviser and probably the most well known iconic example of someone who takes improvisation to a really higher level and hell improvise entire concerts -the right attitude to agree to it -were playing back and forth -and -is a pretty good representation of what its like and its good that its not too quick the fact that we do it over and over again lets you acclimate to your surroundings so -this is in fact mike popes data so what am i showing you here when he was trading fours with me improvising versus memorized his language areas -his brocas area which is inferior frontal gyrus on the left he actually had it also homologous on the right this is an area thought to be involved in expressive communication -this whole notion that music is a language well maybe theres a neurologic basis to it in fact after all and we can see it when two musicians are having a musical conversation -off the top of his head and hell never play it exactly the same way again and so as a form of intense creativity i think this is a great example and so why dont we go and click the video -free style and so ive always been fascinated by free style and lets go ahead and play this video here -it when i be in your vicinity a a whole style synergy recognize symmetry a a go and try to -of the beat in a known repeat a a rhythm and rhyme they make me complete a a the climb is sublime when im on the mic a a spittin rhymes that hit you like a lightning strike a a i search for -all of these words keep pouring out like rain a a i need a mad scientist to check my brain -i guarantee you that will never happen again -its an incredible thing thats taking place its doing something that neurologically is remarkable whether or not you like the music is irrelevant creatively speaking its just a phenomenal thing this is a short video of how we actually do this in a scanner -that was recorded in the scanner by the way thats emmanuel in the scanner he -just memorized a rhyme for us -youve got major visual areas lighting up youve got major cerebellar activity which is involved in motor coordination you have heightened brain activity when youre doing a comparable task when that one task is creative and the other -its acoustic vibrations in the air little waves of energy in the air that tickle our eardrum somehow in tickling our eardrum that transmits energy down our hearing bones which get converted to a fluid impulse inside the cochlea and then somehow converted into an electrical signal in our auditory nerves that somehow wind up in our brains -as a perception of a song or a beautiful piece of music that process is entirely abstract and very very unusual and we could discuss that topic alone for days to really try to figure out how is it that we hear something thats emotional from something that starts out as a vibration in the air -turns out that if you have hearing loss most people that lose their hearing lose it at whats called the cochlea the inner ear -and its at the hair cell level that they do this -now if you had to pick a sense to lose i have to be very honest with you and say were better at restoring hearing than we are at restoring any sense that there is -when we think of our senses -in fact nothing even actually comes close to our ability to restore hearing and as a physician and a surgeon i can confidently tell my patients that if you had to pick a sense to lose we are the furthest along medically and surgically with hearing as a musician -we dont usually think of the reasons why they probably evolved from a biological perspective we dont really think of the evolutionary need to be protected by our senses but thats probably why our senses really evolved to keep us safe to allow us to live really when we think of our senses or when we think of the loss of the sense -there is a limitation to what a child whos deaf an infant who was born deaf has in this world in terms of social educational vocational opportunities im not saying that they cant live a beautiful wonderful life im saying that theyre going to face obstacles that most people who have normal hearing will not have to face -now hearing loss and the treatment for hearing loss has really evolved in the past two hundred years i mean literally they used to do things like stick ear shaped objects onto your ears and stick funnels in and that was the best you could do for hearing loss -back then you couldnt even look at the eardrum so its not too surprising that there were no good treatments for hearing loss and now today we have the modern multi channel cochlear implant which is an outpatient procedure its surgically placed inside the inner ear it takes about an hour and a half to two hours depending on where its done under general anesthesia and in the end you achieve something like this -where an electrode array is inserted inside the cochlea now actually this is quite crude in comparison to our regular inner ear but here is that same girl who is implanted now this is her ten years later and this is a video that was taken by my surgical mentor dr john niparko who implanted her if we could play this video please -do you remember writing that chapter -you turn on the radio and all of a sudden they cant hear music almost at all in fact most implant users really struggle and dislike music because it sounds so bad -and so when it comes to this idea of restoring beauty to somebodys life we have a long way to go when it comes to audition -now there are a lot of reasons for that i mentioned earlier the fact that music is a different capacity because its abstract language is very different language is very precise in fact the whole reason we use it is because it has semantic specificity -we really think about something more like this the ability to touch something luxurious to taste something delicious to smell something fragrant to see something beautiful this is what we want out of our senses we want beauty we dont just want function -when you say a word what you care is that word was perceived correctly you dont care that the word sounded pretty when it was spoken music is entirely different when you hear music if it doesnt sound good whats the point theres really very little point in listening to music when it doesnt sound good to you -the acoustics of music are much harder than those of language and you can see on this -figure that the frequency range and the decibel range the dynamic range of music is far more heterogeneous -so if we had to design a perfect cochlear implant what we would try to do is target it to be able to allow music transmission -because i always view music as the pinnacle of hearing if you can hear music you should be able to hear anything now the problems begin first with pitch perception i mean most of us know that pitch is a fundamental building block of music and without the ability to perceive pitch well -music and melody is a very difficult thing to do forget about a harmony and things like that now this is a midi arrangement of rachmaninoffs prelude now if we could just play this -and when it comes to sensory restoration were still very far away from being able to provide beauty and thats what id like to talk to you a little bit about today likewise for hearing when we think about why we hear we dont often think about the ability to hear an alarm or a siren although clearly thats an important thing -the sound quality or the sound of the sound is how i like to describe timbre tone color they cannot tell these things whatsoever this implant is not transmitting the quality of music that usually provides things like warmth -now if you look at the brain of an individual who has a cochlear implant and you have them listen to speech have them listen to rhythm and have them listen to melody what you find is that the auditory cortex is the most active during speech you would think that because these implants are optimized for speech they were designed for speech -but actually if you look at melody what you find is that theres very little cortical activity in implant users compared with normal hearing controls -so for whatever reason this implant is not successfully stimulating auditory cortices during melody perception -i had patients tell me that those sound the same they cannot differentiate sound quality differences between those two clips again we are very very far away in just getting to where we want to get to now the question comes to mind is there any hope -and yes there is hope now i dont know if anybody knows who this is this is does somebody know this is beethoven -and it turns out that his temporal bones were harvested when he died to try to look at the cause of his deafness which is why he has molding clay and his skull is bulging out on the side there but beethoven composed music long after he lost his hearing what that suggests is that even in the case of hearing loss -the capacity for music remains the brains remain hardwired for music ive been very lucky to work with dr david ryugo where ive been working on deaf cats that are white and trying to figure out what happens when we give them cochlear implants this is a cat thats been trained to respond to a trumpet for food -really what we want to hear is music -if we were to direct efforts towards training cochlear implant users to hear music because right now theres virtually no effort put towards that no rehabilitative strategies -very little in the way of technological advances to actually improve music we would come a long way -and he learned to play the piano after he received the cochlear implant and heres a video of joseph -and -and its one of the most awful things heartwarming but awful -when it comes to restoration of hearing we have certainly come a long way a remarkably long way -and we have a much longer way to go when it comes to the idea of restoring perfect hearing and let me tell you right now its fine that we would all be very happy with speech but i tell you if we lost our hearing if anyone here suddenly lost your hearing you would want perfect hearing back you wouldnt want decent hearing you would want perfect hearing -restoration of basic sensory function is critical and i dont mean to understate how important it is to restore basic function but its really restoration of the ability to perceive beauty -id like to impress upon you how unusual it is that we can hear music music is just one of the strangest things that there is -in spite of deposit fees much of this trash leading out to the sea will be plastic beverage bottles we use two million of them in the united states every five minutes -here imaged by ted presenter chris jordan who artfully documents mass consumption and zooms in for more detail -here is a remote island repository for bottles off the coast of baja california -san roque is an uninhabited bird rookery off bajas sparsely populated central coast notice that the bottles here have caps on them -trash you know we had to be taught to renounce the powerful conservation ethic we developed during the great depression and world war -are produced in separate factories from a different plastic polypropylene they will float in seawater but unfortunately do not get recycled under the bottle bills -after ten years a lot of the japanese caps are in what we call the eastern garbage patch while ours litter the philippines -after twenty years we see emerging the debris accumulation zone of the north pacific gyre it so happens that millions of albatross nesting on kure and midway atolls -in the northwest hawaiian islands national monument forage here and scavenge whatever they can find for regurgitation to their chicks a four month old laysan albatross chick died with this in its stomach -hundreds of thousands of the goose sized chicks are dying with stomachs full of bottle caps and other rubbish like cigarette lighters -but mostly bottle caps sadly their parents mistake bottle caps for food tossing about in the ocean surface -the retainer rings for the caps also have consequences for aquatic animals this is mae west still alive at a zookeepers home in new orleans -after the war we needed to direct our enormous production capacity toward creation of products for peacetime -i wanted to see what my home town of long beach was contributing to the problem so on coastal clean up day in two thousand and five i went to the long beach peninsula -at the east end of our long beach we cleaned up the swaths of beach shown i offered five cents each for bottle caps i got plenty of takers -here are the one thousand one hundred bottle caps they collected i thought i would spend twenty bucks that day i ended up spending nearly sixty i separated them by color -and put them on display the next earth day at cabrillo marine aquarium in san pedro governor schwarzenegger and his wife maria stopped by to discuss the display in spite of my girly man hat -i showed him and maria a zooplankton trawl from the gyre north of hawaii with more plastic than plankton heres what our trawl samples from the plastic soup -our ocean has become look like trawling a zooplankton net on the surface for a mile produces samples like this -now when the debris washes up on the beaches of hawaii it looks like this -and this particular beach is kailua beach the beach where our president and his family vacationed before moving to washington now how do we analyze samples like this one that contain more plastic than plankton -life magazine helped in this effort by announcing the introduction of throwaways that would liberate the housewife from the drudgery of doing dishes -we sort the plastic fragments into different size classes from five millimeters to one third of a millimeter small bits of plastic concentrate persistent organic pollutants up to a million times their levels in the surrounding seawater -we wanted to see if the most common fish in the deep ocean at the base of the food chain was ingesting these poison pills we did hundreds of necropsies -and over a third had polluted plastic fragments in their stomachs the record holder only two and a half inches long had eighty four pieces in its tiny stomach -now you can buy certified organic produce but no fish monger on earth -can sell you a certified organic wild caught fish this is the legacy we are leaving to future generations -the throwaway society cannot be contained it has gone global we simply cannot store and maintain or recycle all our stuff we have to throw it away -together again -levels are increasing the amount of packaging is increasing the throwaway concept of living is proliferating and its showing up in the ocean -he offers no hope of cleaning it up straining the ocean for plastic would be beyond the budget of any country and it might kill -now melting point has a lot to do with this plastic is not purified by the re melting process like glass and metal it begins to melt below the boiling point of water and does not drive off oily contaminants for which it is a sponge -to the sea here is the accumulation at biona creek next to the airport and here is the flotsam near california state university long beach and the de sal plant we visited yesterday -so -without revealing what had happened and went in all different directions -from the video there and i love that girls reaction so much and watching that videotape later that -day inspired me to keep doing what i do and really one of the points of improv everywhere is to cause a scene in a public place that is a positive experience for other people its a prank but its a prank that gives somebody a great story to tell -as i started taking improv class at the upright citizens brigade theater and meeting other creative people and other performers and comedians i started amassing a mailing list of people who wanted to do these types of projects so i could do more large scale projects well one day i was walking through union square and i saw this building which had just been built in two thousand and five -and there was a girl in one of the windows and she was dancing and it was very peculiar because it was dark out but she was back lit with florescent lighting and she was very much onstage and i couldnt figure out why she was doing it after about fifteen seconds her friend appeared she had been hiding behind a display and they laughed and hugged each other and ran away so it seemed like maybe she had been dared to do this -so i got inspired by that looking at the entire facade there were seventy total windows and i knew what i had to do -the name of the project the second signal was for everybody to do jumping jacks together -youll see that start right here -so then i gave a new hand signal which signaled the next soloist down below in forever twenty one and he danced there were several other activities we had people jumping up and down people dropping to the ground and i was standing just anonymously in a sweatshirt putting my hand on and off of a trashcan -to signal the advancement and because it was in union square park right by a subway station there were hundreds of people by the end who stopped and looked up and watched what we were doing -theres a better photo of it so that particular event was inspired by a moment that i happened to stumble upon -the next project i want to show was given to me in an email from a stranger a high school kid in texas wrote me in two thousand and six and said you should get as many people as possible to put on blue polo shirts and khaki pants and go into a best buy and stand around -they started running around telling everybody the cops were coming watch out the cops were coming and you can see the cops in this footage right here thats a cop wearing black right there being filmed with a hidden camera ultimately the police had to inform best buy management that it was not in fact illegal to wear a blue polo shirt -for twenty minutes we were happy to exit the store one thing the managers were trying to do was to track down our cameras and they caught a couple of my guys who had hidden cameras in duffel bags but the one camera guy they never caught was the guy that went in just with a blank tape and went over to the best buy camera department and just put his tape in one of their -like that concept of using their own technology against them -a little bit better he gave two thousand high fives that day -but that ones always bothered me because we dont have too much time on our hands the participants at improv everywhere events have just as much leisure time as any other new yorkers they just occasionally choose to spend it in an unusual way you know every saturday and sunday hundreds of thousands of people each fall gather in football stadiums to watch games -or listening to the same mp three as three thousand other people and dancing silently in a park or bursting into song in a grocery store as part of a spontaneous musical or diving into the ocean in coney island wearing formal attire -you know as kids were taught to play and were never given a reason why we should play its just acceptable that play is a good thing -and i think thats sort of the point of improv everywhere its that there is no point and that there doesnt have to be a point we dont need a reason -as long as its fun and it seems like its going to be a funny idea and it seems like the people who witness it will also have a fun time then thats enough for us and i think as adults we need to learn that theres no right or wrong way to play thank you very much -so shes noticed the unusual thing but shes gone back to her normal life now in the meantime i have six friends who are waiting at the next six consecutive stops in their underwear as well theyre going to be entering this car one by one well act as though we dont know each other -a stack of fabulous sports cars some costing a million dollars apiece oh and a gulfstream jet too now get this until recently he was earning an official monthly salary of less than seven thousand dollars -and theres dan etete well he was the former oil minister of nigeria under president abacha and it just so happens hes a convicted money launderer too weve spent a great deal of time investigating a dollar one billion thats right a dollar -so its easy to think that corruption happens somewhere over there carried out by a bunch of greedy despots and individuals up to no good in countries that we personally may know very little about and feel really unconnected to and unaffected by what might be going on -but does it just happen over there -so a few years later and its now one thousand nine hundred and ninety seven and im in angola undercover investigating blood diamonds perhaps you saw the film the hollywood film blood diamond the one with leonardo dicaprio well some of that sprang from our work -until his death in two thousand and six he was the all powerful leader of turkmenistan a central asian country rich in natural gas now he really loved to issue presidential decrees and one renamed the months of the year including after himself and his mother -so im sitting in a hot and very stuffy hotel room feeling just totally overwhelmed but it wasnt about blood diamonds because id been speaking to lots of people there who well they talked about a different problem -that of a massive web of corruption on a global scale and millions of oil dollars going missing -and for what was then a very small organization of just a few people trying to even begin to think how we might tackle that was an enormous challenge -and in the years that ive been and weve all been campaigning and investigating ive repeatedly seen that what makes corruption on a global massive scale possible well it isnt just greed or the misuse of power -and american banks well they funneled seventy three million dollars into the states some of which was used to buy that california mansion -and he didnt do all of this in his own name either he used shell companies he used one to buy the property and another which was in somebody elses name to pay the huge bills it cost to run the place -and then theres dan etete well when he was oil minister he awarded an oil block now worth over a billion dollars to a company that guess what yeah he was the hidden owner of -by the problem of anonymous shell companies and by the secrecy that we have afforded big oil gas and mining operations and most of all -now lets take the banks first well its not going to come as any surprise for me to tell you that banks accept dirty money -but they prioritize their profits in other destructive ways too for example in sarawak malaysia now this region it has just five percent of its forests left intact five percent -he spent millions of dollars creating a bizarre personality cult and his crowning glory was the building of a forty foot high gold plated statue of himself which stood proudly in the capitals central square and rotated to follow the sun he was a slightly unusual guy -so how did that happen well because an elite and its facilitators have been making millions of dollars from supporting logging on an industrial scale for many years -so we sent an undercover investigator in to secretly film meetings with members of the ruling elite -and the resulting footage well it made some people very angry and you can see that on youtube but it proved what we had long suspected because it showed how the states chief minister despite his later denials used his control over land and forest licenses to enrich himself and his family -and hsbc well we know that hsbc bankrolled the regions largest logging companies that were responsible for some of that destruction in sarawak and elsewhere the bank violated its own sustainability policies in the process but it earned around one hundred and thirty million dollars -but what doesnt usually come to light is how shell companies are used to steal huge sums of money transformational sums of money from poor countries -a recent study by the world bank looked at two hundred cases of corruption -you see shell companies theyre central to the secret deals which may benefit wealthy elites rather than ordinary citizens -one striking recent case that weve investigated is how the government in the democratic republic of congo sold off a series of valuable state owned mining assets to shell companies in the british virgin islands -and we were alarmed to find that these shell companies had quickly flipped many of the assets on for huge profits to major international mining companies listed in london -now the africa progress panel led by kofi annan theyve calculated that congo may have lost more than one point three billion dollars from these deals thats almost twice the countrys annual health and education budget combined -well because theres a lot at stake in two thousand and eleven natural resource exports outweighed aid flows by almost nineteen to one in africa asia and latin america nineteen to one -now lets go back to the oil and mining companies and lets go back to dan etete and that dollar one billion deal and now forgive me im going to read the next bit because its a very live issue and our lawyers have been through this in some detail and they want me to get it right -now on the surface the deal appeared straightforward subsidiaries of shell and eni paid the nigerian government for the block -and heres the thing after many months of digging around and reading through hundreds of pages of court documents we found evidence that in fact shell and eni had known that the funds would be transferred to that shell company -and frankly its hard to believe they didnt know who they were really dealing with there -now it just shouldnt take these sorts of efforts to find out where the money in deals like this went i mean these are state assets theyre supposed to be used for the benefit of the people in the country -but in some countries citizens and journalists who are trying to expose stories like this have been harassed and arrested and some have even risked their lives to do so -but as a campaigner and investigator i have a different view because ive seen what can happen when an idea gains momentum -in the oil and mining sector for example there is now the beginning of a truly worldwide transparency standard that could tackle some of these problems -but literally hundreds of civil society groups from around the world came together to fight for transparency and now its fast becoming the norm and the -all spiders make silk at some point in their life -most spiders use copious amounts of silk and silk is essential to their survival and reproduction -even fossil spiders can make silk as we can see from this impression of a spinneret on this fossil spider so this means that both spiders and spider silk have been around for three hundred and eighty million years -it doesnt take long from working with spiders to start noticing how essential silk is to just about every aspect of their life -spiders use silk for many purposes including -the trailing safety dragline -wrapping eggs for reproduction protective retreats and catching prey -there are many kinds of spider silk for example this garden spider can make seven different kinds of silks when you look at this orb web youre actually seeing many types of silk fibers the frame and radii of this web -and how much we can learn from them -to answer that you have to look a lot closer at the spinneret region of a spider so silk comes out of the spinnerets and for those of us spider silk biologists this is what we call the business end of the spider laughter we spend long days hey dont laugh thats my life -spiders are truly global citizens you can find spiders in nearly every terrestrial habitat -with a lot of silk proteins stuck inside -so if you ever have the opportunity to dissect an orb web weaving spider and i hope you do -inside each spider there are hundreds of silk glands sometimes -and sometimes even color in an orb web weaving spider you can find seven types of silk glands and what i have depicted here in this picture lets start at the one oclock position theres tubuliform silk glands which are used to make the outer silk of an egg sac -this red dot marks the great basin of north america and im involved with an alpine biodiversity project there with some collaborators -theres the aggregate and flagelliform silk glands which combine to make the sticky capture spiral of an orb web pyriform silk glands make the attachment cement thats the silk thats used to adhere silk lines to a substrate -theres also aciniform silk which is used to wrap prey minor ampullate silk is used in web construction and the most studied silk line of them all major ampullate silk this is the silk thats used to make the frame and radii of an orb web and also the safety trailing dragline -but what exactly is spider silk -spider silk is almost entirely protein -nearly all of these proteins can be explained by a single gene family so this means that the diversity of silk types we see today is encoded by one gene family so presumably the original spider ancestor made one kind of silk -the large variety of flavors of spider silks that we have today -heres one of our field sites -there are several features that all these silks have in common they all have a common design such as theyre all very long theyre sort of outlandishly long compared to other -and just to give you a sense of perspective this little blue smudge here thats one of my collaborators this is a rugged and barren landscape -from the black widow spider -this is the kind of sequence that i love looking at day and night laughter so what youre seeing here is the one letter abbreviation for amino acids and ive colored in the glycines with green and the alanines in red and so you can see its just a lot of gs and as you can also see -and these words occur in sentences -so for example this would be one sentence and you would get this sort of green region and the red polyalanine that repeats over and over and over again and you can have that hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of times within an individual silk molecule -silks made by the same spider -they also differ in sequence so ive colored in the glycines again in green alanine in red -its really convenient that spiders use their silk completely outside their body this makes -testing spider silk really really easy to do in the laboratory because were actually you know testing it in air thats exactly the environment that spiders are using their silk proteins so this makes quantifying silk properties by methods such as tensile testing which is basically you know tugging on one end of the fiber very amenable -so what you can see here is that the five fibers have different behaviors -specifically if you look on the vertical axis thats stress if you look at the maximum stress value for each of these fibers you can see that theres a lot of variation and in fact dragline or major ampullate silk is the strongest of these fibers -spiders are not just everywhere but theyre extremely diverse there are over forty thousand described species of spiders to put that number into perspective heres a graph comparing the forty thousand species of spiders to the four hundred species of primates there are two orders -we think thats because the dragline silk which is used to make the frame and radii for a web needs to be very strong -on the other hand if you were to look at strain this is how much a fiber can be extended if you look at the maximum value here again theres a lot of variation and the clear winner is flagelliform or the capture spiral filament in fact this flagelliform fiber can actually stretch over twice its original length -so silk fibers vary in their strength -an insect is very likely to just bounce right off but by having really really stretchy capture spiral silk the web is actually able to absorb the impact of that intercepted prey -theres quite a bit of variation -but how about variation among spider species so looking at one type of silk and looking at different species of spiders this is an area thats largely unexplored but heres a little bit of data i can show you -should have the toughest dragline silks because they must intercept flying prey -what you see here on this toughness graph -and ive colored in yellow the orb web weaving spiders -a web at all to catch prey instead scytodes sort of lurks around and waits for prey to get close to it and then immobilizes prey by spraying a silk like venom onto that insect think of hunting with silly string -we dont really know why scytodes needs such a tough dragline -but its unexpected results like this that make bio prospecting so exciting and worthwhile -it frees us from the constraints of our imagination -bombyx or domesticated silkworm silk -its the combination -that makes spider silk so special and that has attracted the attention of biomimeticists so people that turn to nature to try to find new solutions -for serving as guides to regrow nerves -spider silks also have a lot of potential for their anti ballistic capabilities -silks could be incorporated into body and equipment armor that would be more lightweight and flexible than any armor available today -in addition to these -biomimetic applications of spider silks -personally i find studying spider silks just -fascinating in and of itself -a new spider silk sequence comes in -thats just -and thats why im going to spend the rest of my life studying spider silk -the next time you see a spider web -please pause and look a little closer -to borrow from the writings of a spider named charlotte -silk is terrific thank you -and for many years afterwards i would have a desperate desire to taste ginger beer but that is another story what this demonstrates i think -every time i am home i am confronted with the usual sources of irritation for most nigerians our failed infrastructure our failed government -i teach writing workshops in lagos every summer and it is amazing to me how many people apply how many people are eager to write to tell stories -my nigerian publisher and i have just started a non profit called farafina trust and -we have big dreams of building libraries and refurbishing libraries that already exist and providing books for state schools that dont have anything in their libraries -and also of organizing lots and lots of workshops in reading and writing for all the people who are eager to tell our many stories stories matter -many stories matter stories have been used to dispossess and to malign but stories can also be used to empower -and to humanize stories can break the dignity of a people but stories can also repair that broken dignity -the american writer alice walker wrote this about her southern relatives who had moved to the north she introduced them to a book about the southern life that they had left behind -they sat around reading the book themselves listening to me read the book -and a kind of paradise -is how impressionable and vulnerable we are in the face of a story particularly as children -i would like to end with this thought -that when we reject the single story when we realize that there is never -we regain a kind of paradise -now things changed when i discovered african books -many of them available and they werent quite as easy to find as the foreign books but because of writers like chinua achebe and camara laye i went through a mental shift in my perception of literature -i realized that people like me -girls with skin the color of chocolate whose -kinky hair could not form ponytails could also exist in literature i started to write about things i recognized -a storyteller and i would like to tell you a few personal stories about -now i loved those american and british books i read they stirred my imagination they opened up new worlds for me -but the unintended consequence was that i did not know that people like me could exist in literature -so what the discovery of african writers did for me was this it saved me from having a single story of what books -i come from a conventional middle class nigerian family my father was a professor -my mother was an administrator -so the year i turned eight we got a new house boy -the only thing my mother told us about him was that his family was very poor -my mother sent yams and rice and our old clothes to his family and when i didnt finish my dinner my mother would say finish your food dont you know people like fides family have nothing -what i like to call the danger of the single story -so i felt enormous pity -one saturday we went to his village to visit and his mother showed us a beautifully patterned basket made of dyed raffia that his brother had -it had not occurred to me that anybody in his family could actually make something -all i had heard about them is how poor they were so that it had become impossible for me to see them as anything else but poor -years later i thought about this when i left nigeria to go to university in the united states i was nineteen -i grew up on a university campus in eastern nigeria my mother says that i started reading at the age of two -she asked where i had learned to speak english so well and was confused when i said that nigeria happened to have english as its official language -she asked if she could listed to what she called my tribal music and was consequently very dissapointed when i produced my tape of mariah carey -she assumed that i did not know how to use -what struck me was this she had felt sorry for me even before she saw me her default position toward me as an african was a kind of patronizing well meaning pity -my roommate had a single story of africa -a single story of catastrophe -in this single story there was no possibility of africans being similar to her in any way no possibility of feelings more complex than pity no possibility of a connection as human -i must say that before i went to the u s i didnt consciously identify as african but in the u s whenever africa came up people turned to me never mind that i knew nothing about places like namibia -although i think four is probably close to the truth -but i did come to embrace this new identity and in many ways i think of myself now as african although i still get quite irritable when africa is referred to as a country the most recent example being my -so after i had spent some years in the u s as an african i began to understand my roommates response to me -if i had not grown up in nigeria and if all i knew about africa were from popular images i too would think that africa was a place of beautiful landscapes beautiful animals -so i was an early reader and what i read were british and american childrens books -and incomprehensible people fighting senseless wars dying of poverty and aids unable to speak for themselves and -by a kind white foreigner i would see africans in the same way that i as a child had seen fides family -a fascinating account of his voyage -after referring to the black africans as beasts who have no houses he writes they are also people without heads having their mouth and eyes in their breasts -now ive laughed every time ive read this and one must admire the imagination of john locke but what is important about his writing is that it represents the beginning of a tradition of telling african stories in the west -i was also an early writer and when i began to write at about the age of seven -a tradition of sub saharan africa as a place of negatives of difference of darkness of people who in the words of the wonderful poet rudyard kipling are half devil half child -and so i began to realize that my american roommate must have throughout her life seen and heard different versions of this single story as had a professor who once told me that my novel was not authentically -in a number of places but i had not quite imagined that it had failed at achieving something called african authenticity in fact i did not know what african authenticity was -the professor told me that my characters -too much like him -but i must quickly add that i too am just as guilty in the question of the single story -a few years ago i visited mexico from the u s -the political climate in the u s at the time was tense and there were debates going on about immigration and as often happens in america immigration became synonymous with mexicans -were endless stories of mexicans as people who were fleecing the healthcare system sneaking across the border being arrested at the border that sort of thing -i remember walking around on my first day in -watching the people going to work rolling up tortillas in the marketplace smoking laughing -i remember first feeling slight surprise and then i was overwhelmed with shame i realized -i had bought into the single story of mexicans and i could not have been more ashamed of myself -so that is how to create a single story show a people -as one thing as only one thing over and over again and that is what they become -all my characters were white and blue -it is impossible to talk about the single story without talking about power -there is a word an igbo word that i think about whenever i think about the power structures of the world and it is -its a noun that loosely translates to to be greater than another -like our economic and political worlds stories too are defined -by the principle of -how they are told who tells them when theyre told how many stories are told are really dependent on power -power is the ability not just to tell the story of another person but to make it the definitive story of that person the palestinian poet mourid barghouti writes that -if you want to dispossess a people the simplest way to do it is to tell their story and to start with secondly -they played in the snow -start the story with the arrows of the native americans and not with the arrival of the british and you have and entirely different story -start the story with the failure of the african state and not with the colonial creation of the african state and you have an entirely different story -they ate apples and they talked a lot about the weather how lovely it was that the sun had come out -i recently spoke at a university where -a student told me that it was such a shame that nigerian men were physical abusers like the father character in my novel -i told him that i had just read a novel called american psycho -and that it was such a shame that young americans were serial -now -would never have occurred to me to think that just because i had read a novel in which a character was a serial killer that he was somehow representative of all -when i learned some years ago that writers were expected to have had really unhappy childhoods to be successful i began to think about how i could invent horrible things my parents had done to me -but the truth is that i had a very happy childhood full of laughter and love in a very close knit family -but i also had grandfathers who died in refugee camps my cousin polle died because he could not get adequate healthcare one of my closest friends okoloma died in a plane crash because our firetrucks did not have water -now this despite the fact that i lived in nigeria i had never been outside nigeria -i grew up under repressive military governments that devalued education so that sometimes my parents were not paid their salaries -and so as a child i saw jam disappear from the breakfast table then margarine disappeared then bread became too expensive then milk became rationed -and most of all a kind of normalized political fear invaded our lives -all of these stories make me who i am -but to insist on only these negative stories is to flatten my experience -and to overlook the many other stories that formed me -the single story creates stereotypes and the problem with stereotypes is not that they are untrue but that they are incomplete -they make one story become the only story -we didnt have snow -about catastrophe and it is very important it is just as important to talk about them ive always felt that it is impossible to engage properly with a place or a person without engaging with all of the stories of -the consequence of the single story is this it robs people of dignity -it makes our recognition of our equal humanity difficult it emphasizes how we are different rather than how we are similar -so what if before my mexican trip i had followed the immigration debate from both sides the u s and the mexican what if my mother had told us that fides family was poor -and hardworking what if we had an african television network that broadcast diverse african stories all over the world what the nigerian writer chinua achebe calls a balance of stories -what if my roommate knew about my nigerian publisher mukta bakaray a remarkable man who left his job in a bank to follow his dream and start a publishing house now the conventional wisdom was that nigerians dont read literature -he disagreed he felt that people who could read would read if you made literature affordable and available to them -i really liked your novel i didnt like the ending now you must write a sequel and this is what will happen -and she went on to tell me what to write in the sequel -now i was not only charmed i was very moved here was a woman part of the ordinary masses of nigerians who were not supposed to be -had not only read the book but she had taken ownership of it and felt justified in telling me what to write in the sequel -now what if my roommate knew about my friend fumi onda a fearless woman who hosts a tv show in lagos and is determined to tell the stories that we prefer to forget what if my roommate knew -about the heart procedure that was performed in the lagos hospital last week what if my roommate knew about contemporary nigerian music -what if my roommate knew about the female lawyer who recently went to court in nigeria to challenge a ridiculous law that required women to get their husbands consent before renewing their passports -what if my roommate knew about nollywood -full of innovative people making films despite great technical odds films so popular that they really are the best example of nigerians consuming what they produce -what if my roommate knew about my wonderfully ambitious hair braider who has just started her own business selling hair extensions or about the millions of other nigerians who start businesses and sometimes fail but continue to nurse ambition -who know what to count -we count numbers we count on people what really counts is when we actually use our numbers -to truly take into account our people i learned that from a maid in a motel and a king of a country -what can you start counting today -what one thing can you start counting today that actually would be meaningful in your life whether its your work life or your business life -that very human lesson -more than twenty years ago served me well during the last economic downturn we had -in the wake of the dotcom crash and nine eleven san francisco bay area hotels went through the largest percentage revenue drop in the history of american hotels we were the largest operator of hotels in the bay area so we were particularly vulnerable -but also back then remember we stopped eating french fries in this country well not exactly of course not we actually started eating freedom fries -and thats where i got reacquainted with abraham maslows hierarchy of needs i took one psychology class in college and i learned about this guy abraham maslow as many of us are familiar with his hierarchy of needs -as i sat there for four hours the full afternoon reading maslow i actually recognized something that is true of most leaders and one of the simplest facts in business is something that we often neglect -and that is that were all human -and each of us no matter what our role is in business actually has some hierarchy of needs in the workplace so as i started reading more maslow what i actually started to realize -is that actually maslow later in his life wanted to take this hierarchy for the individual and apply it to the collective to organizations and specifically to business -my role in life was to channel abe maslow and thats what i did a few years ago when i took that five level hierarchy of needs pyramid -and turned it into what i call the transformation pyramid which is survival success and transformation its not just fundamental in business its fundamental in life -but as we started asking ourselves about how we were addressing the higher needs of our employees and our customers i realized we had no metrics we had nothing that actually could tell us whether we were actually getting it right -so we actually started asking ourselves what kind of less obvious metrics could we use to actually evaluate our employees sense of meaning -but i actually think its time for us to think about what we count because what we actually count truly counts let me start by telling you a little story -or our customers sense of emotional connection with us for example we actually started asking our employees do they understand the mission of our company -they didnt even see the intangible stuff higher up the pyramid so i started asking myself the question how can we get leaders to start valuing the intangible -if were taught as leaders to just manage what we can measure and all we can measure is the tangible in life were missing a whole lot of things at the top of the pyramid -so i actually went out and studied a bunch of things and i found a survey that showed that ninety four percent of business leaders worldwide believe that the intangibles are important in their business -so as leaders we understand that intangibles are important but we dont have a clue actually to how to measure them so heres another einstein quote not everything that can be -counted counts and not everything that counts can be counted i hate to argue with einstein -but if that which is most valuable in our life and our business actually cant be counted or valued arent we going to spend our lives just mired in measuring the mundane -it was that sort of heady question about what counts that led me to take my ceo hat off for a week and fly off to the himalayan peaks -off to a place thats been shrouded in mystery for centuries a place some folks call shangri la its actually moved from the survival base of the pyramid to becoming a transformational role model for the world i went to -father passed away at age seventeen he started asking the kinds of questions that youd expect of someone with a beginners mind -on a trip through india early in his reign as king he actually was asked by an indian journalist about the bhutanese gdp the size of the bhutanese gdp -and the king responded in a fashion that actually has transformed us four decades later he said the following he said why are we so obsessed and focused with gross domestic product why dont we care more about gross national happiness -now in essence the king was asking us to consider an alternative definition of success what -known as gnh or gross national happiness most world leaders didnt take notice and those that did thought this was just buddhist economics -but the king was serious and this was a -notable moment because this was the first time a world leader in almost two hundred years had suggested that intangible of happiness -again that leader two hundred years ago thomas jefferson with the declaration of independence two hundred years later this king was suggesting that intangible of happiness is something we should measure and its something we should actually value as government officials -for the next three dozen years as king this king actually started measuring and managing around happiness in bhutan -question i asked him how can you create and measure something which evaporates in other words happiness -and hes a very wise man and he said listen bhutans goal is not to create happiness we create the conditions for happiness to occur in other words we create a habitat of happiness -that actually help to actually measure their gnh in fact one of those key indicators is how do the bhutanese feel about how they spend their time each day -its a good question how do you feel about how you spend your time each day time is one of the scarcest resources in the modern world and yet of course that little intangible piece of data doesnt factor into our gdp calculations -so as i spent my week up in the himalayas actually i started to imagine what i call an emotional equation and it focuses on something i read long ago from a guy named rabbi hyman schachtel how many know him anybody -instead its about wanting what you have or in other words i think the bhutanese believe happiness equals wanting what you have imagine gratitude divided by having what you want gratification -the bhutanese arent on some aspirational treadmill constantly focused on what they dont have their religion their isolation -their deep respect for their culture and now the principles of their gnh movement all have fostered a sense of gratitude about what they do have -how many of us here as tedsters in the audience spend more of our time in the bottom half of this equation in the denominator we are a bottom heavy culture in more ways than one -do we pursue happiness with hostility good question but back to bhutan bhutans actually bordered on its north and south by thirty eight percent of the worlds population -could this little country like a startup in a mature industry be the spark plug that actually influences a twenty one st century of middle class in china and india -and this first hotel that i bought motel was a pay by the hour no tell motel in the inner city of san francisco as i spent time with vivian i saw that she had sort of a joie de vivre in how she did her work -you may have heard this last fall nicolas sarkozy in france announcing the results of an eighteen month study by two nobel economists focusing on happiness and wellness in france -sarkozy suggested that world leaders should stop myopically focusing on gdp and consider a new index what some french are calling a joie de vivre index i like it -co branding opportunities and just three days ago three days ago here at ted we actually had a simulcast of david cameron potentially the next prime minister of the uk -so it suggests that the momentum is shifting ive taken that robert kennedy quote and ive actually turned it into a new balance sheet for just a moment here -this is actually a collection of things that robert kennedy said in that quote gdp counts everything from air pollution to the destruction of our redwoods -it make you feel like its time for us to start figuring out a new way to count a new way to actually imagine whats important to us -so how do we do that let me say one thing we can just start doing ten years from now at least in this country why in the heck in america are we doing -long ago something youve heard before but you didnt realize it was him he said if the only tool you have is a hammer -weve been fooled by our tool -weve been fooled by our tool gdp has been our hammer -and curious how could someone actually find joy in actually cleaning toilets for a living so i spent time with vivian and i saw that -and only thirty six percent is in the tangible industries of manufacturing and agriculture so maybe its time that we get a bigger toolbox right maybe its time we actually get a toolbox that doesnt just count whats easily counted the tangible in life -but actually counts what we most value the things that are intangible i guess im sort of a curious ceo i was also a curious economics major as an undergrad -and i learned that economists measure everything in tangible units of production and consumption as if each of those tangible units is exactly the same -in fact in vivians case her unit of production isnt the tangible hours she works its the intangible difference she makes during that one hour of work -this is dave arringdale whos actually been a longtime guest at vivians motel he stayed there a hundred times in the last twenty years and hes loyal to the property because of the relationship that vivian and and her fellow employees have created with -a habitat of happiness for dave and he tells me that he can always count on vivian and the staff there to make him feel at home -why is it that business leaders and investors quite often dont see the connection between creating the intangible of employee happiness -she didnt find joy in cleaning toilets her job her goal and her calling was not to become the worlds greatest toilet scrubber what counts for vivian was the emotional connection she created with her fellow employees and our guests -in fact inspired employees quite often help make -upon arrival there in the fall of one thousand nine hundred and eighty six and doing a lot of interviews i found that the only thing i was offered was to be assistant to the art director at alfred a knopf a book publisher now i was stupid but not so stupid that i turned it down -i had absolutely no idea what i was about to become part of -and i was incredibly lucky soon it had occurred to me what my job was my job was to ask this question -but they all have one thing in common they all need to look like something they all need a face -why to give you a first impression of what you are about to get into -a book designer gives form to content -but also manages a very careful balance between the two now the first day of my graphic design training at penn state university -the teacher lanny sommese came into the room and he drew a picture of an apple on the blackboard and wrote the word apple underneath and he said ok lesson one listen up and he covered up the picture and he said you either say this -and then he covered up the word or you show this -but you dont do this -because this is treating your audience like a moron -the first was katharine hepburns memoirs and the second was a biography of marlene dietrich now the hepburn book -was written in a very conversational style it was like she was sitting across a table telling it all to you the dietrich book was an observation by her daughter it was a biography so the hepburn story is words and the dietrich story is pictures and so we did this -i did that for two reasons -first of all i wanted to give you a good visual first impression -luckily for me i live and work in new york city where there are plenty of dinosaurs -i went to the museum of natural history and i checked out the bones and i went to the gift shop and i bought a book and i was particularly taken with this page of the book -and more specifically the lower right hand corner now i took this diagram and i put it in a photostat machine -and i took a piece of tracing paper -explain it to the youngsters -and i just started to -reconstitute the dinosaur i had no idea what i was doing i had no idea where i was going but at some point i stopped when to keep going would seem like i was going too far and what i ended up with -was a graphic representation of us seeing this animal coming into being were in the middle of the process and then i just threw some typography on it -very basic stuff slightly suggestive of public park signage -and so off it goes to the author and even back then michael was on the cutting edge -that was a relief to see that pour out of the machine -and i was thrilled we all know it was an amazing movie and it was so interesting to see it go out into the culture and become this phenomenon and to see all the different permutations of it but not too long ago i came upon this on the web -no that is not me -but whoever it is i cant help but thinking they woke up one day like oh my god that wasnt there -im used to a stationary mic its the sensible shoe of public address -but if you think about it from my head to my hands to his leg -thats a responsibility -and its a responsibility that i dont take lightly the book designers responsibility is threefold to the reader to the publisher and most of all to the author i want you to look at the authors book and say wow i need to read that -david sedaris is one of my favorite writers and the title essay in this collection is about his trip to a nudist colony and the reason he went is because he had a fear of his body image and he wanted to explore what was underlying that -for me it was simply an excuse to design a book that you could literally take the pants off of -but when you do you dont get what you expect you get something that goes much deeper than that and david especially loved this design because at book signings which he does a lot of he could take a magic marker and do this -you get the assignment of select a word and make it look like what it says it is so thats type one hundred and one right very simple stuff -this is going to be the opposite of that i want this book to look like its lying to you -i just become skanky -then when we went to press the printer put a spot gloss on the ink and it really looked like it was running not long after it came out augusten was waylaid in an airport and he was hiding out in the bookstore spying on who was buying his books -and the guy behind the counter said i know lady they all came in that way -now thats a good printing job -a book cover is a distillation it is a haiku if you will of the story this particular story by osama tezuka -is his epic life of the buddha and its eight volumes in all but the best thing is when its on your shelf you get a shelf life of the buddha moving from one age to the next -and im already off message -all of these solutions derive their origins from the text of the book -but once the book designer has read the text then -he has to be an interpreter -and a translator this story was a real puzzle this is what its about -theyve been discovered by the sultan -and now we have to open it up to find out whats going to happen next try experiencing that on a kindle -ladies and gentlemen i have devoted the past twenty five years of my life to designing books -much is to be gained by ebooks ease convenience portability but something is definitely lost -tradition a sensual experience the comfort of thingy ness a little bit of humanity do you know what john -all those books he never got tired of it now i am all for the ipad but trust me smelling it will get you nowhere -now the apple guys are texting develop odor emission -and the last story im going to talk about is quite a story -but very similar but different and so -were talking about parallel planes of existence sort of like a book jacket and the book that it covers so how do we show this -we go back to hepburn and dietrich but now we merge them so were talking about different planes different pieces of paper so this is on a semi transparent piece of velum -its one part of the form and content when its on top -of the paper board which is the opposite it forms this so even if you dont know anything about this book you are forced to consider a single person straddling two planes of existence -and the object itself invited exploration interaction consideration and touch -this debuted at number two on the new york times best seller list this is unheard of both for us the publisher and the author were talking a nine hundred page book that is as weird as it is compelling and featuring a climactic scene in which a horde of tiny people emerge from the mouth of a sleeping girl and cause a german shepherd to explode -not exactly jackie -so thats my story to be continued what does it look like yes it can it does and it will -but for this book designer page turner dog eared place holder -notes in the margins taker ink sniffer -but then i thought but why be rude to chimpanzees i guess there goes my green card -tacked into the ebony wood your face has been carved five times i have to drive trouble in the hills -trouble in the valley and trouble by the river too there is no palm wine fish salt -kadoom kadoom kadoom -now i have beaten -a song back into you rise and walk away like a panther thank -about news stories about africa were not really talking about african narratives and its important to make a distinction because if the news is anything to go by -i just heard the best joke about bond emeruwa i was having lunch with him just a few minutes ago and a nigerian journalist comes and this will only make sense if youve ever watched a james bond movie -forty percent of americans cant either cant afford health insurance or have the most inadequate health insurance and have a president who despite -the protest of millions of his citizens even his own congress continues to prosecute a senseless war so if news is anything to go by the us is right there with zimbabwe right which -the truth is americans everything we know about america everything americans come to know about being american isnt from the news it we i lived there we dont go home at the end of the -think well i really know who i am now because the wall street journal says that the stock exchange closed at this many points what we know about how to be who we are -to remember because you know in africa the complicated questions we want to ask about what all of this means has been asked from the rock paintings of the san people -through the sundiata epics of mali to modern contemporary literature if you want to know about africa read our literature and not just things fall apart because that would be like saying ive read gone with the wind and so i know everything about america -and a nigerian journalist comes up to him and goes aha we meet again -very important theres a poem by jack gilbert called the forgotten dialect of the heart he says -when the sumerian tablets were first translated they were thought to be business records but what if they were poems and -my love is like twelve ethiopian goats standing still in the morning light -shiploads of thuja are what my body wants to say to your body giraffes are this desire in the -this is important its important because misreading is really the chance for complication and opportunity the first igbo bible -was translated from english in about the eighteen hundreds by bishop crowther who was a yoruba and its important to know igbo is a tonal language -and so theyll say the word igwe and igwe same spelling one means sky or heaven and one means bicycle -so god is in heaven surrounded by his angels was -so -this is good because language complicates things -you know we often think that language mirrors the world in which we live and i find thats not true the language actually makes the world in which we live -everything all of this is story and its important to remember that because if we dont then we become -here mostly because im nigerian and if you leave me alone ill talk for like two hours but i just want to say good afternoon good evening -to remember that because otherwise ten years from now well be back here trying to tell this story again so -what it says to me then is that its not really the problem isnt really the stories that are being told or which stories are being told -the problem really is the terms of humanity that were willing to bring to complicate every story and thats really what its all about -a nigerian joke well its just a joke anyway -so theres tom dick and harry and theyre working construction and tom opens up his lunch box and theres rice in it and he goes on this rant about twenty years my wife has been packing rice for lunch if she goes it again tomorrow im gonna throw myself off this building and kill myself -and dick and harry repeat this the next day tom opens his lunchbox theres rice so he throws himself off and kills himself and tom dick and harry follow and now the inquest you know -toms wife and dicks wife are distraught they wished theyd not packed rice but harrys wife is confused because she said you know harry had been packing his own lunch for twenty years -this seemingly innocent joke when i heard it as a child in nigeria was told about igbo yoruba and hausa with the hausa being harry -an incredible few days its downhill from now on i wanted to thank emeka and chris but also most importantly all the invisible people behind here that you just see flitting around the whole place -so what seems like an eccentric if tragic joke about harry becomes a way to spread ethnic hatred -my father was educated in cork in the university of cork in the fifties in fact every time i read in ireland people get me all mistaken and they say oh this is chris obarney from cork -was also in oxford in the fifties and he had growing up as a child in nigeria my father used to say to me you must never eat or drink in a yoruba persons house -because they will poison you -it makes sense now when i think about it because if youd known my father you wouldve wanted to poison him -the beginning of the biafran nigerian civil war and -the war ended after three years and i was growing up in school and the federal government didnt want us taught about the history of the war because they thought it probably would make us -so huddled around books with photographs of people in auschwitz i learned the melancholic history of my people through the melancholic history of another people i mean picture this really picture this a -teaching jewish holocaust history to young igbo children story is powerful story is fluid and it belongs to nobody -and it should come as no surprise that my first novel at sixteen was about neo nazis taking over nigeria to institute the fourth reich makes perfect sense -to blow up strategic targets and take over the country and they were foiled by a nigerian james bond called coyote williams and a jewish -that have made sort of this space for such a diverse and robust conversation its really amazing -but also the book was launched in time for me to be accused of constructing the blueprint for a foiled coup attempt so at eighteen i was bonded off to prison in nigeria -i grew up very privileged and its important to talk about privilege because we dont talk about it here a lot of us are very privileged i grew up servants cars televisions all that stuff -my story of nigeria growing up was very different from the story i encountered in prison and i had no language for it i was completely terrified completely broken -and -kept trying to find a new language a new way to make sense of all of this six months after that with no explanation they let me go now for those of you who have seen me at the buffet tables know that it was because it was costing them too much to feed -but i mean i grew up with this incredible privilege and not just me millions of nigerians grew up with books and libraries in fact we were talking last night about how -all of the steamy novels of harold robbins had done more for sex education of horny teenage boys in africa than any sex education programs ever -all of those are gone we are squandering the most valuable resource we have on this continent the valuable resource of the imagination -been in the audience im a writer and ive been watching people with the slide shows and scientists and bankers and ive been feeling a bit like a gangsta rapper at a bar mitzvah -in the film sometimes in april by raoul peck idris elba is poised in a scene with his machete raised and hes being forced by a crowd to chop up his best friend -chop him up shut him up and as idris moves fraser screams stop -its not the look of horror and terror on frasers face that stops idris or us its the -its one that says dont do this and im not saying this to save myself although this would be nice im doing it to save you -because if you do this you will be lost -to be so afraid that youre standing in the face of a death you cant escape and that youre soiling yourself and crying but to say in that moment as fraser says to idris tell my girlfriend i love -in that moment fraser says -i am lost already but not you not you this is a redemption we can all aspire to -as a writer i find that african writers have always been the curators of our humanity on this continent -the question is how do i balance narratives that are wonderful with narratives -of wounds and self loathing and this is the difficulty that i face i am trying to move beyond political rhetoric to a place of ethical questioning i am asking us to balance the idea of our complete vulnerability -with the complete notion of transformation or what is possible as a young middle class nigerian activist i launched myself along with a whole generation of us into the campaign to stop the government and i asked millions of people -without questioning my right to do so to go up against the government and i watched them being locked up in prison and tear gassed i justified it and i said this is the cost of revolution have i not myself been imprisoned have i not myself been beaten -what have i got to say about all this and i was watching jane yesterday and i thought it was really great and i was watching those incredible slides of the -righteous righteous war excuse -have been human six days -but only sometimes but this is a good thing its -you dont know anything about africa youre all idiots and so they said tell me about africa professor abani so i went to google earth and learned about africa -and the truth be told this is it isnt it there are no essential africans and most of us are as completely ignorant as everyone else about the continent we come from and yet we want to make profound statements about it -i want to believe -that we can be agnostic about this that we can rise above all of this when i was ten i read james baldwins another country and that book broke me -not because i was encountering homosexual sex and love for the first time but because the way james wrote about it made it impossible for me to attach otherness to it here jimmy said here is love all of it -chimpanzees and i thought wow what if a chimpanzee could talk you know what would it say my first thought was well you know theres george bush -the fact that it happens in another country takes you quite by surprise my friend ronald gottesman says there are three kinds of people in the world those who can count and those -he also says that the cause of all our trouble is the belief in an essential pure identity religious ethnic historical -i want to leave you with a poem by yusef komunyakaa that speaks to transformation its called ode to the doctorum and ill try and read it the way yusef would be proud to hear it read -gazelle i killed you -for how easy it is to be nailed to a board weathered raw as white butcher -paper last night i heard my daughter praying for the meat here at my feet -you know it wasnt anger that made me stop my heart till the hammer fell weeks ago you broke me as a woman once shattered me into a song beneath -before you slouched into that grassy hush and now im tightening lashes shaping hide as if around a ribcage shaped like five -ghosts cannot slip back inside the bodys drum youve been seasoned by wind dusk and sunlight pressure can make everything whole again -someone who is trying to drive their car and drink coffee and send emails and make notes so -what ubuntu really says is that there is no way for us to be human without other people -very complicated so i thought i should -some stories i should tell you some stories about remarkable people so i thought id start with my mother -and she was dark -my mother was english my parents met in oxford in the fifties and my mother moved to nigeria and -she was five foot two very feisty and very english -this is how english my mother is or was she just passed she came out to california to los angeles to visit me and we went to malibu which she thought was very -and then we went to a fish restaurant -and we had chad the surfer dude serving us and he came up and my mother said do you have any specials -my mother turned to me and said what -i said english mum and she shook her head and said -so this woman -who converted from the church of england to catholicism when she married my father -and theres no one more rabid than a catholic convert -decided to teach in the rural areas in nigeria particularly among igbo women the billings ovulation method -which was the only approved birth control by the catholic church -wasnt too good -so she took me along to translate -never discuss their period with their husbands -how swollen is your vulva -she never would have thought of herself as a feminist my mother -but she always used to say anything a man can do i can fix -and -when my father complained about this situation where shes taking a seven year old boy to teach this birth control you know he used to say oh youre turning him into youre teaching him how to be a woman my mother said someone has -this woman during the biafran war -we were caught in the war it was my mother with five little children -it takes her one year through refugee camp after refugee camp to make her way to an airstrip where we can fly out of the country -at every single refugee camp she has to face off soldiers who want to take my elder brother mark who was nine and make him a boy soldier can you imagine this five foot two woman standing up to men with guns who want to kill us -all through that one year my mother never cried one time not -but when we were in lisbon in the airport about to fly to england -it was basically see through with five really hungry looking kids came over and asked her what had happened and she told this woman and so this woman emptied out her suitcase and -look away from the darkest things about us because -all of her clothes to my mother and to us and the toys of her kids who didnt like that very much -any kind of horror but the simple act of kindness from a complete stranger will unstitch you -the old women in my fathers village after this war -i really believe that were never more beautiful than when were most ugly because thats really the moment we really know what were made of -and they would sing these dirges made up of these names dirges so melancholic that they would scorch you -and they would sing them only when they planted the -as though they were seeding the hearts of the dead -but when it came for harvest time they would sing these joyful songs that were made up of the names of every child who had been born that -these women enacted -a lot of transformation -and the word for marriage was the same one -rebuilding rwanda -did you also know that after apartheid when the new government went into the parliament houses -which would seem to suggest that apartheid was entirely the business of men -all of this to say -never really counted -always rites of passage for young men -men were taught to be men in the ways in which we are not women thats essentially what it is and a lot of rituals involved killing -little animals progressing along so when i turned thirteen and i mean it made sense it was -agrarian community somebody had to kill the animals there was no whole foods you could go and get kangaroo steak at so when i turned thirteen it was my turn now to kill a goat -chris said i grew up in nigeria with a whole generation in the eighties of students who were protesting a military dictatorship which has finally ended so it wasnt just me there was a whole generation of us -this weird sensitive kid who couldnt really do it -but i had to do it and i was supposed to do this alone but a friend of mine called emmanuel who was significantly older than me whod been a boy soldier during the biafran war decided to come with me -which sort of -made me feel good because hed seen a lot of things now when i was growing up he used to tell me stories about how he used to bayonet people and their intestines would fall out but they would keep running -so this guy comes with me and i dont know if youve ever heard a goat or seen one -they sound like human beings -my friend brad kessler says -we didnt become human until we started keeping goats -a goats eyes are like a child -puts his hand over the mouth of the goat covers -this guy whod seen so much and who to whom the killing of a goat must have seemed such a quotidian experience -still found it in himself to try to protect me -i was a wimp i cried for a very long time and afterwards he didnt say a word he just sat there watching me cry for an hour and then afterwards he said to me -it will always be difficult -but if you cry like this every time you will die of -just know that it is enough sometimes to know that it is difficult -i was born two days after christmas -so growing up you know i had a cake and everything but i never got any presents because born two days after christmas -but what ive come to learn -about nine and my uncle had just come back from germany and we had the catholic priest over my mother was entertaining him with tea and my uncle suddenly says where are chris presents and -but he was desperate to show that hed just come back so he summoned me up and he said go into the bedroom my bedroom take anything you want out of the -is that the world is never saved in grand messianic gestures but in the simple -he thought id take a book -but i found an inflatable sheep -waving this buzzing sheep around -was completely unflustered just stirred his tea and looked at my mother and said its all right daphne im scottish -my last days in prison -my cellmate was fourteen years old -the name was john james -if a family member committed a crime -so here was this fourteen year old kid on death row -and he had smuggled in two comics two comic books spiderman and x men he was obsessed -and when he got tired of reading them he started to teach the men in death row how to read -with these comic books -and so i remember night after night youd hear all these men these really hardened criminals huddled around john james reciting take that spidey -say how do you know and he said oh i heard it on the -they handcuffed him to a chair -in south africa they have a phrase called -that they built their own gods -come together as a community -and their wish would then be brought to a priest who would find a ritual object and the appropriate sacrifices would be made -became unruly and began to ask for human sacrifice -destroy the god -they would knock down the shrine -were building gods that have gone rampant -time we started knocking them -their names -it doesnt require a tremendous thing -all it requires is to recognize among us every day the few of us that can see are surrounded by people -amazing people -only way for me to be human is for you to reflect my humanity back at me but if youre like me my humanity is more like a window i dont really see it i dont pay attention to it until -who offer all of us -the mirror to our own -i want to end with a poem -by an american poet -called lucille clifton -the poem is called libation -and its for my friend vusi -who is in the audience here -i offer to this ground -i imagine an old man crying here -out of the sight of the overseer -he pushes his tongue -where his tooth would be if he -in that space where his tooth would be -where his land would be -his house his wife -beautiful daughter -he wipes sorrow from his face -and puts his thirsty finger to his thirsty tongue -and tastes the salt -i call a name that could be his -this is for you -like a bug thats dead on the window then suddenly i see it and usually its never good its usually when im cussing in traffic -and all this had come from nothing fifteen years earlier i was a science journalist who people just laughed at when i said i really would like to start my own computer magazine -and fifteen years later there are there are one hundred of them and two thousand people on staff and it was just such heady times the date was february two thousand i thought the little -of my business life that kind of looked a bit like moores law ever upward onto the right it was going to go on forever i mean it had to -i was in for quite a surprise -the dot com ironically called snowball was the very last consumer web company to go public the next month before nasdaq exploded and -i entered eighteen months of business hell i saw i watched everything that -this is your conference and i think you have a right to know a little bit right now in this transition period about this guy whos going to be looking after it for you for -crumbling and it looked like all this stuff was going to die and fifteen years work would have come for nothing -in the business february two thousand and one in one day we laid off three hundred and fifty people and before the bloodshed was finished one thousand people had lost their jobs from from my companies -by about a million dollars a day every day for eighteen months -and worse than that far worse than that my sense of self worth was kind of evaporating i was going around with this big sign on my forehead loser -and i think what disgusts me more than anything looking back is how the hell did i let my personal happiness get so tied up with this business thing -in the end we were able to save future and snowball but i was at that point ready to move on and to cut a long story short heres where i came to -and the reason im telling this story is that i believe from many conversations that a lot of people in this room -have been through a similar kind of rollercoaster emotional rollercoaster in the last couple years this has been a big big transition time and i believe that this conference can -a big part for all of us in taking us forward to the next stage to whatevers next the theme next year is re birth it was at the same ted two years ago when richard and i reached an agreement on -the future of ted and at about the same time and i think partly because of that i started doing something that id forgotten about in my business focus i started to read again -and i discovered that while id been busy playing business games thered been this incredible revolution in so many areas of -interest cosmology to psychology to evolutionary psychology to anthropology to you know all this stuff had changed and -the way in which you could think about us as a species and us as a planet had just changed so much and it was incredibly exciting and what was really most exciting -and i think richard wurman discovered this at least twenty years before i did was that all this stuff -is connected its connected it all hooks into each other we talk about this a lot and i thought about trying to -of this just one example madame de gaulle the wife of the french president was famously asked once what do you most desire and she -and when you think about it its very true what we all most desire is a penis or you know happiness as we say in english -that one in the japanese translation -years ago at ted i think ive come to this conclusion i think i may have been suffering from a strange delusion -today it turns out that theres dozens of ted like questions that you can ask about it which are really interesting you can ask about what causes it biochemically neuroscience serotonin all that stuff -you can ask what are the psychological causes of it nature nurture current circumstance turns out that the research done on that is absolutely mind blowing -you can view it as a computing problem an artificial intelligence problem why do you need to incorporate some sort of analog of happiness into a computer brain to make it work properly -you can view it in sort of geopolitical terms and say why is it that a billion people on this planet -are so desperately needy that they have no possibility of happiness and whereas almost all the rest of them -or you can view it as an evolutionary psychology kind of thing why would our did our genes invent this as a kind of trick to get us to behave in certain ways -brain parasitized to make us behave in certain ways so that our genes would propagate are we the victims of a mass delusion and so -to understand even something as important to us as happiness you kind of have to branch off in all these different directions and theres nowhere -that ive discovered other than ted where you can ask that many questions in that many different directions and so its the profound thing that richard talks about to understand -you just need to understand the little bits a little bit about everything that surrounds it and so gradually over these three days you start off kind of trying to figure out why am i listening to all this irrelevant stuff and at the end of the four days -brain is humming and you feel energized alive and excited and its because all these different bits have been put together its the total -i think that i may have believed unconsciously then that i was kind of a business hero -brain experience were going to its the mental equivalent of the full body massage every mental -really is enough of the theory chris tell us what youre actually going to do all right so -i will heres the vision for ted number one do nothing this thing aint broke so i -jeff bezos kindly remarked to me chris ted is a really great conference youre going to have to fuck up really badly -so i gave myself the job title of ted -diversity no selling no corporate bullshit -no bandwagoning no platforms -just the pursuit of interest wherever it lies across all the disciplines that are represented here thats not going to be changed at all -the time scale on which ted operates is just fantastic after coming out of a magazine business with monthly deadlines theres a year to do this and already as i hope to show you a bit later theres twenty five or so terrific speakers signed up for next year -had this company that id spent fifteen years building it was called future it was a magazine publishing company it had recently gone public -do want to if i can find a way of extending the ted experience throughout the year -and one key way that were going to do this is to introduce this book club books kind of saved me in the last couple years and -thats a gift that i would like to pass on so when you sign up for ted two thousand and three every six weeks youll get a care package with a book or two and a reason why theyre linked to ted they may well be by a ted speaker -i think it will be great and then fourthly i want to mention the -foundation which is the new owner of ted what saplings ownership means is that all of the proceeds of ted will go towards -the causes that sapling stands for and more important i think the ideas -that are exhibited and realized here -ideas that the foundation can use because theres fantastic synergy already just in the last few days weve had so many people talking about stuff that they care about that theyre passionate about that can make a difference in the world and the idea of getting this group of people together -and the market said that it was apparently worth two billion dollars a number i didnt really understand -some of the causes that we believe in the money that this conference can raise and the ideas i really believe that that combination will -time make a difference im incredibly excited about that in fact i dont think overall that ive been as excited by anything ever in my life im in this for the long run -and i would be greatly honored and excited if youll come on this journey with me -a magazine id recently launched called business two point zero was fatter than a telephone directory busy pumping hot air into the bubble -and i was the forty percent owner of a dot com that was about to go public and no doubt be worth billions more -about to crash into the trough of disillusionment or rise back in the slope of enlightenment or et cetera and -id like to speak about technology trends which is something that -this is one way to do technology forecasting get a sense of where technology is and then anticipate the next upturn we tend to do any technology that we think is sufficiently important well typically do it twice once we want to do it first -and thats one way that we try to time technology trends -id like to talk about a way of thinking about technology trends that i call my grand unified theory of predicting the future but its -a petite unified theory of predicting the future its based on the presumption the observation even -for example a critical price line that changes both the technology and also changes its effect on the world its an inflection point -and these are the inflection points that tell you what the next chapter in that technologys life is going to be and maybe how you -is the critical price the first stage in a technologys advance is that itll fall below a critical price -will tend if its successful to rise above a critical mass a penetration -and thats another important point -and then finally a lot of technologies commoditize towards the end of their life they become nearly free each one of those is an opportunity to do something about it its an opportunity for the technology to change and even if you missed -you know the first boom of wi fi you know wi fi did the critical price it did the critical mass but hasnt done displacement yet -and hasnt done free yet theres still more opportunity in that id like to demonstrate what i mean by this by telling the story of the dvd which is a technology which has done all of these -and it started to take off and you can see that the units started to trend up the hidden inflection point it was taking off -the next thing it hit a year later -was critical mass in this case twenty percent is often a good proxy for critical mass in a household and whats interesting here is that something else took off along with it home theater units -suddenly you have a dvd in the house youve got high quality digital video you have a reason to have a big screen television you have a reason for dolby five point one surround sound -the next phase it hit was displacement you can see around two thousand and one it finally out sold the vcr -netflix was right the netflix model could capitalize on the dvd in a way that the video rental stores couldnt among the dvds many assets is that its very small you can stick it in the mailer -has several times in the past year been the number one dvd seller in america their average price for last year was forty eight dollars -youre aware of the -as they get cheaper the premium brands the sonys and such are losing market share and the no names the apexes are gaining them theyre being commodified and thats what happens when things go to zero -its a tough market out there -now theyve introduced these four ways of looking at technology these four stages of technologys life id like to talk about some other technologies out there just technologies on our radar -and ill use this lens these four as a way to kind of tell you where each one of those technologies is in its development theyre not necessarily the top ten technologies out there theyre just examples of technologies that are in each one -craig venter indeed comes today he may tell you something about this to sequence the human genome for forty million dollars by the end of this year thats as opposed to billions just a few years ago -you know our ability to -we also like a lot of companies create a product thats based on technology trends in this case ours is about ideas and information and if were lucky some entertainment -there will come a day when you can have hundreds of thousands of tests done very cheaply if you want to know -you can learn about your own mosaic -two thousand the price was ten thousand dollars or twenty seven dollars a day the generics came in first in brazil and elsewhere and the effect was just dramatic on -believe that they can treat three million people worldwide by two thousand and five two million in sub saharan africa and the falling price of drugs has a lot to do with -but the concepts quite the same and so we have to understand not only why techs important where its going but also very importantly when -see the direction those lines are going you can see that at the twenty percent its now taken seriously its not just for the geeks any more -that is i imagine what people in redmond wake up in the middle of the night thinking about -another technology that we see all around us out here is hybrid cars i dont know whether anybody has a prius two thousand and four but theyre fantastic and if you look at the trends here by about two thousand and eight and i dont think this is a crazy forecast -be two percent of auto sales two percent isnt twenty percent but in the car business which is slow moving thats huge thats arrival -at two percent you start seeing them on the roads everywhere and whats interesting about the hybrids taking off is youve now introduced electric motors -to the automobile industry its the first radical change in automobile technology in one hundred years and once you have electric motors you can do anything -you can change the structure of the car in any way you want you can have regenerative braking you can have drive by wire you can have replaceable body shapes its a little thing that starts with a hybrid but it can lead to a whole new era of the car -voice over ip is something you may have heard something about again its kind of coming out of nowhere its a little hard to use right now theres a company created by -the timing is everything -thats critical mass -and the same things happening on the carrier side youre looking at ip taking over from some of the traditional telecom -this is a tipping point -here forgive me -look a little bit like that -and finally -free free is really really interesting free is -that comes with digital because the reproduction costs are essentially free it comes with ip -and here you have just the number of songs can be stored on a hard drive you know -and youve seen the numbers i mean you know the music industry is imploding in front of our very eyes and hollywoods worried as well theyre facing a force -about e commerce or internet traffic or broadband adoption or internet advertising -is draconian -and not necessarily the one thats going to get them out of this -has a regulated phone system and so did we -it was surprisingly non innovative moved very slowly but then -so much fiber out there you couldnt hold back and look how quickly the price fell its seven cents a minute in many cases -and the consequence of cheap -free phone calling to india is -they were all right -and any other country that can contact our markets and will work with our companies -wrong in time -thats why timing is everything -youve probably seen something like this before this is the classic gartner hype curve which talks about kind of the trajectory of a technologys lifespan and just for fun we put a bunch of technologies on it to show whether they were kind of rising for the first high peak -a good friend of ted who just happens to live in africas biggest shantytown -into a garden the same spot it was a crime spot where people were being robbed they used the same trash to form -the same trash site is feeding more than thirty families we have our own film school -to record edit and reporting to their own channel kibera tv -the sacks to grow vegetables and also able to save on the cost of living change happens when we see things -today i see kibera in a different way my message to tedglobal and the entire world is kibera is a hotbed of innovation and -chris has always been an inspiring guy whats new and its huge is that for the first time we get to see him -and he can see us right now chris and kevin and dennis and dickson and their friends are watching us -in nairobi right now guys weve learned from you today thank you and thank you -in essence dancers were challenging each other online to get better incredible new dance skills were being invented -even the six year olds were joining in it felt like a revolution and so jon had a brilliant idea he went out to recruit the best of the best dancers off of youtube to -this dance troupe the league of extraordinary dancers the lxd -these kids were -they were so good that they got to play at the -and at ted here in february their passion and brilliance just took our breath away -this story of the evolution of -seems strangely familiar you know a while after tedtalks started taking off we noticed that speakers were starting to spend a lot more time in preparation it was resulting in incredible new talks like these two -months of preparation crammed into eighteen minutes raising the bar cruelly for the next generation of speakers with the effects that weve seen this week -its not as if j j and jill actually ended their talks saying step your game up but they might as well have so in both of these cases youve got -these cycles of improvement apparently driven by people watching web video what is going on here well i think its the latest iteration of a phenomenon we can call -crowd accelerated innovation and there are just three things you need for this thing to kick into gear you can think of them as three dials on a giant wheel you turn up the dials the wheel starts to -and the firs thing you need is a crowd a group of people who share a common interest the bigger the crowd the more potential innovators there are -the second thing you need is light you need clear open visibility of what the best people in that crowd are capable of because that is how you will learn how you will be empowered to participate and -hard work its based on hundreds of hours of research of practice absent desire not going to happen now -heres an example pre internet of this machine in action dancers at a street corner its a crowd a small one -but they can all obviously see what each other can do and the desire part comes i guess from social status right best dancer walks tall gets the best date theres probably going to be some innovation happening here -but on the web all three dials are ratcheted right up the dance community is now global theres millions connected -and amazingly you can still see what the best can do because the crowd itself shines a light on them -directly through comments ratings email facebook twitter or indirectly through numbers of views -and im also a little nervous about this there are nine billion humans coming our way -the desire element is really dialed way up i mean you might just be a kid with a webcam but if you can do something that goes viral -you get to be seen by the equivalent of sports stadiums crammed with people you get hundreds of strangers writing excitedly about you and even if its not that eloquent and its not it can still really make your day -so this possibility of a new type of global recognition i think is driving huge amounts of -and its important to note that its not just the stars who are benefiting because you can see the best everyone can learn also the system is self fueling its the crowd -that shines the light and fuels the desire but the light and desire are a lethal one two combination that attract new people to the crowd so this is a model -any organization could use to try and nurture its own cycle of crowd accelerated innovation invite the crowd let in the light dial up the -the most optimistic dreams can get dented by the prospect of people plundering the planet but recently -its by giving away what you think is your deepest secret that maybe millions of people are empowered to help improve it and very happily theres one class of people who really cant make use of this tool -the dark side of the web is allergic to the light i dont think were going to see terrorists for example publishing their plans online and saying to the world please could you help us to actually make them work this time -you can publish your stuff online and if you can get that wheel to turn look out so -at ted weve become a little obsessed with this idea of openness in fact my colleague june cohen has taken to calling it radical openness -because it works for us each time we opened up our talks to the world and suddenly there are millions of people out there helping spread our speakers ideas -and thereby making it easier for us to recruit and motivate the next generation of speakers by opening up our translation program thousands of heroic volunteers some of them watching online right now and thank you -have translated our talks into more than seventy languages thereby tripling our viewership in non english speaking countries by giving away our tedx brand -we suddenly have a thousand plus live experiments in the art of spreading ideas and these organizers theyre seeing each other theyre learning from each other -ive become intrigued by a different way of thinking of large human crowds because there are circumstances where they can do something really cool -its really not news for me to tell you that innovation emerges out of groups you know weve heard that -this week this romantic notion of the lone genius with the eureka moment that changes the world is misleading even he said that and he would -a social species we spark off each other its also not news to say that the internet has accelerated innovation -for the past fifteen years powerful communities have been connecting online sparking off each other if you take programmers you know the whole open source movement is a fantastic instance of crowd accelerated innovation -whats key here is the reason these groups have been able to connect is because their work output is of the type that can be easily shared digitally a picture a music file software -and thats why what im excited about and what i think is under reported is the significance of the rise of -online video this is the technology thats going to allow the rest of the worlds talents to be shared digitally thereby launching a whole new cycle of crowd accelerated innovation the first -its a phenomenon that i think any organization or individual can tap into it certainly impacted the way we think about teds future and perhaps the worlds future overall -few years of the web were pretty much video free for this reason video files are huge the web couldnt handle them but in the last ten years -cisco actually estimates that within four years more than ninety percent of the webs data will be video if its all puppies porn and piracy were doomed -i dont think it will be video is high bandwidth for a reason it packs a huge amount of data -and our brains are uniquely wired to decode it here let me introduce you to sam haber -looking at video clips posted by strangers a world of possibility opens up for him suddenly he starts to emulate and then to innovate and a global community of unicyclists discover each other online inspire each other to greatness -and there are thousands of other examples of this happening of video driven evolution of skills ranging from the physical to the -and i have to tell you as a former publisher of hobbyist magazines i find this strangely beautiful i mean theres a lot of passion right here on this screen -but if rube goldberg machines and video poetry arent quite your cup of tea how about this -jove is a website that was founded to encourage scientists to publish their peer reviewed research on video -so lets explore the story starts with just a single person a child behaving a little strangely this -if you can show instead of just describing that problem goes away so its not far fetched to say that at some point online video is going to dramatically accelerate scientific advance -heres another example thats close to our hearts at ted where video is sometimes more powerful than print the sharing of an idea why do people like watching -all those ideas are already out there in print its actually faster to read than to view why would someone bother -well so theres some showing as well as telling but even leaving the screen out of it theres still a lot more being transferred than just words and in that non verbal portion theres some serious magic -somewhere hidden in the physical gestures the vocal cadence the facial expressions the eye contact -the passion the kind of awkward british body language the sense of how the audience are reacting there are hundreds of subconscious clues that go to how well you will understand and whether youre inspired -light if you like and desire incredibly all of this can be communicated on just a few square inches of a screen -this is the connective tissue of the human superorganism in action its probably driven our culture for millennia five hundred years ago it ran into a competitor with a lethal advantage -but now in the blink of an eye the game has changed again its not too much to say that what gutenberg did for writing -that just went global now this is big we may have to reinvent an ancient art form i mean today one person speaking can be seen by millions -how did he learn them and what drove him to spend the hundreds of hours of practice this must -shedding bright light on potent ideas creating intense desire for learning and to respond and in his case intense desire to -for the first time in human history talented students dont have to have their potential and their dreams written out of history by lousy teachers they can sit two feet in front of the worlds finest -now ted is just a small part of this i mean the worlds universities are opening up their curricula thousands of individuals and organizations are sharing their knowledge and data online -so were dreaming of ways to make it easier for you the global ted community to respond to speakers to contribute your own ideas maybe even your own -and to help shine a light on the very best of whats out there because if we can bubble up the very best from a vastly larger pool this wheel -turns now is it possible to imagine a similar process to this happening to global education overall -have to be this painful top down process why not a self fueling cycle in which we all can participate its the participation age right -schools cant be silos we cant stop learning at age twenty one what if in the coming crowd of nine billion what if that crowd -could learn enough to be net contributors instead of net plunderers that changes everything right i mean that would take more teachers than weve ever had but the good news is they are out there -teacher -teacher -part of the crowd that may be about to launch the biggest learning cycle in human history a cycle capable of carrying all of us to a smarter wiser more beautiful place -so that was sent to me by this -of kids in a village in pakistan near where i grew up within five years each of these kids is going to have access to a cellphone capable of full on web video -it crazy to think that this girl in the back at the right in fifteen years might be sharing the idea that keeps the world beautiful for your grandchildren its not crazy its actually happening right now -and i was just fucking furious furious ok -because they had all the fun and i didnt you know thats what you get furious about right and somebody asked me about catherine my wife you know did she -and it triggered a set of thoughts about my wife and i recalled that when catherine and i were married the priest gave a very nice sermon and he said something very important he said love is not selfish -he said love does not mean counting how many times i say i love you it doesnt mean you had sex this many times this month and its two times less than last month so that means you dont love me as much love is not selfish -and i thought about this -and i thought you know im not showing love here -not showing love im in the air im in the air -this cannot be -this cannot be that im expecting a certain number of sketches and to me thats my quantification method for qualifying a team this cannot be so i told them this story i said guys im thinking about something here this isnt right -i cant have a relationship with you guys based on a premise that is a quantifiable one based on a dictate premise that says im a boss you do what i say -without trust i said this cant be actually we -all broke down into tears to be quite honest about it -because they still -could not tell me how much frustration they had built up inside of them not being able to show me what i wanted and merely having to ask me to trust them that it would come -cars are not a suit of clothes cars are an avatar cars are an expansion of yourself -and i think we felt much closer that day we cut a lot of strings that didnt need to be there and we forged the concept for -what real team and creativity is all about we put the car back at the center of our thoughts and we put love -i think truly back into the center of the process by the way that team went on to create six different concepts for the next model of what would be the -the x coupe they had a lot of fun with that -it was the rendition of our motorcycle the gs as carl magnusson says brute iful as the idea of what could be a motorcycle if you add two more wheels -and so in conclusion my lesson that i wanted to pass on to you was this one here im also going to steal a little quote out of little prince theres a lot to be said about trust and love if you know that those two words are synonymous for design -your thoughts your ideas your emotions and they multiply it your anger whatever its an avatar its a super waldo that you happen to be inside of and if you feel sexy the car is sexy and if youre full of road rage youve got -i had a very very meaningful relationship with my team that day and its stayed that way ever since and i hope that you too find that theres more to design and -a chevy like a rock right cars are a sculpture did you know this that every car you see out -by hand many people think well its computers and its done by machines and stuff like that well they reproduce it but the originals are all done by hand its done by men and women who believe a lot -and they put that same kind of tension into the sculpting of a car that you do in a great sculpture that you would go and look at in a museum that tension between -i want to talk about is as background is the idea that cars are art -the need to express the need to discover then you put something new into it and at the same time you have bounds of craftsmanship -rules that say this is how you handle surfaces this is what control is all about this is how you show youre a master of your craft -as it is in anything we work in clay which hasnt changed much since michelangelo started screwing around with it -and theres a very interesting analogy to that too real quickly -you have to touch about it -thats the sculpture that goes into it that sensuality and its done by men and women working just like this making cars now this little quote about sculpture from henry moore -i believe that that pressure within that moores talking about at least when it comes to cars comes right back to this idea of the mean its that will to live that need to survive to express itself that comes in a car and takes over people like me and we tell other people do this do this do this until this thing comes alive -at the heart of all of it and its really what puts the craftsmanship into our cars and its not a whole lot different really when theyre working like this or when somebody works like this -that same kind of commitment that same kind of beauty now now i get to the point i want to talk about cars as art art in the platonic sense is truth -low on the totem pole we dont do coffee table books -its beauty and love now this is really where designers in car business diverge from the engineers we dont really have a problem talking about love we dont have a problem talking about truth or -beauty in that sense thats what were searching for when were working our -we are really trying to find that truth out there were not trying to find vanity and beauty were trying to find the beauty in the truth however engineers tend to look at things a little bit more -one lamp inside of it and cars are thought so much as a product that its -newtonian instead of this quantum approach were dealing with irrationalisms and were dealing with paradoxes that we admit exist and the engineers -better and that sometimes leads to bit of a divergence -in why were doing what were doing -the female side to that thats ok thats cool you go off and be manly were going to be a little bit more female because what were interested in is -finding form thats more than just a function were interested in finding beauty thats more than just an aesthetic its really a truth -and i think this idea of soul as being at the heart of great cars is very applicable you all know it you know a car when youve seen it with soul you know how strong this is well this experience of love and the experience of design to me are interchangeable and now im coming to my story -i discovered something about love and design -to get into the aesthetic side under the same sort of terminology that one would discuss art -and first of all you have to go with me for a second and say you know you could take the word love out of a lot of things in our society put the word design in and it still works like this quote here -works you know you can understand that it works in truisms all is fair in design and war certainly we live in a competitive society i think this one here theres a pop song that really describes philippe starck for me -this is one substitution that i believe all of us in design management are guilty of -and this idea that there is -more to love -more to design when it gets down to your neighbor your other it can be physical like this and maybe in the future it will be -right now its in dealing with our own people our own teams who are doing the creating so to my story the idea of -people work is what we work with here and i have to make a bond with my designers when were creating bmws -we have to have a shared intimacy a shared vision that means we have to work as one family we have to understand ourselves that way -to do this and because these are artists they have very artistic temperaments -now one thing about art is art is discovery and art is discovering yourself through your art right and one thing about cars is -were all a little bit like pygmalion we are completely in love with our own creations this is one of my favorite paintings it really describes our relationship with cars this is sick beyond belief -the intimacy with which we work together as a team takes on a new dimension a new meaning -we have a shared center we have a shared focus that car stays at the middle of all our relationships and its my job in the competitive process to narrow this down -ten cars we narrow it down to five cars down to three cars down to two cars down to one car and im in the middle of that -killing basically someones love someones baby this is very difficult and you have to have a bond with your team that permits you to do this -this is completely different than -well this project deep blue put me in contact with my team in a way that i never expected and i want to pass it on to you because i want you to reflect on this perhaps in your own relationships we wanted to a do a car which was a complete leap of faith for bmw -we wanted to do a team which was so removed from the way wed done it that i only had a phone number that connected me to them so what we did was -with this team name -deep blue now many people know deep blue from ibm we actually stole it from them because we figured if anybody read our faxes theyd think were talking about computers -self moving things right elevators are -and we gave them a budget what we thought was a set of deliverables a timetable and nothing else like i said i just had a phone number that connected me to them and a group of engineers -worked in germany and the idea was they would work separately on this problem of whats the successor to the suv they would come together compare notes then they would work -apart come together and they would produce together a monumental set of diverse opinions that didnt pollute each others ideas but at the same time came together and resolved the problems -and theyre not very emotional they solve a purpose and certainly automobiles have been around for one hundred years -hopefully really understand the customer at its heart where the customer is live with them in america -so sent the team off and actually something different happened they went other places -they disappeared quite honestly and all i got was postcards now i got some -postcards of these guys in las vegas and i got some postcards of these guys in the grand canyon and i got these postcards of niagara falls and pretty soon theyre in new york and i dont know -and im telling myself this is going to be a great car theyre doing research that ive never even thought about before -they decided that instead of like having a studio and six or seven apartments it was cheaper to rent elizabeth taylors ex house in malibu -and have made our lives functionally a lot better in many ways theyve also been a real pain in the ass because automobiles are really the thing we have to solve -at least they told me it was her house i guess it was at one time she had a party there or something but anyway this was the house and they all lived there -now this is twenty four seven living half a dozen people whod left their some had left their wives behind and families behind and they literally lived in this house -for the entire six months the project was in america but the first three months were the most intensive and one of the young women in the project -she actually built her room in the bathroom the bathroom was so big she built the bed over the bathtub its quite fascinating on the other hand i didnt know anything about this ok nothing -this is all going on and all im getting is postcards of these guys in las vegas or whatever saying dont worry chris this is really going to be good -ok so my concept of what a design studio was probably i wasnt up to speed on where these guys were however the engineers back in munich had taken on this kind of newtonian -modern consumer and one was hoping that these two teams would get together and this collusion of incredible creativity under these incredible surroundings and these incredibly stressed out engineers would create some incredible solutions -we have to solve the pollution we have to solve the congestion but thats not what interests me in this speech what interests me in this speech is -that point you have a split in your dialog that is so deep and so far that -they cannot bring this together at all and so we had our first meeting after three months in tiburon which is just up the road from here you know tiburon and -the idea was after the first three months of this independent research they would present it all to doctor goschel who is now my boss and at that time he was co mentor on the project -to the suv in america and so i had these ideas in my head that this is going to be great i mean im going to see so much work its so intense i -so we went to tiburon after three months and the team had gotten together the week before many days ahead of time -the engineers flew over and designers got together with them and they put their presentation together -cars automobiles may be what you use but cars are what we are in many ways -well it turns out that the engineers hadnt done anything and they hadnt done anything because -kind of like in car business engineers are there to solve problems and we were asking them to create a problem -and the engineers were waiting for the designers to say this is the problem that weve created now help us solve it and -walk out well walk -we spent four hours being told all about vocabulary that needs to be built between engineers and designers -and here im expecting at any moment ok theyre going to turn the page and im going to see the cars im going to see the sketches im going to see maybe some idea of where its going dialog kept on going with mental maps of words -and pretty soon it was becoming obvious that instead of being dazzled with brilliance i was seriously being baffled with bullshit -and as long as we can -and if you can imagine what this is like to have these months of postcard indication of how great this team is working and theyre out there spending all this money and theyre learning and theyre doing all -solve the problems of automobiles and i believe we can with fuel cells or hydrogen like bmw is really hip on -after four hours of this i stood up and i took this team apart i screamed at them i yelled at them what the hell are you doing youre letting me down youre my designers youre supposed to be the creative ones what the hell is going on around here -it was probably one of my better tirades i have some good ones but this was probably one of my better ones -and i went into these people how could they take bmws money how could they have a holiday for three months and produce nothing nothing because of course they didnt tell us -that they had three station wagons full of drawings model concepts pictures everything i wanted theyd locked up in the cars -because they had shown solidarity with the engineers and theyd decided not to show me anything in order to give the chance for problem solving a chance to start -every act of communication is an act of translation -now maybe thats been obvious to all of you for a long time but for me as often as id encountered that exact difficulty on a daily basis i had never seen the inherent challenge of communication in so crystalline a light -ever since i can remember thinking consciously about such things communication has been my central passion even as a child i remember thinking that what i really wanted most in life was to be able to understand everything and then to communicate it to everyone else so no ego problems -its funny my wife daisy whose family is littered with schizophrenics and i mean littered with them once said to me chris i already have a brother who thinks hes god i dont need a husband who wants to be -garcia marquez is one of my favorite writers for his storytelling but even more i think for the beauty and precision of his prose -anyway as i plunged through my twenty s ever more aware of how unobtainable the first part of my childhood ambition was it was that second part being able to successfully communicate to others whatever knowledge i was gaining where the futility of my quest really set in -time after time whenever i set out to share some great truth with a soon to be grateful recipient it had the opposite effect -interestingly when your opening line of communication is hey listen up because im about to drop some serious knowledge on you -a new personal truth all my own that if i was going to -ever communicate well with other people the ideas that i was gaining id better find a different way of going about it and thats when i discovered comedy -now comedy travels along a distinct wavelength from other forms of language if i had to place it on an arbitrary spectrum id say it falls somewhere between poetry and lies -and whether its the opening line from one hundred years of solitude or the fantastical stream of consciousness in autumn of the patriarch -and im not talking about all comedy here because clearly theres plenty of humor that colors safely within the lines of what we already think and feel what i want to talk about is the unique ability that the best comedy and satire has at circumventing our ingrained perspectives -comedy as the philosophers stone -it takes the base metal of our conventional wisdom and transforms it through ridicule into a different way of seeing and ultimately being in the world because thats what i take from the theme of this conference gained in translation -that its about communication that doesnt just produce greater understanding within the individual but leads to real change -which in my experience means communication that manages to speak to and expand our concept of self interest -now im big on speaking to peoples self interest because were all wired for that its part of our survival package and thats why its become so important for us and thats why were always listening at that level -and also because thats where in terms of our own self interest we finally begin to grasp our ability to respond our responsibility to the rest of the world -now as to what i mean by the best comedy and satire i mean work that comes first and foremost from a place of honesty and integrity now if you think back on tina feys impersonations on saturday night live of the newly nominated vice presidential candidate sarah palin they were devastating -where the words rush by page after page of unpunctuated imagery sweeping the reader along like some wild river twisting through a primal south american jungle reading marquez is a visceral experience -fey demonstrated far more effectively than any political pundit the candidates fundamental lack of seriousness cementing an impression that the majority of the american public still holds today -and the key detail of this is that feys scripts werent written by her and they werent written by the snl writers they were lifted verbatim from palins own remarks -on the other side of the political spectrum the first time that i heard rush limbaugh refer to presidential hopeful john edwards as the breck girl -i knew that hed made a direct hit now its not often that im going to associate the words honesty and integrity with limbaugh but its really hard to argue with that punchline -the description perfectly captured edwards personal vanity and guess what that ended up being the exact personality trait that was at the core of the scandal that ended his political career -now the daily show with john stewart is by far the most -its by far the most well documented example of the effectiveness of this kind of comedy survey after survey from pew research to the annenberg center for public policy has found that daily show viewers are better informed about current events than the viewers of all major network and cable news shows -which struck me as particularly remarkable during one session with the novel when i realized that i was being swept along on this remarkable vivid journey in translation -and the result is great comedy thats also an information delivery system that scores markedly higher in both credibility and retention than the professional news media -now this is doubly ironic when you consider that what gives comedy its edge at reaching around peoples walls is the way that it uses deliberate misdirection -a great piece of comedy is a verbal magic trick -this is the exact opposite of the way that anger and fear and panic all of the flight or fight responses operate flight or fight releases adrenalin which throws our walls up sky high -and the comedy comes along -dealing with a lot of the same areas where our defenses are the strongest race religion politics sexuality -only by approaching them through humor instead of adrenalin we get endorphins and the alchemy of laughter turns our walls into windows revealing a fresh and unexpected point of view -now let me give you an example from my act i have some material about the so called radical gay agenda which starts off by asking how radical is the gay agenda because from what i can tell the three things gay americans seem to want most are to join the military get married and start a family -now i was a comparative literature major in college which is like an english major only instead of being stuck studying chaucer for three months we got to read great literature in translation from around the world -and thats followed by these lines about gay adoption what is the problem with gay adoption why is this remotely controversial if you have a baby and you think that babys gay you should be allowed to put it up for adoption -you have given birth to an abomination remove it from your household -now by taking the biblical epithet abomination and attaching it to the ultimate image of innocence a baby this joke short circuits the emotional wiring behind the debate and it leaves the audience with the opportunity through their laughter to question its validity -misdirection isnt the only trick that comedy has up its sleeve economy of language is another real strong suit of great comedy there are few phrases that pack a more concentrated dose of subject and symbol than the perfect punchline -thats an entire childhood in three words -and this isnt some new phenomenon of our wired world comedy has been crossing country with remarkable speed way before the internet social media even cable tv back in one thousand nine hundred and eighty when comedian richard pryor accidentally set himself on fire during a freebasing accident -and as great as these books were you could always tell that you were getting close to the full effect but not so with marquez who once praised his translators versions as being better than his own which is an astonishing compliment -i was in los angeles the day after it happened and then i was in washington d c two days after that -and i heard the exact same punchline on both coasts -something about the ignited negro college fund clearly it didnt come out of a tonight show monologue and my guess here and i have no research on this is that if you really were to look back at it and if you could research it youd find out that comedy is the second oldest viral profession -first there were drums and then knock knock jokes -but its when you put all of these elements together -when you get the viral appeal of a great joke with a powerful punchline thats crafted from honesty and integrity it can have a real world impact at changing a conversation -now i have a close friend joel pett whos the editorial cartoonist for the lexington herald leader and he used to be the usa today monday morning guy -i was visiting with joel the weekend before the copenhagen conference on climate change opened in december of two thousand and nine and joel was explaining to me that because usa today was one of americas four papers of record it would be scanned by virtually everyone in attendance at the conference -which meant that if he hit it out of the park with his cartoon on monday the opening day of the conference it could get passed around at the highest level among actual decision makers -so we started talking about climate change and it turned out that joel and i were both bothered by the same thing which was how so much of the debate was still focused on the science and how complete it was or wasnt which to both of us seems somewhat intentionally off point -because first of all theres this false premise that such a thing as complete science exists now governor perry of my newly adopted state of texas was pushing this same line this past summer at the beginning of his oops fated campaign -for the republican presidential nomination proclaiming over and over that the science wasnt complete at the same time that two hundred and fifty out of two hundred and fifty four counties in the state of texas were on fire -so when i heard that the translator gregory rabassa had written his own book on the subject i couldnt wait to read it its called apropos of the italian adage that i lifted from his forward if this be treason and its a charming read its highly recommended for anyone whos interested in the translators art -personally i was praying for four more fires so we could finally complete the damn science -but back in two thousand and nine the question joel and i kept turning over and over was why this late in the game so much energy was being spent talking about the science when the policies necessary to address climate change were unequivocally beneficial for humanity in the long run regardless of the science -so we tossed it back and forth until joel came up with this -how about that how about we create a better world for nothing not for god not for country not for profit just as a -and not long after that he got another request for a copy from the head of the epa in california who used it as part of her presentation at an international conference on climate change in sacramento last year and it didnt stop there -to date joels gotten requests from over forty environmental groups in the united states canada and europe and earlier this year he got a request from the green party in australia -who used it in their campaign where it became part of the debate that resulted in the australian parliament adopting the most rigorous carbon tax regime of any country in the world -that is a lot of punch for fourteen words so my suggestion to those of you out here who are seriously focused on creating a better world is to take a little bit of time each day and practice thinking funny because you might just find the question that youve been looking for thank you -but the reason that i mention it is that early on rabassa offers this elegantly simple insight -now why would we want to do such a thing well theres two really good reasons for this -now if youre like me and the other seventy percent of the population who know that we are above average drivers you understand thats a very high bar -theres another reason as well -just like race car drivers can use all of the friction between the tire and the road all of the cars capabilities to go as fast as possible -we want to use all of those capabilities to avoid any accident we can -now you may push the car to the limits not because youre driving too fast but because youve hit an icy patch of road conditions have changed -in those situations we want a car that is capable enough to avoid any accident that can physically be avoided -i must confess theres kind of a third motivation as well you see i have a passion for racing -in the past ive been a race car owner a crew chief and a driving coach -although maybe not at the level that youre currently expecting -one of the things that weve developed in the lab weve developed several vehicles -is what we believe is the worlds first autonomously drifting car -weve also worked with volkswagen oracle on shelley an autonomous race car that has raced at one hundred and fifty miles an hour through the bonneville salt flats -gone around thunderhill raceway park in the sun -the wind and the rain -and navigated the one hundred and fifty three turns and twelve point four miles of the pikes peak hill climb route in colorado with nobody at the wheel -maybe youre out on the road for a long day and you just wanted to get home you were tired but you felt you could drive a few more miles maybe you thought ive had less to drink than everybody else i should be the one to go home -i guess it goes without saying that weve had a lot of fun doing this -these autonomous cars -we have developed a tremendous appreciation -for the capabilities of human race car drivers -as weve looked at the question of how well do these cars perform -we wanted to compare them to our human counterparts -are amazing -we can take a mathematical model of a car and with some iteration we can actually find the fastest way around that track -we line that up with data that we record from a professional driver -and the resemblance is absolutely remarkable -yes there are subtle differences here -but the human race car driver is able to go out and drive an amazingly fast line without the benefit of an algorithm that compares the trade off between going as fast as possible in this corner and shaving a little bit of time off of the straight over here -not only that theyre able to do it lap after lap after lap -theyre able to go out and consistently do this pushing the car to the limits every single time -its extraordinary to watch -you put them in a new car -and after a few laps theyve found the fastest line in that car -and theyre off to the races -it really makes you think -wed love to know whats going on inside their brain -so as researchers thats what we decided to find out -we decided to instrument not only the car -but also the race car driver to try to get a glimpse into what was going on in their head as they were doing this -or maybe your mind was just entirely elsewhere -now this is dr lene harbott applying electrodes to the head of john morton -john morton is a former can am and imsa driver whos also a class champion at le mans fantastic driver and very willing to put up with graduate students and this sort of research -shes putting electrodes on his head so that we can monitor the electrical activity in johns brain as he races around the track -now clearly were not going to put a couple of electrodes on his head and understand exactly what all of his thoughts are on the track however neuroscientists have identified certain patterns that let us tease out some very important aspects of this -for instance the resting brain tends to generate a lot of alpha waves -now we can measure this and we can look at the relative power between the theta waves and the alpha waves this gives us a measure of mental workload how much the driver is actually challenged cognitively at any point along the track -now we wanted to see if we could actually record this on the track so we headed down south to laguna seca -now the corkscrew is a chicane followed by a quick right handed turn as the road drops three stories now the strategy for driving this as explained to me was you aim for the bush in the distance and as the road falls away you realize it was actually the top of a tree -that you could push -life is way too short -and the car would get you home safely -now thats been the promise of the self driving car the autonomous vehicle and its been the dream since at least one thousand nine hundred and thirty nine when general motors showcased this idea at their futurama booth at the worlds fair -now californias considering similar legislation and this would make sure that the autonomous car is not one of those things that has to stay in vegas -now that number is dwarfed by the number of paper cups we use every day and that is forty million cups a day for hot beverages most of which is coffee i couldnt fit forty million cups on a canvas but i was able to put four hundred and ten thousand -is about the behaviors that we all engage in unconsciously on a collective level -speaking of justice theres another phenomenon going on in our culture that i find deeply troubling and that is that america right now has the largest percentage of its population in prison of any country on earth -one out of four people one out of four humans in prison -are americans imprisoned in our country -and i wanted to show the number the number is two point three million americans were incarcerated in two thousand and five and thats gone up since then but we dont have the numbers yet so i wanted to show two point three million prison uniforms -and in the actual print of this piece each uniform is the size of a nickel on its edge theyre tiny theyre barely visible as a piece of material -and to show two point three million of them required a canvas that was larger than any printer in the world would print and so i had to divide it up into multiple panels that are ten feet tall by twenty five feet wide -and what i mean by that its the behaviors that were in denial about and the ones that operate below the surface of our daily awareness -more than four hundred thousand people die in the united states every year from smoking cigarettes and so this piece is made up of lots and lots of boxes of cigarettes and as you slowly step back you see that its a painting by van gogh called skull with cigarette -its a strange thing to think about that on nine eleven when that tragedy happened three thousand americans died and do you remember the response it reverberated around the world -the tobacco lobby its too strong we just dismiss it out of our consciousness -and knowing what we know -about the destructive power of cigarettes we continue to allow our children our sons and daughters to be in the presence of the influences that start them smoking -and as individuals we all do these things all the time everyday its like when youre mean to your wife because youre mad at somebody else -and this is what the next piece is about this is just lots and lots of cigarettes sixty five thousand cigarettes which is equal to the number of teenagers -who will start smoking this month and every month in the us more than seven hundred thousand children in the united states aged eighteen and under begin smoking every year -one more strange epidemic in the united states that i want to acquaint you with is this -phenomenon of abuse and misuse of prescription drugs -this is an image ive made out of lots and lots of vicodin well actually i only had one vicodin that i scanned lots and lots of times -and so as you stand back you see two hundred and thirteen thousand vicodin pills which is the number of hospital emergency room visits yearly in the united states attributable to abuse and misuse of prescription painkillers and anti anxiety medications -one third of all drug overdoses in the u s and that includes cocaine heroin alcohol everything one third of drug overdoses are prescription medications -this is a piece that i just recently completed about another tragic phenomenon and that is the phenomenon this growing obsession we have with breast augmentation surgery -three hundred and eighty four thousand women american women last year -for elective breast augmentation surgery -given to young girls who are about to go off to college -so i made this image out of barbie dolls -and so as you stand back -you see this kind of floral pattern and as you get all the way back you see thirty two thousand barbie dolls which represents the number of breast augmentation surgeries that are performed in the u s each month -the vast majority of those are on women under the age of twenty one and strangely enough the only plastic surgery that is more popular than breast augmentation is liposuction and most of that is being done by men -or when you overeat because your feelings are hurt or whatever and -have this fear that we arent feeling enough as a culture right now -this kind of anesthesia in america at the moment -and our grief about whats going on in our culture right now whats going on in our country the atrocities that are being committed in our names around the world theyve gone missing these feelings have gone missing our cultural joy our national joy is nowhere to be seen -and one of the causes of this i think is that as each of us attempts to build this new kind of world view this -when we do these kind of things when three hundred million people do unconscious behaviors then it can add up to a catastrophic consequence that nobody wants and no one intended and thats what i look at with my photographic work -this holographic image that were all trying to create in our mind of the inter connection of things the environmental footprints one thousand miles away of the things that we buy the social consequences -ten thousand miles away of the daily decisions that we make as consumers as we try to build this view and try to educate ourselves about the enormity of our culture -the information that we have to work with is these gigantic numbers -bushs new budget is in the trillions and these are numbers that our brain just doesnt have the ability to comprehend -we cant make meaning out of these enormous statistics -more than they do now -if we can find that -then well be able to find within each one of us -what it is that we need to find to face the big question -which is how do we change -that to me is the big question -that we face as a people right now how do we change how do we change as a culture -each individually -take responsibility for the one piece of the solution that we are in charge -is that you dont have to make yourself -to look at these issues -not pointing the finger at america in a blaming way im simply saying this is who we are right now -if there are things that we see that we dont like about our culture then we have a choice -the degree of integrity that each of us can -bring to the surface to bring to this question -as we show up for the question of how do we change -its already defining us -and it will profoundly affect -the well being the quality of life -of the billions of people -im not speaking abstractly about this -this is who we are in this room -right now in this moment -thank -and as you get a little bit closer it starts looking like lots of pipes like maybe a -and in fact this is one million plastic cups which is the number of plastic cups that are used on airline flights in the united states every six hours -we use four million cups a day on airline flights and virtually none of them are reused or recycled they just dont do that in that industry -well basically its a product catalog of this one pig and it carries a duplicate of his ear tag on the back -and it consists of seven chapters the chapters are skin bones meat internal organs blood fat and miscellaneous -in total they weigh one hundred and three point seven kilograms and to show you how often you actually meet part of this pig in a regular day i want to show you some images of the book -you probably start the day with a shower so in soap fatty acids made from boiling pork bone fat are used as a hardening agent but also for giving it a pearl like -if you look around you in the bathroom you see lots more products like shampoo conditioner anti wrinkle cream body lotion but also toothpaste -then so before breakfast youve already met the pig so many times -then at breakfast the pig that followed the hairs off the pig or proteins from the hairs off the pig were used as an improver of dough -i would like to start my talk with actually two questions and the first one is how many people here actually eat pig meat -well when youre off to work under the road or under the buildings that you see there might very well be cellular concrete which is a very light kind of concrete thats actually got proteins from bones inside and its also fully reusable -in the train brakes at least in the german train brakes theres this part of the brake thats made of bone ash -and in cheesecake and all kinds of desserts like chocolate mousse tiramisu vanilla pudding everything thats cooled in the supermarket theres gelatin to make it look good -fine bone china this is a real classic of course the bone in fine bone china gives it its translucency and also its strength in order to make these really fine shapes like this -used in paint for the texture but also for the glossiness in sandpaper bone glue is actually the glue between the sand and the paper -and then in paintbrushes hairs are used because apparently theyre very suitable for making paintbrushes because of their hard wearing nature -i was not planning on showing you any meat because of course half the books meat and you probably all know what meats they are but i didnt want you to miss out on this one because this well its called portion controlled meat cuts and -this is actually sold in the frozen area of the supermarket and what it is its actually steak so this is sort of cow but what happens when you slaughter a cow at least in industrial factory farming -and how many people have actually seen a live pig producing this meat -they have all these little bits of steak left that they cant actually sell as steak so what they do is they glue them all together with fibrin from pig blood into this really large sausage -freeze the sausage cut it in little slices and sell those as steak again and this also actually happens with tuna and scallops -so with the steak you might drink a beer in the brewing process theres lots of cloudy elements in the beer so to get rid of these cloudy elements what some companies do is they pour the beer through a kind of gelatin sieve in order to get rid of -this actually also goes for wine as well as -actually a company in greece that produces these cigarettes that actually contain hemoglobin from pigs in the filter and according to them this creates an artificial lung in the filter -so this is actually a healthier cigarette -this must be the strangest thing i found this is a -coming from a very large ammunition company in the united states and while i was making the book i contacted all the producers of products -come from you actually never see a pig which is really strange because on a population of sixteen million people we have twelve million pigs -because i wanted them to send me the real samples and the real specimens so i sent this company an email saying hello im christien im doing this research and -i thought that was really weird as if the dutch government sends emails to anyone so -the most beautiful thing i found at least what i think is the most beautiful in the book is this heart valve its actually a very low tech and very high tech product at the same time -the low tech bit is that its literally a pigs heart valve mounted in the high tech bit which is a memory metal casing and -what happens is this can be implanted into a human heart without open heart surgery and once its in the right spot they remove the outer shell and the heart -well it gets this shape and at that moment it starts beating instantly its really a sort of magical moment -so this is actually a dutch company so i called them up and i asked can i borrow a heart valve from you and the -and well of course the dutch cant eat all these pigs they eat about one third and the rest is exported to all kinds of countries in europe and the rest of the world a lot goes to the u k germany -really enthusiastic so they were like okay well put it in a jar for you with formalin and you can borrow it great and then i didnt hear from them for weeks so -i called and i asked whats going on with the heart valve and they said well the director of the company decided not to let you borrow this heart valve because want his product to be associated with -the last product from the book that im showing you is renewable energy actually to show that my first question if pigs are still used up until the last bit -was still true well it is because everything that cant be used for anything else is made into a fuel that can be used as renewable energy source -i found one hundred and eighty five products and what they showed me is that well firstly -that we dont treat these pigs as absolute kings and queens and the second is that we actually dont have a clue of what all these products that surround us are made of and -you might think im very fond of pigs but actually well i am a little bit but im more fond of raw materials in general and i think that -and what i was curious about because historically the whole pig would be used up until the last bit so nothing would be wasted and i was curious to find out if this was actually still the case -and i spent about three years researching and i followed this one pig with number five thousand and forty nine all the way up until the end and to what products its made of and -in these years i met all kinds people like for instance farmers and butchers which seems logical but i also met aluminum mold makers ammunition producers and -all kinds of people and what was striking to me is that the farmers actually had no clue what was made of their pigs but -the consumers as in us had also no idea of the pigs being in all these products so what i did is i took all this research and i made it into a -but there are a lot of challenges for this and first of all what do we even study skeletons are ubiquitous theyre found all over the place but of course all of the soft tissue has decomposed and the skeleton itself has limited health information -mummies are a great source of information except that theyre really geographically limited and limited in time as well -coprolites are fossilized human feces and theyre actually extremely interesting you can learn a lot about ancient diet and intestinal disease but they are very rare -switzerland denmark and the u k to study a very poorly studied little known material thats found on people everywhere its a type of fossilized dental plaque that is called officially dental calculus -many of you may know it by the term tartar its what the dentist cleans off your teeth every time that you go in for a visit and in a typical dentistry visit you may have about fifteen to thirty milligrams removed but in ancient times before tooth brushing up to six hundred milligrams might have built up on the teeth over a lifetime -wondered what is inside your dental plaque -and whats really important about dental calculus is that it fossilizes just like the rest of the skeleton its abundant in quantity before the present day and its ubiquitous worldwide we find it in every population around the world at all time periods going back tens of thousands of years -and so previous studies had only focused on microscopy theyd looked at dental calculus under a microscope and what they had found was things like pollen and plant starches and theyd found muscle cells from animal meats and bacteria -probably not but people like me do im an archeological geneticist at the center for evolutionary medicine at the university of zurich and i study the origins and evolution of human health and disease by conducting genetic research on the skeletal and mummified remains of ancient humans -and so what my team of researchers what we wanted to do is say can we apply genetic and proteomic technology to go after dna and proteins and from this can we get better taxonomic resolution to really understand whats going on -and what we found is that we can find many commensal and pathogenic bacteria that inhabited the nasal passages and mouth -we also have found immune proteins related to infection and inflammation and proteins and dna related to diet -but what was surprising to us and also quite exciting is we also found bacteria that normally inhabit upper respiratory systems so it gives us virtual access to the lungs which is where many important diseases reside -and we also found bacteria that normally inhabit the gut and so we can also now virtually gain access to this even more distant organ system that from the skeleton alone has long decomposed -and so by applying ancient dna sequencing and protein mass spectrometry technologies to ancient dental calculus we can generate immense quantities of data that then we can use to begin to reconstruct a detailed picture of the dynamic interplay between diet infection and immunity thousands of years ago -so what started out as an idea is now being implemented to churn out millions of sequences that we can use to investigate the long term evolutionary history of human health and disease right down to the genetic code of individual pathogens and from this information we can learn about how pathogens evolve -the value of dental calculus and as a final parting thought on behalf of future archeologists i would like to ask you to please think twice before you go home -and through this work i hope to better understand the evolutionary vulnerabilities of our bodies so that we can improve and better manage our health in the future -there are different ways to approach evolutionary medicine and one way is to extract human dna from ancient bones and from these extracts -we can reconstruct the human genome at different points in time and look for changes that might be related to adaptations risk factors and inherited diseases -but this is only one half of the story the most important health challenges today are not caused by simple mutations in our genome but rather result from a complex and dynamic interplay between genetic variation diet microbes and parasites and our immune response -all of these diseases have a strong evolutionary component that directly relates to the fact that we live today in a very different environment than the ones in which our bodies evolved -and in order to understand these diseases we need to move past studies of the human genome alone and towards a more holistic approach to human health in the past -is that it is possible to define life in terms of processes alone without referring at all to the type of things that we hold dear as far as the type of life on earth is and that in a sense removes us again -and he told me biosignatures we need to look for a biosignature and i said what is that and he said its any measurable phenomenon that allows us to indicate the presence of life -like all of our scientific discoveries or many of them its this continuous dethroning of man of how we think were special because were alive well we can make life we can make life in the computer granted its limited but we have learned -what it takes in order to actually construct it and once we have that -then it is not such a difficult task anymore to say if we understand the fundamental processes that do not refer to any particular substrate then we can go out and try other worlds figure out what kind of chemical alphabets might there be -figure enough about the normal chemistry the geochemistry of the planet -so that we know what this distribution would look like in the absence of life and then look for large deviations from this this thing sticking out which says this chemical really shouldnt be there now we dont know that theres life then but we could say well at least im going to have to take a look -very precisely at this chemical and see where it comes from and that might be our chance of actually discovering life when we cannot visibly see it and so thats really the only take home message that i have for you -life can be less mysterious than we make it out to be when we try to think about how it would be on other planets -and then i thought about it a little bit and i said well is it really that easy because yes if you see something like this then all right -embryo again and then actually grows back up and back down and back up sort of yo yo and it never dies -so its actually life but its actually not as we thought life would be -i know it because people come up to me like colleagues and say chris you have a strange career -and then you see something like that and he was like my god what kind of a life form is that -except that nowadays its heavily disputed if you take the lesson of all these pictures then you realize well actually maybe its not that easy maybe i do need a definition of life in order to make that kind of distinction -so can life be defined well how would you go about it well of course youd go to encyclopedia britannica and open at l no of course you dont do that you put it somewhere in google and then you might get something -and what you might get and anything that actually refers to things that we are used to you throw away and then you might come up with something like this and it says something complicated with lots and lots of concepts who on earth would write something as convoluted and complex and inane -rely on things that are not based on amino acids or leaves or anything that we are used to but in fact on processes only and if you take a look at that this was actually in a book that i wrote that deals with artificial life and that explains why that nasa manager was actually in my office to begin with -because the idea was that with concepts like that maybe we can actually manufacture a form of life -and so if you go and ask yourself what on earth is artificial life let me give you a whirlwind tour of how all this stuff came about and it started out quite a while ago when someone wrote one of the first successful computer viruses -and for those of you who arent old enough you have no idea how this infection was working namely through these floppy disks but the interesting thing about these computer virus infections was that if you look at the rate at which the infection worked they show this spiky behavior that youre used to from a flu virus -and it is in fact due to this arms race between hackers and operating system designers that things go back and forth and the result is kind of a tree of life -of these viruses a phylogeny that looks very much like the type of life that were used to at least on the viral level so is that life -not as far as im concerned why because these things dont evolve by themselves in fact they have hackers writing them but the idea was taken very quickly a little bit further -when a scientist working at the scientific institute decided why dont we try to package these little viruses in artificial worlds inside of the computer and let them evolve -and this was steen rasmussen and he designed this system but it really didnt work because his viruses were constantly destroying each other but there was another scientist who had been watching this an ecologist and he went home and says i know how to fix this -and he wrote the tierra system and in my book is in fact one of the first truly artificial living systems except for the fact that these programs didnt really grow in complexity -and i decided to create a system that has all the properties that are necessary to see the evolution of complexity more and more complex problems constantly evolving -and of course since i really dont know how to write code i had help in this i had two undergraduate students at california institute of technology that worked with me thats charles offria on the left titus brown on the right they are now actually respectable professors at michigan state university -but i can assure you back in the day we were not a respectable team and im really happy that no photo survives of the three of us anywhere close together -but what is this system like well i cant really go into the details but what you see here is some of the entrails but what i wanted to focus on is this type of population structure theres about ten thousand programs sitting here and all different strains are colored in different colors -and as you see here there are groups that are growing on top of each other because they are spreading any time there is a program thats better at surviving in this world due to whatever mutation it has acquired it is going to spread over the others and drive the others to extinction -so im going to show you a movie where youre going to see that kind of dynamic and these kinds of experiments are started with programs that we wrote ourselves we write our own stuff replicate it and are very proud of ourselves and we put them in -and what you see immediately is that there are waves and waves of innovation by the way this is highly accelerated so its like a thousand generations a second -but immediately the system goes like what kind of dumb piece of code was this this can be improved upon in so many ways so quickly so you see waves of new types taking over the other types -and this type of activity goes on for quite awhile until -the main easy things have been acquired by these programs -and then you see sort of like a stasis coming on where the system essentially waits for a new type of innovation like this one which is going to spread -so what we see here is a system that lives in very much the way were used to life going but what the nasa people had asked me really was -do these guys have a biosignature -in fact it should perhaps make use of the concepts that i developed just in order to sort of capture what a simple living system might be -and the thing i came up with i have to first give you an introduction about the idea and maybe that would be a meaning detector rather than a life detector and the way we would do that i would like to find out how i can distinguish text that was written by a million monkeys -as opposed to text that is in our books -and i would like to do it in such a way that i dont actually have to be able to read the language because im sure i wont be able to as long as i know that theres some sort of alphabet so here would be a frequency plot of how often you find each of the twenty six letters of the alphabet in a text written by random monkeys -something about life and i was actually a rocket scientist i wasnt really a rocket scientist but i was working -and obviously each of these letters comes off about roughly equally frequent -but if you now look at the same distribution in english texts it looks like that -and im telling you this is very robust across english texts and if i look at french texts it looks a little bit different or italian or german they all have their own type of -frequency distribution but its robust it doesnt matter whether it writes about politics or about science it doesnt matter whether its a poem or whether its a mathematical text -its a robust signature -and its very stable as long as our books are written in english because people are rewriting them and recopying them its going to be there so that inspired me to think about well what if i try to use this idea in order not to detect -random texts from texts with meaning but rather detect the fact that there is meaning in the biomolecules that make up life -but first i have to ask what are these building blocks like the alphabet elements that i showed you well it turns out we have many different alternatives for such a set of building blocks we could use amino acids we could use nucleic acids carboxylic acids fatty acids in fact chemistrys extremely rich -and our body uses a lot of them so that we actually to test this idea first took a look at -amino acids and some other carboxylic acids and heres the result -here is in fact what you get -if you for example look at the distribution of amino acids on a comet or in interstellar space or in fact in a laboratory where you made very sure that in your primordial soup that there is not living stuff in there what you find is mostly glycine and then alanine and theres some trace elements of the other ones that is -also very robust what you find -in systems -like earth where there are amino acids but there is no life -but suppose you take some dirt and dig through it and then put it into these spectrometers because theres bacteria all over the place or you take water -anywhere on earth because its teaming with life and you make the same analysis the spectrum looks completely different of course there is still glycine and alanine but in fact there are these heavy elements these heavy amino acids that are being produced because these are valuable to the organism -and some other ones that are not used in the set of twenty they will not appear at all in any type of concentration -but it was an exciting experience one day a nasa manager comes into my office sits down -now you could ask well what about -these avidians the avidians being the denizens of this computer world where they are perfectly happy replicating and growing in complexity -so this is the distribution that you get if in fact there is no life they have about twenty eight of these instructions and if you have a system where theyre being replaced one by the other its like the monkeys writing on a typewriter each of these instructions appears with roughly the equal frequency -but if you now -take a set of replicating guys like in the video that you saw it looks like this -so there are some instructions that are extremely valuable to these organisms and their frequency is going to be high and theres actually some instructions that you only use once if ever so they are either poisonous or really should be used at less of a level than random in this case the frequency is lower -and says can you please tell us how do we look for life outside earth -and below there i show in fact the mutation rate in the environment and im starting this at a mutation rate that is so high that even if you would drop -a replicating program that would otherwise happily grow up to fill the entire world if you drop it in it gets mutated to death immediately so there is no life possible at that type of mutation rate but then im going to slowly -turn down the heat so to speak and then theres this viability threshold where now it would be possible for a replicator to actually live -and indeed were going to be dropping these guys -into that soup all the time -so lets see what that looks like so first -nothing nothing nothing too hot too hot now the viability -and that came as a surprise to me because i was actually hired to work on quantum computation yet i had a very good answer i said i have no idea -once you hit the threshold where the mutation rate is so high that you cannot self reproduce you cannot copy the information forward to your offspring without making so many mistakes that your ability to replicate vanishes and then that signature is lost -what do we learn from that -then we could start to think about life not -as something that is so special to earth but that in fact could exist anywhere because it really only has to do with these concepts of information of storing information within physical substrates anything bits nucleic acids anything thats an alphabet -the interiors were completely out of sync with that in fact it appeared like they referenced a mountain cabin that seemed really like a crisis to me that they had never been able to -we really needed to do some archeology in the trailer itself to figure out whats authentic in an airstream trailer and what feels like it has true purpose and utility we stripped out all the vinyl and zolatone paint -i was asked by wilsonart international a plastic laminate company which is the largest plastic laminate company in the world they asked me to -that was covering up this just fantastic aluminum shell we took off all the visible hardware and trim that was kind of doing the country cabin thing -i literally drew on the walls of the trailer mocked it up in cardboard wed come in and cut -decide things were wrong pull it out put it back in the main goal was to smooth out the interior and begin to speak about motion and mobility and independence the biggest difficulty -on one of these trailers is that when youre designing theres actually no logical place to stop and start materials -because of the continuous form of the trailer theres no such things as two walls and a ceiling coming together where you can change -curve interior what i had to devise was a way -of fooling the eye into believing that all these panels are curved with the shell what i came up with was a series of second skins that basically float -over the aluminum shell and what i was trying to do there was direct your eye in the space so that you would perceive the geometry in a different way and that the casework -break up the space they also gave us a way to run power and rewire the trailer without tearing out the skin so they function as an electrical chase thats the trailer pretty much finished -that trailer led to another commission to participate in whats called tokyo designers block its a week of furniture design events in tokyo in october -design a trade show booth for exhibition at the international contemporary furniture fair in new york in two thousand -teruo kurosaki who owns a furniture company called idee he asked me -he said one he would like to make a real trailer functioning and we would sell that one trailer number two you have a blank slate you can to anything you want we came up with a fantasy scenario -dj traveling around the states that would collect records and go on tours this trailer housed two turntables mixer wet bar -its got a huge couch fits quite a few people and basically wed had a great time with this and so in this trailer i took it upon myself to think about -this brings us up to the time that i started consulting to airstream they came to me and said well what can we do to freshen this thing -do you think kids you know skateboarders surfers rock climbers would use these things and i said well not in that interior -i thought finally oh yeah great big company im gonna work with somebody with money for tooling and molding and i walked in their prototype facility and its exactly like my shop only bigger same tools same things so -the problem became and they set this dilemma to me that you have to design the interior using only our existing technology and theres no money for tooling or molding -so looking at their three main markets for their product which were basically transportation design interiors and furniture -the trailers themselves are actually hand built all the casework is hand scribed in uniquely so you cant just cut -you have to cut them big and every single one is hand fit they didnt want to go to a componentized system and there it is thats the bambi sixteen -we came up with the solution of taking an old airstream trailer and gutting it and trying to portray laminate and a trailer in kind of a fresh new contemporary look when this trailer -showed up at my shop in berkeley id actually never stepped foot in an airstream trailer or any other trailer so i can be somebody that can look at this in a totally fresh perspective and see if i can optimize it -in its most idealistic fashion i decided i had to do some research and really figure out what had gone wrong somewhere along the history of airstream what i discovered in these interiors is that -there was a disconnect between the exterior shell and the interior architecture of the pieces in that the shell was originally conceived as a -lightweight modern futuristic high tech pod for hurtling down the freeway -paula radcliffe the one person who is sure to snatch the big paycheck out of derartu tulus under underdog hands suddenly grabs her leg and starts to fall back -ruins the script instead of taking off she falls back and she grabs paula radcliffe says come on -go -except derartu tulu ruins the script again instead of losing she blazes past the lead pack and wins wins the new york city marathon goes home with a big fat check -its a heartwarming story but if you drill a little bit deeper youve got to sort of wonder about what exactly was going on there -just right left right left yeah i mean weve been doing it for two million years so its kind of arrogant to assume that ive got something to say -you have two outliers in one organism its not a coincidence when you have someone who is more competitive and more compassionate than anybody else in the race -can be found down in the copper canyons of mexico where theres a tribe a reclusive tribe called the tarahumara indians now the tarahumara are remarkable for three things number one is -they have been living essentially unchanged for the past four hundred years when the conquistadors arrived in north america you had two choices you either fight back and engage or you could take off -the mayans and aztecs engaged which is why there are very few mayans and aztecs the tarahumara had a different strategy they took off and hid in this -the second thing remarkable about the tarahumara is deep into old age seventy to eighty years old these guys arent running marathons -theyre running mega marathons theyre not doing twenty six miles theyre doing one hundred one hundred and fifty miles at a time and apparently without injury without problems the last thing thats remarkable about the tarahumara is that all the things that -so whats the connection again were talking about outliers theres got to be some kind of cause and effect there -better a long time ago but the cool thing about running as ive discovered is that something bizarre happens in this activity all the time case in point -well there are teams of scientists at harvard and the university of utah that are bending their brains to try to figure out what the tarahumara have known forever theyre trying to solve those same kinds of mysteries and once again a mystery wrapped inside of a mystery -the human brain exploded in size australopithecus had a tiny little pea brain suddenly humans show up homo erectus big old melon head -to have a brain of that size you need to have a source of condensed caloric energy in other words early humans are eating dead animals no argument thats a fact -is the first edged weapons only appeared about two hundred thousand years ago so somehow for nearly two million years -we are killing animals without any weapons now were not using our strength because we are the biggest sissies in the jungle every other animal is stronger than we are -they have fangs they have claws they have nimbleness they have speed we think usain bolt is fast usain bolt can get his ass kicked by a squirrel were not -that would be an olympic event turn a squirrel loose whoever catches the squirrel you get a gold medal -no weapons no speed no strength no fangs no claws how were we killing these animals -a couple months ago if you saw the new york city marathon i guarantee you you saw something that no one has ever seen before an ethiopian woman named derartu -but you get to the marathon we were just talking about you guys have only been allowed to run the marathon for twenty years because prior to the nineteen eighties -and ive yet to see any -runner like ann trason or nikki kimball or jenn shelton you put them in a race of fifty or one hundred miles against anybody in the world and its a coin toss whos -a couple years ago emily baer signed up for a race called the hardrock one hundred which tells you all you need to know about the race they give you forty eight hours to finish this race -turns up at the starting line shes thirty seven years old she hasnt won a marathon of any kind in eight years and a few months previous she almost died in childbirth -if you start running the marathon at age nineteen you will get progressively faster year by year until you reach your peak at age twenty seven and then after that you succumb to the -rigors of time and youll get slower and slower until eventually youre back to running the same speed you were at age nineteen so about seven years eight years to reach your peak and then gradually you fall off your peak until you go back to the starting point -you would think it might take eight years to go back to the same speed maybe ten years no its forty five years -sixty year old men and women are running as fast as they were at age nineteen now i defy you to come up with any other physical activity and please dont say golf something that actually is hard -where geriatrics are performing as well as they did as teenagers so you have these three mysteries -is there one piece in the puzzle which might wrap all these things up -but ill submit this to you if you put one piece in the middle of this jigsaw puzzle suddenly it all starts to form a coherent picture if you wonder why is it the tarahumara dont fight and dont die of heart disease -why a poor ethiopian woman named derartu tulu can be the most compassionate and yet the most competitive and why we somehow were able to find food without weapons -we evolved as a hunting pack animal because the one advantage we have in the wilderness again its not our fangs and our claws and our speed the only thing we do really really well -is sweat were really good at being sweaty and smelly better than any other mammal on earth we can sweat really well -but the advantage of that little bit of social discomfort is the fact that when it comes to running under hot heat for long distances -were superb were the best on the planet you take a horse on a hot day and after five or six miles that horse has a choice its either going to breathe or its going to cool off -but it aint doing both we can so what if we evolved as hunting pack animals what if the only natural advantage we had in the world -was the fact that we could get together as a group go out there on that african savannah pick out an antelope and go out as a pack and run that thing to death -those expert trackers have got to be part of the pack they cant be ten miles behind you need to have the women and the adolescents there because the two times in your life you most benefit -except bad news for derartu tulu some other people had the same idea including the olympic gold medalist and paula radcliffe who is a monster the fastest woman marathoner in history -in other words is a culture remarkably similar to the tarahumara -a tribe that has remained unchanged since the stone age -its a really compelling argument that maybe the -how do we spoil it well how do we spoil anything we try to cash in on it we try to can it and package it and make it better and sell it to people -and what happened was we started creating these fancy cushioned things which make running better called running shoes -any kind of myths any kind of tall tales running is always associated with freedom and vitality and youthfulness and eternal vigor its only in our lifetime that running has become associated with fear and pain -i didnt do yoga im not ready humans ran and ran all the time we are here today we have our digital technology all of our science comes from the fact that our ancestors -able to do something extraordinary every day which was just rely on their naked feet and legs to run long distances so how do we get back to that again well i would submit to you the first thing is -get rid of all packaging all the sales all the marketing get rid of all the stinking running shoes stop focusing on urban marathons which if you do -four hours you suck if you do three fifty nine point five nine youre awesome because you qualified for another race we need to get back to that sense of playfulness and joyfulness and i would say nakedness that has made the -the healthiest and serene cultures in our time -the gun goes off and shes not even an underdog shes under the underdogs -a little too extreme about this imagine a world where everybody could go out their door and engage in the kind of exercise thats going to make them more relaxed more serene more healthy -and what the tarahumara have always been i dont say lets go back to the copper canyons and live on corn and maiz which is the tarahumaras preferred diet but maybe theres somewhere in between -and if we find that thing maybe there is a big fat nobel prize out there because if somebody could find a way to restore -but the under underdog hangs tough and twenty two miles into a twenty six mile race there is derartu tulu up there with the lead pack -so what ive been seeing today is there is a growing subculture of barefoot runners people who got rid of their shoes and what they have found uniformly is you get rid of -you get rid of the stress you get rid of the injuries and the ailments and what you find is something the tarahumara have know for a very long time that this can be a whole lot of -now this is when something really bizarre happens -the largest memes that have come out of this site some of you might be familiar with are these lolcats just silly pictures of cats with text and this resonates with millions -there are tens of thousands of these and there is a whole blogging empire now dedicated to pictures like these and -rick astleys kind of rebrith these past two years rickroll was this bait and switch really simple classic bait and switch -there are thousands of memes that come out of the site there are a handful that have escaped into the mainstream the ones ive just shown you but every day every month people are producing thousands of these -like this have rules we do theyre the codified rules that ive come up with which are more or less ignored by the community -and so theyve come up with their own set of rules the rules of the internet and so there are three that i want to show you specifically rule one is you dont talk about b -two is you do not talk about -i will spare you that slide i assure you it is very true -b is the first board we started with and it is in many ways the beating heart of the website it is where a third of all the traffic is going and b is known for -more than anything not just the memes theyve created but the exploits and chris just touched on one of those a second ago and that was -the time one hundred poll so somebody at time at the magazine thought it would be fun to nominate me for this thing they did last year and so they placed me on it and the internet got wind of it my community -i didnt instruct them to do it they just decided that thats what they wanted and so you know three hundred and ninety percent approval rating aint so -bad -so they broke that -and i ended up on top i ended up at this really fancy party -but thats not whats interesting about this its that they werent putting me at the top of this list they were actually it got so sophisticated to the point where they gamed -all of the top twenty one -places to spell marblecake also the game -the amount of time and effort that went into that is -very famously scientology and so the story is scientology had this embarrassing video of tom cruise it went up online they got it taken offline and managed to piss off part of the internet -and theyve been dogging me for a year i got to tell you its driving me nuts actually sometimes i wake up in the middle of -so weve got this activist group thats this grassroots group thats come out of the site and last im going to show you the example the story of dusty the cat -is the name that weve given to this cat this young man -for people to do something about this -so what they did is they i mean they put c s i to shame here the internet detectives came out they matched they found his myspace they took the youtube video and they mashed everything in the video and within twenty four hours they had his name -and within forty eight hours he was arrested -sites like it are kind of going the way of the dinosaur right now theyre endangered because were moving towards social networking were moving towards persistent identity were moving towards -you know a lack of privacy really were sacrificing a lot of that and i think in doing so moving towards those things were losing something valuable -you -that this is not being -streamed to them live right now -well you never know some of them weve got people in seventy five countries -when i was fifteen i found this -tell -yes and no i mean for as much good that kind of comes out of this environment there is plenty of bad there are plenty of downsides but i think that the greater good is -words saying things you know can be constructive it can be really damaging and if you cut the link between what is said and any attribution back to you i mean surely there are huge risks with that -there are certainly but -the board what you might say at ted right -yeah i posted a thread on sunday and within twenty four hours it had over twelve thousand responses -the thing is i didnt make it into that presentation because i cant read to you anything that they said -know bleeped out -but there were some good things that -im not sure i would have necessarily recommended everyone at ted to go and check it out anyway -yourself i mean youre a figure of some intrigue youve got this surprising semi underground influence but its not making you a lot of money yet -whats the commercial picture -the commercial picture is that there really isnt much of one i guess the site has adult content on it -its got some very obscene content on it just in terms of language alone and when youve got that youve pretty much sacrificed any hope of making lots of money -first very kind of pained awkward conversations the content is not dinner table conversation in the least but my parents i think part of why they -and so in ten years time what do you picture yourself -a good question as i said i just went back to school and i am considering majoring in urban studies and then going on to urban planning kind of taking whatever ive learned from online communities and trying to adapt that to -what it looks like so whats unique about the site is that its anonymous and it has no memory theres no archive -are no barriers theres no registration these things that were used to with forums dont exist on four chan and thats led to this discussion thats completely raw completely unfiltered -and that allows peter to look at his brain in real time as hes inside the scanner he can look at these sixty five thousand points of activation per second if he can see this pattern in his own brain -he can learn how to control it there have been three ways to try to impact the brain the therapists couch pills and the knife -this is a fourth alternative that you are soon going to have -we all know that as we form thoughts they form deep channels in our minds and our brains chronic pain is an example if you burn yourself you pull your hand away -but if youre still in pain in six months or six years time its because these circuits are producing pain thats no longer helping you -if we can look at the activation in the brain thats producing the pain we can form three d models and watch in real time the brain process information and then we can select the areas that produce the pain so put your arms back up and flex your -now imagine that you will soon be able to look inside your brain and select brain areas to do that same thing what youre seeing here is weve selected the pathways in the brain of a chronic pain -may shock you but were literally reading this persons brain in real time theyre watching their own brain activation and theyre controlling the pathway that produces their pain -theyre learning to flex this system that releases their own endogenous opiates as they do it in the upper left is a display thats yoked to their brain activation of their own pain being controlled when they control their brain they can control their pain -this is an investigational technology but in clinical trials were seeing a forty four to sixty four percent decrease in chronic pain patients this is not the matrix you can only do this to yourself you take control -raise your arms and wave back just the way i am kind of a royal wave you can mimic what you can see you can program the hundreds of muscles in your arm soon youll be able to look inside your brain -ive seen inside my brain you will too soon when you do what do you want to control -you will be able to look at all the aspects that make you yourself all your experiences these are some of the areas were working on today that i dont have time to go into in detail -but i want to leave with you the big question we are the first generation thats going to be able to enter into using this technology the human mind and brain -where will we take it -and program control the hundreds of brain areas that you see there im going to tell you about that technology people have wanted to look inside the human mind the human brain -for thousands of years well coming out of the research labs just now for our generation is the possibility to do that -but now we have a real technology to do this were going to fly into my colleague peters brain were going to do it non invasively using mri we dont have to inject anything we dont need radiation -will be able to fly into the anatomy of peters brain literally fly into his body but more importantly we can look into his mind when peter moves his arm -that yellow spot you see there is the interface to the functioning of peters mind taking place now youve seen before that with electrodes you can control robotic arms -that brain imaging and scanners can show you the insides of brains whats new is that that process has typically taken days or months of analysis weve collapsed that through technology to milliseconds -bill gates and warren buffett and he found that it was equivalent to the wealth of the bottom forty percent of the u s population one hundred and twenty million people -now as it happens warren buffett is not only himself a plutocrat he is one of the most astute observers of that phenomenon and he has his own favorite number -heres the most important economic fact of our time -and i probably dont need to tell you that we havent seen anything similar happen to the middle class whose wealth has stagnated if not actually decreased -we are living in an age of surging income inequality particularly between those at the very top and everyone else -one of the reasons i think is a sort of boiled frog phenomenon changes which are slow and gradual can be hard to notice even if their ultimate impact is quite dramatic think about what happened after all to the poor frog but i think theres something else going on -talking about income inequality even if youre not on the forbes four hundred list can make us feel uncomfortable it feels less positive less optimistic to talk about how the pie is sliced than to think about how to make the pie bigger -and if you do happen to be on the forbes four hundred list talking about income distribution and inevitably its cousin income redistribution can be downright threatening -so were living in the age of surging income inequality especially at the top whats driving it and what can we do about it -one set of causes is political lower taxes -deregulation particularly of financial services privatization weaker legal protections for trade unions -all of these have contributed to more and more income going to the very very top -a lot of these political factors can be broadly lumped under the category of crony capitalism political changes that benefit a group of well connected insiders but dont actually do much good for the rest of us -this shift is the most striking in the u s and in the u k but its a global phenomenon its happening in communist china in formerly communist russia its happening in india -in practice getting rid of crony capitalism is incredibly difficult -think of all the years reformers of various stripes have tried to get rid of corruption in russia for instance or how hard it is to re regulate the banks -even after the most profound financial crisis since the great depression or even how difficult it is to get the big multinational companies including those whose motto might be dont do evil to pay taxes at a rate even approaching that paid by the middle class -but while getting rid of crony capitalism in practice is really really hard at least intellectually its an easy problem after all no one is actually in favor of crony capitalism -indeed this is one of those rare issues that unites the left and the right a critique of crony capitalism is as central to the tea party as it is to occupy wall street -but if crony capitalism is intellectually at least the easy part of the problem things get trickier when you look at the economic drivers of surging income inequality -in and of themselves these arent too mysterious globalization and the technology revolution the twin economic transformations which are changing our lives and transforming the global economy are also powering the rise of the super rich -just think about it for the first time in history if you are an energetic entrepreneur with a brilliant new idea or a fantastic new product you have almost instant almost frictionless access to a global market of more than a billion people -as a result if you are very very smart and very very lucky you can get very very rich very very quickly -in my own native canada were even seeing it in cozy social democracies like sweden finland and germany -the latest poster boy for this phenomenon is david karp the twenty six year old founder of tumblr recently sold his company to yahoo for one point one billion dollars think about that for a minute one point one billion dollars twenty six years old -its easiest to see how the technology revolution and globalization are creating this sort of superstar effect -in highly visible fields like sports and entertainment we can all watch how a fantastic athlete or a fantastic performer can today leverage his or her skills across the global economy as never before -but today that superstar effect is happening across the entire economy we have superstar technologists we have superstar bankers we have superstar lawyers and superstar architects there are superstar cooks and superstar farmers there are even and this is my personal favorite example superstar dentists -the most dazzling exemplar of whom is bernard touati the frenchman who ministers to the smiles of fellow superstars like russian oligarch roman abramovich -or european born american fashion designer diane von furstenberg -in contrast with crony capitalism -so much of what globalization and the technology revolution have done is highly positive -lets start with technology i love the internet i love my mobile devices i love the fact that they mean that whoever chooses to will be able to watch this talk far beyond this auditorium im even more of a fan of globalization -this is the transformation which has lifted hundreds of millions of the worlds poorest people out of poverty and into the middle class and if you happen to live in the rich part of the world its made many new products affordable -in the one thousand nine hundred and seventy s the one percent accounted for about ten percent of the national income in the united states today their share has more than doubled to above twenty percent -who do you think built your iphone and things that weve relied on for a long time much cheaper think of your dishwasher or your t shirt -so whats not to like well a few things -one of the things that worries me is how easily what you might call meritocratic plutocracy can become crony plutocracy imagine youre a brilliant entrepreneur who has successfully sold that idea or that product to the global billions and become a billionaire in the process -it gets tempting at that point to use your economic nous to manipulate the rules of the global political economy in your own favor and thats no mere hypothetical example think about amazon -again this is no mere hypothetical its what the russian oligarchs did in creating the sale of the century privatization of russias natural resources its one way of describing what happened with deregulation of the financial services in the u s and the u k -and they are people who are acutely aware of how important highly sophisticated analytical and quantitative skills are in todays economy -but whats even more striking is whats happening at the very tippy top of the income distribution the zero point one percent in the u s today account for more than eight percent of the national income they are where the one percent was thirty years ago -thats why they are spending unprecedented time and resources educating their own children -the middle class is spending more on schooling too but in the global educational arms race that starts at nursery school -and ends at harvard stanford or mit the ninety nine percent is increasingly outgunned by the one percent the result is something that economists alan krueger and miles corak call the great gatsby curve -as income inequality increases social mobility decreases -the plutocracy may be a meritocracy but increasingly you have to be born on the top rung of the ladder to even take part in that race -the third thing and this is what worries me the most is the extent to which those same largely positive forces which are driving the rise of the global plutocracy also happen to be hollowing out the middle class in western industrialized economies lets start with technology -those same forces that are creating billionaires are also devouring many traditional middle class jobs -whens the last time you used a travel agent -and in contrast with the industrial revolution the titans of our new economy arent creating that many new jobs at its zenith g m employed hundreds of thousands facebook fewer than ten thousand -the same is true of globalization -for all that it is raising hundreds of millions of people out of poverty in the emerging markets its also outsourcing a lot of jobs from the developed western economies the terrifying reality is that there is no economic rule which automatically translates -increased economic growth into widely shared prosperity -thats shown in what i consider to be the most scary economic statistic of our time since the late one thousand nine hundred and ninety s increases in productivity have been decoupled from increases in wages and employment -that means that our countries are getting richer our companies are getting more efficient but were not creating more jobs and were not paying people as a whole more -one scary conclusion you could draw from all of this is to worry about structural unemployment -what worries me more is a different nightmare scenario after all in a totally free labor market we could find jobs for pretty much everyone -the dystopia that worries me is a universe in which a few geniuses invent google and its ilk and the rest of us are employed giving them massages -so when i get really depressed about all of this i comfort myself in thinking about the industrial revolution -after all for all its grim satanic mills it worked out pretty well didnt it after all all of us here are richer healthier taller well there are a few exceptions and live longer -let me give you another number to put that in perspective and this is a figure that was calculated in two thousand and five by robert reich the secretary of labor in the clinton administration -today we are living through an era of economic transformation comparable in its scale and its scope to the industrial revolution -to be sure that this new economy benefits us all and not just the plutocrats we need to embark on an era of comparably ambitious social and political change -we need a new new deal -folks youve just met claron mcfadden she is a world class soprano singer who studied in rochester new york -her celebrated operatic roles are numerous and varied in august two thousand and seven claron was awarded the amsterdam prize for the arts winning praise for her brilliance her amazing and extensively wide repertoire and her vivid stage personality please welcome claron mcfadden -the human voice mysterious spontaneous primal for me the human voice is the vessel on which all emotions travel -except perhaps jealousy -and the breath the breath is the captain of that vessel -a child is born takes its first breath -and we behold the wondrous beauty of vocal expression mysterious spontaneous and primal -a few years ago i did a meditation retreat in thailand i wanted a place that i would have total silence and total solitude i spent two weeks at this retreat in my own little hut no music no nothing sounds of nature -trying to find the essence of concentration being in the moment on my last day the woman who looked after the place she came and we spoke for a minute and then she said to me -would you sing something for me and i thought but this is a place of total quiet and silence i cant make noise -she said please sing for me so i closed my eyes i took breath -and the first thing that came up and out was summertime porgy and bess -the calm but alertness the focus but awareness and being totally in the moment -when youre totally in the moment when im totally in the moment the vessel of expression is open the emotions can flow from me to you and back -extremely profound experience -and the thing about this piece thats so special if you see it behind me its not notated in any way -no notes no flats no sharps but its a kind of structure and the singer -within this structure has total freedom to be creative spontaneous for example -there are different colors and each color gets a different type of singing pop country and western opera jazz and you just have to be consistent with that color -you see there are different lines you choose in your own tempo in your own way to follow the line but you must respect it -more or less and these little dots these represent a sort of sound thats not a -vocal not a lyrical way of expressing the voice using the body it could be sneezing it could be coughing it could be animals -theres armenian russian french english italian so within this structure one is free to me this piece is an ode to the voice because its mysterious as we can see -its quite spontaneous and its primal so i would like to share this piece with you its aria of john cage -no -the -if there is an answer to that that happens outside the professional framework of journalism it makes no sense to take a professional metaphor and apply it to this distributed class so as much as we want the shield laws -in new york city on the first saturday of every summer coney island our local charmingly run down amusement park hosts the mermaid parade -background the institution to which they were attached is becoming incoherent heres another example pro ana the pro ana groups -these are groups of teenage girls who have taken on web logs bulletin boards other kinds of cooperative infrastructure and have used it to set up support groups for remaining anorexic by choice -they post pictures of thin models which they call thinspiration they have little slogans like salvation through starvation they even have lance armstrong style bracelets -these red bracelets which signify in the small group i am trying to maintain my eating disorder they trade tips like if you feel like eating something clean a toilet or the litter box the feeling will pass -were used to support groups being beneficial we have an attitude that support groups are inherently beneficial but it turns out that the logic of the support group is value neutral -a support group is simply a small group that wants to maintain a way of living in the context of a larger group now when the larger group is a bunch of drunks and the small group wants to stay sober then we think thats a great support group -when the small group is teenage girls who want to stay anorexic by choice then were horrified whats happened -is that the normative goals of the support groups that were used to came from the institutions that were framing them and not from the infrastructure -its an amateur parade people come from all over the city people get all dressed up some people get less dressed up young and old dancing in the streets colorful characters and a good time is had by all -the infrastructure becomes generically available the logic of the support group has been revealed to be accessible to anyone including people pursuing these kind of goals so there are significant downsides to these changes as well as -of course in the current environment one need allude only lightly to the work of -non state actors trying to influence global affairs and taking advantage of these this is a social map of the hijackers and their associates who perpetrated the nine eleven attack -this is the part of the talk where i tell you whats going to come as a result of all of this but im running out of time which is good because i dont know -right as with the printing press if its really a revolution it doesnt take us from point a to point b it takes us from point a to chaos the printing press precipitated two hundred years of chaos -moving from a world where the catholic church was the sort of organizing political force to the treaty of westphalia when we finally knew what the new unit was the nation state now im not predicting two hundred years of chaos as a result of this -fifty fifty years in which loosely coordinated groups are going to be given increasingly high leverage -and the more those groups forego traditional institutional imperatives like deciding in advance whats going to happen or the profit motive the more leverage theyll get -how do groups get anything done right how do you organize a group of individuals so that the output of the group is something coherent and of lasting value instead of just being chaos -and institutions are going to come under an increasing degree of pressure and the more rigidly managed and the more they rely on information monopolies the greater the -the point here is not this is wonderful or were going to see a transition from only institutions to only cooperative framework its going to be much more complicated than that but the point is that its going to be a massive readjustment and since we can see it in advance and know -coming my argument is essentially we might as well get good at it thank -and the answer is i got them from flickr flickr is a photo sharing service that allows people to take photos upload them share them over the web -recently flickr has added an additional function called tagging tagging was pioneered by del icio us and joshua schachter del icio us is a social book marking service -tagging is a cooperative infrastructure answer to classification right if i had given this talk last year i couldnt do what i just did because i couldnt have found those photos -shown in reverse chronological order and i was then able to go and retrieve them to give you that little slideshow now what hard problem is being solved here -and its in the most schematic possible view its a coordination problem right there are a large number of people on the internet a very small fraction of them have photos of the mermaid parade how do we get those people together to contribute that work -the classic answer is to form an institution right to draw those people into some pre arranged structure that has explicit goals -and i want to call your attention to some of the side effects of going the institutional route first of all when you form an institution you take on a management problem -right no good just hiring employees you also have to hire other employees to manage those employees and to enforce the goals of the institution and so forth -and the economic framing of that problem is called coordination costs and a coordination cost is essentially all of the financial or institutional difficulties in arranging group output -you have to bring structure into place right you have to have economic structure you have to have legal structure you have to have physical structure -and that creates additional costs third forming an institution is inherently exclusionary -you notice we havent got everybody who has a photo you cant hire everyone in a company right you cant recruit everyone into a governmental organization you have to exclude some people -and fourth as a result of that exclusion you end up with a professional class look at the change here weve gone from people with photos to photographers right weve created a professional class -of photographers whose goal is to go out and photograph the mermaid parade or whatever else theyre sent out to photograph -when you build cooperation into the infrastructure which is the flickr answer you can leave the people where they are -you take the problem to the individuals rather than moving the individuals to the problem you arrange the coordination in the group -and by doing that you get the same outcome without the institutional difficulties -you lose the institutional imperative you lose the right to shape peoples work when its volunteer effort but you also shed the institutional cost which gives you greater flexibility -what flickr does is it replaces planning with coordination and this is a general aspect of these cooperative systems -youll have experienced this in your life whenever you bought your first mobile phone and you stopped making plans you just said ill call you when i get -call me when you get off work right that is a point to point replacement of coordination with planning -now able to do that kind of thing with groups to say instead of we must make an advance plan we must have a five year projection of where the wikipedia is going to be or whatever -you can just say lets coordinate the group effort and lets deal with it as we go because were now well enough coordinated that we dont have to take on the problems of -and worst of all that figure at the bottom approximately ten photos per photographer is a -its mathematically true but it doesnt really talk about anything important because in these systems the average isnt really what matters what matters is this -taken per photographer you can see here -over at the end our most prolific photographer has taken around three hundred and fifty photos and you can see theres a few people who have taken hundreds of photos -then theres dozens of people whove taken dozens of photos and by the time we get around here we get ten or fewer photos and then theres this long flat -is called a power law distribution it appears often in unconstrained social systems where people are allowed to contribute as much or as little as they like this is often what you get -the math behind the power law distribution is that whatevers in the nth position is doing about one nth of whatevers being measured relative to the person in the first position -so wed expect the tenth most prolific photographer to have contributed about a tenth of the photos and the one hundredth most prolific photographer to have contributed only about one hundred as many photos as the most prolific photographer -private or public it can be for profit or not profit it can be large or small but you get these resources together you found an institution and you use the institution to coordinate the activities of the group -so the head of the curve can be sharper or flatter but that basic math accounts both for the steep slope and for the long flat tail -and curiously in these systems as they grow larger the systems dont converge they diverge more in bigger systems -the head gets bigger and the tail gets longer so the imbalance increases you can see the curve is obviously heavily left weighted heres how heavily -you go down to five percent youre still accounting for sixty percent of the photos if you go down to one percent exclude ninety nine percent of the group effort -is actually here way to the left and that sounds strange to our ears but what ends up happening is that eighty percent of the contributors -have contributed a below average amount that sounds strange because we expect average and middle to be about the same but theyre not at all -this is the math underlying the eighty twenty rule right whenever you hear anybody talking about the eighty twenty rule this is whats going on -and the eighty percent zone is a no carrot and no stick zone the costs of running the institution mean that you cannot -more recently because the cost of letting groups communicate with each other has fallen through the floor and communication costs are one of the big inputs to coordination -take on the work of those people easily in an institutional frame the institutional model always pushes leftwards -treating these people as employees the institutional response is i can get seventy five percent of the value for ten percent of the hires great thats what ill do -the cooperative infrastructure model says why do you want to give up a quarter of the value if your system is designed so that you have to give up a quarter of the value -re engineer the system dont take on the cost that prevents you from getting to the contributions of these people -the system so that anybody can contribute at any amount so the coordination response -asks not how are these people as employees but rather what is their contribution like right we have over here psycho milt -flickr user who has contributed one and only one photo titled iraq and heres the photo right labeled bad day at work right so -the question is do you want that photo yes or no the question is not is psycho milt a good employee -and the tension here is between institution as enabler and institution as obstacle -when youre dealing with the left hand edge of one of these distributions when youre dealing with the people who spend a lot of time producing a lot of the material you want thats an institution as enabler world you can hire those people as employees you can coordinate their work and you can get some -but when youre down here where the psycho milts of the world are adding one photo at a time thats institution as obstacle -there has been a second answer which is to put the cooperation into the infrastructure to design systems that coordinate the output of the group as a by product of the operating of the system -first goal of the institution immediately shifts from whatever the nominal goal was to self preservation and the actual goal of the institution goes to two through -right so when institutions are told they are obstacles and that there are other ways of coordinating the value they go through something a little bit like the kubler ross stages of -to the acceptance phase many many institutions are still in denial but were seeing recently a lot of both anger and -right because the fact that they have coordinated themselves to create cooperative value is depriving them of revenue you can follow this in the guardian its actually quite -steve ballmer now ceo of microsoft was criticizing linux a couple of years ago and he said oh this business of thousands of programmers contributing to linux this is a myth -right weve looked at whos contributed to linux and most of the patches have been produced by programmers whove only done one thing -you can hear this distribution under that complaint and you can see why from ballmers point of view thats a bad idea right we hired this programmer he came in he drank our cokes and played foosball for three years and he had one idea right -without regard to institutional models so thats what i want to talk about today im going to illustrate it with some fairly concrete examples but always pointing to the broader themes -the psycho milt question is was it a good idea -what if it was a security patch what if it was a security patch for a buffer overflow exploit of which windows has not some several do you want that patch right -that a single programmer can without having to move into a professional relation to an institution improve linux once and never be seen from again should terrify ballmer -because this kind of value is unreachable in classic institutional frameworks but is part of cooperative systems of open source software of file sharing -of the wikipedia ive used a lot of examples from flickr but there are actually stories about this from all over meetup a service founded so that users could find people in their local area who share their interests and affinities and actually have a real world meeting offline in a cafe or a pub or what have you -when scott heiferman founded meetup he thought it would be used for you know train spotters and cat fanciers classic affinity groups the inventors dont know what the invention is number one group on meetup right now -most chapters in most cities with most members most active stay at home moms right in the suburbanized dual income united states -stay at home moms are actually missing the social infrastructure that comes from extended family and local small scale neighborhoods -so theyre reinventing it using these tools meetup is the platform but the value here is in social infrastructure -if you want to know what technology is going to change the world dont pay attention to thirteen year old boys pay attention to young mothers because they have got not an ounce of support for technology that doesnt materially make their lives better -this is so much more important than xbox but its a lot less glitzy i think this is a revolution i think that this is a -start by trying to answer a question that i know each of you will have asked yourself at some point or other and which the internet is purpose built to answer which is where can i get a picture of a roller skating mermaid -really profound change in the way human affairs are arranged and i use that word advisedly its a revolution in that its a change in equilibrium its a whole new way of doing things which includes new downsides -in the united states right now a woman named judith miller is in jail for not having given to a federal grand jury her sources shes a reporter for the new york times her sources in a very abstract and hard to follow case -and journalists are in the street rallying to improve the shield laws the shield laws are our laws pretty much a patchwork of state laws that prevent a journalist from having to betray a source -this is happening however against the background of the rise of web logging web logging is a classic example of mass amateurization it has de professionalized publishing want to publish globally anything you think today it -is a one button operation that you can do for free that has sent the professional class of publishing down into the ranks of mass amateurization -and so the shield law as much as we want it we want a professional class of truth tellers it is becoming increasingly incoherent -because the institution is becoming incoherent there are people in the states right now tying themselves into knots trying to figure out whether or not bloggers are journalists -and the answer to that question is it doesnt matter because thats not the right question journalism was an answer to an even more important question which is how will society be informed how will they share ideas and opinions -is the largest increase in expressive capability in human history now thats a big claim im going to try to back it up there are only -periods in the last five hundred years where media has changed enough to qualify for the label revolution the first one is the famous one -then a couple of hundred years ago there was innovation in two way communication conversational media first the telegraph then the telephone slow text based conversations then real time voice -then about one hundred and fifty years ago there was a revolution in recorded media other than print first photos then recorded sound -about the transformed media landscape and what it means for anybody who has a message they want to get out to anywhere in the world and i want to illustrate that by telling a couple of stories about that transformation ill start here -you want to have a conversation in this world you have it with one other person if you want to address a group you get the same message and you give it to everybody in the group -doing that with a broadcasting tower or a printing press that was the media landscape as we had it in the twentieth century -and this is what changed this thing that looks like a peacock hit a windscreen is bill cheswicks map of the internet he traces the edges of the individual networks and then color codes -the phone gave us the one to one pattern and television radio magazines books gave us the one to many pattern the internet gives us the many to many -for the first time media is natively good at supporting these kinds of conversations thats one of the big -the second big change is that as all media gets digitized the internet also becomes the mode of carriage for all other media -because groups that see or hear or watch or listen to something can now gather around and talk to each other as well -and the third big change is that members of the former audience as dan gilmore calls them can now also be producers -and not consumers every time a new consumer joins this media landscape a new producer joins as well because the same equipment -phones computers let you consume and produce its as if when you bought a book they threw in the printing press for free its like you had a phone that could turn into a radio if you pressed the right -last november there was a presidential election you probably read something about it in the papers and there was some concern that in some parts of the country there might be voter suppression -that is a huge change in the media landscape were used to and its not just internet or no -had the internet in its public form for almost twenty years now and its still changing as the media becomes more social its still changing patterns even among groups who know how to -deal with the internet well second story last may china in the sichuan province had a terrible earthquake seven point nine magnitude massive destruction in a wide area as the richter scale has it and the earthquake was -as it was happening people were texting from their phones they were taking photos of buildings they were taking videos of buildings shaking they were uploading it to qq chinas largest internet service they were twittering it and so -as the quake was happening the news was reported and because of the social connections chinese students coming elsewhere and going to school -the last time china had a quake of that magnitude it took them three months to admit that it had happened -now they might have liked to have done that here rather than seeing these pictures go up online but they werent given that choice because their own citizens beat them to the punch -and so a plan came up to video the vote and the idea was that individual citizens with phones capable of taking photos or making video -even the government learned of the earthquake from their own citizens rather than from the xinhua news agency and this stuff rippled like wildfire for a while there -the top ten most clicked links on twitter the global short messaging service nine of the top ten links were about the quake people collating information pointing people to news sources pointing people to the us geological survey -one was kittens on a treadmill but thats the internet -for -in those first hours and within half a day -sites were up and donations were pouring in from all around the world this was an incredible coordinated -global response and the chinese then in one of their periods of media openness decided that they were going to let it go that they were going to let this citizen reporting fly -the reason so many school buildings collapsed is that corrupt officials had taken bribes to allow those building to be built to less than code -would document their polling places on the lookout for any kind of voter suppression techniques and would upload this to a central place and that this would operate as a kind of -in front of these protesters in order to get them to go away essentially to say we will do anything to placate you just please stop protesting -but these are people who have been radicalized because thanks to the one child policy they have lost everyone in their next generation someone who has seen the death of a single child now has nothing to lose and so the protest kept going and finally -the chinese cracked down that was enough of citizen media and so they began to arrest the protesters they began to shut down the media that the protests were happening -china is probably the most successful manager of internet censorship in the world using something that is widely described as the great firewall of china -and the great firewall of china is a set of observation points that assume that media is produced by professionals it mostly comes in from the outside world -comes in in relatively sparse chunks and it comes in relatively slowly and because of those four characteristics they are able to filter it as it comes into the -but like the maginot line the great firewall of china was facing in the wrong direction for this challenge because not one of those four things was true in this environment -the media was produced locally it was produced by amateurs it was produced quickly and it was produced at such an incredible abundance that there was no way to filter it as it -citizen observation that citizens would not be there just to cast individual votes -and so now the chinese government who for a dozen years has quite successfully filtered the web is now in the position of having to decide whether to allow or shut -entire services because the transformation to amateur media is so enormous that they cant deal with it any other -they were simply shutting down access to twitter because there was no way to filter it other than that they had to turn the spigot entirely -these changes dont just affect people who want to censor messages they also affect people who want to send messages because this is really a transformation of the ecosystem as a whole not just -but also to help insure the sanctity of the vote overall so this is a pattern that assumes were all in this together what matters here -the classic media problem from the twentieth century is how does an organization have a message that they want to get out -to a group of people distributed at the edges of a network and here is the twentieth century answer bundle up the message send the same message -national message targeted individuals relatively sparse number of producers very expensive to do so there is not a lot of competition this is how you -reach people all of that is over we are increasingly in a landscape where media is global social ubiquitous and cheap -now most organizations that are trying to send messages to the outside world to the distributed collection of the audience are now -to this change the audience can talk back and thats a little freaky but you can get used to it after a while as people do but thats not the really crazy change that were living in -really crazy change is here its the fact that they are no longer disconnected from each other the fact that former consumers are now producers the fact that the -technical capital its social capital these tools dont get socially interesting until they get technologically boring -we saw some of the most imaginative use of social media during the obama campaign and i dont mean most imaginative use in politics i mean most imaginative use -and one of the things obama did was they famously the obama campaign did was they famously put up my barak obama dot com mybo com and millions of citizens rushed in to participate and to try and figure out how to help -an incredible conversation sprung up there and then this time last year obama announced that he was going to change his vote on -the foreign intelligence surveillance act he had said in january that he would not sign a bill that granted telecom immunity for possibly warrantless spying on american -by the summer in the middle of the general campaign he said ive thought about the issue more ive changed my mind im going to vote for this bill and many of his own supporters on his own site went very publicly berserk -it was senator obama when they created it they changed the name later please get fisa right within days of this group being created it was the fastest growing group on mybo com within weeks of its being created it was the largest -obama had to issue a press release he had to issue a reply and he said essentially i have considered the issue i understand where you are coming from but -thing happened in the conversation people in that group realized that obama had never shut them -it isnt when the shiny new tools show up that their uses start permeating society its when everybody is able to take them for granted -nobody in the obama campaign had ever tried to hide the group or make it harder to join to deny its existence to delete it to take to off the site they had understood -that their role with mybo com was to convene their supporters but not to control their -and that is the kind of discipline that it takes to make really mature use of this media media -the media landscape that we knew as familiar as it was as easy conceptually as it was to deal with the idea that professionals broadcast messages to amateurs is increasingly slipping -in a world where media is global social ubiquitous and cheap in a world of media where the former audience are now increasingly full participants -in that world media is less and less often about crafting a single message to be consumed -by individuals it is more and more often a way of creating an environment for convening and supporting groups -and the choice we face i mean anybody who has a message they want to have heard anywhere in the world isnt whether or not that is the media environment we -thats the media environment weve got the question we all face now is how can we make best use of this media even though it means changing the way weve always done it thank you very much -because now that media is increasingly social innovation can happen anywhere that people can take for granted the idea -thats all it is but thats all thats needed because what it does is it takes the tacit information available to the whole population everybody knows where the violence -but no one person knows what everyone knows and it takes that tacit information and it aggregates it and it maps it and it makes it -that that maneuver called crisis -was kicked off in kenya in january of two thousand and eight and enough people looked at it and found it valuable enough -the programmers who created ushahidi decided they were going to make it open source and turn it into a platform its since been deployed in mexico to track electoral fraud -its been deployed in washington d c to track snow cleanup and its been used most famously in haiti in the aftermath of the earthquake -when you look at the map -this went from a single idea and a single implementation in east africa in the beginning of two thousand and eight to a global deployment in less than three years -the story starts in kenya in december of two thousand and seven when there was a disputed presidential election and in the immediate aftermath of that election -what okolloh did -would not have been possible without human generosity -and the interesting moment now the number of environments where the social design challenge relies on both of those things being true -that is the resource that im talking about i call it cognitive surplus and it represents the ability of the worlds population to volunteer and to contribute and collaborate on large sometimes global projects -now that free time existed in the twentieth century but we didnt get ushahidi in the twentieth century thats the second half of cognitive surplus -the media landscape in the twentieth century was very good at helping people consume and we got as a result very good at consuming -but now that weve been given media tools the internet mobile phones that let us do more than consume -what were seeing is that people werent couch potatoes because we liked to be we were couch potatoes because that was the only opportunity given to us we still like to consume of course but it turns out we also like to create and we like to share -and its those two things together ancient human motivation -and the modern tools to allow that motivation to be joined up in large scale efforts that are the new -and using cognitive surplus were starting to see truly incredible experiments in scientific literary artistic political efforts designing -were also getting of course a lot of lolcats lolcats are cute pictures of cats made cuter with the addition of cute captions and they are also -part of the abundant media landscape were getting now this is one of the participatory one of the participatory models we see coming out of that along with -there are other candidates of course but lolcats will do as a general case -who began blogging about it on her site kenyan pundit and shortly after the election and the outbreak of violence the government suddenly imposed a significant media -someone who has done something like this however mediocre and throwaway has tried something has put something forward in public and once theyve done it they can do it again -and they could work on getting it better there is a spectrum between mediocre work and good work and as anybody whos worked as an artist or a creator knows its a spectrum youre constantly struggling to get on top -is between doing anything -has already crossed over -now its tempting to want to get the ushahidis without the lolcats right to get the serious stuff without the throwaway stuff but media abundance never works that way -so before i talk about what is i think the critical difference between lolcats and ushahidi i want to talk about their shared source and that source is design for generosity -it is one of the curiosities of our historical era -that even as cognitive surplus is becoming a resource we can design around social sciences are also starting to explain how important -our intrinsic motivations are to us how much we do things because we like o do them rather than because our boss told us to do them or because were being paid to do -this a graph from a paper by uri gneezy and aldo rustichini who set out to test at the beginning of this decade what they called deterrence theory and deterrence theory is a very simple theory of human behavior -you want somebody to do less of something add a punishment and theyll do less of it simple straightforward commonsensical also largely untested -and so weblogs went from being commentary as part of the media landscape to being a critical part of the media landscape in trying to understand where the violence was -and so they went and studied ten daycare centers in haifa israel and they studied those daycare centers at the time of highest tension which is pick up time -pick up time the teachers who have been with your children all day -would like you to be there at the appointed hour to take your children back meanwhile the parents perhaps a little busy at work running late running errands want a little slack to pick the kids up -daycare centers represented by the black line they said we are changing this bargain as of right now -if you pick your kid up more than ten minutes late were going to add a ten shekel fine to your bill boom no ifs ands or buts and the minute they did that the behavior in those daycare centers changed late pick ups went up -a fine what they did was communicate to the parents that their entire debt to the teachers had been discharged with the payment of ten shekels -and that there was no residue of guilt or social concern that the parents owed the teachers and so the parents quite sensibly said ten shekels to pick my kid up late what could -and okolloh solicited -the explanation of human behavior that we inherited -in the twentieth century was that we are all rational self maximizing actors and in that explanation -the daycare had no contract should have been operating without any constraints -from her commenters more information about what was going on and the comments began pouring in and okolloh would collate them she would post them and she quickly said its too much i could do this all day every day and i cant keep up there is more -but thats not right they were operating with social constraints rather than contractual ones and critically the social constraints created a culture that was more generous than the contractual constraints -so gneezy and rustichini run this experiment for a a dozen weeks run the fine for a dozen weeks and then they say okay thats it all done fine -really interesting thing happens nothing changes -the culture that got broken by the fine stayed broken when the fine was removed not only are economic motivations and intrinsic motivations -in designing these kinds of situations is to understand where youre relying on -the lolcats and -this is i think the range that matters both of these rely on cognitive surplus both of these design for the assumption that people like to create and we want to share -is the critical difference between -lolcats is communal value its value created by the participants for each other -is everywhere every time you see a large aggregate or shared publicly available data whether its photos on flickr or videos on youtube or whatever -this is good i like lolcats as much as the next guy maybe a little more even but this is also -a largely solved problem i have a hard time envisioning a future in which someone is saying where oh where can i find a picture of a cute cat -by contrast is civic value -its value created by the participants but enjoyed by society as a whole the goals set out by ushahidi are not just -to make life better for the participants but to make life better for everyone in the society in which ushahidi is operating -and that kind of civic value is not just a side effect of opening up to human motivation it really is going to be a side effect of what we collectively make of these kinds of -there are -hours a year of participatory value up for grabs -that will be true year in and year out the number of people who are going to be able to participate in these kinds of projects is going to grow -and we can see that organizations designed around a culture of generosity -can achieve incredible effects without an enormous amount of contractual overhead a very different model than our default model for large scale group action in the twentieth century -going to make the difference here -what dean kamen said the inventor and entrepreneur kamen said free cultures get what they celebrate -weve got a choice before us -weve got this trillion hours a year we can use it to crack each other up and were going to do that that we get for free -in seventy two hours they launched ushahidi ushahidi the name means witness or testimony in swahili is a very simple way -of taking reports from the field whether its from the web or critically via mobile phones and sms aggregating it -so consider this the thing that got martha paynes opinions out into the public was a piece of technology but the thing that kept them there was political will it was the expectation of the citizens that she would not be censored -thats now the state were in with these collaboration tools we have them weve seen them they work can we use them can we apply the techniques that worked here to this -i think thats wrong but laughter i think its right for argumentation right a momentous thing that can happen to a culture is they can acquire a new style of arguing trial by jury -voting peer review now this -what happens when a medium suddenly puts a lot of new ideas into circulation now this isnt just a contemporaneous question this is something weve faced several times over the last few centuries when the telegraph came along it was clear that it was going to globalize the news -you guessed it world peace sorry for the spoiler alert but no world peace not yet -even the printing press even the printing press was assumed to be a tool that was going to enforce catholic intellectual hegemony across europe instead what we got was martin luthers ninety five theses the protestant reformation and you know the thirty years war -talk to you today about something the open source programming world can teach democracy -is that when a lot of new ideas suddenly come into circulation it changes society what they got exactly wrong was what happens next the more ideas there are in circulation the more ideas there are for any individual to disagree with -more media always means more arguing thats what happens when the medias space expands and yet when we look back on the printing press in the early years -but before that a little preamble lets start here this is martha payne marthas a nine year old scot who lives in the council of argyll and bute a couple months ago payne started a food blog called neverseconds and she would take her camera with her every day to school to document her school lunches -we like what happened we are a pro printing press society so how do we square those two things that it leads to more arguing but we think it was good and the answer i think can be found in things like this -this is the cover of philosophical transactions the first scientific journal ever published in english in the middle of the one thousand six hundred s and it was created by a group of people who had been calling themselves the invisible college a group of natural philosophers who only later would call themselves scientists -and they wanted to improve the way natural philosophers argued with each other -and they needed to do two things for this they needed openness they needed to create a norm which said when you do an experiment you have to publish not just your claims but how you did the experiment if you dont tell us how you did it we wont trust -the printing press was clearly the right medium for this but the book was the wrong tool it was too slow and so they invented the scientific journal as a way of synchronizing the argument across the community of natural scientists -i mean youtube is just a gold mine -thats the question so i study social media which means to a first approximation i watch people argue -programming is a three way relationship between a programmer some source code and the computer its meant to run on -but computers are such famously inflexible interpreters of instructions that its extraordinarily difficult to write out a set of instructions that the computer knows how to execute and thats if one person is writing -and this problem grows larger the more programmers are involved -to a first approximation the problem of managing a large software project is the problem of keeping this social chaos at bay -can you spot the vegetable laughter and as sometimes happens this blog acquired first dozens of readers and then hundreds of readers and then thousands of readers as people tuned in to watch her rate her school lunches including on my favorite category pieces of hair found in food -now for decades there has been a canonical solution to this problem which is to use something called a version control system and a version control system does what is says on the tin it provides a canonical copy of the software on a server somewhere -the only programmers who can change it are people whove specifically been given permission to access it -and theyre only allowed to access the sub section of it that they have permission to change -and when people draw diagrams of version control systems the diagrams always look something like this all right they look like org charts and you dont have to squint very hard to see the political ramifications of a system like this this is feudalism one owner -many workers now thats fine for the commercial software industry it really is microsofts office its adobes photoshop -the corporation owns the software the programmers come and go but there was one programmer who decided that this wasnt the way to work this is linus torvalds torvalds is the most famous open source programmer created linux obviously -and torvalds looked at the way the open source movement had been dealing with this problem -open source software the core promise of the open source license is that everybody should have access to all the source code all the time -but of course this creates the very threat of chaos you have to forestall in order to get anything working so most open source projects just held their noses and adopted the feudal management systems -and to give you a sense of how enormous a decision like this was -this is a tremendously complicated process this is a tremendously complicated program and yet for years torvalds ran this not with automated tools but out of his email box -people would literally mail him changes that theyd agreed on and he would merge them by hand -this is a screenshot from github the premier git hosting service and every time a programmer uses git to make any important change at all -creating a new file modifying an existing one merging two files git creates this kind of signature this long string of numbers and letters here is a unique identifier tied to every single change -and then two weeks ago yesterday -but without any central coordination every git system generates this number the same way which means this is a signature tied directly and unforgeably to a particular change -this has the following effect -a programmer in edinburgh and a programmer in entebbe can both get the same a copy of the same piece of software -each of them can make changes and they can merge them after the fact even if they didnt know of each others existence beforehand this is cooperation without coordination this is the big change -now i tell you all of this not to convince you that its great that open source programmers now have a tool that supports their philosophical way of working although i think that is great -i tell you all of this because of what i think it means for the way communities come together -cooperation without coordination -you start to see communities form -that are enormously large and complex this is a graph of the ruby community its an open source programming language and all of the interconnections between the people this is now not a software graph but a people graph all of the interconnections among the people working on that project -so there are two good reasons to think that this kind of technique can be applied to democracies in general and in particular to the law when you make the claim in fact that -something on the internet is going to be good for democracy you often get this reaction -which is are you talking about the thing with the singing cats like is that the thing you think is going to be good for society to which i have to say heres the thing with the singing cats that always happens -and i dont just mean that always happens with the internet i mean that always happens with media full stop -it did not take long after the rise of the commercial printing press before someone figured out that erotic novels were a good idea laughter you dont have to have an economic incentive to sell books very long before someone says hey you know what i bet people would pay for -it took people another one hundred and fifty years to even think of the scientific journal -and when you go onto github and you look around there are millions and millions of projects almost all of which are source code but if you look around the edges you can see people experimenting with the political ramifications of a system -the new york senate has put up something called open legislation also hosting it on github again for all of the reasons of updating and fluidity you can go and pick your senator and then you can see a list of bills they have sponsored -and it includes this very evocative screenshot -this is a called a diff this thing on the right here this shows you for text that many people are editing when a change was made who made it and what the change is the stuff in red is the stuff that got deleted the stuff in green is the stuff that got added -programmers take this capability for granted no democracy anywhere in the world offers this feature to its citizens for either legislation or for budgets even though those are the things done with our consent and with our money -now i would love to tell you -part of the problem of course is just a lack of information somebody put a question up on quora saying why is it that lawmakers dont use distributed version control this graphically was the answer -that is indeed part of the problem but only part the bigger problem of course is power the people experimenting with participation dont have legislative power and the people who have legislative power are not experimenting with participation -they are experimenting with openness theres no democracy worth the name that doesnt have a transparency move but transparency is openness in only one direction and being given a dashboard without a steering wheel has never been the core promise a democracy makes to its citizens -of copyright compliance to the point where people simply get out of the business of offering it as a capability -now the domain name system is the thing that turns human readable names like -and youd think that would be a pretty big problem for a law but congress seems not to have let that bother them -so the policing layer around the problem becomes the real threat -this is a hand lettered sign that appeared in a mom and pop bakery in my old neighborhood in brooklyn a few years ago -if you were making a tv show it didnt have to be better than all other tv shows ever made -it only had to be better than the two other shows that were on at the same -this is like having a license to print money and a barrel of free -the store owned one of those machines that can print on plates of sugar and kids could bring in drawings and have the store print a sugar plate for the top of their birthday -we do like to consume but every time one of these new tools came -it turned out we also like to produce and we like to share -and this freaked the media businesses out it freaked them out every time jack valenti who was the head lobbyist for the motion picture association of america -once likened the ferocious video cassette recorder to jack the ripper and poor helpless hollywood to a woman at home alone that was the level of rhetoric -and so the media industries begged insisted demanded that congress do something -but this taping business fine -on the idea of legal versus illegal distinctions for copying because it was clear that if congress was acting in their framework they might actually increase the rights of citizens to participate in our own media -was that it was legal to sell you uncopyable digital material -except that theres no such things as uncopyable digital material it would be as ed felton once famously said like handing out water that wasnt wet bits are copyable thats what computers do that is a side effect of their ordinary operation -so in order to fake the ability to sell uncopyable bits the dmca also made it legal to force you to use systems that broke the copying function of your devices every dvd player and game player and television and computer you brought home no matter what you thought you were getting when you bought -on the legal system of distinguishing between legal and illegal copying and simply tried to prevent copying through technical -the mixtape the fanzine that was nothing compared to what were seeing now with the internet we are in a world where most -but where the dmca was surgical we want to go down into your computer we want to go down into your television set down into your game machine and prevent it from doing what they said it would do at the store pipa and sopa are nuclear -and its a copyright violation and policing copyright violations for childrens birthday cakes was such a hassle -and because the biggest producers of content on the internet are not -because in the end -so what pipa and sopa risk doing is taking a centuries old legal concept -innocent until proven guilty and reversing -you cant share -until you show us -that youre not sharing something we don -to police a user that will crush a service with a hundred million -imagine this sign everywhere except imagine it doesnt say college bakery -and the people who provide those capabilities to us the youtubes the facebooks the twitters -call your representative call your senator -what you see is that they have cumulatively received millions and millions of dollars from the traditional media -and you can ask not to be treated like a thief -and if youre not an american citizen you can contact american citizens that you know and encourage them to do the same because this seems like a national issue but it is not -you have to use one of our prefab images -because the whole business of actually suggesting that someone is breaking the law and then gathering evidence and proving -that that turns out to be really inconvenient -we convince -congress that the way to deal with copyright violation is the way copyright -one is called sopa the other is called -thats the way to handle this in the meantime the hard thing to do is to be ready because thats the real message -second book nor am i going to talk about why i believe computers dont belong in schools -when they cast bells they write inscriptions on them so i wipe the pigeon manure off one of the bells and i look at it -im asking myself why am i here -so at this time -id like to tell you the words inscribed upon the hayes hall tower bells all truth -is one in -science and religion endeavor here for the steady evolution of mankind -from darkness to light from narrowness to broad mindedness from prejudice to tolerance -i feel that theres a massive and -the argument is so obvious to anyone whos hung around a fourth grade classroom -doesnt need much talking about but i guess i may be very wrong about that and everything else that ive said so dont go back and read my dissertation it probably has lies in it as well -said that i outlined my talk about -five minutes ago and -if you look at it over here the main thing i wrote on my thumb was the future im supposed to talk about the future yes -right and my feeling is asking -me to talk about the future is bizarre because ive got gray hair and so its kind of silly for me to talk about the future in fact -here im honored by the invitation and thanks i would love to talk about stuff that im interested in but unfortunately i suspect that what im interested in wont interest many other people -i think that if you really want to know what the futures going to be if you really want to know about the future -ask a technologist a scientist a physicist no -dont ask somebody whos writing code -no if you want to know what societys going to be like in twenty years -in fact dont ask just any kindergarten teacher ask an experienced one -the ones who know what society is going to be like in another generation i -nor i suspect do many other people who are talking about what the future will bring -certainly all of us can imagine these cool new things that are going to be there -to me things arent the future -i ask myself is whats society is going to be like -the kids today are phenomenally good at text messaging and spend a huge amount of on screen time -never gone bowling together -happening and the change that is happening is not one that is in software but -going to talk about id love to talk about it itd be fun but -i want to talk about what im doing now what am i doing now oh the other thing that i think id like to talk about is right over here right over here -is that visible what id like to talk is one sided things -i would dearly love to talk about things that have one side because -i love mobius loops i not only love mobius loops but im one of the very few people if not the only person in the world that makes klein bottles right away i hope that all of your eyes glaze over this is a klein bottle -first off my badge says im an astronomer i would love to talk about my astronomy -for those of you in the audience who know you roll your eyes and say yup i know all about it its one sided its a bottle whose inside is its outside it has zero volume and its -non orientable it has wonderful properties if you take two mobius loops and sew their common edge together you get one of these and i make them out of glass and id love to talk to you about this but i dont -however the d in ted of course stands for design just -two weeks ago i made you know ive been making small medium and big klein bottles for the trade but -but i suspect that the number of people who are interested in radiative transfer in non gray atmospheres and polarization of light in jupiters upper atmosphere are the number of people whod fit in a bus shelter so -what ive just made and im delighted to show you first time in public here -this is a klein bottle wine -although in four dimensions it shouldnt be able to hold any fluid at all its perfectly capable of doing so because our universe -the cool one that was a month of my life -although i would love to talk about topology -im not going to -going to mention my -away last summer -had collected photographs of me as mothers will do -and i looked over her album and she had collected a picture of me standing well sitting in -to talk about that -it sent me back soon after that -i found in another picture that she had a picture of me -over here -of course is me this man is robert moog -the inventor of the moog synthesizer who passed away this past august -robert moog was a generous kind person -it would be just as much fun to talk about some stuff that happened -a musician -who took time from his life to teach me a sophomore a freshman at suny buffalo hed come up from trumansburg -mentoring me hed come up and spend hours and hours with me -he wrote a letter of recommendation for me to get into graduate school -bobs passing this past summer has been a loss to all of us -anyone whos a musician has been profoundly influenced by -say what im about to do what im about to do i hope you can recognize -a distorted sine wave almost a triangular wave upon this hewlett packard -i can get to -this place over here right -kids kids is what im going to talk about is that okay it says kids over here thats what id like to talk about -i caught the guys and they turned out to be working for what was then the soviet kgb and stealing information and selling it and id love to talk about that and it -for me at least i dont have a big enough head so i think locally and i act locally i feel that the best way i can help out -is to help out very very locally so ph d this and degree there and the -how come you aint over here on the front lines -i strongly suggest that this is a good thing for each of you to do not just show up to class every now and then teach a solid week okay im teaching three quarters time but -one of the things that ive done for my science students is to tell them look im going to teach you -but twenty years -with my help of course and with the help of a very beat up oscilloscope measured the speed of light we were off by twenty five percent -how many eighth graders do you know of who have measured the speed of light -in addition to that weve measured the speed of sound -id love to measure the speed of light here i was all set to do it and i was thinking aw man i was just going to impose upon the powers that be and measure the speed of light and im all set to do it im all set to do it but then it turns out that to set up here -later -i find computer security frankly to be kind of boring its tedious -could we measure the speed of light using the wave equation and all of you know the wave equation is -of any wave is a constant when the frequency goes up the wavelength comes down wavelength goes up frequency goes down -if we have a wave here over here thats whats interesting -what they didnt tell you in physics in eighth grade physics but they should have and i wish they had was that if you multiply the frequency times the wavelength of sound or light -the first time you do something -you get a constant and that constant is the speed of sound -is know its frequency well thats easy ive got a frequency counter right here set it up to -around a above a above a theres an a more or less now so i know the frequency its one point seven six -its science the second time its engineering -need now is to flip on another beam and the bottom beam is me talking right so anytime i talk youd see it on the screen -over here and as i move this away from the source youll notice -the spiral the slinky moves were going through different nodes of -the wave coming out this way those of you who are physicists i hear you rolling your eyes but bear with me to measure the wavelength -all i need to do is measure -the distance from here one full wave over to here from here to here is the wavelength of sound so ill put a -third time its just being a technician -here -here -lets go back to mister -the frequency is one point seven six kilohertz or one thousand seven hundred and sixty the wavelength was zero point two meters -do something i do something else -lets figure out what this is -one point seven six -zero point two over here is three hundred and fifty two meters per second if you look it up in the book its really -three hundred and forty three but here with kludgy material and lousy drink -to measure the speed of sound to -comes to what i wanted to say -go back to this picture of me a million years ago -and im like oh my god im studying physics landau lipschitz resnick and halliday im going home for a midterm a riots going on -theres a riot going on on campus -and the police are chasing me -im walking across campus cop comes and looks at me and says you youre a student -and a tear gas canister the size of a pepsi -i go running across campus quick as i can i duck into -behind me climb up go past this place where i see a pendulum ticking and im thinking oh yeah the square root of the length is proportional to its period -i keep climbing up go -back i go to a place where a dowel splits off theres a clock clock clock clock the times going backwards because im inside of it im thinking of lorenz contractions and -i climb up and theres this place way in the -other people who are a little more sophisticated using more working memory say i think people will pick thirty three because theyre going to pick a response to fifty and so ill pick twenty two which is two thirds of thirty three theyre doing one extra step of thinking two steps -thats better and of course in principle you could do three four or more but it starts to get very difficult just like in language and other domains we know that its hard for people to parse very complex sentences with a kind of recursive structure -going to talk about the strategizing brain were going to use an unusual combination of tools from game theory and neuroscience to understand how people interact socially when value is on the line so game theory is a branch of originally applied mathematics used mostly in economics and political science a little bit in biology that gives us a mathematical taxonomy of social life -this is called a cognitive hierarchy theory by the way its something that ive worked on and a few other people and it indicates a kind of hierarchy along with some assumptions about how many people stop at different steps and how the steps of thinking are affected by lots of interesting variables and variant people as well see in a minute -of a beautiful mind fame is whats called equilibrium analysis so if youve ever taken a game theory course at any level you will have learned a little bit about this an equilibrium is a mathematical state in which everybody has figured out exactly what everyone else will do it is a very useful concept but behaviorally it may not exactly explain what people do the first time they play these types of -economic games or in situations in the outside world in this case the equilibrium makes a very bold prediction which is everyone wants to be below everyone else -therefore theyll play zero -and whoever is close to two thirds of the average will win a big prize and as you can see theres so much data here you can see the spikes very visibly theres a spike at thirty three those are people doing one step -because theyre picking zero or one -one study by coricelli and nagel gives a really sharp interesting answer so they had people play this game while they were being scanned in an fmri and two conditions in some trials theyre told youre playing another person whos playing right now and were going to match up your behavior at the end and pay you if you win in the other trials theyre told youre playing a computer theyre just choosing randomly -so what you see here is a subtraction of areas in which theres more brain activity when youre playing people compared to playing the computer -and these are all areas which are fairly reliably known to be part of whats called a theory of mind circuit or mentalizing circuit -that is its a circuit thats used to imagine what other people might do so these were some of the first studies to see this tied in to game theory -what happens with these one and two step types so we classify people by what they picked and then we look at the difference between playing humans versus playing computers which brain areas are differentially active on the top you see the one step players theres almost no difference -the reason is theyre treating other people like a computer and the brain is too the bottom players you see all the activity in dorsomedial pfc -so we know that those two step players are doing something differently now if you were to step back and say what can we do with this information you might be able to look at brain activity and say this persons going to be a good poker player or this persons socially naive and we might also be able to study things like development of adolescent brains once we have an idea of where this circuitry exists -and it predicts what people are likely to do and believe others will do in cases where everyones actions affect everyone else thats a lot of things competition cooperation bargaining games like hide and seek and poker -okay get ready im saving you some brain activity because you dont need to use your hair detector cells -you should use those cells to think carefully about this game this is a bargaining game two players who are being scanned using eeg electrodes are going to bargain over one to six dollars -if they can do it in ten seconds theyre going to actually earn that money if ten seconds goes by and they havent made a deal they get nothing thats kind of a mistake together the twist is that one player on the left -is informed about how much on each trial there is they play lots of trials with different amounts each time in this case they know theres four dollars the uninformed player -doesnt know but they know that the informed player knows so the uninformed players challenge is to say is this guy really being fair or are they giving me a very low offer in order to get me to think that theres only one or two dollars available to split in which case they might reject it and not come to a deal -so theres some tension here between trying to get the most money but trying to goad the other player into giving you more and the way they bargain is to point on a number line that goes from zero to six dollars and theyre bargaining over how much the uninformed player gets -and the informed players going to get the rest so this is like a management labor negotiation in which the workers dont know how much profits the privately held company has -right and they want to maybe hold out for more money but the company might want to create the impression that theres very little to split im giving you the most that i can -first some behavior so a bunch of the subject pairs they play face to face we have some other data where they play across computers thats an interesting difference as you might imagine but a bunch of the face to face pairs agree to divide the money evenly every single time -boring its just not interesting neurally its good for them they make a lot of money but were interested in can we say something about when disagreements occur versus dont occur -so this is the other group of subjects who often disagree so they have a chance of they bicker and disagree and end up with less money they might be eligible to be on real housewives the tv show -they disagree about half the time and when the amount is four five six they agree quite often this turns out to be something thats predicted by a very complicated type of game theory you should come to graduate school at caltech and learn about its a little too complicated to explain right now but the theory tells you that this shape kind of should occur your intuition might tell you that too -heres a simple game to get us started everyone chooses a number from zero to one hundred were going to compute the average of those numbers -now im going to show you the results from the eeg recording very complicated the right brain schematic is the uninformed person and the left is the informed -remember that we scanned both brains at the same time so we can ask about time synced activity in similar or different areas simultaneously just like if you wanted to study a conversation and you were scanning two people talking to each other and youd expect common activity in language regions when theyre actually kind of listening and communicating -so the arrows connect regions that are active at the same time -and the direction of the arrows flows from the region thats active first in time and the arrowhead goes to the region thats active later so in this case if you look carefully most of the arrows flow from right to left that is it looks as if the uninformed brain activity is happening first -and then its followed by activity in the informed brain and by the way these were trials where their deals were made -this is from the first two seconds we havent finished analyzing this data so were still peeking in but the hope is that we can say something in the first couple of seconds about whether theyll make a deal or not which could be very useful in thinking about avoiding litigation and ugly divorces and things like that those are all cases in which a lot of value is lost by delay and strikes -heres the case where the disagreements occur you can see it looks different than the one before -theres a lot more arrows that means that the brains are synced up more closely in terms of simultaneous activity and the arrows flow clearly from left to right that is the informed brain seems to be deciding were probably not going to make a deal here and then later theres activity in the uninformed brain -next im going to introduce you to some relatives theyre hairy smelly fast and strong you might be thinking back to your last thanksgiving maybe if you had a chimpanzee with you charles darwin and i and you broke off from the family tree from chimpanzees about five -so you want to be a little bit below the average number but not too far below and everyone else wants to be a little bit below the average number as well think about what you might pick -million years ago theyre still our closest genetic kin we share ninety eight point eight percent of the genes we share more genes with them than zebras do with horses -and were also their closest cousin they have more genetic relation to us than to gorillas so how humans and chimpanzees behave differently might tell us a lot about brain evolution -so this is an amazing memory test from nagoya japan primate research institute where theyve done a lot of this research this goes back quite a ways theyre interested in working memory the chimp is going to see watch carefully theyre going to see two hundred milliseconds exposure thats fast thats eight movie frames of numbers one two three four five -then they disappear and theyre replaced by squares and they have to press the squares that correspond to the numbers from low to high to get an apple reward lets see how they can do it -this is a young chimp the young ones are better than the old ones just like humans -and theyre highly experienced so theyve done this thousands and thousands of time obviously theres a big training effect as you can imagine -as youre thinking this is a toy model of something like selling in the stock market during a rising market right you dont want to sell too early because you miss out on profits but you dont want to wait too late to when everyone else sells triggering a crash you want to be a little bit ahead of the competition but not too far ahead -is based on an idea of tetsuro matsuzawa he had a bold idea that what he called the cognitive trade off hypothesis we know chimps are faster and stronger theyre also very obsessed with status his thought was maybe theyve preserved brain activities and they practice them in development that are really really important to them to negotiate status and to win -which is something like strategic thinking during competition so were going to check that out by having the chimps actually play a game -by touching two touch screens the chimps are actually interacting with each other through the computers theyre going to press left or right one chimp is called a matcher they win if they press left left -like a seeker finding someone in hide and seek or right right the mismatcher wants to mismatch they want to press the opposite screen of the chimp and the rewards are apple cube rewards -so heres how game theorists look at these data this is a graph of the percentage of times the matcher picked right on the x axis and the percentage of times they predicted right by the mismatcher on the y axis so a point here is the behavior by a pair of players one trying to match one trying to mismatch -the ne square in the middle actually ne ch and qre those are three different theories of nash equilibrium and others -tells you what the theory predicts which is that they should match fifty fifty -now we move the payoffs -were actually going to make the left left payoff for the matcher a little bit higher now they get three apple cubes game theoretically that should actually make the mismatchers behavior shift because what happens is the mismatcher will think oh this guys going to go for the big reward and so im going to go to the right make sure he doesnt get it -and as you can see their behavior moves up in the direction of this change in the nash equilibrium finally we changed the payoffs one more time now its four apple cubes and their behavior again moves towards the nash equilibrium its sprinkled around but if you average the chimps out theyre really really close within one -heres two human groups in green and blue -theyre closer to fifty fifty theyre not responding to payoffs as closely and also if you study their learning in the game they arent as sensitive to previous rewards the chimps are playing better than the humans better in the sense of adhering to game theory and these are two different groups of humans from japan -so here are some things we learned today people seem to do a limited amount of strategic thinking using theory of mind -okay heres two theories about how people might think about this and then well see some data -some of these will sound familiar because you probably are thinking that way im using my brain theory to see -a lot of people say -i really dont know what people are going to pick so i think the average will be fifty theyre not being really strategic at all and ill pick two thirds of fifty thats thirty three thats a start -and the trick i play in all of my school appearances is that when i get through with my little homily to the kids -but now im an american sir thank you -so we are still that magnificent country but we are fueled by young people coming up from every land in the world -and it is our obligation as contributing citizens to this wonderful country of ours to make sure that no child gets left behind thank you very much -i then invite them to ask questions and when they raise their hands i say come up and i make them come up and stand in front of me i make them stand at attention like a soldier -this young man his name is his last name cruz he loved it thats all over his facebook page and its gone viral -people think im being unkind to this kid no were having a little fun and the thing about it ive done this for years -environment of structure -put them in ranks -and telling them to do all kinds of awful things -but then the most amazing thing happens over time -once that structure is developed once they understand the reason for something -once they understand mama aint here -but youd be amazed at what you can do with them once you put them in that structure in eighteen weeks they have a skill -they are mature -and you know what they come to admire the drill sergeant and they never forget the drill sergeant -they come to respect him and so we need more of this kind of -structure and respect in the lives of our children -that isnt the whole answer -its part of the answer but the real answer begins with bringing a child to the school with structure in that childs heart and soul to begin with -this was last wednesday afternoon at a school in brooklyn new york at cristo rey high school run by the jesuits -when does the learning process begin does it begin in first grade no no it begins the first time a child in a mothers arms -looks up at the mother and says oh this must be my mother shes the one who feeds me -oh yeah when i dont feel so good down there she takes care of me its her language i will learn -and at that moment they shut out all the other languages that they could be learning at that age but by three months -you are different from every other child in the world -and were going to read to you -and i was talking to this group of students and take a look at them -and i watched my own young grandchildren now come along and theyre much to the distress of my children they are -we need preschool -we need head start -we need prenatal care -the education process begins even before the child is born -they were around me in three directions youll noticed that almost all of them are minority -and then they realize -and by the third grade the kids who didnt have that structure -and minding in the beginning -youll notice that the building is rather austere its an old new york school building nothing fancy they still have old blackboards and whatnot -i was privileged to have that kind of good start i was not a great student i was a public school kid in new york city and i didnt do well at all i have my entire new york city board of education transcript from kindergarten through college i wanted it when i was writing my first book -i wanted to see if my memory was correct and my god it was -straight c everywhere -and i finally bounced through high school got into the city college of new york with a seventy eight point three average which i shouldnt have been allowed in with and then i started out in engineering and that only lasted six months laughter and then i went into geology rocks for jocks this is easy and then i found rotc -and when you find those two things together man you got it thats whats going on and thats what i found -now the authorities at ccny were getting tired of me being there id been there four and a half going on five years and my grades were not -doing particularly well -and lo and behold many years later im considered one of the greatest sons the city college of new york has ever had -country that no matter where you start you have opportunities so long as you believe in yourself -you believe in the society and the country and you believe -but it begins with the gift of a good start -at the earliest age -were going to be running into difficulties -twenty two people are graduating and all twenty two are going to college -its why we have a dropout rate of roughly twenty five percent overall and almost fifty percent of our minority population living -in low income areas -because theyre not getting the gift of a good start -my gift of a good start was not only being in a nice family a good family but having a family that said to me now listen -we came to this country in banana boats -we worked like dogs down in the garment industry every single day -and dont even think about dropping out -they all come from homes where there is for the most part just one -if i had ever gone home and told those immigrant people -they had expectations for all of the cousins and the extended -family of immigrants that lived in the south bronx -but they had more than just expectations for -they stuck into our hearts like a dagger a sense of shame -dont you shame this family -sometimes i would get in trouble and my parents were coming home and i was in my room waiting for whats going to happen and i would sit there saying to myself okay look take the belt and hit me but god dont give me that shame the family bit again it devastated me when my mother did that to me -person in the home usually the mother or the grandmother and thats it and they come here for their education and for their structure now i had this picture taken and it was put up on my facebook page last week and somebody wrote in -and i also had this extended network children need a network children need to be part of a tribe a family a community -in my case it was aunts who lived in all of these tenement buildings i dont know how many of you are new yorkers but there were these tenement buildings and these women were always hanging out one of the windows leaning on a pillow they never left -and they didnt care -whether you became -and they never expected any generals in the family -as long as you got an education and then you got a job -culture back into our -families all families -and it is so important that all of you here today who are successful people -and im sure have wonderful families and children and grandchildren its not enough youve got to reach out and back and find kids like mr cruz -if you work with your school system make sure its the best school system and not just your kids school but the school uptown in harlem not just downtown montessori on the west side -those that we call minorities now are going to be the majority -and we have to make sure that they are ready to be the majority we have to make sure theyre ready to be the leaders of this great country of ours -a country that is like no other -a country that amazes me every single day a country thats fractious were always arguing with each other thats how the systems supposed to work its a country of such contrasts but its a nation of nations we touch every nation every nation touches us -we are a nation of immigrants thats why we need sound immigration policy -why does he have him standing at attention like that -or we can send back home with an education to help their people rise up out of poverty -and get a hot dog from the immigrant pushcart peddler -gotta have a dirty water dog -and no matter where i am or what im doing ive got to do that -and then they said but he looks good -walking up the street and i would hit around fifty fifth street looking for the immigrant pushcart -in those days i had five bodyguards around me -ive got no bodyguards ive got no police cars ive got nothing but i gotta have my hot dog -i did it just last week it was on a tuesday evening -down by columbus circle and the scene repeats itself so often -solar technology is -looking to force ourselves into the environment by -paying attention to paying attention to -video of what we do -thats not how it happens -another thing thats really unique about the wizard of oz to me -is that all of the most heroic and wise and even villainous characters are female -now i started to notice this when i actually showed star wars to my daughter which was years later and the situation was different at that point i also had a son -my favorite part of being a dad is the movies i get to watch -he was only three at the time he was not invited to the screening he was too young for that but he was the second child and the level of supervision had plummeted -and it imprinted on him like a mommy duck does to its duckling -and i dont think he understands whats going on but he is sure soaking in it and i wonder what hes soaking in is he picking up on the themes of courage and perseverance and loyalty -is he picking up on the fact that luke joins an army to overthrow the government is he picking up on the fact that there are only boys in the -i love sharing my favorite movies with my kids and when my daughter was four we got to watch the wizard of oz together it totally dominated her imagination for months her favorite character was glinda of course -by the magic that he was born with -compare this to one thousand nine hundred and thirty nine with the wizard of oz how does dorothy win her movie -by making friends with everybody and being a leader -thats kind of the world id rather raise my kids in oz right and not the world of dudes fighting -which is where we kind of have to be why is there so much force capital f force in the movies we have for our kids and so little yellow brick road there is a lot of great writing about the impact -did not provide the adequate context that i could have used in navigating the adult world that is co ed -i dont know what im supposed to do the movies are very very focused on defeating the villain and getting your reward and theres not a lot of room for other relationships and other journeys -its almost as though if youre a boy you are a dopey animal and if you are a girl you should bring your warrior costume there are plenty of exceptions and i will defend -the disney princesses in front of any you but they do send a message to boys that they are not the boys are not really the target audience they are doing a phenomenal job of teaching girls -how to defend against the patriarchy but they are not necessarily showing boys how theyre supposed to defend against the patriarchy theres no models for them and we also have some terrific women who are writing new stories for our kids -and as three dimensional and delightful as hermione and katniss are these are still war movies -and of course the most successful studio of all time continues to crank out classic after classic every single one of them about -the journey of a boy or a man or two men who are friends or a man and his son or two men who are raising a little girl until as many of you are thinking this year when they finally came out with brave i recommend it to all of you its on demand now -its very good dont let that stop you now almost none of these movies pass the bechdel test i dont know if youve heard of this it has not yet caught on and caught fire but maybe today we will start a movement alison bechdel is a comic book artist and back in the mid eighty s she -recorded this conversation shed had with a friend about assessing the movies that they saw and its very simple theres just three questions you should ask is there more than one character in the movie that is female who has lines -and do these women talk to each other at any point in the movie -and is their conversation about something other than the guy that they both like -it does happen ive seen it and yet i very rarely see it in the movies that we know and love in fact this week i went to see -childrens fantasy spectacular industrial complex -and i dont think it should because a lot of the movie i dont know if youve seen it but a lot of the movie takes place in this embassy where men and women are hiding out during the hostage crisis weve got quite a few scenes of the men having deep angst ridden conversations in this hideout -and the great moment for one of the actresses is to peek through the door and say are you coming to bed honey -thats hollywood for you so lets look at the numbers two thousand and eleven of the one hundred most popular movies how many of them do you think actually have female protagonists -eleven its not bad its not as many percent as the number of women weve just elected to congress so thats good but there is a number that is greater than this -thats going to bring this room down -say that they have been sexually assaulted some time in their life -now i dont think thats the fault of popular entertainment i dont think -kids movies have anything to do with that -i dont even think that music videos or pornography are really directly related to that but something is going wrong -and when i hear that statistic one of the things i think of is thats a lot of sexual assailants -the story that a male heros job is to defeat the villain with violence and then collect the reward which is a woman who has no friends and doesnt speak -are we soaking up that story you know -as a parent with the privilege of raising a daughter -like all of you who are doing the same thing -we find this world and this statistic very alarming and we want to prepare them we have tools at our disposal like girl power -and we hope that that will help but i gotta wonder is girl power going to protect them if at the same time actively or passively we are training our sons to maintain their boy power -i mean i think the netflix queue -is one way that we can do something very important and im talking mainly to the dads here -i think we have got to show our sons a new definition of manhood -turning upside down youve read about how the new economy is changing the roles of caregiver and wage earner theyre throwing it up in the air so our sons are going to have to find some way of adapting to this some new relationship with each other and i think we really have to show them and model for them -how a real man -is someone who trusts his sisters and respects them and wants to be on their team and stands up against the real bad guys -who are the men who want to abuse the women -and i think our job in the netflix queue is to look out for those movies that pass the bechdel test if we can find them and to seek out the heroines who are there -who show real courage who bring people together and to nudge our sons to identify with those heroines -and to say i want to be on their team because theyre going to be on their team -maybe its not just the sparkly dress i think these people -with other people to help them reach their potential -now they are leaders -i like that kind of quest for my daughter and i like that kind of quest for my son i want more quests like that -i want fewer quests where my son is told go out and fight it alone -and more quests where he sees that its his job to join a team -maybe a team led by women to help other people -thank you -the monkeys are rather aggressive as are the apple trees but i think if the wizard of oz were made today the wizard would say dorothy you are the -savior of oz that the prophecy foretold -use your magic slippers to defeat the computer generated armies of the wicked witch -lets go for it -and while were about it lets have a bit of fun for us for the students and for ted here thanks -lots of things that seem simple and not difficult like in the real world except if youre learning it and another thing about math math sometimes looks like math like in this -here and sometimes it doesnt like am i drunk -my weight is a little higher than that but all about what happens so lets zoom out a bit and ask why are we teaching people math whats the point of teaching people math -and in particular why are we teaching them math in general why is it such an important part of education as a sort of compulsory subject well i think there are about three reasons -weve got a real problem with math education right now basically no ones very happy those learning it -to function in the world today youve got to be pretty quantitative much more so than a few years ago figure out your mortgages being skeptical of government statistics those kinds of things -and thirdly what i would call something like logical mind training logical thinking over the years weve -that so lets ask another question -what is math what do we mean when we say were doing math or educating people to do math well i think its about four steps roughly speaking starting with posing the right question what is it that we want to ask what is it were trying to find out -and this is the thing most screwed up in the outside world beyond virtually any other part of doing math people ask the wrong question and surprisingly enough they get the wrong answer for that reason if not for others -so the next thing is take that problem and turn it from a real world problem into a math problem thats stage two -think its disconnected uninteresting and hard those trying to employ them think they dont know enough -in math education were spending about perhaps eighty percent of the time teaching people to do step three by hand -the one step computers can do better than any human after years of practice instead we ought to be using computers to do step three -and using the students to spend much more effort on learning how to do steps one two and four conceptualizing problems applying them getting the teacher to run them through how to do that see crucial point here -math is not equal to calculating math is a much broader subject than calculating now its understandable that this has all got intertwined over hundreds of years there was only one way to do calculating and that was by hand -but in the last few decades that has totally changed weve had the biggest transformation of any ancient subject that i could ever imagine with computers -math liberation didnt get into education yet see i think of calculating in a sense as the machinery of math -its the chore its the thing youd like to avoid if you can like to get a machine to do its a means to an end not an end in itself -and automation allows us to have that machinery computers allow us to do that and this is not a small problem by any means i estimated that just today -so we better be damn sure and by the way they didnt even have fun doing it most of them so we better be damn sure that we know why were doing that and it has a real purpose -i think we should be assuming computers for doing the calculating and only doing hand calculation where it really makes sense to teach people that and i think there are some cases -one thing i often ask about is ancient greek and how this relates see thing were doing right now is were forcing people to learn mathematics its a major subject -yet math is more important to the world than at any point in human history so at one end weve got -not for one minute suggesting that if people are interested in hand calculating or in following their own interests in any subject however bizarre they should do that thats absolutely the right thing for people to follow their self interest -i was somewhat interested in ancient greek but i dont think that we should force the entire population to learn a subject like ancient greek i dont think its warranted -so i have this distinction between what were making people do and the subject thats sort of mainstream and the subject that in a sense people might follow with their own interest and perhaps even be spiked into doing that -so what are the issues people bring up with this well one of them is they say you need to get the basics first you shouldnt use the machine until you get the basics of the subject so my usual question is what do you mean by basics basics of what -are the basics of driving a car learning how to service it or design it for that matter are the basics of writing learning how to sharpen a quill -i dont think so i think you need to separate the basics of what youre trying to do from how it gets done and the machinery of how it gets done -interest in education in math and at the other end weve got a more mathematical world a more quantitative world than we ever have had -and automation allows you to make that separation a hundred years ago its certainly true that to drive a car you kind of needed to know a lot about the mechanics of the car and how the ignition timing worked and all sorts of things -so just because paper was invented before computers it doesnt necessarily mean you get more to the basics of the subject by using paper instead of a computer to teach mathematics -my daughter gave me a rather nice anecdote on this she enjoys making what she calls paper laptops -so i asked her one day you know when i was your age i didnt make these why do you think that was and after a second or two carefully reflecting she said no paper -so whats the problem why has this chasm opened up and what can we do to fix it well actually i think the answer is staring us right in the face use computers -that somehow if you use a computer its all mindless button pushing but if you do it by hand its all intellectual this one kind of annoys me i must say -i dont think so and whats worse what theyre learning there isnt even practically useful anymore might have been fifty years ago but it isnt anymore when theyre out of education they do it on a computer -just to be clear i think computers can really help with this problem actually make it more conceptual now of course like any great tool they can be used completely mindlessly like turning everything into a multimedia show -like the example i was shown of solving an equation by hand where the computer was the teacher show the student how to manipulate and solve it by hand -this is just nuts why are we using computers to show a student how to solve a problem hand that the computer should be doing anyway all backwards -but when youre using a computer you can just substitute make it a quartic equation make it kind of harder calculating wise same principles applied calculations harder -and problems in the real world look nutty and horrible like this theyre got hair all over them theyre not just simple dumbed down things that we see in school math -and think of the outside world do we really believe that engineering and biology and all of these other things that have so benefited from computers and maths have somehow conceptually got reduced by using computers i dont think so quite the opposite -so the problem weve really got in math education is not that computers might dumb it down but that we have dumbed down problems right now -i believe that correctly using computers is the silver bullet for making math education work -another issue people bring up is somehow that hand calculating procedures teach understanding so if you go through lots of examples you can get -you can understand how the basics of the system work better i think there is one thing that i think very valid here which is that i think understanding procedures and processes -so programming is the way i think we should be doing that so to be clear what i really am suggesting here is we have a unique opportunity to make maths both more practical and more conceptual simultaneously -i cant think of any other subject where thats recently been possible its usually some kind of choice between the vocational and the intellectual but i think we can do both at the same time here and -we open up so many more possibilities you can do so many more problems what i really think we gain from this is students getting intuition and experience in -so to explain that let me first talk a little bit about what math looks like in the real world and what it looks like in education see in the real world math -far greater quantities than theyve ever got before and experience of harder problems being able to play with the math interact with it feel it -we want people who can feel the math instinctively thats what computers allow us to do another thing it allows us to do is reorder the curriculum -its been by how difficult it is to calculate but now we can reorder it by how difficult it is to understand the concepts however hard the calculating -so calculus has traditionally been taught very late why is this well its damn hard doing the calculations thats the problem -but actually many of the concepts are amenable to a much younger age group this was an example i built for my daughter -and very very simple we were talking about what happens when you increase the number of sides of a polygon to a very large number -is exams in the end if we test everyone by hand in exams its kind of hard to get a curricula changed to a point where they can use computers during the semesters -you see this isnt some dumbed down model here this is an actual model where we can be asked to optimize what happens how many years of protection do i need what does that do to the payments -and is critical for peoples real understanding so i believe critical reform we have to do in computer based math we have to make sure -that we can move our economies forward and also our societies based on the idea that people can really feel mathematics -this isnt some optional extra and the country that does this first will in my view leapfrog others in achieving -a new economy even an improved economy an improved outlook in fact i even talk about us moving from what we often call now the knowledge economy -what we might call a computational knowledge economy where high level math is integral to what everyone does in the way that knowledge currently is we can engage so many more students with this and they can have a better time doing it -what im suggesting is that we should leap off we should increase our velocity so its high and we should leap off one side and go the other of course having calculated our differential equation very carefully -story i suspect a lot of people here have the same question i have how can we -i did it myself if i know when i was young that killing elephant im destroying biodiversity i would not -to biomedical science to be a doctor i didnt succeed i was having my inscriptions my admission to biology -many many of you have seen the talents of africans but there are few who are going to school -many are dying because of all those kind of pandemics hiv malaria poverty not going to school -but many of them are just here because they dont have money and they cant go even to university -and i said no way im not doing it my familys poor my area dont have better health care i want to be a doctor -that means three years and i start getting old i say oh no i continue so i did tropical ecology and plant botany -english i start speaking english learning english about a year ago i speak french and i grew up with french so my english is franglais -when i finished i went to ituri forest for my internship its where i really getting passion with what im doing right -now im standing in front of you doing botany and wildlife conservation that time the ituri forest was created as a forest reserve -and also plants and the training center there was built around the scientific congolese staff and -so the okapi faunal reserve protects number i think that is the largest number of elephant we have right now in protected area in congo it has also chimpanzees and it -okapi faunal reserve because of this beautiful creature that is a forest giraffe i think you guys know it quite well here we have -giraffe but through evolutions we have this forest giraffe that -it has also some beautiful primates thirteen species highest diversity we can find in one single area in africa and it has the ituri forest itself about one thousand -teaching assistant at my university because i accomplished with honor but i didnt like the -i got was very poor and i wanted to be from to a training center and a research center with the end of -in the western congo in an area around here and then went to university in kisangani -was completely difficult to do and to achieve -when kabila started his movement to liberate congo so mobutu soldiers started -moving and retreated so they started fleeing from the east to the west and the okapi faunal reserve is -so there was a road from goma somewhere here and coming like this so they might go through pass through okapi faunal reserve congo has five of -sites of protected area and okapi faunal reserve is one of them so soldier was fleeing in the okapi faunal reserve -way they looted everything torture wars oh my god you cant believe -every person was looking his way where to go we dont know and it was for us young the first time really we hear the language of -what was happening they were killing people they were doing whatever they want because they have power who have been doing that -young children child soldiers you cant ask him how old he is because he has guns but i was from the west working in the east i even that time was not speaking -and after i finished i went to this area the ituri forest but what ive been doing when i was about fourteen -and when they came they looted everything you cant speak lingala because lingala was from mobutu and everyone speaking lingala is soldier and i was from the same area -my friends said we are leaving because we are a target but im not going to the east because there i dont know swahili i -if i go i will be killed i cant go back to my area its more than one thousand kilometers i stayed after they looted everything -we have been doing research on botany and we have a small herbarium of four thousand five hundred sheets of plants we cut we dry and we packed them we mounted them on a -so that we start them for agriculture for medicine for whatever and for science -the study of the flora and the change of the forest that is people moving around thats even pygmies and this is a bright guy -person and pygmies ive been working with him about ten years and with soldiers they went to the forest for -know how to track elephant in the forest he have been attacked by leopard and they abandon him in the forest they came to told me -and what i did i gave him just antibiotics that we care for that tuberculosis and fortunately -i grew in my uncles house and my father was a soldier and my uncle was a fisherman and -so on and what of important things i think all of you here -have killed a lot five millions of congolese have gone because of -that they use it to make cell phone and it have been in that area all over in congo extraction and good big business of the -and what i did for the first war after we have lost everything i have to save something even myself my life and life of the staff -i buried some of our new vehicle engine i buried it to save it and some of equipment went with them on the top of the canopy to save it hes not collecting plants hes going to save our equipment -with the material thats left because they wanted to destroy it to burn it they didnt understand it they didnt go to school -it and that is me going to hurrying to uganda try to save that four thousand material with people -them on the bikes bicycles and after that we succeeded i housed that four thousand material -the herbarium of makerere university and after the war i have been able to bring it back home so that -also a poacher what ive been doing from fourteen to seventeen was i was assisting -the second war came while we didnt expect it with friends we have been sitting and watching match football and having some good music with -when it started i think so it was so bad we heard that now from the east again -and its going fast this time i think kabila will go in place of as he did with mobutu and the reserve was -thats the powerful men we have to meet and to talk to them whats the regulation of the reserve and what is the regulation of the parks and they cant do what they are doing so we went to meet them that is -gold mining so we started talking with them convincing them that we are in a protected area -there is regulations that its prohibited to do logging mining and poaching specifically -we dont think so we have to do it because to let our movement advance i say no way you are not going to do it here -we started talking with them and i was negotiating tried to protect our equipment tried to protect our staff and the villages of about one thousand five hundred people -and whatever they were killing poaching hunting in the forest bring it in the main city to get access to the -and we continued but i was doing that negotiating with them sometimes we are having meeting and they are talking with -and im there sometimes they talk to my own language that is lingala i hear it and what strategy they are doing what they are planning sometimes they are having helicopter to supply them with ammunition and so on they used me to -and i was doing counting what comes from where and where and where i -this equipment my satellite phone my computer and a plastic -that i hide it in the forest and every time daily after we have meeting what -we have whatever i go i write a short email send it i dont know how many people i -my address i sent the message what is going about the progress of the war and what they are planning to do they started suspecting that -what we do on the morning and the afternoon its on the news bbc rfi something might be going on and one day we went for -we went to meet the chief commander he had the same iridium cell phone like me and he asked me do you know how to use this i said i have never -i dont know and i had mine on my pocket so it was a chance that they trusted me a lot they didnt they was -on me so i was scared and when we finished the meeting i went to return it in the forest and i was -but finally i got myself involved around seventeen to twenty years i became -sending news doing whatever reporting daily to u n to unesco to our institution in new york -the first two rebellions they killed all animals in the zoo we have a zoo of fourteen okapis and one of them was pregnant -and during the war after a week of heavy war fighting in the area we succeeded we had the first okapi this is the only trouser and -after a week we celebrated the birthday of that okapi they killed elephant just fifty meters -area where the zoo where okapi was born and i was mad i oppose it that they are now going to dissect it until i do my -report and then i see the chief commander and i succeeded the elephant just decayed and -what we are doing after that that was the situation of the -some money i was paid one hundred and fifty dollars i -to rebuild the herbarium because we didnt have good infrastructure to start plants wildlife conservation society more dealing with plants -i started this with seventy dollars and start fundraising money to where ive been going i had opportunity to go all over where herbarium for my african material is and -they supported me a bit and i built this now its doing work to train young congolese and also what one of the speciality we are doing -my design is tracking the global warming effect on biodiversity and what the impacts of the ituri forest is -uptake carbon this is one of the study we are doing on forty hectares plot where we have -to see how that forest is contributing to the carbon reductions and that is i think -its difficult for me this is a very embarrassing talk i know i dont know where to start where to finish it when i was thinking to come here -you people now we are talking about reconstitution rebuild africa but is gun industries a tool to -is it a game i think we -even so i did it and for three to four years i went to university for three times i -see the war like a game like soccer football everybody is happy but see what its doing see what -going in darfur now we say oh my god see what the wars in rwanda thats because of the language of guns i dont think that someone may blame google -how can we -many many of you have seen the talents of africans but there are few who are going to school many are dying because of all those kind of pandemics hiv malaria poverty not going to school -what you can assist us its by building capacities how many have got opportunity like me to go to u s do a masters and go now im in the netherlands to do a ph d but many of them are just here because they dont have money and they cant go even to university they cant even attain the bachelors degree -building capacities -for the young generation is going to make a better generation and a better future tomorrow for africa -and i said no way im not doing it my familys poor my area dont have better health care i want to be a doctor to serve them -three times that means three years and i start getting old i say oh no i continue so i did tropical ecology and plant botany -when i finished i went to the ituri forest for my internship its where i really getting passion with what im doing right up -that time the ituri forest was created as a forest reserve -okapi faunal reserve because of this beautiful creature that is a forest giraffe -through evolution we have this forest giraffe that lives only in congo it has also some beautiful primates thirteen species highest diversity we can find in one single area in africa and it has the ituri forest itself -about one thousand three hundred species of plants so far known -i joined the wildlife conservation society working there in one thousand nine hundred and ninety five but i started working with them as a student in one thousand nine hundred and ninety one i was appointed as -and i wanted to be formed to a training center and a research center with the end of the dictatorship regime of mobutu sese seko that most of you know life became very very difficult and the work we have been doing -was completely difficult to do and to achieve it when kabila started his movement to liberate congo so mobutu soldiers -started moving and retreated so they started fleeing from the east to the west and the okapi faunal reserve is -im born in the western congo in an area around here and then went to university in kisangani -so there was a road from goma somewhere here and coming like this so -they might go through pass through the okapi faunal reserve congo has five of the worlds richest sites of protected area and the okapi faunal reserve is one of them so soldier was fleeing in the okapi faunal reserve on their way they looted everything -torture wars oh my god you cant believe -every person was looking his way where to go we dont know and it was for us the young -the first time really we hear the language of war of guns -and even people who faced the rebellion of one thousand nine hundred and sixty three after our independence they didnt believe -what was happening they were killing people they were doing whatever they want because they have power who have been doing that young children child soldiers -and after i finished i went to this area the ituri forest but what ive been doing when i was about fourteen -purpose so that we start them for -agriculture for medicine for whatever and for science for the study of the flora and the change of the forest that is people moving around thats even pygmies and this is a bright guy -i grew in my uncles house and my father was a soldier and my uncle was a fisherman and also a poacher what ive been doing from fourteen to seventeen was i was assisting them collecting -after we have lost everything -i have to save something even myself my life and life of the staff i buried some of our new vehicle engines i buried it to save it and some of equipment went with them on the top of the canopy to save it hes not collecting plants hes going to save our equipment on the canopy -coltan extraction gold mining so we started talking with them convincing them that we are in a protected area there are regulations that its prohibited to do -you think that soldiers who are dying are not important and your animals you are protecting are most important we dont think so we have to do it because to let our movement advance i say no way you are not going to do it here -we started talking with them and i was negotiating -tried to protect our equipment tried to protect our staff and the villages of about one thousand five hundred people -and we continued but i was doing that negotiating with them sometimes we are having meeting and they are talking with jean pierre bemba with mbusa nyamwisi with kabila and im there sometimes they talk to my own language that is lingala -forest and every time daily after we have meeting -one day we went to meet the chief commander he had the same iridium cell phone like me and he asked me do you know how to use this i said i have never seen it -around seventeen to twenty years i became myself a poacher and i wanted to do it because -what we are doing after that that was the situation of -i started this with seventy dollars and start fundraising money to where ive been going i had opportunity to go all over where herbarium for my african material is and -they supported me a bit and i built this now its doing work to train young congolese and also what one of the speciality we are doing -my design is tracking the global warming effect on biodiversity and what the impacts of the ituri forest is playing to uptake carbon this is one of the studies we are doing on a forty hectare plot where we have tagged -i believed to continue my studies -i didnt find this but now i think that i would have titled it the language of guns -i wanted to go to university but my father was poor -because of the language of guns i dont think that someone may blame google -because its doing the right things even if people like al qaeda are using google to connect between them but its serving millions for the best but what is doing with gun industries thank you -my dad actually resigned from the male only business club in my hometown because he said he would never be part of an organization that would one day welcome his son but not his daughter -hes actually here today -the trick here -fishnet stockings -jennifer baumgardner was wearing -i tell you this i tell you this at the risk of embarrassing myself because i think part of the work of feminism is to admit that aesthetics that beauty that -i say intersectionality so race class gender ability all of these things go into our experiences of what it means to be a woman pay equity yes absolutely a feminist issue but for me so is immigration -but we also have a straightforward political impact feministing has been able to get merchandise pulled off the shelves of walmart we got a misogynist administrator sending us hate mail fired from a big ten school -community organizing changing institutions from the inside out all continuing the incredible work that our mothers -and grandmothers started -brings me to the second paradox sobering up about our smallness and maintaining faith in our greatness all at once many in my generation because of well intentioned parenting and self esteem education were socialized to believe that we were special little snowflakes -and theres a lot to be overwhelmed about to be fair an environmental crisis wealth disparity in this country unlike weve seen since one thousand nine hundred and twenty eight and globally a totally immoral and ongoing wealth disparity xenophobias on the rise the trafficking of women and girls its enough to make you feel very overwhelmed -i experienced this firsthand myself when i graduated from barnard college in two thousand and two -my mom took a drink of her signature sea breeze -and she looked right at me and she said -i will not stand for your desperation -she said you are smarter -more creative and more resilient than that which brings me to my third paradox -growing up is about aiming to succeed wildly and being fulfilled by failing really well -to environmental justice i wrote about emily apt who initially became a caseworker in the welfare system because she decided that was the most noble thing she could do but quickly learned not only did she not like it but she wasnt really good at it instead what she really wanted to do was make films so she made a film about the welfare system and had a huge impact -i wrote about maricela guzman the daughter of mexican immigrants who joined the military so she could afford college she was actually sexually assaulted in boot camp and went on to co organize a group called the service womens action network -what i learned from these people and others was that i couldnt judge them based on their failure to meet their very lofty goals many of them are working in deeply intractable systems the military congress the education system etc but what they managed to do within those systems was be a humanizing force -we actually just got middle class in colorado springs colorado but you get the picture i was raised with a very heavy sense of unfinished legacy -so when i was a little girl i had a couple of very strange habits one of them was i used to lie on the kitchen floor of my childhood home and i would suck the thumb of my left hand and hold my moms cold toes with my right hand -she was talking about board meetings she was founding peace organizations she was coordinating carpools she was consoling friends all these daily acts of care and creativity and surely at three and four years old i was listening to the soothing sound of her voice but i think i was also getting my first lesson in activist work -and sometimes theyre in our own kitchens talking on the phone making us dinner doing all that keeps the world going around and around -my mom and so many women like her have taught me that life is not about glory or certainty or security even its about embracing the paradox its about acting in the face of overwhelm -at this ripe old age of thirty ive been thinking a lot about what it means to grow up in this horrible beautiful time and ive decided for me its been a real journey and paradox -but as we look whats out there weve barely scratched the surface on what is available on this planet -and on the order of ten million viruses less than five thousand microbial species have been characterized as of two years ago and so we decided to do something about it and we started the sorcerer ii expedition -where we were as with great oceanographic expeditions trying to sample the ocean every two hundred miles -we started in bermuda for our test project then moved up to halifax working down the u s east coast the caribbean sea the panama canal through to the galapagos then across the pacific -and were in the process now of working our way across the indian ocean its very tough duty were doing this on a sailing vessel in part to help excite young people about going into science -the experiments are incredibly simple we just take seawater and we filter it and we collect different size organisms on different filters -and then take their dna back to our lab in rockville where we can sequence a hundred million letters of the genetic code every twenty four hours and with doing this weve made some amazing discoveries -for example it was thought that the visual pigments that are in our eyes there was only one or two organisms in the environment that had these same pigments -it turns out almost every species in the upper parts of the ocean in warm parts of the world have these same photo receptors and use sunlight as the source of their energy and communication -from one site from one barrel of seawater we discovered one point three million new genes and as many as fifty thousand new species -weve extended this to the air now with a grant from the sloan foundation were measuring how many viruses and bacteria all of us are breathing in and out every day particularly on airplanes or closed auditoriums -we filter through some simple apparatuses we collect on the order of a billion microbes from just a day filtering on top of a building in new york city and were in the process of sequencing all that at the present time -just on the data collection side just where we are through the galapagos were finding that almost every two hundred miles we see tremendous diversity in the samples in the ocean -some of these make logical sense in terms of different temperature gradients so this is a satellite photograph -based on temperatures red being warm blue being cold and we found theres a tremendous difference between the warm water samples and the cold -we can predict that based on their amino acid sequence and these vary tremendously from region to region -what im going to tell you about in my eighteen minutes is how were about to switch from reading the genetic code to the first stages of beginning to write the code ourselves -maybe not surprisingly in the deep ocean where its mostly blue the photo receptors tend to see blue light -just to try and get an assessment of what our gene repertoire was we assembled all the data -and we tried to put these into gene families to see what these discoveries are are we just discovering new members of known families or are we discovering new families -and it turns out we have about fifty thousand major gene families but every new sample we take in the environment adds in a linear fashion to these new families so were at the earliest stages of discovery about -basic genes components and life on this planet when we look at the so called evolutionary tree -up on the upper right hand corner with the animals of those roughly twenty nine million genes we only have around twenty four thousand in our genome -and if you take all animals together we probably share less than thirty thousand and probably maybe a dozen or more thousand different gene families -i view that these genes are now not only the design components of evolution and we think in a gene centric view -maybe going back to richard dawkins ideas than in a genome centric view which are different constructs of these gene components -synthetic dna the ability to synthesize dna has changed at sort of the same pace that dna sequencing has over -its only ten years ago this month when we published the first sequence of a free living organism that of haemophilus influenzae that took a genome project from thirteen years down to four months -from mycoplasma genitalium and we have really nice t shirts that say you know i heart my genitalium this is actually just a microorganism -so we started doing transposon mutagenesis transposons are just small pieces of dna that randomly insert in the genetic code and if they insert in the middle of the gene they disrupt its function -so we made a map of all the genes that could take transposon insertions and we called those non essential genes but it turns out the environment is very critical for this and -you can only define an essential or non essential gene based on exactly whats in the environment -and we got these overlapping circles and we found only one hundred and seventy three genes common to all thirteen organisms -the pool expanded a little bit if we ignored one intracellular parasite it expanded even more when we looked at core sets of genes of three hundred and ten or so -the only way to prove these ideas was to construct an artificial chromosome with those genes -and we had to do this in a cassette based fashion we found that synthesizing accurate dna in large pieces was extremely difficult ham smith and clyde hutchison my colleagues on this -an exciting new method that allowed us to synthesize a five thousand base pair virus in only a two week period that was one hundred percent accurate -in terms of its sequence and its biology it was a quite exciting experiment when we just took the synthetic piece of dna injected it in the bacteria and all of a sudden that dna started driving -we can now do that same genome project in the order of two to eight hours so in the last decade a large number of genomes have been added most human pathogens -the production of the virus particles that turned around and then killed the bacteria this was not the first synthetic virus a polio virus had been made a year before -this is a case where the software now builds its own hardware and thats the notions that we have with biology -and i think its important to keep reality in mind versus what happens with peoples imaginations -basically any virus thats been sequenced today that genome can be made and people immediately freak out about things about ebola or smallpox -but the dna from this organism is not infective so even if somebody made the smallpox genome that dna itself would not cause infections -the real concern that security departments have is designer viruses and theres only two countries the u s and the former soviet union that had major efforts on trying to create biological warfare agents -if that research is truly discontinued there should be very little activity on the know how to make designer viruses in the future i think single cell organisms are possible within two years -and possibly eukaryotic cells those that we have are possible within a decade so were now making -several dozen different constructs because we can vary the cassettes and the genes that go into this artificial chromosome -the key is how do you put all of the others we start with these fragments and then we have a homologous recombination system that reassembles those into a chromosome -a couple of plants several insects and several mammals including the human genome -this is derived from an organism deinococcus radiodurans that can take three million rads of radiation and not be killed -it reassembles its genome after this radiation burst in about twelve to twenty four hours after its chromosomes are literally blown apart -this is a glass beaker after about half a million rads of radiation the glass started to burn and crack while the microbes sitting in the bottom just got happier -and happier heres an actual picture of what happens the top of this shows the genome after one point seven -million rads of radiation the chromosome is literally blown apart and heres that same dna automatically reassembled twenty four hours later its truly stunning that these organisms can do that -doing that after these genomes are synthesized the first step is just transplanting them into a cell without a genome -so we think synthetic cells are going to have tremendous potential not only for understanding the basis of biology but for hopefully environmental -and society issues for example from the third organism we sequenced methanococcus jannaschii it lives in boiling water temperatures -its energy source is hydrogen and all its carbon comes from co two it captures back from the environment -so we know lots of different pathways thousands of different organisms now that live off of co two and can capture that back -so instead of using carbon from oil for synthetic processes we have the chance of using carbon and capturing it back from the atmosphere converting that into biopolymers or other products -we have one organism that lives off of carbon monoxide and we use as a reducing power to split water to produce hydrogen and oxygen -also theres numerous pathways that can be engineered metabolising methane and dupont has a major -within a short while i think theres going to be a new field called combinatorial genomics because with these new synthesis capabilities -these vast gene array repertoires and the homologous recombination we think we can design a robot to make maybe a million different chromosomes a day -and therefore as with all biology you get selection through screening whether youre screening for hydrogen production or chemical production or just viability -to understand the role of these genes is going to be well within reach were trying to modify photosynthesis to produce hydrogen directly from sunlight photosynthesis -by oxygen and we have an oxygen insensitive hydrogenase that we think will totally change this process -its on the order of several hundred we just got a grant from the gordon and betty moore foundation to sequence one hundred and thirty genomes this year -were also combining cellulases the enzymes that break down complex sugars into simple sugars and fermentation in the same cell for producing ethanol -future engineered species could be the source of food hopefully a source of energy environmental remediation -and perhaps replacing the petrochemical industry let me just close with ethical and policy studies we delayed -every major religion participated in this it was actually a very strange study because the various religious leaders were using their scriptures -as law books and they couldnt find anything in them prohibiting making life so it must be ok the only ultimate concerns were biological warfare aspects of this -as a side project from environmental organisms so the rate of reading the genetic code has changed -right now the sloan foundation has just funded a multi institutional study on this to work out what the risk and benefits to society are and the rules that scientific teams such as my own -should be using in this area and were trying to set good examples as we go forward these are complex issues except for the threat of bio terrorism -very simple issues in terms of can we design things to produce clean energy perhaps revolutionizing -what developing countries can do and provide through various simple processes thank you very much -its been a fifteen year quest just to get to the starting point now to be able to answer those questions -the vaccine area synthetic genomics and the institute are forming a new vaccine company because we think these tools can affect vaccines -to diseases that havent been possible to date things where the viruses rapidly evolve such with rhinovirus wouldnt it be nice to have something that actually blocked common colds -or more importantly hiv where the virus evolves so quickly the vaccines that are made today cant keep up with those evolutionary changes -we cant see co two we depend on scientific measurements for it and we see the beginning results of having too much of it -but we can see pre co two now floating on the waters and contaminating the beaches in the gulf we need some alternatives -for oil we have a program with exxon mobile to try and develop new strains of algae that can efficiently capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere -because its very difficult to eliminate multiple genes from a cell you can only do them one at a time we decided early on that we had to take a synthetic route -or from concentrated sources make new hydrocarbons that can go into their refineries to make normal gasoline and diesel fuel out of co two those are just a couple of the approaches and directions that were taking -even though nobody had been there before to see if we could synthesize a bacterial chromosome so we could actually vary the gene content to understand the essential genes for life -that started our fifteen year quest to get here before we did the first experiments we actually asked -art caplans team then at the university of pennsylvania to undertake a review of what the risks the challenges the ethics around creating new -were here today to announce the first synthetic cell -two years off as a side project to sequence the human genome but as soon as that was done we got back to the task at hand -in two thousand and two we started a new institute the institute for biological energy alternatives where we set out two goals one to understand -the impact of our technology on the environment and how to understand the environment better and two to start down this process of making synthetic life to understand basic life -in two thousand and three we published our first success so ham smith and clyde hutchison developed some new methods -for making error free dna at a small level our first task was a five thousand letter code bacteriophage a virus that attacks only -cell made by starting with the digital code in the computer building the chromosome from four bottles of chemicals -so that was the phage phi x one hundred and seventy four which was chosen for historical reasons it was the first -dna phage dna virus dna genome that was actually sequenced so -once we realized that we could make five thousand base pair viral sized pieces we thought we at least have the means then to try and make serially lots of these pieces to be able to eventually assemble them together -to make this megabase chromosome so substantially larger than we even thought we would go after initially -so there were several steps to this there were two sides we had to solve the chemistry for making large dna molecules -and we had to solve the biological side of how if we had this new chemical entity how would we boot it up activate it in a recipient cell -so we had two teams working in parallel one team on the chemistry and the other on trying to be able to transplant entire chromosomes -to get new cells when we started this out we thought the synthesis would be the biggest problem which is why we chose the smallest genome -and some of you have noticed that we switched from the smallest genome to a much larger one and we can walk through the reasons for that but basically the small cell took -on the order of one to two months to get results from whereas the larger faster growing cell takes only two days -so theres only so many cycles we could go through in a year at six weeks per cycle and you should know that basically ninety nine -so one of the most important publications we had was in two thousand and seven carole lartigue led the effort to actually transplant a bacterial chromosome from one bacteria to another -i think philosophically that was one of the most important papers that weve ever done because it showed how dynamic life was -and we knew once that worked that we actually had a chance if we could make the synthetic chromosomes to do the same with those -we didnt know it was going to take us several years or more to get there in two thousand and eight we reported the complete synthesis of the mycoplasma genitalium genome a little over five hundred thousand letters of genetic code -but we have not yet succeeded in booting up that chromosome we think in part because of its slow growth and then part cells have all kinds of unique defense mechanisms to keep these events from happening -it turned out the cell that we were trying to transplant into had a nuclease an enzyme that chews up dna on its surface and was happy to eat the synthetic dna that we gave it and never got transplantations -but at the time that was the largest molecule of a defined structure that had been made -but part of the synthesis had to be accomplished or was able to be accomplished using yeast putting the fragments in yeast and yeast would assemble these for us -its an amazing step forward but we had a problem because now we had the bacterial chromosomes growing in yeast -so in addition to doing the transplant we had to find out how to get a bacterial chromosome out of the eukaryotic yeast into a form where we could transplant it into a recipient cell -so this is the first self replicating species that weve had on the planet whose parent is a computer -our team developed new techniques for actually growing cloning entire bacterial chromosomes in yeast -when we did these experiments though we could get the chromosome out of yeast but it wouldnt transplant and boot up a cell -that little issue took the team two years to solve -it turns out the dna in the bacterial cell was actually methylated -and the methylation protects it from the restriction enzyme from digesting the dna -so what we found is if we took the chromosome out of yeast and methylated it we could then transplant it -further advances came when the team removed the restriction enzyme genes from the recipient capricolum cell -so last fall when we published the results of that work in science we all became overconfident and were sure we were only -a few weeks away from being able to now boot up a chromosome out of yeast -it also is the first species to have its own website encoded in its genetic code -because of the problems with mycoplasma genitalium and its slow growth about a year and a half ago we decided to synthesize the much larger chromosome the mycoides chromosome -knowing that we had the biology worked out on that for transplantation and dan led the team for the synthesis of this over one million base pair chromosome -but it turned out it wasnt going to be as simple in the end and it set us back three months because we had one error out of over a million base pairs in that sequence -so the team developed new debugging software where we could test each synthetic fragment to see if it would grow in a background of wild type dna -and we found that ten out of the eleven one hundred thousand base pair pieces we synthesized were completely accurate and -compatible with a life forming sequence we narrowed it down to one fragment we sequenced it -but well talk more about the watermarks in a minute this is a project that had its inception fifteen years ago -so accuracy is essential theres parts of the genome where it cannot tolerate even a single error -and then theres parts of the genome where we can put in large blocks of dna as we did with the watermarks and it can tolerate all kinds of errors -took about three months to find that error and repair it and then early one morning at six a m we got a text -from dan saying that now the first blue colonies existed so its been a long route to get here fifteen years from the beginning we felt -one of the tenets of this field was to make absolutely certain we could distinguish synthetic dna from natural dna -early on when youre working in a new area of science you have to think about all the pitfalls and things that could lead you -to believe you had done something when you hadnt and even worse leading others to believe it so we thought the worst problem would be a single molecule contamination of the native chromosome -leading us to believe that we actually had created a synthetic cell when it would have been just a contaminant so early on we developed the notion -of putting in watermarks in the dna to absolutely make clear that the dna was synthetic -the first chromosome we built in two thousand and eight the five hundred thousand base pair one we simply assigned -when our team then we called the institute tigr were involved in sequencing the first two genomes in history we did haemophilus influenzae and then -the names of the authors of the chromosome into the genetic code but it was using just amino acid single letter translations which leaves out certain letters of the alphabet -so the team actually developed a new code within the code within the code so its a new code for interpreting and writing messages in dna -now mathematicians have been hiding and writing messages in the genetic code for a long time but its clear they were mathematicians and not biologists -because if you write long messages with the code that the mathematicians developed it would more than likely lead to new proteins being synthesized with unknown functions -so the code that mike montague and the team developed actually puts frequent stop codons so its a different alphabet but allows us to use the entire -base pairs of genetic code the first one actually contains within it this code for interpreting the rest of the genetic code so -the remaining information in the watermarks contain the names of i think -forty six different authors and key contributors to getting the project to this stage -and we also built in a website address so that if somebody decodes the code within the code within the code they can send an email to that address so its -the smallest genome of a self replicating organism that of mycoplasma genitalium -clearly distinguishable from any other species having forty six names in it its own web address -and we added three quotations because with the first genome we were criticized for not trying to say something more profound than -just signing the work so we wont give the rest of the code but we will give the three quotations so the first is to live to -to fall to triumph and to recreate life out of life its a james joyce quote -the second quotation is see things not as they are but as they might be so its a quote from the american prometheus book on robert oppenheimer -and as soon as we had these two sequences we thought if this is supposed to be the smallest genome of a self replicating species -and the last one is a richard feynman quote what i cannot build i cannot understand so because this is as much a philosophical -advance as a technical advance in science we tried to deal with both the philosophical and the technical side -weve done asking for ethical review pushing the envelope on that side as well as the technical side this has been broadly discussed in the scientific community in the policy community -and at the highest levels of the federal government even with this announcement as we did in two thousand and three that work was funded by the department of energy so the work was reviewed at the level of the white house -to classify the work or publish it and they came down on the side of open publication which is the right approach -weve briefed the white house weve briefed members of congress weve tried to take and push the policy issues in parallel with the scientific advances -so with that i would like to open it first to the floor for questions yes in the back -could there be even a smaller genome could we understand the basis of cellular life at the genetic level -can we explain how significant this is im not sure were the ones that should be explaining how significant it is its significant to us perhaps its a giant philosophical -change in how we view life we actually view it as a baby step in terms of its taken us fifteen years to now be able to do the experiment we wanted to do fifteen years ago on understanding life at its basic level -but we actually believe this is going to be a very powerful set of tools and were already starting in numerous avenues to use this tool -we have at the institute ongoing funding now from nih in a program -with novartis to try and use these new synthetic dna tools to perhaps make the flu vaccine that you might get next year -because instead of taking weeks to months to make these dans team can now make these -less than twenty four hours so when you see how long it took to get an h one n one vaccine out we think we can shorten that process quite substantially -this little robot was somehow able to tap into something deeply social within us and with that the promise of an entirely new way we could interact with robots -so over the past several years ive been continuing to explore this interpersonal dimension of robots now at the media lab with my own team of incredibly talented students -and one of my favorite robots -can you find cookie monster -leo cookie monster is very bad -hes very bad leo -cookie monster is very very bad -hes a scary monster he wants to get your cookies -ive been fascinated by this idea of personal robots -so what ive learned through building these systems is that robots are actually a really intriguing social technology where its actually their ability to push our social buttons and to interact with us like a partner -that is a core part of their functionality and with that shift in thinking we can now start to imagine new questions new possibilities for robots that we might not have thought about otherwise -but what do i mean when i say push our social buttons well one of the things that weve learned is that if we design these robots to communicate with us using the same body language the same sort of non verbal cues that people use like nexi our humanoid robot is doing here -and as a little girl i loved the idea of a robot that interacted with us much more like a helpful trusted sidekick -what we find is that people respond to robots a lot like they respond to people -its turning out now that robots are actually becoming a really interesting new scientific tool to understand human behavior -mimicrys believed to play a role -but with the robot you can and so in this video here -this is a video taken from david destenos lab at northeastern university hes a psychologist weve been collaborating with theres actually a scientist carefully controlling nexis cues to be able to study this question -and the bottom line is the reason why this works is because it turns out people just behave like people even when interacting with a robot -so given that key insight we can now start to imagine new kinds of applications for robots -something that would delight us -maybe the next best thing to really being there -did a study where we brought human participants people into our lab to do a collaborative task with a remote collaborator the task involved things like looking at a set of objects on the table discussing them in terms of their importance and relevance to performing a certain task this ended up being a survival task -and then rating them in terms of how valuable and important they thought they were -the next was to add mobility so have the screen on a mobile base this is like if youre familiar with any of the telepresence robots today this is mirroring that situation -so after the interaction we asked people to rate their quality of interaction with the technology with a remote collaborator through this technology in a number of different ways -we looked at psychological involvement how much empathy did you feel for the other person we looked at overall engagement we looked at their desire to cooperate and this is what we see when they use just the screen it turns out when you add mobility the ability to roll around the table you get a little more of a boost -today we know that families are living further and further apart and that definitely takes a toll on family relationships and family bonds over distance -so twenty years pass -so i love the idea of thinking about robots as a new kind of distance play technology i imagine a time not too far from now -i could imagine grandmothers being able to do social plays with their granddaughters with their friends -so in the united states today over sixty five percent of people are either overweight or obese and now its a big problem with our children as well -and we know that as you get older in life if youre obese when youre younger that can lead to chronic diseases that not only reduce your quality of life but are a tremendous economic burden on our health care system -but if robots can be engaging if we like to cooperate with robots if robots are persuasive maybe a robot can help you maintain a diet and exercise program maybe they can help you manage your weight -to help you form healthy habits -so we actually explored this idea in our lab -this is a robot autom cory kidd developed this robot for his doctoral work and it was designed to be a robot diet and exercise coach -it had a couple of simple non verbal skills it could do it could make eye contact with you it could share information looking down at a screen youd use a screen interface to enter information like how many calories you ate that day how much exercise you got -and then it could help track that for you and the robot spoke with a synthetic voice to engage you in a coaching dialogue modeled after trainers and patients and so forth and it would build a working alliance with you through that dialogue it could help you set goals and track your progress and it would help motivate you so an interesting question is -and i remember thinking about all the reasons why that was the case but one really struck me -one case was the robot you saw there autom -and the longer you could interact with one of these interventions well thats indicative potentially of longer term success -so the first thing i want to look at is how long how long did people interact with these systems -robotics had really been about interacting with things not with people -it turns out that people interacted with the robot significantly more even though the quality of the advice was identical to the computer -when it asked people to rate it on terms of the quality of the working alliance people rated the robot higher -and they trusted the robot more -they would dress the robots -and even when we would come up to pick up the robots at the end of the study they would come out to the car and say good bye to the robots they didnt do this with a computer the last thing i want to talk about today is the future of childrens media -we know that kids spend a lot of time behind screens today whether its television or computer games or whatnot my sons they love the screen they love the screen -but i want them to play as a mom i want them to play like real world play and so i have a new project in my group i wanted to present to you today called playtime computing thats really trying to think about how we can take whats so engaging about digital media and literally bring it off the screen into the real world of the child -certainly not in a social way that would be natural for us and would really help people accept robots into our daily lives -first exploration of this idea where characters can be physical or virtual and where the digital content can literally come off the screen into the world and back -i like to think of this as the atari pong of this blended reality play -but we can push this idea further -what if -turns out that kids -for me that was the white space thats what robots could not do yet -when it goes into the virtual world so they are now sending the character back into that world and now its got number power -and then finally what ive been trying to do here is create a really immersive experience for kids where they really feel like they are part of that story a part of that experience and i really want to spark their imaginations the way mine was sparked as a little girl watching star wars -and so that year i started to build this robot kismet the worlds first social robot -but i want to do more than that i actually want them to create those experiences i want them to be able to literally build their imagination into these experiences and make them their own so weve been exploring a lot of ideas in telepresence and mixed reality to literally allow kids to project their ideas into this space where other kids -can interact with them and build upon them i really want to come up with new ways of childrens media that foster creativity and learning and innovation i think thats very very important -but i can tell you the thing that they love the most is the robot -what they care about is the robot -robots touch something deeply human within us and so whether theyre helping us to become creative and innovative -so you can see in black after a month theyre very short lived thats why we like to study them for studies of aging in black after a month the normal worms are all dead -but at that time most of the mutant worms are still alive -and it isnt until twice as long that theyre all dead -and now i want to show what they actually look like in this movie here -so the first thing youre going to see is the normal worm when its about college student age a young adult -its quite a cute little fellow -you cant tell the difference really and they can be completely fertile have the same number of progeny as the normal worms do -now get out your handkerchiefs here youre going to see in just two weeks the normal worms are old -you can see the little head moving down at the bottom there -but everything else is just lying there the animals clearly in the nursing home and if you look at the tissues of the animal theyre starting to deteriorate you know even if youve never seen one of these little c elegans which probably most of you havent seen one you can tell theyre old isnt that interesting so theres something about aging thats kind of universal -and now here is the daf two mutant one gene is changed out of twenty thousand and look at it its the same age but its not in the nursing home its going skiing -have for a long time thought this just was never going to be possible they thought you just wear out theres nothing you can do about it kind of like an old shoe -thats what that arrow means it speeds up aging it makes it go faster so its like the animal has the grim reaper inside of itself speeding up aging -so what kind of hormones are these theres lots of hormones theres testosterone adrenalin you know about a lot of them these hormones are similar to hormones that we have in our bodies -the daf two hormone receptor is very similar to the receptor for the hormone insulin and igf one now youve all heard of at least insulin insulin is a hormone that promotes the uptake of nutrients into your tissues after you eat a meal and the hormone igf one promotes growth -so these functions were known for these hormones for a long time but our studies suggested that maybe they had a third function that nobody knew about maybe they also affect aging -and its looking like thats the case so after we made our discoveries with little c elegans people who worked on other kinds of animals started asking if we made the same daf two mutation the hormone receptor mutation in other animals will they live longer -and that is the case in flies if you change this hormone pathway in flies they live longer -and also in mice and mice are mammals like us so its an ancient pathway because it must have arisen a long time ago in evolution such that it still works in all these animals and also the common precursor also gave rise to people so maybe its working in people the same way and -so the next question of course is is there any effect on age related disease as you age youre much more likely to get cancer alzheimers disease heart disease all sorts of diseases it turns out that these long lived mutants are more resistant to all these diseases they hardly get cancer and when they do its not as severe -so its really interesting and it makes sense in a way that theyre still young so why would they be getting diseases of aging until their old -so it suggests that if we could have a therapeutic or a pill to take to replicate some of these effects in humans maybe we would have a way of combating lots of different age related diseases all at once -so how can a hormone ultimately affect the rate of aging how could that work well it turns out that in the daf two mutants a whole lot of genes are switched on in the dna that encode proteins that protect the cells and the tissues and repair damage -and the way that theyre switched on is by a gene regulator protein called foxo -so in a daf two mutant you see that i have the x drawn here through the receptor the receptor isnt working as well under those conditions the foxo protein in blue has gone into the nucleus that little compartment there in the middle of the cell and its sitting down on a gene binding to it you see one gene there are lots of genes actually that bind on foxo and its just sitting on -dna repair genes are more active in these animals and the immune system is more active and many of these different genes weve shown actually contribute to the long lifespan of the daf two mutant so its really interesting these animals have within them the latent capacity to live much longer than they normally do -so if there are genes like that then you can imagine that if you could change one of the genes in an experiment -they have the ability to protect themselves from many kinds of damage which we think makes them live longer -so what about the normal worm well when the daf two receptor is active then it triggers a series of events that prevent foxo from getting into the nucleus where the dna is so it cant turn the genes on thats how it works thats why we dont see the long lifespan until we have the daf two mutant but what good is this for the worm -well we think that insulin and igf one hormones are hormones that are particularly active under favorable conditions in the good times when food is plentiful and theres not a lot of stress in the environment then they promote the uptake of nutrients you can store the food -under conditions of stress the levels of these hormones drop for example having limited food supply -and that we think is registered by the animal as a danger signal a signal that things are not okay and that it should roll out its protective capacity -an aging gene maybe you could slow down aging and extend lifespan and if you could do that then you could find the genes for aging and if they exist and you can find them then maybe one could eventually do something about it -so it activates foxo foxo goes to the dna and that triggers the expression of these genes that improves the ability of the cell to protect itself and repair itself and thats why we think the animals live longer -so you can think of foxo as being like a building superintendent so maybe hes a little bit lazy but hes there hes taking care of the building but its deteriorating and then suddenly he learns that theres going to be a -and thats the case all over the world as you can see from these stars and each one of these stars represents a population where scientists have asked okay are there differences in the type of foxo genes among people who live a really long time and there are we dont know the details of how this works but we do know then that foxo genes -so this is really exciting to me a foxo is a protein that we found in these little round worms to affect lifespan and here it affects lifespan in people so weve been trying in our lab now to develop drugs that will activate this foxo cell using human cells now -so weve set out to look for genes that control aging and we didnt study any of these animals instead we studied a little tiny round worm called c elegans which is just about the size of a comma in a sentence and we were really optimistic that we could find something because there had been a report of a long lived mutant -in order to try and come up with drugs that will delay aging and age related diseases -and im really optimistic that this is going to work there are lots of different proteins that are known to affect aging and for at least one of them there is a drug -theres one called tor which is another nutrient sensor like the insulin pathway and mutations that damage the tor gene just like the daf two mutations extend lifespan in worms and flies and mice -but in this case theres already a drug called rapamycin that binds to the tor protein and inhibits its activity and you can take rapamycin and give it to a mouse even when its pretty old like age sixty for a human that old for a mouse if you give the mouse rapamycin it will live longer -now i dont want you all to go out taking rapamycin it is a drug for people but the reason is it suppresses the immune system so people take it to prevent organ transplants from being rejected so this may not be the perfect drug -for staying young longer but still here in the year two thousand and eleven theres a drug that you can give to mice at a pretty old age that will extend their lifespan which comes out of this science thats been done in all these different animals -so im really optimistic and i think it wont be too long i hope before this age old dream begins to come true thank you -is start a human life from scratch with altered genes that would make it live for a lot longer -change the genes in principle there isnt the technology to do that but i dont think thats a good idea and the reason is that these hormones like the insulin and the igf hormones and the tor pathway theyre essential if you knock them out completely -so we started to change genes at random looking for long lived animals and we were very lucky to find that mutations that damage one single gene called daf two -and they grow to be about this size and theyve been tagged and theyve been found to be seventy years old and when you look at these seventy year old turtles you cant tell the difference just by looking between those turtles and twenty year old turtles and the seventy year old ones actually -and there are other examples of these kinds of animals like turns certain kinds of birds are like this and nobody knows -if they really can live forever or what keeps them from aging its not clear if you look at birds which live a long time -so it could be that the pathways that ive been talking about which are set to run really quickly in the worm have a different normal set point -in something like a bird so that a bird can live a lot longer and maybe theyre even set really differently in animals with no senescence at all but we dont know -extending human lifespan by preventing death so much as extending human -you notice that youre getting old and you look at your human and you think why isnt this human getting old theyre not getting old in the dogs lifespan its more like that but now were the human looking out and imagining a different human -doubled the lifespan of the little worm -these programs are reaching incredibly deeply into society in afghanistan people go to extraordinary lengths to be able to watch this program -and you dont necessarily have to have your own tv set people watch it all over the country also in public places but it goes beyond watching -because also part of this is campaigning people become so engaged that they have volunteers just like political volunteers anyway who fan out over the countryside -id like to ask you what do these three people have in common -very conservative part of the country and here she relates in the documentary film afghan star how her friends urged her not to do this -and told her that she was leaving them for democracy but she also confides that she knows that members of the taliban are actually sms ing votes -also took risks and put herself out to compete in the poet of the millions competition -i have to say her husband backed her from the start but her tribe and family urged her not to compete -and were very much against it but once she started to win then they got behind her again it turns out that competition and winning is a universal human value -and shes out there her poetry is about women and the life of women in society so just by -now youd think that american idol would introduce a measure of americanization but actually just the opposite is happening by using this engaging popular format -for traditional local culture it actually in the gulf is precipitating a revival of interest in nabati poetry also in traditional dress and dance and music -and for afghanistan where the taliban banned music for many years it is reintroducing their traditional music they dont sing pop songs -they sing afghan music and they also have learned how to lose gracefully without avenging the winner -no small thing and -who is a contestant indeed a finalist in the poet of the millions competition which is broadcast out of abu dahbi and seen throughout the arab world -the final sort of formulation of this american idol format which has just appeared in afghanistan is a new program called the candidate -and in this program people present policy platforms that are then voted on many of them are too young to run for president -but by putting the issues out there they are influencing the presidential race so for me the substance of things unseen is how reality tv is driving reality thank you -in this contest people have to write and recite original poetry in the nabati form of poetry which is the traditional -form and lima sahar was a finalist in the afghan star singing competition -now before i go any further yes i know it all began with britains got talent but my point in discussing this is -to show you i hope ill be able to show you how these merit based competitions with -and the arab world with the uae how theyre changing tribal societies not by introducing western ideas but by being integrated into the language in those places it all begins with -and you can barely see it but its a controller at top cycles the water to fall just before and after you pass through the bottom of the arc so imagine a kid am i going to get wet am i going to get wet no i didnt get wet am i going to get wet am i going to get wet thats the experience of a clever ride -and of course we have fashion people are remaking things into fashion i dont know if this is called a basket bra but it ought to be -is the guy who did this is a physicist and here hell explain a little bit about what it does video richard carter im richard carter and this is the sashimi tabernacle -so are you a maker how many people here would say youre a maker if you raise your hand thats a pretty good but theres some of you out there that wont admit that youre makers and again think about it youre makers of food -youre makers of shelter youre makers of lots of different things and partly what interests me today is youre makers of your own world and particularly the role that technology has in your life -youre really a driver or a passenger to use a volkswagen phrase makers are in control thats what -them thats why they do what they do they want to figure out how things work they want to get access to it and they want to control it they want to use it to their own purpose -were born makers we have this ability to make things to grasp things with our hands we use words like grasp metaphorically to also think about understanding things we dont just live but we make we create things -it was fairly commonplace to think of yourself as a maker it was not something youd even remark upon and i found this old -of all things americans are we are makers with our strengths and our minds and spirit -we gather we form and we fashion makers and shapers and put it togetherers -it didnt just exist we made it and we were connected to it that way and i think thats tremendously important now im going to tell you one funny thing about this -this particular reel its an industrial video but it was shown in drive in theaters -fact and it preceded alfred hitchcocks psycho -this is andrew archer i met andrew at one of our community meetings putting together maker faire andrew had moved to detroit from duluth minnesota and i talked to his mom and i ended up doing a story on him for a magazine called kidrobot hes just a kid -playing with tools instead of toys he liked to take things apart his mother gave him a part of the garage and he collected things from yard sales and he made stuff -and then he didnt particularly like school that much but he got involved in robotics competitions and he realized he had a talent and more importantly he had a real passion for it -and he began building robots and when i sat down next to him he was telling me about a company he formed and he was building some robots for automobile factories to move things around on the factory floor and thats why he moved to michigan but he also -moved here to meet other people doing what hes doing and this kind of gets to this important idea today this is jeff and bilal and several others here in a hackerspace and theres about three hackerspaces or more in detroit and theres probably even some new ones since ive been here last -well im going to show you a group of makers from maker faire and various places it doesnt come out particularly well but thats a particularly tall bicycle its a scraper bike its called from oakland and this is a particularly small scooter for a gentleman of this size -but these are like clubs theyre sharing tools sharing space sharing expertise in what to make -and so its a very interesting phenomenon thats going across the world but essentially these are people that are playing with technology -and probably to discover what they can do themselves what their own capabilities are -now that could be a dog door it could be someone going somewhere where they shouldnt like a little brother into a little sisters room theres all kinds of different things that you can imagine for that -and there are industrial versions of this about twenty thousand dollars these guys came up with a kit version for seven hundred and fifty dollars and that means that hobbyists and ordinary folks can get a hold of this and begin playing with three d printers now they dont know what they want to do with it but theyre going to figure it out -so makers harvest technology from all the places around us this is a radar speed detector that was developed from a hot wheels toy and they do interesting things theyre really creating new areas and exploring areas that you might only think -this is probably the best time in the history of mankind to love space -you could build your own satellite and get it into space for like eight thousand dollars think how much money and how many years it took nasa to get satellites into space -in fact these guys actually work for nasa and theyre trying to pioneer using off the shelf components cheap things that arent specialized that they can combine and send up into space -makers are a source of innovation and i think it relates back to something like the birth of the personal computer industry this is steve wozniak where does he learn about computers its the homebrew computer club just like -but its important to understand that a lot of the origins of our industries even like henry ford come from this idea of playing and figuring things out in groups -well if i havent convinced you that youre a maker i hope i could convince you that our next generation should be makers that kids -are particularly interested in this -and the question he had is can i do it can it be done apparently it can so makers are enthusiasts theyre amateurs theyre people who love doing what they do they dont always even know why theyre doing it -we have begun organizing makers at our maker faire there was one held in detroit here last summer and it will be held again next summer at the henry ford but we hold them in san francisco -but im going to end by widening the lens to the entire region -to look at the mundane topics of arab views of religion and politics -and how this impacts women -revealing some surprises along the way -so after analyzing mounds of data -what we discovered was -unemployment and poverty alone -did not lead to the arab revolts of two thousand and eleven -if an act of desperation by a tunisian fruit vendor sparked these revolutions -it was the difference between what arabs experienced and what they expected that provided the fuel -to tell you what i mean consider this trend in egypt -on paper the country was doing great -today is about something maybe a couple of you have already heard about -in fact it attracted accolades from multinational organizations because of its economic growth -but under the surface was a very different reality -in two thousand and ten right before the revolution even though gdp per capita had been growing at five percent for several years egyptians had never felt worse about their lives -not surprisingly people feel better as their country gets richer -from oval offices to central squares -from carefully guarded airwaves -to open source networks -but before tahrir was a global symbol of liberation there were representative surveys -already giving people a voice -my talk today draws on this research to reveal -and what they want now -but this will produce an equally massive amount of desalination brine and this is where my collaboration with bacteria comes into play so what were doing at the moment -and this in terms of magnesium and the amount of water that i just mentioned equates to a dollar four point five billion mining industry for singapore a place that doesnt have any natural resources so id like you to image a mining industry in a way that one hasnt existed before -imagine a mining industry that doesnt mean defiling the earth -and what you can see here is the beginning of an industry in a test tube a mining industry that is in harmony with nature thank you -so what youre seeing here is the bacteria metabolizing and as they do so they create an electrical charge and this attracts metals from their local environment and these metals accumulate as minerals on the surface of the bacteria -one of the most pervasive problems in the world today for people is inadequate access to clean drinking water -and the desalination process is one where we take out salts we can use it for drinking and agriculture removing the salts from water particularly seawater through reverse osmosis is a critical technique for countries who do not have access to clean drinking water around the globe -so seawater reverse osmosis is a membrane filtration technology we take the water from the sea and we apply pressure and this pressure forces the seawater through a membrane this takes energy -producing clean water but were also left with a concentrated salt solution or brine but the process is very expensive and its cost prohibitive for many countries around the globe and also the brine thats produced -how do we know that its wrong maybe you and i disagree maybe one of us is wrong about the wrong maybe its you maybe its me but were not here to trade opinions everyones got an opinion we are here for knowledge our enemy is thoughtlessness this is philosophy -and something changes for tony -s my student hes about my age and hes in san quentin state prison when tony was sixteen years old -could be im wrong im tired of being wrong i want to know what is wrong i want to know what i know -what tony sees in that moment is the project of philosophy -the project that begins in wonder what kant called admiration and awe at the starry sky above and the moral law within what can creatures like us know of such things -it is the project that always takes us back to the condition of existence what heidegger called the always already there it is the project of questioning what we believe and why we believe it what socrates called the examined life socrates a man wise enough to know that he knows nothing socrates died in prison -doing his homework he learns his whys and wherefores his causes and correlations his logic his fallacies turns out tonys got the philosophy muscle his body is in prison but his mind is -free tony learns about the ontologically promiscuous the epistemologically anxious the ethically dubious the metaphysically ridiculous thats plato descartes nietzsche and bill clinton -so when he gives me his final paper in which he argues that the categorical imperative is perhaps too uncompromising to deal with the conflict that affects our everyday and challenges me to tell him whether therefore we are condemned to moral failure i say -i dont know let us think about that because in that moment theres no mark by tonys name its just the two of us standing there it is not professor and convict it is just two minds ready to do philosophy and i say to tony lets do this -one day one moment -lets do this -and those three words tonys going to remember because the next thing he knows he hears the pop theres the punk on the ground puddle of blood and thats felony murder twenty five to life parole at fifty if youre lucky and tonys not feeling very lucky -so when we meet in my philosophy class in his prison and i say in this class we will discuss the foundations of ethics tony interrupts me -what are you going to teach me about right and wrong -i know what is wrong i have done wrong i am told every day by every face i see every wall i face that i am wrong -if i ever get out of here there will always be a mark by my name im a convict i am branded wrong what are you going to tell me about right and wrong -so i say to tony sorry -but its worse than you think you think you know right and wrong -whats the right thing to do -now i see some puzzled looks like why are you asking us whats the right thing to do -were just building this stuff somebody else is using it fair enough but it brings me back -some of our great technologists then some of our great physicists studying nuclear fission and fusion just nuclear stuff we gather together these physicists in los alamos -that is the word that comes to mind -so we can make money so we can protect ourselves if he was up to no good or should we respect his privacy protect his dignity and leave him alone -were the new technologists we have a lot of data so we have a lot of power -im sure everybody here has an opinion about iphone versus android lets do a show of hands -to make his experiences better and to protect ourselves in case hes up to no good or should we leave him alone collect his data -leave -youre safe -okay last question harder question -how much power do we have scene from a movie apocalypse now great movie -when trying to evaluate what we should do -in this case should we use a kantian deontological moral framework or should we use a millian consequentialist one -not as many votes -about our hand held devices than about the moral framework we should use to guide our decisions how do we know what to do with all the power we have if we dont have a moral framework -we know more about mobile operating systems -weve got to get our hero captain willard to the mouth of the nung river so he can go pursue colonel kurtz the way were going to do this is fly him in and drop him off so the scene the sky is filled with this fleet of helicopters carrying him in and theres this loud thrilling music in the background this wild music -but what we really need is a moral operating system -and maybe if we want to be on surer footing what we really want is a moral framework that will help guide us there that will tell us what kinds of things are right and wrong in the first place and how would we know in a given situation what to do -so lets get a moral framework were numbers people living by numbers how can we use numbers as the basis for a moral framework -i know a guy who did exactly that -plato thats right remember him old philosopher you were sleeping during that class -if youve got two of something you add two more you get four thats true no matter what thing youre talking about its an objective truth about the form of two the abstract form when you have two of anything two eyes two ears two noses just two protrusions those all partake of the form of two they all participate in the truths -what if there were a pure form of justice what if there are truths about justice and you could just look around in this world and see which things participated partook of that form of justice then you would know -what was really just and what wasnt it wouldnt be a matter of just opinion or just appearances -thats a stunning vision i mean think about that how grand how ambitious thats as ambitious as we are he wants to solve -aristotle thought ethics wasnt a lot like math he thought ethics was a matter of making decisions in the here and now using our best judgment to find -the right path if you think that platos not your guy but dont give up maybe theres another way that we can use numbers as the basis of our moral framework -look at the choices measure out which ones better and know what to do that sound familiar thats a utilitarian moral framework john stuart mill was a great advocate of this nice guy besides and only been dead two hundred years so -basis of utilitarianism im sure youre familiar at least the three people who voted for mill before are familiar with this but -heres the way it works what if morals what if what makes something moral is just a matter of if it maximizes pleasure and minimizes pain -it does something intrinsic to the act its not like its relation to some abstract form its just a matter of the consequences you just look at the consequences and see if overall its for the good or for the worse that would be simple then we know what to do lets take an example suppose i go up -and i say im going to take your phone not just because it rang earlier -because of all of the data that we have lets take an example what can we do with just one persons data what can we do with that guys data -that has a very high utility to prevent that damage and compared to the little pain that its going to cause because its going to be embarrassing when im looking on his phone and seeing that he has a farmville problem and that whole bit -thats overwhelmed by the value of looking at -choice but maybe you dont feel that way either maybe you think its his phone its wrong to take his phone -so lets stop -were right in the thick of it this philosophical thicket and this goes on for thousands of years because these are hard questions and ive only got fifteen minutes so lets cut to the chase -how should we be making our decisions is it -theres not a formula -happily were not machines and we can do it not only can we think we must hannah arendt said -i can look at your financial records i can tell if you pay your bills on time i know if youre good to give a loan to i can look at your medical records i can see if your pump is still pumping see if youre good to offer insurance to -the sad truth is that most evil done in this world is not done by people who choose to be evil it arises from not thinking thats what she called the banality of evil -and the response to that is that we demand the exercise of thinking from every sane person -so lets do that lets think in fact lets start right now every person in this room do this think of the last time you had a decision to make where you were worried to do the right thing where you wondered what should i be doing bring that to mind and now -reflect on that and say how did i come up that decision what did i do did i follow my gut did i have somebody vote on it or did i punt to legal or now we have a few more choices -good work -what you just did thats the first step towards taking responsibility for what we should do with all of our power -now the next step try this -go find a friend and explain to them how you made that decision not right now wait till i finish talking do it over lunch and dont just find another technologist friend -i can look at your clicking patterns when you come to my website i actually know what youre going to do already because ive seen you visit millions of websites before and im sorry to tell you youre like a poker player you have a tell i can tell with data analysis what youre going to do before you even do it i know what you like i know who you are and thats even before -or heaven forbid find a philosopher and talk to them in fact find somebody from the humanities why because they think about problems differently than we do as technologists -youre thinking about the relevance of seventeenth century french theater how does that bear upon venture capital well thats interesting thats a different way of thinking and when you think in that way you become more sensitive to the human considerations -which are crucial to making ethical decisions so imagine that right now you went -and you found your musician friend and youre telling him what were talking about about our whole data revolution and all this maybe even hum a few bars of our theme music dum ta da da dum dum ta da da dum well your musician friend will stop you and say you know the theme music for your data revolution thats an opera -thats wagner its based on norse legend its gods and mythical creatures fighting over magical -jewelry thats interesting now its also a beautiful opera and were moved by that -about right and wrong and we care about right and wrong -we care what happens in that opera we care what happens in apocalypse now and we certainly care what happens with our technologies we have so much power today it is up to us to figure out what to do and thats the good news -were the ones writing this opera this is our movie we figure out what will happen with this technology we determine how this will all end thank you -we understand our limitations and we build around it but for some reason when it comes to the mental world when we design things like healthcare and retirement and stockmarkets we somehow forget the idea that we are limited -of -book on my research and it turned out to be quite fun in two ways first of all i enjoyed writing but the more interesting thing was that i started learning from people -its a fantastic time to write because there is so much feedback you can get from people people write me about their personal experience and about their examples and what they disagree and -which i think is just fascinating i will tell you a little bit about irrational behavior and i want to start by giving you some examples of visual illusion as a metaphor for rationality so think about these two tables -you must have seen this illusion if i asked you whats longer the vertical line on the table on the left or the horizontal line on the table on the right which one seems longer can anybody see anything but the left one being longer -a little bit about irrational behavior not yours of course other peoples -no right its impossible but the nice thing about visual illusion is we can easily demonstrate mistakes so i can put some lines on it doesnt help i can animate the lines and -another one this is one of my favorite illusions what do you see the color that top arrow is pointing to -yellow turns out theyre identical can anybody see them as identical very very hard i can cover the rest of the cube up -so after being at mit for a few years i realized that writing academic papers is not that exciting you know i dont know how many of those you read -and if i cover the rest of the cube you can see that they are identical and if you dont believe me you can get the slide later and do some arts and crafts and see that theyre identical -but again its the same story that if we take the background away the illusion comes back right there is no way for us not to see this illusion i guess maybe if youre colorblind i dont think you can see that -i want you to think about illusion as a metaphor vision is one of the best things we do we have a huge part of our brain dedicated to vision bigger than -to anything else we do more vision more hours of the day than we do anything else and we are evolutionarily designed to do vision -and if we have these predictable repeatable mistakes in vision which were so good at whats the chance that we dont make even more mistakes in something were not as good at -for example financial decision making -something we dont have an evolutionary reason to do we dont have a specialized part of the brain and we dont do that many hours of the day and the argument is in those cases it might be the issue that we actually make many more mistakes -and worse not have an easy way to see them because in visual illusions we can easily demonstrate the mistakes in cognitive illusion its much much harder to demonstrate to people the mistakes -and this is one of my favorite plots in social sciences its from a paper by johnson and goldstein and it basically shows the percentage of people who indicated they would be interested in giving their organs to -its not fun to read and often not fun to write even worse to write -ask people this question they usually think that it has to be something about culture right how much do you care about people giving your organs to somebody else is probably about how much you care about society -how linked you are or maybe it is about religion but if you look at this plot you can see that countries that we think about as very similar actually exhibit very different behavior -for example sweden is all the way on the right and denmark that we think is culturally very similar is all the way on the left -germany is on the left and austria is on the right the netherlands is on the left and belgium is on the right -and finally depending on your particular version of european similarity you can think about the u k and france as either similar culturally or not -but it turns out that from organ donation they are very different -by the way the netherlands is an interesting story you see the netherlands is kind of the biggest of the small group -turns out that they got to twenty eight percent after mailing every household in the country a letter begging people to join this organ donation program -but whatever the countries on the right are doing they are doing a much better job than begging so what are they doing turns out the secret has to do with a form at the dmv and here is the story the countries on the left -came up with an idea that i will write a cookbook -form at the dmv that looks something like this check the box below if you want to participate in the organ donor program and what happens -people dont check and they dont join the countries on the right the ones that give a lot have a slightly different form it says check the box below if you dont want to participate interestingly enough when people get this they again dont check -but -now think about what -we wake up in the morning and we feel we make decisions we wake up in the morning and we open the closet and we feel that we decide what to wear and we open the refrigerator and we feel that we decide what to eat -what this is actually saying is that much of these decisions are not residing within us they are residing in the person who is designing that form when you walk into the dmv the person who designed the form will have a huge influence on what youll end up doing -now its also very hard to intuit these results think about it for yourself how many of you believe that if you went to renew your license tomorrow and you went to the dmv -you would encounter one of these forms that it would actually change your own behavior very very hard to think that you will influence us we can say oh these funny europeans of course it would influence them but when it comes to us -you might say these are decisions we dont care about in fact by definition these are decisions about something that will happen to us after we die -how could we care about something less than something that happens after we die so a standard economist someone who believes in rationality would say you know what -the cost of lifting the pencil and marking a v is higher than the possible benefit of the decision so thats why we get this effect -but in fact its not because its easy its not because its trivial its not because we dont care its the opposite its because we care -its difficult and its complex and its so complex that we dont know what to do and because we have no idea what to do we just pick whatever it was that was chosen for us -give you one more example for this this is from a paper by redelmeier and schaefer and they said well this effect also happens to experts people who are well paid -and then they said to the physician you decided a few weeks ago that nothing is working for this patient all these medications nothing seems to be working -the kitchen you know we do so much in the kitchen i thought this would be interesting and i wrote a couple of chapters and i took it to mit press and they said -so you refer the patient to hip replacement therapy hip replacement okay so the patient is on a path to have his hip replaced -what do you do do you pull the patient back and try ibuprofen or do you let them go and have hip replacement well the good news is that most physicians in this case decided to pull the patient and try the ibuprofen -now think of it this decision makes it as easy to let the patient continue with hip replacement but pulling them back all of the sudden becomes more complex there is one more decision -what happens now majority of the physicians now choose to let the patient go to hip replacement -i hope this worries you by the way -when you go to see your physician the thing is is that no physician would ever say piroxicam ibuprofen hip replacement lets go for hip replacement but -the moment you set this as the default it has a huge power over whatever people end up doing ill give you a couple of more examples on irrational decision making -but not for us go and find somebody else i tried other people and everybody said the same thing cute not for us -you want to go for a weekend to rome all expenses paid hotel transportation food -now imagine i added a choice to the set that nobody wanted imagine i said a weekend in rome a weekend in paris or having your car stolen -its a funny idea because why would having your car stolen in this set influence anything -but what if the option to have your car stolen was not exactly like this what if it was a trip to rome all expenses paid transportation -breakfast but doesnt include coffee in the morning if you want coffee you have to pay for it yourself its two euros fifty now in some ways -given that you can have rome with coffee why would you possibly want rome without coffee its like having your car stolen its an inferior option -what happened the moment you add rome without coffee rome with coffee becomes more popular and people choose -the fact that you have rome without coffee makes rome with coffee look superior and not just to rome without coffee even superior to paris -this was an ad from the economist a few years ago that gave us three choices an online subscription for fifty nine dollars a print subscription for one hundred and twenty five -now i looked at this and i called up the economist and i tried to figure out what were they thinking and they passed me from one person to another to another until eventually i got -look if youre serious about this you first have to write a book about your research you have to publish something and then youll get the opportunity to write something else -to a person who was in charge of the website and i called them up and they went to check what was going on the next thing i know the ad is gone and no explanation -so i decided to do the experiment that i would have loved the economist to do with me i took this and i gave it to one hundred mit students i said what would you choose these are the market share -most people wanted the combo deal thankfully nobody wanted the dominated option that means our students can read -but now if you -right so i printed another version of this where i eliminated the middle option i gave it to another one hundred students here is what happens now the most popular option became the least popular and the least popular became the most popular -what was happening was the option that was useless in the middle was useless in the sense that nobody wanted -but it wasnt useless in the sense that it helped people figure out what they wanted in fact relative to the option in the middle which was -one more example of this people believe that when we deal with physical attraction we see somebody and we know immediately whether we like them or not -not which is why we have these four minute dates so i decided to do this experiment with people ill show you graphic images of people not real people the experiment was with people -i showed some people a picture of tom and a picture of jerry i said who do you want to date tom or jerry but for half the people i added an ugly version of jerry i took photoshop and -and the question was will ugly jerry and ugly tom help their respective more attractive brothers the answer was absolutely yes when ugly jerry was around jerry was popular when ugly tom was around tom was -this of course has two very clear implications for life in general if you ever go bar hopping who do you want to take with you -you want a slightly uglier version of yourself similar similar but slightly uglier -the second point or course is that if somebody else invites you you know how they think about you -what is the general point the general point is that when we think about economics we have this beautiful view of human nature -what a piece of work is man how noble in reason we have this view of ourselves of others the behavioral economics perspective is slightly less -generous to people in fact in medical terms thats our view -but there is a silver lining -when it comes to building the physical world we kind of understand our limitations we build steps and we build these things that not everybody can use obviously -this is not just in hebrew by the way its in every language ive had experience with so far -and you know theres not much there wasnt much i could do and they kept on doing what they were doing and about three years later when i left the hospital -i started studying at the university -the most interesting lessons i learned was that -there is an experimental method that if you have a question you can create a replica of this question in some abstract way and you can try to examine this question maybe learn something about the world -a carpenters vice -and i would crunch it for long periods and short periods and pain that went up and pain that went down and with breaks and without breaks all kinds of versions of pain -and when i finished hurting people a little bit i would ask them so how painful was this or how painful was this or if you had to choose between the last two which one would you choose -i kept on doing this for a while -i want to talk to you today a little bit about predictable irrationality -and then like all good academic projects i got more funding i moved to sounds electrical shocks -i even had a pain suit that could get people to feel much more pain -but at the end of this process what i learned was that the nurses were wrong -wonderful people with good intentions and plenty of experience and nevertheless they were getting things wrong predictably all the time -it turns out that because we dont encode duration in the way that we encode intensity i would have had less pain if the duration would have been longer and the intensity -was lower it turns out it would have been better to start with my face which was much more painful and move towards my legs giving me a trend of improvement over time that would have been also less painful -case and it turns out its a more general case theres a lot of -mistakes we do -my interest in cheating started when enron came on the scene exploded all of a sudden and i started thinking about what is happening here is it the case that there was kind of a few bad apples -capable of doing these things or are we talking a more endemic situation that many people are actually capable of behaving this way -so like we usually do i decided to do a simple experiment and heres how it went if you were in the experiment i would pass you a sheet of paper with twenty simple math problems that everybody could solve but i wouldnt give you enough time -was burned very badly -other people i would tempt to cheat i would pass their sheet of paper when the five minutes were over i would say please shred the piece of paper put the little pieces in your pocket or in your backpack and tell me how many questions you got correctly -now it wasnt as if -now in economic theory cheating is a very simple cost benefit analysis you say whats the probability of being caught -and if you spend a lot of time in hospital youll see a lot of types of irrationalities -how much do i stand to gain from cheating and how much punishment would i get if i get caught and you weigh these options out you do the simple cost benefit analysis and you decide whether its worthwhile to commit the crime or not -so we try to test this for some people we varied how much money they could get away with how much money they could steal we paid them ten cents per correct question fifty cents a dollar five dollars ten dollars per correct question -you would expect that as the amount of money on the table increases people would cheat more but in fact it wasnt the case we got a lot of people cheating by stealing by a little bit -what about the probability of being caught -some people shredded half the sheet of paper so there was some evidence left -you would expect that as the probability of being caught goes down people would cheat more but again this was not the case again a lot of people cheated by just by a little bit and they were insensitive to these economic incentives -the one that particularly bothered me in the burn department was the process by which the nurses took the bandages off -and we thought maybe what is happening is that there are two forces at one hand we all want to look at ourselves in the mirror and feel good about ourselves so we dont want to cheat on the other hand we can cheat a little bit and still feel good about ourselves -so maybe what is happening is that theres a level of cheating we cant go over but we can still benefit from cheating at a low degree as long as it doesnt change our impressions about ourselves we call this like a personal fudge factor -now how would you test -a personal fudge factor initially we said what can we do to shrink the fudge factor -so we got people to the lab and we said we have two tasks for you today first we asked half the people to recall either ten books they read in high school or to recall the ten commandments -but those people who tried to recall the ten commandments given the opportunity to cheat did not cheat at all -the moment people thought about trying to recall the ten commandments they stopped cheating in fact even when we gave self declared atheists the task of swearing on the bible and we give them a chance to cheat they -now ten commandments is something that is hard to bring into the education system so we said why dont we get people to sign the honor code -now you must have all taken a band aid off at some point and you must have wondered whats the right approach do you rip it off quickly short duration -we got people to sign i understand that -survey falls under the mit honor code then they shredded it -no cheating whatsoever -so all this was about decreasing the fudge factor -what about increasing the fudge factor -the first experiment i walked around mit and i distributed six packs of cokes in the refrigerators these were common refrigerators for the undergrads and i came back to measure what we technically call the half lifetime of coke -how long does it last in the refrigerators as you can expect it doesnt last very long people take it in contrast i took a plate with six one dollar bills and i left those plates in the same refrigerators -no bill ever disappeared now this is not a good social science experiment so to do it better -i did the same experiment as i described to you before a third of the people we passed the sheet they gave it back to us a third of the people we passed it to they shredded it they came to us and said mister experimenter i solved x problems give me x dollars -a third of the people when they finished shredding the piece of paper they came to us and said mister experimenter i solved x problems give me x tokens -we did not pay them with dollars we paid them with something else and then they took the something else they walked twelve feet to the side and exchanged it for dollars think about the following intuition how bad would you feel about taking a pencil from work home -you take your band aid off slowly you take a long time but each second is not as painful which one of those is the right approach -tell you what i think about this and the stock market in a minute -but this did not solve the big problem i had with enron yet because in enron theres also a social element people see each other behaving in fact every day when we open the news we see examples of people cheating what does this cause us -so we did another experiment we got a big group of students to be in the experiment and we prepaid them so everybody got an envelope with all the money for the experiment and we told them that at the end we asked them to pay us back the money they didnt make -ok the same thing happens when we give people the opportunity to cheat they cheat they cheat just by a little bit but all the same but in this experiment we also hired an acting student -acting student stood up after thirty seconds and said i solved everything what do i do now -was a part of the group nobody knew it was an actor and they clearly cheated in a very very serious way what would happen to the other people in the group -will they cheat more or will they cheat less -the nurses in my -here is what happens it turns out it depends on what kind of sweatshirt theyre wearing -here is the thing we ran this at carnegie mellon and pittsburgh -big universities carnegie mellon and university of pittsburgh all of the subjects sitting in the experiment were carnegie mellon students -when the actor who was getting up was a carnegie mellon student he was actually a carnegie mellon student but he was a part of their group -but when he actually had a university of pittsburgh sweatshirt cheating went down -thought that the right approach was the ripping one so they would grab hold and they would rip and they would grab hold and they would rip and because i had seventy percent of my body burned it would take about an hour -somebody from our in group cheats and we see them cheating we feel its more appropriate as a group to behave this way but if its somebody from another group these terrible people i mean not terrible in this but somebody we dont want to associate ourself with -less so what have we learned from this about cheating -weve learned that a lot of people can cheat they cheat just by a little bit -when we get bigger distance from cheating -from the object of money for example people cheat more and when we see cheating around us particularly if its a part of our in group cheating goes up -now if we think about this in terms of the stock market think about what happens what happens in a situation when you create something where you pay people a lot of money to see reality in a slightly distorted way -would they not be able to see it this way -of course they would what happen when you do other things like you remove things from money you call them stock or stock options derivatives mortgage backed securities -could it be that with those more distant things its not a token for one second its something that is many steps removed from money for a much longer time -even more and what happens to the social environment when people see other people behave around them i think all of those forces work in a very bad way in the stock -i want to tell you something about -and the point is that many of these intuitions are wrong the question is are we going to test those intuitions we can think about how were going to test this intuition in our private life in our business life -most particularly when it goes to policy when we think about things like no child left behind when you create new stock markets when you create other policies taxation health care and so on and the difficulty of testing our intuition was the -lesson i learned when i went back to the nurses to talk to them so i went back to talk to them and tell them what i found out about removing bandages -and i learned two interesting things one was that my favorite nurse ettie told me that i did not take her pain into consideration -to reason with them and say why dont we try something else why dont we take it a little longer maybe two hours instead of an hour and have less of this intensity -she said of course you know it was very painful for you but think about me as a nurse taking removing the bandages of somebody i liked and had to do it repeatedly over a long period of -i did not think that your intuition was right i felt my intuition was correct -so if you think about all of your intuitions its very hard to believe that your intuition is wrong and she said given the fact that i thought my intuition was right she thought her intuition was right -it was very difficult for her to accept doing a difficult experiment to try and check whether she was wrong -but in fact this is the situation were all in all the time we have very strong intuitions about all kinds of things our own ability how the economy -how we should pay school teachers but unless we start testing those intuitions were not going to do better and just think about how better -and the nurses told me two things they told me that they had the right model of the patient that they knew what was the right thing to do to minimize my pain -none of those happened -and this was very surprising to me because ive gone through many treatments there were many treatments i decided not to do and i never got this guilt trip to this extent -but i decided not to have this treatment and i went to his deputy and asked him what was going on where was this guilt trip coming from and he explained that they have done this procedure on two patients already and they need the third patient for a paper they were writing -but let me give you a different perspective on the same story -aside from one person there was one person in the group that was supposed to have very high performance that was actually performing terribly and he pulled the whole mean down destroying my statistical significance of the test -so i looked carefully at this guy he was twenty some years older than anybody else in the sample and i remembered that the old and drunken guy came one day to the lab wanting to make some easy cash and this was the guy fantastic i thought lets throw him out who would ever include a drunken guy in a sample -but a couple of days later we thought about -would we have thrown him out then we probably wouldnt have looked at the data at all and if we did look at the data wed probably have said fantastic what a smart guy who is performing this low because he would have pulled the mean of the group lower giving us even stronger statistical results than we could -so we decided not to throw the guy out and to rerun the experiment but you know these stories and lots of other experiments that weve done on conflicts of interest basically kind of bring two points to the foreground for me -the first one is that in life we encounter many people who in some way or another try to tattoo our faces they just have the incentives that get them to be blinded to reality and give us advice that is inherently biased -and im sure that its something that we all recognize and we see that it happens maybe we dont recognize it every time but we understand that it happens -the most difficult thing of course is to recognize that sometimes we too -are blinded by our own incentives and thats a much much more difficult lesson to take into account because we dont see how conflicts of interest work on us -when i was doing these experiments in my mind i was helping science i was eliminating the data to get the true pattern of the data to shine through i wasnt doing something bad in my mind i was actually a knight trying to help science move along but this was not the case i was actually interfering with the process with lots of good intentions -and i think the real challenge is to figure out where are the cases in our lives where conflicts of interest work on us and try not to trust our own intuition to overcome it but to try to do things that prevent us from falling prey to these behaviors because we can create lots of undesirable circumstances -i do want to leave you with one positive thought i mean this is all very depressing right people have conflicts of interest we dont see it and so on -and whats the brilliant idea he had he was going to tattoo little black dots on the right side -of my face and make me look very symmetric -when i got back to his office i wasnt really sure i said can i see some evidence for this so he showed me some pictures of little cheeks with little black dots not very informative -but i was still concerned so i said you know what im not going to do it and then came one of the biggest guilt trips of my life this is coming from a jewish guy all right so that means a lot -larger why because now the builders loved it even more -they loved it even less because in reality it was even uglier than the first version -of course this tells you something about how we evaluate things -it suggests that we care about the fight about the challenge it suggests that theres all kinds of other things that motivate us -now think about kids -imagine i asked you how much would you sell your kids for -your memories and associations and so on most people would say for a lot a lot of money -and when you were about to leave the parents said hey by the way just before you leave if youre interested theyre for sale -most people say not that much -and this is because our kids are so valuable not just because of who they are but because of us because they are so connected to us and because of the time and connection and by the way if you think that ikea instructions are not good think about the instructions that come with kids those are really tough -to work or behave in all kinds of ways and for me personally i started thinking about this after a student came to visit me this was a student that was one of my students a few years earlier -we dont see that other people dont see things our way -let me say one last comment -if you think about adam smith versus karl marx -adam smith had the very important -notion of efficiency he gave an example of a pin factory -he said pins have twelve different steps and if one person does all twelve steps production is very low but if you get one person to do step one and one person to do step two and step three and so on -production can increase tremendously and indeed this is a great example and the reason for the industrial revolution and efficiency -karl marx on the other hand said that the alienation of labor is incredibly important in how people think about the connection to what they are doing and if you make all twelve steps you care about the pin but if you make one step every time maybe you dont care as much -and i think that in the industrial revolution adam smith was more correct than karl marx -but the reality is that weve switched -and now were in the knowledge economy -to decide on their own about how much effort attention caring how connected they feel to it are they thinking about labor on the way to work and in the shower and so on all of a sudden -so when we think about labor we usually think about motivation and payment as the same thing but the reality is that we should probably add all kinds of things to it meaning creation challenges ownership identity pride etc -want to talk a little bit today about -and he came one day back to campus and he told me the following story -he said that for more than two weeks he was working on a powerpoint presentation he was working in a big bank this was in preparation for a merger and acquisition and he was working very hard on this presentation graphs tables information he stayed late at night every day -and the day before it was due he sent his powerpoint presentation to his boss -labor and work -and his boss wrote him back and said -nice presentation but the merger is canceled and the guy was deeply depressed now at the moment when he was working he was actually quite happy -every night he was enjoying his work he was staying late he was perfecting this powerpoint presentation but knowing that nobody would ever watch that -when we think about how people work -and to start with we created a little experiment -in which we gave people legos -and we asked them to build with legos -and for some people -we gave them legos and we said hey would you like to build this bionicle for three dollars well pay you three dollars for it -this was what we called the meaningful condition people built one bionicle after another after they finished every one of them we put them under the table and we told them that at the end of the experiment we will take all these bionicles we will disassemble them we will put them back in the boxes and we will use it for the next -that all people care about is money and the moment we give people money we can direct them to work one way we can direct them to work another way this is why we give bonuses to bankers and pay in all kinds of ways and we really have this incredibly simplistic view of why people work and what the labor market looks like -inspired by david my student and this other condition we called the sisyphic condition and if you remember the story about sisyphus sisyphus was punished by the gods to push -the same rock up a hill and when he almost got to the end the rock would roll over and he would have to start again -and you can think about this as the essence of doing futile work you can imagine that if he pushed the rock on different hills at least he would have some sense of progress -also if you look at prison movies sometimes the way that the guards torture the prisoners is to get them to dig a hole -and when the prisoner is finished they ask him to fill the hole back up and then dig again theres something about this cyclical version of doing something over and over and over that seems to be particularly demotivating -so in the second condition of this experiment thats exactly what we did we asked people -would you like to build one bionicle for three dollars and if they said yes they built it -we gave them the one that they built and we broke so this was an endless cycle of them building and us destroying in front of their eyes -now what happens when you compare these two conditions -the first thing that happened was that people built many more bionicles they built eleven versus seven in the meaningful condition versus the sisyphus condition -and by the way we should point out that this was not a big meaning people were not curing cancer or building bridges -people were building bionicles for a few cents and not only that everybody knew that the bionicles would be destroyed quite soon so there was not a real opportunity for big meaning but even the small meaning made a difference -now we had another version of this experiment in this other version of the experiment we didnt put people in this situation we just described to them the situation much as i am describing to you now and we asked them to predict what the result would be what happened -people predicted the right direction but not the right magnitude people who were just given the description of the experiment -if you think about it there are some people who love legos and some people who dont -and you would speculate that the people who love legos will build more legos even for less money because after all they get more internal joy from it -and the people who love legos less will build less legos because the enjoyment that they derive from it is lower and thats actually what we found in the meaningful condition there was a very nice correlation between love of lego and the amount of legos people built -at the same time if you think about it theres all kinds of strange behaviors in the world around us think about something like mountaineering and mountain climbing if you read books of people who climb mountains difficult mountains do you think that those books are full of moments of joy and happiness -what happened in the sisyphic condition -in that condition the correlation was zero there was no relationship between the love of lego and how much people built which suggests to me that with this manipulation of breaking things in front of peoples eyes we basically crushed any joy that they could get out of this activity we basically eliminated it -i cant tell you who they were but they were a big company in seattle and this was a group within this software company that was put in a different building and they asked them to innovate and create the next big product for this company -and the week before i showed up the ceo of this big software company went to that group two hundred engineers and -canceled the project -and i stood there in front of two hundred of the most depressed people ive ever talked to and i described to them some of these lego experiments and they said they felt like they had just been through that experiment -and i asked them i said how many of you now show up to work later than you used to -and then i asked them i said what could the ceo have done to make you not as depressed and they came up with all kinds of ideas they said the ceo could have asked them -to present to the whole company about their journey over the last two years and what they decided to do he could have asked them to think about which aspect of their technology could fit with other parts of the organization he could have asked them to build some prototypes some next generation prototypes and seen how they would work -and i think the ceo basically did not understand the importance of meaning if the ceo just like our participants thought the essence of meaning is unimportant then he wouldnt care -and he would tell them at the moment i directed you in this way and now that i am directing you in this way everything will be okay but if you understood how important meaning is then you would figure out that its actually important to spend some time energy and effort in getting people to care more about what theyre doing -and we had three conditions in the first condition people wrote their name on the sheet -found all the pairs of letters gave it to the experimenter the experimenter would look at it scan it from top to bottom say uh huh and put it on the pile next to them -no they are full of misery in fact its all about frostbite and difficulty to walk and difficulty of breathing cold challenging circumstances and if people were just trying to be happy the moment they would get to the top they would say this was a terrible mistake ill never do it again -in the second condition people did not write their name on it the experimenter looked at it took the sheet of paper did not look at it did not scan it and simply put it on the pile of pages so you take a piece you just put it on the side -and in the third condition the experimenter got the sheet of paper and directly put it into a shredder -what happened in those three conditions -in this plot im showing you at what pay rate people stopped so low numbers mean that people worked harder they worked for much longer in the acknowledged condition people worked all the way down to fifteen cents at fifteen cents per page they basically stopped these efforts -in the shredder condition it was twice as much thirty cents per sheet and this is basically the result we had before you shred peoples efforts output you get them not to be as happy with what theyre doing but i should point out by the way -that in the shredder condition people could have cheated they could have done not so good work because they realized that people were just shredding it -so maybe the first sheet you would do good work but then you see nobody is really testing it so you would do more and more and more so in fact in the shredder condition people could have submitted more work and gotten more money and put less effort into it -but what about the ignored condition would the ignored condition be more like the acknowledged or more like the shredder or somewhere in the middle it turns out it was almost like the shredder now theres good news and bad news here -the bad news is that ignoring the performance of people is almost as bad as shredding their effort in front of their eyes -ignoring gets you a whole way out there the good news is that by simply looking at something that somebody has done scanning it and saying uh huh that seems to be quite sufficient to dramatically improve peoples motivations -so the good news is that adding motivation doesnt seem to be so difficult the bad news is that eliminating motivations seems to be incredibly easy and if we dont think about it carefully we might overdo it -so this is all in terms of negative motivation or eliminating negative motivation -i dont know about you but every time i assemble one of those it takes me much longer its much more effortful its much more confusing i put things in the wrong way -i cant say enjoy those pieces -i cant say i enjoy the process -but when i finish it i seem to like those ikea pieces of furniture more than i like other ones -but it turns out they were very unpopular people did not want them and they thought about all kinds of reasons for that maybe the taste was not good no the taste was great what they figured out was that there was not enough effort involved -so what did they do -they took the eggs and the milk out of the powder -now i think a little bit like the ikea effect by getting people to work harder they actually got them to love what theyre doing to a higher degree -so how do we look at this question experimentally we asked people to build some origami we gave them instructions on how to create origami and we gave them a sheet of paper and these were all novices and they built something that was really quite ugly -nothing like a frog or a crane -but then we told them we said look this origami really belongs to us you worked for us but ill tell you what well sell it to you how much do you want to pay for it and we measured how much they were willing to pay for it and we had two types of people we had the people who built it -or do you think i love this origami and everybody else will love it as well which one of those two is correct turns out the builders not only loved the origami more they thought that everybody would see the world in their view they thought everybody else would love it more as well -in the next version we tried to do the ikea effect we tried to make it more difficult so for some people we gave the same task for some people we made it harder by hiding the instructions at the top of the sheet we had little diagrams of how do you fold origami for some people we just eliminated that -so now this was tougher -what happened well in an objective way the origami now was uglier -it was more difficult now when we looked at the easy origami we saw the same thing builders loved it more evaluators loved it less when you looked at the hard instructions the effect was -and he didnt want it just in the fall he wanted it all year round and he demanded that the jews supply enough for everyone -and the jews fearing for their life had to come up with an ingenious idea or at least -in a great moment -of fear for their lives -liver and the good stuff they kept for themselves supposedly anyway i believe that one -and if you think about it -mega farms feed lots -whether were talking about beef cattle -or were talking about chickens -or were talking about broccoli -whatever it is its a mindset that is reminiscent of general motors -its rooted in extraction -take more sell more waste more -we need now to adopt -a new conception of agriculture -really new one in which we stop treating -the planet as if it were some kind of business in liquidation -and stop degrading resources under the guise of cheap food -we can start by looking to farmers -like eduardo farmers that rely on nature -for solutions for answers -rather than imposing solutions on nature -listening as janine benyus one of my favorite writers and thinkers about this topics says listening to natures operating instructions -the great thing for chefs the great blessing for chefs -is that the most ecological choice for food -also the most ethical choice for food whether were talking about brussel sprouts or foie gras -and its also almost always and i havent found an example otherwise but almost always -you can also bike the tour de france without steroids -not a lot of people are doing it and for good reason so several months ago -a friend of mine sent me this link to this guy -gorge on food to prepare for the harsh realities of winter -i went to spain a few months ago -and the rest of the year theyre free to roam around eduardos -land and eat what they want so no gavage no force feeding no factory like conditions no cruelty -and its shockingly not a new idea his great granddad started -when eduardo -the coveted french gastronomic prize -as he said to me that really pissed the french off -all over the papers i read about -spanish chef accused and the french accused him spanish chef accused -of cheating the accused him of paying off the judges -huge scandal for a few weeks couldnt find a shred of evidence -the best foie gras of my life -look at the guy he doesnt look like a guy whos paying off french judges for his -down and very soon afterward new controversy -hes lying and should be disqualified as funny as it sounds articulating it now and reading about it actually if -that is until i went to -i saw first hand a system that is incredibly complex and then at the same time like -because what i saw im convinced is -and he said to me really from the first moment my lifes work -is to give the geese what they want -that about fifty times in the -im just here to give the geese what they want actually when i showed up he was lying down with the geese with -you know i thought like im speaking to you now right -ridiculous right foie gras and the future of cooking theres not a food today thats more maligned than -i figured it out -doing this and amazingly the geese who were on the other side of the paddock when i was around get the hell away from this kid when i lowered my voice they all came right up to us -right up to us like right up to here right along the fence line and fence line was amazing in itself the fence like this conception of fence that we have its totally backward with him the electricity on this fiberglass fence -is only on the outside -he rewired it he invented it ive never seen it -fence in animals you -he electrifies only the outside -why because he said to me that he felt like the geese and he proved this actually not just -a conceit he proved this the geese felt manipulated when they were -on the outside so it would protect them against coyotes and other predators -now what happened they ate and he showed me on a chart how they ate about twenty percent more -feed to feed their livers -this extra hard land into a tasting menu -upgrades the life for these geese and they are allowed to take whatever they want another irony the double irony is that on the figs and the olives eduardo can make more money selling those than he can on the foie gras he doesnt care -they get what they want they leave the rest for me and i sell -how ive been trained you want to look and see what good foie gras is its got to be bright yellow its the indication that -because he doesnt force feed because he doesnt -to seed he took the seeds he planted it on his thirty acres all around and the geese love the lupin bush not for the bush but for the seeds and when they eat the seeds their foie gras turns yellow -really it happened here in san francisco to -radioactive yellow bright yellow -of the highest quality foie gras yellow ive ever seen -for real is he making some -like you know because he seemed to have answer for everything and it was always nature it was never him and i was like -into working with his landscape so its like here i am im on the fence about this guy but increasingly -im not saying that -eating up his every word and were sitting there and -i hear -a rationale -theyre called back and back and back and then they circle around -and his geese are calling up now to the wild geese and the wild geese are calling down and its getting louder and louder and they circle and circle and they land -for being opposed to foie gras -no way no way -i look at eduardo whos near tears looking at this -and i say youre telling me that your geese are calling to the wild geese to say come for a visit and he says -the reasons usually just boil down to the gavage which is the force feeding basically you take a goose or a duck and you -the dna of a -i said that i said isnt that what theyre put on this earth for to fly south in the winter and north when it gets warm -their dna is to find the conditions that are conducive to life to happiness -they find it here the dont need anything more -brilliant right imagine i dont know imagine a hog farm in like north carolina and a wild pig comes -got to taste it before i left -took me to his neighborhood restaurant and he served me some of his -it was incredible and the problem with saying that of course is that you know at this point it risks hyperbole really easily -and id like to make a metaphor but i dont have one really i was drinking this guys kool aid so much he could have served me goose feathers and i would have been like this guys a genius -really in love with him at this point but it truly was the best foie gras of my life so much so that i dont think i had ever really had foie gras until that moment -but this was transformative really transformative and i say to you -taste experience with -a lot of honesty and you could taste -herbs you could taste spices and i kept i said you know i swear to god i tasted star -when he harvests the foie gras he sticks them in this jar -pepper no oil no spices -need salt and pepper and he doesnt need spices because hes got this potpourri of herbs and flavors -that his geese love to gorge on -adria the -how come you dont give him this -how come no ones really heard of you -and it may be because of the wine or it may be because of my excitement he answered me directly and he said -they create -a dish where all the vectors point at us -and as he said i think -its a gift from god -with god saying youve done good work simple -i flew home im on the flight with my little black book and i took you know pages and pages of notes about it i really was moved and in the corner of one of these one my notes -he said i think its an insult to history -is that its so freakin delicious -and i wrote insult to history -on the plane and im just tearing my hair out its like why didnt i follow up on that what the hell does that -some research when i got back -jews invented foie gras -by accident -they were looking for an alternative to schmaltz -its the things they enjoy they tend to walk the only proven way to stave off cognitive decline and they all tend to have a garden -they know how to set up their life in the right way so they have the right outlook each of these cultures take time to downshift the sardinians pray the seventh day adventists pray the okinawans have this ancestor veneration -but when youre in a hurry or stressed out that triggers something called the inflammatory response which is associated with everything from alzheimers disease to -they have vocabulary for sense of purpose ikigai like the okinawans you know the two most dangerous years in your life are the year youre born because of infant mortality and the year -they tend to eat a plant based diet doesnt mean they dont eat meat but lots of beans and nuts and they have strategies to keep from overeating little things that -when it comes to longevity and the first myth is if you try really hard you can live to be one hundred false -they all tend to belong to a faith based community which is worth between four and fourteen extra years of life expectancy if you do it four times a month and the biggest thing here is they also belong to the right tribe -they were either born into or they proactively surrounded themselves with the right people -we know from the framingham studies that if your three best friends are obese there is a fifty percent better chance that youll be overweight -so if you hang out with unhealthy people thats going to have a measurable impact over time instead if your friends idea of -that is going to have the biggest impact over time diets dont work no diet in the history of the world has ever worked for more than two percent of the population -the problem is only about one out of five thousand people in america live to be one hundred your chances are -very low even though its the fastest growing demographic in america its hard to reach one hundred the problem is that were not programmed for longevity -for something called procreative success i love that word it reminds me of my college days -called the danish twin study established that only about ten percent of how long the average person lives within certain biological limits is dictated by our genes the other ninety percent is dictated -if youre a rat or an elephant or a human in between its the same story so to make it to age one hundred you not only have to have had a very good lifestyle you also have to have -the genetic lottery the second myth is there are treatments that can help slow reverse or even stop aging -false when you think of it there is ninety nine things that can age us deprive your brain of oxygen for just a few minutes those brain cells die they never come back -play tennis too hard on your knees ruin your cartilage the cartilage never comes back our arteries can clog our brains can gunk up with plaque and we can get alzheimers -is just too many things to go wrong our bodies have thirty five trillion cells trillion with a t were talking national debt numbers here -those cells turn themselves over once every eight years and every time they turn themselves over there is some damage and that damage builds up and it builds up exponentially its a little bit like the days when we all had -well the same things happen to our cells thats why a sixty five year old person is aging at a rate of about one hundred and twenty five times faster than a twelve year old person -so if there is nothing you can do to slow your aging or stop your aging what am i doing here well the fact of the matter -is the best science tells us that the capacity of the human body my body your body is about ninety years a little bit more for women -but life expectancy in this country is only seventy eight so somewhere along the line were leaving about twelve good years on the table -these are years that we could get and research shows that would be -years largely free of chronic disease heart disease cancer and diabetes we think the best way to get these missing years is to look -the cultures around the world that are actually experiencing them areas where people are living to age one hundred at rates up to ten times greater than we are -by our lifestyle so the premise of blue zones if we can find the optimal lifestyle of longevity we can come up with a -areas where the life expectancy is an extra dozen years the rate of middle age mortality is a fraction of what it is in this country -and here we have this area where men live the longest about ten times more centenarians than we have here in america and this is a place where people not only reach age one hundred they do so with extraordinary vigor -their history actually goes back to about the time of christ its actually a bronze age culture thats been isolated because the land is so infertile they largely are shepherds which occasions regular low intensity physical activity -their diet is mostly plant based accentuated with foods that they can carry into the fields they came up with an unleavened whole wheat bread called notamusica made out of durum wheat a type of cheese made from grass fed -de facto formula for longevity but if you ask the average american what the optimal formula of longevity is they probably couldnt tell you -animals so the cheese is high in omega three fatty acids instead of omega six fatty acids from corn fed animals -and a type of wine that has three times the level of polyphenols than any known wine in the world its called -but the real secret i think lies more in the way that they organize their society and one of the most salient elements of the sardinian society is how they treat -people -you go into the bars in sardinia instead of seeing the sports illustrated swimsuit calendar you see the centenarian of the month calendar -this as it turns out is not only good for your aging parents to keep them close to the family -disease thats called the grandmother effect we found our -second blue zone on the other side of the planet about eight hundred miles south -of tokyo on the archipelago of okinawa okinawa is actually one hundred and sixty one small islands and in the northern part of the main island -this is ground zero for world longevity this is a place where the oldest living female population is found -its a place where people have the longest disability free life expectancy in the world they have what we want they live a long time and tend to die in their sleep very quickly and often i can tell you -sex -they live about seven good years longer than the average american five times as many centenarians as -we have in america one fifth the rate of colon and breast cancer big killers here in america and one sixth the rate of cardiovascular -the fact that this culture has yielded these numbers suggests strongly they have something to teach us what do they do -once again a plant based diet full of vegetables with lots of color in them and they eat about eight times as much tofu as americans do -more significant than what they eat is how they eat it they have all kinds of little strategies to keep from overeating -as you know is a big problem here in america a few of the strategies we observed they eat off of smaller plates so they tend to eat fewer calories at every -tells us the fact of the matter is there is a lot of confusion around what really helps us live longer better -they also have a three thousand year old adage which i think is the greatest sort of diet suggestion ever invented it was invented by confucius and that diet is known as the hara hatchi bu diet -a little saying these people say before their meal to remind them to stop eating when their stomach is eighty percent full it takes about a half hour for that full feeling to -we know that isolation kills fifteen years ago the average american had three good friends were down to one and half right now if you were lucky enough to be born in okinawa -you were born into a system where you automatically have a half a dozen friends with whom you travel through life they call it a moai -and if youre in a moai youre expected to share the bounty if you encounter luck and if things go bad child gets sick parent dies you always have somebody who has your back -this particular moai these five ladies have been together for ninety seven years their average age is one hundred and two typically in america weve divided our adult life up into two -sections there is our work life where were productive and then one day boom we retire and typically that has meant -should you be running marathons or doing yoga should you eat organic meats or should you be eating tofu when it comes to supplements should you be taking them -for this one hundred and two year old karate master his ikigai was carrying forth this martial art for this hundred year old fisherman -it was continuing to catch fish for his family three times a week and this is a question the national institute on aging actually gave us a questionnaire to give these centenarians and one of the questions they were -for this one hundred and two year old woman her ikigai was simply her great great great granddaughter -that was a wonderful thought my editor at geographic wanted me to find americas blue zone and for a while we looked on the prairies of minnesota -where actually there is a very high proportion of centenarians but thats because all the young people left -so we turned to the data again and we found americas longest lived population among the seventh day adventists concentrated in and around loma linda -how about these hormones or resveratrol and does purpose play into it spirituality and how about how we socialize -and they follow five little habits that conveys to them extraordinary longevity comparatively speaking -in america here life expectancy for the average woman is eighty but for an adventist woman their life expectancy -eighty nine and the difference is even more pronounced among men who are expected to live about eleven years longer than their american counterparts now this is a study that followed -about seventy thousand people for thirty years sterling study and i think it supremely illustrates the premise of this blue zone project -this is a heterogeneous community its white black hispanic asian the only thing that they have in common are a set of very small lifestyle habits that they follow ritualistically for most of their lives -they take their diet directly from the bible genesis chapter one verse where god talks about legumes and seeds -and on one more stanza about green plants ostensibly missing is meat they take this sanctuary in time very serious -well our approach to finding longevity was to team up with national geographic and the national institute on aging to find the four demographically -for twenty four hours every week no matter how busy they are how stressed out they are at work where the kids need to be driven -they stop everything and they focus on their god their social network and then hardwired right in the religion are nature walks -and the power of this is not that its done occasionally the power is its done every week for a lifetime none of its hard none of it costs money -this is a culture that has yielded ellsworth wheram ellsworth wheram is ninety seven years old hes a multimillionaire yet when a contractor wanted six thousand dollars -to build a privacy fence he said for that kind of money ill do it myself so for the next three days he was out shoveling cement and hauling poles around and predictably perhaps on the fourth day he ended up -in the operating room but not as the guy on the table the guy doing open heart surgery -ninety seven he still does twenty open heart surgeries every month -ed rawlings one hundred and three years old now an active cowboy starts his morning with a swim and on weekends he likes to put on the -rooster tails and then marge deton marge is one hundred and four her grandson actually lives in the twin cities -and tears down the san bernardino freeway where she still volunteers for seven different organizations -none of them exercise at least the way we think of exercise instead they set up their lives so that they are constantly nudged into physical activity -these one hundred year old okinawan women are getting up and down off the ground they sit on the floor thirty or forty times a day -they want to mix up a cake theyre doing it by hand thats physical activity that burns calories just as much as going on the treadmill does when they do do intentional physical activity -knocks the particle so you dont know where it was before you looked at it -so i work in marketing which i love but my first passion was physics -the act of measurement changes it -and yet mcdonalds sells hundreds of millions of burgers every year -think about the people who are on accompanied shops in supermarkets who stuff their trolleys full of fresh green vegetables and fruit but dont shop like that any other day -the science no sorry the marketing is getting easier luckily with now better point of sale tracking more digital media consumption you can measure more what consumers actually do rather than what they say they do -so the physics is you can never accurately and exactly measure a particle because the observation changes it -the marketing is the message for marketing is that try to measure what consumers actually do rather than what they say -next the scientific method -so he taught me that physics is cool -had dozens of data points to support his theory that the planets would rotate around the earth it only took one robust observation from copernicus to blow that idea out of the water -they spent millions of pounds over many years building up its credentials as an environmentally friendly brand -think about -it was for a long time revered as the most reliable of cars -and then they had the big recall incident -so the physics is that you cannot prove a hypothesis but its easy to disprove it any hypothesis is shaky and the marketing is that not matter -how much youve invested in your brand one bad week can undermine decades of good work so be really careful to try and avoid the screw ups that can undermine your brand -the same is true of marketing -if we go back twenty years the one message pretty much controlled by one marketing manager could pretty much define a brand -where we are today things have changed you can get a strong brand image -but then you lose control of it -with the kind of digital -your brand starts being dispersed -its out of your control -it makes this distribution of energy a democratizing force which is ultimately good for your brand -so the lesson from physics is that entropy will always increase its a fundamental law the message for marketing is that your brand is more dispersed you cant fight it so embrace it and find a way to work with it -so to close my teacher mister vutter told me that physics is cool -and hopefully ive convinced you that physics can teach all of us even in the world of marketing something special thank you -at school -okay lots of you so hopefully this will bring back some happy or possibly some slightly disturbing memories so physics and marketing -the force equals mass -this is something that perhaps turkish airlines should have studied a bit more -but if we rearrange this formula quickly we can get to acceleration equals force over mass -which means that for a larger particle a larger mass it requires more force to change its direction -its the same with brands -the more massive a brand the more baggage it has -the more force is needed to change its -what does it matter to me whether you have this idea that kants theory works or mills the right ethicist to follow -its no skin off my back whether you think functionalism is a viable theory of mind -so why do we even try to argue why do we try to convince other people to believe things that they dont want to believe -academic as he said and what that means is that -thats not really a very helpful model for arguing but its a pretty common and entrenched model for arguing but theres a second model for arguing arguments as proofs think of a mathematicians argument heres my argument does it work is it any good are the premises warranted are the inferences valid does the conclusion follow from the premises -i argue its an important part of my life and i like to argue and im not just an academic im a philosopher so i like to think that im actually pretty good at arguing but i also like to think a lot about arguing and thinking about arguing ive come across some puzzles and one of the puzzles is that -but theres another twist on this model that i really think is important namely that when we argue -before an audience sometimes the audience has a more -the argument as war is the dominant one -it dominates how we talk about arguments it dominates how we think about arguments and because of that it shapes -it is the dominant way of thinking about arguments when im talking about arguments thats probably what you thought of the adversarial model -first it elevates tactics over substance -ignominious defeat i think those are deforming effects and worst of all it seems to prevent things like negotiation -or deliberation or compromise -and finally this is really the worst thing arguments dont seem to get us anywhere theyre dead ends they are roundabouts or traffic jams or gridlock -then theres an implicit equation of -as ive been thinking about arguing over the years and its been decades now -how does it apply over here and you answer my question -to my satisfaction and so at the end of the day i say you know what -and its not just any belief but its a well articulated examined -its a battle tested belief -well the war metaphor seems to force us into saying you won even though im the only one who made any cognitive gain what did you gain cognitively -but the more that i argue and the better i get at arguing the more that i lose -i gained and theres something wrong with that picture and thats the picture i really want to change if we can -yield something positive -what we need is new exit strategies for arguments -entry approaches to arguments we need to think of new kinds of arguments -i dont have an answer but i have some suggestions and heres my suggestion -that people play in arguments theres the proponent and the opponent -in an adversarial dialectical argument theres the audience in rhetorical arguments theres the reasoner in arguments as proofs -why is it that im okay with losing and why is it that i think that good arguers are actually better at losing -whose turn it is to do the dishes or who has to take out the garbage yeah we have those arguments too i tend to win those arguments because i know the tricks but those arent the important arguments im interested in academic arguments today and here are the things that puzzle me -goals is this ant trying to -climbing this blade of grass whats in it for the ant and the answer is nothing -theres nothing in it for the ant well then why is it doing this is it just a fluke yeah its just a fluke -its a lancet fluke its a little brain worm its a parasitic brain worm that has to get into the stomach of a sheep or a cow in order to continue its life -how many creationists do we have in the room probably none i think were all darwinians and yet many darwinians are anxious -salmon swim upstream to get to their spawning grounds and lancet flukes commandeer a passing ant crawl into its brain and drive it up -by a parasite that infects the brain inducing suicidal behavior pretty scary well does anything like that happen with human beings -this is all on behalf of a cause other than ones own genetic fitness of course well it may already have occurred to you that -islam means surrender or submission of self interest to the will of allah well its ideas not worms that -now am i saying that a sizable minority of the worlds population has had their brain -hijacked by parasitic ideas no its worse than that most -a lot of ideas to die for freedom if youre from new hampshire -justice truth communism -many people have laid down their lives for communism and many have laid down their lives for capitalism and many for catholicism and -these are just a few of the ideas that are to die for theyre infectious yesterday amory lovins spoke about infectious -little uneasy would like to see some limits on just how far the darwinism goes its all right you know spiderwebs sure they are products of evolution the world wide web not so sure -of abuse in effect this is unthinking engineering well most of the cultural spread that goes on is not brilliant new -out of the box thinking its infectious repetitis and we might as well try to have a theory of whats going on when that happens so that we can understand the conditions of infection -hosts work hard to spread these ideas to others i myself am a philosopher and -one of our occupational hazards is that people ask us what the meaning of life is and you have to have a bumper sticker -most of us now that the me decade is well in the past now we actually do this one set of ideas or another have simply -our biological imperatives in our own lives this is what our summum bonum is its not maximizing the number of grandchildren we have now this is a profound biological -its the subordination of genetic interest to other interests and no other species does anything at all like it well how are we going to think about this it is on the one hand a biological effect and a very large one unmistakable -now what theories do we want to use to look at this well many theories but how could something tie them together -the idea of replicating ideas ideas that replicate by passing from brain to brain richard dawkins whom youll be hearing later in the day -not his yes he started it but its everybodys idea now and hes not responsible for what i say about -im responsible for what i say about memes actually i think were all -beaver dams yes hoover dam no what do they think it is that prevents the products of human ingenuity from being themselves fruits of the tree of life and hence in some sense obeying -for not just the intended effects of our ideas but for their likely misuses -so it is important i think to richard and to me that these ideas not be abused and misused theyre very easy to misuse thats why theyre dangerous -and its just about a full time job trying to prevent people who are scared of these ideas from caricaturing them and then running off -to one dire purpose or another so we have to keep plugging away trying to correct the misapprehensions so that -only the benign and useful variants of our ideas continue to spread but it is a problem -we dont have much time and im going to go over just a little bit of this and cut out because theres a lot of other things that are going to be said so let me just point out -are like viruses thats what richard said back in ninety three and you might think well how can that be i mean a virus is you know its stuff whats a meme made of -viral telecommunications but whats a virus a virus is a string of nucleic acid with attitude that -is something about it that tends to make it replicate better than the competition does and thats what a meme is an information packet with attitude whats a meme made -that can be pronounced then theres all the other memes that cant be pronounced there are different species of -the shakers gift to be simple simple beautiful furniture and of course theyre basically extinct -and one of the reasons is that among the creed of -one should be celibate not just the priests everybody well its not so surprising -theyve gone extinct but in fact thats not -they survived as long as they did at a time when the social safety nets werent there and there were lots of widows and orphans -needed a foster home and so they had a ready supply of converts and they could keep it going and in principle it couldve gone on forever -with perfect celibacy on the part of the hosts the idea being passed on through proselytizing instead of through the gene -so the ideas can live on in spite of the fact that theyre not being passed on genetically a meme can flourish in spite of having a negative impact on genetic fitness -after all the meme for shakerdom was essentially a sterilizing -there are other parasites which do this which render -im just going to draw your attention to just one of the many implications of the memetic perspective -which i recommend ive not time to go into more of it in jared diamonds wonderful book guns germs and steel -he talks about how it was germs more than guns and steel that conquered -the new hemisphere the western hemisphere that conquered the rest of the world when european explorers and travelers -spread out they brought with them the germs that they had become essentially immune to that they had learned how to -hundreds and hundreds of years thousands of years of living with domesticated animals who were the sources of those pathogens and they just wiped out -going to talk a little bit about -and were doing it again were doing it this -with -yesterday a number of people nicholas negroponte and others spoke about all the wonderful things that are happening when our ideas get spread out thanks to all the new technology all over the world and i agree it is -largely wonderful largely wonderful but -among all those ideas that inevitably flow out into the whole world thanks to our technology are a lot of toxic -mind that we have a lot on the program here so youre out in the woods or youre out in the pasture and you see this ant crawling up this blade of grass -now this has been realized for some time sayyid qutb is one of the founding fathers of fanatical islam -one of the ideologues that inspired -one has only to glance at its press films fashion shows beauty contests ballrooms wine bars and broadcasting -these memes are spreading around the world and they are -wiping out whole cultures they are wiping out languages they are wiping out traditions and practices and its not our fault -than its our fault when our germs lay waste to people that havent developed the immunity we have -an immunity to all of the junk that lies around the edges of our culture were a free society so we let pornography and all these things we shrug them off theyre like a mild cold theyre not a big deal for us -but we should recognize that for many people in the world they are a big deal and we should be very alert to this as we spread -our education and our technology one of the things that we are doing is were the vectors of memes that are -by the hosts of many other memes as a dire threat to their favorite memes the memes that they are prepared to die for -climbs up to the top and it falls and it climbs and it falls and it climbs trying to stay at the very top of -well now how are we going to tell the good memes from the bad memes that is not the job of the science of memetics memetics is morally neutral and -this is not the place for hate and anger if youve had a friend whos died of aids then you -the way to deal with that is to do science and understand how it spreads and why in a morally neutral -plenty of room for moral passion once weve got the facts and can figure out the best thing to do and as with germs the trick is not to try to annihilate them you will never annihilate -the germs what you can do however is foster public health measures and the like that will encourage the evolution of -what is this ant doing what is this in aid of what -now if you think you see some pale yellow ill run this a few more times look in the gray -areas and see if you seem to see something sort of shadowy moving in there -its amazing theres nothing there its no trick -this is ron rensinks work which was in some degree inspired by that suggestion right at the end of the book let me just pause this for a second if i can this is change blindness what youre going to see is two pictures -for about a quarter of a second so youll see the first picture then a mask then the second picture then a mask and this will just continue -and your job as the subject is to press the button when you see the change so show the original picture for two hundred and forty milliseconds -blank show the next picture for two hundred and forty milliseconds blank and keep going until the subject -their heads explode the idea is to have an argument that is so powerful that it knocks out your opponents but in fact that doesnt change peoples minds at all its very hard to change peoples minds about something like consciousness and -to -no trouble there can everybody see all right indeed rensinks subjects took only a little bit more than a second to press the button -that one -two point -is it a bridge or a -and yet its pretty hard to see can you see it -see the shadows going back and forth pretty big -so fifteen and a half seconds is the median time for subjects in his experiment there i love this one ill end with this one just because its such an obvious and important thing -how many still dont see it -see it how many engines on the wing of that boeing -right in the middle of the picture -thanks very much for your attention what i wanted to show you is that scientists using their from the outside third person methods -was describing his attempt to get theory and a good big theory into the neuroscience and hes right this is a problem -we have to have more theory and it can come as much from the top down thank you very much -heard the other day that everybodys got a strong opinion about video games they all have an idea for a video game even if theyre not -a problem that i have and thats that im a philosopher when i go to a party and people ask me what do i do and i say im a professor their eyes glaze over -warming or on the future of -the internet encounter people who have very strong opinions about whats going to happen next but they probably dont think of these opinions -expertise theyre just strongly held opinions but with regard to consciousness people seem to think each of us seems to think i am an expert simply by being conscious -i know all about this and so you tell them your theory and they say no no thats not the way consciousness is no youve got it all wrong and they say this with an amazing -this nice picture shows a thought balloon a thought bubble i think everybody understands what that means thats supposed to exhibit the stream of consciousness this is my favorite picture of consciousness thats ever been done its a saul steinberg of course it was a new yorker cover and this -fellow here is looking at the painting by braque that reminds him of the word baroque barrack bark poodle suzanne r hes off to the races -a wonderful stream of consciousness here and if you follow it along you learn a lot about this man what i particularly like about this picture too is that -what each of us is what you are what i am is approximately one hundred trillion little cellular robots -somehow we have to explain how when you put together teams armies battalions of hundreds of millions of little robotic unconscious cells not so different really from a bacterium each one of them -the result is this i mean just look at it the content theres color theres ideas theres memories theres history -when i go to an academic cocktail party and there are all the professors around they ask me what field im in and i say philosophy their eyes glaze over -and somehow all that content of consciousness is accomplished by the busy activity of those hoards of neurons how is that possible -many people just think it isnt possible at all they think no there cant be any sort of naturalistic explanation of consciousness -this is a lovely book by a friend of mine named lee siegel whos a professor of religion actually at the university of hawaii and hes an expert magician and an expert on the street magic of india -which is what this book is about net of magic and theres a passage in it which i would love to share with you it speaks so eloquently to the problem -im writing a book on magic i explain and im asked real magic by real magic people mean miracles thaumaturgical acts and supernatural powers no i answer conjuring tricks not real magic -real magic in other words refers to the magic that is not real while the magic that is real that can actually be done is not real magic -now thats the way a lot of people feel about consciousness -real consciousness is not a bag of tricks if youre going to explain this as a bag of tricks then its not real consciousness whatever it is and -marvin said and as other people have said consciousness is a bag of tricks -this means that a lot of people are just left completely dissatisfied and incredulous when i attempt to explain consciousness so this is the problem so i have to -to do a little bit of the sort of work that a lot of you wont like for the same reason that you dont like -a magic trick explained to you how many of you here if somebody some smart aleck starts telling you how a particular magic trick is done you sort of want to block your ears and say no no i dont want to know -when i go to a philosophers party -dont take the thrill of it away id rather be mystified dont tell me the answer a lot of people feel that way about consciousness ive discovered and -im sorry if i impose some clarity some understanding on you youd better leave now if you dont want to know some of these tricks -but im not going to explain it all to you im going to do what philosophers do -you how thats done you see the magician doesnt really saw the lady in half -he merely makes you think that he does and you say yes and how does he do that he says oh thats not my department -so now im going to illustrate how philosophers explain consciousness but im going to try to also show you that consciousness isnt quite as marvelous -your own consciousness isnt quite as wonderful as you may have thought it is this is something by the way that lee siegel talks about in his book he marvels at how -magic show and afterwards people will swear they saw him doing x y and z he never did those things he didnt even try to do those things peoples memories inflate -what they think they saw and the same is true of consciousness now lets see if this will work all right lets just watch this watch it carefully -were looking for a backer its a feature length documentary on consciousness ok now you all saw what changed right -and i get hoots of derision and cackles and growls because they think -theyre all going to change color -where i said if you did experiments of this sort youll find that people were unable to pick up really large changes if theres time at the end ill show you the much more dramatic case -now how can it be that there are all those changes going on and that were not aware of them well -earlier today jeff hawkins mentioned the way your eye saccades the way your eye moves around three or four times a second he didnt mention the speed -your eye is constantly in motion moving around looking at eyes noses elbows looking at interesting things in the world and where your eye isnt looking -youre remarkably impoverished in your vision thats because the foveal part of your -which is the high resolution part is only about the size of your thumbnail held at arms length thats the detail part -it doesnt seem that way does it it doesnt seem that way but thats the way it is youre getting in a lot less information than you think -impossible you cant explain consciousness the very chutzpah of somebody thinking that you could explain consciousness is just out of the question -a student of canalettos and i love paintings like that the painting is actually about as big as it is right here -i love canalettos because canaletto has this fantastic detail and you can get right up and see all the details on the painting and i started across the hall -in north carolina because i thought it was probably a canaletto and would have all that in detail and i noticed that on the bridge there -see their clothes and so forth and as i got closer and closer i actually screamed i yelled out because when i got closer i found the detail wasnt there at all -little artfully placed blobs of paint and as i walked towards the picture i was expecting detail that wasnt there -the artist had very cleverly suggested people and clothes and wagons and all sorts of things and my brain had taken the suggestion -youre familiar with a more recent technology which is there you can get a better view of the blobs see when you get close theyre really just blobs of paint -my late lamented friend bob nozick a fine philosopher in one of his books philosophical explanations -you will have seen something like this this is the reverse effect -that to you one more time now what does your brain do when it takes the suggestion -when an artful blob of paint or two by an artist suggests a person say one of -i dont think so not a chance but then how on earth is it -well -remember the philosophers explanation of the lady its the same thing the brain just makes you think -that its got the detail there you think the details there but it isnt there the brain isnt actually putting the detail in your head at all its just making you expect the -lets just do this experiment very quickly is the shape on the left the same as the shape on the right rotated -yes how many of you did it by rotating the one on the left in your minds eye to see if it matched up with the one on the right how many of you rotated the one on the right -ok how do you know thats what you did -in fact been a very interesting debate raging for over twenty years in cognitive science various experiments started by roger shepherd who measured the angular velocity of rotation of mental -yes its possible to do that but the details of the process are still in significant controversy and -if you read that literature one of the things that you really have to come to terms with is even when youre the subject in the experiment you dont know you dont know how you do it you just know that you have certain beliefs -this is a figure that i love bradley petrie and dumais you may think that ive cheated that ive put a little -whiter than white boundary there how many of you see that sort of boundary with the necker cube floating in front of the circles can you see it -well you know in effect the boundarys really there in a certain sense your brain is actually computing that boundary the boundary -that goes right there but now notice there are two ways of seeing the cube right its a necker cube everybody can see the two ways of seeing the cube ok can you see the four ways of seeing the cube -now you can get it these are two very different phenomena when you see the cube one way behind the screen -those boundaries go away but theres still a sort of filling in as we can tell if we look at this we dont have any trouble seeing the cube but where does the color change -the curtain no your brain just lets it go the brain doesnt need -you give your audience the premises and then you give them the inferences and the conclusion and if they dont accept the conclusion they die -when i first started talking about the bradley -i said -just enough repetition thats really important -every time you read it or say it you make another copy in your brain -every time you read it or say it you make another copy in your brain -everybody every time you read it or say it you make another copy in your brain -thank you and now we come to my problem because im absolutely sincere in my appreciation of all that ive said about this book -now why am i talking about -but i wish it were better i have some problems with the book and it would just be insincere of me not to address those problems i wish he could do this with a revision a mark two version of his book -the truth will set you free thats what it says in the bible and its something that i want to live by too my problem is -some of the bits in it i dont think are true now some of it is a difference of opinion -and thats not my main complaint thats worth mentioning heres a passage its very much what he said anyway if there was no god we would all be accidents the result of astronomical random chance in the universe -because i want to say that much the same thing is true of religions religions are natural phenomena theyre just as natural as -presented a beautiful alternative to that very claim yes there is meaning and a reason for right or wrong we dont need -belief in god to be good or to have meaning in us but that is just a difference of opinion thats not what im really worried about -how about this god designed this planets environment just so we could live in it im afraid that a lot of people take that sentiment -to mean that we dont have to do the sorts of things that al gore is trying so hard to get us to do im not happy with that sentiment at all and then i find this -all the evidence available in the biological sciences supports the core proposition that the cosmos is especially designed whole with life and mankind as its fundamental goal and purpose a whole in which all facets of reality have their meaning and explanation in this central fact -well thats michael denton hes a creationist and here i think wait a minute i read this again i read it three or four times and i think is he really -on and i read this first noah had never seen rain because prior to the flood god irrigated the earth from the ground up -i wish that sentence werent in there because i think it is false and i think that thinking this way about the history of the planet after weve just been hearing about the -they have evolved over millennia they have a biological base just like the -rick warren -uses scientific terms and scientific factoids and information in a very interesting way heres one -well theres a sense which i agree with him except i think it has an evolutionary explanation and what i find deeply troubling in this book is that he seems to be arguing that if you want to be moral if you want to have meaning in your life -you have to be an intelligent designer you have to deny the theory of evolution by natural selection and i think on the contrary that it is very important to solving the worlds problems that we take evolutionary biology seriously -they have become domesticated and human beings have been redesigning their religions for thousands of years -whose truth are we going to listen to -well maybe ok but whats going to follow from this and heres one that does concern me -make sense and thats a problem -ever argue with the devil hes better at arguing than you are having had thousands of years to practice now rick warren didnt invent this clever move -you dont like my interpretation youve got a reasonable objection to it dont listen dont listen thats the devil speaking -this discourages the sort of reasoning citizenship it seems to me that we want to have -this is ted and i want to talk about design because what ive been doing for the last four years really since the first time you saw me some of you saw me at ted when i was talking about religion -one more problem then im through and id really like to get a response if rick is able to do it -in the great commission jesus said go to all people of all nations and make them my disciples baptize them in the name of the father the son and the holy spirit teach them to do everything ive told you the bible says jesus is the only one who can save the world -now here weve seen many wonderful maps of the world in the last day or so heres one not as beautiful as the others it simply shows the religions of the world -and heres one that shows the sort of current breakdown of the different religions -now -do we really want to commit ourselves to engulfing all the other religions -its wonderful to be back i love this wonderful gathering and you must be wondering what on earth have they put up the wrong slide no no -when their holy books are telling them dont listen to the other side thats just satan talking it seems to me that thats a very problematic -ship to get on for the future i found this -as i was driving to maine recently in front of a church good without god becomes zero sort of cute a very clever little -i dont believe it and i think this idea popular as it is not in this guise but in general is itself one of the main problems that we face if you are like me you know many wonderful -behind their sanctity instead of doing good works so i wish we could drop this meme i wish this meme would go extinct thanks very much -and in the last four years ive been working just about non stop on this topic and you might say its about the reverse engineering of religions -now that very idea i think strikes terror in many people or anger or anxiety of one sort or another -and that is the spell that i want to break i want to say no religions are an important natural phenomenon we should study them -with the same intensity that we study all the other important natural phenomena like global warming as we heard so eloquently last night from al gore -todays religions are brilliantly designed brilliantly designed theyre immensely powerful social institutions -and many of their features can be traced back to earlier features that we can really make sense of by reverse engineering -and as with the cow theres a mixture of evolutionary design designed by natural selection itself and intelligent design -more or less intelligent design redesigned by human beings who are trying to redesign their religions -at this time when i claim not to know enough about religion to know what other policy proposals to make and its one that echoes -look at this magnificent beast and ask the question -in primary school in high school in public schools in private schools and in home schooling -so what im proposing is just as we require reading writing arithmetic american history -so we should have a curriculum on facts about all the religions of the world about their history -about their creeds about their texts their music their symbolisms their prohibitions their requirements -and this should be presented factually straightforwardly with no particular spin to all of the children in the country -and as long as you teach them that you can teach them anything else you like -that i think is maximal tolerance for religious freedom as long as you -who designed it this is -but also let them know about other religions now why do i say that because democracy depends -on an informed citizenship informed consent is the very bedrock of our understanding of democracy -ted this is technology entertainment design and theres a dairy cow -as responsible adults now children -below the age of consent are a special case -a word that pastor rick just used parents are stewards of their children -them you cant own your children you have a responsibility to the world -to the state to them to take care of them right -you may teach them whatever creed you think is most important but i say you have a responsibility -to let them be informed about all the other creeds in the world too the reason ive taken this time is ive been fascinated to hear some of the reactions to this -quite wonderfully designed animal and i was thinking how do i introduce this and i thought well maybe that old doggerel by joyce kilmer you know -one reviewer for a roman catholic newspaper called it totalitarian it strikes me as practically libertarian -is it totalitarian to require reading writing and arithmetic i dont think so all im saying is -facts facts only no values just facts about all the worlds religions -another reviewer called it hilarious well -im really bothered by the fact that anybody would think that was hilarious it seems to me to be such a plausible -natural extension of the democratic principles we already have that im shocked to think anybody would find that just ridiculous i know many religions -the purity of their faith among their children that they are intent on keeping their children ignorant of other faiths -i dont think thats defensible -but id really be pleased to get your answers on that any reactions to that later but now im going to move on back to the cow -this picture which i pulled off the web the fellow on the left is really an important part of this picture thats the steward cows couldnt live -without human stewards theyre domesticated theyre a sort of ectosymbiont they depend on us for their survival and -pastor rick was just talking about sheep im going to talk about sheep too theres a lot of serendipitous convergence here how clever it was of sheep to acquire shepherds -are made by fools like me but only god can make a tree and you might say well god designed the cow but of course god got a lot of help -think of what this got them they could outsource all their problems -health maintenance -the only cost in most flocks is a loss of free mating -what a deal -how clever of sheep you might say except of course it wasnt the sheeps cleverness we all know sheep are not exactly rocket scientists theyre not very smart -it wasnt the cleverness of the sheep at all they were clueless but it was a very clever move -whose clever move was it it was a clever move of natural selection itself francis crick -co discoverer of the structure of dna with jim watson once joked about what he called orgels second rule -leslie orgel is still a molecular biologist brilliant guy and orgels second rule is evolution is cleverer than you are -now that is not intelligent design not from francis crick -movement is basically a hoax the designs discovered by the process of natural selection -this is the ancestor of cattle this is the oryx and it was designed by natural selection the process of natural selection over many millions of years -years ago i told the story about an ant climbing a blade of grass and why was the ant doing it well its because its brain had been infected with -a lancet fluke that was needed to get into the belly of a sheep or a cow in order to reproduce it was sort of a spooky story and i think some people may have misunderstood lancet flukes arent smart -i submit that the intelligence of a lancet fluke is down there somewhere between petunia and carrot theyre not really bright they dont have to be the lesson we learn from this is you dont have to have a mind -to be a beneficiary the design is there in nature but its not in anybodys head it doesnt have to be thats the way evolution works -ten thousand years ago at the dawn of agriculture human population plus livestock and pets was approximately a tenth of one per cent of the terrestrial vertebrae landmass that was just ten thousand years ago -i talked to paul afterwards i wanted to check to find out how hed calculated this and get the sources and so forth and he gave me a paper that he had written on this there was a passage in it which he did not present here and i think it is so good im going to read it to -over billions of years on a unique sphere chance has painted a thin covering of life complex improbable wonderful and fragile -suddenly we humans a recently arrived species no longer subject to the checks and balances inherent in nature have grown in population technology and intelligence to a position of terrible power we now wield the paintbrush -and then it became domesticated thousands of years ago and human beings became its stewards -we heard about the atmosphere as a thin layer of varnish life itself is just a thin coat of paint on this planet -and were the ones that hold the paintbrush and how can we do that the key to our domination of the planet is culture and the key to culture is religion -this is a million people gathering on the banks of the ganges in two thousand and one perhaps the largest single gathering of human beings ever -as seen from satellite photograph heres a big crowd heres another crowd in mecca martians would be amazed by this theyd want to know how it originated what it was for and how it perpetuates itself -im going to pass over this the ant isnt alone theres all sorts of wonderful cases of species -true story -in other words we have these hijackers youve seen this slide before from four years ago a parasite that infects the brain and induces even suicidal behavior on behalf of a cause other than ones own genetic fitness -and without even knowing what they were doing they gradually redesigned it and redesigned it and redesigned it and then more recently they -does that ever happen to us yes it does quite wonderfully -the arabic word islam means submission it means surrender of self interest to the will of allah but im not just talking about islam im talking also about christianity -this is a parchment music page that i found in a paris bookstall fifty years ago and on it it says in latin -the word of god is the seed and the sower of the seed is christ same idea well not quite but in fact christians too -glory in the fact that they have surrendered to god ill give you a few quotes the heart of worship is surrender surrendered people obey gods words even if it doesnt make sense -and what i want to do now is say a bit about this book from the design standpoint because i think its actually a brilliant book -first of all the goal and you heard just now what the goal is its to bring purpose to the lives of millions and he has succeeded is it a good goal in itself im sure we all agree it is a wonderful goal hes absolutely right there are lots of people out there -really began to do sort of reverse engineering on this beast and figure out just what the parts were how they worked and how they might be optimized how they might be made better -who dont have purpose in their life and bringing purpose to their life is a wonderful goal i give him an a plus -is the goal achieved -yes thirty million copies of this book -your heart -i dont have to tell you this youve just heard the man excellent insights into human psychology wise advice on every page moreover -i mean it really is a strange inversion of reasoning -you would have thought it stands to reason that design requires an intelligent designer -but darwin shows that it a s just false today though i a m going to talk about darwin a s other strange inversion which is equally puzzling at first -it stands to reason that we love chocolate cake because it is sweet -going around the world giving talks about darwin and usually what i a m talking about is darwin a s strange inversion of reasoning -guys go for girls like this because they are sexy -we adore babies because they a re so cute -and of course we are amused by jokes because they are -this is all backwards -darwin shows us why let a s start with sweet our sweet tooth -is basically an evolved sugar detector because sugar is high energy and it a s just been wired up to the preferer to put it very crudely -and that a s why we like sugar honey is sweet because we like it not -we like it because -about honey if you -glucose molecules till you were blind you wouldn a t see why they tasted sweet -you have to look in our brains to understand why -now that title that phrase comes from a critic an early critic and this is a passage that i just love and would like to read for you -the other way round sweetness was born with the wiring -which evolved and there a s nothing intrinsically sexy about these young ladies and it a s a good thing -that there isn a t because of there were then mother nature would have a problem -how on earth do you get chimps to -that would be one way of doing it but there a s a quicker way -the chimps up to love that look -and apparently they do -over six million years we and the chimps evolved our different ways we became bald bodied -oddly enough for one reason or another they didn a t if we hadn a t then probably this would be the height of sexiness -our sweet tooth -is an evolved and instinctual preference for high energy food it wasn a t designed for chocolate cake chocolate cake is a supernormal stimulus -the term is owed to niko tinbergen who did his famous experiments with gulls where he found that that orange spot on the gull a s beak if he made a bigger oranger spot the gull chicks would peck at it even harder -in the theory with which we have to deal absolute ignorance is the artificer so that we may enunciate as the fundamental principle of the whole system that in order to make a perfect and beautiful machine it is not requisite to know how to make it -wiring and there are lots of supernormal stimuli chocolate cake is one theres lots of supernormal stimuli for sexiness and theres even supernormal -for cuteness here a s a pretty good example it a s important that we love babies and that we not be put off by say messy diapers -so babies have to attract our affection and our nurturing and they do and by the way a recent study shows that mothers prefer the smell of the dirty diapers of their own baby -so nature works on many levels here but now if babies didn a t look the way they do if babies looked like this -what we would find adorable that a s what we would find we would think oh my goodness do i ever want to hug that -this is the strange inversion -well now finally what about -my answer is it a s the same story the same story this is the hard one the one that isn a t obvious that a s why i leave it to the end and i won a t be able to say too much about it -but you have to think evolutionarily you have to think what hard job that has to be done it a s dirty work somebody a s got to do it -is so important -to give us such a powerful inbuilt reward for it when we succeed -now i think weve found the answer i and a few of my colleagues it a s a neural system that a s wired up -to reward the brain for doing a grubby clerical job our bumper sticker for this -as a sort of neuroscientific probe by switching humor on and off by turning the knob on a joke now it a s not funny oh now it a s funnier -the functional architecture of the brain matthew hurley is the first author of this we call it the hurley model he a s a computer scientist reginald adams a psychologist and there i am and we a re putting this together into a book thank you very much -this proposition will be found on careful examination to express in condensed form the essential purport of the theory -to express in a few words all mister darwin a s meaning who by a strange inversion of reasoning -seems to think absolute ignorance fully qualified to take the place of absolute wisdom in the achievements of creative skill exactly -exactly and it is a strange inversion -a creationist -test two do you know of any building that didn a t have a builder yes no do you know of any painting that didn a t have a painter -yes no do you know of any car that didn a t have a maker yes no if you answered yes for any of the above give details -make your choice and by the way the mail is going out gosh in two minutes to england your picture will be winging its way over the atlantic you will never see it again now -half of the students in each of these conditions are asked to make predictions about how much theyre going to come to like the picture that they keep and the picture they leave behind other students are just sent back -to their little dorm rooms and they are measured over the next three to six days on their liking satisfaction with the pictures and look at what we find first of all heres what students think is going to happen -think theyre going to maybe come to like the picture they chose a little more than the one they left behind but -these are not statistically significant differences its a very small increase and it doesnt much matter whether they were in the reversible or irreversible condition wrong -bad simulators because heres whats really happening both right before the swap and five days later people who are stuck with that -and people who are deliberating should i return it have i gotten the right one maybe this isnt the good one maybe i left the good one have killed themselves -they dont like their picture and in fact even after the opportunity to swap has expired they still dont like their picture why because the -we could do it so that when you take the two pictures youd have four days to change your mind or were doing another course where you take the two pictures and you make up your mind right away and you can never change it which course would you like to be in -sixty six percent of the students two thirds prefer to be in the course where they have the opportunity to change their mind hello sixty six percent of the students choose to be in the course in which they will ultimately be deeply -with the picture -all of you have done this i mean you know ben and jerrys doesnt have liver and onion ice cream its not because they whipped some up tried it and went yuck -they do not know the conditions under which synthetic happiness grows -the bard said everything best of course and hes making my point here but hes making it hyperbolically tis nothing good or bad but thinking makes it so -its nice poetry but that cant exactly be right is there really nothing good or bad is it really the case that gall bladder surgery -a trip to paris are just the same thing that seems like a one question -they cant be exactly the same in more turgid prose but closer to the truth was the father of modern capitalism adam smith and he said this this is worth contemplating the great source of both the misery and disorders of human life -seems to arise from overrating the difference between one permanent situation and another some of these situations may no doubt deserve to be preferred -to others but none of them can deserve to be pursued with that -passionate ardor which drives us to violate the rules either of prudence or of justice or to corrupt the future tranquility of our minds either by shame from the remembrance of our own folly -or by remorse for the horror of our own injustice in other words yes some things are better than others we should have preferences that lead us into one future over another -its because without leaving your armchair you can simulate that flavor and say yuck before you make it -but when those preferences drive us too hard and too fast because we have overrated the difference between these futures we are -risk when our ambition is bounded it leads us to work joyfully when our ambition is unbounded it leads us to lie to cheat to steal to hurt others to sacrifice things of real value when our fears are bounded -were prudent were cautious were thoughtful when our fears are unbounded and overblown -were reckless and were cowardly the lesson i want to leave you with from these data is that our longings and our worries are both to some degree overblown because we have within us -the capacity to manufacture the very commodity we are constantly chasing when we choose experience thank you -lets see how your experience simulators are working lets just run a quick diagnostic before i proceed with the rest of the talk -heres two different futures that i invite you to contemplate and you can try to simulate them and tell me which one you think you might prefer -one of them is winning the lottery this is about three hundred and fourteen million dollars and the other is becoming paraplegic -so just give it a moment of thought you probably dont feel like you need a moment of thought interestingly there are data on these two groups of people data on how happy they are and this is exactly what you expected isnt -have twenty one minutes to speak two million years seems like a really long time but evolutionarily two million years is nothing and yet in two million years -but these arent the data i made these up these are the data you failed the pop quiz and youre hardly five minutes into the lecture because the fact is -after losing the use of their legs and a year after winning the lotto lottery winners and -are equally happy with their lives now dont feel too bad about failing the first pop quiz because everybody fails all of the pop quizzes all of the time -the research that my laboratory has been doing that economists and psychologists around the country have been doing have revealed something really quite startling to us -we see that winning or losing an election gaining or losing a romantic partner getting or not getting a promotion passing or not passing a college test on and on -have far less impact less intensity and much less duration than people expect them to have in fact a recent study this almost floors me a recent study showing how -major life traumas affect people suggests that if it happened over three months ago with only a few exceptions it has no impact whatsoever on your happiness -the human brain has nearly tripled in mass going from the one and a quarter pound brain of our ancestor here habilis to the almost three pound meatloaf that everybody here has between their ears what is it -i have that in me that can convert poverty to riches adversity to prosperity i am more invulnerable than achilles fortune hath not one place to hit me -human beings have something that we might think of as a psychological immune system a system of cognitive processes largely non conscious cognitive processes -that help them change their views of the world so that they can feel better about the worlds in which they find themselves like sir thomas you have this machine unlike sir thomas you seem not to know it -we synthesize happiness but we think -is a thing to be found now you dont need me to give you too many examples of people synthesizing happiness i suspect though im going to show you some experimental evidence you dont have to look very far for evidence -as a challenge to myself since i say this once in a while in lectures i took a copy of the new york times -one minutes regret it was a glorious experience i believe it turned out for the best who are these characters who are so damn happy well the first one is jim wright some of you are old enough to remember he was the chairman of the house of representatives -and he resigned in disgrace when this young republican named newt gingrich found out about a shady book deal he had done he lost everything the most powerful democrat in the country he lost everything he lost his money he lost his power -about a big brain that nature was so eager for every one of us to have one well it turns out when brains triple in size they dont just get three times bigger they gain new structures -a really neat idea so he went to find them they said we can give you a franchise on this for three thousand bucks harry went back to new york asked his brother whos an investment banker to loan him the three thousand dollars and his brothers immortal words were you idiot nobody eats hamburgers -to say im happier than i would have been with the beatles okay theres something important to be learned from these people and it is the secret of happiness here it is finally to be revealed -first accrue wealth power and prestige then -second spend as much of your life in prison as you possibly can -third make somebody else really really rich and finally never ever join the -ok now i like ze frank can predict your next thought which is yeah right because when people synthesize happiness as these gentlemen seem to have done -we all smile at them but we kind of roll our eyes and say yeah right you never really wanted the job oh yeah right you really didnt have that much in common with her and you figured that out just about the time she threw the engagement ring in your face -and one of the main reasons our brain got so big is because it got a new part called the frontal lobe and particularly a part called the pre frontal cortex -we smirk because we believe that synthetic happiness is not of the same quality as what we might call natural happiness what are these terms -and in our society we have a strong belief that synthetic happiness is of an inferior kind why do we have that belief -well its very simple -what kind of economic engine would keep churning if we believed that not getting what we want could make us just as happy as getting it -with all apologies to my friend matthieu ricard a shopping mall full of zen monks is not going to be particularly profitable because they dont want stuff -i want to suggest to you that synthetic happiness is every bit as real and -as the kind of happiness you stumble upon when you get exactly what you were aiming for now im a scientist so im going to do this not with rhetoric but by marinating you in a little bit of data -let me first show you an experimental paradigm that is used to demonstrate the synthesis of happiness among regular old folks and this isnt mine this is a fifty year old paradigm called the free choice paradigm its very simple you bring in say six objects -we happen to have some extra prints in the closet were going to give you one as your prize to take home we happen to have number three and number four we tell the subject -a bit of a difficult choice because neither one is preferred strongly to the other but naturally people tend to pick number three because they liked it a little better than number four -sometime later it could be fifteen minutes it could be fifteen days the same stimuli are put before the subject and the subject is asked to re rank the stimuli tell us how much you like them now -what happens watch as happiness is synthesized this is the result that has been replicated over and over again youre watching happiness be synthesized would you like to see it again -happiness the -i got is really better than i thought that other one i didnt get -thats the synthesis of happiness now whats the right response to that yeah -heres the experiment we did and i would hope this is going to convince you that yeah right was not the right response -we did this experiment with a group of patients who had anterograde amnesia these are hospitalized patients most of them have korsakoffs syndrome a polyneuritic psychosis that -they drank way too much and they cant make new memories ok they remember their childhood but if you walk in and introduce yourself and then leave the room when you come back they dont know who you are -we took our monet prints to the hospital and we asked these patients to rank them from the one they liked the most to the one they liked the least -turns out the pre frontal cortex does lots of things but one of the most important things it does is that it is an experience simulator flight -we then gave them the choice between number three and number four like everybody else they said gee thanks doc thats great i could use a new print ill take number three -we explained we would have number three mailed to them we gathered up our materials and we went out of the room and counted to a half hour -if ive met you before i dont remember really jim you dont remember i was just here with the monet prints sorry doc i just dont have a clue no problem jim -all i want you to do for me is rank these from the one you like the most to the one you like the least what do they do well lets first check and make sure theyre really -we ask these amnesiac patients to tell us which one they own which one they chose last time which one is theirs and what we find is amnesiac patients just guess -heres what normal controls do they synthesize happiness right -this is the change in liking score the change from the first time they ranked to the second time they ranked normal controls show that was the magic i showed you now im showing it to you in graphical form -the one i own is better than i thought the one i didnt own the one i left behind is not as good as i thought -yeah right is not the right response -what these people did when they synthesized happiness is they really truly changed their affective hedonic aesthetic reactions to that poster -theyre not just saying it because they own it because they dont know they own it now -when psychologists show you bars -you know that they are showing you averages of lots of people and yet all of us have this psychological immune system this capacity to synthesize happiness -but some of us do this trick better than others and some situations allow anybody to do it more effectively than other situations do -to make up your mind and change your mind -is the friend of natural happiness because it allows you to choose among all those delicious futures -find the one you most enjoy but freedom to choose to change and make up your mind is the enemy of synthetic happiness and im going to show you why -my own paper egad man look at the quality of the free paper compared to your lousy regular paper only a fool or a liar would say that they look the same ah now that you mention it it does seem a little silkier -what are you doing im helping people accept the things they cannot change indeed -the psychological immune system works best when we are totally stuck when we are trapped -find a way to be happy with -before they try them out in real life this is a trick that none of our ancestors could do and that no other animal can do quite like we can -now what i want to show you is that people dont know this about themselves and not knowing this -can work to our supreme disadvantage heres an experiment we did at harvard we created a photography course a black and white photography course and we allowed students to come in and learn how to use a darkroom -so we gave them cameras they went around campus they took twelve pictures of their favorite professors and their dorm room and their dog and all the other things they wanted to have harvard memories -blow two of them up and they have two gorgeous eight by ten glossies of meaningful things to them and we say which one would you like to give up they say i have to give one up oh yes we need one -to yeah headquarters ill be glad to swap it out with you in fact ill come to your dorm room and give just give me an email better yet ill check with you -want to change your mind its totally returnable the other half of the students are told exactly the opposite -you can see this is the problem of shifting comparisons because what youre doing is youre comparing the one hundred bucks to the purchase that youre making but when you go to spend that money you wont be making that comparison -all had this experience if youre an american for example youve probably traveled in france and at some point you may have met a couple from your own hometown and you thought -these people are so warm theyre so nice to me i mean compared to all these people who hate me when i try to speak their language and hate me more when i dont these people are just wonderful -right because in this new context the comparison is very very different in fact you find yourself disliking them enough almost to qualify for french citizenship now -you have exactly the same problem when you shop for a stereo you go to the stereo store you see two sets of speakers these big boxy monoliths -and the problem of course is that this comparison you made in the store is a comparison youll never make again what are the odds that years later youll turn on the stereo and go sounds so much better than those little ones which you cant even remember hearing -the problem of shifting comparisons is even more difficult when these choices are arrayed over time people have a lot of trouble making decisions about things that will happen at different points in time -you can have sixty dollars now or fifty dollars now which would you prefer this is what we call a one item iq test ok all of us i hope prefer more money and the reason is we believe more is better than less -the odds of you winning are one half the gain if you do is ten dollars that multiplies to five and thats more than im charging you to play so the answer is yes this is what statisticians technically call a damn fine bet -heres the second problem you can have sixty dollars today or sixty dollars in a month which would you prefer again an easy decision because we all know that now is better than later -whats hard in our decision making is when these two rules conflict for example when youre offered fifty dollars now or sixty dollars in a month this typifies a lot of situations in life in which you will gain by waiting but you have to be patient -what do we know what do people do in these kinds of situations well by and large people are enormously impatient that is they require -maybe that isnt so remarkable but what is remarkable is how easy it is to make this impatience go away by simply changing when the delivery of these monetary units will happen -what makes this dynamic inconsistency happen comparison troubling comparison let me show you this is just a graph showing the results that i just suggested you would show if i gave you time to respond -which is people find that the subjective value of fifty is higher than the subjective value of sixty when theyll be delivered in now or one month respectively a thirty day delay -but they show the reverse pattern when you push the entire decision off into the future a year now -why in the world do you get this pattern of results these guys can tell us what you see here are two lads one of them larger than the other the fireman and the fiddler -they are going to recede towards the vanishing point in the horizon and i want you to notice two things at no point will the fireman look taller than the fiddler -no point however the difference between them seems to be getting smaller first its an inch in your view then its a quarter inch then a half inch and then finally they go off the edge of the earth -here are the results of what i just showed you this is the subjective height the height you saw of these guys at various points and i want you to see -that two things are true one the farther away they are the smaller they look and two the fireman is always bigger than the fiddler but watch what happens when we make some of them disappear -right at a very close distance the fiddler looks taller than the fireman but at a far distance their normal their true relations are preserved -now the idea is simple when were applying it to coin tosses but in fact its not very simple in everyday life people are horrible at estimating both of these things and thats what i want to talk to you about today -as plato said what space is to size time is to value these are the results of the hard problem i gave you -sixty now or fifty in a month and these are subjective values and what you can see is our two rules are preserved people always think more is better than less sixty is always better than fifty -and they always think now is better than later the bars on this side are higher than the bars on this side watch what happens when we drop some out -suddenly we have the dynamic inconsistency that puzzled us we have the tendency for people to go for fifty dollars now over waiting a month but not if that decision is far in the future notice something interesting that this implies namely -that when people get to the future they will change their minds that is as that month twelve approaches you will say what was i thinking waiting an extra month for sixty dollars ill take the fifty dollars now -well the question with which id like to end is this if were so damn stupid how did we get to the moon because i could go on for about two hours with evidence of -inability to estimate odds and inability to estimate value the answer to this question i think is an answer youve already heard in some of the talks and i dare say you will hear again namely that -our brains were evolved for a very different world than the one in which we are living they were evolved for a world in which people lived in -and mate today bernoullis gift bernoullis little formula -allows us it tells us how we should think in a world for which nature never designed us that explains why we are so bad at using it but it also explains why it is so terribly important -that we become good fast we are the only species on this planet that has ever held its own fate -in its hands we have no significant predators were the masters of our physical environment the things that normally cause species to become extinct are no longer any threat to us the only thing the only thing -there are two kinds of errors people make when trying to decide what the right thing is to do and those are errors in estimating the odds that theyre going to succeed -that can destroy us and doom us are our own decisions if were not here in ten thousand years its going to be because we could not take advantage -would you say that this mechanism is in part how terrorism actually works to frighten us and is there -and how can we stop people from being terrified rather than not rather than but in addition to stopping the atrocities that were all concerned about surely the kinds of -errors in estimating the value of their own success now let me talk about the first one first -play that at least american media give to and forgive me but in raw numbers these are very tiny accidents we already know -if i told you that there was a plague that was going to kill fifteen thousand americans next year you might be alarmed if you didnt find out it was the flu -these are small scale accidents and we should be wondering whether they should get the kind of play the kind of coverage that they do surely that causes people to overestimate the likelihood that theyll be hurt in these various ways and gives power to the very people -i mean look if australia disappears tomorrow terror is probably the right response thats an awful large lot of very nice people -on the other hand when a bus blows up and thirty people are killed more people than that were killed by not using their seatbelts in the same country is terror the right response -yes its a number of things and you hit on several of them first its a human agent trying to kill us its not a tree falling on us by accident -second these are enemies who may want to strike and hurt us again people are being killed for no reason instead of good reason as if theres good reason but sometimes people think there are so there are a number of things that together -make this seem like a fantastic event but lets not play down the fact that newspapers sell when people see something in it they want to read so theres a large role here played by the media who want these things to be as spectacular as they possibly can -what would it take to persuade our culture to downplay it dg well go to israel -hundred and fifty feet from the mall when it blew up i went back to my hotel and the wedding that was planned was still going on and as the israeli mother said she said we never let them win by stopping -yes of course so if we knew that this was the worst attack there would ever be there might be more and more buses of thirty people we would probably not be nearly so frightened i dont want to say -threats should be roughly proportional to the size of those threats and threats to come i think in the case of terrorism it isnt and many of the things weve heard about from our speakers today how many people do you know got up and said -but as it turns out this is not a very easy idea to apply in everyday life thats why americans spend more i should say lose more gambling than on all other forms of entertainment combined -evolved to get all excited about these dramatic attacks is that because in the past in the ancient past we just didnt understand things like disease and systems that cause poverty and so forth and so it made no sense for us -well you know the people who are most skeptical about leaping to evolutionary explanations for everything are the evolutionary psychologists themselves my guess is that theres nothing quite that specific in our evolutionary past but rather if youre looking for an evolutionary explanation you might say that -most organisms are neo phobic that is theyre a little scared of stuff thats new and different and theres a good reason to be because old stuff didnt eat you right any animal you see that youve seen before is less likely to be a predator than one that youve never seen before -so you know when a school bus is blown up and weve never seen this before our general tendency is to orient towards that which is new and novel -is activated i dont think its quite as specific a mechanism as the one you alluded to but maybe a more fundamental one underlying -jay walker you know economists love to talk about the stupidity of people who buy lottery tickets but i suspect youre making the exact same error youre accusing those people of which is the error of value -the reason is this isnt how people do odds the way people figure odds requires that we first talk a bit about pigs now the question im going to put to you is whether you think -and yet she buys one hundred and fifty tickets a year why is that its not because she is stupid or he is stupid its because the anticipation of possibly winning -you can have a much better feeling than flushing the money down the toilet which you cannot have a good feeling from now economists tend to -economists tend to view the world through their own lenses which is this is just a bunch of stupid people and as a result many people look at economists as stupid people -and so fundamentally the reason we got to the moon is we didnt listen to the economists -i would disagree that people know theyre not going to win i think they think its unlikely but it could happen which is why they prefer that to the -but certainly i see your point that there can be some utility to buying a lottery ticket other than winning now i think theres many good reasons not to listen to economists that isnt one of them for me but theres many -last question -there are more dogs or pigs on leashes observed in any particular day in oxford and of course you all know that the answer is dogs and the way that you know that the answer is dogs is you quickly reviewed in memory -i very much resonate with what youre saying because it seems to me that the problem with getting people interested in -for you or for them adg in persuading them dg ah for you in persuading them well its notoriously difficult to get people to be farsighted -but one thing that psychologists have tried that seems to work is to get people to imagine the future more vividly one of the problems with -making decisions about the far future and the near future is that we imagine the near future much more vividly than the far future to the extent that you can equalize -the amount of detail that people put into the mental representations of near and far future people begin to make decisions about the two in the same way so would you like to -have an extra one hundred thousand dollars when youre sixty five is a question thats very different than imagine who youll be when youre sixty five will you be living -what will you look like how much hair will you have who will you be living with once we have all the details of that imaginary scenario suddenly we feel like it might be important to save so that that guy has a little retirement money -you -the times youve seen dogs and pigs on leashes it was very easy to remember seeing dogs not so easy to remember pigs and each one of you assumed that if dogs on leashes came more quickly to your mind then dogs on leashes are more probable -thats not a bad rule of thumb except when it is so for example heres a word puzzle are there more four letter english words with r in the third place or r in the first place -you check memory very briefly make a quick scan and its awfully easy to say to yourself ring rang rung and very hard to say to yourself pare -and surely if somebody could really tell us how to do exactly the right thing at all possible times that would be a tremendous gift -park they come more slowly but in fact there are many more words in the english language with r in the third than the first place -the reason words with r in the third place come slowly to your mind isnt because theyre improbable unlikely or infrequent -its because the mind recalls words by their first letter you kind of shout out the sound s and the word comes its like the dictionary its hard to look things up by the third letter -so this is an example of how this idea that the quickness with which things come to mind can give you a sense of their probability how this idea could lead you astray -its not just puzzles though for example when americans are asked to estimate the odds that they will die in a variety of interesting ways these are estimates -two things are vastly underestimated dying by drowning and dying by asthma why when was the last time that you picked up a newspaper and the headline was boy dies -its not interesting because its so common its very easy for all of us to bring to mind instances of -news stories or newsreels where weve seen tornadoes devastating cities or some poor schmuck whos blown his hands off with a firework on the fourth of july -and asthma deaths dont get much coverage they dont come quickly to mind and as a result we vastly underestimate them indeed this is kind of like the sesame street game of which thing doesnt belong -the lottery is an excellent example of course an excellent test case of peoples ability to compute probabilities and economists -forgive me for those of you who play the lottery but economists at least among themselves refer to the lottery as a stupidity tax because the odds of getting any payoff by investing your money in a lottery ticket -are approximately equivalent to flushing the money directly down the toilet which by the way doesnt require that you actually go to the store and buy anything -why in the world would anybody ever play the lottery well there are many answers but one answer surely is we see a lot of winners -right when this couple wins the lottery or ed mcmahon shows up at your door with this giant check how the hell do you cash things that size i dont know -we see this on tv we read about it in the paper when was the last time that you saw extensive interviews with everybody who lost indeed -what i want to talk to you about today is what that gift is and i also want to explain to you why it is that it hasnt made a damn bit of difference -if we we required that television stations run a thirty second interview with each loser every time they interview a winner the one hundred million losers in the last lottery would require nine and a half years of your undivided attention just to watch them say -me i lost me i lost now if you watch nine and a half years of television no sleep no potty breaks and you saw loss after loss after loss and then at the end theres thirty seconds of and i won -the likelihood that you would play the lottery is very small look i can prove this to you heres a little lottery theres ten tickets in this lottery -nine of them have been sold to these individuals it costs you a dollar to buy the ticket and if you win you get twenty bucks is this a good bet -well bernoulli tells us it is the expected value of this lottery is two dollars this is a lottery in which you should invest your money and most people say ok ill play -most people wont play this lottery now you can see the odds of winning havent changed but its now fantastically easy to imagine whos going to win its easy to see leroy getting the check -right you cant say to yourself im as likely to win as anybody because youre not as likely to win as leroy the fact that all those tickets are owned by one guy changes your decision to play even though it does nothing whatsoever to the odds -now estimating odds as difficult as it may seem is a piece of cake compared to trying to estimate value trying to say what something is worth how much well enjoy it how much pleasure it will give us -now this is bernoullis gift this is a direct quote and if it looks like greek to you its because well its greek -but in fact to decide whether a big mac is worth twenty five dollars requires that you ask one and only one question which is what else can i do with twenty five dollars if youve ever gotten on one of those long haul flights to australia -and realized that theyre not going to serve you any food but somebody in the row in front of you has just opened the mcdonalds bag -and the smell of golden arches is wafting over the seat you think i cant do anything else with this twenty five dollars for sixteen hours i cant even set it on fire they took my cigarette lighter -suddenly twenty five dollars for a big mac might be a good deal on the other hand if youre visiting an underdeveloped country and twenty five dollars buys you a gourmet meal -most of you compared the price of this big mac to the price youre used to paying rather than asking what else can i do with my money comparing this investment to other possible investments -you compared to the past and this is a systematic error people make what you knew is you paid three dollars in the past -but the simple english translation much less precise but it captures the gist of what bernoulli had to say was this the expected value of any of our actions that is the goodness that we can count on getting -this is of course one of the most delicious tricks in marketing is to say something used to be higher and suddenly it seems like a very good deal -this tendency to compare to the past is causing people to pass up the better deal in other words a good deal that used to be a great deal is not nearly as good as an awful deal that was once a horrible deal -heres another example of how comparing to the past can befuddle our decisions imagine that youre going to the theater youre on your way to the theater in your wallet you have a ticket for which you paid twenty dollars you also have a twenty dollar bill -when you arrive at the theater you discover that somewhere along the way youve lost the ticket would you spend your remaining money on replacing it most people answer no -now lets just change one thing in this scenario youre on your way to the theater and in your wallet you have two twenty dollar bills when you arrive you discover youve lost one of them -of what happened ok along -is the product of two simple things the odds that this action will allow us to gain something and the value of that gain to us -lost something in both cases it was a piece of paper in one case it had a u s president on it in the other case it didnt what the hell difference should it make -the difference is that when you lost the ticket you say to yourself im not paying twice for the same thing you compare the cost of the play now forty dollars to the cost that it used to have twenty dollars and you say its a bad deal -comparing with the past causes many of the problems that behavioral economists and psychologists identify in peoples attempts to assign value -this fellow george bush for those of us who were kind of on the liberal side of the political spectrum didnt seem like such a great guy suddenly were almost longing for him to return -the comparison -most people dont want the most expensive they dont want the least expensive so they will opt for the item in the middle if youre a smart retailer then you will put a very expensive item that nobody will ever buy on the shelf because suddenly the thirty three dollar wine -doesnt look as expensive in comparison so im telling you something you already knew namely that -in a sense what bernoulli was saying is if we can estimate and multiply these two things we will always know precisely how we should behave -this problem of shifting comparisons can bedevil our attempts to make rational decisions let me just give you an example -i have to show you something from my own lab so let me sneak this in these are subjects coming to an experiment to be asked the simplest of all questions how much will you enjoy eating potato chips one minute from now -in fact these items that are sitting in the room change how much the subjects think theyre going to enjoy the potato chips namely -those who are looking at spam think potato chips are going to be quite tasty those who are looking at godiva chocolate think they wont be nearly so tasty of course what happens when they eat the potato chips -well look you didnt need a psychologist to tell you that when you have a mouthful of greasy salty crispy delicious snacks whats sitting in the corner of the room makes not a damn bit of difference to your gustatory experience -now this simple equation even for those of you who dont like equations is something that youre quite used to heres an example -all experienced this yourself even if youve never come into our lab to eat potato chips so heres a question you want to buy a car stereo the dealer near your house sells this particular stereo for two hundred dollars but if you drive across town -now lets imagine instead you wanted to buy a car that had a stereo and the dealer near your house had it for thirty one thousand but if you drove across town you could get it for thirty thousand nine hundred -because this one hundred dollars that you save hello doesnt know where it came from it doesnt know what you saved it on -when you go to buy groceries with it it doesnt go im the money saved on the car stereo or im the dumb money saved on the car its money -and if a drive across town is worth one hundred bucks its worth one hundred bucks no matter what youre saving -you finish your lecture block and immediately you have five hands going up asking you to re explain the entire thing at their desks students lack perseverance -they lack retention you find yourself re explaining concepts three months later wholesale theres an aversion to word problems which describes ninety nine percent of my students and then the other one percent are eagerly looking for the formula to apply in that situation -this is really destructive david milch creator of deadwood and other amazing tv shows has a really good description for this he swore off creating -that they expect simple problems he called it an impatience with irresolution youre impatient with things that dont resolve quickly you expect sitcom sized problems that wrap up in twenty two minutes three commercial breaks and a laugh track -and ill put it to all of you what you already know that no problem worth solving is that simple i am very concerned about this because im going to retire in a world that my students will run -im doing bad things to my own future and well being when i teach this way im here to tell you that the way our textbooks particularly -mass adopted textbooks teach math reasoning and patient problem solving its functionally equivalent to turning on two and a half men and calling it a day -in all seriousness heres an example from a physics textbook it applies equally to math notice first of all here that you have exactly three pieces of information there -each of which will figure into a formula somewhere eventually which the student will then compute i believe in real life and ask yourself what problem have you solved ever that was worth solving -im sure we all agree that no problem worth solving is like that and the textbook i think knows how its hamstringing students because watch this this is the practice problem set when it comes time to do the actually problem set we have -you also really liked and you anticipated that reaction you waited for it and it came back and the person hated it so by way of introduction that is the exact same state in which i spent every working day of the last six years -sample problem you can return to to find the formula you could literally i mean this pass this particular unit without knowing any physics just knowing how to decode a textbook thats a shame -so i can diagnose the problem a little more specifically in math heres a really cool problem i like this its about defining steepness and slope using a ski lift but what you have here is actually four separate layers and -you have the visual you also have the mathematical structure talking about grids measurements labels points axes that sort of thing you have substeps which all lead to what we really want to talk about which section is the steepest -so i hope you can see i really hope you can see how what were doing here is taking a compelling question a compelling answer but were paving a smooth straight -from one to the other and congratulating our students for how well they can step over the small cracks in the way thats all were doing here -which section is the steepest and this starts conversation because the visual is created in such a way where you can defend two answers so you get people arguing against each other friend versus friend -in pairs journaling whatever and then eventually we realize its getting annoying to talk about the skier in the lower left hand side of the screen -or the skier just above the mid line and we realize how great would it be if we just had some a b c and d labels to talk about them more easily -and then as we start to define what does steepness mean we realize itd be nice to have some measurements to really narrow it down specifically what that means -and then and only then we throw down that mathematical structure the math serves the conversation the conversation doesnt serve the -see how this right here compared to that which one creates that patient problem solving that math reasoning its been obvious in my practice to me and ill yield the floor here for a second to einstein who i believe has paid his dues -so ninety percent of what i do with my five hours of prep time per week is to take fairly compelling elements of problems like this from my textbook and rebuild them in a way that supports -math reasoning and patient problem solving and heres how it works i like this question its about a water tank the question is how long will it take you to fill it up -first things first we eliminate all the substeps students have to develop those they have to formulate those and then notice that all the information written on there is stuff youll need none of its a distractor so we lose that -product to a market that doesnt want it but is forced by law to buy it i mean thats kind of its just a losing proposition so theres a useful stereotype about students that i see -now we have the real deal how long will it take it to fill it up -and even better is we take a video a video of someone filling it up and its filling up slowly agonizingly slowly its tedious students are looking at their watches rolling their eyes -thats how you know youve baited the hook right -off this right here is really fun for me because like the intro i teach kids because of my inexperience i teach the kids that are the most remedial all right and ive got kids who will not join a conversation about math because -and kids have bought in here and then we follow the process ive described and the best part here or one of the better parts is that we dont get our answer from the answer key in the back of the teachers edition we instead just watch the end of the movie -all right because the theoretical models that always work out in the answer key in the back of a teachers edition thats great but -its scary to talk about sources of error when the theoretical does not match up with the practical but those conversations have been so valuable among the most valuable -who now one semester in i can put something on the board totally new totally foreign and theyll have a conversation about it for three or four minutes more than they would have at the start of the year which is just so -no longer averse to word problems because weve redefined what a word problem is were no longer intimidated by math because were slowly redefining what math is this has been a lot of fun -i encourage math teachers i talk to to use multimedia because it brings the real world into your classroom in high resolution and full color -to encourage student intuition for that level playing field to ask the shortest question you possibly can and let those more specific questions come out in conversation -let students build the problem because einstein said so and to finally in total just be less helpful because the textbook is helping you in all the wrong ways its buying you out of your obligation for patient problem solving and math reasoning -to be less helpful and why this is an amazing time to be a math teacher right now is because we have the tools to create this high quality curriculum in our front pocket its ubiquitous and fairly cheap -and both of these facts say less about you or my students than they do about what we call math education in the u s today to start with -and the tools to distribute it freely under open licenses has also never been cheaper or more ubiquitous i put a video series on my blog not so long ago and it got -i put this problem on my blog recently in a grocery store which line do you get into the one that has one cart and nineteen items or the one with four carts and three five two and one items -down into two categories one is computation this is the stuff youve forgotten for example factoring quadratics with leading coefficients greater than one -this is hard to teach this is what we would love students to retain even if they dont go into mathematical fields this is also something that the way we teach it in the u s all but ensures they wont retain -now were talking scale now were talking the potential for real change -but its never going to happen by forcing these organizations to lower their horizons to the demoralizing objective of keeping their overhead low -our generation does not want its epitaph to read we kept charity overhead low -ask about the scale of their dreams their apple google amazon scale dreams how they measure their progress toward those dreams and what resources they need to make them come true regardless of what the overhead is who cares what the overhead is if these problems are actually getting solved -if we can have that kind of generosity a generosity of thought then the non profit sector can play a massive role in changing the world for all those citizens -most desperately in need of it to change -and if that can be our generations enduring legacy -that we took responsibility -for the thinking that had been handed down to us that we revisited it we revised it and we reinvented the whole way humanity thinks about changing things forever for everyone -well i thought i would let the kids sum up what that would be -and these people want laughter -and compassion and they want love -how do you monetize that -and thats where the nonprofit sector and philanthropy come in philanthropy is the market for love -it is the market for all those people for whom there is no other market coming -and so if we really want like buckminster fuller said a world that works for everyone with no one and nothing left out then the nonprofit sector has to be a serious part of the conversation but it doesnt seem to be working -social innovation and social entrepreneurship -why have our breast cancer charities not come close to finding a cure for breast cancer or our homeless charities not come close to ending homelessness in any major city why has poverty remained stuck at twelve percent of the u s population for forty years -and the answer is these social problems are massive in scale -our organizations are tiny up against them and we have a belief system that keeps them tiny -we have two rulebooks we have one for the nonprofit sector and one for the rest of the economic world -i happen to have triplets theyre little theyre five years old -its an apartheid and it discriminates against the nonprofit sector in five different areas the first being compensation -so in the for profit sector the more value you produce the more money you can make but we dont like nonprofits to use money to incentivize people to produce more in social service we have a visceral reaction to the idea that anyone would make very much money helping other people -interesting that we dont have a visceral reaction to the notion that people would make a lot of money not helping other people -you know you want to make fifty million dollars selling -and we think of this as our system of ethics but what we dont realize is that this system has a powerful side effect -which is it gives a really stark mutually exclusive choice between doing very well for yourself and your family -sometimes i tell people i have triplets they say really how many -or doing good for the world to the brightest minds coming out of our best universities and sends tens of thousands of people who could make a huge difference in the nonprofit sector marching every year directly into the for profit sector because theyre not willing to make that kind of lifelong economic sacrifice -businessweek did a survey looked at the compensation packages for mbas ten years of business school -and the median compensation for a stanford mba with bonus at the age of thirty eight was four hundred thousand dollars -meanwhile for the same year the average salary for the ceo of a dollar five million plus medical charity in the u s was two hundred and thirty two thousand dollars and for a hunger charity eighty four thousand dollars -heres a picture of the kids thats sage and annalisa and rider -some people say well thats just because those mba types are greedy -not necessarily they might be smart -its cheaper for that person to donate one hundred thousand dollars every year to the hunger charity save fifty thousand dollars on their taxes so still be roughly two hundred and seventy thousand dollars a year ahead of the game -now be called a philanthropist because they donated one hundred thousand dollars to charity probably sit on the board of the hunger charity indeed probably supervise the poor sob who decided to become the ceo of -the second area of discrimination is advertising and marketing so we tell the for profit sector spend spend spend on advertising until the last dollar no longer produces a penny of value but we dont like to see our donations spent on advertising in charity our attitude is -now i also happen to be gay -well look if you can get the advertising donated you know at four oclock in the morning im okay with that but i dont want my donations spent on advertising i want it go to the needy -as if the money invested in advertising could not bring in dramatically greater sums of money to serve the needy -in the one thousand nine hundred and ninety s my company created the long distance aidsride bicycle journeys and the sixty mile long breast cancer three day walks -and over the course of nine years we had one hundred and eighty two thousand ordinary heroes participate and they raised a total of five hundred and eighty one million dollars -they raised more money more quickly for these causes than any events in history all based on the idea that people are weary of being asked to do the least they can possibly do people are -being gay and fathering triplets is by far the most socially innovative socially entrepreneurial -yearning to measure the full distance of their potential on behalf of the causes that they care about deeply -we got that many people to participate by buying full page ads in the new york times in the boston globe in primetime radio and tv advertising do you know how many people we would have gotten if we put up flyers in the laundromat -charitable giving has remained stuck in the u s at two percent of gdp ever since we started measuring it in the one thousand nine hundred and seventy s thats an important fact because it tells us that in forty years the nonprofit sector has not been able to wrestle any market share away from the for profit sector -and if you think about it how could one sector possibly take market share away from another sector if it isnt really allowed to market -thing i have ever -and if we tell the consumer brands you may advertise all the benefits of your product but we tell charities you cannot advertise all the good that you do where do we think the consumer dollars are going to flow -the third area of discrimination is the taking of risk in pursuit of new ideas for generating revenue -so disney can make a new dollar two hundred million movie that flops and nobody calls the attorney general -but you do a little dollar one million community fundraiser for the poor and it doesnt produce a seventy five percent profit to the cause in the first twelve months and your character is called into question -so nonprofits are really reluctant to attempt any brave daring giant scale new fundraising endeavors for fear that if the thing fails their reputations will be dragged through the mud -well you and i know when you prohibit failure you kill innovation -if you kill innovation in fundraising you cant raise more revenue if you cant raise more revenue you cant grow and if you cant grow you cant possibly solve large social problems -the fourth area is time -so amazon went for six years without returning any profit to investors and people had patience -they knew that there was a long term objective down the line of building market dominance but if a nonprofit organization ever had a dream of building magnificent scale that required that for six years no money was going to go to the needy it was all going to be invested in building this scale we would expect a crucifixion -and the last area is profit itself so the for profit sector can pay people profits in order to attract their capital for their new ideas but you cant pay profits in a nonprofit sector so the for profit sector has a lock on the multi trillion dollar capital markets and the nonprofit sector is starved for growth and risk and idea capital -you dont have the same amount of time to find them as the for profit sector and you dont have a stock market with which to fund any of this even if you could do it in the first place and youve just put the nonprofit sector at an extreme disadvantage to the for profit sector on every level -if we have any doubts about the effects of this separate rule book this statistic is sobering from one thousand nine hundred and seventy to two thousand and nine the number of nonprofits that really grew that crossed the dollar fifty million annual revenue barrier is one hundred and forty four -in the same time the number of for profits that crossed it is forty six thousand one hundred and thirty six -so were dealing with social -problems that are massive in scale and our organizations cant generate any scale all of the scale goes to coca cola and burger king -so why do we think this way -well like most fanatical dogma in america these ideas come from old puritan beliefs the puritans came here for religious reasons or so they said but they also came here because they wanted to make a lot of money -they were pious people but they were also really aggressive capitalists and they were accused of extreme forms of profit making tendencies compared to the other colonists -so they were taught literally to hate themselves they were taught that self interest was a raging sea that was a sure path to eternal damnation -well this created a real problem for these people right here theyve come all the way across the atlantic to make all this money making all this money will get you sent directly to hell -what were they to do about this well charity became their answer it became this economic sanctuary where they could do penance for their profit making tendencies at five cents on the dollar -so of course how could you make money in charity if charity was your penance for making money -financial incentive was exiled from the realm of helping others so that it could thrive in the area of making money for yourself and in four hundred years nothing has intervened -but before i do that i want to ask if we even believe that the nonprofit sector has any serious role to play in changing the world a lot of people say now that business will lift up the developing economies and social business will take care of the rest -to say thats counterproductive and thats unfair -now this ideology gets policed by this one very dangerous question which is what percentage of my donation goes to the cause versus overhead -but it absolutely is especially if its being used for growth -now this idea that overhead is somehow an enemy of the cause creates this second much larger problem which is it forces organizations to go without the overhead things they really need to grow in the interest of keeping overhead low -so weve all been taught that charities should spend as little as possible on overhead things like fundraising under the theory that well the less money you spend on fundraising the more money there is available for the cause -well thats true if its a depressing world in which this pie cannot be made any bigger -but if its a logical world in which investment in fundraising actually raises more funds and makes the pie bigger then we have it precisely backwards and we should be investing more money not less in fundraising because fundraising is the one thing that has the potential to multiply the amount of money available for the cause that we care about so deeply -ill give you two examples we launched the aidsrides with an initial investment of fifty thousand dollars in risk capital -within nine years we had multiplied that one thousand nine hundred and eighty two times into one hundred and eight million dollars after all expenses for aids services -we launched the breast cancer three days with an initial investment of three hundred and fifty thousand dollars in risk capital -within just five years we had multiplied that five hundred and fifty four times into one hundred and ninety four million dollars after all expenses for breast cancer research -now if you were a philanthropist really interested in breast cancer what would make more sense go out and find the most innovative researcher in the world and give her three hundred and fifty thousand dollars for research -or give her fundraising department the three hundred and fifty thousand dollars to multiply it into one hundred and ninety four million dollars for breast cancer research -two thousand and two was our most successful year ever we netted for breast cancer alone that year alone seventy one million dollars after all expenses -and then we went out of business -and i do believe that business will move the great mass of humanity forward -suddenly and traumatically -why well -the short story is our sponsor split on us they wanted to distance themselves from us because we were being crucified in the media -for investing forty percent of the gross in recruitment and customer service and the magic of the experience and there is no accounting terminology to describe that kind of investment in growth and in the future other than this demonic label of overhead -so on one day all three hundred and fifty of our great employees lost their jobs -because they were labeled overhead -our sponsor went and tried the events on their own the overhead went up net income for breast cancer research went down by eighty four percent or sixty million dollars in one year -but it always leaves behind that ten percent or more that is most disadvantaged or unlucky -this is what happens when we confuse morality with frugality -weve all been taught that the bake sale with five percent overhead is morally superior to the professional fundraising enterprise with forty percent overhead but were missing the most important piece of information which is what is the actual size of these pies -who cares if the bake sale only has five percent overhead if its tiny -what if the bake sale only netted seventy one dollars for charity because it made no investment in its scale and the professional fundraising enterprise netted seventy one million dollars because it did -now which pie would we prefer and which pie do we think people who are hungry would prefer -heres how all of this impacts the big picture -i said that charitable giving is two percent of gdp in the united states thats about three hundred billion dollars a year but -only about twenty percent of that or sixty billion dollars goes to health and human services causes the rest goes to religion and higher education and hospitals and that sixty billion dollars is not nearly enough to tackle these problems -but if we could move charitable giving from two percent of gdp up just one step to three percent of gdp -by investing in that growth -that would be an extra one hundred and fifty billion dollars a year in contributions and if that money could go disproportionately to health and human services charities because those were the ones we encouraged to invest in their growth that would represent a tripling of contributions to that sector -and social business needs markets and there are some issues for which you just cant develop the kind of money measures that you need for a market i sit on the board of a center for the developmentally disabled -then looking up in the turret you see there are bulges and pokes and sags and so forth well if that ruins your life -but you dont say that because theyre the guys youre targeting and so what weve done -and this isnt just in housing its in clothing and food and our transportation needs our energy we sprawl just a little bit and -when i get a little bit of press i hear from people all over the world and we may have invented excess but the problem of waste is -were in trouble and i dont wear ammo belts crisscrossing my chest and a red bandana but were clearly in trouble -and what we need to do is reconnect with those really primal parts of ourselves -what we need to do is reconnect with who we really are and thats thrilling indeed thank you very much -well then you shouldnt live there -this is -a laundry shoot and this right here is a shoe last and those are those cast iron things you see at antique shops so i had one of those so i made some low tech gadgetry there -where you just stomp on the shoe last and then the door flies open you throw your laundry down and then if youre smart enough it goes on a basket on top of the washer if not if goes into the -a bathtub i made made out of scrap two by four here started with a rim there and then glued and nailed it up into a -then this -faucet here is piece of osage organge it looks a little phallic but after all its a -is a house based on a budweiser can it doesnt look like a can of beer but the design take offs are absolutely unmistakable the barely hops design worked up into the eaves then the dentil work comes directly off the cans red white blue and silver -then these coribles going down underneath the eaves are that little design that comes off the can i just put a can on a copier and kept enlarging it until i got the size i want -on the can it says this is the famous budweiser beer we know of no other beer blah blah blah so we changed that and put this is the famous budweiser house we dont know of any other house and so forth and so on -is a deadbolt itd a fence from a nineteen thirties shaper which is a very angry woodworking machine and they gave me the fence but they didnt give me the shaper so we made a deadbolt out of -the shower is intended to simulate a glass of beer weve got bubbles going up there then suds at the top with lumpy tiles where do you get lumpy tiles -well of course you dont but i get a lot of toilets and so you just dispatch a toilet with a hammer and then you have lumpy tiles and then -thank you very much i have a few pictures and ill talk a little bit about how im able to do what i do all these houses -the faucet there is a beer tap -then this panel of glass is the same panel of glass that occurs in every middle class front door in america were getting tired of it its kind of cliched now so if you put it in the front door -design fails so dont put it in the front door put it somewhere else its a pretty panel of glass but then if you put it in the front door people say oh youre trying to be like those guys and you didnt make it so dont put it there -then another bathroom upstairs this light up here is the same light that occurs in every middle class foyer in america dont put it in the foyer put it in the shower or -but not in the foyer then somebody gave me a bidet so -this little house here those branches there are made out of bois dark or osage orange and these pictures will keep scrolling as i talk a little bit -in order to do what i do you have to understand what causes waste in the building industry our housing has become a commodity -and ill talk a little bit about that but the first cause of waste is probably even buried in our dna human beings have a need for maintaining consistency for the -what it means is for every perception we have it needs to tally with the one like it before or we dont have continuity and we become a little bit disoriented so i can show you an object youve never seen before -are built from between seventy and eighty percent recycled material stuff that was headed to the mulcher the landfill the burn pile it was all just gone this is the first house i built -thats a cellphone but youve never this one before what youre doing is sizing up the pattern of structural features here and then you go through your -thats a cellphone if i took a bit out of it youd go wait a second -not a cellphone thats one of those new chocolate cellphones -have to start a new category right between cellphones and -never mind that it doesnt affect our lives at all it only rattles that expected pattern and unity of structural features however if we took a small hammer and we added cracks to all the other windows -then we have a pattern because gestalt psychology emphasizes recognition of pattern over parts that comprise a pattern well go ooh thats -that serves me every day repetition creates pattern if i have a hundred of these a hundred of those -it doesnt make any difference what these and those are if i can repeat anything i have the possibility of a pattern from hickory nuts and chicken eggs shards of glass branches -this double front door here with the three light transom that was headed to the landfill have a little turret there and then these buttons on the coribles here -he said that cultures tend to swing between one of two perspectives on the one hand we have an apollonian perspective which is very crisp and premeditated and intellectualized and perfect -or hangs a picture is theyll get out a transit and a laser level and a micrometer -okay honey a thousandth of an inch to the left thats where we want the picture right perfect predicated on plum level square and centered the dionysian personality takes the picture and -feature blemish i feature organic process dead center john dewey apollonian mindset creates mountains of waste if something isnt perfect -if it does line up with that premeditated model dumpster oops scratch dumpster oops this oops that landfill landfill landfill the third thing -is arguably the industrial revolution started in the renaissance with the rise of humanism then got a little jump start -that we up to that point had to do my hand so now we have standardized materials well trees dont grow two inches by four inches eight ten and twelve feet tall -we create mountains of waste and theyre doing a pretty good job there in the forest working all the byproduct of their industry with osb and particle board and so forth and so on but it does no good -to be responsible at the point of harvest in the forest if consumers are wasting the harvest at the point of consumption and thats whats -right there those are hickory nuts and these buttons there those are chicken eggs of course first you have breakfast -well i feature all those warped things because repetition creates pattern and its from a dionysian perspective the fourth thing -labor is disproportionately more expensive than materials well thats just a myth and heres a story jim tulles one of the guys i trained -its time now i got a job for you as a foreman on a framing crew its time for you to go dan i just dont think im ready jim now its time -so we hired on and he was out there with his tape measure going through the trash heap looking for header material which is the board that goes over -he said you know if you were paying me dollar three hundred an hour i can see how you might say that but right now im saving you five dollars a minute do the math -and then you fill the shell full of bondo and paint it and nail it up and you have an architectural button in just a fraction of the time -and we force environmental resources to accommodate that so all have in our head the perfect house the american dream which is a house the -its a chattel mortgage just like furniture just like a car you write the check and instantly it depreciates thirty percent after a year you cant get insurance on everything you have in it only on seventy percent -wired with fourteen gauge wire typically nothing wrong with that unless you ask it to do what twelve gauge wires supposed to do and thats what happens it out gasses formaldehyde so much -that there is a federal law in place to warn new mobile home buyers of the formaldehyde atmosphere danger -are we just being numbingly stupid the walls are this thick the whole thing has the structural value of corn -so i thought palm harbor village was over there no no we had a wind last night its gone now -then when they degrade what do you do with them now all that -then this is a look at the inside you can see the three light transom there with the eyebrow windows certainly an architectural antique -that apollonian platonic model is what the building industry is predicated on and there are a number of things that exacerbate that -one is that all the professionals all the tradesmen vendors inspectors engineers architects all think like this -and then it works its way back to the consumer who demands the same model its a self fulfilling prophesy we cant get out of it then here come the marketeers and the advertisers -we buy stuff we didnt know we needed all we -to do is look at what one company did with carbonated prune juice how disgusting -but you know what they did they hooked a metaphor into it -my oh my that makes it worse and we get sucked into that faster than anything then a man named jean paul sartre wrote a book titled being and nothingness its a pretty quick read you can snap through it -maybe two years if you read eight hours a day -there he talked about the divided self he said human beings act differently when they know theyre alone than when they know somebody else is around so if im eating spaghetti and i know im alone -i can eat like backhoe i can wipe my mouth on my sleeve napkin on the table chew with my mouth open make little noises scratch wherever i want -but as soon as you walk in i go -bites chew with my mouth closed no scratching now what im doing is fulfilling your expectations of how i should live my life -i feel that expectation and so i accommodate it and im living my life according to what you expect me to do that happens in the building industry as well -thats why all of our subdivisions look the same sometimes we even have these formalized cultural expectations ill bet all your shoes match sure enough we all buy into that -gated communities we have a formalized expectation with a home owners association sometimes those guys are nazis my -that -continues this model the last thing is gregariousness human beings are a social species we like to hand together in groups -and so you see this in junior high a lot those kids theyll work all summer long kill themselves -cool stove this is going up into the turret i got that staircase for dollar twenty including delivery to my lot -so that they can afford one pair of designer jeans so along about september they can stride in and go im important today see -and so that happens in the building industry as well we have confused maslows hierarchy of needs just a little bit -on the bottom tier we have basic needs shelter clothing food water -housing has become a commodity and it takes a little bit of nerve to dive into those primal terrifying parts of ourselves -and make our own decisions and not make our housing a commodity but make it something that bubbles up from seminal sources that takes a little bit of nerve and darn it once in a while you fail -but -thats okay if failure destroys you then you cant do this i fail -all the time everyday and ive had some whopping failures i -big public humiliating embarrassing failures everybody points and laughs and they say he tried it a fifth time and it still didnt work what a moron early on contractors come by and say dan youre a cute little bunny but -and your instinct is -hesitates hes like is this still the rehearsal or should i untie him and the first mate thinks well i guess at some point the rehearsal has to end so he unties odysseus and odysseus flips -out hes like you idiot you moron if you do that tomorrow ill be dead youll be dead every single one of the men will be dead now just dont untie me no matter what -tying yourself to a mast is perhaps the oldest written example of what psychologists call a commitment device -you remember the story of odysseus and the sirens from high school or junior high school there was this hero odysseus whos heading back -a commitment device is a decision that you make with a cool head to bind yourself so that you dont do something regrettable when you have a hot head because theres two heads inside one person when you think about it -scholars have long invoked this metaphor of two selves when it comes to questions of temptation there is first the present self this is like odysseus when hes hearing the song -he just wants to get to the front row he just thinks about the here and now and the immediate gratification but then theres this other self the future self this is odysseus as an old man who wants nothing more than to retire in a sunny villa with his wife penelope outside of ithaca the other one -so why do we need commitment devices well -resisting temptation is hard as the nineteenth century english economist nassau william senior said to abstain from the enjoyment which is in our power -or to seek distant rather than immediate results are among the most painful exertions of the human will -if you set goals for yourself and youre like a lot of other people you probably realize its not that your goals are physically impossible -home after the trojan war -the other reason that its difficult to resist temptation is because -its an unequal battle between the present self and the future self i mean lets face it the present self is present its in control its in power right now it has these strong heroic arms that can lift doughnuts into your mouth and the future self is not even around -its off in the future its weak it doesnt even have a lawyer present theres nobody to stick up for the future self and so the present self can trounce all over -now im a big fan of commitment devices actually tying yourself to the mast is the oldest one but there are other ones such as locking a credit card away with a key -or not bringing junk food into the house so you wont eat it or unplugging your internet connection so you can use your computer i was creating commitment devices of my own long before i knew what they were so when i was a starving post doc at columbia university i was deep in a publish or perish -phase of my career i had to write five pages a day towards papers or i would have to give up five dollars -we will sail past those rocks and on those rocks sit some beautiful women called sirens -i thought oh im sending myself mixed messages because not writing is bad but giving to charity is good so then i would kind of justify not writing by giving a gift -and then i kind of flipped that around and thought well i could give it to the neo nazis but then i was like thats more bad than writing is good and so that wouldnt work so ultimately i just decided i would leave it in an envelope on the subway -so the first is when youve got one of these devices going such as this contract to write everyday or pay its just a constant reminder that you have no self control -and these women sing an enchanting song a song so alluring that all sailors who hear it crash into the rocks and die now you would expect given that that they would choose an alternate route around the sirens but instead odysseus says -youre just telling yourself without you commitment device i am nothing -so i dont like the way that they take the power away from you i think self discipline is something its like a muscle the more you exercise it the stronger it gets -the other problem with commitment devices is that you can always weasel your way out of them you say well of course i cant write today because im giving a tedtalk and i have five media interviews and then im going to a cocktail party and then ill be drunk after that and so theres no way that this is going to work -a decade now on finding other ways to change peoples relationship to the future self without using commitment devices in particular im interested in the relationship to the future financial self -and this is a timely issue im talking about the topic of saving now saving is a classic two selves problem the present self does not want to save at all it wants to consume whereas the future self wants the present self to save -so what can we do about this -theres a philosopher derek parfit who said some words that were inspiring to my coauthors and i he said that we might neglect our future selves -because of some failure of belief or imagination -that is to say we somehow might not believe -so my coauthors and i have used computers the greatest tool of our time to assist peoples imagination and help them imagine what it might be like to go into the future -i want to hear that song -and ill show you some of these tools right here -the first is called the distribution builder it shows people what the future might be like by showing them -being up at the top means that youre enjoying a high income in retirement being down at the bottom means that youre struggling to make ends meet when you make an investment what youre really saying is i accept that any one of these one hundred things could happen to me and determine my wealth -now you can try to move your outcomes around you can try to manipulate your fate like this person is doing but it costs you something to do it it means that you have to save more today -once you find an investment that youre happy with what people do is they click done and the markers begin to disappear slowly one by one it simulates what it is like to invest in something and to watch that investment pan out at the end there will only be one marker left standing and it will determine our wealth in retirement -yes this person retired at one hundred and fifty percent of their working income in retirement theyre making more money while retired than they were making while they were working if youre like most people -just seeing that gave you a small sense of elation and joy just to think about making fifty percent more money in retirement than before -however had you ended up on the very bottom it might have given you -now people are motivated through emotions -but different people find different things motivating this is a simulation that uses graphics but other people find motivating what money can buy not just numbers -so here i made a distribution builder where instead of showing numerical outcomes i show people what those outcomes will get you in particular apartments that you can afford -if youre retiring on three thousand two thousand five hundred two thousand dollars per month and so on -as you move down the ladder of apartments you see that they get worse and worse some of them look like places i lived in as a graduate student -and as you get to the very bottom youre faced with the unfortunate reality that if you dont save anything for retirement you wont be able to afford any housing at all those are actual pictures of actual apartments renting for that amount as advertised on the internet -the last thing ill show you the last behavioral time machine is something that i created with hal hershfield who was introduced to me by my coauthor on a previous project bill sharpe and what it is is an exploration into virtual -reality so what we do is we take pictures of people in this case college age people and we use software to age them and show these people what theyll look like when theyre sixty seventy eighty years old and we try to test whether actually assisting your imagination by looking at the face of your future self -so this is a captain putting the life of every single person on the ship at risk so that he can hear a song and id like to think if this was the case they probably would have rehearsed it a few times odysseus would have said okay lets do a dry run you tie me to the mast -can change you investment behavior so this is one of our experiments here we see the face of the young subject on the left hes given a control that allows him to adjust his savings rate as he moves his savings rate down it means that hes saving zero -when its all the way here at the left you can see his current annual income this is the percentage of his paycheck that he can take home today is quite high ninety one percent but his retirement income is quite low hes going to retire on forty four percent of what he earned while he was working -if he saves the maximum legal amount his retirement income goes up but hes unhappy because now he has less money on the left hand -side to spend today other conditions show people the future self and from the future selfs point of view everything is in reverse if you save very little the future self is unhappy -bring this to a wider audience ive been working with hal and allianz to create something we call the behavioral time machine in which you not only get to see yourself in the future but you get to see anticipated emotional reactions to different levels of retirement wealth so for instance -here is somebody using the tool and just watch the facial expressions as they move the slider -the younger face gets happier and happier saving nothing the older face is miserable and slowly slowly were bringing it up to a moderate savings rate and then its a high savings rate the younger face is getting unhappy the older face is quite pleased with the decision -were going to see if this has an effect on what people do and whats nice about it is its not something that biasing people actually -because as one face smiles the other face frowns its not telling you which way to put the slider its just reminding you that you are connected to and legally tied to this future self your decisions today are going to determine its well being and thats something thats easy to forget -this use of virtual reality is not just good for making people look older there are programs you can get to see how people might look if they smoke if they get too much exposure to the sun if they gain weight and so on and whats good is unlike -in the experiments that hal and myself ran with russ smith you dont have to program these by yourself -in order to see the virtual reality there are applications you can get on smartphones for just a few dollars that do the same thing -this is actually a picture of hal my coauthor you might recognize him from the previous demos and just for kicks we ran his picture through the balding aging and weight gain software to see how he would look -did it matter they were contemplating the parable of the good samaritan -what turned out to determine whether someone would stop and help a stranger in need was how much of a hurry -they thought they were in were they feeling they were late -or were they absorbed -you know im struck by how one of the implicit themes of ted is compassion these very moving demonstrations weve just seen hiv in africa -in what they were going to talk about and this is i think the predicament of our lives -that we dont take every opportunity to help because our focus is in the wrong direction theres a new field in brain science social neuroscience -from social neuroscience is that our default wiring -is to help that is to say -if we attend to the other person we automatically empathize we automatically feel with -these newly identified neurons mirror neurons that act like a neuro wi fi activating in our brain exactly the areas activated in theirs we feel with automatically -and if that person is in need if that person is suffering were automatically prepared to help at least thats the argument but then the question is -why dont we and i think this speaks to a spectrum that goes from complete self absorption -to noticing to empathy and to -the simple fact is if we are focused on ourselves if were preoccupied as we so often are throughout the day -we dont really fully notice the other and this difference between the self and the other focus can be very subtle i was doing my -taxes the other day and i got to the point where i was listing all of the donations i gave and i had an epiphany it was -i came to my check to the seva foundation and i noticed that i thought boy my friend larry brilliant would really be happy that i gave money to seva then i realized that what i was getting from giving was a narcissistic hit -that i felt good about myself then i started to think about -the people in the himalayas whose cataracts would be helped and i realized that i went from this kind of narcissistic self focus to altruistic joy -president clinton last night and id like to do a little -to feeling good for the people that were being helped -i think thats a motivator but this -while back and i overheard two women talking about the brother of one woman who was in the singles scene -and this woman says my brother is having trouble getting dates so hes trying speed dating i dont know if you know speed dating women sit at tables -and men go from table to table and theres a clock and a bell and at five minutes bingo -the conversation ends and the woman can decide whether to give her card -or her email address to the man for follow up and this woman says my brothers never gotten a card and i know exactly why -if you will about compassion -the moment he sits down he starts talking non stop about himself he never asks about the woman and i was doing some -research in the -and bring it from the -the test was from the moment they got together how long it would take the guy to ask her a question with the word you in it and apparently epstein aced the test therefore the -this is a its a little test i encourage you to try out at a party here at ted there are great opportunities -the harvard business review recently had an article called the human moment about how to make real contact with a person at work and they said well the fundamental thing you have to do is turn off your blackberry close your laptop -global level to the personal im a psychologist but rest assured i will not bring it to the scrotal -your daydream and pay full attention to the person -there is a newly coined word in the english language -for the moment when the person were with whips out their blackberry or answers that cell phone and all of a sudden we dont exist -the word is pizzled its a combination of puzzled and pissed off -my brother in law leonard decided to write a book about a serial killer this is a man who terrorized the very vicinity were in many years ago he was known as the santa cruz strangler and before he was arrested he had murdered -his grandparents his mother and five co eds at uc santa cruz so my brother in law goes to interview this killer -and he realizes when he meets him that this guy is absolutely terrifying for one thing hes almost seven feet tall -but thats not the most terrifying thing about him the scariest thing is that his iq is one hundred and sixty a certified genius -but there is zero correlation between iq and emotional empathy feeling with the other person theyre controlled by different parts of the brain -one point my brother in law gets up the courage to ask the one question he really wants to know the answer to and that is -how could you have done it -pity for your victims these were very intimate murders he strangled his victims -if id felt the distress i could not have done it -to turn that part of me off -had to turn that part of me off and i think that -that is very troubling -and in a sense -right now as bill mcdonough has pointed out -the objects that we buy and use have hidden consequences were all unwitting victims of a collective blind spot we dont notice and dont notice that we dont notice the toxic molecules -emitted by a carpet or by the fabric on the seats or we dont know if that fabric -technological or -manufacturing nutrient it can be reused or does it just end up at landfill in other words were oblivious to the -ecological and public health and social and economic justice consequences of the things we buy and use -room itself is the elephant in the room but we dont see it and weve -become victims of a system that points us elsewhere -consider this theres a -wonderful book called stuff the hidden life -of everyday objects -and it talks about the back story of something like a t shirt and it talks about where the cotton was grown and the fertilizers that were used and the consequences for soil of that fertilizer -and it mentions for instance that cotton is very resistant to textile dye about sixty percent washes off into wastewater and its well known by epidemiologists that kids who live near textile works -divinity students at the princeton theological seminary -tend to have high rates of leukemia -theres a company bennett and company that supplies polo com -they because of their ceo whos aware of this in china formed a joint venture -with their dye works to make sure that they wastewater would be properly taken care of before it returned to the -right now we dont have the option to choose the virtuous t shirt over the non virtuous one -told that they were going to give a practice sermon and they were each given a sermon topic half of those students were given as a topic the parable of the good samaritan the man who stopped the stranger in -so what would it take to do that -well ive been thinking -for one thing theres a new electronic tagging -can track it back to the factory once you can track it back to the factory you can look at the manufacturing processes that were used to make it and -if its virtuous you can label it that way -or if its not so virtuous you can go into today go into -any store put your scanner on a palm onto a barcode which will take you to a website they have it for people with -in the world of -the question is will it make a difference -i did an article on what was then a new problem in new york it was homeless people on the streets -and i spent a couple of weeks going around with a social work agency that ministered to the homeless and i realized seeing the homeless through their eyes -that almost all of them were psychiatric patients that had nowhere to go they had a diagnosis it made me what it did was to shake me out of the urban trance where -when we see when were passing someone whos homeless in the periphery of our vision it stays on the periphery -we dont notice and therefore we -one day soon after that it was a friday -at the end of the day i went down i was going down to the subway it was rush hour and thousands of people were streaming down the stairs and all of a sudden as i was going down the stairs i noticed that there was a man -slumped to the side shirtless not moving -and people were just stepping over him hundreds and hundreds of people -and because my urban trance had been somehow weakened i -myself stopping to find out what was wrong the moment i stopped half a dozen other people immediately ringed the same guy and we found out that he was hispanic he didnt speak any english he had no money hed been wandering the streets for days -to help the stranger in need by the side of the road half were given random bible topics then one by one they were told they had to go to another building -and hes fainted from hunger immediately someone went to get orange juice someone brought a hotdog someone brought a subway cop this guy -as they went from the first building to the second each of them passed a man who was bent over and moaning clearly in -more interesting question is -and the marrow miner the way it works is shown here our standard see through patient instead of entering the bone dozens of times we enter just once into the front of the hip or the back of the -and we have a flexible powered catheter with a special wire loop tip that stays inside the crunchy part of the marrow and follows the contours of the hip as it moves around so it enables you to very rapidly aspirate or suck out rich bone marrow very quickly through one hole -we can do multiple passes through that same entry no robots required and so very quickly bob can just get one puncture local anesthesia and do this harvest as an outpatient -two passes here in the same patient from the same hole this was done under local anesthesia as an outpatient and we got again about three to six times more stem cells than the standard approach done on the same patient -so why should you care bone marrow is a very rich source of adult stem cells you all know about embryonic stem cells theyve got great potential but havent yet entered clinical trials -i am a pediatric cancer doctor and stem cell researcher at stanford university where my clinical focus has been bone marrow transplantation -it may encourage more people to sign up to be potential live saving bone marrow donors it may even enable you to bank your own marrow stem cells when youre younger and healthier to use in the future should you need it -and ultimately and heres a picture of our bone marrow transplant survivors who come together for a reunion each year at stanford hopefully this technology will let us have more of these survivors in the future thanks -now inspired by jill bolte taylor last year i didnt bring a human brain but i did bring a liter of bone marrow -so a few years ago im doing my transplant fellowship at stanford im in the operating room we have bob here who is a volunteer donor were sending his marrow across the country to save the life of a child -so actually how do we harvest this bone marrow well we have a whole o r team general anesthesia nurses and another doctor across from me bobs on the table and we take this sort of small needle you know not too big and the way we do this is we basically -the soft tissue and kind of punch it into the hard bone into the tuchus thats a technical term and aspirate about ten mls of bone marrow out each time with a syringe -and hand it off to the nurse she squirts it into a tin hands it back to me and we do that again and again about -two hundred times usually and by the end of this my arm is sore ive got a callus on my hand let alone bob whose -so im thinking you know this procedure hasnt changed in about forty years and there is probably a better way to do this so i thought of a minimally invasive approach and a new device that we call the marrow miner this is it -a -when you were an embryo we can now reprogram your skin cells -to actually act like a pluripotent embryonic stem cell and to utilize those potentially to treat multiple organs in that same patient making your own personalized stem cell lines and i think theyll be a new era of your own stem cell banking to have in the freezer your own cardiac cells myocytes and neural cells to use them in the future should you need them -and were integrating this now with a whole era of cellular engineering and integrating exponential technologies for essentially three d organ printing replacing the ink with cells and essentially building and reconstructing a three d organ thats where things are going to head still very early days but i think as integration of exponential technologies this is the example -so in close as you think about technology trends and how to impact health and medicine were entering an era of miniaturization decentralization and personalization and i think by pulling these things together if we can start to think about how to understand and leverage these were going to empower the patient enable the doctor enhance wellness and begin to cure the well before they get sick -because i know as a doctor if someone comes to me with stage i disease im thrilled we can often cure them but often its too late and its stage iii or iv cancer for example so by leveraging these technologies together i think well enter a new era that i like to call stage zero medicine and as a cancer doctor im looking forward to being out of a job -that we have in health care today ranging from the really exponential costs to the aging population the way we really dont use information very well today the fragmentation of care and often the very difficult course of adoption of innovation -and one of the major things we can do weve talked a bit about here today is moving the curve to the left we spend most of our money on the last twenty percent of life what if we could spend and incentivize positions in the health care system and our own self to move the curve to the left and improve our health leveraging technology as well now my favorite technology example of exponential technology we all have in our pocket -so if you think about it these are really dramatically improving i mean this is the iphone four imagine what the iphone eight will be able to do -now ive gained some insight into this ive been the track share for the medicine portion of a new institution called singularity university based in silicon valley and we bring together every summer about one hundred very talented students from around the world and we look at these exponential technologies from medicine biotech artificial intelligence robotics nanotechnology space -and address how can we cross train and leverage these to impact -major unmet goals we also have seven day executive programs and coming up next month is actually future med a program to help cross train and leverage technologies into medicine -so lets see now how exponential technologies are taking health care lets start with faster -well its no secret that computers through moores law are speeding up faster and faster we have the ability to do more powerful things with them theyre really approaching in many cases surpassing the ability of the human mind but where i think computational speed is most applicable is in that of imaging the ability now to look inside the body in real time with very high resolution -before not the way youre thinking we were actually introduced because we both knew linda avey one of the founders of the first online personal genomic companies and because we shared our genetic information with linda she could see that harriet and i shared a very rare type of mitochondrial dna haplotype k one a one b one a which meant that we were distantly related -and molecular diagnostics to find and to seek things at different levels -here youre going to see the very highest resolution mri scan done today reconstructed of marc hodosh the curator of tedmed and now we can see inside of the brain with a resolution and ability that was never before available -and essentially learn how to reconstruct and maybe even re engineer or backwards engineer the brain so we can better understand pathology disease and therapy we can look inside with real time fmri in the brain at real time -the scanners for these are getting small less expensive and more portable -and this sort of data explosion available from these is really almost becoming a challenge the scan of today takes up about eight hundred books or twenty gigabytes the scan in a couple of years will be one terabyte or eight hundred thousand books how do you leverage that information lets get personal i wont ask who heres had a colonoscopy but if youre over age fifty its time for your screening colonoscopy how would you like to avoid -the pointy end of the stick well now theres essentially a virtual colonoscopy -compare those two pictures and now as a radiologist you can essentially fly through your patients colon and augmenting that with artificial intelligence identify potentially as you see here a lesion oh we might have missed it but using a i on top of radiology we can find lesions that were missed before and maybe this will encourage people to get colonoscopies that wouldnt have otherwise -and this is an example of this paradigm shift were moving to this integration of biomedicine information technology wireless and i would say mobile now this era of digital medicine so even my stethoscope is now digital and of course theres an app -and merging this now with the advent of electronic medical records in the united states were still less than twenty percent electronic here in the netherlands i think its more than eighty percent but now that were switching to merging medical data making it available electronically we can crowd source that information and now as a physician i can access my patients data from wherever i am just through my mobile device -and now of course were in the era of the ipad even the ipad two and just last month the first fda approved application was approved to allow radiologists to do actual reading on these sorts of devices -using simple motion detection using hundred dollar devices -we can actually now visit our patients robotically this is the rp seven if im a hematologist visit another clinic visit a hospital -completely supplants the prior technology at a much lower price point with much more effectivity -now were also in the era today of quantified self consumers now can buy basically hundred dollar devices like this little fitbit i can measure my steps my caloric outtake i can get insight into that on a daily basis i can share that with my friends with my physician -theres watches coming out that will measure your heart rate the zeo sleep monitors a whole suite of tools that can enable you to leverage and have insight into your own health -and as we start to integrate this information were going to know better what to do with it and how better to have insight into our own pathologies health and wellness theres even mirrors today that can pick up your pulse rate and i would argue in the future well have wearable devices in our clothes monitoring ourselves twenty four seven -and just like we have the onstar system in cars your red light might go on it wont say check engine though its going to be check your body light and go in and get it taken care of -really possible even five years ago now this is being augmented with further layers of technology like augmented reality so the surgeon can see inside the patient through their lens where the tumor is where the blood vessels are -this can be integrated with decisions support a surgeon in new york can be helping a surgeon in amsterdam for example -and were entering an era of really truly scarless surgery called notes where the robotic endoscope can come out the stomach and pull out that gallbladder all in a scarless way and robotically and this is called notes and this is coming basically scarless surgery as mediated by robotic surgery -and they can control a curser or a wheelchair or eventually a robotic arm and these devices are getting smaller and going into more and more of these patients still in clinical trials but imagine when we can connect these -for example to the amazing bionic limb such as the deka arm built by dean kamen and colleagues which has seventeen degrees of motion and freedom and can allow the person whos lost a limb to have much higher levels of dexterity or control than theyve had in the past so were really entering the era of -and i think by leveraging these sorts of technologies were going to change the definition of disability to in some cases be superability or super enabling this is aimee mullins who lost her lower limbs as a young child and hugh herr whos a professor at mit who lost his limbs in a climbing accident and now both of these can climb better move faster swim differently with their prosthetics -than us normal abled persons -on the cardiac side pacemakers are getting smaller and much easier to place so you dont need to train an interventional cardiologist to place them and theyre going to be wirelessly telemetered again to your mobile devices so you can go places and be monitored remotely these are shrinking even further heres one thats in prototyping by medtronic thats smaller than a penny -artificial retinas the ability to put these arrays on the back of the eyeball and allow the blind to see again in early trials but moving into the future these are going to be game changing or for those of us who are sighted how about having the assisted living contact lens bluetooth wifi available beams back images to your eye now -if you have trouble maintaining your diet it might help to have some extra imagery to remind you how many calories -and this is really going to leverage technology to the rural and the under served and enable what used to be thousand dollar tests to be done -what id like to talk about today is understanding these exponential technologies we often think linearly but if you think about it if you have a lily pad -not something we usually think about in the era of medicine but hard disks used to be three thousand four hundred dollars for ten megabytes -and soon well have millions of these tests available and thats when it gets interesting when we start to crowdsource that information and we enter the era of true personalized medicine the right drug for the right person at the right time instead of what were doing today which is the same drug for everybody sort of blockbuster drug medications medications which dont work for you the individual -but if i take that same data upload it to decodeme i can look at my risk for sample type two diabetes im at almost twice the risk for type two diabetes i might want to watch how much dessert i have at the lunch break for example it might change my behavior -leveraging my knowledge of my pharmacogenomics how my genes modulate what my drugs do and what doses i need are going to become increasingly important and once in the hands of the individual and the patient will make better drug dosing and selection available -and it just divided every single day two four eight sixteen in fifteen days you have thirty two thousand what do you think you have in a month were at a billion -so again its not just genes its multiple details our habits our environmental exposure when was the last time your physician asked you where youve lived geomedicine where youve lived what youve been exposed to can dramatically affect your health we can capture that information so genomics proteomics the environment all this data streaming at us -individually and us as poor physicians how do we manage it well were now entering the era of systems medicine or systems biology where we can start to integrate all of this information -and by looking at the patterns for example in our blood of ten thousand biomarkers in a single test -we can start to look at these little patterns and detect disease at a much earlier stage this has been called by lee hood the father of the field p four medicine were going to be predictive were going to know what youre likely to have we can be preventative that prevention can be personalized and more importantly its going to become increasingly participatory -so ill finish up with exponentially better wed like to get therapies better and more effective now today we treat high blood pressure mostly with pills what if we take a new device and knock out the nerve vessels that help mediate blood pressure and in a single therapy to cure hypertension this is a new device that is essentially doing that it should be on the market within a year or two -so if we start to think exponentially we can see how this is starting to affect all the technologies around us and many of these technologies speaking as a physician and innovator we can really start to leverage to impact the future of our own health and of health care and to address many of the major challenges -and were entering the era of personalized oncology the ability to leverage all of this data together analyze the tumor and come up with a real specific cocktail for the individual patient -now ill close with regenerative medicine so ive studied a lot about stem cells embryonic stem cells are particularly powerful we also have adult stem cells throughout our body we use those in my field of bone marrow transplantation geron just last year started the first trial using human embryonic stem cells to treat spinal cord injuries still a phase i trial but evolving -weve been actually using adult stem cells now in clinical trials for about fifteen years to approach a whole range of topics particularly in cardiovascular disease we take our own bone marrow cells and treat a patient with a heart attack -we can see much improved heart function and actually better survival using our own bone marrow drive cells after a heart attack -i invented a device called the marrowminer a much less invasive way for harvesting bone marrow its now been fda approved and itll hopefully be on the market in the next year or so hopefully you can appreciate the device there curving through the patients body and removing the patients bone marrow instead of with two hundred punctures with just a single puncture under local anesthesia -in all its difficulties i would not have liked somebody to say this is the tablua rasa mister architect do whatever you want i think nothing good will come out of that i think architecture is about consensus and it is about the dirty word compromise compromise is not bad -two thousand and thirteen freedom tower the memorial and that is where i end i was inspired when i came here as an immigrant on a ship like millions of others looking at america from that point of view -you come to peace with the process that happened at ground zero and the loss of the original incredible design that you came up with -we have to cure ourselves of the notion that we are authoritarian that we can determine everything that happens we have to rely on others and shape the process in the best way possible -there it is the things that i really believe are are of important architecture these are the dimensions that i like to work with its something very personal its not perhaps the dimensions appreciated by art critics or architecture critics or city planners but i think these are the necessary -i came from the bronx i was taught not to be a loser not to be somebody who just gives up in a fight you have to fight for what you believe you dont always win everything you want to win -oxygen for us to live in buildings to live in cities to connect ourselves in a social space and i therefore believe that optimism is what drives architecture forward its the only profession -where you have to believe in the future you can be an general a politician an economist who is depressed a musician in a minor key a painter in dark colors but architecture is that -complete ecstasy that the future can be better and it is that belief that i think drives society and today we have a kind of evangelical pessimism all around us and yet it is in times like this -that i think architecture can thrive with big ideas ideas that are not small think of the great cities think of the empire state building the rockefeller center they were built in times -my favorite muse emily dickinson who said -not really the best of times in a certain way and yet that energy and power of architecture has driven an entire social and political space -that these buildings occupy so again i am a believer in the expressive i have never been a fan of the neutral i dont like neutrality in life in anything -i think expression and its like espresso coffee you know you take the essence of the coffee thats what expression is its been missing in much of the architecture because we think architecture is the realm of the -the realm of the kind of a state that has no opinion that has no value and yet i believe it is the expression expression of the city expression of our own space -is not knowledge neither is it ignorance its something which is suspended between what we believe we can be and a tradition we may have forgotten -that gives meaning to architecture and of course expressive spaces are not mute expressive spaces are not spaces that simply confirm what we already know -expressive spaces may disturb us and i think thats also part of life life is not just an anesthetic to make us smile but to reach out across the abyss of history to places we have never been and -would have perhaps been had we not been so lucky so again radical versus conservative radical what does it mean its something which is rooted -connection to the cosmic event that we are part of and a story that is certainly ongoing its not something that has a good ending or a bad ending its actually a story -in which our acts themselves are pushing the story in a particular way so again i am a believer in the radical architecture you know the soviet architecture of the that building is the conservation -its like the old las vegas used to be its about conserving emotions conserving the traditions that have obstructed the mind in moving forward and of course what is radical is to confront them and i think our architecture is a confrontation with our own -and i think when i listen to these incredible people here ive been so inspired so many incredible ideas so many visions and yet when i look at the environment outside -i think emotion is a dimension that is important to introduce into city space into city life and of course we are all about the struggle of emotions and i think that is what makes the world a wondrous place -and of course the confrontation of the cool the unemotional with emotion is a conversation that i think cities themselves have fostered i think that is the progress of cities its not only the forms of cities -but the fact that they incarnate emotions not just of those who build them but of those who live there as well inexplicable versus understood you know too often we want to understand everything but architecture is not -the language of words its a language but it is not a language that can be reduced to a series of programatic notes that we can -too many buildings that you see outside that are so banal tell you a story but the story is very short which says we have no story to tell you -is to introduce the actual architectural dimensions which might be totally inexplicable in words because they operate in proportions -in materials in light they connect themselves into various sources into a kind of complex vector matrix that -isnt really frontal but is really embedded in the lives and in the history of a city and of a people so again the notion that a building should just be explicit -i think is a false notion which has reduced architecture into banality hand versus the computer of course what would we be without computers -you see how resistant architecture is to change you see how resistant it is to those very ideas we can think them out we can create incredible things -our whole practice depends on computing but the computer should not just be the glove of the hand the hand should really be -driver of the computing power because i believe that the hand in all its primitive in all its physiological obscurity -a source though the source is unknown though we dont have to be mystical about it we realize that the hand has been given us by -forces that are beyond our own autonomy and i think when i draw drawings which may imitate the computer but are not computer drawings drawings that can come from sources -that are completely not known not normal not seen yet the hand and thats what i really to all of you who are working how can we make the computer -hand rather than the hand responding to the computer i think thats part of what the complexity of architecture is because -certainly we have gotten used to the propaganda that the simple is the good but i dont believe it listening to all of you the complexity of thought the complexity of layers of meaning is overwhelming and i think -shy away in architecture you know brain surgery atomic theory genetics economics are complex complex fields -and yet at the the end its so hard to change a wall we applaud the well mannered box but to create a space that never existed is what interests me to create something that has never been -and as wondrous as it is it can not be reduced to a kind of simplification that we have often come to be admired and yet -our lives are complex our emotions are complex our intellectual desires are complex so i do believe that architecture as i see it -needs to mirror that complexity in every single space that we have in every intimacy that we posses of course that means that architecture is political the political is not an enemy of architecture the is the city its all of us together -and ive always believed that the act of architecture even a private house when somebody else will see it is a political act because it will be visible to others and we live in a world which is connecting us more and more so -again the evasion of that sphere which has been so endemic to that that sort of pure architecture the autonomous architecture that is just an abstract object has never appealed to me and i do believe that this interaction with the history -with history that is often very difficult to grapple with it to create a position that is beyond our normal expectations -and to create a critique because architecture is also the asking of questions its not only the giving of answers its also just like life the asking of questions therefore it is important that it be real -we can simulate almost anything but the one thing that can be ever simulated is the human heart the human soul and architecture is so closely intertwined with it -its the real that we touch the door the window the threshold the bed such prosaic objects and yet i try in every building to take that virtual world which is so enigmatic and so rich and create something -in the real world create a space for an office a space of sustainability that really works between that virtuality and yet can be realized as something real -a space that we have never entered except in our minds and our spirits and i think thats really what architecture is based on architecture is not based on concrete and steel and the elements of the soil its based on wonder -you know its true the cathedrals as unexpected will always be unexpected you know frank gehrys buildings they will continue to be unexpected in the future so -not the habitual architecture that instills in us the false sort of stability but an architecture that is full of tension -an architecture that goes beyond itself to reach a human soul and a human heart and that breaks out of the shackles of habits -and of course habits are enforced by architecture when we see the same kind of architecture we become inured in that world of those angles of those lights of those materials we think the world -looks like our buildings and yet our buildings are pretty much limited by the techniques and wonders that have been part of them so again the unexpected which is also the raw and i often think of the raw and the refined what is raw the raw i would say -is the naked experience untouched by luxury untouched by expensive materials untouched by the kind of refinement that we associated with high culture so the rawness i think -in space the fact that sustainability can actually in the future translate into a raw space a space that isnt decorated a space that is not -mannered in any source but a space that might be cool in terms of its temperature might be refractive to our desires a space -doesnt always follow us like a dog that has been trained to follow us but moves ahead into directions of demonstrating other possibilities other experiences -that have never been part of the vocabulary of architecture and of course that juxtapostion is of great interest to me because it creates a kind of a spark of new energy -and so i do like something which is pointed not blunt something which is focused on reality something that -has the power through its leverage to transform even a very small space so architecture maybe is not so big like science but -and that wonder is really what has created the greatest cities the greatest spaces that we have had and i think that is indeed what architecture is it is a story -through its focal point it can leverage in an archemedian way what we think the world is really about and often it takes just a building to change our experience of what could be done what has been done how the world -has remained both inbetween stability and instability and of course buildings have their shapes those shapes are difficult to change and yet i do believe in every social space in every public space -there is a desire to communicate more than just that blunt thought that blunt technique but something that pinpoints and can point in various directions forward backward sideways and around so -that is indeed a memory so i believe that my main interest is to memory -without memory we would be amnesiacs we would not know which way we were going and why we are going where were going so ive been never interested in the forgettable -reuse rehashing of the same things over and over again which of course get accolades of critics critics like the performance to be repeated again and again the same way but i rather play something -again memory is the city memory is the world without the memory there would be no story to tell there would be nowhere to turn -the memorable i think is really our world what we think the world is and its not only our memory but those who remember us which means that architecture is not -by the way it is a story that is told through its hard materials but it is a story of effort and struggle -its an art of communication it tells a story the story can reach into obscure desires it can reach into sources that are not explicitly available it can reach into millenia that have been buried -and return them in a just and unexpected equity so again i think the notion that the best architecture is silent -architectural mission that i believe is important is to create spaces that are vibrant that are pluralistic that can transform the most prosaic activities -and raise them to a completely different expectation create a shopping center a swimming place that is more like a museum than like entertainment and these are our dreams and of course risk -i think architecture should be risky you know it costs a lot of money and so on but yes it should not play it safe it should not play it safe because if it plays it safe -its not moving us in a direction that we want to be and i think of course risk is what underlies the world world without risk would not be worth living -so yes i do believe that the risk we take in every building risks to create spaces that have never been cantilevered to that extent risks of spaces that have never been so -as they should be for a pioneering city risks that really move architecture even with all its flaws into a space which is much better that the ever again repeated hollowness -a ready made thing and of course that is finally what i believe architecture to be its about space its not about fashion its not about decoration its about creating with minimal means something which -be repeated can not be simulated in any other sphere and there of course is the space that we need to breathe is the space we need to dream -these are the spaces that are not just luxurious spaces for some of us but are important for everybody in this world so again -its not about the changing fashions changing theories its about carving out a space for trees its carving out a space where nature can enter the domestic world of a city -a space where something which has never seen a light of day can enter into the innerworkings of a density and i think that is really the nature of architecture now -i am a believer in democracy i dont like beautiful buildings built for totalitarian regimes where people can not speak can not vote can not do anything we too often admire those buildings -you think of how incredible this is that that was realized not by some abstract idea but by people so anything that has been made can be unmade anything that has been made can be made better -we think they are beautiful and yet when i think of the poverty of society which doesnt give freedom to its people i dont admire those buildings so democracy as difficult as it is -i believe in it and of course at ground zero what else its such a complex project its emotional there is so many interests its political -so many parties to this project there is so many interests theres money theres political power there are emotions of the victims and yet in all its messiness -the fish had shrunk to half of their size they were maturing at five centimeters they had been pushed genetically there were still fishes they were still kind of happy and the fish also were -my third little story is that i was an accomplice in the introduction of trawling in southeast asia -going to speak about a tiny little idea and this is about shifting baseline and because the idea can be explained in one minute i will tell you -and these pictures -this is a dead turtle they were not eaten they were thrown away because they were dead and one time we caught a live one it was not drowned yet and then they wanted to kill it because it was good to eat this mountain -the new level and we don -you have on the y axis some good thing biodiversity numbers of orca the greenness of your country the water supply -and over time it changes it changes because people do things or naturally every generation -will use the images that they got at the beginning of their conscious lives as a standard and will extrapolate forward and the difference then they perceive as a loss -but they dont perceive what happened before -over time we have a few fish left and we think this is the baseline and the question is why do -so you have a situation where people dont know -if you think of why people were so touched by it never mind the pocahontas story why so touched by the imagery because it evokes something -so what happens here the second story -i was there in seventy one studying a lagoon in west africa -i was there because i grew up in europe and i wanted later to work in africa -ten years ago you could not have found a single sober economist anywhere on planet earth who would have predicted the -this is the titanic battle between these two approaches this is the ali frazier of motivation right this is the thrilla in manila alright intrinsic motivators versus extrinsic motivators -autonomy mastery and purpose versus carrot and sticks and who wins intrinsic motivation autonomy mastery and purpose in a knockout let me wrap up -a mismatch between what science knows and what business does and here is what science knows -rewards those motivators we think are a natural part of business do work but only in a surprisingly narrow band of circumstances two -those if then rewards often destroy creativity three the secret to high performance isnt rewards and punishments -but that unseen intrinsic drive the drive to do things for their own sake the drive to do things cause they matter and heres the best part -heres the best part we already know this the science confirms what we know in our hearts so if we repair this mismatch between what science knows and what business does -and maybe maybe maybe we can change the world i rest -i give you a candle some thumbtacks and some matches and i say to you your job is to attach the candle to the wall so the wax -doesnt drip onto the table now what would you do now many people begin trying to thumbtack the candle to the wall doesnt work -to make a confession at the outset here a little over twenty years ago i did something that i regret something that im not -and eventually after five or ten minutes most people figure out the solution which you can see here the key to to overcome whats called functional -this shows the power of incentives heres what he did he gathered his participants and he said im going to time you how quickly you can solve this problem -to one group he said im going to time you to establish norms averages for how long it typically takes someone to solve this sort of problem to the second group he offered rewards he said if youre in the top -you get twenty dollars now this is several years ago adjusted for inflation its a decent sum of money for a few minutes of work its a nice motivator question how much faster did this group solve the problem -answer it took them on average three and a half minutes longer -three and a half minutes longer now this makes no sense right i mean im an american i believe in free markets thats not how its supposed to work right -if you want people to perform better you reward them right bonuses commissions their own reality show incentivize them thats how business -but thats not happening here youve got an incentive designed to sharpen thinking and accelerate creativity and it does just the opposite -it dulls thinking and blocks creativity and whats interesting about this experiment is that its not an aberration this has been replicated over -and over and over again for nearly forty years these contingent motivators if you do this then you get that -work in some circumstances but for a lot of tasks they actually either dont work or often they do harm -this is one of the most robust findings in social science and also one of the most ignored -i spent the last couple of years looking at the science of human motivation particularly the dynamics of extrinsic motivators and intrinsic motivators -and im telling you its not even close if you look at the science there is a mismatch between what science knows and what business does and -here is that our business operating system think of the set of assumptions and protocols beneath our businesses how we motivate people how we apply our human resources -its built entirely around these extrinsic motivators around carrots and sticks thats actually fine for many kinds of twentieth century tasks -but for twenty one st century tasks that mechanistic reward and punishment approach doesnt work often doesnt work and often does harm let me show you what -so glucksberg did another experiment similar to this where he presented the problem in a slightly different way like this up here -attach the candle to the wall so the wax doesnt drip onto the table same deal you were timing for norms you -late nineteen eighties in a moment of youthful indiscretion i went to law school -what happened this time -this time the incentivized group kicked the other -why because when the tacks are out of the box its pretty easy isnt it -if then rewards work really well for those sorts of tasks where there is a simple set of rules and a clear destination to go to -narrow focus where you just see the goal right there zoom straight ahead to it they work really well but for the real candle problem -you dont want to be looking like this the solution is not over here the solution is on the periphery you want to be looking around that reward actually narrows our focus and restricts our possibility let me tell you why this is so important -in western europe in many parts of asia in -north america in australia white collar workers are doing less of this kind of work and more of this kind of work that -now -rule based left brain work certain kinds of accounting certain kinds of financial analysis certain kinds of computer programing has become fairly easy to outsource fairly easy to automate -software can do it faster low cost providers around the world can do it cheaper so what really matters are the -more right brained creative conceptual kinds of abilities think about your own work think about your own work -are the problems that you face or even the problems weve been talking about here are those kinds of problems do they have a clear set of rules and a single solution -no the rules are mystifying the solution if it exists at all is surprising and not obvious -in america law is a professional degree you get your university degree then you go on to law school and when i got to law school -everybody in this room is dealing with their own version of the candle problem and for candle problems of -any kind in any field -those if then rewards the things around which weve built so many of our businesses -work now i mean it makes me crazy and this is not heres the thing this is not a feeling -okay im a lawyer i dont believe in feelings this is not a philosophy im an american i dont believe in philosophy -this is a -or as we say in my hometown of washington d c a true -let me -give you an example of what i mean let me marshal the evidence here because im not telling you a story im making a case ladies and gentlemen of the jury some evidence dan ariely one of the great -i didnt do very well to put it mildly i didnt do very well i in fact graduated in the part of my law school class that made the top ninety percent possible -them for performance three levels of rewards small reward medium reward large reward okay if you do really well you get the large reward on down what happened -as long as the task involved only mechanical skill bonuses worked as they would be expected the higher the pay the better the performance -but one the task called for even rudimentary cognitive skill a larger -then they said okay lets see if theres any cultural bias here lets go to madurai india and test this standard of living is lower in madurai a reward that is modest in north american standards is more -there same deal a bunch of games three levels of rewards what happens -the worst of all -in eight of the nine tasks we examined across three experiments higher incentives led to worse performance -no these are economists from mit from carnegie mellon from the university of chicago and do you know who sponsored this research the federal reserve -bank of the united states thats the american experience lets go -training ground for great economic thinkers like george soros and friedrich hayek and mick jagger last month -just last month economists at lse looked at fifty one studies of pay for performance plans inside of companies heres what the economists there said we find that financial incentives can result in a negative -impact on overall performance there is a mismatch between what science knows and what business does -and what worries me as we stand here in the rubble of the economic collapse is that too many organizations are making their decisions their policies about talent and people -thank you i never -based on assumptions that are outdated unexamined and rooted more in folklore than in science -and if we really want to get out of this economic mess and if we really want high performance on those definitional tasks of the twenty one st century the solution is not -to do more of the wrong things to entice people with a sweeter carrot or threaten them with a sharper stick -we need a whole new approach and the good news about all of this is that the scientists whove been studying motivation have given us this new approach -law a day in my life i pretty much wasnt allowed to -my mind that new operating system for our businesses revolves around three elements autonomy mastery and purpose -in the service of something larger than ourselves these are the building blocks of an entirely new operating system for our businesses i want to talk today only about autonomy -the twentieth century we came up with this idea of management management did not emanate from nature management is like its not a tree its a television set okay somebody invented -you dont see a lot of it but you see the first stirrings of something really interesting going on because what it means is paying people adequately and fairly absolutely -but today against my better judgement against the advice of my own wife i want to try to dust off some of those legal skills whats left of those legal skills -getting the issue of money off the table and then giving people lots of autonomy let me give you some examples how many of you have heard of the company -it looks like less than half -is an australian software company and they do something incredibly cool a few times a year they tell their engineers go for the next twenty four hours and work on anything you want -as long as its not part of your regular job work on anything you want so that engineers use this time to come up with a cool patch for code come up with an elegant hack -then they present all of the stuff that theyve developed to their teammates to the rest of the company in this wild and wooly all hands meeting -at the end of the day and then being australians everybody has a beer they call them fedex days -why -you have to deliver something overnight its pretty its not bad its a huge trademark violation but its pretty clever -that one day of intense autonomy has produced a whole array of software -they have autonomy over their time their task their team their technique okay radical amounts of autonomy and at google as many of you know -about half of the new products in a typical year are birthed during that twenty percent time things like gmail orkut google news let me give you an even more radical example of it something called the results only work environment -they show up when they want they dont have to be in the office at a certain time or any time they just have to get their work done -i dont want to tell you a story i want to make a case i want to make a hard headed evidence based dare i say lawyerly case for rethinking how we run our businesses -how they do it when they do it where they do it is totally up to them meetings in these kinds of environments -are optional what happens almost across the board -autonomy mastery and purpose these are the building blocks of a new way of doing things now some of you might look at this and say hmm that sounds nice but its utopian and i say -i -few years later another encyclopedia got started different model right do it for fun no one gets paid a cent or a euro or -technological innovation gunpowder cannon and pretty soon armor and castles were obsolete and it mattered less who you brought to the battlefield versus how many people you brought to the battlefield -and as armies grew in size -the nation state arose as a political and logistical requirement of defense and as leaders had to rely on more of their populace they began to share power representative government began to form so again the tools we use to resolve conflict shape our social landscape -autonomous robotic weapons are such a tool except that by requiring very few people to go to war they risk re centralizing power into very few hands possibly reversing a five century trend toward democracy -now i think knowing this we can take decisive steps to preserve our democratic institutions to do what humans do best which is adapt -but time is a factor seventy nations are developing remotely piloted combat drones of their own and as youll see remotely piloted combat drones are the precursors to autonomous robotic weapons -thats because once youve deployed remotely piloted drones there are three powerful factors pushing decision making away from humans and on to the weapon platform itself the first of these is the deluge of video that drones produce for example in two thousand and four -the u s drone fleet produced a grand total of seventy one hours of video surveillance for analysis -by two thousand and eleven this had gone up to three hundred thousand hours outstripping human ability to review it all but even that number is about to go up drastically -the pentagons gorgon stare and argus programs will put up to sixty five independently operated camera eyes on each drone platform and this would vastly outstrip human ability to review it and that means visual intelligence software will need to scan it for items of interest -autonomous combat drones now im not referring to predator and reaper drones which have a human making targeting decisions im talking about fully autonomous robotic weapons that make lethal decisions about human beings all on their own -and that means very soon drones will tell humans what to look at not the other way around -but theres a second powerful incentive pushing decision making away from humans and onto machines and thats electromagnetic jamming severing the connection between the drone and its operator -now we saw an example of this in two thousand and eleven when an american rq one hundred and seventy sentinel drone got a bit confused over iran due to a gps spoofing attack but any remotely piloted drone is susceptible to this type of attack -and that means drones will have to shoulder more decision making theyll know their mission objective -and theyll react to new circumstances without human guidance theyll ignore external radio signals and send very few of their own which brings us to really the third and most powerful incentive pushing decision making away from humans and onto weapons -plausible deniability now we live in a global economy -high tech manufacturing is occurring on most continents -cyber espionage is spiriting away advanced designs to parts unknown and in that environment it is very likely that a successful drone design will be knocked off in contract factories proliferate in the gray market -and in that situation sifting through the wreckage of a suicide drone attack it will be very difficult to say who sent that weapon -this raises the very real possibility of anonymous war -this could tilt the geopolitical balance on its head make it very difficult for a nation to turn its firepower against an attacker and that could shift the balance in the twenty first century away from defense and toward offense it could make military action a viable option not just for small nations -it could create a landscape of rival warlords undermining rule of law and civil society now if responsibility and transparency are two of the cornerstones of representative government autonomous robotic weapons could undermine both -but i think the truth is the exact opposite -i think citizens of high tech societies are more vulnerable to robotic weapons and the reason can be summed up in one word -theres actually a technical term for this lethal autonomy -data data powers high tech societies cell phone geolocation telecom metadata social media email text financial transaction data transportation data its a wealth of real time data -on the movements and social interactions of people in short we are more visible to machines than any people in history -and this perfectly suits the targeting needs of autonomous weapons -what youre looking at here is a link analysis map of a social group lines indicate social connectedness between individuals and these types of maps can be automatically generated based on the data trail modern people leave behind -now its typically used to market goods and services to targeted demographics but its a dual use technology -because targeting is used in another context notice that certain individuals are highlighted these are the hubs of social networks these are organizers opinion makers leaders -and these people also can be automatically identified from their communication patterns now if youre a marketer you might then target them with product samples try to spread your brand through their social group -but if youre a repressive government searching for political enemies you might instead remove them -eliminate them disrupt their social group and those who remain behind lose social cohesion and organization -now in a world of cheap proliferating robotic weapons borders would offer very little protection to critics of distant governments or trans national criminal organizations popular movements agitating for change -could be detected early and their leaders eliminated before their ideas achieve critical mass -and ideas achieving critical mass is what political activism in popular government is all about anonymous lethal weapons could make lethal action an easy choice for all sorts of competing interests -and this would put a chill on free speech and popular political action the very heart of democracy -and this is why we need an international treaty on robotic weapons and in particular a global ban on the development and deployment of killer robots now we already have -international treaties on nuclear and biological weapons and while imperfect these have largely worked but robotic weapons might be every bit as dangerous because they will almost certainly be used and they would also be corrosive to our democratic institutions -now in november two thousand and twelve the u s department of defense issued a directive requiring a human being be present in all lethal decisions this temporarily effectively banned autonomous weapons in the u s military -but that directive needs to be made permanent and it could set the stage for global action -because we need an international legal framework for robotic weapons and we need it now before theres a devastating attack -or a terrorist incident that causes nations of the world to rush to adopt these weapons before thinking through the consequences autonomous robotic weapons concentrate too much power in too few hands and they would imperil democracy itself -both of these machines are capable of automatically identifying a human target and firing on it the one on the left at a distance of over a kilometer -drones and vehicles while still protecting ourselves against illegal robotic weapons -i think the secret will be transparency -no robot should have an expectation of privacy in a public place -each robot and drone should have a cryptographically signed i d burned in at the factory that can be used to track its movement through public spaces we have license plates on cars tail numbers on aircraft this is no different -and every citizen should be able to download an app that shows the population of drones and autonomous vehicles moving through public spaces around them -both right now and historically and civic leaders should deploy sensors and civic drones to detect rogue drones and instead of sending killer drones of their own up to shoot them down -they should notify humans to their presence and in certain very high security areas perhaps civic drones would snare them and drag them off to a bomb disposal facility -but notice this is more an immune system than a weapons system it would allow us to avail ourselves of the use of autonomous vehicles and drones while still preserving our open civil society -now in both cases theres still a human in the loop to make that lethal firing decision but its not a technological requirement its a choice -we must ban the deployment and development of killer robots lets not succumb to the temptation to automate war -autocratic governments and criminal organizations undoubtedly will but lets not join them autonomous robotic weapons would concentrate too much power in too few unseen hands and that would be corrosive to representative government -and its that choice that i want to focus on because as we migrate lethal decision making from humans to software we risk not only taking the humanity out of war but also changing our social landscape entirely far from the battlefield -kept a notebook in which he noted down his observations of the world around him little details that other people seem to miss every time i read chekhov -and his unique vision of human life im reminded of why i too -or more precisely a high functioning autistic savant -and how different kinds of perceiving create different kinds of knowing and understanding -here are three questions drawn from my work rather than try to figure them out -im going to ask you to consider for a moment the intuitions and the gut instincts that are going through your head and your heart as you look at them -for example the calculation can you feel where on the number line the solution is likely to fall -or look at the foreign word and the sounds -can you get a sense of the range of meanings that its pointing you towards -and in terms of the line of poetry why does the poet use the word hare -im asking you to do this because -i believe our personal perceptions you see are at the heart of how we acquire knowledge -its a rare condition -aesthetic judgments rather than abstract reasoning -guide and shape the process by which we all come to know what we know im an extreme example of this -here are the numbers one to twelve as i see them every number with its own shape and character one is a flash of white light six is a tiny and very sad black hole -the sketches are in black and white here but in my mind they have colors -three is green four is blue five is yellow -i paint as well and here is one of my paintings its a multiplication of two prime numbers -three dimensional shapes -and the space they create in the middle -you cant get much bigger than pi the mathematical constant -its an infinite number -literally goes on forever -in this painting that i made of the first twenty decimals of pi -i take the colors -and the emotions and the textures -and i pull them all together -into a kind of rolling numerical landscape but its not only numbers that i see in colors words too for me have colors -and emotions and textures -and this is an opening phrase from the novel lolita -and nabokov was himself -very often when i meet someone and they learn this about me theres a certain kind of awkwardness -there is a procession of syllables -wheat one prairies two lost swede towns three one two three -and this effect is very pleasant on the mind -and it helps the sentence to feel right -lets go back to the questions i posed you a moment ago -sixty four multiplied by seventy five if some of you play chess youll know that sixty four is a square number -so that gives us a form that we can picture that we can perceive -what about seventy five -we think of one hundred as being like a square -i can see it in their eyes -seventy five would look like this -so what we need to do now -is put those two pictures together in our mind something like this -sixty four becomes six thousand four hundred -they want to ask me something -and in the end quite often the urge is stronger than they are -so let me narrow the choices down to two -is it a happy word -or a sad word -most people a majority of people say sad -and -it actually means -and they blurt it out -in my theory language evolves in such a way that sounds match correspond -with the subjective with the personal intuitive experience of the listener -lets have a look at the third question -its a line from a poem by john keats -words like numbers -express fundamental relationships -if i give you my date of birth can you tell me what day of the week i was born on -between objects and events and forces that constitute our world -it stands to reason that we existing in this world -should in the course of our lives absorb intuitively those relationships and poets like other artists play with those intuitive understandings -in the case of hare its an ambiguous sound in english it can also mean the fibers that grow from a head and if we think of that let me put the picture up -the fibers represent vulnerability -movement or motion or emotion so -what you have is an atmosphere -helps us to picture to feel intuitively what it means to limp and to tremble -so in these few minutes i hope ive been able to share a little bit of my vision of things and to show you that words -i hope that ive given you the desire to learn to see the world -with new eyes thank you -if i dont perform a kind of one man savant show for you today im going to talk instead about something far more interesting than dates of birth or cube roots -i want to talk to you briefly about perception -when he was writing the plays and the short stories that would make his name anton chekhov -maybe we dont all quite move the same way maybe theres variation in the population and maybe those who move better than others have got more chance of getting their children into the next generation -is a very noisy version so if i pick the same command through many times i will get a different noisy version each time because noise changes each time so what i can show you here is how the variability of the movement will evolve if i choose that way -if i choose a different way of moving on the right for example then ill have a different command different noise playing through a noisy system very complicated all we can be sure of is the variability will be different if i move in this particular way -i end up with a smaller variability across many movements so if i have to choose between those two i would choose the right one because its less variable and the fundamental idea is you want to plan your movements so as to minimize the negative consequence of the noise and one intuition to get is actually the amount of noise or variability i show here -rudimentary animal has a nervous system swims around in the ocean in its juvenile life -and this animal is often taken as an analogy to what happens at universities when professors get tenure but that -now if movement is so important how well are we doing understanding how the brain controls movement and the answer is were doing extremely poorly its a very hard problem but we can look at how well were doing by thinking about how well were doing building machines which can do what humans can do think about the game of chess -how well are we doing determining what piece to move where -and in neuroscience we have to deal with many difficult questions about the brain but i want to start with the easiest question and the question you really should have all asked yourselves at some point in your life because its a fundamental question if we want to understand brain function and that is why do we and other animals have -room it would win every time that problem is solved -but with vast computers we approximate and come close to the optimal solution when it comes to being dexterous its not even clear what the algorithm is you have to solve to be dexterous and well see you have to both perceive and act on the world which has a lot of problems -but let me show you cutting edge robotics now a lot of robotics is very impressive but manipulation robotics is really just in the dark ages so this is the end of a ph d project from one of the best robotics institutes and the student has trained this robot to pour this water into a glass its a hard problem because the water sloshes about but it can do it -but it doesnt do it with anything like the agility of a human now if you want this robot to do a different task thats another three year ph d program there is no -and this is her getting the world record in real time -and it sounds like an easy problem you send a command down it causes muscles to contract your arm or body moves and you get sensory feedback from vision from skin from muscles and so on -we use it in the engineering and neuroscience sense meaning a random noise corrupting a signal so the old days before digital radio when you were tuning in your radio and you heard -similarly when you put motor output on movement output its extremely noisy forget about trying to hit the bulls eye in darts just aim for the same spot over and over again you have a huge spread due to movement variability -and more than that the outside world or task is both ambiguous and variable the teapot could be full it could be empty it changes over time -so if youre lucky enough to be able to knock a small white ball into a hole several hundred yards away using a long metal stick our society will be willing to reward you with hundreds of millions of dollars -now what i want to convince you of is the brain also goes through a lot of effort to reduce the negative consequences of this sort of noise and variability and to do that im going to tell you about a framework which is very popular in statistics and machine learning of the last fifty years called bayesian decision theory -and the fundamental idea is you want to make inferences and then take actions so lets think about the inference -you want to generate beliefs about the world so what are beliefs beliefs could be where are my arms in space am i looking at a cat or a fox but were going to represent beliefs with probabilities -now you may reason that we have one to perceive the world or to think and thats completely wrong -so were going to represent a belief with a number between zero and one zero meaning i dont believe it at all one means im absolutely certain and numbers in between give you the gray levels of uncertainty -and the key idea to bayesian inference is you have two sources of information from which to make your -but theres another source of information and thats effectively prior knowledge you accumulate knowledge throughout your life in memories and the point about bayesian decision theory is it gives you the mathematics of the optimal way to combine your prior knowledge with your sensory evidence to generate new beliefs -if you think about this question for any length of time its blindingly obvious why we have a brain we have a brain for one reason and one reason only and thats to produce adaptable and complex movements there is no other reason to have a brain think about it -that information is available in the current shot but theres another source of information not available on the current shot but only available by repeated experience in the game of tennis and thats that the ball doesnt bounce with equal probability over the court during the match -we learn about statistics of the world and lay that down but we also learn about how noisy our own sensory apparatus is and then combine those in a real bayesian way -and i want to convince you the brain does make predictions of the sensory feedback its going to get and moreover it profoundly changes your perceptions by what you do and to do that ill tell you about how the brain deals with sensory input so you send a command out -you get sensory feedback back and that transformation is governed by the physics of your body and your sensory apparatus -but you can imagine looking inside the brain and heres inside the brain you might have a little predictor a neural simulator of the physics of your body and your senses -so as you send a movement command down you -movement is the only way you have of affecting the world around you now thats not quite true theres one other way and thats through sweating but apart from that everything else goes through contractions of muscles so think about communication -imagine as i shake the ketchup bottle someone very kindly comes up to me and taps it on the back for me -now i get an extra source of sensory information due to that external act -so i get two sources i get you tapping on it and i get me shaking it but from my senses point of view that is combined together into one source of information -so one way to reconstruct that -is to compare the prediction which is only based on your movement commands -with the reality any discrepancy should hopefully be external so as i go around the world im making predictions of what i should get subtracting them off -everything left over is external to me what evidence is there for this well theres one very clear example where a sensation generated by myself feels very different then if generated by another person and so we decided the most obvious place to start was with tickling -but it hasnt really been shown its because you have a neural simulator simulating your own body and subtracting off that sense so we can bring the experiments of the twenty first century by applying robotic technologies to this problem and in effect what we have is some sort of stick in one hand attached to a robot and theyre going to move that back and forward -and then were going to track that with a computer and use it to control another robot which is going to tickle their palm with another -so the important point here is the right hand always does the same things sinusoidal movement the left hand always is the same and puts sinusoidal tickle all were playing with is a tempo causality and as we go from naught to zero point one second it becomes more ticklish -now i have to admit these are the worst studies my lab has ever run -and one thing you notice about children in backseats of cars on long journeys they get into fights which started with one of them doing something to the other the other retaliating it quickly escalates and children tend to get into fights which escalate in terms of force -now when i screamed at my children to stop sometimes they would both say to me the other person hit them harder -and we hypothesize based on the tickling study that when one child hits another they generate the movement command they predict the sensory consequences and subtract it off so they actually think theyve hit the person less hard than they have rather like the tickling whereas the passive recipient doesnt make the prediction -we dont work with children we dont work with hitting but the concept is identical we bring in two adults we tell them theyre going to play a game and so heres player one and player two sitting opposite to each other and the game is very simple we started with a motor -and what weve measured is the force as a function of terms and if we look at what we start with a quarter of a newton there a number of turns perfect would be that red line and what we see in all pairs of subjects is this -a seventy percent escalation in force on each go -or perceiving the color of a rose if it doesnt affect the way youre going to move later in life now for those who dont believe this argument we have trees and grass on our planet without the brain but the clinching evidence is this animal here the humble sea squirt -so i have a huge amount of choice to make now it turns out we are extremely stereotypical we all move the same way pretty much -and so it turns out were so stereotypical our brains have got dedicated neural circuitry to decode this stereotyping so if i take some dots and set them in motion with biological motion your brains circuitry would understand instantly whats going on -now this is a bunch of dots moving you will know what this person is doing whether happy sad old young a huge amount of information if these dots were cars going on a racing circuit you would have absolutely no idea whats going on so why is it that we move the particular ways we do -but they do the job and in fact i know im very confident that they do the job because they come from a line of hundreds of thousands of programs that did the job in fact their life depended on doing the job -i was riding in a seven hundred and forty seven with marvin minsky once and he pulls out this card and says oh look look at this it says this plane has hundreds of thousands of tiny parts working together to make you a safe flight doesnt that make you feel confident -were now using those programs to make much faster computers so that well be able to run this process much faster so its feeding back on itself -and this is whatever measure of the technology that im trying to -the graphs look sort of silly they sort of go like this -and they dont tell us much now -if i graph for instance some other technology say transportation technology on a semi log curve it would look very stupid it would look like a flat line but when something like this happens things are qualitatively changing so if transportation technology was moving along as fast as microprocessor technology -i usually take the role of trying to explain to people how wonderful the new technologies that are coming along are going to be and i thought that since i was among friends here -like this until something totally different comes along -and so what im trying to ask what ive been asking myself is whats this new way that the world is whats that new state that the world is heading toward because the transition seems very very confusing when were right in the middle of -now when i was a kid growing up -i would tell you what i really think and try to look back and try to understand what is really going on here with these -now thats sort of just a very simple chemical form of life but when things got interesting -was when these drops learned a trick about abstraction -somehow by ways that we dont quite understand these little drops learned to write down information they learned to record the information that was the recipe of the cell -in fact one of the things that i did just for amusement purposes is we can now write things in this code -and ive got here a little -so what was the next step writing down the dna was an interesting step -and that caused these cells that kept them happy for another billion years but then there was another really interesting step where things became completely different which is these cells started exchanging and communicating information so that they began to get communities of cells i dont know if you know this but bacteria can actually exchange dna -now what this communication allowed was communities to form that in some sense were in the same boat together they were synergistic -this is just a random slide that i picked out of my file -so they survived or they failed together which means that if a community was very successful all the individuals in that community were repeated more and they were favored by evolution now the transition -point happened when these communities got so close that in fact they got together and decided to write down the whole recipe for the community together on one string of dna and so the next stage thats interesting in life took about another billion years -and at that stage we have multi cellular communities communities of lots of different types of cells working together as a single organism -now the next step that happened is within these communities these communities of cells again began to abstract information and they began building very special structures that did nothing but process information within the community -but were taking something very complicated turning it into sound sequences of sounds and producing something very complicated in your brain -so -this allows us now to begin to start functioning as a single organism -and it all connects us together -so what we do is we put inside the machine a process of evolution that takes place on the microsecond time scale so for example in the most extreme cases we can actually evolve a program by starting out with random sequences of instructions -to have a research project that will last for five years where were really going to try to build a model of cancer like this were doing it in mice first -a healthy restaurant and a sick restaurant -where we can understand when cancer happens whats actually happening in there and which treatment will treat that cancer so let me just end with giving you a little picture of what i think cancer treatment will be like in the future -so i think eventually once we have one of these models for people -for your particular cancer -and this also will be for als or any kind of system neurodegenerative diseases things like that -we will simulate specifically you not just a generic person but whats actually going on inside you -give them a little chemotherapy maybe a little radiation of course well do surgery sometimes and so on but -design a program of treatments specifically for you and help your body guide back to health guide your body back to health -and so i believe that this will be the way that cancer will be treated in the future its going to require a lot of work a lot of research there will be many teams like our team that work on this but i think eventually -and there probably are special cases of that you could certainly tell the difference between a chinese restaurant and a french restaurant by what they had in a larder so the list of ingredients does tell you something and sometimes it tells you something thats wrong -if they have tons of salt you might guess theyre using too much salt or something like that but its limited because really to know if its a healthy restaurant you need to taste the food you need to know what goes on in the kitchen you need the product of all of those ingredients -so if i look at a person and i look at a persons genome -its the same thing the part of the genome that we can read is the list of ingredients -admit that im a little bit nervous here because im going to say some radical things about how we should think about cancer differently to an audience that contains a lot of people who know a lot more about cancer than i do but i will also contest that im not as nervous as i should be because im pretty sure im right about this -and so indeed there are times when we can find ingredients that are bad cystic fibrosis is an example of a disease where you just have a bad ingredient and you have a disease and we can actually make a direct correspondence between the ingredient and the disease -but most things you really have to know whats going on in the kitchen because mostly sick people used to be healthy people they have the same genome -so the genome really tells you much more about predisposition so what you can tell is you can tell the difference between an asian person and a european person by looking at their ingredients list but you really for the most part cant tell the difference between a healthy person and a sick person except in some of these special cases so -so mendel had this idea of a gene as an abstract thing -and darwin built a whole theory that depended on them existing -and then watson and crick actually looked and found one so this happens in physics all the time you predict a black hole and you look out the telescope and there it is just like you said but it rarely happens in biology so this great triumph its so good theres almost a religious experience in biology -your genome in your kitchen with a few extra ingredients -so for instance by measuring the genome weve learned a lot about how were related to other kinds of animals -by the closeness of our genome -just like genome mixes the study of all the genes proteomics is the study of all the proteins and the proteins are all of the little things in your body that are signaling between the cells actually the machines that are operating thats where the action is basically a human body -when youre sick somethings gone wrong with that conversation -and it takes a long long time and it matters how much of the protein it is it could be very significant that a protein changed by ten percent so its not a nice digital thing -in order to talk about cancer im going to actually have to -people have tried very hard to do this i tried this a couple of times and looked at this problem and gave up on it i kept getting this call from this oncologist named david agus -and applied minds gets a lot of calls from people who want help with their problems and -i didnt think this was a very likely one to call back so i kept on giving him to the delay list and then one day i get a call from john doerr bill berkman and al gore on the same day saying -return david aguss phone call -and he took me through specific -and as we did it we realized this was the basic problem that taking the sip of coffee that there were humans doing this complicated process and that what really needed to be done was to automate this process like an assembly line -first im going to try to give you a different perspective of genomics i want to put it in perspective of the bigger picture of all the other things that are going on and then talk about something you havent heard so much about which is proteomics having explained those that will set up for -and build robots that would measure proteomics and so we did that and working with david we made a little company called applied proteomics eventually which makes this robotic assembly line which in a very consistent way measures the protein and ill show you what that protein measurement looks like -basically what we do is we take a drop of blood out of a patient -and we arrange them in an image and so we can look at literally hundreds -is actually the thing that got me really thrilled about this and made me feel like we were on the right track -so if i zoom into that picture i can just show you what it means we sort out the proteins from left to right is the weight -as a different chemical so were actually measuring each isotope as a different one -and so that gives you an idea of how exquisitely sensitive this is so seeing this picture is sort of like getting to be galileo and looking at the stars and looking through the telescope for the first time and suddenly you say wow its way more complicated than we thought it was but we can see that stuff out there -and actually see features of it -so this is the signature out of which were trying to get patterns so what we do with this -and so we can make these measurements precisely enough that we can overlay two patients -the condition -that allows them to respond to this drug we might not even know what this protein is but we can see its a marker for the response to the disease so -so let me start with genomics it is the hot topic it is the place where were learning the most this is the great frontier but it has its limitations and in particular youve probably all heard the analogy that the genome is like the blueprint of your body -this already i think is tremendously useful in all kinds of medicine -but i think this is actually just the beginning of how were going to treat cancer so let me move to cancer -were treating it as something that got inside of you that we have to kill -so this is the great paradigm this is another case where a theoretical paradigm in biology really worked was the germ theory of disease so what doctors are mostly trained to do is diagnose that is put you into a category -and apply a scientifically proven treatment for that diagnosis and that works great for infectious diseases -so if we put you in the category of youve got syphilis we can give you penicillin -but now lets apply that to systems diseases like cancer -the problem is that in cancer there isnt something else thats inside of you its you youre broken that conversation inside of you got mixed up in some way so how do we diagnose that conversation well right now what we do is we divide it by part of the body -what actually went wrong and of course it really doesnt have that much to do with what went wrong because cancer is a failure of the system and in fact i think were even wrong when we talk about cancer as a thing -i think this is the big mistake i think cancer should not be a noun we should talk about cancering -imagine we didnt know anything about plumbing -we might divide it the plumber would say well wheres the water well its in the kitchen oh you must have kitchen water -but im saying thats not really the problem thats the symptom of the problem what we really need to get at is the process thats going on and thats happening at the level of the proteonomic actions happening at the level of why is your body not healing itself in the way that it normally does -of whats actually going on and proteomics actually gives us -the ability to build a model like that david got me invited to give a talk at national cancer institute and anna barker was there -because nobody within cancer would look at it this way but what were going to do is were going to create a program for people outside the field of cancer to get together with doctors who really know about cancer -were fundamentally from each according -to their ability to each according to their need -and so if you had some extra bandwidth youd deliver a message for someone if they had some extra bandwidth they would deliver a message for you youd kind of depend on people to do that and that was -it obviously worked really well and we all saw what happened with the internet it was incredibly successful -my rough calculation is it would be about twenty five miles -published to everyone so the fact is that theres a lot of bad guys on the internet these days -and so we dealt with that by making -because pakistan made some mistakes in how it was censoring youtube in its internal network they didnt intend to screw up asia -but they did because of the way that the protocols work -another example that may have affected many of you in this audience is you may remember a couple of years ago all the planes west of the mississippi were grounded -because a single routing card in salt lake city -but the fact is that people couldnt take off because something was going wrong on the internet and the router card was down and so there are many of those things that start to happen now there was an interesting thing that happened last april all of a sudden -a lot of the traffic between u s military installations started getting re routed through china -so for a few hours it all passed through china now china telecom says it was just an honest mistake -theres actually only about twenty people on each page -imagine how vulnerable the system is to -deliberate attacks -so if somebody really wanted to attack the united states or western civilization these days theyre not going to do it with tanks -because we have the name address and telephone number of every single person -it didnt think of itself as being on the internet it thought of itself as being disconnected from the internet but it was possible for somebody to smuggle a usb drive in there or something like that and software got in there that causes the centrifuges in that case to actually destroy themselves -now that same kind of software could destroy an oil refinery or a pharmaceutical factory or a semiconductor plant -and so theres a lot of im sure youve read a lot in papers about worries about cyber attacks and defenses against those -but the fact is people are mostly focused on defending the computers on the internet and theres been surprisingly little attention to defending the internet itself as a communications medium -and in fact everybodys listed twice because its sorted once by name and once by email address -there were actually times there was a particular time it failed completely -because one single message processor actually got a bug in it -because of a broken card decided it could actually get a message to some place in negative time -so in other words it claimed it could deliver a message before you sent it -the interesting thing was though that the sysadmins were able to fix it but -obviously a very small community there were only two other dannys on the internet then i knew them both -they had to basically turn every single thing on the internet off -for more and more different things like -when you take off from lax youre really not thinking youre using the internet when you pump gas you really dont think youre using the internet whats happening increasingly though is these systems are beginning to use the internet most of them arent based on the internet yet but theyre starting to use the internet for service functions for administrative functions -and so if you take something like the cell phone system which is still relatively independent of the internet -for the most part internet pieces are beginning to sneak into it -in terms of some of the control -and administrative functions and its so tempting to use these same building blocks because they work so well theyre cheap theyre repeated and so on so all of our systems more and more -and in fact nobody really exactly understands all the things its being used for right now its turning into one of these big emergent systems like the financial system where weve designed all the parts but nobody really exactly understands -how it operates and all the little details of it and what kinds of emergent behaviors it can have -treat the comments of an economist about the economy or a weatherman about the weather or something like that they have an informed opinion but its changing so quickly that even the experts dont know exactly whats going on -so if you see one of these maps of the internet its just somebodys guess nobody really knows what the internet is right now because its different than it was an hour ago its constantly changing its constantly reconfiguring -and the problem with it is i think we are -and so right now i think its literally true -that we dont know what the consequences of an effective denial of service attack -on the internet would be and whatever it would be is going to be worse next year and worse next year and so on but so what we need is a plan b there is no plan b right now theres no clear backup system that weve very carefully kept to be independent of the internet made out of completely different sets of -building blocks so what we need is something that doesnt necessarily have to have the performance of the internet but the police department has to be able to call up the fire department even without the internet or the hospitals have to order fuel oil this doesnt need to be a multi billion dollar government project -we could depend on each other to do things so just to give you an idea of the level of trust in this community let me tell you what it was like to -its actually relatively simple to do technically because it can use existing fibers that are in the ground existing wireless infrastructure its basically a matter of deciding to do it -we could get focused on just wanting this other system to exist -and i think if enough people say yeah i would like to use it id like to have such a system then it will get built its not that hard a problem it could definitely be done by people in this room -register a domain name in the early days now it just so happened that i got to register the third domain name on the internet -but then i thought you know theres a lot of really interesting names out there maybe i should register a few extras just in case and then i thought nah that wouldnt be very nice -so what we are asking in the lab is how can we leverage that power now i want to step back a bit -the issue is we need to put the two together and its a little bit like with food who really wants to eat chocolate covered broccoli -and were working on it but it takes brain scientists to come and to get together people that work in the entertainment software industry and publishers so these are not people that usually meet every day but its actually doable and we are on the right track id like to leave you with that thought and thank you for your attention -im not going to tell you that playing video games days in and days out is actually good for your health its not and binging is never good but im going to argue that in reasonable doses actually the very game i showed you at the beginning those action packed shooter games -brain scientist and as a brain scientist im actually interested in how the brain learns -have quite -powerful effects and positive effects on many different aspects of our behavior -id like to put this kind of friday night bar discussion aside and get you to actually step into the lab what we do in the lab is actually measure directly in a quantitative fashion what is the impact of video games on the brain -and so im going to take a few examples from our work one first saying that im sure you all have heard is the fact that too much screen time makes your eyesight worse -thats a statement about vision there may be vision scientists among you -and im especially interested in a possibility of making our brains smarter better and faster -we actually know how to test that statement we can step into the lab and measure how good your vision -the issue is what happens with these guys that actually indulge into playing video games like five hours per week ten hours per week fifteen hours per week by that statement their vision should be really bad right -the other way that they are better is actually being able to resolve different levels of gray imagine youre driving in a fog -that makes a difference between seeing the car in front of you and avoiding the accident or getting into an accident -so were actually leveraging that work to develop games for patients with low vision and to have an impact on retraining their brain to see better -this is in this context im going to tell you about video games when we say video games most of you think about children its true ninety percent of children do play video games -clearly when it comes to action video games screen time doesnt make your eyesight worse -another saying that im sure you have all heard around video games lead to attention problems and greater distractability okay -we know how to measure attention in the lab im actually going to give you an example of how we do so im going to ask you to participate so youre going to have to actually play the game with me im going to show you colored words i want you to shout out the color of the -right so this is the first example -how good your attention is determines actually how fast you resolve that conflict so the young guys here at the top of their game probably like did a little better than some of us that are older what we can show is that when you do this kind of task with people that play a lot of action games they actually resolve the conflict faster -so clearly playing those action games doesnt lead to attention problems actually those action video game players have many other advantages in terms of attention and one aspect of attention which is also improved for the better is our ability to track objects around in the world -this is something we use all the time when youre driving -but lets be frank when the kids are in bed -youre going to see yellow happy faces and a few sad blue faces these are children in the schoolyard in geneva during a recess during the winter -most kids are happy its actually recess but a few kids are sad and blue because theyve forgotten their coat everybody begins to move around and your task is to keep track of who had a coat at the beginning and who didnt -what is shown in this video here thats for you guys action video game players a bit more challenging right -the average age of a gamer is thirty three years old not eight years old and in fact if we look at the projected demographics of video game play the video game players of tomorrow are -so one part is the parietal cortex which is very well known to control the orientation of attention the other one is the frontal lobe which controls how we sustain attention -and another one is the anterior cingulate which controls how we allocate and regulate attention and resolve conflict -now when we do brain imaging we find that all three of these networks are actually much more efficient in people that play action games -this actually leads me to a rather counterintuitive finding in the literature about technology and the brain you all know about multitasking you all have been faulty of multitasking when youre driving and you pick up your cellphone -now we can measure that kind of skills in the lab we obviously dont ask people to drive around and see how many car accidents they have that would be a little costly proposition but we design tasks on the computer where we can measure to millisecond accuracy how good they are at switching from one task to another -when we do that we actually find that people that play a lot of action games are really really good they switch really fast very swiftly they pay a very small cost -the first one is that not all media are created equal -you cant compare the effect of multimedia tasking and the effect of playing action games they have totally different effects on different aspects of cognition perception and attention -the other lesson is that general wisdom carries no weight -i showed that to you already like we looked at the fact that despite a lot of screen time those action gamers have a lot of very good vision etc -here what was really striking is that these undergraduates that actually report engaging in a lot of high multimedia tasking are convinced they aced the test -so you show them their data you show them they are bad and theyre like not possible you know they have this sort of gut feeling that really they are doing really really good thats another argument for why we need to step into the lab and really measure the impact of technology on the brain -now in a sense when we think about the effect of video games on the brain its very similar to the effect of wine on the health -so its the same way like those action video games have a number of ingredients that are actually really -powerful for brain plasticity learning attention vision etc and so we need and were working on understanding what are those active ingredients so that we can really then leverage them to deliver better games either for education or for rehabilitation of patients -after one month of release of the game call of duty black ops it had been played for sixty eight thousand years worldwide right -so thats really the crux of the research and to do that we need to go one more step and one more step is to do training studies -task which is called mental rotation -and im going to present to you four different shapes one of these four different shapes is actually a rotated version of this shape i want you to tell me which one the first one second one third one or fourth -we then force them to play ten hours of action games -so this is work from a colleague in toronto what they showed is that initially -you know subjects perform where they are expected to perform given their age -would any of you complain if this was the case about doing linear algebra -the mastery based population was a full standard deviation or sigma in achievement scores better than the standard lecture based class -and the individual tutoring gives you two sigma improvement in performance to understand what that means lets look at the lecture based classroom and lets pick the median performance as a threshold so in a lecture based class half the students are above that level and half are below -in the individual tutoring instruction ninety eight percent of the students are going to be above that threshold -imagine if we could teach so that ninety eight percent of our students would be above average -hence the two sigma problem because we cannot afford as a society to provide every student with an individual human tutor -and even personalization is something that were starting to see the beginnings of whether its via the personalized trajectory through the curriculum or some of the personalized feedback that weve shown you so the goal here is to try and push and see how far we can get towards the green curve -so if this is so great are universities now obsolete well mark twain certainly thought so he said that college is a place where a professors lecture notes go straight to the students lecture notes without passing through the brains of -and maybe we should spend less time at universities filling our students minds with content by lecturing at them and more time igniting their creativity their imagination and their problem solving skills by actually talking with them so how do we do that -we do that by doing active learning in the classroom -so theres been many studies including this one that show that if you use active learning interacting with your students in the classroom -performance improves on every single metric on attendance on engagement and on learning as measured by a standardized test you can see for example that the achievement score almost doubles in this particular experiment so maybe this is how we should spend our time at universities -so to summarize if we could offer a top quality education to everyone around the world for free what would that do three things -first it would establish education as a fundamental human right where anyone around the world with the ability and the motivation could get the skills that they need to make a better life for themselves their families and their communities -and finally this would enable a wave of innovation -because amazing talent can be found anywhere maybe the next albert einstein or the next steve jobs is living somewhere in a remote village in africa and if we could offer that person an education they would be able to come up with the next big idea and make the world a better place for all of us thank you very much -finally even for those who do manage to get the higher education the doors of opportunity might not open only a little over half of recent college graduates in the united states who get a higher education actually are working in jobs that require that education -this of course is not true for the students who graduate from the top institutions but for many others they do not get the value for their time -when what is suddenly possible meets what is desperately necessary ive talked about whats desperately necessary lets talk about whats suddenly possible whats suddenly possible was demonstrated by three big stanford classes each of which had an enrollment of one hundred thousand people -so to understand this lets look at one of those classes the machine learning class offered by my colleague and cofounder andrew ng -andrew teaches one of the bigger stanford classes its a machine learning class and it has four hundred people enrolled every time its offered when andrew taught the machine learning class to the general public it had one hundred thousand people registered -so to put that number in perspective for andrew to reach that same size audience by teaching a stanford class he would have to do that for two hundred and fifty years -of course hed get really bored so -having seen the impact of this andrew and i decided that we needed to really try and scale this up to bring the best quality education to as many people as we could so we formed coursera whose goal is to take the best -courses from the best instructors at the best universities and provide it to everyone around the world for free we currently have forty three courses on the platform from four universities across a range of disciplines and let me show you a little bit of an overview of what that looks like -so it was taken for granted that i attend some of the best universities which in turn opened the door to a world of opportunity -far have been submitted and fourteen million videos have been viewed -but its not just about the numbers its also about the people whether its akash who comes from a small town in india and would never have access in this case to a stanford quality course and would never be able to afford it -so what made these courses so different after all online course content has been available for a while -what made it different was that this was real course experience it started on a given day and then the students would watch videos on a weekly basis and do homework assignments and these would be real homework assignments for a real grade with a real deadline -unfortunately most of the people in the world are not so lucky -at the end of the course the students got a certificate -they could present that certificate to a prospective employer and get a better job and we know many students who did some students took their certificate and presented this to an educational institution at which they were enrolled for actual college credit so these students were really getting something meaningful for their investment of time and effort -lets talk a little bit about some of the components that go into these courses -the first component is that when you move away from the constraints of a physical classroom and design content explicitly for an online format you can break away from for example the monolithic one hour lecture -in some parts of the world for example south africa education is just not readily accessible in south africa the educational system was constructed in the days of apartheid for the white minority and as a consequence today there is just not enough spots for the many more people who want and deserve a high quality education that -you can break up the material for example into these short modular units of eight to twelve minutes each of which represents a coherent concept -their skills or their interests so for example some students might benefit from a little bit of preparatory material that other students might already have other students might be interested in a particular enrichment topic that they want to pursue individually -so this format allows us to break away from the one size fits all model of education and allows students to follow a much more personalized curriculum -of course we all know as educators that students dont learn by sitting and passively watching videos perhaps one of the biggest components of this effort is that we need to have students who practice with the material -weve tried to build in retrieval practice into the platform as well as other forms of practice in many ways for example even our videos are not just videos every few minutes the video pauses and the students get asked a question -theres an optional explanation if they want and now the video moves on to the next part of the lecture this is a kind of simple question that i as an instructor might ask in class but when i ask that kind of a question in class eighty percent of the students are still scribbling the last thing i said fifteen -percent are zoned out on facebook and then theres the smarty pants in the front row who blurts out the answer before anyone else has had a chance to think about it and i as the instructor am terribly gratified that somebody actually knew the answer and so the lecture moves on before really most of the students have even noticed that a question had been asked -here every single student has to engage with the material -the answer is you need to use technology to do it for you -now fortunately technology has come a long way and we can now grade a range of interesting types of homework -in addition to multiple choice and the kinds of short answer questions that you saw in the video we can also grade math mathematical expressions as well as mathematical derivations we can grade models whether its financial models in a business class or physical models in a science or engineering class -and we can grade some pretty sophisticated programming assignments let me show you one thats actually pretty simple but fairly visual this is from stanfords computer science one hundred and one class and the students are supposed to color correct that blurry red image -theyre typing their program into the browser and you can see they didnt get it quite right lady liberty is still seasick -and so the student tries again and now they got it right and theyre told that and they can move on to the next assignment -this ability to interact actively with the material and be told when youre right or wrong is really essential to student learning -now of course we cannot yet grade the range of work that one needs for all courses specifically whats lacking is the kind of critical thinking work that is so essential in such disciplines as the humanities the social sciences business and others -there were a handful of positions left open from the standard admissions process and the night before they were supposed to open that for registration thousands of people lined up outside the gate in a line a mile long hoping to be first in line to get one of those positions -so we tried to convince for example some of our humanities faculty that multiple choice was not such a bad strategy that didnt go over really well -so we had to come up with a different solution and the solution we ended up using is peer grading it turns out that previous studies show like this one by saddler and good that peer grading is a surprisingly effective strategy for providing reproducible grades -it was tried only in small classes but there it showed for example that these student assigned grades on the y axis are actually very well correlated with the teacher assigned grade on the x axis -whats even more surprising is that self grades where the students grade their own work critically so long as you incentivize them properly so they cant give themselves a perfect score -are actually even better correlated with the teacher grades and so this is an effective strategy that can be used for grading at scale and is also a useful learning strategy for the students because they actually learn from the experience -so we now have the largest peer grading pipeline ever devised where tens of thousands of students are grading each others work and quite successfully i have to say -but this is not just about students sitting alone in their living room working through problems -around each one of our courses a community of students had formed a global community of people around a shared intellectual endeavor what you see here is a self generated map from students in our princeton sociology one hundred and one course where they have put themselves on a world map and you can really see the global reach of this kind of effort -students collaborated in these courses in a variety of different ways -first of all there was a question and answer forum where students would pose questions and other students would answer those questions -which is not a level of service i have ever offered to my stanford students -when the gates opened there was a stampede and twenty people were injured and one woman died she was a mother who gave her life trying to get her son a chance at a better life -students also self assembled without any kind of intervention from us into small study groups -some of these were physical study groups along geographical constraints and met on a weekly basis to work through problem sets this is the san francisco study group but there were ones all over the world -others were virtual study groups sometimes along language lines or along cultural lines and on the bottom left there you see our multicultural universal study group where people explicitly wanted to connect with people from other cultures -there are some tremendous opportunities to be had from this kind of framework -the first is that it has the potential of giving us a completely unprecedented look into understanding human learning because the data that we can collect here is unique you can collect every click -every homework submission every forum post from tens of thousands of students so you can turn the study of human learning from the hypothesis driven mode to the data driven mode a transformation that for example has revolutionized biology -you can use these data to understand fundamental questions like what are good learning strategies that are effective versus ones that are not and in the context of particular courses you can ask questions like what are some of the misconceptions that are more common and how do we help students fix them -so heres an example of that also from andrews machine learning class this is a distribution of wrong answers to one of andrews assignments the answers happen to be pairs of numbers so you can draw them on this two dimensional plot each of the little crosses that you see is a different wrong answer -the big cross at the top left is where two thousand students gave the exact same wrong answer -now if two students in a class of one hundred give the same wrong answer you would never notice but when two thousand students give the same wrong answer its kind of hard to miss -so andrew and his students went in looked at some of those assignments understood the root cause of the misconception and then they produced a targeted error message that would be provided to every student whose answer fell into that bucket -but even in parts of the world like the united states where education is available it might not be within reach -which means that students who made that same mistake would now get personalized feedback telling them how to fix their misconception much more effectively -so this personalization is something that one can then build by having the virtue of large numbers -the first is the population that studied in a lecture based classroom the second is a population of students that studied using a standard lecture based classroom but with a mastery based approach so the students couldnt move on to the next topic before demonstrating mastery of the previous one -and finally there was a population of students that were taught in a one on one instruction using a tutor -being tutored this is a field trip going on and so they would be shopping and they might be more likely to buy some lard or millet for their parrot or you know a hook or hook protector for nighttime all of these things we sell -so the store actually did really well but it brought in so many people teachers donors volunteers everybody because it was street level it was open to the public it wasnt a non profit buried -you know on the thirtieth floor of some building downtown it was right in the neighborhood that it was serving and it was open all the time to the public so it became this sort of -happy accident so all the people i used to know in brooklyn they said well why dont we have a place like that here and a lot of them had been former educators or would be educators -so they combined with a lot of local designers local writers and they just took the idea independently and they did their own thing -they didnt want to sell pirate supplies they didnt think that that was going to work there so knowing the crime fighting community in new york they opened the brooklyn -company this is sam potts great design that did this and this was to make it look sort of like one of those keysmiths shops that has to have every service theyve ever offered you know all -basic form these are all handmade these are all sort of repurposed other products or whatever all the packaging is done by sam potts so then you have the villain containment unit where kids put their parents -have the office this is a little vault you have put your product in there it goes up an electric lift -do it hand on heart and everything these are some -so many of these students had come from households where english isnt spoken in the home where many of them have different -this is a secret identity kit if you want to take on the identity of sharon boone one american female marketing executive from hoboken new jersey its a full dossier on everything you would need to know -so this is the capery where -get fitted for your cape and then you walk up these three steel graded steps and then we turn on three hydraulic fans from every side and then you can see the cape in action -theres nothing worse than you know getting up there and the cape is bunching up or something like that -in but it slowly opens you can see it there in the middle next to all the grappling hooks it opens and then this is the tutoring center in the back -this is i just want to emphasize locally funded locally built all the designers all of the builders everybody was local all the time was pro bono i just came and visited and said yes you guys are doing great or whatever that was it you can see the time in all five boroughs of new york in the back -so this is the space during tutoring hours its very busy same principles one on one attention complete devotion to the students work and a boundless optimism and sort of a possibility of creativity and ideas and -you can read this quote addicted to video games and tv couldnt concentrate at home came in got this concentrated attention and he couldnt escape it so soon enough -he was writing he would finish his homework early got really addicted to finishing his homework early its an addictive thing to sort of be done with it and to have it checked and to know hes going to achieve the next thing and be prepared for school the next day -so he got hooked on that and then he started doing other things hes now been published in five books he co wrote a mockumentary about failed superheroes called super has beens -he wrote a series on penguin -which is a fighting a boxing penguin and then he read aloud just a few weeks ago to five hundred people at symphony space -ill go through really quickly this is l a the echo park time travel mart whenever you are were already then -this is sort of a seven eleven for time travelers so you see everything its exactly as a seven eleven would be leeches mammoth chunks -they even have their own slurpee machine out of order come back yesterday -they would talk to me about this and say you know what we really need is just more people more bodies more one on one attention more hours more -im going to jump ahead these are spaces that are only affiliated with us doing this same thing word st in pittsfield massachusetts ink spot in cincinnati youth speaks san francisco california which inspired -now im going to the ted wish -so the ted wish i wish that you you personally and every creative individual and organization you know will find a way to directly engage with a public school in your area and that youll then tell the story of how you got involved so that within a year we have a thousand examples a thousand -and not i hope we hope that the attendees of this conference will usher in a new era of participation in our public schools we hope that you will take the lead in partnering -a million ways you can walk up to your local school and consult with the teachers theyll always tell you how to help so this is with hot studio in san francisco they did this phenomenal job this website is -expertise from people that have skills in english and can work with these students one on one now i would say well why dont you just work with them one on one and they would say well -and around the world so you go to the website you see a bunch of ideas you can be inspired by and then you add your own projects once you get started hot studio did a great job in a very tight deadline so visit the site -if you have any questions you can ask this guy whos our director of national programs hell be on the phone you email him hell answer any question you possibly want -and hell get you inspired and get you going and guide you through the process so that you can affect change and it can be fun thats the point of this talk it neednt be -sterile it neednt be bureaucratically untenable -you can do and use the skills that you -have the schools need you the teachers need you students and parents need you they need your actual person your physical personhood and your open minds and open ears and boundless compassion -sitting next to them listening and nodding and asking questions for hours at a time some of these kids just dont plain know how good they are -how smart and how much they have to say you can tell them you can shine that light on them one human interaction at a time so we hope youll join us thank you so much -we have five classes of thirty to forty students each this can lead up to one hundred and fifty one hundred and eighty two hundred students a day how can we possibly give each student even one hour -of one on one attention youd have to greatly multiply the workweek and clone the teachers and so -so much everyone from ted and chris and amy in particular i cannot believe -we started talking about this and at the same time i thought about this massive group of people i knew writers editors journalists -graduate students assistant professors you name it all these people that had sort of flexible daily hours and -an interest in the english word -i hope to have an interest in the english language but im not speaking it -well right now im trying that clock has got me -written word in terms of nurturing a democracy nurturing an enlightened life and so they had you know their -time and their interest but at the same time there wasnt a conduit that i knew of in my community to bring these two communities together so when i moved back to -we rented this building and the idea was to put mcsweeneys mcsweeneys quarterly that we published twice or three times a year -here i have not slept in weeks neil and i were sitting there comparing how little weve slept in anticipation for this ive never been so nervous and i do this when im nervous i just realized -and a few other magazines we were going to -move it into an office for the first time it used to be in my kitchen in brooklyn we were going to move it into an office and we were going to actually share space with a tutoring center so we thought -have all these writers and editors and everybody sort of a writing community coming into the office every day anyway why dont we just open up the front of the building -to come in there after school get extra help on their written homework so you have basically no border between these two communities so -the idea was that we would be working on whatever were working on at two thirty the students flow in and you put down what youre doing or you trade or you work a little bit later or whatever it is you give those hours in the afternoon to the students in the neighborhood so -so we rented this space and everything was -really and we couldnt think of anything necessarily to sell but we did all the necessary research it used to be a weight room so there were rubber floors below acoustic tile ceilings fluorescent lights we took all that down and we found -beautiful wooden floors whitewashed beams and it had the look while we were renovating this place somebody said you know it really kind of looks like the hull of a ship -and we looked around and somebody else said well you should sell supplies to the working buccaneer and so -that lets sell pirate supplies -this is the pirate supply store you see this is sort of a sketch i did on a napkin a great carpenter built all this stuff and you see we made it look sort of -pirate supply like here you see planks sold by the foot and we have supplies to combat scurvy we have the peg legs -there that are all handmade and fitted to you up at the top you see the eyepatch display which is the black column there for everyday use your regular eyepatch and then you have the pastel and other colors for stepping out -this is a vat that we fill with treasures that students dig in this is replacement eyes in case you lose one -these are some signs that we have all over the place -with pirates -reading the sign we pull a rope behind the counter and -mop heads drop on your head that was just my one thing i said we had to have something that drops on people -it became mop heads and -this is the fish theater which is just a saltwater tank with three seats -and then right behind it -the mcsweeneys offices where all of us would be working on the magazine and book editing and like that the kids would come in -or we thought they would come in i should back up we set the place up we opened up we spent months and months renovating this place -we had tables chairs computers everything i went to a dot com auction at a holiday inn in palo alto and i bought eleven g four s with a stroke of -we bought em we set everything up -and then we waited -and writing related needs just come in its all free and we thought oh theyre going to storm the gates theyre gonna love it and they didnt and so -we waited we sat at the tables we waited and waited and everybody was becoming very discouraged because it was weeks and weeks that we waited really where nobody -i was trying to finish my first book i was wandering around dazed every day because i wrote from twelve a m to five a m so i would walk around in a daze during the day i had no mental acuity to speak of during the day -came in and then somebody alerted us to the fact that maybe there was a trust -gap because -we never put it together you know and so then around that time -i persuaded a woman named nineveh caligari a longtime san francisco educator she was teaching in mexico city -the experience necessary knew everything about education was connected with all the teachers and community members in the neighborhood i convinced her to move up from mexico city where she was teaching she took over as executive director immediately -she made the inroads with the teachers and the parents and the students and everything and so suddenly it was actually full every day and what we were trying to offer every day -one on one attention the goal was to have a one to one ratio with every one of these students you know its been proven that thirty five to forty hours a year with one on one attention a student can get one grade level higher and so -right there the parents will sometimes watch while their kids are being tutored so that was the basis of it was one on one attention and we found ourselves full every day with kids if youre on valencia street within those few blocks -around two zero two thirty you will get run over often by the kids and their big backpacks or whatever actually running to this space which is very strange because its school in a way but -our interns were actually working at the same tables very often and shoulder to shoulder computer next to computer with the students and so it became a tutoring center publishing center is what we called it and a writing center they go -and they might be working with a high school student actually working on a novel because we had very gifted kids too so theres no stigma theyre all working next to each other -i had -feeds on each other theres a lot of cross pollination the only problem especially for the adults working at mcsweeneys who hadnt necessarily bought into all of this when they signed up was that there was just the one -like -this is a problem but you know theres something about the kids finishing their homework in a given day working one on one getting all this attention they go home -they dont stall they dont do their homework in front of the tv theyre allowed to go home at five thirty enjoy their family enjoy other hobbies get outside -in the brooklyn neighborhood that i lived in park slope there are a lot of writers its like a very high per capita ratio of writers to normal people meanwhile i had -play and that makes a happy family a bunch of happy families in a neighborhood is a happy community a bunch of happy communities tied together is a happy city and a happy world so the key to it all is homework -one on one attention so we started off with about twelve volunteers and then we had about fifty and then a couple hundred and we now have one thousand four hundred volunteers on our roster and we make it incredibly easy to volunteer the key thing is -has to be used before two thirty so we started bringing in classes during the day so every day theres a field trip where they together create a book you can see it being typed up above -this is one of the classes getting way too excited about writing you just point a camera at a class and it always looks like this so -this is one of the books that they do notice the title of the book the book that was never checked out titanic and -the first line of that book is -once there was a book named cindy -that was about the titanic so -it completely seriously which blows their mind so then we still had more tutors to use this is a shot of just some of the tutors during one -grown up around a lot of teachers my mom was a teacher my sister became a teacher -the teachers that we work with and everything is different to teachers they tell us what to do we went in there thinking were ultimately completely malleable youre going to tell us -what about the students that wouldnt come to you necessarily who dont have really active parents that are bringing them or arent close enough -and after college so many of my friends went into teaching and so i was always hearing them talk about their lives and how inspiring they were and they were really sort of the -thousands and thousands more students then another school said well what if we just give you a classroom and you can staff it all day so this is the everett middle school -this is their newspaper the straight up news that has an ongoing column from mayor gavin newsom in both languages english and spanish -so then one day isabel allende wrote to us and said hey why dont you assign a book with high school students i want them to write about how -to achieve peace in a violent world and so we went into thurgood marshall high school which is a school that we had worked with on some other things and -we gave that assignment to the students and we said isabel allende is going to read all your essays at the end shes going to publish them in a book shes going to sponsor the printing of this book in paperback form its going to be available -was that outside audience there was isabel allende on the other end i think we had about one hundred and seventy tutors that worked on this book with them -and so this worked out incredibly well we had a big party at the end this is a book that you can find anywhere so that led to a series of these you can see amy tan sponsored the next one i might get somewhere and this became an ongoing thing more and more books now -hard working and constantly inspiring people i knew but i knew so many of the things they were up against so many of the struggles they were dealing with and one of them was that -were sort of addicted to the book thing the kids will work harder than theyve ever worked in their life if they know its going to be permanent know its going to be on a shelf know that nobody can diminish what theyve thought and said that -words honored their thoughts with hundreds of hours of five drafts six drafts all this attention that we give to their thoughts and -once they achieve that level once theyve written at that level they can never go back its absolutely transformative and so then theyre all sold in the store -this is near the planks we sell all the -where else would you put them right so -we sell em and then something weird had been happening with the stores the store actually even though we started out as just a gag the store actually made money -it was paying the rent and -this is just a san francisco thing i dont know i dont want to judge but people would come in and this was before the pirate movies and everything it was making a lot of money not a lot of money but it was paying the rent paying a full time staff member there theres the ocean maps you can see on the left -and it became a gateway to the community people would come in and say what the what is this i dont want to swear on the web -a rule i dont know they would say what is this and people would come in -and learn more about it and then right beyond theres usually a little chain there right beyond they would see the kids -but thats not apathy thats intentional exclusion -which we mistreat our public spaces is a huge obstacle towards any type of progressive political change because weve essentially put a price tag on freedom of expression -whoever has the most money gets the loudest voice dominating the visual and mental environment the problem with this model is that there are some amazing messages that need to be said that arent profitable to say -so youre never going to see them on a billboard -the media plays an important role in developing our relationship with -political change mainly by ignoring politics and focusing on celebrities and scandals but even when they do talk about important political issues they do it in a way that i feel discourages engagement and ill give you an example the now magazine from last week progressive downtown weekly in toronto this is the cover story -often do we hear that people just dont care -its an article about a theater performance and it starts with basic information about where it is in case you actually want to go and see it after youve read the article where the time the website same with this its a movie review -a restaurant you might not want to just read about it maybe you want to go to the restaurant so they tell you where it is what the prices are -how many times have you been told that real substantial change isnt possible because most people are too selfish too stupid or too lazy to try to make a difference in their community -heres another good article about a new campaign opposing privatization of transit without any contact information for the campaign the message seems to be that the readers are most likely to want to eat maybe read a book maybe see a movie but not be engaged in their community and you might think this is a small thing but i think its important because it sets a tone -and it reinforces the dangerous idea that politics is a spectator sport -heroes how do we view leadership look at these ten movies what do they have in common anyone -they all have heroes who were chosen someone came up to them and said youre the chosen one theres a prophesy you have to save the world and then someone goes off and saves the world because theyve been told to with a few people tagging along -this helps me understand why a lot of people have trouble seeing themselves as leaders because it sends all the wrong messages about what leadership is about -a heroic effort is a collective effort number one number two its imperfect its not very glamorous and it doesnt suddenly start and suddenly end its an ongoing process your whole life but most importantly its voluntary -that heroism starts when someone scratches a mark on your forehead or someone tells you that youre part of a prophecy theyre missing the most important characteristic of leadership which is that it comes from within its about following your own dreams uninvited -uninvited and then working with others to make those dreams come true -political parties oh boy -political parties could and should be one of the basic entry points for people to get engaged in politics instead theyve become sadly uninspiring -and uncreative organizations that rely so heavily on market research and polling and focus groups that they end up all saying the same thing pretty much regurgitating back to us what we already want to hear at the expense of putting forward bold and creative ideas and people can smell that and it feeds cynicism -i propose to you today that apathy as we think we know it doesnt actually exist but rather that people do care but that we live in a world that -our elections as you may have noticed our elections in canada are a complete joke -and of course people are apathetic its like trying to run into a brick wall now im not trying to be negative by throwing all these obstacles out and explaining whats in our way quite the opposite i actually think people are amazing and smart and that they do care -but that as i said we live in this environment where all these obstacles are being put -in our way as long as we believe that people our own neighbors -are selfish stupid or lazy -then theres no hope -but we can change all those -things i mentioned we can open up city hall we can reform our electoral systems we can democratize our public spaces my main message is if we can redefine apathy not as some kind of internal syndrome -actively discourages engagement by constantly putting obstacles and barriers in our way and ill give you some examples of what i mean lets start with city hall you ever see one of these before -but as a complex web of cultural barriers that reinforces disengagement and if we can clearly define -we can clearly identify what those obstacles are -this is a newspaper ad its a notice of a zoning application change for a new office building so the neighborhood knows whats happening as you can see its impossible to read you need to get halfway down to even find out which address theyre talking about and then farther down in tiny ten point font to find out how to actually get involved -imagine if the private sector advertised in the same way if nike wanted to sell a pair of shoes -and put an ad in the paper like that -youll never see an ad like that because nike actually wants you to buy their shoes whereas the city of toronto clearly doesnt want you involved with the planning process otherwise their ads would look something like this with all the information basically laid out clearly as long as the citys putting out notices like this to try to get people engaged then of course people arent going to be engaged -one of the senior doctors at my hospital charlie safran and his colleague warner slack have been saying for decades that the most underutilized resource in all of health care is the patient -they have been saying that since the one thousand nine hundred and seventy s now im going to step back in history this is from july one thousand nine hundred and sixty nine i was a freshman in college and this was when we first landed on the moon and it was the first time we had ever seen from another surface thats the place where you and i are right now where we live -the world was changing it was about to change in ways that nobody could foresee a few weeks later woodstock happened -three days of fun and music here just for historical authenticity is a picture of me in that year -that fall of one thousand nine hundred and sixty nine the whole earth catalog came out it was a hippie journal of self sufficiency we think of hippies of being just hedonists but theres a very strong component i was in that movement -a very strong component of being responsible for yourself this books titles subtitle is access to tools and it talked about how to build your own house how to grow your own food all kinds of things -in the one thousand nine hundred and eighty s this young doctor tom ferguson -was the medical editor of the whole earth catalog and he saw that the great majority of what we do in medicine and health care is taking care of ourselves in fact he said it was seventy to eighty percent of how we actually take care of our bodies -well he also saw that when health care turns to medical care because of a more serious disease the key thing that holds us back is access to information and when the web came along -that changed everything because not only could we find information we could find other people like ourselves who could gather who could bring us information and he coined this term e patients equipped engaged empowered enabled obviously at this stage -you heard stories earlier today about patients who are taking control of their cases patients who are saying you know what i know what the odds are but im going to go look for more information im going to define what the terms of my success are -now i was an engaged patient long before i ever heard of the term in two thousand and six i went to my doctor for a regular physical and i had said i have a sore shoulder well i got an x ray and the next morning you may have noticed those of you who have been through a medical crisis will understand this -this morning some of the speakers named the date when they found out about their condition -for me it was nine zero am -on january three two thousand and seven i was at the office my desk was clean i had the blue partition carpet on the walls the phone rang and it was my doctor -he said dave i pulled up the x ray image on the screen on the computer at home he said your shoulders going to be fine but dave theres something in your lung and if you look in that red oval that shadow -think about this one this is the advice your doctor gives you just go home and have a glass of wine with your wife -i went in for the cat scan -and it turns out there were five of these things in both my lungs so at that point we knew that it was cancer we knew it wasnt lung cancer that meant it was metastasized from somewhere -the question was where from -so i went in for an ultrasound i got to do what many women have the jelly on the belly and bzzzz my wife came with me shes a veterinarian so shes seen lots of ultrasounds i mean she knows im not a dog but -im going to be sharing with you how four years ago i almost died -i went home now ive been googling ive been online since one thousand nine hundred and eighty nine on compuserve i went home and i know you cant read the details here thats not important my point is i went to a respected medical website webmd because i know how to filter out junk -found out i was in fact already almost dead and what i then found out about whats called the e patient movement ill explain what that term means i had been blogging under the name patient dave and when i discovered this i just renamed myself e patient dave -where does medical ability end and start well so what i read on webmd the prognosis is poor for progressing renal cell cancer almost all patients are incurable ive been online long enough to know if i dont like the first results i get i go look for more -and what i found was on other websites even by the third page of google results outlook is bleak -prognosis is grim -and im thinking what -i didnt feel sick at all i mean id been getting tired in the evening but i was fifty six years old i was slowly losing weight but for me that was what the doctor told me to do -in the left femur the left thigh bone theres another one i had one -my leg eventually snapped i fainted and landed on it and it broke theres one in the skull and then just for good measure i had these other tumors including by the time my treatment started one was growing out of my tongue i had kidney cancer growing out of my tongue and what i read was that my median survival was twenty four weeks -i thought whats my mothers face going to look like on the day of my funeral i had to sit down with my daughter and say heres the situation her boyfriend was with her i said i dont want you guys to get married prematurely just so you can do it while dads still alive -its really serious -there is no cure but theres something that sometimes works it usually doesnt called high dosage interleukin -most hospitals dont offer it so they wont even tell you it exists and dont let them give you anything else first and by the way here are four doctors in your part of the united states who offer it and their phone numbers how amazing is that -heres the thing here we are four years later you cant find a website that gives patients that information -government approved american cancer society but patients know what patients want to know its the power of patient networks this amazing substance again i mentioned where does my body end my oncologist and i talk a lot these days -regarding the word patient when i first started a few years ago getting involved in health care and attending meetings as just a casual observer i noticed that people would talk about patients as if it was somebody whos not in the room here -because i try to keep my talks technically accurate and he said you know the immune system is good at detecting invaders bacteria coming from outside but when its your own tissue that youve grown its a whole different thing -and i went through a mental exercise actually because i started a patient support community of my own on a website -two months apart and look at how the tumor sizes plummeted in between just incredible who knows what well be able to do when we learn to make more use of it -got married and when she came down those steps -and it was just her and me for that moment i was so glad that she didnt have to say to her mother -i wish dad could have been here and this is what were doing when we make health care better -now i want to talk briefly about a couple of other patients who are doing everything in their power to improve health care this is regina holliday a painter in washington d c whose husband died of kidney cancer a year after my disease shes painting here a mural of his horrible -final weeks in the hospital one of the things that she discovered -was that her husbands medical record in this paper folder was just disorganized and she thought you know if i have a nutrition facts label on the side of a cereal box why cant there be something that simple telling every new nurse who comes on duty every new doctor -somebody out there some of our talks today we still act like that -the basics about my husbands condition so she painted this medical facts mural -of him she then last year painted this diagram she studied health care like me she came to realize that there were a lot of people whod written patient advocate books that you just dont hear about at medical conferences patients are such an underutilized resource -well as it says in my introduction ive gotten somewhat known for saying that patients should have access to their data and i actually said at one conference a couple of years ago -but im here to tell you patient is not a third person word -which is starting to break out starting to break through the water symbolizes our data and in fact i want to do a little something improvisational for you here theres a guy on twitter that i know a health it guy outside boston and he wrote the e patient rap -you yourself -well thank you that shot the timing -than the health tools that are available to you to help take care of your family -and then i realized it reminded me of google earth -where you can fly to any address -and i thought why not take this and connect it to my digital scan data -and have google earth for my body -what did google come out with this year now theres google body browser -but you see its still generic its not my data -but if we can get that data out from behind the dam so software innovators can pounce on it the way software innovators like to do who knows what well be able to come up with one final story this is kelly young a rheumatoid arthritis patient from florida -this is a live story unfolding just in the last few weeks ra patients as they call themselves her blog is ra warrior -have a big problem because forty percent of them have no visible symptoms and that makes it just really hard to tell how the disease is going and some doctors think yeah right youre really in pain well she found through her online research a nuclear bone scan thats usually used for cancer but it can also reveal -inflammation and she saw that if there is no inflammation then the scan is a uniform gray so she took it and the radiologist report -said no cancer found well thats not what he was supposed to do with it so she had it read again she wanted to have it read again and her doctor fired her -she pulled up the cd he said if you dont want to follow my instructions go away so she pulled up the cd of the scan images and look at all those hot spots and shes now actively engaged on her blog in looking for assistance in getting better care -see that is an empowered patient no medical training we are you are -the most underused resource in health care what she was able to do was because she had access to the raw data how big a deal was this well at ted two thousand and nine tim berners lee himself inventor of the web -gave a talk where he said the next big thing is not to have your browser go out and find other peoples articles about the data but the raw data and he got them chanting by the end of the talk raw data now raw data now -and i ask you three words please to improve health care -let patients help -let patients help -let patients help -so this is a woman forty six years old -who had recurrent lung cancer it was in her brain in her lungs in her liver she had gotten carboplatin taxol carboplatin -every drug we have she had gotten and that disease continued to grow she had three kids under the age of twelve -and tell you where i think its going where a new approach that we hope to push forward in terms of treating cancer because this is wrong -and this is her cat scan and so what this is is were taking a cross section of her body here and you can see in the middle there is her heart -and to the side of her heart on the left there is this large tumor that will invade and will kill her untreated in a matter of weeks she goes on a pill a day -that targets a pathway and again im not sure if this pathway was in the system in the cancer but it targeted a pathway and a month later pow -six months later its still gone that cancer recurred and she passed away three years later from lung cancer but she got three years -from a drug whose symptoms predominately were acne thats about it so the problem is that the -would you want your mother your brother your sister to get a placebo if they had advanced lung cancer and had weeks to live -and the drug went to the fda and the fda said without a placebo how do i know patients actually benefited from the drug -so the morning the fda was going to meet this was the editorial in the wall street journal -and so what do you know that drug was approved the amazing thing is another company did the right scientific trial where they gave half placebo -and half the drug and we learned something important there whats interesting is they did it in south america and canada where its more ethical to give placebos -they had to give it also in the u s to get approval so i think there were three u s patients in upstate new york who were part of the trial but they did that and what they found is that seventy percent of the non responders -lived much longer and did better than people who got placebo so it challenged everything we knew in cancer is that you dont need to get a response you dont need to shrink the disease if we slow the disease -so what is cancer first of all well if one has a mass or an abnormal blood value you go to a doctor -we may have more of a benefit on patient survival patient outcome how they feel than if we shrink the disease -the problem is that if im this doc and i get your cat scan today and youve got a two centimeter mass in your liver and you come back to me in three months and its three centimeters did that drug help you or not -how do i know would it have been ten centimeters or am i giving you a drug with no benefit and significant cost so its a fundamental problem and again thats where these new technologies -can come in and so the goal obviously is that you go into your doctors office well the ultimate goal is that you prevent disease -right the ultimate goal is that you prevent any of these things from happening that is the most effective cost effective best way we can do things today -they stick a needle in they way we make the diagnosis today is by pattern recognition does it look normal -there are eleven orders of magnitude difference between the high abundant and the low abundant proteins so theres no technology in the world that can span eleven orders of magnitude -and so a lot of what has been done with danny hillis and others is to try to bring in engineering principles try -the exiting things that is starting to happen now is that people from those fields are coming in yesterday the national cancer institute announced a new program -called the physical sciences and oncology where physicists mathematicians are brought in to think about cancer people who never approached it before danny and i got sixteen million dollars they announced yesterday to try to attach this problem -a whole new approach instead of giving high doses of chemotherapy by different mechanisms to try to bring technology to get a picture of whats actually happening in the body so -just for two seconds how these technologies work because i think its important to understand it what happens is every protein in your body is charged so the proteins are sprayed in -does it look abnormal so that pathologist is just like looking at this plastic bottle this is a normal cell this is a cancer cell -the magnet spins them around and then theres a detector at the end when it hit that detector is dependent on the mass and the charge -and so accurately if the magnet is big enough and your resolution is high enough you can actually detect all of the proteins in the body and start to get an understanding -of the individual system and so as a cancer doctor instead of having paper -in my chart in your chart and it being this thick this is what data flow is starting to look like in our offices where that drop of blood is creating gigabytes of data -without fundamental learning so to conclude -we need to get away from reductionist thinking we need to start to think differently and radically and so i implore everyone here think differently come up with new ideas tell them to me or anyone else in our field -that is the state of the art today in diagnosing cancer theres no molecular test -that its going to be a broad platform of technologies that will help us move forward and hopefully help patients in the near term thank you very much -you know i know very well as a cancer doctor i cant treat advanced cancer so as an aside i firmly believe -im a cancer doctor and i walked out of my office and walked by the pharmacy in the hospital three or four years ago and this was the cover of fortune magazine sitting in the window of the pharmacy -in the field of trying to identify cancer early it is the only way you can start to fight cancer is by catching it early -we can prevent most cancers you know the previous talk alluded to preventing heart disease we could do the same in cancer -co founded a company called navigenics where if you spit into a tube and we can look look at thirty five or forty genetic -markers for disease all of which are delayable in many of the cancers you start to identify what you could get and then we can start to work to prevent them -so the thing about cancer is that its a disease of the aged why is it a disease of the aged because evolution doesnt care about us after weve had our children -said it doesnt matter anymore because theyve had their progeny so if you look at cancers it is very rare extremely rare to have cancer in a child -on the order of thousands of cases a year -as one gets older very very common -why is it hard to treat because its heterogeneous and thats the perfect substrate for evolution within the cancer -it starts to select out for those bad aggressive cells what we call clonal selection -but if we start to understand that cancer isnt just a molecular defect its something more -get to new ways of treating it as ill show you so one of the fundamental problems we have in cancer is that right now we describe it by a number of adjectives symptoms -tired im bloated i have pain etc you then have some anatomic descriptions you get that cat scan theres a three centimeter mass in the liver -you then have some body part descriptions its in the liver in the breast in the prostate and thats about it so -our dictionary for describing cancer is very very poor its basically symptoms its manifestations of a disease -whats exciting is that over the last two or three years the government has spent four hundred million dollars and theyve allocated another billion dollars to what we call the cancer genome atlas project -hasnt changed in over one hundred and fifty years it is absolutely archaic that we call cancer by prostate by breast by -muscle it makes no sense if you think about it so obviously the technology is here today and over the next several years that will change you will no longer go to a breast cancer clinic -you will go to a her two amplified clinic or an egfr activated clinic and they will go to some of the pathogenic lesions that were involved in causing this individual cancer so hopefully we will go from being the art of medicine -where his parents drove him from new york city to upstate new york to get an experimental therapy for at the time hodgkins disease which saved his life he makes remarkable points here -when one is exposed to h one n one you take tamiflu and you can remarkably decrease the severity of symptoms and prevent many of the manifestations of the disease why because we know what you -and we know how to treat it although we cant make vaccine in this country but thats a different story the cancer genome atlas is coming out now the first cancer was done which was brain cancer -in the next month the end of december youll see ovarian cancer and then lung cancer will come several months after -theres also a field of proteomics that ill talk about in a few minutes which i think is going to be the next level in terms of understanding and classifying disease -but remember im not pushing genomics proteomics to be a reductionist im doing it so we can identify what were up against -most of the dollars in the last two years of a persons life we spend very little if any dollars in terms of identifying what were up against if you could start to move that -to identify what youre up against youre going to do things a hell of a lot better if we could even take it one step further and prevent disease we can take it -and im here to tell you its wrong so the website of the national cancer institute says that cancer is a genetic disease -the website says if you look theres an individual mutation and maybe a second and maybe a third and that is cancer but as a cancer -this is what i see this isnt a genetic disease so there you see its a liver with colon cancer in it and you see into the microscope a lymph node where cancer has invaded you see a cat scan -and the point of the article was that we have gotten reductionist in our view of biology in our view of cancer -where cancer is in the liver cancer is an interaction of a cell that no longer is under growth control -with the environment its not in the abstract its the interaction with the environment its what we call a system -the goal of me as a cancer doctor is not to understand cancer and i think thats been the fundamental problem over the last five decades is that we have strived to understand cancer -the goal is to control cancer and that is a very different optimization scheme a very different strategy for all of us -i got up at the american association of cancer research one of the big cancer research meetings with twenty thousand people there and i said weve made a mistake -all made a mistake myself included by focusing down by being a reductionist we need to take a step back and believe it or not there were hisses in the audience people got upset -but this is the only way were going to go forward you know i was very fortunate to meet danny hillis a few years ago we were pushed together and neither one of us really wanted to meet the other -i said do i really want to meet a guy from disney who designed computers and he was saying does he really want to meet another doctor but people prevailed on us and we got together and its been transformative in what i do absolutely -for the last fifty years we have focused on treating the individual gene in understanding cancer not in controlling cancer -we have designed and we have worked on the modeling and much of these ideas came from danny and from his team -the modeling of cancer in the body as complex system and ill show you some data there where i really think it can make a difference and a new way to -the key is when you look at these variables and you look at this data you have to understand the data inputs you know if i measured your temperature -over thirty days and i asked what was the average temperature and it came back at ninety eight point seven i would say great but if -during one of those days your temperature spiked to one hundred and two for six hours and you took tylenol and got better etc i would totally miss -so one of the fundamental problems in medicine is that you and i and all of us we go to our doctor once a year we have discrete data elements we dont have a time function on them -earlier it was referred to this direct life device you know ive been using it for two and a half months its a staggering device not because it tells me how many kilocalories i do every day -but because it looks over twenty four hours what ive done in a day and i didnt realize that for three hours im sitting at my desk and im not moving at all -so this is an astounding table and this is something that sobers us in our field everyday in that obviously weve made remarkable impacts on cardiovascular disease but look at cancer the death rate in cancer in over fifty years -and a lot of the functions in the data that we have as input systems here are really different than we -so the states are equivalent classes of history and the cancer patient the input is the environment the diet the treatment the genetic mutations -the output are our symptoms do we have pain is the cancer growing do we feel bloated etc most of that state -is hidden so what we do in our field is we change and input we give aggressive chemotherapy and we say did that output get better did that pain improve etc -and so the problem is that its not just one system its multiple systems on multiple scales its a system of systems -and so when you start to look at emergent systems you can look at a neuron under a microscope a neuron under the microscope is very elegant with little things sticking out and little things over here but when you start to put them together -in a complex system and you start to see that it becomes a brain and that brain can create intelligence -what were talking about in the body and cancer is starting to model it like a complex system well the bad news is that these -robust and robust is a key word emergent systems are very hard to understand in detail the good news is you can manipulate them -you can try to control them without that fundamental understanding of every component one of the most fundamental clinical trials in cancer -came out in february in the the new england journal of medicine where they took women who were pre menopausal with breast cancer so about the worst kind of breast cancer you can get -gotten their chemotherapy and then they randomized them where half got placebo and half got a drug called zoledronic acid that builds bone its used to treat osteoporosis and they got that twice a year -reduced occurrence of cancer by a drug that doesnt even touch the cancer so the notion you change the soil -the seed doesnt grow as well you change that system and you could have a marked effect on the cancer nobody has ever shown and this will be shocking nobody has ever shown that most chemotherapy actually touches a cancer cell -changed weve made small wins in diseases like chronic myelogenous leukemia where we have a pill that can put one hundred percent of people in remission but in general we havent made an impact at all in the war on cancer -its never been shown theres all these elegant work in the tissue culture dishes that if you give this cancer drug you can do this effect to the cell but the doses in those dishes are nowhere near the doses that happen in the body -if i give a woman with breast cancer a drug called taxol every three weeks which is the standard about forty percent of women with metastatic cancer have a great response -they then recur i give them that same drug every week another thirty percent will respond they then recur i give them that same drug over ninety six hrs by continuous infusion -another twenty or thirty percent will respond so you cant tell me its working by the same mechanism in all three size its not -we have no idea the mechanism so the idea that chemotherapy may just be disrupting that complex system -just like building bone disrupted that system and reduced recurrence chemotherapy may work by that same exact way the wild thing about that trial -also was it reduced new primaries so new cancers by thirty percent also -so -the problem is yours and mine all of our systems are changing theyre dynamic i mean this is a scary slide not to take an aside but it looks at obesity in the world and im sorry if you cant read the numbers their kind of small -but if you start to look at it that red that dark color there more than seventy five percent of the population of those countries are obese -look a decade ago look two decades ago markedly different so our systems today are dramatically different than a decade or two ago so the diseases we have today -which reflect patterns in the system over the last several decades are going to change dramatically over the next decade or so based on things like this -so this picture -although it is beautiful is a forty gigabyte -so what im going to tell you today is a little bit of why i think thats the case and then go out of my comfort zone -picture of the whole proteome so this is a drop of blood that has gone through a superconducting magnet and were able to get resolution where we can start to see all of the proteins in the body we can start to see that system -each of the red dots are where a protein has actually been identified the power of these magnets the power of what we can do here is that we can see an individual neutron with this technology -this is stuff were doing with danny hillis and a group called applied proteomics where we can start see individual neutron differences -this view is conditioned by the fact -that many of the drugs that are prescribed to treat these disorders like prozac -by globally changing brain chemistry as if the brain were indeed a bag of chemical soup -but that cant be the answer because these drugs actually dont work all that well -a lot of people wont take them or stop taking them because of their unpleasant side effects these drugs have so many side effects because using them to treat a complex psychiatric disorder is a bit like trying to change your engine oil by opening a can and pouring it all over the engine block -some of it will dribble into the right place but a lot of it will do more harm than good -now an emerging view -raise your hand if you know someone in your immediate family or circle of friends who suffers from some form of mental illness -when we think about cognition we analogize the brain to a computer thats no problem well it turns out that the computer analogy is just as valid for emotion -its just that we dont tend to think about it that way but we know much less about the circuit basis of psychiatric disorders because of the overwhelming dominance of this chemical imbalance hypothesis -now its not that chemicals are not important in psychiatric disorders its just that they dont bathe the brain like soup rather theyre released in very specific locations and they act on specific synapses to change the flow of information in the brain -so if we ever really want to understand the biological basis of psychiatric disorders we need to pinpoint these locations in the brain where these chemicals act -otherwise were going to keep pouring oil all over our mental engines and suffering the consequences -now to begin to overcome our ignorance of the role of brain chemistry in brain circuitry its helpful to work on what we biologists call model organisms animals like fruit flies and laboratory mice in which we can apply powerful genetic techniques -to molecularly identify and pinpoint specific classes of neurons as you heard about in allan joness talk this morning moreover once we can do that we can actually activate specific neurons or we can destroy or inhibit the activity of those neurons -so if we inhibit a particular type of neuron and we find that a behavior is blocked we can conclude that those neurons are necessary for that behavior -on the other hand if we activate a group of neurons and we find that that produces the behavior we can conclude that those neurons are sufficient for the behavior -so in this way by doing this kind of test we can draw cause and effect relationships between the activity of specific neurons in particular circuits and particular behaviors something that is extremely difficult if not impossible to do right now in humans -but can an organism like a fruit fly which is its a great model organism -because its got a small brain its capable of complex and sophisticated behaviors it breeds quickly and its cheap but can an organism like this teach us anything about emotion like states do these organisms even have -emotion like states or are they just little digital robots -charles darwin believed that insects have emotion and express them in their behaviors as he wrote in his one thousand eight hundred and seventy two monograph on the expression of the emotions in man and animals -so how do we ask this question its one thing to believe that flies have emotion like states but how do we actually find out whether thats true or not now in humans we often infer emotional states as youll hear later today from facial expressions -well one of the ways that we can start is to try to come up with some general characteristics or properties of emotion like states such as arousal and see if we can identify any fly behaviors that might exhibit some of those properties -so three important ones that i can think of are persistence gradations in intensity and valence persistence means long lasting we all know that the stimulus that triggers an emotion causes that emotion to last long after the stimulus is gone -as we heard from dr insel this morning psychiatric disorders like autism depression and schizophrenia take a terrible toll on human suffering -valence means good or bad -positive or negative -so we decided to see if flies could be provoked into showing the kind of behavior that you see by the proverbial wasp at the picnic table you know the one that keeps coming back to your hamburger the more vigorously you try to swat it away and it seems to keep getting irritated -so we built a device which we call a puff o mat -in which we could deliver little brief air puffs to fruit flies in these plastic tubes in our laboratory bench -and blow them away -and what we found is that if we gave these flies in the puff o mat several puffs in a row they became somewhat hyperactive and continued to run around for some time after the air puffs actually stopped and took a while to calm down -so we quantified this behavior using custom locomotor tracking software developed with my collaborator pietro perona whos in the electrical engineering division here at caltech -and what this quantification showed us is that upon experiencing a train of these air puffs the flies appear to enter a kind of state of hyperactivity which is persistent long lasting and also appears to be graded -we know much less about their treatment -more puffs or more intense puffs make the state last for a longer period of time -so now we wanted to try to understand something about what controls the duration of this state -so we decided to use our puff o mat and our automated tracking software to screen through hundreds of lines of mutant fruit flies to see if we could find any that showed abnormal responses to the air puffs -and the understanding of their basic mechanisms than we do about diseases of the body think about it in two thousand and thirteen the second decade of the millennium if youre concerned about a cancer diagnosis and you go to your doctor you get bone scans biopsies and blood tests -and this is one of the great things about fruit flies there are repositories where you can just pick up the phone and order hundreds of vials of flies of different mutants and screen them in your assay and then find out what gene is affected in the mutation -so doing the screen we discovered one mutant that took much longer than normal to calm down after the air puffs -and when we examined the gene that was affected in this mutation it turned out to encode a dopamine receptor -thats right flies like people have dopamine and it acts on their brains and on their synapses through the same dopamine receptor molecules that you and i have -now in genetics its a little counterintuitive we tend to infer the normal function of something by what doesnt happen when we take it away by the opposite of what we see when we take it away -so when we take away the dopamine receptor and the flies take longer to calm down from that we infer that the normal function of this receptor -and dopamine is to cause the flies to calm down faster after the puff -and thats a bit reminiscent of adhd which has been linked to disorders of the dopamine system in humans -indeed if we increase the levels of dopamine in normal flies by feeding them cocaine after getting the appropriate dea license -oh my god -which is often treated with drugs like ritalin that act similarly to cocaine so slowly i began to realize that what started out as a rather playful attempt to try to annoy fruit flies might actually have some relevance to a human psychiatric disorder -remarkably the answer is yes -as seymour showed back in the one thousand nine hundred and seventy s flies like songbirds as you just heard are capable of learning you can train a fly to avoid an odor shown here in blue if you pair that odor with a shock -then when you give those trained flies the chance to choose between a tube with the shock paired odor and another odor it avoids the tube containing the blue odor that was paired with shock well if you do this test on dopamine receptor mutant flies they dont learn their learning score is zero they flunk out of caltech -in two thousand and thirteen if youre concerned about a depression diagnosis you go to your doctor and what do you get a questionnaire -now people have been wondering about this for a long time in humans but in flies we can actually test this and the way that we do this is to delve deeply into the mind of the fly and begin to untangle its circuitry using genetics -we take our dopamine receptor mutant flies -and we genetically restore or cure the dopamine receptor by putting a good copy of the dopamine receptor gene back into the fly brain but in each fly we put it back only into certain neurons and not in others -and then we test each of these flies for their ability to learn and for hyperactivity -remarkably we find we can completely dissociate these two abnormalities if we put a good copy of the dopamine receptor back in this elliptical structure called the central complex the flies are no longer hyperactive but they still cant -on the other hand if we put the receptor back in a different structure called the mushroom body -the learning deficit is rescued the flies learn well but theyre still hyperactive what that tells us is that dopamine is not bathing the brain of these flies like soup -rather its acting to control two different functions on two different circuits so the reason there are two things wrong with our dopamine receptor flies is that the same receptor is controlling two different functions in two different regions of the brain -whether the same thing is true in adhd in humans we dont know but these kinds of results should at least cause us to consider that possibility -so these results make me and my colleagues more convinced -what we need to do is to use our ingenuity and our scientific knowledge to try to design a new generation of treatments that are targeted to specific neurons and specific regions of the brain that are affected in particular psychiatric disorders -and her father peered out the window to see what all the noise and commotion was about -and he soon joined her -and he was followed by her little sister and soon they were all dancing this joyous exuberant dance -right there on their lawn -by the incredible sense of ownership this community clearly felt about this event -minto live brought sydneysiders into dialogue with international artists and really celebrated the diversity of sydney on its own terms -the sydney festival which produced minto live i think represents a new kind of twenty first century arts festival -these festivals are radically open -they can transform cities and communities to understand this i think it -kind of makes sense to look where weve come from -modern arts festivals were born in the rubble of world war ii civic leaders created these annual events to celebrate culture as the highest expression of the human spirit in one thousand nine hundred and forty seven the edinburgh festival was born and avignon was born and hundreds of others would follow in their wake -these festivals they really became the establishment and as the culture and capital accelerated the internet brought us all together high and low kind of disappeared a new kind of festival emerged the old festivals they continued to thrive -but from brighton to rio to perth something new was emerging and these festivals were really different -theyre open these festivals because like in minto they understand that the dialogue between the local and the global is essential -theyre open because they ask the audience to be a player a protagonist a partner rather than a passive spectator and theyre open because they know that imagination cannot be contained in buildings and so much of the work they do is site specific or outdoor work -so the new festival it asks the audience to play an essential role in shaping the performance companies like de la guarda which i produce and punchdrunk create these completely immersive experiences that put the audience at the center of the action -but the german performance company rimini protokoll takes this all to a whole new level -in a series of shows that includes one hundred percent vancouver one hundred percent berlin rimini protokoll makes shows that actually reflect society -at that moment in terms of race and gender and class through a careful process that begins three months before and then those one hundred people share stories about themselves and their lives and the whole thing becomes a snapshot of that city at that moment -in an airport -i saw their amazing show in new york at the staten island ferry terminal at rush hour -we the audience were given headsets and seated on one side of the terminal -and we could hear them but we might not have otherwise seen them -so back to back takes site specific theater and uses it to gently remind us about who and what we choose to edit out of our daily lives -so the dialogue with the local and the global -the audience as participant and player and protagonist -in collaboration with the people of minto -the innovative use of site all of these things come to play in the amazing work of the fantastic french company royal de luxe royal de luxes giant puppets come into a city and they live there for a few days -for the sultans elephant royal de luxe came to central london and brought it to a standstill with their story of a giant little girl and her friend -a time traveling elephant for a few days they transformed a massive city into a community -what was this place called minto sydney as i would learn is a city of suburbs and minto lies southwest about an hour away -where endless possibility reigned -the guardian wrote if art is about transformation then there can be no more transformative experience -what the sultans elephant represents is no less than an artistic occupation of the city and a reclamation of the streets for the people -we can talk about the economic impacts of these festivals on their cities but im much more interested in many more things like how a festival helps a city to express itself how it lets it come into its own -festivals promote diversity they bring neighbors into dialogue they increase creativity they offer opportunities for civic pride they improve our general psychological well being -in short they make cities better places to live -case in point when the sultans elephant came to london just nine months after seven seven -a londoner wrote for the first time since the london bombings my daughter called up with that sparkle back in her voice she had gathered with others to watch the sultans elephant and you know it just made all the difference -lyn gardner in the guardian has written that a great festival can show us a map of the world a map of the city -i have to say it wasnt exactly what i had in mind for my first day down under i mean id thought about the harbour bridge or bondi beach but minto -and a map of ourselves -but there is no one fixed festival model i think whats so brilliant about the festivals the new festivals is that they are really fully capturing the complexity -but still im a producer and the lure of a site specific theater project was more than i could resist laughter so off i went into friday afternoon traffic and ill never forget what i saw when i got there for the -the audience walked around the neighborhood from house to house -k based performance company called lone twin lone twin had come to minto and worked with the residents and they had created these dances this australian indian girl she came out and started to dance on her front lawn -voting booth to fill out your vote when you come back out you get to drop your vote into the ballot box where it mixes with all the other votes so that no one knows how you voted -what i want us to think about for a moment is what happens after that after you drop your vote into the ballot box and most people would go home and feel sure that their vote has been counted because they trust that the election system works -they trust that election workers and election observers do their jobs and do their jobs correctly -the ballot boxes go to counting places theyre unsealed and the votes are poured out and laboriously counted -we have to trust a lot of people -we have to trust a lot of procedures -and sometimes we even have to trust computers -few things that bring us humans together in the way that an election does we stand in elections we vote in elections we observe elections our democracies rely on elections -so imagine hundreds of millions of voters casting hundreds of millions of votes all to be counted correctly -and all the things that can possibly go wrong -causing all these bad headlines -and you cannot help but feel exhausted at the idea of trying to make -well in the face of all these bad headlines researchers have taken a step back and thought about how we can do elections differently -theyve zoomed out and looked at the big picture -and the big picture is this elections should be -should be able to check that their votes are counted correctly -without breaking election secrecy which is so very important -and thats the tough part how do we make an election system completely verifiable while keeping the votes absolutely secret -well the way weve come up with -uses computers but doesnt depend on them and the secret is the ballot form -and if you look closely at these ballot forms youll notice that the candidate list is in a different order on each one and that means if you mark your choices on one of them -and then remove the candidate list i wont be able to tell from the bit remaining what your vote is for -and on each ballot form there is this -but whats not complicated is voting with one of these forms so we can let computers do all the complicated cryptography for us and then well use the paper -so this is how you vote you get one of these ballot forms -at random and then you go into the voting booth and you mark your choices -we all understand why we have elections and we all leave the house on the same day to go and vote we cherish the opportunity to have our say -and you tear along a perforation -and you shred the candidate list and the bit that remains the one with your marks this is your encrypted vote so you let a poll station worker scan your encrypted vote -and displayed on a website for anyone to see including you so -you take this encrypted vote home as your receipt and after the close of the election you can check that your vote was counted by comparing your receipt to the vote on the website -if the government wants to find out how you voted they wont be able to -no hacker can break in and find out how you voted no hacker can break in and change your vote because then it wont match your receipt -because then you wont find yours when you look for -but the election magic doesnt stop there -instead we want to make the whole process so transparent that news media and international observers and anyone who wants to can download all the election data and do the count themselves -they can check that all the votes were counted correctly -they can check that the announced result of the election is the correct one -to help decide the future of the country -the fundamental idea is that politicians are given mandate to speak for us -to make decisions on our behalf that affect us all -without that mandate they would be corrupt well unfortunately power corrupts and so people will do lots of things to get power and to stay in power -you see even if the idea of the election is perfect running a countrywide election is a big project and big projects are messy -whenever there is an election it seems like something always goes wrong -someone tries to cheat -or something goes accidentally awry -a ballot box goes missing here chads are left hanging over here -to make sure as few things as possible go wrong we have all these procedures around the election so for example you come to the polling station and a poll station worker asks for your id -and i knew that that was blood shunting when the blood rushes away from your extremities to provide oxygen to your vital organs -to feel really strange at minute twelve i started to have ringing in my ears and i started to feel my arm going -and im a hypochondriac and i remember arm numb means heart attack so i started to really get really paranoid -then at thirteen minutes maybe because of the hypochondria i started feeling pains all over my chest it was awful -fourteen minutes i had these awful contractions like this urge to breathe -my next pursuit was i wanted to see how long i could go without breathing like how long i could survive with nothing not even air i didnt realize that it would become the most amazing journey of my life -so i let my feet out and i started floating to the top and i didnt take my head out but i was just floating there waiting for my heart to stop just waiting they had doctors with the pst you know so sitting there waiting -and then suddenly i hear screaming and i think that there is some weird thing that i had died or something had happened -and then i realized that i had made it to sixteen thirty two so with the energy of everybody that was there i decided to keep pushing and i went to seventeen minutes and four seconds -that wasnt enough what i did immediately after is i went to quest labs and had them take every blood sample that they could to test for everything and to see where my levels were so the doctors could use it once again i also didnt want anybody to question it i had the world record and i wanted to make sure it was legitimate -like yeah he said if you really held your breath that long whyd you come out of the water dry -what -and thats my life so -as a magician i try to show things to people that seem impossible and i think magic whether im holding my breath or shuffling a deck of cards is pretty simple its practice its training and -its practice its training and experimenting while pushing through the pain to be the best that i can be and -as a young magician -thats what -i was obsessed with houdini and his underwater challenges so i began early on competing against the other kids seeing how long i could stay underwater while they went up and down to breathe you know five times while i stayed under on one breath -by the time i was a teenager i was able to hold my breath for three minutes and thirty seconds i would later find out that was houdinis personal record -was underneath not breathing for forty five minutes when the rescue workers came they resuscitated him and there was no brain damage his core temperature had dropped to seventy seven degrees -as a magician i try to create images that make people stop and think i also try to challenge myself to do things that doctors say are not possible -as a magician i think everything is possible and i think if something is done by one person it can be done by others i started to think if the boy could survive without breathing for that long there must be a way that i could do it -so i met with a top neurosurgeon and i asked him how long is it possible to go without breathing like how long could i go without air -and he said to me that anything over six minutes you have a serious risk of hypoxic brain damage so i took that as a challenge basically -my first try -i figured that i could do something similar -and i created a water tank and i filled it with ice -and freezing cold water and i stayed inside of that water tank hoping my core temperature would start to drop and i was shivering in my first attempt to hold my breath i couldnt even last a minute so i realized that was completely not going to work -so i went to talk to a doctor friend -and i asked him how could i do that i want to hold my breath for a really long time how could it be done and he said david youre a magician -easier -so he came up with this idea of creating a rebreather -with a co two scrubber which was basically -tube from home depot with a balloon duct taped to it that he thought we could put inside of me and somehow be able to -a little hard to watch but this is that -so that clearly wasnt -then i actually started thinking about liquid breathing there is a chemical thats called perflubron and its so high in oxygen levels that in theory you could breathe it -would it be possible to hook up a heart lung bypass machine and have a surgery where it was a tube going into my artery and then appear to not breathe while they were oxygenating -which was another insane idea obviously then i thought about the craziest idea of all the ideas -to actually do it -to actually try to hold my breath past the point that doctors would consider you -so i started researching into pearl divers you know because they go down for four minutes on one breath and when i was researching pearl divers i found the world of freediving it was the most -i lived there with nothing but water -amazing thing that i ever discovered pretty much there is many different aspects to freediving there is depth records where people go as deep as they can and then there is static apnea thats holding your breath as long as you can in one place without moving -that was the one that i studied the first thing that i learned is when youre holding your breath you should never move at all that wastes energy and that -just control that and then i learned how to purge purging is basically hyperventilating you blow in -do that you get lightheaded you get tingling and youre really ridding your body of co two so when you hold your breath its infinitely easier -then i learned that you have to take a huge breath -just hold and relax and never let any air out and just hold and relax through all the pain every morning this is for months i would wake up and the first thing that i would do is i would hold my breath -for out of fifty two minutes i would hold my breath for forty four minutes so basically what that means is i would purge id breath really hard for a minute -and i would hold immediately after for five and half minutes then i would breath again for a minute -purging as hard as i can then immediately after that i would hold again for five and half minutes i would repeat this process eight times in a row -fifty two minutes youre only breathing for eight minutes at the end of that youre completely fried your brain you feel like youre walking around in a daze and you have these awful headaches basically im not he best person to talk to when im doing that stuff -i started learning about the world record holder his name is tom sietas and this guy is perfectly built for holding his breath -hes six foot four hes one hundred and sixty pounds and his total lung capacity is is twice the size of an average person -im six foot one and fat -say big -block of ice for three days and three nights in new york city that one was way more difficult than i had expected -i had to drop fifty pounds in three months so everything that i put into my body i considered as medicine every bit of food was exactly what it was for its nutritional value -i ate really small controlled portions thoughout the day and i started to really adapt my body -thinner i was the longer i was able to hold my breath and by eating so well and training so hard my resting heart rate dropped to thirty eight beats per minute which is lower than most olympic athletes -in four months of training i was able to hold my breath for over seven minutes -i wanted to try holding my breath everywhere i wanted to try it in the most extreme situations to see if i could slow my heart rate down under -i decided that i was going to break the world record live on prime time television the world record was eight minutes and fifty eight seconds held by tom sietas that guy with the whale lungs i told -i assumed that i could put a water tank at lincoln center and -if i stayed there a week not eating i would get comfortable in that situation and i would slow my metabolism which i was sure would help me hold my breath longer than i had been able to do it -the one after that i stood on top of a hundred foot pillar for thirty six hours i began to hallucinate so hard that the buildings that were behind me started to look like big animal heads -i was completely wrong -i entered the sphere a week before the scheduled air date and i thought everything seemed to be on track two days before my big breath hold attempt for the record -the producers of my television special thought that -just watching somebody holding their breath and almost drowning is too boring for television -so i had to add handcuffs while holding my breath -to escape from this was a critical mistake because of the movement i was wasting oxygen and by seven minutes i had gone into these awful convulsions -by seven eight i started to black out -and by seven minutes and thirty seconds they had to pull my body out and bring me back -i had failed on every level -so naturally the only way out of the slump that i could think of -was i decided to call oprah -i told her that i wanted to up the ante and hold my breath longer than any human being ever had this was a different record this was a pure o two static apnea record that guinness had set the world record at thirteen minutes -so basically you breath pure o two first oxygenating your body flushing out co two and you are able to hold much longer -i realized that my real competition was the beaver -so next i went to london in london i lived in a glass box for forty four days with nothing but water it was for me one of the most difficult things id ever done but it was also -in january of eight oprah gave me four months to prepare and train so i would sleep in a hypoxic tent every night -a hypoxic tent is a tent that simulates altitude at fifteen thousand feet so its like basecamp everest what that does is you start building up the red bloodcell count -brain is completely wiped out my first attempt on pure o two i was able to go up to fifteen minutes so it was a pretty big success -the neurosurgeon pulled me out of the water because in his mind at fifteen minutes your brain is done youre braindead so he pulled me up and i was fine -there was one person there that was definitely not impressed it was my ex girlfriend while i was breaking the record underwater for the first time she was sifting through my blackberry checking all my messages -my brother had a picture of it it is -i then announced that i was going to go for sietas record publicly and what he did in response is he went on regis and kelly -and broke his old record then his main competitor -and broke his record so he suddenly pushed the record up to sixteen minutes and thirty two seconds which was three minutes longer than i had prepared you know it was longer than the record -now i wanted to get the science times to document this i wanted to get them to do a piece on it so i did what any person seriously pursuing scientific advancement would do -i walked into the new york times offices and did card tricks to everybody -so i dont know if it was the magic or the lore of the cayman islands but john tierney flew down and did a piece on the seriousness of breath holding while he was there i tried to impress him of course and i did a -dive down to one hundred and sixty feet which is basically the height of a sixteen story building -and as i was coming up i blacked out underwater which is really dangerous thats how you drown luckily kirk had seen me and he swam over and pulled me up -so i started full focus i completely trained to get my breath hold time up for what i needed to do but there was no way to prepare for the live television aspect of it being on oprah -but in practice i would do it face down floating on the pool but for tv they wanted me to be upright so they could see my face basically -the other problem was the suit was so bouyant that they had to strap my feet in to keep me from floating up so i had to use my legs to hold my feet into the straps that were loose which was a real problem for me -that made me extremely nervous raising the heart rate then what they also did was which we never did before is there was a heart rate monitor -they started flying cheeseburgers on helicopters around my box -and it was right next to the sphere so every time my heart would beat id hear the beep beep beep beep you know the ticking really loud which was making me more nervous and there is no way to slow my heart rate down so -normally i would start at thirty eight beats per minute and while holding my breath it would drop to twelve beats per minute which is pretty unusual -this time it started at one hundred and twenty beats -and it never went down -and i was getting more nervous and the heart rate just kept going up and up all the way up to one hundred and fifty beats -so i felt very validated when the new england journal of medicine actually used the research for science -basically its the same thing that created my downfall at lincoln center -when i made it to the halfway mark at eight minutes i was one hundred percent certain that i was not going to be able to make this there was no way for me to do it so -i figured oprah had dedicated an hour to doing this breath hold thing if i had cracked early it would be a whole show about how depressed i am so -i figured im better off just fighting and staying there until i black out at least then they can pull me out and take care of me and all -i kept pushing to ten minutes at ten minutes you start getting all these really strong tingling sensations in your fingers and toes -where theres an anthropic ideal where you see that life had to evolve from the numbers that describe the universe -these are things that are really difficult to understand and what ive tried to do since i had my training as a medical illustrator since i was taught animation by my father who was a sculptor and my visual mentor -i wanted to figure out a way to help people understand truth and beauty in the biological sciences -a medical illustrator -by using animation by using pictures by telling stories so that the things that are not necessarily evident to people -they learn is -and i come from a slightly different point of view ive been watching since i grew up the expressions of truth and beauty -drawn down to the point where the truth and beauty are not always evident its almost like that old recipe for chicken soup where you boil the chicken until the flavor is just -want to do that to our students so we have an opportunity to really open up education and i had a telephone call -from robert lue at harvard in the molecular and cellular biology department a couple of years ago he asked me if my team and i would be interested and willing to -really change how medical and scientific education is done at harvard so we embarked on a project that would explore the cell that would -that they could hang all of these facts on they could have a mental image of the cell as a large bustling -hugely complicated city thats occupied by micro machines and these micro machines really are at the heart of life these micro machines which are the envy of nanotechnologists the world over are -powerful precise accurate devices that are made out of strings of amino acids and these micro machines -in the arts and truth and beauty in the sciences and while these are both wonderful things in their own right they both have very wonderful things going for them truth and beauty -power how a cell moves they power how a cell replicates they power our hearts they power -minds and so what we wanted to do was to figure out how we could make this story into an animation that would be the center piece of biovisions at harvard -which is a website that harvard has for its molecular and cellular biology students that will -in addition to all the textual information in addition to all the didactics stuff put everything together visually so that these students would have an internalized view of what a cell really is in all of its truth and beauty -and be able to study with this view in mind so that their imaginations would be sparked so that their passions would be sparked and so that they would be able to go on and use these visions in their head -to make new discoveries and to be able to find out really how life works so we set out by looking at -how these molecules are put together -we worked with a theme which is youve got -and they are given this information that theres an inflammation somewhere outside where they cant see and sense but they get the information that causes them to stop -causes them to internalize that they need to make all of the various parts that will cause them to change their shape -as ideals that can be looked at by the sciences and by math are almost like the ideal conjoined twins that a scientist would want to date -and try to get out of -and find out whats going on so these molecular motors we had to work with the harvard scientists and -models of the atomically accurate molecules and figure out how they moved and figure out what they did and figure out how to do this in a way -that was truthful in that it imparted what was going on but not so truthful that the compact crowding in a cell would -its an ongoing project thats going to go another four or five years and i want you to look at this and -see the paths that the cell manufactures these little walking machines theyre called kinesins that take these huge loads that would challenge an ant in relative size run the movie please -but these machines that power the inside of the cells are really quite amazing and they really are the basis of all life because all of these machines -interact with each other they pass information to each other they cause different things to happen inside the cell and the cell will actually -no life from the smallest life to everybody here would be possible without these little micro machines in fact it would really in the absence of these machines have made the attendance here chris really quite sparse -this is the fedex delivery guy of the cell -this little guy is called the kinesin and he pulls a sack thats full of brand new manufactured proteins to wherever its needed in the cell -whether its to a membrane whether its to an organelle whether its to build something or repair something and each of us -has about one hundred thousand of these things running around right now inside each one of your one hundred trillion cells so no matter how lazy you feel youre not really intrinsically doing nothing -are expressions of -so what i want you to do when you go home is think about this and think about how powerful our cells are and think about some of the things that -were learning about cellular mechanics once we figure out all thats going on and believe me we know almost a percent of whats going on -as awe ful things by meaning they are things you can worship they are ideals that are powerful they are irreducible they are unique they are useful sometimes often a long time after the fact -once we figure out whats going on were really going to be able to have a lot of control over what we do with our health with what we do with -future generations how long were going to live and hopefully well be able to use this to discover more truth and more beauty -these cells -these micro machines -aware enough of what the cell needs that they do their bidding they work together they make the cell do what it needs to do and -and you can actually roll some of the pictures now because i dont want to look at me on the screen -truth and beauty are things that are often opaque to people who are not in the sciences they are things that describe -beauty in a way that is often only accessible if you understand the language and the syntax -of the person who studies the subject in which truth and beauty is expressed if you look at the math e equal mc squared if you look at the cosmological constant -before about the fusion of our souls into one higher level entity about the fact that at the core of both our souls lay our identical hopes and dreams for our children about the notion that those hopes were not separate or distinct hopes but were just one hope one clear thing that defined us both -that welded us into a unit the kind of unit i had but dimly imagined before being married and having children -i realized that though carol had died that core piece of her had not died at all but had lived on very determinedly in my brain the greeks say we suffer our way to wisdom through his suffering hofstadter understood how deeply interpenetrated we are -through the policy failures of the last thirty years we have come to acknowledge i think how shallow our view of human nature has been and now as we confront that shallowness and the failures that derive from our inability to get the depths of who we are -comes this revolution in consciousness these people in so many fields -exploring the depth of our nature and coming away with this enchanted this new humanism and when freud discovered his sense of the unconscious it had a vast effect on the climate of the times -now we are discovering a more accurate vision of the unconscious of who we are deep inside and its going to have a wonderful and profound and humanizing effect on our culture thank you -so in the course of my career i have covered a series of failures we sent economists in the soviet union with privatization plans when it broke up and what they really lacked was social trust we invaded iraq with a military oblivious to the cultural and psychological realities -i got my current job i was given a good piece of advice which was to interview three politicians every day and from that much contact with politicians i can tell you theyre all emotional freaks of one sort or another they have what i called logorrhea dementia which is they talk so much they drive themselves insane -we had a financial regulatory regime based on the assumptions that traders were rational creatures who wouldnt do anything stupid for thirty years ive been covering school reform and weve basically reorganized the bureaucratic boxes charters private schools vouchers -but weve had disappointing results year after year and the fact is people learn from people they love and if youre not talking about the individual relationship between a teacher and a student youre not talking about that reality but that reality is expunged from our policy making process -and so thats led to a question for me why are the most socially attuned people on earth completely dehumanized when they think about policy and i came to the conclusion this is a symptom of a larger problem -that for centuries weve inherited a view of human nature based on the notion that were divided selves -that reason is separated from the emotions and that society progresses to the extent that reason can suppress the passions -and its led to a view of human nature that were rational individuals who respond in straightforward ways to incentives and its led to ways of seeing the world where people try to use the assumptions of physics to measure how human behavior is -and its produced a great amputation a shallow view of human nature were really good at talking about material things but were really bad at talking about emotions -were really good at talking about skills and safety and health were really bad at talking about character alasdair macintyre the famous philosopher said that we have the concepts of the ancient morality of virtue honor goodness -but we no longer have a system by which to connect them -and so this has led to a shallow path in politics but also in a whole range of human endeavors you can see it in the way we raise our young kids you go to an elementary school at three in the afternoon -if the wind blows them over theyre like beetles stuck there on the ground you see these cars that drive up usually its saabs and audis and volvos because in certain neighborhoods its socially acceptable to have a luxury car so long as it comes from a country hostile to u s foreign policy thats fine -and you can usually tell the uber moms because they actually weigh less than their own children -moment of conception theyre doing little butt exercises babies flop out theyre flashing mandarin flashcards at the things -and sometimes they make a success of themselves in a superficial manner and they make a ton of money and sometimes you can see them at vacation places like jackson hole or aspen and theyve become elegant and slender they dont really have thighs they just have one elegant calve on top of another -you see them on the mountains up there theyre cross country skiing up the mountain with these grim expressions that make dick cheney look like jerry lewis -and over the past few years i think weve been given a deeper view of human nature and a deeper view of who we are -and its not based on theology or philosophy its in the study of the mind across all these spheres of research from neuroscience to the cognitive scientists behavioral economists psychologists sociology were developing a revolution in consciousness -and when you synthesize it all its giving us a new view of human nature and far from being a coldly materialistic view of nature its a new humanism its a new enchantment and i think when you synthesize this research you start with three key insights -the first insight is that while the conscious mind writes the autobiography of our species the unconscious mind does most of the work -i once this was years ago i saw ted kennedy and dan quayle meet in the well of the senate and they were friends and they hugged each other and they were laughing and their faces were like this far apart and they were moving and grinding and moving their arms up and down each other and i was like get a room i dont want to see this -people named lawrence become lawyers because unconsciously we gravitate toward things that sound familiar which is why i named my daughter president of the united states brooks -study the furniture let it marinate in your mind distract yourself and then a few days later go with your gut because unconsciously youve figured it out the second insight is that emotions are at the center of our thinking -people with strokes and lesions in the emotion processing parts of the brain are not super smart theyre actually sometimes quite helpless -and the giant in the field is in the room tonight and is speaking tomorrow morning antonio damasio and one of the things hes really shown us is that emotions are not separate from reason but they are the foundation of reason because they tell us what to value and so reading and educating your emotions is one of the central activities of wisdom -now im a middle aged guy im not exactly comfortable with emotions one of my favorite brain stories described these middle aged guys they put them into a brain scan machine this is apocryphal by the way but i dont care and they had them watch a horror movie and then they had them describe their feelings toward their wives -and the brain scans were identical in both activities -and the third insight is that were not primarily self contained individuals were social animals not rational animals we emerge out of relationships and we are deeply interpenetrated one with another -and so when we see another person we reenact in our own minds what we see in their minds when we watch a car chase in a movie its almost as if we are subtly having a car chase when we watch pornography its a little like having sex -though probably not as good and we see this when lovers walk down the street when a crowd in egypt or tunisia gets caught up in an emotional contagion the deep interpenetration -and this revolution in who we are -gives us a different way of seeing i think politics a different way most importantly of seeing human capital we are now children of the french enlightenment we believe that reason is the highest of the faculties -but they have those social skills another case last election cycle i was following mitt romney around new hampshire and he was campaigning with his five perfect sons bip chip rip zip lip and dip -but i think this research shows that the british enlightenment or the scottish enlightenment with david hume adam smith actually had a better handle on who we are that reason is often weak our sentiments are strong and our sentiments are often trustworthy and this work corrects that bias in our culture that dehumanizing bias -it gives us a deeper sense of what it actually takes for us to thrive in this life -when we think about human capital we think about the things we can measure easily things like grades sats degrees the number of years in schooling what it really takes -to do well to lead a meaningful life are things that are deeper things we dont really even have words for and so let me list just a couple of the things i think this research points us toward trying to understand -the first gift or talent is mindsight the ability to enter into other peoples minds and learn what they have to offer babies come with this ability meltzoff whos at the university of washington leaned over a baby who was forty three minutes old -he wagged his tongue at the baby the baby wagged her tongue back -babies are born to interpenetrate into moms mind and to download what they find their models of how to understand reality in the united states fifty five percent of babies have a deep two way conversation with mom and they learn models to how to relate to other people -and those people who have models of how to relate have a huge head start in life scientists at the university of minnesota did a study in which they could predict with seventy seven percent accuracy at age eighteen months -who was going to graduate from high school based on who had good attachment with mom twenty percent of kids do not have those relationships -they are what we call avoidantly attached they have trouble relating to other people they go through life like sailboats tacking into the wind wanting to get close to people but not really having the models of how to do that -and so this is one skill of how to hoover up knowledge one from another a second skill is equal poise -the ability to have the serenity to read the biases and failures in your own mind so for example we are overconfidence machines ninety five percent of our professors report that they are above average teachers ninety six percent of college students say they have above average social skills -time magazine asked americans are you in the top one percent of earners nineteen percent of americans are in the top one percent -women because men think they can swim across that lake -but some people have the ability and awareness of their own biases their own overconfidence they have epistemological modesty they are open minded in the face of ambiguity they are able to adjust strength of the conclusions to the strength of their evidence -they are curious and these traits are often unrelated and uncorrelated with iq the third trait is metis -what we might call street smarts its a greek word its a sensitivity to the physical environment the ability to pick out patterns in an environment derive a gist -one of my colleagues at the times did a great story about soldiers in iraq who could look down a street and detect somehow whether there was an ied a landmine in the street they couldnt tell you how they did it but they could feel cold they felt a coldness -and they were more often right than wrong -the third is what you might call sympathy the ability to work within groups -and that comes in tremendously handy because groups are smarter than individuals and face to face groups are much smarter than groups that communicate electronically because ninety percent of our communication is non verbal -then you could talk about a trait like blending any child can say im a tiger pretend to be a tiger it seems so elementary -but in fact its phenomenally complicated to take a concept i and a concept tiger and blend them together but this is the source of innovation what picasso did for example was take the concept western art and the concept african masks -and blend them together not only the geometry but the moral systems entailed in them and these are skills again we cant count and measure and then the final thing ill mention is something you might call limerence -and this is not an ability its a drive and a motivation the conscious mind hungers for success and prestige the unconscious mind hungers for those moments of transcendence when the skull line disappears and we are lost in a challenge or a task -the room and then as hes leaving the diner -when a craftsman feels lost in his craft when a naturalist feels at one with nature when a believer feels at one with gods love that is what the unconscious mind hungers for and many of us feel it in love when lovers feel fused -he first names almost everybody hes just met i was like okay thats social skill -and one of the most beautiful descriptions ive come across in this research of how minds interpenetrate was written by a great theorist and scientist named douglas hofstadter at the university of indiana he was married to a woman named carol -and they had a wonderful relationship when their kids were five and two carol had a stroke and a brain tumor and died suddenly and hofstadter wrote a book called i am a strange loop in the course of that book he describes a moment -just months after carol has died he comes across her picture on the mantel or on a bureau in his bedroom and heres what he wrote -i looked at her face and i looked so deeply that i felt i was behind her eyes and all at once i found myself saying as tears flowed thats me thats me and those simple words brought back many thoughts that i had had -the disney hall here and carnegie hall and places like that and its been very exciting but i also noticed that sometimes the music that -had written or was writing at the time didnt sound all that great in some of those halls we managed but -specific rooms do i have a place a venue in mind when i write is that a kind of model for -creativity do we all make things with a venue a context in mind okay africa -most of the popular music that we know now -has a big part of its roots in west africa and the music there i would say the instruments the intricate rhythms -the way its played the setting the context its all perfect it all works perfect the music works perfectly in that setting theres no big room to -the venue where i as a young man some of the music that i wrote was first performed it was remarkably -create reverberation and confuse the rhythms the instruments are loud enough that they can be heard without amplification etc etc its no accident its perfect for that particular context -this kind of -the room flatters the music it actually improves it this is the room that -some of his music for this is the organ -its not as big as a gothic cathedral so he can write things that are a little bit more intricate he can very innovatively actually change keys without risking huge -a pretty good sounding room with all the uneven walls and all the crap everywhere it actually sounded pretty good this is a song that was recorded there -to one another they used to eat drink and yell out to people on the stage just like they do at cbgbs and places like that if they liked an aria -they would holler and suggest that it be done again as an encore not at the end of the show but immediately and -was an opera experience this is the opera house that wagner built for himself -and the size of the room is not that big its smaller than this but -wagner made an innovation he wanted a bigger band he wanted a little more bombast so he increased the size of the orchestra pit so he could get more low end instruments -a lot more reverberant than la scala around the same according to alex ross who writes for the new yorker -this kind of rule came into effect that audiences had to be quiet no more eating drinking and yelling at the stage or -a different kind of music worked best in these kind of halls it meant that there could be extreme dynamics which there werent in some of these other kinds of music -the music had to be maybe a little less rhythmic and a little more textural -in the picture -it looks like -that was bobs last record -clubs again its noisy theyre playing for dancers theres certain sections of the song the songs had different sections that the dancers really liked and theyd say play that part again -be loud enough to be heard above that same thing goes true for thats the beginning of the century for the -whole of twentieth century popular music whether its rock or latin music or whatever doesnt really change that much it changes about a third of the way into the twentieth century when this became -one of the primary venues for music and this was one way that the music got there microphones enabled singers in particular and -singers like frank sinatra could use the -and do things that they could never do without a microphone other singers after him -the nature of the room meant that words could be understood the lyrics of the songs could be pretty much understood the sound system was kind of decent -went even further -been impossible without a microphone it would have been impossible without recorded music as well and hes singing right into your ear hes whispering into your ear the effect is just electric its like the guy is -sitting next to you whispering -who knows what into your ear -so at this point music diverged theres live music and theres recorded music and they no longer have to be exactly the same now theres venues like this a discotheque and theres jukeboxes in bars -the dancers liked certain sections more than they did others so there early hip hop guys would loop certain -and there wasnt a lot of reverberation in the room so the rhythms could be pretty intact too pretty concise -live performance when it was incredibly successful ended up in what is probably acoustically the worst sounding venues on the planet sports stadiums -that this is what theyre writing for the tempos are medium it sounds big its more a social situation than a musical situation and in some ways the music that theyre writing for this -place works perfectly so theres more new venues one of the new ones is the automobile i grew up with a radio in a car but now thats evolved into something else the car is a whole venue -works perfectly on it -it might not be what you want to listen to at home but it works great in the car -has a huge frequency spectrum you know big bass and high end and the voice kind of stuck in the middle automobile music you can share with your friends -other places around the country had similar rooms this is tootsies orchid lounge in nashville the music was in some ways different but in structure and form -theres one other kind of new venue the private mp three player presumably this is just for christian music and -in some ways its like carnegie hall or when the audience had to hush up because you can now hear every single detail in other ways its more like the west african music because -if the music in an mp three player gets too quiet you turn it up and the next minute your ears are blasted out by a louder passage so that doesnt really work i think -pop music mainly its written today to some extent is written for these kind of players for this kind of personal experience where you can hear extreme detail but the dynamic doesnt change that much -so i asked myself okay is this a model for creation this adaptation that we do -and -does it happen anywhere else well according to david attenborough and some other people birds do it too that the birds in the canopy -where the foliage is dense their calls tend to be high pitched short and repetitive -and the birds on the floor tend to have lower pitched calls so they dont get distorted when they bounce off the forest floor and birds like -this savannah sparrow they tend to have a buzzing -very much the same the clientele behavior was very much the same too -call and it turns out that a sound like this is -the most energy efficient and practical way to transmit their -the east coast of the united states where the forests are a little denser has one kind of call and the tananger on the other side on the west -a different -do it too and i thought well if this is a model for creation if we make music -is that how it works yeah i think its evolutionary its adaptive but the pleasure and the passion and the joy is still there -so the bands at tootsies or at cbgbs had to play loud enough -this is a reverse view of things from the kind of traditional romantic view the romantic view is that first comes the passion and then the outpouring of emotion and then somehow it gets shaped into something -and im saying well the passions still there but the vessel that its going to be injected into and poured into -that is instinctively and intuitively created first we already know where that passion is going -but this conflict of views is kind of interesting the writer thomas frank -says that this might be a kind of explanation why some voters vote against their best interests that voters like a lot of us -assume that if they hear something that sounds like its sincere that its coming from the gut that its passionate that its more authentic and theyll vote for that so that if somebody can fake sincerity if they can fake passion -be loud enough to overcome people falling down shouting out and doing whatever else they were doing since then ive played other places that are much nicer ive played -im saying the two the passion the joy are not mutually exclusive maybe what the world needs now is for us to realize that we are like the birds we adapt -we sing and like the birds the joy is still there even though we have changed what we do to fit the context thank you very much -or to improve government or to improve so many of the things that politicians talk about so what follows from that is that if you think -its all about money you can only measure success in public services in health care and education and policing by spending more money you can only measure progress by spending money youre going to have a pretty miserable time -but if you think a whole lot of other things matter that lead up to well being things like your family relationships friendship community values -if we combine the right political philosophy the right political thinking -with the incredible information revolution that has taken place and that all of you know so much more about than i do i think theres an incredible opportunity -to actually remake politics remake government remake public services and achieve whats up on that slide which is a big increase in our well being thats the argument i want to make tonight -someone once said that politics is of course -the political philosophy now im not saying for a minute that british conservatives have all the answers of course we dont but there are two things at heart that i think drive a conservative philosophy that are really relevant to this whole debate -the first is this we believe that if you give people more power and control over their lives if you give people more choice if you put them in the driving seat -remake politics remake government remake your public services the second thing we believe is we believe going with the grain of human nature -i feel like ive really arrived -which we were just hearing about again i think we can achieve a real increase -in well being in happiness in a stronger society without necessarily having to spend a whole lot more money -why do i think now is the moment to make this argument well im afraid youre going to suffer a short condensed history lesson about what i would say are the three passages of history -the other thing to think of is what an honor it is as a politician to give a ted talk particularly here in the u k where the reputation of politics with the expenses scandal has sunk so low there was even a story recently that -gone from a world of local control then we went to a world of central control and now were in a world of people control local power central power -now people power now here is king knut king a thousand years ago thought he could turn back the waves couldnt turn back the waves couldnt actually turn back very much because if you were king a thousand years ago while it still -hours and hours and weeks and weeks to traverse your own country there wasnt much you were in charge of you werent in charge of policing justice education health welfare -everything had to be local you had to have local control because there was no nationally available information because travel was so restricted so this was the pre bureaucratic age -suddenly you have the big strong central state it was able -but only it was able to organize health care education policing justice and it was the world of as i say -local power but now central power it had sucked all that power up from the localities it was able to do that itself -hundred years ago sending these ten words cost fifty dollars right now here we are linked up to long beach and everywhere else -for a fraction of that cost and we can send and receive huge quantities of information without it costing anything so were now living in -a post bureaucratic age where genuine people -power is possible -now what does this mean for our politics for our public services for our government well i cant in the time ive got -scientists had thought about actually replacing rats in their experiments with politicians and someone asked why and they said well -let me just give a few of the ways life can change and this is so obvious in a way because you think about how all of you have changed the way we shop the way we travel -the way that business is done that is already happened the information and internet revolution has actually gone all the way through our societies in so many different ways but it hasnt -in every way yet touched our government so how could this happen well i think there are three chief ways that it should make an enormous difference in transparency in greater choice -and in accountability in giving us that genuine people power -if we take transparency here is one of my -currently is being spent anyone thinking i could do that service better i could deliver it cheaper its all available there we have only in government and in politics -started to scratch the surface of what people are doing in the commercial world with the information revolution so complete transparency will make a huge difference -available on the internet so anyone can see what the terms are what the conditions are deriving huge value for money but also huge increases i believe in well being as well -going to see this change massively we should be making this change with the information revolution in our country -health sites so you can see what operations work out properly what records doctors have the cleanliness of hospitals -who does best at infection control all of the information that would once be locked in the department of health is now available for all of us to see -and the third of these big changes accountability this i think is a huge change it is a crime map this is a crime map -all there are some things that rats just wont do -people in government to try and hold the police to account suddenly weve got this vast opportunity for people power -where we as citizens can see what crimes are being committed where when and by whom and we can hold the police to account and you can see that this -now i -will make a huge difference now i also said the other principle that i think we should work on is understanding of people is recognizing that going with the grain of human nature you can achieve so much more -you all love data so im starting with a data rich slide this i think is the most important fact to bear in mind in british politics or american politics and that is we have run out of money -got a huge revolution in understanding of why people behave in the way that they do and a great opportunity to put that knowledge and information to greater use were working with some of these people were being advised by some of these people -as was said to try and bring all the experience to book let me just give you one example that i think is incredibly simple and -we want to get people to be more energy efficient why it cuts fuel poverty it cuts their bills and it cuts carbon emissions at the same time -how do you do it well weve had government information campaigns over the years when they tell you to switch off the lights when you leave the home we even had one government minister once told us to -is to show them their own spending to show them what their neighbors are spending and then show what an energy conscious neighbor -that sort of behavioral economics can transform peoples behavior in a way that all the bullying and all the information and all the -all the proof from america is actually if you pay people to recycle if you give them a carrot rather than a stick you can transform their behavior -so what does all this add up to here are my two favorite -speeches -what your country can do for you ask what you can do for your country an incredibly noble sentiment but when he made that speech -what could you do to build the stronger better society you could fight for your country you could die for your country you could serve in your -civil service but you didnt really have the information and the knowledge and the ability to help build the stronger society in the way that you do -we have vast budget deficits this is my global public debt clock and as you can see its thirty two trillion and counting and i think what this leads to -and i think an even more -wonderful speech which im going to read a big chunk of which sums up what i said at the beginning about believing there is more to life -money and more that we should try and measure than money and it is robert kennedys beautiful description of why gross national product captures so little -it does not allow for the health of our children the quality of their education or the joy of their play it does not the beauty of our poetry or the strength of our marriages the intelligence of our public debate -it measures neither our wit nor our courage neither our wisdom nor our learning neither our compassion nor our devotion to our country it measures everything in short -except that which makes life worth while again a sentiment that was so noble and beautifully put forty years ago and a beautiful dream forty years ago -but now with the huge advances in information technology with the massive changes in behavioral economics with all that we know about how you would advance well being -if we combine those insights of giving power to people and using information to make that possible and using the insight of going with the grain of human nature while at the same time understanding why people behave in the way they do -it is a dream more easy to realize today than it was when it was made in that beautiful speech forty years ago thank -is a very simple recognition that theres one question in politics at the moment above all other and its this one -how do we make things better without spending more money because there isnt going to be a lot of money to improve public services -chosen to show the photo wed already seen a million times which was basically the moment of impact and people magazine -this i had just arrived in barcelona for the first time and i thought you know fly all night i looked up and i thought wow how clean you come into this major airport and they simply have a -got probably the best shot its kind of horsey type but the -right hand page was not given up to the whole issue look at the image of this lady who knows what shes going through -this says one clean fits all there were a lot of orphans made this day and heres a dead body being brought out it just seems to me possibly even a blank page would have been more appropriate -and -i gave a talk in new york a couple months after this and afterwards somebody came up to me and they said that they actually emailed me and they said that they appreciated the talk and when they got back to their car -they found a note on their car that made them think maybe new york was getting back to being new york again after this event it had been a few months this was what they found on their car -very few times youd be happy to find this on your car but it did seem to indicate that we were coming back this is my desktop somebody told me today there was this thing called folders -are these are my notes for the talk there might be a correlation here we are wrapping up this i saw on the plane flying in -for hot new products im not sure this is an improvement or a good idea because like if you dont spend quite enough time in front of your computer you can now get a plate in the keyboard -i mean how nice is that everythings gotten simpler in design and heres this -so theres no more faking it that you dont really sit at your desk all day and eat and work anyway now theres a plate and it would be really really convenient to get a piece of pizza then type a little -just not sure this is improvement if you ever doubt the power of graphic design this is a very generic sign that literally says vote for hitler it says nothing else and this to me is an extreme case of the power of -of graphic design even though in fact was a very generic poster at the time whats next whats next is going to be -mega airport and god i just i took a picture i thought god that is the coolest thing ive ever seen at an airport till a couple months later -this is i like found art hand letterings coming back in a big way and i thought this was a great example of both this ladys advertising for her lost pit bull its friendly shes underlined friendly thats probably why she calls it hercules or hercles -visions of people going down alleyways yelling out for hercles and you get charged by this thing and you go oh please be hercles please be -im sure she never found the dog because i took the sign but i was asked to give a talk at a conference in sacramento a few years back and the theme was courage -test pilot and he told me that when you signed up to become a test pilot they told you that there was a forty to fifty percent chance of death on the job thats pretty high for most occupations -i went back to the same airport same plane i think and looked up and it said c -and i started thinking about some of these decisions i have to make between -for the most part theyre not real life threatening why not experiment why not have some fun -and the best one ive heard im sure some of you have heard this the definition of a good job is if you could afford to if money wasnt an issue would you be doing that same work -and if you would youve got a great job and if you wouldnt what the heck are you doing youre going to be dead a really long time thank you very much -was only then that i realized it was simply a gate that i was coming into -im a big believer in the emotion of design and the message thats sent before somebody begins to read before they get the rest of the information what is the -very simplified version of what im talking about these are a couple of garage doors painted identical situated next to each other so heres the first door -you know you get the message you know its pretty clear take a look at the second door and see if theres any different message ok which one would you park in front of -same color same message same words the only thing thats different is the expression that the individual door owner here put into the piece and again which is the psycho killer -yet it doesnt say that it doesnt need to say that i would probably park in front of the other one -im sure a lot of you are aware that graphic design has gotten a lot simpler in the last five years or so its gotten so simple that its already starting to kind of come back the other way again and get a little more -this graffiti artist has come along made this sign a little bit better and then moved on -he didnt overpower it like they have a tendency to do -access to a slide projector i actually find them a lot -for a book by metropolis i took some photos and this is -too cheap to tear the whole sign down so they just teared out sections of it and i would argue that its possibly more effective than the original billboard -in terms of getting your attention getting you to look over that way and hopefully you dont stop and buy those awful pecan things stuckeys this is from my -second book the first book is called the end of print and it was done along with a film working with william burroughs and the end of print is now in its fifth printing -when i first contacted william burrows about being part of it he said no he said he didnt believe it was the end of print -would love to have your input on this film and this book and he finally agreed to it and at the end of the film he says -the end of painting -emotional -painting people are just going to take pictures now and of course that wasnt the case so this is from two nd sight -book i did on intuition i think its not the only ingredient in design but possibly the most important its something everybody has -not a matter of teaching it in fact most of the schools tend to discount intuition as an ingredient of your working process -because they cant quantify it its very hard to teach people the four steps to intuitive design but we can teach you the four steps to a nice business card -and personal and the neat thing about a slide projector is you can actually focus the work -or a newsletter so it tends to get discounted this is a quote from albert einstein who says the intellect has little to do on the road to discovery -a leap in consciousness call it intuition or what you will and the solution just comes to you and you -know from where or why so its kind of like when somebody says who did that song and the more you try to think about it the further the answer gets from you and the minute you stop thinking about it your intuition gives you that answer in a sense -like this for a couple of reasons if youve had any design courses they would teach you you cant read this i think you eventually can and more importantly i think its true -for communication just because somethings legible doesnt means it communicates more importantly it doesnt mean it communicates the right thing so what is the message sent before somebody actually gets into the material and i -think thats sometimes an overlooked area this is working with marshall mcluhan i stayed and worked with his wife and son eric and we came up with -unlike powerpoint and some other programs now i agree that you have to -just amazing in terms of being ahead of the times predicting so much of what has happened in the advertising television media -world and so this book is called probes its another word for quotes and its a lot of them are never have never been published before and basically ive interpreted the different quotes -so this was the contents page originally when i got done it was five hundred and forty pages and then the publisher gingko press ended up cutting it down -under four hundred pages now but i decided i liked this contents page i liked the way it looks so i kept it -it now has no relevance to the book whatsoever but its a nice spread -so a couple spreads from the book here mcluhan says the new media are not bridges between man and nature -they are nature the invention of printing did away with -new technologies impose themselves on societies long habituated to older technologies anxieties of all kinds result -yeah there are certain concessions and you know if you use a slide projector youre not able to have the bad type swing in from the back or the side -i hate this stuff its hard to read -in the electronic age have no possible environment except the globe and no possible occupation except information gathering -that was it thats all he saw as the options and not too far off so this is a project for nine inch nails and i only show it because it seemed like it got all this relevancy all of a sudden and it was done right after nine eleven -and i had recently discovered a bomb shelter in the backyard of a house i had bought in la that the real estate person hadnt pointed out -some bomb shelter built apparently in the sixties cuban missile crisis and i asked the real estate guy what it was as we were walking by and he goes its something to do with the sewage system i was ok thats fine i finally went down there and it was this old rusted -circular thing and two beds and very kind of creepy and weird and also surprisingly it was done in kind of a cheap metal and it had completely rusted through -and water everywhere and spiders and i thought you know what where they thinking youd think maybe cement possibly or something but anyway i -down -for a cover for the nine inch nails dvd and ive also now fixed the bomb shelter with duct tape and -i think im ready -was a six shot sequence and trying to use print as a medium to get people to the web so this is a six shot sequence ive taken one shot i cropped it a few different ways and then the tiny line of copy says if you want to see this -maybe thats an ok trade off to trade that off for a focus -sequence how this whole ride was go to the website and my guess is that a lot of the surf kids did go to the site to get this entire picture got no way of tracking it so i could be totally wrong -i dont have the site its just the piece itself this is a group in new york called the coalition for a smoke free environment asked me to do these posters they were wild posted around new york city -you cant really well you cant see it at all but the second line is really the more kind of payoff in a sense it says if the cigarette companies can lie then so can we -i did these were literally wild posted all over new york one night and there were definitely some heads turning you know people smoking -this amazes me this is a product i just found out i was in the caribbean at christmas and im just blown away that in this day and age they will still sell -not that they will sell that there is felt a need for people to lighten the color of their skin this was either an old product with new packaging or a brand new package -hows that still happening i do a lot of workshops all over the world really and this particular assignment was to come up with new symbols for the restroom doors -slides getting stuck and the thing you really hope for is occasionally they burn up -i felt this was one of the more successful solutions the students actually cut them up and put them up around bars and restaurants that night and i just always have this vision of this elderly couple going to use the -i did some work for microsoft a few years back it was a worldwide branding campaign and it was interesting to me my background is in sociology i had no design training and sometimes people say well that -but it was a very interesting experiment because theres no product that i had to sell it was simply the image of microsoft they were trying to improve they thought some people didnt like them -was to try to humanize them a bit and what i did was add type and people to the ad which the previous campaign had not had and nobody remembered them and nobody referenced them and we were trying to say that -some of these guys that work there are actually ok some of them actually have friends and family and theyre not all -perceived as a negative their over competitiveness their you know long working hours and turn it into a positive and not run from it -tonight so with that -thank god its monday i get to go back to that little cubicle those fake gray walls and hear everybody elses conversations f or ten hours and then go home but anyway this is one of the ads i was most pleased with -because they were all elaborately art directed and this one i thought actually felt like the girl was looking at the computer it says wonder around and then its a piece of the software and this is how the ad ran around the world -in germany they made one small change without checking with me nor did they have to because it was done through agencies but see if you can tell the difference this is how the ad ran throughout the world germany made one slight change in the -the first slide up here this as many of you have probably guessed is a recently emptied beer can in portugal -issues here if youre going to put a kid in the ad pick one that looks alive -have a feeling this kids been there for a week you know hes just really hoping that boots up and -and then as the agency explained to me they said look -we dont have little green people in our country why would we put little green people in our ads for instance so i understand their logic i totally disagree with it i think its a very small minded -approach the world is certainly much more global and i certainly think the people of germany could have handled a little black girl sitting in front of a computer though well never know this is some work from ray -and the point of this magazine was to read the articles listen to the music and try to interpret it theres no grid theres no system theres nothing set up in advance this is -for brian eno and its just kind of my personal interpretation of the music this is rockstars talking about teachers they had lusted after -in school theres a lot of great writing in ray gun and i was fortunate to find a photograph of a teacher sitting on some -you could you could highlight it you could make it helvetica or something it is -article i suppose you could eventually decode it but its really not very well written it really wouldnt be worthwhile -to know the story of big history and to know it so well that they understand both the challenges that face us and the opportunities that face us -and thats why a group of us are building a free online syllabus in big history for high school students throughout the world -we believe that big history will be a vital intellectual tool for them as daniel and his generation -face the huge challenges and also the huge opportunities ahead of them at this threshold moment in the history of our beautiful planet i thank you for your attention -into a global system of stupendous complexity -so heres a great puzzle in a universe ruled by the second law of thermodynamics how is it possible to generate the sort of complexity ive described the sort of complexity represented by you and me and the convention center -well the answer seems to be the universe -can create complexity but with great difficulty in pockets -there appear what my colleague fred spier calls goldilocks conditions not too hot -a video -not too cold just right for the creation of complexity and slightly more complex things appear and where you have slightly more complex things you can get slightly more complex things and in this way complexity builds stage by stage -each stage is magical because it creates the impression of something utterly new appearing almost out of nowhere in the universe we refer in big history to these moments as threshold moments -and at each threshold the going gets tougher the complex things get more fragile more vulnerable the goldilocks conditions get more stringent and its more difficult to create complexity -now we as extremely complex creatures desperately need to know this story of how the universe creates complexity despite the second law and why complexity means vulnerability and fragility -and thats the story that we tell in big history but to do it you have do something that may at first sight seem completely impossible you have to survey the whole history of the universe -so lets do it -yes it is a scrambled -a universe appears an entire universe and weve crossed our first threshold the universe is tiny its smaller than an atom its incredibly hot it contains everything thats in todays universe so you can imagine its busting and its expanding at incredible speed -and at first its just a blur but very quickly distinct things begin to appear in that blur within the first second energy itself shatters into distinct forces including electromagnetism and gravity -and energy does something else quite magical it congeals to form matter -quarks that will create protons and leptons that include electrons and all of that happens in the first second -now we move forward three hundred and eighty thousand years -thats twice as long as humans have been on this planet and now simple atoms appear of hydrogen and helium -now i want to pause for a moment three hundred and eighty thousand years after the origins of the universe because we actually know quite a lot about the universe at this stage -we know above all that it was extremely simple it consisted of huge clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms and they have no structure theyre really a sort of cosmic mush -but thats not completely true recent studies by satellites such as the wmap satellite have shown that in fact there are just tiny differences in that background what you see here -the blue areas are about a thousandth of a degree cooler than the red areas these are tiny differences but it was enough for the universe to move on to the next stage of building complexity and this is how it works -gravity is more powerful where theres more stuff -so where you get slightly denser areas gravity starts compacting clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms so we can imagine the early universe breaking up into a billion clouds -and each cloud is compacted gravity gets more powerful as density increases the temperature begins to rise at the center of each cloud and then at the center of each cloud the temperature crosses the threshold temperature of ten million degrees -protons start to fuse theres a huge release of energy and bam -we have our first stars -from about two hundred million years after the big bang stars begin to appear all through the universe billions of them and the universe is now significantly more interesting and more complex -stars will create the goldilocks conditions for crossing two new thresholds when very large stars die they create -temperatures so high that protons begin to fuse in all sorts of exotic combinations to form all the elements of the periodic table if like me youre wearing a gold ring it was forged in a supernova explosion -so now the universe is chemically more complex and in a chemically more complex universe its possible to make more things -and what starts happening is that around young suns young stars -all these elements combine they swirl around the energy of the star stirs them around they form particles they form snowflakes they form little dust motes they form rocks they form asteroids and eventually they form planets and moons and that is how our solar system was formed four -egg and we all know in our heart of hearts that this is not the way the universe works -now the going gets tougher the next stage introduces entities -so chemistry is dominated by the electromagnetic force that operates over smaller scales than gravity which explains why you and i are smaller than stars or planets now what are the ideal conditions for chemistry -what are the goldilocks conditions well first you need energy but not too much in the center of a star theres so much energy that any atoms that combine will just get busted apart again but not too little in intergalactic space theres so little energy that atoms cant combine -what you want is just the right amount and planets it turns out are just right because theyre close to stars but not too close -you also need a great diversity of chemical elements and you need liquid such as water why well in gasses atoms move past each other so fast that they cant hitch up in solids -it was just the right distance from its star to contain huge oceans of open water and deep beneath those oceans at cracks in the earths crust -youve got heat seeping up from inside the earth and youve got a great diversity of elements so at those deep oceanic vents fantastic chemistry began to happen and atoms combined in all sorts of exotic combinations -but of course -life is more than just exotic chemistry how do you stabilize those huge molecules that seem to be viable well its here that life introduces an entirely new trick -you dont stabilize the individual -you stabilize the template the thing that carries information and you allow the template to copy itself and dna of course is the beautiful molecule that contains that information -youll be familiar with the double helix of dna each rung contains information so dna contains information about how to make living organisms -and dna also copies itself so it copies itself and scatters the templates through the ocean so the information spreads notice that information has become part of our story -the real beauty of dna though is in its imperfections as it copies itself once in every billion rungs there tends to be an error and what that means -is that dna is in effect learning its accumulating new ways of making living organisms because some of those errors work so dnas learning and its building greater diversity and greater complexity and we can see this happening over the last four billion years -for most of that time of life on earth living organisms have been relatively simple single cells but they had great diversity and inside great complexity then from about six hundred to eight hundred million years ago multi celled organisms appear you get fungi you get fish you get plants -you get amphibia you get reptiles and then of course you get the dinosaurs -and occasionally there are disasters -sixty five million years ago an asteroid landed on earth near the yucatan peninsula creating conditions equivalent to those of a nuclear war and the dinosaurs were wiped out terrible news for the dinosaurs -is reflected in one of the most fundamental laws of physics the second law of thermodynamics or the law of entropy what that says basically is that the general tendency of the universe is to move from order and structure to lack of order lack of structure -but great news for our mammalian ancestors who flourished -as a threshold in this great story let me explain why weve seen that dna learns in a sense it accumulates information but it is so slow dna accumulates information through random errors some of which just happen to work -but dna had actually generated a faster way of learning it had produced organisms with brains and those organisms can learn in real time -they accumulate information they learn the sad thing is when they die the information dies with them now what makes humans different is human language -we are blessed with a language a system of communication so powerful and so precise -that we can share what weve learned with such precision that it can accumulate in the collective memory -and that means it can outlast the individuals who learned that information and it can accumulate from generation to generation and thats why as a species were so creative and so powerful and thats why we have a history -we seem to be the only species in four billion years to have this gift -i call this ability collective learning its what makes us different we can see it at work in the earliest stages of human history -we evolved as a species in the savanna lands of africa but then you see humans migrating into new environments into desert lands into jungles into the ice age tundra of siberia tough tough environment into the americas into australasia -each migration involved learning learning new ways of exploiting the environment new ways of dealing with their surroundings then ten thousand years ago exploiting a sudden change in global climate with the end of the last ice age humans learned to farm -farming was an energy bonanza and exploiting that energy human populations multiplied human societies got larger denser more interconnected -and then from about five hundred years ago humans began to link up globally -through shipping through trains through telegraph through the internet until now we seem to form a single global brain of almost seven billion individuals and that brain is learning at warp speed -in fact to mush and thats why that video feels a bit strange and yet look around us -and in the last two hundred years something else has happened weve stumbled on another energy bonanza in fossil fuels so fossil fuels and collective learning together explain the staggering complexity we see around us -so -here we are back at the convention center weve been on a journey a return journey of thirteen point seven billion years i hope you agree that this is a powerful story and its a story in which humans play an astonishing and creative role but it also contains warnings -collective learning is a very very powerful force and its not clear that we humans are in charge of it -i remember very vividly as a child growing up in england living through the cuban missile crisis for a few days the entire biosphere seemed to be on the verge of destruction -and the same weapons are still here and they are still armed -if we avoid that trap others are waiting for us were burning fossil fuels at such a rate that we seem to be undermining the goldilocks conditions that made it possible for human civilizations to flourish over the last ten thousand years -what we see around us is staggering complexity -so what big history can do is show us the nature of our complexity and fragility and the dangers that face us but it can also show us our power with collective learning and now finally this is what i want -i want my grandson daniel and his friends and his generation throughout the world -now the lesson of that seems clear to me and i dont know why it isnt informing public debate it is that we cant always know -when we know of an impending disaster and how to solve it at a cost less than the cost of the disaster itself then theres not going to be much argument really -but no precautions and no precautionary principle can avoid problems that we do not yet foresee -now -thats only if we know what to prevent if youve been punched on the nose then the science of medicine does not consist of teaching you how to avoid punches -the first of those two things that everyone knows is kind of saying that were at a very un typical place uniquely suited and so on and the second one is saying that were at a typical place and -if medical science stopped seeking cures and concentrated on prevention only then it would achieve very little of either -the world is buzzing at the moment with plans to force reductions in gas emissions at all costs it ought to be buzzing with plans to reduce the temperature and with plans to live at the higher temperature -and not at all costs but efficiently and cheaply and some such plans exist things like swarms of mirrors in space to deflect the sunlight away and encouraging aquatic organisms to eat more carbon dioxide -at the moment these things are fringe research theyre not central to the human effort to face this problem or problems in general -and with problems that we are not aware of yet the ability to put right not the sheer good luck of avoiding indefinitely is our only hope not just of solving problems but of survival -so -take two stone tablets and -carve on them on one of them carve problems are soluble and on the other one carve problems are inevitable thank you -weve been told to go out on a limb and say something surprising so ill try and do that but i want to start with two things that everyone already knows -but that doesnt prevent them from both being completely false -let me start with the second one typical well -is this a typical place well lets look around you know and look in a random direction and we see a wall and chemical scum -and thats not typical of the universe at all all youve got to do is go a few hundred miles in that same direction -and look back and you wont see any walls or chemical scum at all all you see is a blue planet and if you go further than that -youll see the sun the solar system and the stars and so on but thats still not typical of the universe because stars -in galaxies and most places in the universe a typical place in the universe is nowhere near any galaxies so -lets go further till were outside the galaxy and look back and yeah theres the huge galaxy with spiral arms laid out in front of us and -at this point weve come one hundred thousand light years from here but were still nowhere near -a typical place in the universe to get to a typical place youve got to go one thousand times as far as that -into intergalactic space and so what does that look like typical what does a typical place in the universe look like well -well not quite not quite perfect you see in intergalactic space intergalactic space is completely dark pitch dark its so dark -and the first one in fact is something that has been known for most of recorded history and that is that -that if you were to be looking at the nearest star to you and that star were to explode as a supernova -and you were to be staring directly at it at the moment when its light reached you you still wouldnt be able to see even a glimmer -is so bright so brilliant an event that it would kill you stone dead at a range of several light years -and yet from intergalactic space its so far away you wouldnt even see it its also very cold out there less than three degrees above absolute zero -and its very empty the vacuum there is one million times less dense than the highest vacuum that our best technology on earth can currently create so thats how -different a typical place is from this place and that is how un typical this place is so can we have the lights back on please -thank you -now how do we know about an environment thats so far away and so different and so alien from anything were used to well the earth our environment in the form of us -is creating knowledge well what does that mean well look out even further than weve just been i mean from here with a telescope -the planet earth or the solar system or our environment or whatever is uniquely suited to sustain -and youll see things that look like stars theyre called quasars quasars originally meant quasi stellar object which means -things that look a bit like stars but theyre not stars and we know what they are -billions of years ago and billions of light years away the material at the center of a galaxy collapsed -towards a super massive black hole and then intense magnetic fields directed some of the energy of that gravitational collapse and some of the matter -back out in the form of tremendous jets which illuminated lobes with the brilliance of i think its a trillion -now -the physics of the human brain could hardly be more unlike the physics of such a jet we couldnt survive for an instant in it -and yet that jet happened in precisely such a way that billions of years later on the other side of the universe -some bit of chemical scum could accurately describe and model and predict and explain above all theres your reference what was happening there -our evolution or creation as it used to be thought and our present existence and most important our future survival -in reality -the one physical system the brain contains an accurate working model of the other the quasar not just a superficial image of it though it contains that as well -but an explanatory model embodying the same mathematical relationships and the same causal structure now that is knowledge -and if that werent amazing enough the faithfulness with which the one structure resembles the other is increasing with time that is the growth of knowledge so the laws of physics have this special property -that physical objects as unlike each other as they could possibly be can nevertheless embody the same mathematical and causal structure -and to do it more and more so over time so we are a chemical scum that is different this chemical scum has universality -its structure contains with ever increasing precision the structure of everything this place and not other places in the universe is a hub which contains within itself -the structural and causal essence of the whole of the rest of physical reality and so far from being insignificant the fact that the laws of physics allow this -or even mandate that this can happen is one of the most important things about the physical world -how does the solar system and our environment in the form of us acquire this special relationship with the rest of the universe well one thing thats -true about stephen hawkings remark i mean it is true but its the wrong emphasis one thing thats true about it is that -it doesnt do it with any special physics theres no special dispensation no miracles involved it does it simply with three things that we have here in abundance one of them is matter -because the growth of knowledge is a form of information processing information processing is computation computation requires a computer theres no known way of making a computer without matter -nowadays this idea has a dramatic name spaceship earth and the idea there is that outside the spaceship the universe is implacably hostile and inside -we also need energy to make the computer and most important to make the media in effect onto which we record the knowledge that we discover and then -thirdly less tangible but just as essential for the open ended creation of knowledge of explanations is -evidence now our environment is inundated with evidence we happen to get round to testing lets say -newtons law of gravity about three hundred years ago but the evidence that we used to do that was -falling down on every square meter of the earth for billions of years before that and will continue to fall on for billions of years afterwards -and the same is true for all the other sciences as far as we know evidence to discover the most fundamental truths of all the sciences is -here just for the taking on our planet our location is saturated with evidence and also with matter and energy -out in intergalactic space those three prerequisites for the open ended creation of knowledge are at their lowest possible supply as i said its empty its cold and its dark out -or is it -now actually thats just another parochial misconception because -imagine a cube out there in intergalactic space the same size as our home the solar system -now that cube is very empty by human standards but that still means that it contains over a million tons of matter -and a million tons is enough to make say a self contained space station on which theres a colony of scientists that are devoted to creating an open ended stream of knowledge and so on -all we have all we depend on and we only get the one chance if we mess up our spaceship weve got nowhere else to go now the second thing that everyone already knows is that -now its way beyond present technology to even gather the hydrogen from intergalactic space and form it into other elements and so on but -the thing is in a comprehensible universe if something isnt forbidden by the laws of physics then what could possibly prevent us from doing it other than knowing how in other words its a matter of knowledge -not resources and the same well if we could do that wed automatically have an energy supply because the transmutation would be a fusion reactor -and evidence well again its dark out there to human senses but all youve got to do is take a telescope even one of present day design look out and youll see the same galaxies as we do from here -and with a more powerful telescope youll be able to see stars and planets in those galaxies youll be able to do astrophysics and learn the laws of physics and locally there you could build particle accelerators and learn elementary particle physics and chemistry and so on -but i have to tell you and sorry richard but i never did like biology field trips much and i think we can just about make do with one every few hundred million years -in fact intergalactic space does contain all the prerequisites for the open ended creation of knowledge -any such cube anywhere in the universe could become the same kind of hub that we are if the knowledge of how to do so were present -so were not in a uniquely hospitable place if intergalactic space is capable of creating an open ended stream of explanations then so is almost every other environment so is the -contrary to what was believed for most of human history human beings are not in fact the hub of existence -so is a polluted earth and the limiting factor there and here is not resources because theyre plentiful but knowledge which is scarce now this cosmic knowledge -based view may and i think ought to make us feel very special but it should also make us feel vulnerable because it means that -without the specific knowledge thats needed to survive the ongoing challenges of the universe we wont survive them all it takes is for a supernova to go off a few light years away and well all be dead -martin rees has recently written a book about our vulnerability to all sorts of things from astrophysics to scientific experiments gone wrong and most importantly to -terrorism with weapons of mass destruction and he thinks that civilization only has a fifty percent chance of surviving this century i think hes going to talk about that later in the conference now i dont think that -it depends not on chance but on whether we create the relevant knowledge in time the danger is not at all unprecedented species go extinct all the time -as stephen hawking famously said were just a chemical scum on the surface of a typical planet thats in orbit around a typical star which is on the outskirts of a typical galaxy and so on -then logically our only hope is to make use of the one feature that distinguishes our species and our civilization from all the others -namely our special relationship with the laws of physics our ability to create new explanations new knowledge to be a hub of existence -so let me now apply this to a current controversy not because i want to advocate any particular solution but just to illustrate the kind of thing i mean and the controversy is global warming -now im a physicist but im not the right kind of physicist in regard to global warming im just a layman and the rational thing for a layman to do is to take seriously the prevailing scientific theory -and according to that theory its already too late to avoid a disaster because -if its true that our best option at the moment is to prevent co two emissions with something like the kyoto protocol with its constraints on economic activity and -the actions that are advocated are not even purported to solve the problem merely to postpone it by a little -so its already too late to avoid it and it probably has been too late to avoid it ever since before anyone realized the danger -was probably already too late in the nineteen seventies when the best available scientific theory was telling us that industrial emissions were about to precipitate a new ice age in which billions would die -so rarely that from an individuals point of view the world never improved nothing new was learned -but never mind the symbols think how many -sure that throughout the hundred thousand odd years of our species existence and even before -ancient dream that had always eluded the alchemists was achieved through these same theories that explained starlight -and other ancient mysteries and new unexpected phenomena that all that -about stars and all those other urgent problems they had they even arrived at answers such as myths that dominated their lives yet -bore almost no resemblance to the truth the tragedy of that protracted stagnation -isnt sufficiently recognized i think these were people with brains of essentially the same design that eventually did discover all those things but -the event that revolutionized the human condition and changed the universe or so we should hope because that event was the -our ancestors looked up at the night sky and wondered what stars are wondering therefore -has been growing relentlessly now what had changed what were people now doing for the first time that made that difference between stagnation and -open ended discovery how to make that difference is surely the most important universal truth that it is possible to know -worryingly there is no consensus about what it is so ill tell you but -ill have to backtrack a little first before the scientific revolution they believed -that everything important knowable was already known enshrined in ancient writings institutions -and in some genuinely useful rules of thumb which were however entrenched as dogmas along with many -falsehoods so they believed that knowledge came from authorities that actually knew very little and -priests traditions and rulers which is why the scientific revolution had to have a wider context the enlightenment -how to explain what they saw in terms of things unseen -a revolution in how people sought knowledge trying not to rely on authority take no ones word for it but -that cant be what made the difference authorities had been rejected before many times and that rarely if ever caused anything like the scientific revolution at the time what they thought distinguished science -was a radical idea about things unseen known as empiricism all knowledge derives from the senses -well weve seen that that cant be true it did help by promoting observation and experiment but from the outset it was obvious that there was something horribly wrong with it -knowledge comes from the senses in what language certainly not the language of mathematics in which galileo rightly said the book of nature is written -look at the world you dont see equations carved on to mountainsides if you did it would be because people had carved them by the way why dont we do that -is inadequate because well -we dont see those nuclear reactions in stars we dont see the origin of species we dont see -the curvature of space time and other universes but we know about those things how -so most people only wondered that occasionally like today in breaks from whatever normally preoccupied them but -the classic empiricist answer is induction the unseen resembles the -but it doesnt you know what the clinching evidence was that space time is curved it was a photograph not of space time but of an eclipse with -the evidence for evolution some rocks and some finches and parallel universes again dots there rather than there on a screen what we see in all these cases -no resemblance to the reality that we conclude is responsible only a long chain of theoretical reasoning and interpretation connects them -say creationists so you admit its all interpretation no one has ever seen evolution we see -you have your interpretation we have ours yours comes from guesswork ours from the bible -what creationist and empiricists both ignore is that in that sense no one has ever seen a bible -that the eye only detects light which we dont perceive brains only detect nerve impulses and they dont perceive even those as what they really are namely electrical crackles so -we perceive nothing as what it really is our connection to reality is never just perception its always as karl popper put it theory laden -what normally preoccupied them also involved yearning to know -so were testable conjectures the great innovation that opened the intellectual prison gates no contrary to whats usually -has got a testable prediction consider the ancient greek myth explaining seasons -hades god of the underworld kidnaps persephone the goddess of spring and negotiates a forced marriage contract -requiring her to return regularly and lets her go and each year she is magically compelled to return -and her mother demeter goddess of the earth is sad and makes it cold and barren -how to prevent their food supply from sometimes failing and how they could rest when they were tired without -myth is testable if winter is caused by demeters sadness then it must happen -everywhere on earth simultaneously so if the ancient greeks had only known that austrailia is at its warmest when demeter is at her saddest -have known that their theory is false -so what was wrong with that myth and with all pre scientific thinking and what then made that momentous difference -i think there is one thing you have to care about and that implies testability the scientific method the enlightenment and everything and here is the crucial thing -there is such a thing as a defect in a story i dont just mean a logical defect i mean a bad explanation what does that mean -well explanation is an assertion about whats there unseen that accounts for whats seen because -the explanatory role of persephones marriage contract could be played equally well by infinitely many other ad hoc entities why a marriage contract and not any other reason for -regular annual action here is one persephone wasnt released she escaped and returns every spring -to take revenge on hades with her spring powers she cools his domain with spring air -venting heat up to the surface creating summer that accounts for the same phenomena as the original myth its equally testable -yet what it asserts about reality is in many ways the opposite and that is possible because -the details of the original myth are unrelated to seasons except via the myth itself -this easy variability is the sign of a bad explanation because -without a functional reason to prefer one of countless variants advocating one of them in preference to the others -so for the essence of what makes the difference to enable progress seek good explanations the ones that cant be easily varied while still explaining the phenomena -our current explanation of seasons is that the earths axis is tilted like that so -each hemisphere tilts toward the sun for half the year and away for the other half better put that up thats a good explanation -i bet those prehistoric cave artists would have loved to know how to draw better -hard to vary because every detail plays a functional role for instance we know independently of seasons -heated less and that a spinning sphere in space points in a constant direction and the tilt also explains -angle of elevation at different times of year and predicts that the seasons will be out of phase in the two hemispheres if theyd been observed in phase -the theory would have been refuted but now the fact that its also a good explanation hard to vary makes the crucial difference -if the ancient greeks had found out about seasons in australia they could have easily varied their myth to predict that -for instance when demeter is upset she banishes heat from her vicinity into the other hemisphere where it makes -so being proved wrong by observation and changing their theory accordingly still wouldnt have got the ancient greeks one jot closer to understanding seasons because their explanation was -in every aspect of their lives they wished for progress just as we do but -easy to vary and its only when an explanation is good that it even matters whether its testable if the axis tilt theory had been refuted its defenders would have had nowhere to go -no easily implemented change could make that tilt cause the same seasons in both hemispheres -the search for hard to vary explanations is the origin of all progress its the basic -but the more important one is explanationless theories whenever youre told that some existing statistical trend -will continue but you arent given a hard to vary account of what causes that trend youre being told a wizard did it -has been settled because there is evidence that a given percentage of our political opinions are genetically inherited -presumably so are their own that the truth consists of hard to vary assertions about reality is the most important fact -about the physical world its a fact that is itself unseen yet impossible to vary thank you -failed almost completely to make any they didnt know how to discoveries like fire -i know that she tried to kill you -actually remember that -i said i dont remember anything -from when i was five years old -maybe you just remember somebody telling you -he looked at me and he said -thats something you dont forget -i hope theres one thing you all wont forget -and i realized that when my client will -if we make the picture bigger -that begins the death penalty story -was his age -hed been living by himself for two years -will eventually joined a gang and committed a number of very serious crimes -including most seriously of all -a horrible tragic murder -and will was ultimately executed as punishment for that crime -but i dont want to -talk today about the morality of capital punishment i certainly think that my client shouldnt have been executed but what i would like to do today instead -in a way that is entirely noncontroversial -i think thats possible -because there is a corner of the death penalty debate -maybe the most important corner -where everybody agrees -i was sitting at the kitchen table with my wife katya and we were talking about what i was gonna talk about today -where the most ardent death penalty supporters and the most vociferous abolitionists -are on exactly the same page -thats the corner i want to explore -before i do that though i want to spend a couple of minutes telling you how a death penalty case unfolds and then i want to tell you two lessons that i have learned over the last twenty years as a death penalty lawyer from watching well more than a hundred cases unfold in this way -and its followed by a trial where the murderer is convicted and sent to death row and that death sentence is ultimately upheld by the state appellate court -the third chapter is an even more complicated legal proceeding known as a federal habeas corpus proceeding and the fourth chapter -we have an eleven year old son his name is lincoln he was sitting at the same table -so what all of these death row inmates had to do was rely on volunteer lawyers to handle their legal proceedings than there were lawyers who had both the interest and the expertise to work on these cases -and so inevitably -some of these lawyers were successful they managed to get new trials for their clients years sometimes by months -but the one thing that didnt happen annual executions in texas -doing his math homework -and during a pause -in my conversation with katya i looked over at lincoln and i was suddenly thunderstruck -so we have this paradox why is that -by a recollection of a client of mine -my client was a guy named will -heres the second thing i learned my client will -was not the exception to the rule he was the rule -ill write his biography for you -and eight out of ten times the details of that biography will be more or less accurate -and the reason for that is that eighty percent of the people on death row are eighty percent of the people on death row are people who had exposure to the juvenile justice system -thats the second lesson -right on the cusp of that corner -he was from north texas he never knew his father very well because his father -where everybodys going to agree -but i think everybody would agree -would be a story where no murder ever occurs -but every once in a while as dwight eisenhower said -the way you solve a problem is to make it bigger -the way we solve this problem -we have to say all right -we have these four chapters of a death penalty story but what happens before that story begins -how can we intervene in the life of a murderer -before hes a murderer what options do we have to nudge that person -off of the path still think is a bad result -the murder of an innocent human being -well thats rocket science thats the mathematical expression for the thrust created by a rocket -what were talking about today -is just as complicated -what were talking about today is also -rocket science my client will -in his early childhood years when he was in elementary school there were a wide variety of things that society could have done in fact if we just imagine -that doesnt mean that we dont know a lot already -ill just mention a few -we could be providing early childhood care -there are other states that do that -theres one other thing we can be doing well there are a bunch of other things that we could be doing theres one other thing that we could be that i say today -we could be intervening much more aggressively -if were gonna do that -its not yet too late -theres still time to nudge them -if we think about nudging them rather than just punishing them -is were paying later -but the thing is -even if you dont agree that theres a moral imperative that we do it -it just makes economic sense -the day that he was going to be executed -and we were talking about his life -and then about his mom -who he did know who is still alive -got these fishing lures on the bottom theyre going up and down its got tentacles dangling swirling around like that its a colonial animal these are all individual animals banding together to make -dave gallo and were going to tell you some stories from the sea here in video weve got some of the most incredible video of the titanic thats ever been seen and were not going to show you any of -this one creature and its got these jet thrusters up in front -use in a moment and a little light if you take all the big fish and schooling fish and all that put them on one side of the scale put all the jelly type -of animals on the other side those guys win hands down most of the biomass in the ocean is made out of creatures like this heres the x wing death jelly -the bioluminescence they use the lights for attracting mates and attracting prey and communicating we couldnt begin to show you our archival stuff from the jellies they come in all different sizes and shapes -we tend to forget about the fact that the ocean is miles deep on average and that were real familiar with the animals that are in the first two hundred or three hundred feet -but were not familiar with what exists from there all the way down to the bottom and these are the types of animals that live in that three dimensional space that micro gravity environment -of our favorites because its a little octopod you can actually see through his head and here he is flapping with his ears and very gracefully going up -we see those at all depths and even at the greatest depths they go from a couple of inches to a couple of feet they come right up to the submarine theyll put their eyes right up to the window -this is really a world within a world and were going to show you two in this case were passing down through the mid ocean and we see creatures like this this is kind of like an undersea rooster this guy that looks incredibly formal in a way -this is basically scientific data that youre looking at its footage that weve collected for scientific purposes and thats one of the things that bills been doing is providing scientists with this first -of animals like this in the world where they belong they dont catch them in a net theyre actually looking at them down -over the atlantic thats the ridge right there but were going to go across the caribbean central america and end up against the pacific -nine degrees north we make maps of these mountain ranges with sound with sonar and this is one of those mountain ranges were coming around a cliff here on the right -the height of these mountains on either side of this valley is greater than the alps in most cases and theres tens of thousands of mountains out there that havent been mapped yet -this is a volcanic ridge were getting down further and further in scale and eventually we can come up with something like this this is an icon of our robot -jason its called and you can sit in a room like this with a joystick and a headset and drive a robot like that around the bottom of the ocean in real time -one of the things were trying to do at woods hole with our partners is to bring this virtual world this world this unexplored region back to the laboratory because we see it in bits and pieces right now -the truth of the matter is that the titanic even though its breaking all sorts of box office records its not the most exciting story from the sea and the problem i think is that -we see it either as sound or we see it as video or we see it as photographs or we see it as chemical sensors but we never have yet put it all together into one interesting picture heres where bills cameras really do shine -this is whats called a hydrothermal vent and what youre seeing here is a cloud of densely packed hydrogen sulfide rich water coming out of a volcanic -on the sea floor gets up to six hundred seven hundred degrees fahrenheit somewhere in that range so thats all water under the sea a mile and a half two miles three miles down and we knew it was volcanic back in the sixties seventies -i think thats one of the greatest stories right now that were seeing from the bottom of the sea is that the first thing we see coming out of the sea floor after a volcanic eruption is bacteria -we take the ocean for granted when you think about it the oceans are seventy five percent of the planet most of the planets ocean water the average depth is about two miles part of the problem i think is we stand at the beach or we see images like this of the ocean -the pressure here is four thousand pounds per square inch a mile and a half from the surface to two miles to three miles no sun has ever gotten down here all the energy to support these life forms is coming from inside the earth -so chemosynthesis and you can see how dense the population is these are called tube worms -these worms have no digestive system they have no mouth but they have two types of gill structures one for extracting oxygen out of the deep sea water another one which houses this chemosynthetic bacteria which takes the -like having your hand in boiling water and your foot in freezing water thats how they like to live dg this is -never any lights there except the lights that we bring here they go -these long filaments that you see on the back of the crab are actually created by the product of that bacteria so the bacteria grows hair on the crab on the back you see this again the red dot is the laser light of the submarine alvin to give us an idea about how far away we are from the -those are all shrimp you see the hot water over here here and here coming out -theyre clinging to a rock face and actually scraping -off that rock face heres a tiny little vent thats come out of the side of -you see this white v shaped mark on the back of this shrimp its actually a light sensing organ its how they find the hydrothermal vents -is happening along that forty thousand mile long mountain range that were calling the ribbon of life because even today as we speak theres life being generated there from volcanic activity this is the first time weve ever tried this any place were going to try to show you high definition from the pacific -and in the oceans there are the longest mountain ranges on the planet most of the animals are in the oceans most of the earthquakes and volcanoes are in the sea at the bottom of the sea the biodiversity and the biodensity in the ocean is higher in places than it is in the -were moving up one of these pillars this ones several stories tall -in it youll see that its a -for a lot of different animals theres a funny kind of hot plate here with vent water coming out of it -all of these are individual homes for worms now heres a closer view of that community heres crabs here worms here there are smaller animals crawling around heres pagoda structures i -this is the neatest looking thing i just cant get over this that youve got these little chimneys sitting here smoking away this stuff is toxic as hell by the way you could never get a permit to dump this in the ocean and its coming out all -this bacteria that weve been talking about turns out to be the most simplest form of life found -a number of groups that are proposing that life evolved at these vent sites although the vent sites are short lived an individual site -it works too well you see therere some fish inside here as well theres a fish sitting here heres a crab -right at the end of that tube worm waiting for that worm to stick his head out -from a human perspective is toxic as hell not only that but on top the lifeblood that plumbing system turns off -its mostly unexplored and yet there are beautiful sights like this that captivate us and make us become familiar with it but -ill end up with saying one thing theres a story in the sea in the waters of the sea in the sediments and the rocks of the sea floor its an incredible story what we see when we look back in time in -those sediments and rocks is a record of earth history everything on this planet everything works by cycles and rhythms the continents move apart they come back together oceans come and go mountains come and go -and what were learning now is that you cant listen to a five billion year long symphony get to today and say stop we want tomorrows note to be the same as it was today its absurd its just absurd -when youre standing at the beach i want you to think that youre standing at the edge of a very unfamiliar world we have to have a very special technology to get into that unfamiliar world we use the submarine alvin and we use cameras -as in having new eyes people that have partnered with us have given us new eyes not only on what exists the new landscapes at the bottom of the sea -we find more life we think and diversity and density than the tropical rainforest which tells us that we dont know much about this planet at all theres still ninety seven percent -as a kid i knew them as calamari mostly this is an octopus this is the work of doctor roger hanlon at the marine -and its just fascinating how cephalopods with their eyes incredible eyes sense their surroundings look at light look at patterns theres an octopus moving across the reef finds a spot to settle down curls up -in the next bit were going to see a couple squid this is a squid now males when they fight if theyre really aggressive they turn white and these two males are fighting they do it by bouncing their butts together which is an interesting -a male on the left and a female on the right now the male has managed to split his coloration so the female only always sees the kinder gentler squid -the -see it again lets take a look at it again watch the coloration white on the right -on the left he takes a step back so hes keeping off the other males by splitting his body and comes up on the other side -but they can do pretty amazing things here were going to see one backing into a crevice and watch his tentacles he just pulls them in makes him look just like algae -ok just an amazing thing -heres an octopus sometimes they dont want to be seen when they move because predators can see them here this guy can actually make himself look like a rock -and if youre an octopus or a cephalopod you really understand how to use your surroundings to hide in the next scene youre going to see a nice coral bottom -in the foreground -and we used to see the most mysterious animals out the window that you couldnt describe these blinking lights a world of bioluminescence like fireflies -an octopus aint that amazing -now roger spooked him so he took off in a cloud of ink -lands the octopus says oh ive been seen the best thing to do is to get as big as i can get -that big brown makes his eyespot very big -one two three -now hes gone and so am i thank you very much -doctor edith witter shes now at the research conservation association was able to -come up with a camera that could capture some of these incredible animals and thats what youre seeing here on the screen thats all bioluminescence so like i said just like fireflies theres a flying turkey -the tree i know im a geologist by training but i love that -of the bioluminescence they use to avoid being eaten some they use to attract prey but all of it from an artistic point of view is positively amazing and a lot of what goes on inside heres a fish with glowing eyes pulsating eyes -some of the colors are designed to hypnotize -thats the unknown world and today weve only explored three percent of whats out in the oceans already weve found the worlds highest mountains the worlds deepest valleys -are sea lions in australia doing their own dance by david -and finally the bow of the titanic without movie stars -four years ago i was at the beach with my son and he was learning how to swim in this relatively soft surf of the delaware beaches but i turned away for a moment and he got caught into a riptide and started to be pulled out towards the jetty -i can stand here right now and see as i go tearing into the water after him the moments slowing down and freezing into this arrangement -this is an icon of national geographic an afghan refugee taken by steve mccurry but the harvard lampoon is about to come out with a parody of national geographic and i shudder to think what theyre going to do to this photograph -i can see the rocks are over here theres a wave about to crash onto him i can see his hands reaching out and i can see his face in terror looking at me saying help me dad -i got him the wave broke over us we got back on shore he was fine we were a little bit rattled -but this flash bulb memory as its called is when all the elements came together to define not just the event -but my emotional connection to it and this is what a photograph taps into when it makes its own powerful connection to -now i have to tell you i was talking to kyle last week about this that i was going to tell this story and he said oh yeah i remember that too i remember my image of you was that you were up on the shore yelling at me -i thought i was a hero -so this represents this is a cross sample of some remarkable images taken by some of the worlds greatest photojournalists working at the very top of their craft except one -this photograph was taken by doctor euan mason in new zealand last year and it was submitted and published in national geographic last year we added a section to our website called your shot -where anyone can submit photographs for possible publication and it has become a wild success tapping into the enthusiast photography community -the quality of these amateur photographs can at times be amazing and seeing this reinforces for me that every one of us has at least one or two great photographs in -to be a great photojournalist you have to have more than just one or two great photographs in you youve got to be able to make them all the time -but even more importantly you need to know how to create a visual narrative -you need to know how to tell a story -so im going to share with you some coverages that i feel demonstrate the storytelling power of photography -the original intent was to travel there and bring back a classic story of diverse species of an exotic locale and that is what nick did up to a point -oh the wrath of photoshop -this is a serval cat hes actually taking his own picture shot with whats called a camera trap theres an infrared beam thats going across and hes stepped into the beam and taken his photograph -these are baboons at a watering hole nick the camera again an automatic camera took thousands of pictures of this and nick ended up with a lot of pictures of the rear ends of -a lion having a late night snack notice hes got a broken tooth -and a crocodile walks up a river bank toward its den i love this little bit of water that comes off the back of his tail -but the centerpiece species of zakouma are the elephants its one of the largest intact herds in this part of africa heres a photograph shot in moonlight something that -but once the annual rains began the herd would begin migrating to feeding grounds outside the park and thats when they ran into trouble -for outside the safety of the park were poachers who would hunt them down only for the value of their ivory -this is actually one of the rangers they were able to chase off one of the poachers and recover this ivory they couldnt leave it there because its still valuable but what nick did -was he brought back a story that went beyond the old school method of just straight isnt this an amazing world and instead -created a story that touched our audiences deeply instead of just knowledge of this park he created an understanding and an empathy for the elephants the rangers and the many issues surrounding human wildlife conflicts -now lets go over to india sometimes you can tell a broad story in a focused way we were looking at the same issue that richard wurman touches upon in his new world population project for the first time in history -for a story on tolstoy by sam abell -more people live in urban rather than rural environments and most of that growth is not in the cities but in the slums that surround them -jonas bendiksen a very energetic photographer came to me and said we need to document this and heres my -just go in and see just a little bit of everything we put jonas into dharavi which is part of mumbai india and let him stay there and really get into the heart and soul of this -really major part of the city what jonas did was not just go and do a surface look at the awful conditions that exist in such places he saw that this was a living and breathing and vital part of how the entire urban area functioned -by staying tightly focused in one place jonas tapped in to the soul and the enduring human spirit that underlies this community -and he did it in a beautiful -we werent the only ones to tackle this subject but the photographs that brian and randy created are among the best to capture both the human and natural devastation of overfishing here in a photo by brian a seemingly crucified shark is caught up in a gill net off of baja -ive seen sort of ok pictures of bycatch the animals accidentally scooped up while fishing for a specific species -but here brian captured a unique view by positioning himself underneath the boat when they threw the waste overboard -on land randy olson photographed a makeshift fish market in africa where the remains of filleted fish were sold to the locals the main parts having already been sent to europe -and here in china randy shot a jellyfish market as prime food sources are depleted the harvest goes deeper into the oceans and brings in more such sources of protein this is called fishing down the food chain -a polar bear swimming in the arctic by paul nicklin polar bears need ice to be able to move back and forth theyre not very good swimmers and we know whats happening to the ice -but there are also glimmers of hope -and i think anytime were doing a big big story on this we dont really want to go and just look at all the problems we also want to look for solutions -took a look at the sweep of the medical system that is utilized to handle the american wounded coming out of iraq it is like a tube where a wounded soldier enters on one end and exits back home on the other -jim started in the battlefield here a medical technician tends to a wounded soldier on the helicopter ride back to the field hospital -here is in the field hospital the soldier on the right has the name of his daughter tattooed across his chest as a reminder of home -from here the more severely wounded are transported back to germany where they meet up with their families for the first time -and then back to the states to recuperate at veterans hospitals such as here in walter reed and finally often fitted with high tech -they exit the medical system and attempt to regain their pre war lives jim took what could have been a straight up medical science story and gave it a human dimension that touched our readers deeply -now these stories are great examples of how photography can be used to address some of our most important topics -but there are also times when photographers simply encounter things that are when it comes down to it just plain fun -in fact a year earlier a researcher had been grabbed by one and pulled down to depth and killed so you can imagine paul was maybe a little bit hesitant about getting into the water -now what leopard seals do mostly -is they eat penguins you know of the march of the penguins this is sort of the munch of the penguins -here a penguin goes up to the edge and looks out to see if the coast is clear and then everybody kind of runs out and goes out -these are camels moving across the rift valley in africa photographed by chris johns -and he said he was never really afraid of this well this one female came up to him shes probably its a shame you cant see it in the photograph but shes twelve feet long -so she is pretty significant in size and paul said he was never really afraid because she was more curious about him than threatened this mouthing behavior on the right was really her way of saying to him hey look how big i am or you know my what big teeth you have -then paul thinks that she simply took pity on him to her here was this big goofy creature in the water that for some reason didnt seem to be interested in chasing penguins so what she did was she started to bring penguins to -him alive and put them in front of him -she dropped them off and then they would swim away shed kind of look at him like what are you doing go back and get them and then bring them back and drop them in front of him and she did this -his head which just resulted in a fantastic photograph -shot straight down so these are the shadows of the camels -and lost interest with him and went back to what she does best paul set out to photograph a relatively mysterious and unknown creature -and came back with not just a collection of photographs but an amazing experience and a great story it is these kinds of stories ones that go beyond the immediate or just the superficial that demonstrate the power of photojournalism -i believe that photography can make a real connection to people and can be employed as a positive agent for understanding the challenges and opportunities facing our world today thank you -this is a rancher in texas by william albert allard a great -so sad okay so you smile -so his perception of your emotional states is very important for machines to effectively become empathetic machines are becoming devastatingly -doctor david hanson and i build robots with character and by that i mean that i develop robots that are characters but also robots that will eventually come to empathize with you -capable of things like killing right those machines have no place for empathy -and there is billions of dollars being spent on that character robotics could plant the seed for robots that actually have empathy so if they achieve human level intelligence or -quite possibly greater than human levels of intelligence this could be the seeds of hope for our future -so weve made twenty robots in the last eight years during the course of getting my ph d and then i started hanson robotics -which has been developing these things for mass manufacturing -this is one of our robots that we showed at wired nextfest a couple of years ago and it sees multiple people in a scene remembers where individual people are and looks from person to person -so were involving two things one the perception of people and two the -so one of my favorite projects was bringing all this stuff together in an artistic display of an android portrait of science fiction writer -who wrote great works like do androids doctoream of electric sheep which was the basis of the movie bladerunner in these stories robots often think that theyre human and they sort of come to life so we put his writings letters -his interviews correspondences into a huge database of thousands of pages and then used some natural language processing to allow you to actually have a conversation with him and it was kind of spooky because he would say these things that just sounded like they really understood you -so were starting with a variety of technologies that have converged into these conversational character robots that can see faces make eye contact with you -make a full range of facial expressions understand speech and begin to model how youre feeling and who you are and build a relationship with you -i developed a series of technologies that allowed the robots to make more realistic facial expressions than previously achieved on lower power which enabled the walking biped -robots the first androids so its a full range of facial expressions simulating all the major muscles in the human face running on very small batteries extremely lightweight -the materials that allowed the battery operated facial expressions is a material that we call frubber and it actually has three major innovations in the material that allow this to happen one is hierarchical pores and the other is a macro molecular -this is at the korean advanced institute of science and technology i built the head they built the body -goal here is to achieve sentience in machines and not just sentience but -were working with the machine perception laboratory at the u c san diego they have this really remarkable facial expression technology that recognizes facial expressions what facial expressions youre making -we believed that sputnik was proof that our enemy had beaten us in science and technology and that they could now attack us with hydrogen bombs using their sputnik rocket as an ibm missile -all hell broke loose sputnik quickly became one of the three great shocks to hit america historians say the equal of pearl harbor or nine eleven -it provoked the missile gap it exploded an arms race -in seventy eight cities went underground or the gallup poll that showed that seven in ten americans believed that a nuclear war would happen and that at least fifty percent of our population was going to be killed -but sputnik provoked wonderful changes as well -for example some in this room went to school on scholarship because of sputnik -support for engineering math and science education in general boomed -and vint cerf points out that sputnik led directly to arpa and the internet and of course nasa -years ago in the old soviet union a team of engineers was secretly moving a large -my feature documentary shows how a free society can be stampeded by those who know how to use media -sputnik will soon be released -in closing i would like to take a moment to thank one of my investors longtime tedster jay walker and id like to thank you all -and packed in its nose was a silver ball with two radios inside -we are about to create a new -that we will call sputnik -in the olden days explorers like vasco da gama and columbus had the good fortune -to open up the terrestrial globe now we have the good fortune to open up space and it is for those in the future to envy us our joy -as a result for days after the launch sputnik was a wonderful curiosity a man made moon visible by ordinary citizens -a desk took forty some years to build you know all the stuff thats my daughter jean -she came shes a nurse in san francisco dig it up i said pieces i want pieces bits and pieces i came up with this idea a life of bits and pieces which im just starting to work on my next project thats my sister -she took care of pictures because i was a big collector of snapshot photography that i believed said a lot and those are some of the pictures that -fire nine days ago -idea about women -so i started to say hey man you are too much -you could cry about this i really didn -im proud of me that i take something bad i turn it and im going to make something good out of this all these pieces thats arthur leipzigs original photograph i loved -i was a big record collector the records didnt make it boy i tell you film burns -film burns i mean this was sixteen millimeter safety film -the negatives are gone -my fathers letter to me telling me to marry the woman i first married when i was twenty thats my daughter and me -my familys living in the hilton hotel in scotts valley thats my wife heidi who didnt take it as well as i did my children davey and henry my son davey in the hotel two nights ago -so my message to you folks from my three minutes is that i appreciate the chance to share this with you i will be back i love being at ted -i came to live it and i am living it thats my view from my window outside of santa cruz in bonny doon just thirty five miles from here thank you everybody -id collected i was a collector major big time -i just looked at -and i didnt know what to do i mean this was -live in the present i love the present i cherish the future -i was taught some strange thing as a kid like -got to make something good out of something bad youve got to make something good out of something bad -this was bad man i was i cough i was sick thats my camera lens -the first one the one i shot my -was in minutes twenty minutes -these are some pieces of things i used in my sputnik feature film which opens in new york in two weeks downtown i called my sister i called my neighbors i said come dig thats me at my desk -double outhouse over here on the side -that -if you want to talk about it you know -what i always do -sing this old song she didnt have a whole lot of energy so -sometimes i think its better -your funky mood -you -but i got some medicine -and we moved across the street from michael and john whitney they were about my age john went on and michael did too to become some of the inventors of -and one of the engineers said some day youre going to be able to put this thing in your pocket i thought damn those are going to be some big pants -so that christmas -got time for this that christmas i got the mister wizard fun o rama chemistry set well i wanted to be an inventor just like my dad so did michael his great granddad had been eli whitney the inventor of the cotton gin so -in the ocean -we looked in that this was a commercial chemistry set it had three chemicals we were really surprised to see sulfur potassium nitrate and -well obviously the next thing to do was build a cannon -the -of stuff and we put a pipe in the vice there and screwed a cap on the end of the pipe drilled a hole in the back of the pipe took some of our firecrackers pulled out the fuses tied them together put them in the back there -and down in that hole and then stuffed some of our gunpowder down that pipe and put three ball bearings on the top -we werent stupid we put up a sheet of plywood about five feet in front of -we stood back we lit that thing and they flew out of there they went through that plywood like it was paper through the garage two of them landed in the side door of his new citroen -we tore everything down and buried it in his backyard that was pacific palisades it probably is still there back there -well my brother heard that we had made gunpowder he and his buddies they were older and they were pretty mean they said they were going to beat us up if we didnt make some gunpowder for them -we said well what are you going to do with it they said were going to melt it down and make rocket fuel -sure well make you a big -so we made them a big batch and it was in my now wed just moved here wed just moved to california mom had redone the kitchen mom was gone that day we had a pie tin it became chris berquists job to do the melting down -no hair no eyelashes no -there were big welts all over my moms kitchen cabinet the air was the just full of black smoke she came home she took that chemistry set away and we never saw it again -but we thought of it often because every time shed cook tuna surprise it made tasted faintly of gunpowder -so i like to invent things too and i think ill close put my set with something i invented a good while back -that time drum triggers were new -and so i put them all together and sewed twelve of them in this suit -i showed you some of the hambone rhythms yesterday im going to be doing some of the same ones -now the drum triggers go out my tail here -into the drum machine -and they can make various -so let me put them all together and also i can change the sounds by stepping on this pedal right here and -around shell make a living shell cook blackjacks -this is aunt zip from sodom north carolina she was one hundred and five years old when i took this picture she was always saying things that made me stop and think like -this is ralph stanley when i was going to college at university of california at santa barbara in the college of creative studies taking majors in biology and art -came from africa along with the banjo its called claw hammer style that he had learned from his mother and grandmother -he said well you can go back to clinch mountain where im from or asheville or mount airy north carolina some place that has a lot of music because a lot of old people still living that play that old style -so i went back that very summer i just fell in love with the culture and the people and -you know i came back to school i finished my degrees and told my parents i wanted to be a banjo player -you can imagine how excited they were -so i -time may be a great healer but it aint no beauty specialist -she said be good to your friends why without them youd be a total stranger -those last few pictures were of ray hicks who just passed away last year he was one of the great american folk tale tellers the old jack tales that he had learned -it was really wonderful and he lived in that house that his great grandfather had built no running water no electricity a wonderful wonderful guy -and you can look at more pictures ive actually got a website thats got a bunch of photos that ive done of some of the other folks i didnt get a chance to show you -this instrument came up in those pictures its called the mouth bow it is definitely the first stringed instrument ever in the world and still played in the southern mountains -the -when the yankees saw them -fifty four i guess it was we were driving in the car outside of gatesville texas where i grew up -early part of my life outside of gatesville we were coming back from the grocery store my mom was driving my brother and i were in the back seat we were really mad at my mom we looked out the window we were surrounded by thousands of acres of cotton fields -just been to the grocery store and my mom -the jar of ovaltine that had the coupon for the captain midnight decoder ring in it and buddy that made us -my mom didnt put up with much either and she was driving and she said you boys you think you can have anything you want you dont know how hard it is to earn money -your dad works so hard you think money grows on trees youve never worked a day in your lives you boys make me so mad youre going to get a job this summer she pulled the car -i stepped out of the car we were standing on the edge of thousands of acres of cotton there were about a hundred black folks out there picking my mom grabbed us by the shoulders she marched us out in the field she went up to -two little boys never worked -would you put them to work well that must have seemed like a funny idea to that foreman put these two middle class little white boys out in a cotton field in august in texas its hot -so he gave us each a cotton sack about ten feet long about that big around and we started picking now cotton is soft but the outside of the plant is just full of -she wasnt going to -well the foreman could see he was in over his head i guess he kind of just snuck up behind us and he sang out in a -i -dont want it to leave -dont -all around as people started singing -good news good news chariots coming good news chariots coming good news -chariots -i had never heard anything like that in our whole lives it was -we sat there all day picking cotton without complaining without crying while they sang things like oh mary dont you weep dont -about a quarter of a bag -but the foreman was kind enough to give us each a check for a dollar but my mother would never let us cash it im fifty seven still have the check -now my mother hoped that we learned from that the value of hard work -i never ever wanted to work that hard again -but i also learned that some people in this world do have to work that hard every day and that was an eye opener and i also learned -that a great song can make hard work go a little easier and it also can bring the group together in a way that nothing else can -just a little eight year old boy that day when my mama put me out of the car in that hot texas cotton field i wasnt even -of music not even aware of it but that day in the cotton field out there picking when those people started singing i realized i was in the very heart of real music and thats where ive wanted to be -i -know -good news good news chariots coming good -a -a few years ago but i sort of remembered this story and i told it at a concert -my mom was in the audience -something i set that whole thing -black eyed susie hey hey black eyed susie -is the steel guitar its an american made instrument it was originally made by the dopyera brothers who later on made the dobro which is a wood bodied instrument with a metal cone for -the sound comes from its usually played flat on your lap it was made to play hawaiian music back in the nineteen twenties before they had electric guitars trying to make a loud guitar -and then african american folks figured out you could take a broken bottle neck just like that a nice merlot works very well that wine we had yesterday would have been perfect -this instrument pretty much saved my -and it was the most it almost took me out it almost took me out of this world -and i think i learned a lot about what happiness was by going through such unbelievable grief -lists because i was ready to go i was ready to check out of this world and you know at the top of the list of course were jenny and my son zeb -she couldnt sing much couldnt play any more and id pull her out on the front porch -my parents i didnt want to hurt them but then when i thought about it beyond that it was very simple things i didnt care about -had a radio show i have a radio show on public radio riverwalk i didnt care about that i didnt care about awards or money or anything nothing nothing -on the list it would be stuff like seeing the daffodils bloom in the spring the smell of new mown hay catching a wave and bodysurfing -down below there was her grandson plowing the tobacco field with a mule -neighbors just gave me one of these things -make that connection -this is -really need to do to put the brakes on this very high inertial thing our big economy weve really hardly started really were doing this basically really not very much -i dont want to depress you too much the problem is absolutely soluble and even soluble in a way thats reasonably cheap cheap meaning sort of the cost of the military not the cost of -medical care cheap meaning a few percent of gdp no this is really important to have this sense of scale -so the problem is soluble and the way we should go about solving it is say dealing with electricity production which causes something like forty three or so percent and rising of co two emissions -what you do if you dont stop the emissions quickly enough and you need to deal somehow break the link between human actions that change climate and the climate change itself -and thats particularly important because of course while we can adapt to climate change and its important to be honest here there will be some benefits to climate change oh yes i think its bad ive spent my whole life working to stop it but one of the reasons its politically hard -so this problem is absolutely soluble this geo engineering idea in its simplest form is basically the following you could put signed particles say sulfuric acid particles sulfates -into the upper atmosphere the stratosphere where theyd reflect away sunlight and cool the planet and i know for certain that that will work not that there arent side effects but i know for certain it will work and the reason is its been done -and it was done not by us -but by nature heres mount pinatubo in the early nineties that put a whole bunch of sulfur in the stratosphere with a sort of atomic bomb like cloud the result of that was pretty dramatic -after that and some previous volcanoes we have you see a quite dramatic cooling of the atmosphere so this lower bar is the upper atmosphere the stratosphere and it heats up after these volcanoes -but youll notice that in the upper bar which is the lower atmosphere and the surface it cools down because we shielded the atmosphere a little bit theres no big mystery about it theres lots of mystery in the details -and theres some bad side effects like it partially destroys the ozone layer and ill get to that in a minute but it clearly cools down and one other thing its fast -really important to say so much of the other things that we ought to do like slowing emissions are intrinsically slow because -is the sum of emissions over time so you cant step on the brakes very quickly but if you do this its quick and there are times you might like to do something quick -and the reason im saying this is that you may have the idea this problem is relatively recent that people have just sort of figured out about it and now with -another thing you might wonder about is does it work can you shade some sunlight and effectively compensate for the added -with twice the amount of co two in the air the lower graph is with twice the amount of co two and one point eight percent less sunlight -and youre back to the original climate and this graph from ken caldera its important to say came because ken at a meeting that i believe marty hoffart was also at in the mid nineties ken and i stood up at the back of the meeting and said geo engineering wont work and -in fact which had all the modern climate science the only thing they talked about doing was geo engineering it didnt even talk about cutting emissions which is an incredible shift in our thinking about this problem im not saying we shouldnt cut emissions we should -but it made exactly this point so in a sense theres not much new the one new thing is this essay so i should say i guess that since the time of -kyoto and the governator and people beginning to actually do something we may be on the road to a solution the fact is -hot topic if i may make the pun in the last fifteen years this became so un pc we couldnt talk about it it just sunk below the surface we werent allowed to speak about it but in the last year paul crutzen published this essay -saying roughly whats all been said before that maybe given our very slow rate of progress in solving this problem and the uncertain impacts we should think about things like this he said roughly whats been said before the big deal was he happened to have won the nobel prize for ozone chemistry and so people took him seriously -when he said we should think about this even though there would be some ozone impacts and in fact he had some ideas to make them go away there was all sorts of press coverage all over the world -going right down to doctor strangelove saves the earth from the economist and that got me thinking ive worked on this topic on and off but not so much technically and i was actually lying in bed thinking one night and i thought about this childs toy hence the title of my talk -and it turns out i woke up the next morning and i started to calculate this it was very hard to calculate from first principles i was stumped but then i found out that there were all sorts of papers already published that addressed this topic because it happens already in the natural atmosphere -weve known about this problem for fifty years depending on how you count it we have talked about it endlessly over the last decade or so and weve accomplished close to zip -gas molecules that bounce off the warm side bounce away with some extra velocity because its warm and so you see a net force away from the sun thats called the photophoretic force -but it looks like we could achieve long atmospheric lifetimes much longer than before because theyre levitated we can move things out of the stratosphere into the mesosphere in principle solving the ozone problem -im sure there will be other problems that arise finally we could make the particles migrate to over the poles so we could arrange the climate engineering so it really focused on the poles -that if engineers and scientists really turned their minds to this its amazing how we can affect the planet the one thing about this is that it gives us extraordinary leverage this improved science and engineering will whether we like it or not -this is the growth rate of co two in the atmosphere youve seen this in various forms but maybe you havent seen this one what this shows is that the rate of growth of our emissions is accelerating -now suppose that -space aliens arrived maybe theyre going to land at the un headquarters down the road here or maybe theyll pick a smarter spot but suppose they arrive and they give you a box -were building that box the scientists and the engineers of the world are building it piece by piece in their labs even when theyre doing it for other reasons -just working on protecting the environment they have no interest in crazy ideas like engineering the whole planet they develop science that makes it easier and easier to do -and so i guess my view on this is not that i want to do it i do not -but that we should move this out of the shadows and talk about it seriously because sooner or later well be confronted with decisions about this and its better if we think hard about it even if we want to think hard about reasons why we should never do -give you two different ways to think about this problem that are the beginning of my -thinking about how to think about it but what we need is not just a few oddballs like me thinking about this we need a broader debate a debate that involves -so heres one way to think about it which is that we just do this instead of cutting emissions because its cheaper i guess the thing i havent said about this is it is absurdly cheap its conceivable that say using the sulfates method or this method ive come up with you could -create an ice age at a cost of one percent of gdp its very cheap we have a lot of leverage its not a good idea but its just important ill tell you how big -the lever is the lever is that big and that calculation isnt much in dispute you might argue about the sanity of it but the leverage is -so because of this we could deal with the problem simply by stopping reducing emissions and just as the concentrations go up we can increase the amount of geo engineering i dont think anybody takes that seriously -because under this scenario we walk further and further away from the current climate we have all sorts of other problems like ocean acidification that come from co two in the atmosphere anyway -nobody but maybe one or two very odd folks really suggest this but heres a case which is harder to reject -lets say that we dont do geo engineering we do what we ought to do which is get serious about cutting emissions but we dont really know how quickly we have to cut them theres a lot of uncertainty about exactly how much climate change is too much -weve seen the worst of it but maybe on that day we also find that the greenland ice sheet is really melting unacceptably fast fast enough to put meters of sea level -to make the projections look as bad as possible that emissions would never grow as fast as that red line but in fact theyre growing -on the oceans in the next one hundred years and remove some of the biggest cities from the map thats an absolutely possible scenario -thats a very different way to look at the problem its using this as risk control not instead of action its saying that you do some geo engineering for a little while to take the worst of the heat off not that youd use it as a substitute for action -but there is a problem with that view and the problem is the following knowledge that geo engineering is possible makes the climate impacts look less fearsome -and that makes a weaker commitment to cutting emissions today this is what economists call a moral hazard -and thats one of the fundamental reasons that this problem is so hard to talk about and in general i think its the underlying reason that its been politically unacceptable to talk about this but you dont make good policy by hiding things in a drawer -three questions and then one final quote -should we do serious research on this topic -should we have a national research program that looks at this not just at how you would do it better but also what all the risks and downsides of it are right now you have a few enthusiasts talking about it -some in a positive side some in a negative side but thats a dangerous state to be in because theres very little depth of knowledge on this topic -a very small amount of money would get us some many of us maybe now me think we should do that but i have a lot of reservations my reservations are principally about the moral hazard problem -and i dont really know how we can best avoid the moral hazard i think there is a serious problem as you talk about this people begin to think they dont need to work so hard to cut emissions another thing is maybe we need -they may not be very interested in our moral conversations about how to do this and they may just decide theyd really rather have a geo engineered world than a non geoengineered world and well have no international mechanism to figure out who makes the decision -so heres one last thought which was said much much better twenty five years ago in the u s national academy report than i can say today and i think it really summarizes where we are here -that the co two problem the climate problem that weve heard about is driving lots of things innovations in energy technologies that will reduce emissions but also i think inevitably it will drive us towards thinking about climate and weather control whether we like it or not -begin thinking about it even if the reason were thinking about it is to construct arguments for why we shouldnt do it thank you very much -and the rate at which the arctic sea ice is going away is a lot quicker than models so despite all sorts of experts like me flying around the planet and burning jet fuel -and were just about to announce the zinio reader product that i believe will make magazines even more enjoyable to read so we really will continue to focus on products but -but for us weve really just started to climb maslows hierarchy a little bit -and so were now focused more and more on human centered design human centeredness in an approach to design -that really involves designing behaviors and personality into products and i think youre starting to see that and its making our job even more enjoyable -enough we used to primarily build three d models you know youve seen some today and -three d renderings then wed go and wed show those as communicating our ideas but firms like ours -having to move to a point where we get those objects that were designing and get them in motion showing how theyll be used and so -in order to do that weve been forming internal video production groups in order to make these kind of experience prototypes -that show just what we mean about the man machine relationship and its a much better way to see its kind of like architects who show people in their houses -as opposed to them being empty so i thought that i would show you a few videos to show off this new broader -definition of design in products and services and environments i have a few of them theyre no more than a minute or a minute and a half apiece -but i thought you might be interested in seeing some of our work over the last year and how it responds in video -so prada new york we were asked by rem koolhaas and oma to help us conceive the technology thats in their retail store in new york -he wanted a new kind of store a new one a store that had a cultural role as well as a retail -so therere lots of things everything has rf tags theres rf tags on the user on the cards theres the staff devices that are all around the store -you pick them up and once you see something that youre interested in the staff person can scan them in and then they can be shown on any screen throughout the store you can look at color and sizes and how it appeared on the runway or whatever -i thought it was interesting to think back to that time when richard got the whole thing started thank you very much richard its been a big enjoyable part of my life coming here -and so then the object the merchandise that youre interested in can be scanned its taken into the dressing room and in the dressing room there are scanners so that we know exactly what -in as youre trying it on its been used a lot of places but i particularly like -the use here of liquid crystal -the the whole wall goes dark -so you can -try to get approval or not for -a year and a half ago -we were asked to design an installation in the museum this is a new wing of the science museum in london and its primarily about digital and biomedical issues and -and so thinking back i was thinking those of us in silicon valley were really focused on products or objects certainly technological objects -a group at itch which is part of ideo designed this interactive wall thats about four stories tall i dont know if anybodys seen this its pretty spectacular in the room -anyway its based on the london subway system and so you can see that the goal is to bring some of the feedback that the people who had gone to the museum -giving and get it up on the wall so everybody could see just for everybody to see so you enter your information then like the london tube system -the little trains go around with what youre thinking about and then when you get to a station its expanded so that you can actually read it -then when you exit the imax theatre on the fourth floor mostly teenagers coming out of there theres this big open space that has these tables -in it that have interactive games which are quite fun also designed by durrel of itch and the topics -include things that the museum is about male fertility choosing the sex of your baby or what a driverless car might be like -lots of room so people can come up and understand what it is before they get involved and also its not shown in the video but these are very beautiful they go to the top of the wall -and when they reach all the way to the top after theyve bounced around they disperse into bits and go off into the atmosphere -the next video is not done by us this is cbs sunday morning they aired about two weeks ago scott adams -whats wrong with cubicles -and so it was great fun in those days and some of you who are in the audience were my clients wed come in with some -though they work in a wide open office space spectacularly set under san franciscos oakland bay bridge -the team built their own little -to fully experience the problems -actually -is the idea of making the cubicle -so heres the final thing complete with orange lighting that follows the sun across that follows the tracks of the sun across the sky so you feel that in your cubicle -and my favorite feature which is a flower in a vase that wilts when you leave in disappointment -has homey touches like a built in -so this building actually celebrates the water as it comes out of the recycling plant and goes into the reed bed so that it can be filtered for the final time -wander around and gather information in a straightforward fashion about the recycling process and whats being done and how theyre going to reuse the water once it comes through the -and then if you saw the panels actually rotate so you can get the information on the front side but as they rotate you can see the actual recycling plant behind with all the machines as they actually process -these are all very low budget videos -were announcing a new product here -tonight which is the first time this ever been shown in public -its called spyfish and its a company called h two eye started by nigel jagger in london and its a company thats trying to -the experience many people have boats or enjoy being on boats but a very small percentage of people actually -have the capability or the interest in going under the water and actually seeing whats there and enjoying what scuba divers do this product it has two cameras you throw it over the side of your boat and you basically -dive without getting wet theres the object for us it was two projects one to design the interface -if you were here last year i probably wrestled you to the floor and tried to show you my new eyemodule two which was a camera that plugged into the handspring -so that the interface doesnt get in your way you could have that kind of immersive experience of being underwater of feeling like youre underwater seeing whats going on -this project and just ready to start building -is a revolutionary subaquatic video camera it can dive to five hundred feet to where sunlight does not penetrate and is -it becomes your eyes and ears as -battery powered spyfish sends the live video feed through a slender cable -this slender cable was a huge technological advancement and it allowed the whole thing to be the size -the whole system together -you watch the video with -graphics that -fluid graphics and ambient sounds combine to help you completely lose yourself -and the last thing ill talk about is approtec which is a project that im very excited about -i took a lot of pictures last year very few people knew what i was up to but i took a lot of pictures this year maybe you could show the slides -products in kenya with kenyan manufacturers designed by people like us but taken there and to this date hes been gone for only a few years hes started nineteen thousand companies -hes made thirty thousand new jobs -the sales of the products this is a non profit the sales of these products is now six percent of the gdp of kenya -this is one guy doing this this is a pretty spectacular thing so were in the process of helping them design deep well low cost manual pumps in order for these people who have a quarter acre -of land to be able to grow crops in the off season what they do now is they can grow crops in the rainy season but they cant grow them in the off season and so by doing that -the woman that you saw in the first thing shes a school teacher always wanted to send her kids to college and shes going to be able to do it because of these things so with seed squeezers and pumps and hay balers and very straightforward things that were designing -we also were thinking about the experience of richard and so -we designed this hat -this year were carrying this treo which we had a lot to do with and helped handspring design it also though we designed it a few years ago its just become ubiquitous in the last year or so this -and i needed to deal with him so i just have one more thing to say -i -product to approtec its really exciting that were taking a more human centered approach to design that were including behaviors and personalities in the things we do and i think this is great -fuzzy or unconventional -and eventually these bigshot executives whip out their blackberries and they say they have to make really important phone calls and they head for the exits -and theyre just so uncomfortable -when we track them down and ask them whats going on they say something like im just not the creative type -if they stick with the process if they stick with it they end up doing amazing things and they surprise themselves just how innovative they and their teams really are -so ive been looking at this fear of judgment that we have that you dont do things youre afraid youre going to be judged if you dont say the right creative thing youre going to be judged and i had a major breakthrough when i met the psychologist albert bandura -freud skinner somebody and bandura -and so i went to see him because he has just worked on phobias for a long time which im very interested in he had developed this -methodology that ended up curing people in a very short amount of time in four hours he had a huge cure rate of people who had phobias and we talked about snakes i dont know why we talked about snakes we talked about snakes and fear of snakes as a phobia -im going to start way back in the third grade at oakdale school in barberton ohio i remember one day my best friend brian was working on a project -and it was really enjoyable really interesting -he told me that hed invite the test subject in and hed say you know theres a snake in the next room and were going to go in there -and hed get them comfortable with that and then through a series of steps -hed move them and theyd be standing in the doorway with the door open and theyd be looking in there and hed get them comfortable with that and then many more steps later baby steps theyd be in the room theyd have a leather glove like a welders glove on -and theyd eventually touch the snake -and when they touched the snake -everything was fine they were cured in fact everything was better than fine -these people who had life long fears of snakes -were saying things like -bandura calls this process guided mastery -i love that term guided mastery and something else happened -these people who went through the process and touched the snake ended up having less anxiety about other things in their lives -they tried harder they persevered longer and they were more resilient in the face of failure -they just gained a new confidence -and bandura calls that confidence -self efficacy the sense that you can change the world -he was making a horse out of the clay that our teacher kept under the sink -and that you can attain what you set out to do -well meeting bandura was really cathartic for me because i realized that this famous scientist had documented and scientifically validated something that weve seen happen for the last thirty years that we could take people who had the fear that they werent creative and we could take them through a series of steps -kind of like a series of small successes and they turn fear into familiarity -and they surprise themselves that transformation is amazing we see it at the d school all the time people from all different kinds of disciplines -they think of themselves as only analytical and they come in and they go through the process our process they build confidence and now they think of themselves differently and theyre totally emotionally excited about the fact that they walk around thinking of themselves as a creative person -and at one point one of the girls who was sitting at his table -so i thought one of the things id do today is take you through and show you what this journey looks like -to me that journey looks like -doug dietz -doug dietz is a technical person he designs medical imaging equipment large medical imaging equipment hes worked for ge and hes had a fantastic career but at one point he had a moment of crisis -he was in the hospital looking at one of his mri machines in use -seeing what he was doing leaned over and said to him thats terrible that doesnt look anything like a horse -when he saw a young family -that nearly eighty percent of the pediatric patients in this hospital had to be sedated in order to deal with his mri machine -and this was really disappointing to doug because before this time he was proud of what he did he was saving lives with this machine but it really hurt him to see the fear that this machine caused in kids about that time he was at the d school at stanford taking classes -he was learning about our process about design thinking about empathy -about iterative prototyping and he would take this new knowledge and do something quite extraordinary he would redesign -the entire experience of being scanned -and this is what he came up with -he turned it into an adventure for the kids he painted the walls and he painted the machine and he got the operators retrained by people who know kids like childrens museum people and now when the kid comes -its an experience and they talk to them about the noise and the movement of the ship -and when they come they say okay youre going to go into the pirate ship but be very still because we dont want the pirates to find you -and brians shoulders sank and he wadded up the clay horse and he threw it back in the bin -and the results were super dramatic so from something like eighty percent of the kids needing to be sedated to something like ten percent of the kids needing to be sedated -and the hospital and ge were happy too because you didnt have to call the anesthesiologist all the time they could put more kids through the machine in a day so the quantitative results were great -but dougs results that he cared about were much more qualitative -he was with one of the mothers waiting for her child to come out of the scan and when the little girl came out of her scan she ran up to her mother and said -mommy can we come back tomorrow -dougs story takes place in a hospital -i know a thing or two about hospitals -a few years ago i felt a lump on the side of my neck -it was cancer it was the bad kind i was told i had a forty percent chance of survival -so while youre sitting around with the other patients in your pajamas and everybodys pale and thin and youre waiting for your turn to get the gamma rays -you think of a lot of things mostly you think about am i going to survive -and i thought a lot about what was my daughters life going to be like without me -but -but i decided and i committed to at this point to the thing i most wanted to do -was to help as many people as possible -it seems like when i tell that story of brian to my class -come up with more interesting and just more ideas so they can choose from better ideas and they just make better decisions so i know at ted youre supposed to have a change the world kind of thing everybody has a change the world thing if there is one for me this is it to help this happen -so i hope youll join me on my quest -and to have people realize that theyre naturally creative -and i see that opting out that happens in childhood and it moves in and becomes more ingrained even by the time you get to adult life -so -if you will representatives from various tribal councils that met also known as super bowl parties we sent the following email off to forty newspaper editors the following day february fourth we posted it on our -the reason we knew that was because we spent the previous ten years studying tribes studying these naturally occurring groups all of you are members of tribes in walking around -at the break many of you had met members of your tribe and you were talking to them and many of you were doing what great if you will tribal leaders do -which is to find someone who is a member of a tribe and to find someone else who is another member of a different tribe and make introductions that is in fact what great tribal leaders do so here is the bottom line -really here to talk about is the how okay so how exactly do we create this world shattering if you will innovation -if you focus in on a group like this this happens to be a usc game and you zoom in with one of those super satellite cameras and do magnification factors so you could see individual people you would in fact see not a single crowd -and so people form tribes they always have they always will just as fish swim and birds fly people form tribes its just what we do but heres the rub not all tribes are the same -and what makes the difference is the culture now here is the net out of this youre all a member of tribes if you can find a way to take the tribes that -and nudge them forward along these tribal stages to what we call stage five which is the top of the mountain but were going to start with what we call stage one -now this is the lowest of the stages you dont want this okay this is a bit of a difficult image to put up on the screen but its one that i think we need to learn from -stage one produces people who do horrible things this is the kid who shot up virginia tech -stage one is a group where people systematically sever relationships from functional tribes and then pool together with people who think like they do -stage one is literally the culture of gangs and it is the culture of prisons now again we dont often deal with stage one and i want to make the point that as members of society we need to -its not enough to simply write people off but lets move on to stage two now stage one youll notice says in effect life sucks so this other book that steve mentioned -that just came out called the three laws of performance my colleague steve zaffron and i argue that as people see the world so they behave well if people see the world -in such a way that life sucks then their behavior will follow automatically from that it will be despairing hostility theyll do whatever it takes to survive even if that means undermining other people now my birthday is coming up -now am i saying that in every department of motor vehicles across the land you find a stage two culture -no but in the one near me where i have to go in just a few days what i will say when im standing in line is how can people be so dumb and yet live -there are dumb people working here actually no im not but im saying the culture makes people dumb so in a stage two culture and we find these in all sorts of different places you find them in fact in the best -if i got to go to tedx usc my life wouldnt suck but i dont so it does if thats how you talked imagine what kind of work would get done -what kind of innovation would get done the amount of world changing behavior that would happen in fact it would be basically -now when we go on to stage three this is the one that hits closest to home for many of us because it is in stage three that many of us move and we park and we stay stage three says im great -and youre not -whole room of people saying in effect im great and youre not or im going to find some way to compete with you and come out on top as a result of that a whole group of people -and the other said no thats great congratulations the next one got kind of a wry smile on his face and said -you were you know doing your research notice the condescending tone while you were off doing your research i was off doing more surgeries than anyone else in the department of surgery at this institution -the third one got the same wry smile and said well while you were off doing your research and you were off doing your monkey meatball surgery that eventually well train -we find these in places where really smart successful people show up like oh i dont know -here is the greatest challenge we face in innovation it is moving from stage three to stage four lets take a look at a -quick video snippet this is from a company called zappos located outside las vegas and my question on the other side is just going to be what do you think they value -time there was a christmas tree this is their lobby -we are and they dont care -notice the level -noticed as we began to debrief various super bowl parties is that it seemed to us that across the united states if you will tribal councils had convened -one of their stated values is be a little bit weird and youll notice they are a little bit weird -so when individuals come together and find something that unites them thats greater than their individual competence then something very important happens the group gels and it changes from a group of highly motivated but -stage four tribes can do remarkable things but youll notice were not at the top of the mountain yet there is in fact another stage -now some of you may not recognize the scene thats up here and if you take a look at the headline of stage five which is life is great this may seem a little incongruous this is a scene or snippet from the truth and reconciliation process in south africa -for which desmond tutu won the nobel prize now think about that south africa terrible atrocities had happened in the society and people came together -only on those two values truth and reconciliation there was no road map no one had ever done anything like this before -and in this atmosphere where the only guidance was peoples values and their noble cause what this group accomplished was historic -and people at the time feared that south africa would end up going the way that rwanda has gone descending into one skirmish after another in a civil war that seems to have no -in fact south africa has not gone down that road largely because people like desmond tutu set up a stage five process to -the thousands and perhaps millions of tribes in the country to bring everyone together so people hear this and they conclude the following as did we in doing the study okay got it -i dont want to talk stage one thats like you know life sucks who wants to talk that way i dont want to talk like they do at the particular dmv thats close to where dave lives i really dont want to just say im great because that kind of sounds narcissistic and then i wont have any friends -and they had discussed things of great national importance like do we like the budweiser commercial and do we like the nachos and who is going to win -saying were great that sounds pretty good but i should really talk stage five right life is great well in fact there are three somewhat counter intuitive findings that come out of all this the first one -stage five right life is great oriented only by our values no other guidance in fact most of the document is written at stage two -my life sucks because i live under a tyrant also known as king george were great who is not great england sorry -he didnt say we have a dream he said i have a dream why did he do that because most people are not at stage five two percent are at stage one -about twenty five percent are at stage two saying in effect my life sucks forty eight percent of working tribes say -but they also talked about which candidate they were going to support and if you go back in time to february three rd it looked like hilary clinton was going to get the democratic nomination and there were even some polls that were saying she was going to go all the way -get to stage five and those are the ones that change the world so the first little finding from this is that leaders need to be able to talk all the levels so that you can touch every person in society -but you dont leave them where you found them okay tribes can only hear one level above and below where they are so we have to have the ability to talk all the levels to go to where they are and then leaders nudge people -and he grew up essentially in stage one and you know what changed his life it was walking into one of these a boys and girls club now here is what happened -to this person who eventually became mayor of san francisco he went from being alive and passionate at stage one remember life sucks despairing hostility i will do whatever it takes to survive -to walking into a boys and girls club folding his arms sitting down in a chair and saying wow my life really sucks i dont know anybody i mean if i was into boxing like -they were then my life wouldnt suck but i dont so it does so im going to sit here in my chair and not do anything in fact thats progress we move people from stage one to stage two by getting them in a new tribe and then over time -then at the reception tonight id like to encourage you to do something beyond what people normally do and call networking -which is not just to meet new people and extend your reach extend your influence but instead find someone you dont know and find someone else you dont know and introduce them -thats called a triadic relationship see people who build world changing tribes do that they extend the reach of their tribes by connecting them not just to myself so that my following is greater -but when we talked to people it appeared that a funnel effect had happened in these tribes all across the united states now what is a tribe tribe is a group of about twenty so kind of more than a team -but i connect people who dont know each other to something greater than themselves and ultimately that adds to their values but were not done yet because then how do we go from stage four which is great to stage five -the story that i like to end with is this it comes out of a place called the gallup organization you know they do polls right so its stage four were great who is not great -so they were bored they wanted to change the world so here is the question someone asked how could we instead of just polling what asia -thinks or what the united states thinks or who thinks what about obama versus mccain or something like that what does the entire world -and they found a way to do the first ever world poll they had people involved who were nobel laureates in economics who reported being bored and suddenly they pulled out sheets of paper and were trying to figure out how do we survey the population of sub saharan africa -how do we survey populations that dont have access to technology and speak languages we dont speak and we dont know anyone who speaks those languages because in order to achieve on this great mission we have to be able to do it incidentally they did pull it off -and they released the first ever world poll so id like to leave you with these thoughts first of all we all form tribes all of us youre in tribes here hopefully youre extending the reach of the tribes that you have -but the question on the table is this what kind of an impact are the tribes that you are -youre hearing one presentation after another often representing a group of people a tribe about how they have changed the world if you do what weve talked about you listen for how people actually communicate in the tribes that youre in -and you dont leave them where they are you nudge them forward you remember to talk all five culture stages because weve got people -in all five around us and the question that id like to leave you with is this will your tribes change the world thank you very much -dangerous places and whatnot and they become friends with this guy and learn to do tricks and entertain him during lunchtime -theres a real bond that develops between this old man and these pigeons but unfortunately he gets sick -gets really sick but hes taught them to spell his name which is aldo they show up one day after three or four days without seeing him he lives in this little -spell his name and fly around and he finally gets enough strength together to sort of climb up the ladder onto the roof and all the pigeons a la red balloon are there waiting for him and they carry him off over the walls of the city -not the least reason was that i spent those first four living at home -a long way so -will sort of kick me off in the right direction and sometimes it does focus me enough and ill even do a title page so these are all title pages that eventually led me to the solution i settled on which is the story of -a young woman who sends a message on a homing pigeon she lives outside the walls of the city of rome to someone in the city -and the pigeon is flying down above the appian way here you can see the tombs and pines and so on and so forth along the way if you are seeing the red line you are seeing the trail of the pigeon if you dont see the red line you are the pigeon -driving into risd everyday driving back -and it becomes necessary and possible at this point to try to convey what that sense would be like of flying over the city without actually moving -past the pyramid of cestius these will seem very familiar to you even if you havent been to rome recently past the -this is something thats a little bit unusual this pigeon does something that most homing pigeons do not do it takes the scenic route which was -the sixties -a device that i felt was necessary to actually extend this book beyond about four pages so -we circle around the coliseum past the church of santa maria in cosmedin and the temple of hercules towards the river -almost collide with the cornice of the palazzo farnese designed by michelangelo built of stone taken from the coliseum -narrow escape we swoop down over the campo de fiori this is one of those things i to show to my students because its a complete bastardization a denial of any rules of perspective -the only rule of perspective that i think matters is if it looks believable youve succeeded but you try and figure out where the vanishing points meet here a couple are on on mars and someone -by a soccer ball i have all the pieces theres santa maria della pace theres a soccer ball theres a little bit of a birds wing nothings happening so i had to rethink it and -if you do want to see santa maria della pace you know these books are really flexible incredibly interactive just turn it around and look at it the other way -through the alley we can see the impact is captured in the red line and the bird manages to pull itself together past this medieval tower one of the few remaining medieval towers -i draw to better understand things sometimes i make a lot of drawings and i still dont understand what it is im drawing those of you who are comfortable -i missed them but i did spend that extraordinary year in rome its a place thats never far from my mind so whenever given an opportunity i try to do something in it or for it -stopping just long enough on the twenty six foot diameter oculus of the pantheon to catch our breath and then we can swoop inside -and around and because were flying we dont have to worry about gravity at this particular moment in time so this drawing can be oriented any way on the page we get a little -as we pass jesu its not surprising to sort of mimic the architecture in this way past the wonderful wall filled with the juxtaposition that i was talking about -i also make drawings to help people understand things -things that i want them to believe that i understand and thats what i do as an illustrator thats my job -to show you some pictures of rome ive made a lot of drawings of rome over the years these are just drawings of rome i get back as often as -part of the reason im showing you these is that it sort of helps illustrate part of what i go through with trying to figure out what i feel about rome and why i feel it these are sketches of some of the little details -rome is a city full of surprises i mean were talking about unusual perspective were talking about narrow little winding streets that suddenly open up into vast sun -though piazzas that are humanly scaled part of the reason is that they grew it organically that amazing juxtaposition of old and new -the bits of light that come down between the buildings that sort of create a map thats traveling about your head usually blue especially in the summer -the primary reason for all these dead ends is that if youre not sure where youre going youre not going to get there with any kind of efficiency heres a little map and i thought of maps at the beginning maybe i should just -with digital stuff and even smug about that relationship might be amused to know that the guy who is best known for the way things work -a little atlas with my favorite streets and connections in rome and -a line of text that actually evolves from the exhaust of a scooter zipping across the page here that same line of text wraps around a fountain in an illustration that can be turned upside down and read both ways -maybe that line of text could be a story to give some human aspect to this maybe i should get away from this map completely and really be honest about wanting to show my favorite bits and pieces of rome and simply kick a soccer ball which happens -from some of those sketches was traveling through rome in different vehicles at different speeds to show -the different aspects of rome sort of an overview of rome that you might see from a dirigible -that you come across anyways i went back to the dirigible notion went to alberto santos dumont found one of his dirigibles that had enough dimensions so i could actually use it as a scale that i could actually juxtapose with -while preparing for -a dirigible a small dirigible shes assembling the structure ajax is sniffing for holes in the balloon before they set off she launches this thing above the spanish steps -part of a panel for understanding -sets off for an aerial tour of the city over the spanish steps we go a nice way to sort of show that river that stream -of pouring down the hill unfortunately just across the road from it or quite close by is the column of marcus aurelius and -the diameter of the dirigible makes an impression as you can see as she starts trying to read the story that spirals around the column of marcus aurelius gets a little too close nudges it -this give me a chance to suggest to you the structure of the column of marcus aurelius which is really no higher than a pile of quarters high thick quarters -over the piazza of st ignacio completely ruining the symmetry but that aside a spectacular place -to visit a spectacular framework inside of which you see usually extraordinary blue sky -over the pantheon and the twenty six foot diameter oculus she parks her dirigible lowers the anchor rope and climbs down for a closer look -inside the text is right side and upside down so that you are forced to turn the book around and you can see it from ground point of view and from her point of view -with his new cd burner -dimensions of the diameter being the same as the distance from the center of the floor to the center of the oculus unfortunately for her -who knew about extension managers ive always managed my own extensions it never even occurred to me to -the anchor line gets tangled around the feet of some boy scouts who are visiting the pantheon and they are immediately yanked out and given an extraordinary but terrifying tour of some of the domes of rome which would -she continues on her way to the piazza navona notices a lot of activity at the tre scalini restaurant reminding her that its lunchtime and shes hungry -they keep on motoring towards the campo de fiori which they soon reach ajax the dog is put in the basket and lowered with a list of food -into the marketplace which flourishes there until about one in the afternoon and then is completely removed and doesnt appear again until six or seven the following morning -anyway the pooch gets back to the dirigible with the stuff unfortunately when she goes to unwrap the -ajax makes a lunge for it shes managed to save the prosciutto but in the process she loses the tablecloth which you can see flying away in the upper left hand corner -they continue without their tablecloth looking for a place to land this thing so they can actually have lunch they eventually discover a huge wall filled with small holes ideal for docking a dirigible because you have a place to tie -turns out to be the exterior wall that part of it that remains of the -at the end of lunch they untie the anchor they set off through the baths of caracalla and over the walls of the city in an abandoned -read the instructions but i did figure it out i had to figure it out because along with the invitation came the frightening -and decide to take one more look at the pyramid of cestius which has its lightning rod on top unfortunately thats a problem they get a little too close -not due at work until noon so the alarm goes off and its five to twelve or so he gets up -leaps onto his scooter races through the city past the church of santa maria della pace down the alleys through the streets that tourists may be -can be turned around and read from both sides because theres text on the bottom and text on the top one of which is upside down in this image so he keeps on moving approaching an unsuspecting waiter who is trying to deliver two plates of -right through the piazza della rotonda in front of the pantheon again wreaking havoc and finally getting to work and marchello as it turns out is the driver of the number sixty four bus -and if youve ridden the number sixty four bus you know that its driven with the same kind of exuberance as marchello demonstrated on his scooter -the big front door -i could talk about something that im known for something that would be appropriate for the more sort of technically minded people here or i could talk about something that i care about -to check the wiring and then gradually works his way up to the top of the building apartment by apartment checking every television checking every connection -the problem is solved everybody in the palazzo is happy and of course he also solves his own problem all he has to do now with a perfect table is wait for her to arrive that was the first -but it didnt seem substantial enough to convey whatever it was i wanted to convey about rome so i thought well ill just -and ill get inside and underneath and ill show these things growing and show why theyre shaped the way they are and then i thought thats too complicated no ill just take my favorite bits and pieces and ill put them inside the -but keep the scale -so you can see the top of santivo and the pyramid of cestius and the tempietto of bramante all side by side in this amazing space now thats one drawing well i thought maybe its time for piranesi to meet -see that im beginning to really lose control here and also hope theres a very thin thin blue -line of exhaust that sort of runs through this thing that would be sort of the trail that holds this together and then i thought wait -a book is not only a neat way to collect and store information its a series of layers i mean you always peel one layer off another we think of them as pages doing it a certain way but think of them as layers i mean rome is a place of layers -i decided to go with the latter im going to talk about rome now why would i care about rome particularly well i went to rhode island school of design -the scar the scars of centuries of change as these structures have been adapted rather than being torn down if i do a fold out page on the left hand side -i could also show you what it looks like in the corner at one of those magnificent buildings with all the massive stone blocks or the fake stone blocks done with brick and stucco which is more often the case -so it becomes slightly three dimensional i could take you down one of those narrow streets into one of those surprising piazzas by using a double gate fold double foldout page which if you were like me reading a pop up book as a child you hopefully stick your head into -lets look at the pantheon and the piazza della rotonda in front of it heres a book completely wide open -if i dont open the book the whole way if i just open it ninety degrees were looking down the front of the pantheon and were looking sort of at the top -more or less down on the square and if i turn the book the other way were looking across the square at the front of the pantheon no foldouts no tricks just a book that isnt open -the whole way that seemed promising i thought maybe ill do it inside and i can even combine the foldouts with the only partially open book so we get inside the pantheon and it grows and -in the second half of the sixties i was lucky enough to spend my last year my fifth year in rome as a student it changed my life -so on and so forth and i thought maybe im on the right track but it sort of lost its human quality so i went back to the notion of story which is always a good thing to have if youre trying to get people to pay attention to a book and pick up information along the way pigeons progress struck me as a -but it would be a journey that went through rome and showed all the things i like about rome its a pigeon sitting on top of a church goes off during the day and does normal pigeon stuff comes back -the whole place is covered with scaffolding and green netting and theres no way this pigeon can get home so its a homeless pigeon and its going to have to find a new place to live that allows me to go through my catalog of -if you wanted to get sixteen light bulbs remember today our total energy consumption is one hundred and twenty five light bulbs worth if you wanted sixteen from wind this map visualizes a solution for the u k its got one hundred and sixty wind farms each one hundred square kilometers in size and that would be a twentyfold increase over todays amount of wind -nuclear power to get sixteen light bulbs per person youd need two gigawatts at each of the purple dots on the map thats a fourfold increase over todays levels of nuclear power biomass to get sixteen light bulbs per person youd need a land area -we love back of envelope calculations you ask a question you write down some numbers and you get yourself an answer it may not be very accurate but it may make you say hmm so heres a question imagine if we said oh yes we can get off fossil fuels well use biofuels problem solved transport we dont need oil anymore well what if -something like three and a half wales worth either in our country or in someone elses country possibly ireland possibly somewhere else laughter and a fourth supply side option concentrating solar power in other peoples deserts if you wanted to get sixteen light bulbs worth -we need a plan that adds up -we need to stop shouting and start talking -and -if we can have a grown up conversation make a plan that adds up and get building -maybe this low carbon revolution will actually be fun thank you very much for listening -we grew the biofuels for a road -on the grass verge at the edge of the road how wide would the verge have to be for that to work out -okay so lets put in some numbers lets have our cars go at sixty miles per hour lets say they do thirty miles per gallon thats the -european average for new cars lets say the productivity of biofuel plantations is one thousand two hundred litres of biofuel per hectare per year thats true of european biofuels -the industrial revolution started -what do we do with these numbers well you take the first number and you divide by the other three and you get eight kilometers and thats the answer thats how wide the plantation would have to be given these assumptions and maybe that makes you say -the amount of carbon sitting underneath britain in the form of coal -and it might make you think -perhaps theres an issue to do with areas and in this talk id like to talk about land areas and ask is there an issue about areas the answer is going to be -yes but it depends which country you are in so lets start in the united kingdom since thats where we are today the energy consumption of the united kingdom the total energy consumption not just transport but everything -i like to quantify it in light bulbs its as if weve all got one hundred and twenty five light bulbs on -was as big as the amount of carbon sitting under saudi arabia in the form of oil -its actually a bigger footprint if we take into account the embodied energy in the stuff we import into our country as well and ninety percent of this energy today still comes from fossil fuels and ten percent only from other greener possibly greener sources like nuclear power and renewables -so -thats the u k and the population density of the u k is two hundred and fifty people per square kilometer and im now going to show you other countries by these same two measures on the vertical axis im going to show you how much light bulbs what our energy consumption per person is -and were at one hundred and twenty five light bulbs per person and that little blue dot there is showing you the land area of the united kingdom -and the population density is on the horizontal axis and were two hundred and fifty people per square kilometer lets add european countries in blue and you can see theres quite a variety i should emphasize both of these axes are logarithmic as you go from one gray bar to the next gray bar youre going up a factor of ten -next lets add asia in red the middle east and north africa in green -sub saharan africa in blue -black is south america -purple is central america -and then in pukey yellow we have north america australia and new zealand and you can see the great diversity -top right bahrain has the same energy consumption per person roughly as canada over three hundred light bulbs per person but their population density is a factor of three hundred times greater one thousand people per square kilometer bottom right bangladesh has the same population density -as bahrain but consumes one hundred times less per person -bottom left well theres no one but there used to be a whole load of people heres another message from this diagram -ive added on little blue tails behind sudan libya china india bangladesh thats fifteen years of progress where were they fifteen years ago and where are they now and the message is most countries are going to the right and theyre going up up and to the right -bigger population density and higher per capita consumption so we may be off in the top right hand corner slightly unusual the united kingdom accompanied by germany japan south korea the netherlands and a bunch of other slightly odd countries -but many other countries are coming up and to the right to come and join us so were a picture if you like of what the future energy consumption might be looking like in other countries too -and ive also added in this diagram now some pink lines that go down and to the right those are lines of equal power consumption per unit area which i measure in watts per square meter so for example the middle line there -zero point one watts per square meter is the energy consumption per unit area of saudi arabia norway mexico in purple and bangladesh fifteen years ago -and half of the worlds population lives in countries that are already above that line -the united kingdom is consuming one point two five watts per square meter sos germany and japan is consuming a bit more -so lets now say why this is relevant why is it relevant -well we can measure renewables in the same units and other forms of power production in the same units and renewables is one of the leading ideas for how we could get off our ninety percent fossil fuel habit so here come some renewables energy crops deliver half a watt per square meter in european climates -what does that mean and you might have anticipated that result given what i told you about the biofuel plantation a moment ago well we consume one point two five watts per square meter what this means is even if you covered the whole of the united kingdom with energy crops you couldnt match todays energy consumption -and in the year two thousand -oil and gas production from the north sea also peaked and theyre now on the decline -solar panels when you put them on a roof deliver about twenty watts per square meter in england -if you really want to get a lot from solar panels you need to adopt the traditional bavarian farming method where you leap off the roof and coat the countryside with solar panels too -solar parks because of the gaps between the panels deliver less they deliver about five watts per square meter of land area and heres a solar park in vermont with real data -delivering four point two watts per square meter -remember where we are one point two five watts per square meter wind farms two point five solar parks about five so -whatever whichever of those renewables you pick the message is whatever mix of those renewables youre using -if you want to power the u k on them youre going to need to cover something like twenty percent or twenty five percent of the country with those renewables and im not saying thats a bad idea we just need to understand the numbers im absolutely not anti renewables i love renewables but im also pro arithmetic -these observations about the finiteness of easily accessible local secure fossil fuels this is a motivation for saying well whats next what is life after fossil fuels going to be like shouldnt we be thinking hard about how to get off fossil fuels another motivation of course is climate change -and so this facility delivers fourteen watts per square meter -this one ten watts per square meter and this one in spain five watts per square meter being generous to concentrating solar power i think its perfect credible it could deliver twenty watts per square meter so thats nice of course britain doesnt have any deserts -yet laughter so heres a summary so far -all renewables much as i love them are diffuse they all have a small power per unit area and we have to live with that fact and -that means if you do want renewables to make a substantial difference for a country like the united kingdom on the scale of todays consumption you need to be imagining renewable facilities that are country sized not the entire country but a fraction of the country a substantial fraction -there are other options for generating power as well which dont involve fossil fuels so theres nuclear power and on this ordnance survey map you can see theres a sizewell b inside a blue square kilometer thats one gigawatt in a square kilometer which works out to one thousand watts per square meter so by this particular metric -nuclear power isnt as intrusive as -just outside edinburgh and you can see the children of penicuik celebrating the burning of the effigy of the windmill so -people are anti everything and weve got to keep all the options on the table -what can a country like the u k do on the supply side well the options are id say these three power renewables and recognizing that they need to be close to country sized -and a third option is nuclear power so thats some supply side options in addition to the supply levers that we can push and remember we need large amounts because at the moment we get ninety percent of our energy from fossil fuels in addition to those levers we could talk about other ways of solving this issue -namely we could reduce demand and that means reducing population im not sure how to do that or reducing per capita consumption -so lets talk about three more big levers that could really help on the consumption side first transport here are the physics principles that tell you how to reduce the energy consumption of transport and people often say oh yes technology can answer everything we can make vehicles that are a hundred times more efficient and thats almost true let me show you -the energy consumption of this typical tank here is eighty kilowatt hours per hundred person kilometers thats -and when people talk about life after fossil fuels and climate change action i think theres a lot of -so well we could persuade her to get into a train and thats still a lot more efficient than a car but that might be a lifestyle change or theres the eco car top left it comfortably accommodates one teenager and its shorter than a traffic cone and its almost as efficient as a bicycle as long as you drive it at -heating is a third of our energy consumption in britain and quite a lot of that is going into homes and other buildings doing space heating and water heating so heres a typical crappy british house its my house with the ferrari out front -what can we do to it well the laws of physics are written up there which describe what -you can also get the fluff men in to reduce the leakiness of your building put fluff in the walls fluff in the roof and a new front door and so forth and -the sad truth is this will save you money thats not sad thats good but the sad truth is itll only get about twenty five percent of the leakiness of your building if you do these things which are good ideas if you really want to get a bit closer to swedish building standards with a crappy house like this -you need to be putting external insulation on the building as shown by this block of flats in london -you can also deliver heat more efficiently using heat pumps which use a smaller bit of high grade energy like electricity to move heat from your garden into your house -the third demand side option i want to talk about the third way to reduce energy consumption is read your meters and people talk a lot about smart meters but you can do it yourself use your own eyes and be smart read your meter and if youre anything like me itll change your life -heres a graph i made i was writing a book about sustainable energy and a friend asked me well how much energy do you use at home and i was embarrassed i didnt actually know and so i started reading the meter every week -and the old meter readings are shown in the top half of the graph and then two thousand and seven is shown in green at the bottom and that was when i was reading the meter every week and my life changed because i started -doing experiments and seeing what made a difference and my gas consumption plummeted because i started tinkering with the thermostat and the timing on the heating system and i knocked more than a half off my gas bills theres a similar story for my electricity consumption where switching off the dvd players the stereos the -let me illustrate this with what physicists call a back of envelope calculation -so im a strong advocate of having grown up conversations that are based on numbers and facts and i want to close with this map that just visualizes for you the requirement of land and so forth in order to get just sixteen light bulbs per person from four of the big possible sources so -so visualizing information can give us a very quick solution to those kinds of problems and even when the information is -and it mushroomed slightly afghanistan mushroomed now to three thousand billion so -so there it is two hundred and twenty seven billion is what africa owes and the recent financial crisis how much of this diagram might that figure take up what has that cost the world -think is the appropriate sound effect for that much money -all suffering from information overload or data glut and the good news is there might be an easy solution to that and thats using our eyes more so visualizing information so that we can see the patterns and connections that matter -eleven thousand nine hundred billion so by visualizing this information we turned it into a landscape -that you can explore with your eyes a kind of map really a sort of information map and when youre lost in information an information map is kind of useful -so i want to show you another landscape now we need to imagine what a landscape of the worlds fears might look like lets take a look this is mountains -timeline of global media panic -sars brownish here -the millennium -terrible disaster these little green -peaks are asteroid collisions and in summer here killer wasps -a very interesting and odd pattern hidden in this data that you can only see when you visualize it let me highlight it for you see this line this is a landscape for violent video games -as you can see theres a kind of odd regular pattern in the data twin peaks every year if we look closer we see those peaks occur at the same month every year -and then designing that information so it makes more sense or it tells a story or allows us to focus only on the information thats important -that gap there theres a gap and it affects all the other stories why is there a gap there you see where it starts september two thousand and one when we had something very real -so ive been working as a data journalist for about a year and i keep hearing a phrase all the time which is this data is the new oil -data is the new soil because for me it feels like a fertile creative medium you know over the years online weve laid down -a huge amount of information and data and we irrigate it with networks and connectivity and its been worked and tilled by unpaid workers and governments -but its a really fertile medium and it feels like visualizations infographics data visualizations they feel like flowers blooming from this medium -what rises twice a year -once in -chocolate you might want to get some chocolate in any other guesses -being single over the summer and then the lowest day of the year of course christmas day who would do that -this is the billion dollar gram and this image arose out of frustration i had with the reporting of billion dollar amounts in the press that is theyre meaningless without context -so theres a titanic amount of data out there now -way interesting things can emerge -so information is beautiful data is beautiful i wonder if i could make my life beautiful and heres my visual c v im not quite sure ive succeeded pretty blocky the colors arent that great but i wanted to convey something to you -i started as a programmer and then i worked as a writer for many years about twenty years in print online and then in advertising and only recently have i started designing and -never been to design school ive never studied art or anything i just kind of learned through doing and when i started designing i discovered an odd thing about myself i already knew how to design -but it wasnt like i was amazingly brilliant at it but more like i was sensitive to the ideas of grids and space and alignment and typography -and i dont feel like im unique i feel that everyday all of us now are being blasted by information design its being poured into our eyes through the web and were all visualizers now were all demanding a visual aspect to our information -i was curious about this so it led me to the work of a danish physicist called tor norretranders and he converted the bandwidth of the senses into computer terms so here we go this is your senses pouring into your senses every second -five hundred billion for this pipeline twenty billion for this war it doesnt make any sense so the only way to understand it is visually and relatively -your sense of sight is the fastest it has the same bandwidth as a computer network then you have touch which is about the speed of a usb key and then you have hearing and smell which has the throughput of a hard -and then you have poor old taste which is like barely the throughput of a pocket calculator and that little square in the corner zero point seven percent thats the amount were actually aware of -so a lot of your vision the bulk of it is visual and its pouring in its unconscious and the eye is exquisitely sensitive to patterns in variations in color shape and pattern -it loves them and it calls them beautiful its the language of the eye and if you combine that language of the eye with the language of the mind which is about words and numbers and concepts you start speaking two languages simultaneously each enhancing the other -so you have the eye and then you drop in the concepts and that whole thing its two languages both working at the same time -so we can use this new kind of language if you like to alter our perspective or change our views let me ask you a simple question with a really simple -so massive in fact that it can contain all the other military budgets in the world inside itself gobble gobble gobble gobble gobble now you can see africas total debt there and the u k budget deficit for reference so -so i scraped a load of reported figures from various news outlets and then scaled the boxes according to those amounts and the colors here represent the motivation behind the money so purple is -that might well chime with your view that america is a sort of warmongering military machine out to overpower the world with its huge industrial military complex -other top industrialized nations economies inside itself its so vastly rich so its military budget is bound to be enormous -so to be fair and to alter our perspective we have to bring in another data set and that data set is gdp or the countrys earnings who has the biggest budget -you know mobilize enormous its forces but of course china has an enormous population so if we do the same we see a radically different picture -we need relative figures that are connected to other data so that we can see a fuller picture and then that can lead to us changing our perspective as hans rosling the master my master said -this one im a bit of a health nut i love kind of like taking supplements and being fit but i can never -fighting and red is giving money away and green is profiteering and what you can see straight away is you start to have a different relationship to the numbers you can literally see them -worth investigating but only for the conditions listed below and then the supplements below the line are perhaps not -now this image constitutes a huge amount of work we scraped like one thousand studies from pubmed the biomedical database -what it points to is that visualizing information like this is a form of knowledge compression its a way of squeezing an enormous amount of information and understanding into a small space -and once youve curated that data and once youve cleaned that data and once its there you can do cool stuff like this so i converted this into an interactive app so i can now -so lets filter that out so heart is filtered out so i if im curious about that i think no no i dont want to take any synthetics i just want to see plants and just show me herbs and plants ive got all the natural ingredients now this -i can update it in a second new evidence comes out i just change a row on a spreadsheet doosh again the image recreates itself so its cool its kind of living -kind of can go beyond data and it can go beyond numbers and i like to apply information visualization to ideas and concepts -this is a visualization of the political spectrum in an attempt for me to try and understand how it works and how the ideas -its made up of concepts it explores our worldviews and it helps us it helps me anyway to see what others think to see where theyre coming from and it feels just incredibly cool to do that -and what was most exciting for me designing this was that when i was designing this image i desperately wanted this side the left side to be better than the right side being a kind of journalist a left leaning -but i couldnt because i would have created a lopsided biased diagram so in order to really create a full image -the perspectives on the right hand side and at the same time kind of uncomfortably recognize how many of those qualities were actually in me which was very very annoying and -is opecs revenue this green box here seven hundred and eighty billion a year and this little pixel in the corner three billion thats their climate change fund -but not too uncomfortable because theres something unthreatening about seeing a political perspective versus being told or forced to listen to one its actually youre capable of holding conflicting viewpoints -so just to wrap up i wanted to say that it feels to me that design is about solving problems and providing elegant solutions and information design -when i am driving down a road at sunset all i can think is this is almost as beautiful as my games are for my virtual worlds are perfect more beautiful and rich than the real world around us -im not sure what the implications of my experience -today i believe big brother would find much more success brainwashing the masses with video games rather than just simply tvs video games are fun -came along the very cleverly named sinclair zx eighty one and you see the picture at the bottom theres a picture of a guy doing homework with his son thats what they thought they had built it for -engaging and leave your brain completely vulnerable to -but maybe brainwashing isnt always -the future of video games holds for our civilization but as virtual and real world experiences increasingly overlap there is a greater and greater potential for other people to feel the same way i do -what i have only recently come to realize is that beyond the graphics sound game play and emotion it is the power to break down reality that is so fascinating and addictive to me -i know though that no matter how amazing video games may -or how flat the real world may seem to us that we must stay aware of what our games are teaching us and how they leave us feeling when we finally do unplug -i found that video very very thought provoking and thats why i wanted to bring it here for you guys to see and what was interesting about it is the obvious choice for me to talk about was graphics and audio but as you heard michael talked about all -elements as well video games give an awful lot of other things too and thats why people get so addicted the most important one being fun -the name of this track is the magic to come who is that going to come from is it going to come from the best directors in the world as we thought it probably would i dont think so i think its going to come from -the children who are growing up now that arent stuck with all of the stuff that we remember from the past theyre going to do it their way using the tools that weve created the same with students or highly creative people writers and people like that -as far as colleges go theres about three hundred and fifty colleges around the world teaching video game courses -a -this is my daughter her names emma shes seventeen months old and ive been asking myself what is emma going to experience in the video game world and as ive shown here -we have the audience shes never going to know a world where you cant press a button and have millions of people ready to play you know we have the technology shes never going to know a world where the graphics just arent stunning and really immersive -and as the student video showed we can impact and move shes never going to know a world where video games arent incredibly emotional and will probably make her cry i just hope she likes video games -this is the guy that invented it sir clive sinclair and hes showing his machine you had this same thing in america it was called the timex sinclair one thousand -to play a game in those days you had to have an imagination to believe that you were really playing battlestar galactica the graphics were just horrible you had to have an even better imagination to play this game death rider -but of course the scientists couldnt help themselves they started making their own video games this is one of my favorite ones here where they have rabbit breeding so males choose the lucky rabbit -was around this time we went from one k to sixteen k which was quite the leap and if youre wondering how much sixteen k is this ebay logo here is sixteen k -in northern ireland right up in the very very north end of it there where its absolutely freezing cold this is me running around in the back garden mid summer -and in that amount of memory someone programmed a full flight simulation program and thats what it looked like -i spent ages flying this flight simulator and i honestly believed i could fly airplanes by the end of it heres clive sinclair now launching his -color computer hes recognized as being the father of video games in europe hes a multi millionaire and i think thats why hes smiling in this photograph -so i went on for the next twenty years or so making a lot of different games some of the highlights were things like the terminator aladdin -the teenage mutant hero turtles because i was from the united kingdom they thought the word ninja was a little too mean for children so they decided to call it hero instead i personally preferred the spanish version which was tortugas ninja -then the last game i did was based on trying to get the video game industry in hollywood to actually work together on something instead of licensing from each other to actually work now chris did ask me to bring some statistics with me -that the video game industry in two thousand and five became a twenty nine billion dollar business it grows every year last year was the biggest year -by two thousand and eight were going to kick the butt of the music industry by two thousand and ten were going to hit forty two billion forty three percent of gamers are female so theres a lot more female gamers than people are really aware -the average age of gamers well obviously its for children right well no actually its thirty years old and interestingly the people who buy the most games are thirty seven so thirty seven is our target audience -i couldnt pick a career in ireland the obvious choice is the military but to be honest it actually kind of sucks -all video games are violent of course the newspapers love to beat on this but eighty three percent of games dont have any mature content whatsoever -so its just not true online gaming statistics i brought some stuff on world of warcraft its five point five million players it makes about eighty million bucks a month in subscriptions it costs fifty bucks just to install it on your computer -making the publisher about another two hundred and seventy five million the game costs about eighty million dollars to make so basically it pays for itself in about a month a player in a game called project entropia -actually bought his own island for twenty six thousand five hundred dollars you have to remember that this is not a real island he didnt actually buy anything just some data -but he got great terms on it this purchase included mining and hunting rights ownership of all land on the island and a castle with no furniture included -this market is now estimated at over eight hundred million dollars annually and whats interesting about it is the market was actually created by the gamers themselves -they found clever ways to trade items and to sell their accounts to each other so that they could make money while they were playing their games -my mother wanted me to be a dentist but the problem was that people kept blowing everything up so i actually went to school in belfast which was where all the action happened -it turns out theyre actually in hollywood bowl in los angeles listening to the l a philharmonic playing video game music -thats what the show looks like you would expect it to be cheesy but its not its very very epic and a very beautiful concert and the people that went there absolutely loved it -you think these people are doing theyre actually bringing their computers so they can play games against each other and this is happening in every city around the world this is happening in your local cities too youre probably just not aware of it -i want you to do is to try to understand it were on this curve and the graphics are getting so ridiculously better and im going to show you up to maybe two thousand and seven -so -and this was a pretty common sight the school i went to was pretty boring they forced us to learn things like latin -the school teachers werent having much fun the sports were very dirty or very painful so i cleverly chose rowing which i got very good at and i was actually rowing for my school here until this fateful day and i flipped over right in front of the entire school -you need to be really an incredible artist and once we get enough of those guys were going to want more fantasy artists that can create places weve never been to before or characters that weve just never seen before -so the obvious thing for me to talk about today is graphics and audio but if you were to go to a game developers conference what theyre all talking about is emotion purpose meaning understanding and feeling -hear about talks like can a video game make you cry and these are the kind of topics we really actually care about -i came across a student whos absolutely excellent at expressing himself and this student agreed that he would -i like many of you live somewhere between reality and video games some part of me a true living breathing person has become programmed electronic and virtual -the boundary of my brain that divides real from fantasy has finally begun to crumble im a video game addict and this is my story -the -year of my birth the nintendo entertainment system also went into development -i played in the backyard learned to read and even ate some of my vegetables -but as was the case for most of my generation -i spent a lot of time in front of the tv -when my parents bought my sister and i our first -im a video game -its not because of a certain number of hours i have spent playing or nights i have gone without sleep to finish the next level it is because i have had life altering experiences in virtual space and video games had begun to erode my own understanding of what is -and they left the programming manuals laying around and so students like myself with nothing to do we would learn how to program it -im addicted because even though i know im losing my grip on -from an early age i learned to invest myself emotionally in what unfolded before me on screen -today after twenty years of watching tv geared to make me emotional -a decent insurance commercial can bring tears to my eyes -am just one of a new generation that is growing up -a generation who may experience much more meaning through video games than they will through the real world video games are nearing an evolutionary leap -a point where game worlds will look and feel just as real as the films we see in theatres or the news we watch on tv and while my sense of free will in these virtual worlds may still be limited what i do learn applies to my real life -also around this time at home this was the computer that people were buying it was called the sinclair zx eighty this was a one k computer and youd buy your programs on cassette tape -second quarter mile -unlike any pop culture phenomenon before it video games actually allow us to become part of -but the beauty of video games -lies not in the lifelike graphics the vibrating joysticks or virtual surround sound -lies in that these games are beginning to make me emotional -a well designed video game will seamlessly weave the user into the fabric of the virtual experience as one becomes more experienced the awareness of physical control melts -just me and the game -one second because i heard that theres a prerequisite to speak here at ted you have to have a picture of yourself from the old days with big hair so i brought a picture with big hair i just want to get that out of the way so after the sinclair zx eighty -the fate of the world -my hands -i know violent video games make my mother worry what troubles me is not that video game violence is becoming more and more like real life violence but that real life violence is starting to look more and more -these are all troubles outside of myself -i however have a problem very close to home something has happened -perhaps there is a single part of our brain that holds all of our gut instincts the things we know to do before we even think while some of these instincts may be innate most are learned and all of them are hardwired into our brains -these instincts are essential for survival in both real and virtual worlds -only in recent years has the technology behind video games allowed for a true overlap -as gamers we are now living by the same laws of physics in the same cities and doing many of the same things we once did in real life only virtually -consider this my real life car has about twenty five thousand miles on it in all my driving games ive driven a total of thirty one four hundred and fifty nine -to some degree ive learned how to drive from the game the sensory cues are very similar its a funny feeling when you have spent more time doing something on the tv -we can understand this process by understanding a little bit about emotions in general so the basic human emotions those kinds of emotions that we share with all other human beings -this photo taken just before his death -just like fear offers us protective benefits disgust seems to do the same thing except for what disgust does is keeps us away from not things that might eat us or heights but rather things that might poison us or give us disease and make us sick -so one of the features of disgust that makes it such an interesting emotion is that its very very easy to elicit in fact more so than probably any of the other basic emotions and so im going to show you that with a couple of images i can probably make you feel disgust so turn away ill tell you when you can turn back -darwin was probably one of the first scientists to systematically investigate the human emotions and he pointed to -the universal nature and the strength of the disgust response this is an anecdote from his travels in south america in tierro del fuego a native touched with his finger some cold preserved meat while i was eating and plainly showed disgust at its softness whilst i felt utter disgust at my food being touched by a naked savage -it it sort of ended abruptly when she was executed -that are hard to jettison overnight -this makes it very useful as a strategy if you want to convince somebody that an object or an individual or an entire social group is disgusting and should be avoided -the philosopher martha nussbaum points this out in this quote thus throughout history certain disgust properties sliminess bad smell stickiness decay foulness have been repeatedly and monotonously been associated with jews women homosexuals untouchables lower class people all of those are imagined as tainted by the dirt of the body -this is from an anti gay website -where they said gays are worthy of death for their vile sex practices theyre like dogs eating their own vomit and sows wallowing in their own feces these are disgust properties that are trying to be directly linked to the social group that you should not like when we were first investigating the role of disgust in moral judgment -one of the things we became interested in -was whether or not these sorts of appeals are more likely to work in individuals who are more easily disgusted so while disgust along with the other basic emotions are universal phenomena it just really is true that some people are easier to disgust than others you could probably see it in the audience members when i showed you those disgusting images -the way that we measured this was by a scale that was constructed by some other psychologists that simply asked people across a wide variety of situations how likely they are to feel disgust so here are a couple of examples -so women flocked to her -even if i were hungry i would not drink a bowl of my favorite soup if it had been stirred by a used but thoroughly washed fly swatter do you agree or disagree -in order to murder their husbands it turns out that poisoners were a valued and feared group -if you ask enough of these you can get a general overall score of disgust sensitivity it turns out that this score -is actually meaningful when you bring people into the laboratory and you ask them -gross your score on that scale actually predicts whether or not youll be willing to engage in those behaviors the first time that we set out to collect data on this and associate it with political or moral beliefs we found a general pattern -this is with the psychologists yoel inbar -this data set also allowed us to statistically control for a number of things that we knew were both related to political orientation and to disgust sensitivity -because poisoning a human being is a quite difficult thing -so we were able to control for gender age income education even basic personality variables and the result stays the same when we actually looked -so it not only predicted self reported political orientation but actual voting behavior and also we were able -the reason is we have sort of a built in poison detector you can see this as early as even in newborn infants if you are willing to do this you can take a couple of drops of a bitter substance or a sour substance and youll see that face the tongue stick out the wrinkled nose as if theyre trying to get rid of whats in their mouth -with this sample to look across the world in one hundred and twenty one different countries we asked the same questions -and as you can see this is one hundred and twenty one countries collapsed into ten different geographical regions no matter where you look what this is plotting is the size of the relationship between disgust sensitivity and political orientation and no matter where we looked we saw a very similar effect -other labs have actually looked at this as well using different measures of disgust sensitivity so rather than asking people how easily disgusted they are they hook people up to physiological measures in this case skin conductance and what theyve demonstrated is that people who report being more politically conservative -are also more physiologically aroused when you show them disgusting images like the ones that i showed you -interestingly what they also showed in a finding that we kept getting in our previous studies as well -was that one of the strongest influences here is that individuals who are very disgust sensitive not only are more likely to report being politically conservative but theyre also very much more opposed to gay marriage and homosexuality and pretty much a lot of the socio moral issues in the sexual domain -so physiological arousal predicted in this study attitudes toward gay marriage -actually bring people into the lab and disgust them and compare them to a control group that hasnt been disgusted it turns out that over the past five years a number of researchers have done this -and by and large the results have all been the same that when people are feeling disgust their attitudes shift towards the right of the political spectrum toward more moral conservatism as well so this is whether you use a foul odor a bad taste -from film clips from post hypnotic suggestions of disgust images like the ones ive shown you even just reminding people that disease is prevalent and they should be wary of it and wash up right to keep clean these all have similar effects on judgment -let me just give you an example from a recent study that we conducted -and we either made the room smell gross or not -questionnaires next to a sign that reminded them to wash their hands and what we found was that just taking a questionnaire next -to this hand sanitizing reminder made individuals report being more politically conservative -this reaction expands into adulthood and becomes sort of a full blown disgust response no longer just about whether or not were about to be poisoned -and when we asked them a variety of questions about the rightness or wrongness of certain acts what we also found was that simply being reminded that they ought to wash their hands made them more morally conservative -in particular when we asked them questions about sort of taboo but fairly harmless sexual practices just being reminded that they ought to wash their hands made them think that they were more morally wrong let me give you an example of what i mean by harmless but taboo sexual practice -we gave them scenarios one of them said a man is house sitting for his grandmother when his grandmothers away he has sex with his girlfriend on his grandmas bed in another one we said a woman enjoys masturbating with her favorite teddy bear cuddled next to her -the way you think in the case of disgust what is a little bit more surprising is the scope of this influence it makes perfect sense and its a very good emotion for us to have that disgust would make me change the way that i perceive the physical world whenever contamination is possible -it makes less sense that an emotion that was built to prevent me from ingesting poison should predict who im going to vote for in the upcoming presidential election -the question of whether disgust ought to influence our moral and political judgments certainly has to be complex and might depend on exactly what judgments were talking about and as a scientist we have to conclude sometimes that the scientific method is just ill equipped to answer these sorts of questions -this emotion of disgust now influences our moral beliefs and even our deeply held political intuitions why this might be the case -had always believed in simplicity and elegance and beauty and the truth is for years i was a little depressed because -it turns out i was wrong right because the ipod came out and it violated every bit of common wisdom other products cost less other products -had more features they had voice recorders and fm transmitters the other products were backed by microsoft with an open standard not apples propriety standard -but the ipod won this is the one they wanted the lesson was simplicity sells and there are signs that the industry is getting the message -a little company thats done very well with simplicity and elegance the sonos thing its catching on ive got just a couple of examples physically a really cool elegant thinking -coming along lately when you have a digital camera how do you get the pictures back to your computer well you either haul around a usb cable -or you buy a card reader and haul that around either one youre going to lose what i do is i take out the memory card and i fold it in half -revealing usb contacts i just stick it in the computer offload the pictures put it right back in the camera i never have -lose anything heres another example -and im sure every one of you have done this at some point in your lives or one of your children you walk along and im about to pull this onto the floor i dont care its -its magnetic it doesnt pull the laptop onto the floor -in my very last example -i do a lot of my work using speech recognition software and you have to be kind of quiet because the software is nervous okay -and its not just what i dictate -this is not an ideal situation because its getting the echo from the hall and stuff but the point is i can respond to people very quickly by saying a short word and having it write out a much longer thing so if somebody sends me a fan letter ill say -conversely if somebody sends me hate mail which happens daily i say -off -be sent the coolest hottest slickest new gadgets every week itll arrive at your door you get to try them out play with them evaluate them until the novelty wears out before you have to send them back and youll get paid for it -so thats my dirty little secret dont tell anyone -so the point is this a really interesting story this is version eight of the software and do you know what they put in version eight no new features its never happened before in software the company put no new features they just said well make -work right right because for years people had bought this software tried it out ninety five percent accuracy was all they got which means one in twenty words is wrong -and so thats what they did this cult of doing things right is starting to spread so my final advice for those of you who are consumers of this technology remember if it doesnt work -not necessarily you ok it could be the design of the thing youre using be aware in life of good design and bad design and if youre among the people who create the stuff -easy is hard pre sweat the details for your audience count the taps remember the hard part is not deciding what features to add its deciding what to leave out and best of all your motivation is simplicity sells -you can think about it if you want so ive always been a technology nut and i absolutely love it -the job though came with one small downside and that is they intended to publish my email address at the end of every column -and what ive noticed is first of all you get an incredible amount of email if you ever are feeling lonely get a new york times column because you will get hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of -and the email im getting a lot today is about frustration people are feeling like things ok i just had an alarm come up on my screen lucky you cant see it -hello voicemail my old friend -help theres not enough thought put into the design of it to make it easy and enjoyable to use one time i wrote a column about my efforts to reach dell technical support -and within twelve hours there were seven hundred messages from readers on the feedback boards on the times website -from users saying me too and heres my tale of woe i call it software rage and man let me tell you whoever figures out how to make money off of this -that get up there -ok so why is the problem accelerating and part of the problem is ironically because the industry has put so much thought into making things easier to use ill show you what i mean this is what the computer interface used to look like dos -over the years its gotten easier to use this is the original mac operating system reagan was president madonna was still brunette -called for tech support again -the entire operating system this is the good part the entire operating system fit in two hundred and eleven k you couldnt put the mac os ten logo in two hundred -so the irony is that as these things became easier to use a less technical broader audience were coming into contact with this equipment for the first time -i once had the distinct privilege of sitting in on the apple call center for a day the guy had a duplicate -i ignored my boss warning i called on a monday morning now its evening and my dinner -headset for me to listen to and the calls that you know how they say your call may be recorded for quality assurance -your call may be -so that they can collect the funniest dumb user stories and pass them around on a cd -which they do and i have a copy -its in your gift bag no no with your voices on -so some of the stories are just so classic and yet so understandable a woman called apple to complain that her mouse was squeaking making a squeaking noise -the technician said well maam what do you mean your mouse is squeaking she says all i can tell you is that it squeaks louder the faster i move it across the screen -and the technicians like maam youve got the mouse up against the screen she goes well the message said click here to continue -well if you like that one how much time have we got another one -called this is absolutely true his computer had crashed and he told the technician he couldnt restart it no matter how many times he typed eleven -why are you typing eleven he said the message says error type eleven -we must admit that some of the blame falls squarely at the feet of the users -but why is the technical overload crisis the complexity crisis accelerating now in the hardware world its because we the consumers want everything to be smaller smaller smaller so the gadgets are getting tinier and tinier -but our fingers are essentially staying the same size so it gets more and more of a challenge software is subject to another primal force the mandate to release more and more versions when you buy a piece of software its not like buying a vase or a candy bar where you own it -its more like joining a club where you pay dues every year and every year they say weve added more features and well sell it to you for ninety nine dollars i know one guy whos spent four thousand dollars just on photoshop over the years -and software companies make thirty five percent of their revenue from just these software upgrades i call it the software upgrade paradox which is that if you improve a piece of software enough times you eventually ruin it i mean -the sounds of silence i -nodding in acknowledgment because it died it tanked no one ever bought it i call this the sport utility principle people like to surround themselves with unnecessary -right they dont need the database and the website but theyre like well ill upgrade because i might you know i might need that someday -so the problem is as you add more features where are they going to go where are you going to stick them you only have so many design tools -you can do buttons you can do sliders pop up menus sub menus but if youre not careful about how you choose you wind up with -this -is not a joke un retouched photo of -the copy that you have with all the toolbars open youve obviously never opened all -dont think you understand i think your phone lines are -but all you have to type in is -teeny window -and weve arrived at the age of interface matrices where there are so many features and options you have to do -you know a vertical and a horizontal you guys all complained about how microsoft word is always bulleting your lists and underlining your links automatically the off switch is in there somewhere -im telling you its there part of the art of designing a simple good interface is knowing when to use which one of these features so here is the log off dialog box for windows two thousand there are only four choices -so why are they in a pop up menu its not like the rest of the screen is so full of other components that you need to collapse the choices they could have put them all out in view heres apples take on the exact same dialog box -i designed the -already we can see that apple and microsoft have a severely divergent approach to software design microsofts approach to simplicity -tends to be lets break it down lets just make it more steps there are these wizards everywhere and you know theres a new version of windows coming out this fall if they continue at this pace theres absolutely no telling where they might wind up -i punched every touch tone i was told -the drop down menu choose the first letter you want -what is the answer how do you pack in all -eighteen hours on -in a simple intelligent way i believe in consistency when possible real world equivalents trashcan folder when possible label things mostly -but i beg of the designers here to break all those rules if they violate the biggest rule of all which is intelligence now what do i mean by that im going to give you some examples -its not enough -youre supposed to put in your address and youre supposed to choose which country youre from okay there are two hundred countries in the world we like to think of the internet as a global village im sorry its not one yet its mainly like the united states europe and -so why is united states in the -have to scroll like seven screens full to get to it now it would be inconsistent to put united states first but it would be intelligent -this ones been touched on before but why in gods name do you shut down a windows pc by clicking a button called start -one of mine you have a printer most of the time you want to print one copy of your document in page order on that printer so why in gods name do you see this every time you -and one of the buttons at the bottom youll notice is not -im not saying that apple is the only company who has embraced the cult of simplicity palm is also especially in the old days wonderful about this i actually got to speak to palm when they were flying high in the -now the -what he goes well jeff hawkins the ceo says if any task on the palm pilot takes more than three taps of the stylus -its too long and it has to be redesigned so im the tap counter so im going to show you an example of a company that does not have a tap counter -this is microsoft word ok when you want to create a new blank document in word it could happen -you go up to the file menu and you choose new now what happens when you choose new do you get a new blank document -you do not -a task bar appears and somewhere in those links by the way not at the top somewhere in those links -yes i do -song -a geek forever -and i wrote the very first dos -i put my software and ibm together i got profit and -wreaking vengeance on you -i write the code that makes the whole world -you buy the -every software company -doing microsoft -good idea -even windows -on the -weve entered planet domination -have no choice -and i -are really two microsofts theres the old one responsible for windows and office theyre dying to throw the whole thing out and start fresh but they can -good simple interface designs i liked the media center pc i liked the microsoft spot watch the wireless watch -and -the signs might indicate that the complexity crunch is only going to get worse so is there any hope the screens are getting smaller people are illuminating putting manuals in the boxes the things are coming out at a faster pace -but im like where have i seen this before i had just seen the movie evita -with madonna and im like you know what ive got to do one about steve jobs -it wont be easy youll think im -when i try to explain why -after telling the press apples -but you get me and you listen to -see is a kid in his teens who started out in a garage with only a -you try rhyming with garage -is i never left you i know the ropes now know what -are i made a fortune over at -and -in any weather its just that these days theyre gucci leather -they say were young -they say the internet is all -got it wrong -see all our shows are just two minutes long -i -i got -of america -you were surfin along a a and -song -your pod a a then a -the -the history of music and television on the internet -have dropped every year -the -its nine o clock on a saturday a a the record stores closed for the night -so i fire up the old itunes music store a a and soon i am feeling all -the track and -got ten -show -heard desperate housewives was great last night -two bucks a show -always wanted to -and your daughter broke her leg at soccer practice im going to have a sandwich for lunch -in in room emergency room fifty three w -i love my job -i guess that was the -or a potentially bad meeting so you go and you type in your phone number and at the exact minute where you want to be called -and at that moment your phone will ring and youre like im sorry ive got to take this the really beautiful thing is you know when somebodys sitting next to you sometimes they can sort of -hear a little bit of the caller so they give you a choice of what you want to hear on the other end heres the girlfriend hey -whats going on dp im kinda like giving a talk right now well thats good dp what are you doing i was just wondering what you were up to -sorry -the last three years i mean no self respecting college kid has home phone service anymore this is what college kids are more likely to have its the most popular voip service in the world its skype -so when was the last time you used the photocopier dp it was like three weeks ago well i dont know if you heard you might have heard from lenny but -i think the biggest change when internet met phone was with the iphone not my finest moment in new york times journalism it was when in the fall of two thousand and six i explained why apple would never do a cellphone -i looked like a moron however my logic was good because i dont know if you realize this but until the iphone came along the -you can see what i said about it its a flawed masterpiece its got bad things and good things lets all acknowledge that right now but it did change a few things the first thing it changed was that -all those carriers saw that they sold ten million of these things in a year and they said oh my gosh maybe weve been doing it wrong maybe we should let phone designers design the phones -its a free program you download for your mac or pc and you make free phone calls anywhere in the world the downside is that you have to wear a headset like a nerd its not your phone its your computer -another thing was that it let ten million people for the first time experience being online all the time not using these sixty dollar a month cellular cards for their laptops -a -we had -its absurd we have power outlets in every room of every building we have running water whats the problem -anyway but this teaches people what its like you have to go to youtube and type in iphone shuffle this guy did a mock -video of one thats one inch square like the real ipod shuffle its like it only has one button touch it and it dials a number at random -but the other thing it did is it opened up this idea of an app store it downloads right to the phone and you can use the tilt sensor -to steer this car using this game these programs can use all the components of the iphone the touch screen this is the etch a sketch prgram the theme of eg two thousand and eight you know how you erase it -of course you shake it right of course we shake it to erase like this they have ten thousand of these programs -this is amazing this is midomi a song is running through your head you sing it into the thing do -but nonetheless if youre a college kid and you have no money believe me this is better than trying to use your cellphone its really cute seeing middle aged people like me -do -done and it will find out the song and play it for you -this is pandora free internet radio not just free internet radio you type in a band or a song name it will immediately play you that song -from a different band with the same -vocals theme and tempo if you like that one or dont like it you do thumbs up and thumbs down over time -it gives you the price and the location and -the most calcified corporate conservative carrier of all -said you can use any phone you want on our network i love the wired headline pigs fly hell freezes over and verizon opens up its network no really -try out skype for the first time which is usually when their kid goes away for a semester abroad they dont want to pay the international fees -so everything is changing weve entered at new world of innovation where the cellphone becomes your laptop customized the way you want it every -is unique there is software that you can add on can i do one more one minute song -this is a song i did for the new york times website as a music video ladies and gentlemen for seven blissful hours it was the number one video on -now -sound -its got some -is that you -a -its really cute -i want to -but i at least it was when i did it i think where voip is really going to get interesting is when they start putting it on cellphones imagine if you had an ordinary cellphone and any time you were in a wireless hotspot -got -all the -im the weekly tech critic for the new york times i review gadgets and stuff and mostly what good dads should be doing this time of year -free calls anywhere in the world never pay the cellular company a nickle itd be really really cool and yet even though the technology for this has been available -for five years incredibly the number of standard cellphones offered by us carriers with free voip -zero -i cant figure out why -i am not paid by t mobile im not plugging t mobile the new york times has very rigid policies about that ever since that jayson blair jerk ruined it for all of us -basically the reason you havent heard about this program is because it was introduced last year on june twenty nine does anyone remember what else happened on june twenty nine last year -it was the iphone the iphone came out that day im like can you imagine being the t mobile pr lady you know hi we -but -is nestling with their kids and decorating the christmas tree what im mostly doing this year is going on cable tv and answering the same question what are the tech trends for next year -and when youre out of the hotspot youre on the regular cellular network youre thinking well how often am i in a hotspot the answer is all the time because they give you -its a hundred million dollars to put up one of those towers right they dont have that kind of money instead they give each of us a seven dollar and ninety five cent box -like a stealth tower installation program were putting it in our homes for them anyway they have wi fi phones in europe -but the thing that t mobile did that nobodys done before is when youre on a call an you move from wi fi into cellular range the call is handed off in mid syllable seamlessly -ill show you the advanced technologies we use at the new york times to test this gear this is me with a camcorder on a phone going like this -as i walk out of the house from my wi fi hotspot into the cellular network on a call with my wife look at the upper left thats the wi fi signal -sound -doing right -like didnt we just go through this last year but im going to pick the one that interests me most and that is the completed marriage of the cell phone and the internet you know i found that -the bottom line is that the boundaries because of the internet plus cellphone are melting the cool thing about the t mobile phones is that although switching technologies is very advanced -and -the call will continue to be free because they dont they havent well no wait not so fast it also works the other way -if you start a call on your cellular network and you come home you keep being billed which is why most people with this service get into the habit of saying hey i just got home can i call you right back -now you get it its also true that if you use one of these phones overseas it doesnt know what internet hotspot -on the internet nobody knows youre a dog right nobody knows youre in pakistan you can make free unlimited calls home to the -i have two cellphones so this going to be very odd -volcano on google images not realizing how much it makes me look like the cover of dianetics -made the point -ringer off everyone wants in on the action this is grand central at work its a oh for -i have your numbers now you will pay -is this really brilliant idea where they give you a new phone number and then at that point one phone number rings all your phones at once your home phone your work phone your cellphone your yacht phone this is the eg -you can say i want these people to be able to call me only during these hours and i want these people to hear this greeting -hi boss im out making us both some money leave a message and then your wife calls and hi honey leave me a message very customizable -google bought it and theyve been working on it for a year theyre supposed to come out with it very shortly in a public method by the way this is something that really bothers me -im going to tell you how to avoid that now what youre going to use is google cellular its totally free theres not even ads if you know how to send a text message you can get the same information for -the last e for savings anyway so lets say you need a drugstore near chicago you type pharmacy chicago or the -in five seconds they will send you back the two closest drugstores complete with name address and phone number -its already written down so like if youre driving you dont have to do -why i was in -and those are just the beginning these are all the different things that you can text to google and they will yeah youre all trying to write this -i want what i want to find what bagels ok google say the business and the city and state dp bagels monterey california -i got the chinese line -number two number two -or say details or go back -hes connecting me he doesnt even tell me the phone number hes just connecting me directly its like having a personal valet -but its just a fake out its a wav file of a dial tone just to reassure you that the world hasnt ended it could be anything it could be salsa music or a comedy routine it doesnt matter -one they have ten thousand -who are being paid twenty cents per answer as you can imagine its college kids and old people -thats who can afford to do that but its a human being on the line and its gotten me out of so many tough positions like whens the last flight out of chicago you know its just absolutely amazing -another thing that really bothers me about cellphones today this is probably my biggest pet peeve in all of technology when i -call to leave you a message -i get fifteen seconds of instructions from a third grade teacher on ambien -and then it gets worse when i call to retrieve my messages first of all you have eighty seven messages to listen to your messages -i -so last year i went to milan italy and i got to speak to an audience of cellular executives from two hundred countries around the world -and i said as a joke as a joke i said i did the math verizon has seventy million customers if you check your voicemail twice a day -the little box has your phone number so thats really cool you can take it to london or siberia and your next door neighbor can dial your home number and your phone will ring because its got everything in the box theyve got every feature known to man in there -thats one hundred million dollars a year i bet you guys are doing this just to run up our airtime arent you no chuckle theyre like this -the outrage people -so now im going to tell you how to get out of that there are these services that transcribe your voicemail into text and they send it to either your email or as -the audio file at the bottom of the email so you can listen to double check the services are called things like spinvox phonetag this is the one i use callwave a lot of people say how -are they doing this i dont really want people listening in to my calls the executives at these companies told me well we use a proprietary b to b best of breed peer to peer soluti -i think basically its like these guys in india with headsets you know listening in the reason i think that is that on the first day i tried one of these services i got two voicemail messages one -you -i thought id see how that goes this is me testing it out -this is micheal hope youre doing well im fine here everythings good hey i was walking along the street and the sky was blue -when youre typing on your blackberry android iphone dont bother switching layouts to the punctuation layout to hit the period and then a space and then try to capitalize the next letter just hit the space bar twice the phone puts the period the space and the capital for you -go space space it is totally amazing -also when it comes to cell phones on all phones if you want to redial somebody that youve dialed before all you have to do is hit the call button and it puts the last phone number into the box for you -and at that point you can hit call again to actually dial it -so you dont need to go into the recent calls list so if youre trying to get through to somebody just hit the call button again heres something that drives me crazy when i call you and leave a message on your voicemail i hear you saying leave a message and then i get these fifteen seconds of frickin instructions like we havent had answering machines for forty five years -im not bitter -so it turns out theres a keyboard shortcut that lets you jump directly to the beep like this -so most of you think of google as something that lets you look up a webpage but it is also a dictionary type the word define and then the word you want to know you dont even have to click anything theres the definition as you type -its also a complete faa database type the name of the airline and the flight it shows you where the flight is the gate the terminal how long till it lands you dont need an app for that its also a unit and currency conversion again you dont have to click one of the results just type it into the box and theres your answer while were talking about text -when you want to highlight -this is just an example -when you want to highlight a word please dont waste your life dragging across it with the mouse like a newbie double click the word watch two hundred i go double click it neatly selects just that word also dont delete what youve highlighted you can just type over it -thats true in everything risky except technology -this is in every program also you can go double click drag to highlight in one word increments as you drag much more precise again dont bother deleting just type over it -shutter lag is the time between your pressing the shutter button and the moment the camera actually snaps its extremely frustrating on any camera under one thousand dollars -for some reason theres no standard syllabus theres no basic course they just sort of give you your computer and then kick you out of the nest -so when that happens this works in keynote powerpoint it works in every program all you do is hit the letter b key b for blackout to black out the slide and make everybody look at you and then when youre ready to go on you hit b again and if youre really on a roll you can hit the w key for whiteout -youre supposed to learn this stuff how just by osmosis nobody ever sits down and tells you this is how it works so today im going to tell you ten things that you thought everybody knew but it turns out they dont -i assume you know that you can hit the tab key to jump from box to box to box but what about the pop up menu where you put in your state -dont open the pop up menu thats a terrible waste of calories type the first letter of your state over and over and over so if you want connecticut go c c c if you want texas go t t and you jump right to that thing without even opening the pop up menu -also on the web when the text is too small what you do is hold down the control key and hit plus plus plus you make the text larger with each tap -i think this is obviously substantially different from anything wed ever thought about doing before just by the nature of it -where it overlaps with thoughts about our work in general is number one the notion of collaboration as a sort of way to get things done and kevin kennon -rick scofidio liz diller and all the people within the city -norman lear who i spoke to four hours before our deadline for funding offered to give us a bridge loan -so the notion of collaboration i think this reinforces how important that is and in terms of the temporary nature of it -our goal was not to create something that would be there longer than it needed to be i think what we were most interested in was promoting a kind of dialogue -we felt may not have been happening enough in this city about whats really happening there -and a day -was giulianis farewell address where he proposed the idea of all of ground zero being a memorial which was very controversial but it resonated with a lot of people and i think regardless of -what the position is about how this -sacred piece of land is to be used having it come out of actually seeing it -in a real encounter i think makes it a more powerful dialogue -and thats what we were interested in so that very much is in the realm of -it seems to me among other things a lovely piece of civic infrastructure it enables that conversation to get serious and six months after the fact and only a few months away from the site -being cleaned we are very quickly -now getting to the point where those conversations about what should go there are getting serious -do you have having been as physically -site as you have been doing this project have any ideas about what should or shouldnt be done -one thing that shouldnt be done is evaluate i think right now the discussion is a very closed discussion on the master plan -the protetch gallery recently had a show on ideas for buildings which had some -planning and uses and i think there should be a broader which theres starting to be the dialogue is really opening up to what does this site really want to be -and i truly believe until the issue of memorial is sorted out that its going to be very hard to -theres a few discussions right now that i think are very positive about depressing the west side highway and connecting this over so that theres one uninterrupted piece of -well i think thats interesting and it gets to another issue that was -theyll get an incredible panorama and understand i think more completely the sheer totality of the destruction of the -not many of us love the world trade center as a piece of architecture as what it had done to this city and that -huge plaza is this an opportunity is the silver lining a silver lining here -to rebuild some more traditional city grid or not -i think theres a real opportunity to engage in a discussion of why we live in cities and why do we live in places where such dissimilar people collide up against us each day -i dont think it has much to do with fifty or sixty or seventy or eighty thousand new office spaces regardless of what the number is so yeah i think there is a chance to re look at -which was the building just north of the -right which the towers fell into -the rest of the city so i think a public dialogue i think -you know id like to see an international competition and a call for ideas for uses -whether its arts whether its housing whether its -and were looking for other things this small foundation we put together is looking for other ways to help including taking a small piece adjacent to the site -and inviting ten architects who currently dont have a voice in new york to do artist housing and find other ways to encourage the discussion to be against sort of monolithic single solutions and more about -a multiplicity of things -before we end i know you have -if you think about it -piece of digital video of the experience of being on -john kamen whos here actually put together a two and a half minute piece that shows the platform in use so i thought that -a memorial but were you -the grand canyon or the washington monument -we certainly did as much -research as we could and we were conscious of -people come here to see whats no longer there -the scaffolding you can see built up over the street -first experience people will have here when they see this is not as a construction site but as -you on behalf of new yorkers for -and getting this done but the kind of -virtually instantaneous nature of its erection and its being there almost before -believe that a response of this magnitude could be -moving burial -the walls are bare by design so people can fill them with their own memorials the way they already have along the current -from our hearts it affected us just as much ja the ramps are made of simple material the kind of plywood you see at construction sites which is really the whole point -in the face of americas worst destruction -this is not an obvious subject to be in the sensuality segment but certainly david you are known as i know a phrase you hate an entertainment architect -your work is highly sensual -even hedonistic dr i like that -its about pleasure casinos and hotels and restaurants -how did the shock that all of us and especially all of us in new york felt on the -well the truth of the matter is post september eleventh -i felt myself in the role originally first of all as someone who lives in tribeca -question him rather than speaking in fact what were going to talk about i think is in fact -and whose neighborhood was devastated and as someone who works less than a mile from there that i was in the role of forcing one hundred people who work -found myself the friday after september eleventh two days afterwards literally unable to motivate anyone and to do anything we -gave the office a few days off -in discussing this with other architects -and i thought it was astonishing to speculate as if this were a competition on something that was such a fresh wound and -had a series of discussions first with rick scofidio and liz diller who collaborated with us on this and several other people -and really felt like we had to find relevance in doing something -and that as people who create places the -way to help wasnt to pontificate or to make up scenarios but to help right now -a subject that is probably better served by a conversation -so we tried to come up with a way as a group to have a kind of design swat team and that was the mission that we came up with -were you conscious of suddenly as a designer whose work is all about fulfilling wants suddenly -well what i was aware of was there was this overwhelming need -we were asked to participate in a few projects before this there was a school ps two hundred and thirty four that had been evacuated down at -ground zero they moved to an abandoned school we took about twenty or thirty architects and designers and artists and over four days it was like this urban barn raising to renovate it and everyone wanted to help it was just extraordinary -tom otterness contributed maira kalman contributed and it became this cathartic experience for us -a bit of news clip to -as this project and this is only one of four that youve designed to surround the site you -against the incredibly byzantine entrenched -that had to do with long term infrastructure and rebuilding the entire city and the fact is that there were immediate wounds and needs that needed to be filled and there was talk -white rich corporate group that was not representative of the city ka shocking dr yeah surprising -since the september eleventh attack on the world trade center many people have flocked to downtown new york to see and pay respects at -so -rick and liz and kevin and i -came up with the idea -the city actually approached us we first approached the city about pier ninety four we saw how ps two hundred and thirty four worked the families the victims of the families were going to this pier that was incredibly dehumanizing ka on the hudson river dr yeah -and the city actually through tim zagat initially and then through christyne nicholas then we got to giuliani said you know we dont want to do anything with pier ninety four right now but we have an observation platform for the families down at ground zero -that wed like to be a more dignified experience for the families and a way to protect it from the weather so i went down there with rick and liz and kevin -and ive got to say it was the most moving experience of my life it was devastating to see the simple plywood platform with a rail around it where the families of the victims had left notes to them and -mediation between us and the experience there was no filter and i remembered on september eleventh on fourteenth street the roof of our building we can see the world trade towers -what amounts to the sixteen acre burial ground -from a conference room on the eighth floor on a tv that we had set up and then everyone was up on the roof so i ran up there and it was amazing how much harder it was to believe in real life -was a very powerful experience so we went back to the city and said were not particularly interested in the upgrade of this as a -now as cbss jim axelrod reports theyre putting the finishing touches on a new way for people to visit and view the -but -weve spent some time down there -at the same time the city had this need they were looking for a solution to deal with thirty or forty thousand people a day who -going down there that had nowhere to go -there was no way to deal with the traffic around the site so dealing with it is just an immediate master plan there was a way there had to be a way to get people to move around the site -we will skip over the insanely tedious process of getting permits and getting everybody on board but simply funding this thing it looks like you know a fairly simple thing but this was a half a million dollar -we knew that if it wasnt privately funded -and we also frankly knew that if it didnt happen by the end of the giuliani administration then everyone who we were dealing with at the dot and the police department and all of -we were meeting with twenty or thirty people with the city at a time and it was set up by the office of emergency management this incredible -and there was therefore this ticking clock because giuliani was obviously out three months after that -so the first thing we had to do was find a way to -forget the empire state building or the statue of liberty theres a new place in new york where the crowds are thickest ground zero -surprise and we also had to be as under the radar screen as we could be in new york because the key was not raising a lot of objection and sort of working -we came up with the idea of setting up a foundation mainly because when we found a contractor who would build this he would not agree to -his initials are js and he owns rockefeller center if that helps anyone -we met with him the prices from the contractors were between five to seven hundred thousand dollars -and atlantic heydt whos the largest scaffolding contractor in the country volunteered to do it at cost -so this developer said you know what well underwrite the entire expense -my step daughter here from indianapolis -the size that we had drawn it -the spinal tap scene where you get the tiny little stonehenge i guess -in fact it was as if this was going to be window washing scaffolding there was no sense of the fact that this is next to saint paul that this is really a place that needs to be kind of dignified and a place to reflect and remember -and ive got to say that we spent a lot of time in putting this together watching the crowds that gathered at saint paul which is just to the right and moving around the site and i -this was out of all the tourist sites in new york city this was her number one pick ja thousands now line up on lower broadway -live down there so we spent a lot of time looking at the need and i think people were amazed at two things i think they were amazed at the destruction -but i think there was a sense of disbelief about the heroics of new yorkers -we were in this meeting and the contractor literally said im going to lock the door because this developer will not -to have you leave till youve signed off on this and we said well this is half the size it -doesnt have any of the design features that have been agreed upon by everyone everyone in the city wed have to go back to the beginning to do this -and i convinced him that we should leave the room with the agreement to build it as designed -the next day i got an email from the developer saying that he was withdrawing all funding -so we -didnt know what to do but we decided to cast a very wide net we emailed out letters to as many people as we could -several people in the audience here who were very helpful -thought of abandoning ship at that point dr no in fact i told the contractor to go ahead he had already ordered materials based on my go ahead -we knew that one way or another this -we just felt it had -you were funding yourself then with contributions and this -richard i think very correctly made the point at the beginning before all the chair designers -about the history of chair designers imposing -seems to me with this that it was the opposite of that because this was an unprecedented singular design -heres the issue we knew -even on the coldest winter days to honor and remember its reality -we think about the site and think about the need for a memorial it was important that this not be categorized as a memorial -that this was a place for people to -to remember -kind of quiet place so it led us to using design solutions that created as few filters between the viewer as we said about the families platform and the experience as possible -its all incredibly humble material its scaffolding and -and it allows by sort of the procession of the movement up by saint pauls and down the other side it gives you about three hundred feet to go up thirteen feet from the ground to -where you get the three hundred and sixty degree view but the design was driven by a need to be -zero is ka your work i mean weve talked about this before a lot of your work i think is informed by your belief in or your focus on the -of all things and the evanescence of things and a kind of -so many in fact that seeing has become a bit of a problem but i think that people are very frustrated that theyre not able to get closer to see whats going on -eat drink and be merry for tomorrow we die sort of -sense of existence -this is -clearly not a work for the ages you know -what -and thats a straight line we got right over there and i didnt even prompt him youre right integrity because thats the key thing i would much rather invest in somebody you know take a chance on somebody who i know is straight -morning my name is david rose i am a serial entrepreneur turned serial investor and by the use of pitching -to convey passion if youre not passionate about your own company why on earth should anyone else be passionate why should they put more money into your company if youre not passionate about -so integrity and passion the single most important things out there then there are a whole panoply of other things that youve got to do to wrap up in this package that youre presenting to -love to fund serial entrepreneurs because even if you didnt do it right the first time youve learned the lessons which are going to stand you in very good stead the next -next up is knowledge if youre telling me youre going to be the great developer of the map of the human genome youd better know what a human genome is i mean i want you to have domain expertise -but you know not everybody has all these skills there are very few people who have the full set of skills that it takes to run a company so what else do you require well leadership youve got to be able to convince us that you either have developed a team that has all those factors in it or else you can -that you are going to die if you have to with your very last breath with your fingernails scratching as they drag you out youre going to keep my money alive and youre going to make more money out of it so i dont want somebody whos going to cut and run at the first opportunity because bad things happen -never been an angel or a venture funded company where bad things didnt happen so i want to know that youre committed to be there to the very end youve got to have vision youve got to be able to see where this is going i dont want another me too product i want somebody who knows who can change the world out there -youre asking for my money not just because its my money but because its me you need to be coachable so i need to know that you have the ability to listen weve had a lot of experience people who are vcs or angels investing in you have had experience and theyd like to know that you want to hear that experience -so think about your pitch as a timeline it starts off you walk in the door they know nothing at all whatsoever about you and you can take them on an emotional all pitches or all sales presentations are emotional at some -you can go up you can go down right and it goes from beginning to end you walk in the door so the first thing youve got to do the overall you know arc of your presentation -its got to start like a rocket youve got maybe ten seconds between ten and thirty seconds depending on how long the pitch is to get their attention -into companies who have been pitching me with powerpoint presentations so i think its safe to say i know a little bit about the process of pitching -and then from there youve got to take them on a very solid steady upward path right from beginning to end and everything has got to be reinforcing this and youve got to get better and better and better and better and its working up to the very end and then at the very end youve got -you want to be able to get them to such an emotional high that they are ready to write you a check throw money at you right there before you leave okay so how do you do that well first of all logical progression -any time you go backwards any time you skip a step imagine walking up a staircase where some of the treads are missing or the heights are different -also got to let me know that there are touchstones you want to tie in to the rest of the world out there so for example if you reference companies ive heard of or basic items in your business i want to know about them things that i can relate to -sales of x y or z are ten million dollars and the next slide or five slides later theyre five million dollars well one may have been gross sales one may have been net sales but i want to know that all the numbers make sense together -there are obviously all kinds of things there are business models and there are financials and there are markets and there is that overall of all the things that you have to do what is the single most important thing the vc is going to be investing -the best way to do this stuff is to look at our betters look at people who have done this before so lets look at the most successful technology executive in the business and see how a presentation goes -this is steve jobs so you know our great these wonderful long bullet points a whole list of things you know good no theyre not the long bullet points are bad -whats good short short bullet points but you know what even better than short bullet points are no bullet points just give me the headline over here -the image a pictures worth a thousand words you look at the image and you see that and you drop the whole thing and then you come back to me and youre focused on me and why im such a great guy and why you want to invest in me and why this whole thing makes sense -so with that said we only have a very very short time so lets run through the things youve got to include in your presentation well first of all start out none of these big long titled slides with blah blah blah blah blah blah and im presenting to so and so such and such a date i know the day i know who i am i know youre presenting i dont need all that -and then you want to give me a quick business overview this is not a five minute pitch this is you know two sentences we build widgets for the x y z market or we sell services to help somebody do x you know whatever -and that is like the picture on the outside of a jigsaw puzzle box that lets me know the context it gives me the armature for the whole thing youre going to be going through and it lets me put everything else in relation to something youve already told me -in somebody what people people -show me a screenshot of your website you know dont do a live demo no never do a live demo do a canned demo or do something that lets me know why people are going to buy whatever it is -i want to know now that i know what youre selling tell me how you make money on it for every x you sell you get y you do your services of -thats it you are the person and so therefore the entire purpose of a vc pitch is to convince them that you are the entrepreneur in whom they are going to invest their money and make a lot of money in return -then comes the ask this is where you tell me how much you actually want to get youre looking for five million at what kind of valuation two million at one hundred thousand -the money in so far who invested i hope you invested personally because im following on if you cant invest in your own thing why should i invest in it so i like to know if you have friends and family or angel investors in there or youve had more vcs before whats the capital structure up until this point -now how do you do this you cant just walk up and say you know hi im a really good guy and a good girl and you should really invest in me right so in the course of your vc pitch -im looking actually at a special version of powerpoint over here which shows me the slides ahead the slides behind my notes from here so i can see whats going on -always use presenter mode or ovation or presenter tools because it lets you know exactly where youre going it helps you pace yourself it gives you a timer so we end on time and -you have a very few minutes and most of vc pitches most angel pitches about fifteen minutes most vc pitches should be less than half an hour peoples attention span after eighteen minutes begins to drop off tests have shown -never ever look at the screen youre making a connection with your audience over here and you always want to do a one on one connection the screen should come up visually behind you and supplement what youre doing instead of replace you and that is how to pitch -so in that eighteen minutes or ten minutes or five minutes you have to convey a whole bunch of different characteristics you actually have to convey about ten different characteristics while youre standing up there whats the single most important thing youve got to -thats segway this is a stirling cycle engine this had been confused by a lot of things were doing -this little beast right now is producing a few hundred watts of electricity yes it could be attached to this and yes -kilogram of propane you could drive from new york to boston if you so choose -ten watt hours per kilogram in lead twenty watt hours per kilogram nickel cadmium forty watt hours per kilogram in nickel metal hydride sixty watt hours per kilogram in lithium -eight thousand seven hundred and fifty watt hours of energy in every kilogram of propane or gasoline which is why nobody drives electric cars but in any event if you can burn it -with the same efficiency because its external combustion as your kitchen stove if you can burn any fuel it turns out to be pretty neat it makes just enough electricity to for instance do this -is i think a new piece of a solution to a fairly big problem in transportation and maybe to put that in perspective -which at night is enough electricity in the rest of the world as mister holly doctor holly pointed out can run computers and a light bulb -but more interestingly the thermodynamics of this -if you wanted to boil water and re condense it at a rate of ten gallons an hour it takes about twenty five a little over twenty five point three kilowatt twenty five thousand watts of continuous power to do it -so much energy you couldnt afford to desalinate or clean water in this country that way certainly in the rest of the world your choice is to devastate the place turning everything that will burn into heat or drink the water thats available -the number one cause of death on this planet among humans is bad water depending on whose numbers you believe its between sixty and eighty five thousand -people per day -we figured out how to put a vapor compression distiller on this thing with a counter flow heat exchanger to take the waste heat then using -a little bit of the electricity control that process and for four hundred and fifty watts which is a little more than half of its waste heat -it will make ten gallons an hour of distilled water from anything that comes into it to cool it so if we put this box on here in a few years could we have a solution to transportation -pointed out every time you come here you learn something this morning the worlds experts from i guess three or four different companies -for instance in that time ninety one percent of america lived either on farms or in small towns so the car -the horseless carriage that replaced the horse and carriage was a big deal it went twice as fast as a horse and carriage it was half as long -and a million of them urinating and doing other things and the typhoid and other problems created were almost unimaginable so the car was the clean environmental alternative to a horse and -it also was a way for people to get from their farm to a farm or their farm to a town or from a town to a city it all made sense with ninety one percent of the people living there -on building seats i think concluded that ultimately the solution is people shouldnt sit down i could have told them -by the nineteen fifties we started connecting all the towns together with what a lot of people claim is the eighth wonder of the world the highway system and it is certainly -a wonder and by the way as i take shots at old technologies i want to assure everybody and -but think about where the world is today fifty percent of the global population now lives in cities thats three point two billion people -and fifty years ago locomotives got efficient enough steam power that we turned the continent into a country -over the last hundred years we started building cars and then over the fifty years weve connected every city to every other city in an extraordinarily efficient way and we have a very high standard of living as a consequence -but during that entire process -more and more people have been born and more and more people are moving to cities china alone is going to move four to six hundred million people into cities in the next decade and a half -and so nobody i think would argue that airplanes in the last fifty years have turned the continent and the country now into a neighborhood -and i certainly wouldnt want to give up my airplane or my helicopter or my humvee or my porsche i love them all i dont keep any of them in my living room the fact is -the last mile is the problem and half the world now lives in dense cities and people spend depending on who they are between ninety and ninety five percent of their energy getting around on foot i think -i dont know what data would impress you but how about forty three percent of the refined fuel produced in the world is consumed by cars in metropolitan areas in the united states -three million people die every year in cities due to bad air and almost all particulate pollution on this planet is produced -by transportation devices particularly sitting in cities and again i say that not to attack any industry i think -i really do i love my airplane -and cars on highways moving sixty miles an hour are extraordinarily efficient both from an engineering point of view an energy consumption point of view -its neither fun nor efficient nor productive its not sustainable -if five percent of that population became quote middle class and wanted to -thirty and fifty years from today that they will be steering cars by wire without all that mechanical stuff -the way weve gone in the last hundred years at the same time that fifty percent of their population are moving into cities of the size and density of manhattan every six weeks it isnt sustainable environmentally -it isnt sustainable economically there just aint enough oil and its not sustainable politically i mean what are we fighting over right now we can make it complicated but -whats the world fighting over right now so it seemed to me -somebody had to work on that last mile and it was dumb luck we were working on ibots but once we made this we instantly decided it could be a great -alternative to jet skis you dont need the water or snowmobiles you dont need the snow or skiing its just fun and people love to move around doing fun things -and every one of those industries by the way just golf carts alone is a multi billion dollar industry -rather than go license this off which is what we normally do it seemed to me that if we put all our effort not into the technology but into an understanding of a world thats solved all its other problems but has somehow come to accept -that cities which right back from ancient greece on were meant to walk around cities that were architected and built for people -now have a footprint that while weve solved every other transportation problem and its like moores law i mean look at the time it took to cross a continent in a conestoga wagon -railroad then an airplane every other form of transportations been improved in five thousand years weve gone backwards in getting around cities -thats reassuring -theyve gotten bigger theyre spread out the most expensive real estate on this planet in every city wilshire boulevard or fifth avenue or tokyo -or paris the most expensive real estate is their downtowns sixty five percent of the landmass of our cities are parked cars the twenty largest cities in the world -so you wonder what if cities could give to their pedestrians what we take for granted as we now go between cities -what if you could make them fun attractive clean environmentally friendly -access via this as that last link -to mass transit -to get out to your cars so we can all live in the suburbs and use our cars the way we want and then have our cities energized again -we thought it would be really neat to do that -and one of the problems we really were worried about is how do we get legal on the sidewalk because technically ive got motors ive got wheels im a motor vehicle -they then pointed out thered be sort of the other controls by wire to get rid of all that mechanical stuff thats pretty good but -i dont look like a motor vehicle i have the same footprint as a pedestrian i have the same unique capability -to deal with other pedestrians in a crowded space i took this down to ground zero and knocked my way through crowds for an hour im a pedestrian but the law typically lags technology by a generation or two and -if we get told we dont belong on the sidewalk we have two choices -maybe we should be out in the street in front of a greyhound bus or a vehicle -weve been so concerned about that we went to the postmaster general of the united states as the first person we ever showed on the outside and said put your people on it everybody trusts their postman and they belong on the sidewalks and theyll use it -he agreed we went to a number of police departments that want their police officers back in the neighborhood on the beat carrying seventy pounds of stuff -they love it and i cant believe a policeman is going to give themselves a ticket -so weve been working really really hard but we knew that the technology would not be as hard to develop as an attitude about whats important and how to apply the technology we went out and we found some visionary people with enough -let us design and build these things and in hopefully enough time to get them accepted -get rid of the wires then you dont need anything to control the car except thinking about -so im happy really i am happy to talk about this technology as much as you want and yes its really fun and yes you should all go out and try it -but if i could ask you to do one thing its not to think about it as a piece of technology but just imagine that although we all understand somehow that its reasonable -that we use our four thousand pound machine which can go sixty miles an hour that can bring you everywhere you want to go and somehow -its also what we used for the last mile and its broken and it doesnt work -one of the more exciting things that occurred to us about -why it might get accepted happened out here in california a few weeks ago after we launched it we were here with a news crew -on venice beach zipping up and back and hes marveling at the technology and meanwhile bicycles are zipping by and skateboarders are zipping by -and a little old lady i mean if you looked in the dictionary a little old lady -came by me and now that im on this im the height of a normal adult now and -she just stops and the camera is there and she looks up at me and -says can i try that -and what was i you know how are you going to say anything and so i said sure so i get off and she gets on and with a little bit of the usual ah then she turns around and she goes about -twenty feet and she turns back around and shes all smiles and she comes back to me and she stops and she says -i would love to talk about the technology and sometime in whats past the fifteen minutes ill be happy -and the camera is looking down at her im thinking wow that was great -please lady dont say another word -and the camera is down at her and this guy has to put the microphone in her face said what do you mean by that -and she looks up and she says well -shes still watching these guys go she says i cant ride a bike no she says i cant use -a skateboard and ive never used roller blades she knew them by name she says and its been -fifty years since i rode a bicycle then she looks up shes looking up and she says -and im eighty one years old and i dont drive a car anymore i still have to get to the store and i cant carry a lot of things and -it suddenly occurred to me that among my many fears were not just that the bureaucracy and the regulators and the legislators might not get it -talk to all the techno geeks around here about whats in here but if i had one thing to say about this before we get to first -it was that fundamentally you believe theres pressure among the people not to invade the most precious little bit of space left the sidewalks in these cities when you look at the -thirty six inches of legal requirement for sidewalk then the eight foot for the parked car then the three lanes and then the other eight feet its that little piece is all thats there -but she looks up and says this and it occurs to me well kids arent going to mind these things and they dont vote and business people and then young adults arent going to mind these things theyre pretty cool so i -i was worried that its the older population thats going to worry so having seen this and having worried about it for eight years -the first thing i do is pick up my phone and ask our marketing and regulatory guys call aarp get an appointment right away weve got to show them this thing -and they took it to washington they showed them and theyre going to be involved now watching how these things get absorbed -in a number of cities like atlanta where were doing trials to see if it really can in fact help re energize their downtown -the bottom line is whether you believe the united nations or any of the other think tanks in the next twenty years all human population growth on this planet will be in cities -in asia alone it will be over a billion people they learned to start with cell phones they didnt have to take the one hundred year trip we took -it would be that from the time we started building this the big idea wasnt the technology it really was a big idea in technology when we started applying it in the ibot for the disabled community the big idea here -being in a four thousand pound machine to do it cars were not meant for parallel parking theyre wonderful machines to go between cities but just think about it weve solved all -long range high speed problems the greeks went from the theater of dionysus to the parthenon in their sandals you do it -in your sneakers not much has changed if this thing goes only three times as fast as walking three times a thirty minute walk becomes ten minutes your choice when living in a city -if its now ten minutes -but if you could put a pin in most cities and imagine how far you could if you had the time walk in one half hour its the city -if you could make it fun and make it eight or ten minutes you cant find your car un park your car move your car re park your car and go somewhere you cant get to a cab or -we could change the way people allocate their resources the way this planet uses its energy make it more fun and were hoping to some extent history will say we were right -my nights and weekends are already filled up with things like -lets supply water to the world and power to the world and educate all the kids which chris i will not talk about -i got a visit -he says to me weve done some work around the country weve got some pretty amazing neurology and other people -just almost exactly a year ago a little over a year ago from a very senior person at the department of defense came to see me and said one thousand six hundred -over the next month i visited lots of places some out here around the country found the best of the best -i went down to washington -i saw these guys and said i did what you asked me i looked at whats out there i still think youre -but not as nuts as i thought -i put a team together a little over thirteen months ago -got up to twenty some odd people -we said were going to build a device -that does what he wants we have fourteen out of the twenty one degrees of freedom you dont need the ones in the last two fingers -we put this thing together -a couple of weeks ago we took it down to walter reed which is unfortunately more in the news these days we showed it to a bunch of guys one guy who described himself as being lucky because -good arm and then he pushed himself back from the table he had no legs -these kids have attitudes that you just -so im going to show you now without the skin on it a thirty second piece and then -but understand what youre looking at we made small enough to fit on a fiftieth percentile female -so that we could put it in any of these people -its going to go inside something that we use in cat scans and mris of whatever is their good arm -and paint it in three d exact mirror image of their other limb so you wont see all the really cool stuff -the more it attaches they take the load off and it becomes again compliant -to show you a guy doing a couple of simple things with this that we demonstrated in washington can we look at this thing -watch the fingers grab the thumb comes -wrist this weighs six point nine pounds going to scratch his nose -now hes going to put that down pick up a piece of paper -and were doing the same thing we did for more -that weve done since the civil war a -and literally this guy sat in my office in new hampshire and said i want you to give me something -that we can put on these kids -he finishes explaining that and im waiting for the big -three hundred pound paper proposal and he said thats what i want -that technologys just not available right now -not in an envelope of a human -with twenty one degrees of freedom -is entitled to how much -i dont have an answer to that not everybody can be entitled to everything simply because you were born here its not possible it would be nice but lets be realistic they are tough questions there is polarized groups down there i dont know the answers -i get this sort of unrequested by me anyway visit -what do we need to do there is very polarized answers to that question too and i dont have any -those are political questions economic questions strategic -i dont have the answer but let me give you a simple -is an easy -i know what these kids -on the healthcare side -i was talking to one of them -one hundred feet -it wouldnt have made and old pigeon jealous -now we got eagles out there -from the military and the guy that runs darpa -a bird flying around -i think eventually well make these things extraordinary and i said to that kid -when your buddies are envious of your luke arm -because of what it can do and how it -and ill keep working -and whining and complaining about what our foreign policy ought to be -but while we have the luxury of whining and complaining about who is paying for what and how much we get -people that are out there giving us that great privilege of whining and complaining i know what they deserve everything humanly possible -and we -the most remote places that we put soldiers hills of afghanistan iraq -they were quite proud of the fact that -car accident in a major city in the united states -its not about technology its about people and stories -part of the face its probably not coming back -so they started giving me the statistics on how many of these kids had lost an arm and then the surgeon pointed out with a lot of anger -at the end of the civil war they were shooting each other with muskets if somebody lost an arm -we gave them a wooden stick with a hook on it -we give them a plastic stick with a hook on it -i could show you what recently was on television as a high quality video sixty minutes many of you may have seen it and it was the now director of the entire piece of the -and they basically said this is unacceptable -and then the punchline so dean were here because you make medical stuff youre going to give us an arm -and i was waiting for the five hundred pages of bureaucracy and paperwork and -no the guy says -guy into this conference room -and wearing the arm youre going to give us -he or she is going to pick up a raisin or a grape off this table -the wrist flex at the elbow abduct and -either way they -oh by the way dean its going to fit on a fiftieth percentile female frame namely thirty two inches from the long -be completely self contained including all its power -so they finished that and i as you can tell am a bashful guy -i told them theyre -the surgeon says to me dean you need to know -more than two dozen of these kids have come back -i can not imagine im sorry you may have -but compared to that losing two seems like -would be an inconvenience -anyway i went home that night i thought about it i literally could not sleep -i -so i decided weve got to do this -trust me ive got a day job ive got a lot of day jobs most of my day job keeps me busy funding my fantasies like first and water and power and ive got a lot -but i -did a little investigation -i still think theyre -what it takes to make things like -great he said you got two years -thats under nine pounds that has all that capability -will take the other nine to make it functional and useful -agreed to disagree i went back and i started putting the team together the best guys i could find with a passion to do this at the end of exactly one year -we had a device with fourteen degrees of freedom all the sensors all the microprocessors all the stuff inside -i could show you it with a cosmesis on it thats so real its eerie but then you wouldnt see all this cool stuff -i think you could see in aimees capabilities and attitudes -who was adamantly opposed to these crazy devices that dont work -people with a desire to do something -are quite remarkable and nature is quite -literally hes got no shoulder on one side and it high trans humeral on the other and thats chuck and randy together -after ten hours were playing in our office and we took some pretty cruddy home movies at the end of the one im going to show its only about a minute and a couple of seconds long -chuck does something that to this day im jealous of i cant do it -he picks up a spoon picks it up -scoops out some shredded wheat -and it turns out that with sixty minutes cameras rolling in the background after he pretty much made his position clear on this he had his hook and he had his -i can not do that -his wife was standing behind me shes standing behind me at the time and she says dean -chuck hasnt fed himself in nineteen years -so youve got a choice we keep the arm -you keep -this is chuck showing -hes punching our controls guy the guy behind him is our engineer surgeon which is a convenient guy to have around -theres randy these guys are passing a rubber little ball between them -and just as in the spirit of -first gracious professionalism they are quite proud of this so they decide to share -this is a non trivial thing to do by the way imagine doing that with a wooden stick and a hook on the end of it doing -now chuck is doing something quite extraordinary at least for my limited physical skill -and now hes going to do what darpa asked me for hes going to pick up a grape he didnt drop it he didnt break it -but as ive learned from richard -i hadnt dealt with this kind of problem or frankly this whole segment of the medical world -ill give you some astounding things -i put a bunch of guys in my plane and i said were flying down to walter reed and were going talk to these kids because frankly it doesnt matter whether we like this arm it doesnt matter whether the department of defense likes -when i told them that they werent entirely enthusiastic but i told them it really doesnt matter what their opinion is there is only one opinion that matters the kids that are either going to use it -i told a bunch of my engineers look were going to walk into walter reed -and youre going to see people lots of them -its the first time hes felt like hes had an arm in thirty nine years but that would sort of be jumping to the middle of the story -we walked into walter reed and i could not have been more wrong -we did see a bunch of people -a lot of them missing a lot of body parts -and parts they had left were burned half a face gone an ear burned -sitting at a table they were brought together for us and we started asking them all questions -id say to them were not quite as good as nature yet -i could give you fine motor control or i could let you curl forty pounds -i probably cant do both i can give you fast control -low reduction ratios in these gears or i can give you power i cant give you both -and we were trying to get them to all help us know what to give them -and im not going to show you that polished video im going to instead in a minute or two show you an early crude video because -and woman -given enough were here to help you we need data we need to -after a half an hour maybe there was one guy at the far end of the table who wasnt saying much you could see he was missing an -he was leaning on his other arm -i called down to the end hey you havent said much if we needed this or this what would you want and he said you know -the lucky guy at this table i lost -so -much he had a great spirit like all the rest -and he made a few comments and the meeting ended we said goodbye to all these -they gave it to us -theyre not finished giving -i started working harder -went out to brooke army medical center -and we saw lots of these kids lots of -and weve been working harder yet -and i get a call and we go back -we go back to walter reed and a kid literally -twenty some odd days before that -few years ago i was visited by the guy that runs darpa -hes got no legs -hes got no arms hes got a small residual limb on one side -half of his face -this kid was from staten island and he said i -people that fund all the advanced technologies that -you think -i turned around and went how are we going to do this -anyway -he was just like all the rest of them he doesnt really want a lot -so i was on my way out here -to help the families -of all the kids -some that have died some that have like brandon -what am i going to say this is not a happy thing look if this happens to you i can give you this stuff is still not at good at the original equipment -you need to -a lot people there recovering -some further along than others but universally these people that have been through this had -astounding attitudes -they have a particular interest in ones that will help our soldiers -makes a huge difference to them ill shut up except one -i have i dont think anybody does it intentionally -how much will they get -this country is involved as weve all heard in this great healthcare debate -i studied yoga for many years with a teacher named swami satchidananda and people would say what are you a hindu he a d say no i a m an undo and -about identifying what a s causing us to disturb our innate health and happiness and then to allow that natural healing to occur to me that a s the real natural wonder -so within that context that larger context we can talk about diet stress management which are really these spiritual practices moderate exercise smoking cessation support groups and community which i a ll talk more about and some vitamins and supplements -going to live longer you a re going to feel better you a re going to lose weight and so on and in our studies what we a ve been able to do is to use very expensive high tech state of the art measures -to prove how powerful these very simple and low tech and low cost and in many ways ancient interventions can be -we used quantitative arterioography showing the narrowing this is one of the arteries that feeds the heart one of the main arteries and you can see the narrowing here a year later it a s not as clogged a normally it goes the other direction -these minor changes in blockages caused a three hundred percent improvement in blood flow and using cardiac positron emission tomography or pet scans blue and black is no blood flow -within a month like most people was pain free and within a year climbing more than one hundred floors a day on a stairmaster this is not unusual and it a s part of what enables people to maintain these kinds of changes because it makes such a big difference in their quality of life -we also found that the more people change the better they got it wasn a t a function of how old or how sick they were it was mainly how much they changed and the oldest patients improved as much as the young ones -i got this as a christmas card a few years ago from two of the patients in one of our programs the younger brother is eighty six the older one a s ninety five they wanted to show me how much -and what we found was that ninety nine percent of the patients start to reverse the progression of their heart disease -so we began through our nonprofit institute training hospitals around the country and we found that most people could avoid surgery and not only was it medically effective it was also cost effective -and so really so much of what we do in medicine and life in general -and -or they eat when they get depressed or they use alcohol to numb the pain or they work too hard or watch too much tv there are lots of ways we have of avoiding and -is focused on mopping up the floor without also turning off the faucet -bypassing pain but the point of all of this is to deal with the cause of the problem and the pain is not the problem it a s the symptom and -not emphysema what was the biggest selling drug of all time when it was introduced a few years ago viagra right why because a lot of guys need it it a s not like you say hey joe i a m having erectile dysfunction how about you and yet look at the number of prescriptions that are being sold -i love doing this work because it really gives many people new hope and new choices that they didn a t have before -so the very behaviors that we think of as being so sexy in our culture are the very ones that leave so many people feeling tired lethargic depressed and -blood flow is measurably less and you a ve all experienced this at thanksgiving when you eat a big fatty meal how do you feel you feel kind of sleepy afterwards on a low fat meal the blood flow doesn a t go down it even goes up -you get big benefits and you feel so much better so quickly for many people those are choices worth making not to live longer but to live better -and it allows us to -and just to show you this this is from the cdc these are not election returns these are the percentage of people who are overweight and if you see from eighty five to eighty six to eighty seven eighty eight -eighty nine ninety ninety one you get a new category fifteen to twenty percent ninety two ninety three ninety four ninety five ninety six ninety seven you get a new category -ninety eight ninety nine two thousand and two thousand and one mississippi more than twenty five percent of people are overweight why is this well this is one way to lose weight -well but it doesn a t last which is the problem now -how you lose weight you either burn more calories by exercise or you eat fewer calories now -the other way is to change the type of food and fat has nine calories per gram whereas protein and carbs only have four so when you eat less fat you eat fewer calories without having to eat less food so you can eat the same amount of food -and the myth that you hear about is americans have been told to eat less fat the percent of calories from fat is down americans are fatter than ever therefore fat doesn a t make you fat -a half truth actually americans are eating more fat than ever and even more carbs and so the percentage is lower the actual amount is higher and so the goal is to reduce both -and i debated each other many times before he died and we agreed that americans eat too many simple carbs the bad carbs and these are things like -aldous huxley called the perennial wisdom when you get past the named and forms and rituals that really divide people -and they get absorbed quickly so your blood sugar zooms up your pancreas makes insulin to bring it back down which is good but insulin accelerates the conversion of calories into fat -so the goal is not to go to pork rinds and bacon and sausages these are not health foods but to go from bad carbs to what are called good carbs and these are things like whole foods or unrefined carbs fruits vegetables whole wheat flour brown rice in their natural forms are rich in -but also what you include that a s protective just as all carbs are not bad for you all fats are not bad for you there are good fats and these are -the omega three fatty acids you find these for example in fish oil and the bad fats are things like trans fatty acids and processed food and saturated fats which we find -really about our nature is to be happy our nature is to be peaceful our nature is to be healthy and so it a s not something happiness is not something you get health is generally not something that you get but rather all of these different practices -now the problem with the atkins diet everybody knows people who have lost weight on it but you can lose weight on amphetamines you know and fen phen i mean there are lots of ways of losing weight that aren a t good for you you want to lose weight in a way that enhances your health rather than the one that harms it -same the research findings have changed now what -your heart when you go on an atkins diet the red is good at the beginning and a year later this is from a study done in peer reviewed journal called angiology there a s more red after a year on a diet like i would recommend there a s less red less blood flow after a year -type diet so yes you can lose weight but your heart isn a t happy -now one of the studies funded by the atkins center found that seventy percent of the people were constipated sixty five percent had bad breath fifty four percent had headaches a this is not a healthy way to eat and so you might start to lose weight and start to attract people towards you but when they get -case reports now of sixteen year old girls who died after a few weeks on the atkins diet of bone disease kidney disease and so on and that a s how your body excretes waste is through your breath your bowels and your perspiration so when you go on these kinds of diet they begin to smell -now there are ecological reasons for eating lower on the food chain too whether it a s the deforestation of the amazon or making more protein available to the -you know four billion people who live on a dollar a day not to mention you know whatever ethical concerns people have so there are lots of reasons for eating this way that go beyond just your health -and we took ninety men who had biopsy proven prostate cancer and who had elected for reasons unrelated to the study not to have surgery so then we could randomly divide them into two groups -what we found was that after a year none of the experimental group patients who made these lifestyle changes needed treatment whereas six of the control group patients needed surgery or radiation -when we looked at their psa levels which is a marker for prostate cancer they got worse in the control group but they actually got better in the experimental group and these differences were highly significant -and then i wondered was there any relationship between how much people changed their diet and lifestyle whichever group they were in and the changes in psa and sure enough we found a dose response relationship just like we found in the arterial blockages in our cardiac studies -down to ucla they added it to a standard line of prostate tumor cells growing in tissue culture and it inhibited the growth seven times more in the experimental group than in the control group seventy versus nine percent -so if it a s true for prostate cancer it a ll almost certainly be true for breast cancer as well and whether or not you have conventional treatment -in addition if you make these changes it may help reduce the risk of recurrence the last thing i want to talk about apropos of the issue of the pursuit of happiness is that -powerful tools for transformation for quieting down our mind and bodies to allow us to experience what it feels like -study after study have shown that people who are lonely and depressed and depression is the other real epidemic in our culture are many times more likely to get sick and die prematurely in part because as we talked about they a re more likely to smoke and overeat and drink too much and work too hard and so on -but also through mechanisms that we don a t fully understand people who are lonely and depressed are many times three to five to ten times in some studies more likely to get sick and die prematurely and depression is treatable we need to do something about that -now on the other hand anything that promotes intimacy is healing it can be sexual intimacy a i happen to think that healing energy and erotic energy are just different forms of the same thing -friendship altruism compassion service a all the perennial truths that we talked about that are part of all religion and all cultures once you stop trying to see the differences -women with metastatic breast cancer randomly divided them into two groups one group of people just met for an hour and a half once a week in a support group it was a nurturing loving environment -five years later those women lived twice as long and you can see that the people and that was the only difference between the groups it was a randomized control study published in the lancet other studies have shown this as well -so these simple things that create intimacy are really healing and even the word healing it comes from the root to make whole the word yoga comes from the sanskrit meaning union to yoke to bring together -and the last slide i want to show you is from i was again this swami that i studied with for so many years and i did a combined oncology and cardiology grand rounds at the university of virginia medical school a couple of years ago and at the end of it somebody said hey swami -now there is an epidemic of obesity two thirds of adults and fifteen percent of kids whats really concerning to me is that diabetes has increased seventy percent in the past ten years -with all the legitimate concerns about aids and avian flu and well hear about that from the brilliant doctor brilliant later today i want to talk about the other pandemic which is -and this may be the first generation in which our kids live a shorter life span than we do thats pitiful and its preventable now these are not election returns these are the people -the number of the people who are obese by state beginning in eighty five eighty six eighty seven these are from the cdc website eighty eight eighty nine -can we do about this well you know the diet that weve found that can reverse heart disease and cancer is an asian diet but the people in asia are starting to eat like we are which is why theyre starting to get sick like we are -and theyre finding that its good business the salads that you see at mcdonalds came from the work theyre going to have an asian salad at pepsi two thirds of their revenue growth came from their better foods -and in one generation for example asias gone from having one of the lowest rates of heart disease and obesity and diabetes to one of the highest and in africa -blood vessel diseases still kill more people not only in this country but also worldwide than everything else combined and yet its completely preventable for almost everybody -its not only preventable its actually reversible and for the last almost twenty nine years weve been able to show that by simply changing diet and lifestyle using these very -high tech expensive state of the art measures to prove how powerful these very simple and low tech and low cost interventions can be like quantitative arteriography before and after a year and cardiac pet scans -we showed a few months ago we published the first study showing you can actually stop or reverse the progression of prostate cancer by making changes in diet and lifestyle and seventy percent -to change our genes is to make new ones as craig venter has so elegantly shown another is to change our lifestyles and -nicotine which constricts your arteries can cause a heart attack or a stroke but it also causes impotence half of guys who smoke are impotent how sexy is that -were also about to publish a study a study showing you can change gene expression in men with prostate cancer this is whats called a heat map and the different colors and along the side on the right are different genes and we found that over five hundred genes were favorably -in effect turning on the good genes the disease preventing genes turning off the disease promoting genes and so these findings i think are really -very powerful giving many people new hope and new choices and companies like navigenix and dna direct and twenty three andme that are giving you your genetic profiles are giving some people a sense of gosh well what can i do about it -well our genes are not our fate and if we make these changes theyre a predisposition but if we make bigger changes than we might have made otherwise we can actually change how our genes are expressed thank you -what were learning is how powerful and dynamic these changes can be that you dont have to wait very long to see the benefits when you eat healthier manage stress exercise -and love more your brain actually gets more blood flow and more oxygen but more than that your brain gets measurably bigger things that were thought impossible just a few years ago can actually be measured now this was -what were we just talking about -and other things that can make it worse that can cause you to lose brain cells the usual suspects like saturated fat and sugar nicotine opiates cocaine too much alcohol and chronic stress -your skin gets more blood flow when you change your lifestyle so you age less quickly your skin doesnt wrinkle as much your heart gets more blood flow weve shown that you can actually reverse heart disease that -these clogged arteries that you see on the upper left after only a year become measurably less clogged and the cardiac pet scan shown on the lower left the blue means no blood flow a year later orange and white is maximum blood flow -whether its for science for commerce for government or perhaps most of all -for us as individuals and so just to return to my son -when i was preparing this talk he was looking over my shoulder and i showed him the clips i was going to show to you today and i asked him for permission granted and then i went on to reflect isnt it amazing this entire -database all these recordings im going to hand off to you and to your sister who arrived two years later -sunlit morning through incandescent evening and finally lights out for the day over the course of three years -and you guys are going to be able to go back and re experience moments that you could never with your biological memory possibly remember the way you can now and he was quiet for a moment and i thought what am i thinking hes five years old hes not going to understand this -and just as i was having that thought he looked up at me and said so that when i grow up i can show this to my kids and i thought wow this is powerful stuff so i want to leave you with one last -memorable moment from our family -captured on film and i really want you to focus on something as i take you through its a cluttered environment its natural life my mothers in the kitchen cooking and of all places in the hallway i realize hes about to do it about to take more than two steps and so you hear me encouraging him -realizing whats happening and then the magic happens listen very carefully about three steps in he realizes something magic is happening and the most amazing feedback loop of all kicks in and he takes a breath in and he whispers wow -and instinctively i echo back the same and so lets fly back in time to that memorable moment -we recorded eight to ten hours a day amassing roughly a quarter million hours of multi track audio and video so youre looking at a piece of what is by far the largest home video collection ever made -but theres also a scientific reason that drove this project which was to use this natural longitudinal data to understand the process of how a child learns language that child being my son and so with many privacy provisions put in place to protect -everyone who was recorded in the data we made elements of the data available to my trusted research team at mit so we could start -teasing apart patterns in this massive data set trying to understand -the influence of social -environments on language acquisition so were looking here at one of the first things we started to do this is my wife and i cooking -everything you said everything you did available in a perfect memory store at your fingertips so you could go back -breakfast in the kitchen and as we move through space and through time a very everyday pattern of life in the kitchen -in order to convert this opaque ninety thousand hours of video into something that we could start to see we use motion analysis to pull out as we move through space and through time what we call space time worms -and this has become part of our toolkit for being able to look and see where the activities are in the data and with it trace the pattern of in particular where my son moved throughout the home so that we could focus -our transcription efforts all of the speech environment around my son -all of the words that he heard from myself my wife our nanny and over time the words he began to produce -tour into the data so youve all im sure seen time lapse videos where a flower will blossom as you accelerate time id like you to now experience the blossoming of a speech form my son soon after his first birthday would say gaga to mean water -and find memorable moments and relive them -and over the course of the next half year he slowly learned to approximate the proper adult form water so were going to cruise through half a year in about forty seconds no video here so you can focus on the sound the acoustics of a new kind of trajectory gaga to water -or sift through traces of time and discover patterns in your own life that previously had gone undiscovered well thats exactly the journey that my family began five and a half years ago this is my wife and collaborator rupal -and so we started to analyze why why were certain words born before others this is one of the first results that came out of our study a little over a year ago that really surprised us the way to interpret this apparently simple graph is on the vertical -and the horizontal axis is time and all of the data we aligned -based on the following idea every time my son would learn a word we would trace back and look at all of the language he heard that contained that word and we would plot -the relative length of the utterances and what we found was this curious phenomena that caregiver speech would systematically dip to a minimum making language as simple as possible and then slowly ascend back up in complexity -and the amazing thing was that bounce that dip lined up almost precisely with when each word was born -word after word systematically so it appears that all three primary caregivers myself my wife and our nanny -were systematically and i would think subconsciously restructuring our language to meet him at the birth of a word and bring him gently into more complex language and the implications of this there are many but one i just want to point out is that there must be -amazing feedback loops of course my son is learning from his linguistic environment but the environment is learning from him that environment people are in these tight feedback loops -and creating a kind of scaffolding that has not been noticed until now -but thats looking at the speech context what about the visual context were not looking at think of this as a dollhouse cutaway of our house weve taken those circular fish eye lens cameras and weve done some optical correction and then we can bring it into three dimensional life so welcome to my home -this is a moment one moment captured across multiple cameras the reason we did this is to create the ultimate memory machine where you can go back and interactively fly around and then breathe video life into this system what im going to do is give you an accelerated view of thirty minutes again of just -life in the living room thats me and my son on the floor and theres video analytics that are tracking our movements my son is leaving red ink i am leaving green ink were now on the couch -looking out through the window at cars passing by and finally my son playing in a walking toy by himself now we freeze the action thirty minutes we turn time into the vertical axis and we open up for a view of these interaction traces weve just left behind and we see these amazing structures -these little knots of two colors of thread we call social hot spots -the spiral thread we call a solo hot spot and we think that these affect the way language is learned what wed like to do is start understanding the interaction between these patterns -and the language that my son is exposed to to see if we can predict how the structure of when words are heard affects when theyre learned so in other words the relationship between words and what theyre about in the world -so heres how were approaching this in this video again my son is being traced out hes leaving red ink behind and theres our nanny by the door -and what weve done is use the word water to tag that moment that bit of activity and now we take the power of data and take every time my son ever heard the word water and the context he saw -we call these wordscapes this is the wordscape for the word water and you can see most of the action is in the kitchen thats where those big peaks are over to the left and just for contrast we can do this with any word we can take the word bye as in good bye and were now zoomed in over the entrance to the house -and we look and we find as you would expect a contrast in the landscape where the word bye occurs much more in a structured way so were using these structures to start predicting -the order of language acquisition and thats ongoing work now in my lab which were peering into now at mit this is at the media lab this has become my favorite way of videographing just about any space -three of the key people in this project philip decamp rony kubat and brandon roy are pictured here philip has been a close collaborator on all the visualizations youre seeing and michael fleischman -was another ph d student in my lab who worked with me on this home video analysis and he made the following observation -that just the way that were analyzing how language connects -this moment and thousands of other moments special for us were captured in our home because in every room in the house if you looked up youd see a camera and a microphone and if you looked down youd get this birds eye view of the room heres our living room -to events which provide common ground for language that same idea we can take out of your home deb and we can apply it to the world of public media and so our effort took an unexpected turn think of mass media as providing common ground -and you have the recipe for taking this idea to a whole new place weve started analyzing television content using the same principles analyzing event structure of a tv signal -episodes of shows commercials all of the components that make up the event structure and were now with satellite dishes pulling and analyzing a good part of all the tv being watched in the united states -and you dont have to now go and instrument living rooms with microphones to get peoples conversations -you just tune into publicly available social media feeds so were pulling in about three billion comments a month and then the magic happens you have the event structure the common ground that the words are about coming out of the television feeds -youve got the conversations that are about those topics and through semantic analysis and this is actually real data youre looking at from our data processing each yellow line is showing a link being made between a comment in the wild -and a piece of event structure coming out of the television signal and the same idea now can be built up and we get this wordscape except now words are not assembled in my living room instead the context the common ground activities -the content on television thats driving the conversations and what were seeing here these skyscrapers now are commentary that are linked to content on television same concept but looking at communication dynamics in a very different sphere -in a family we can now open up the same concepts and look at much larger groups of people this is a subset of data from our database just fifty thousand out of several million and the social graph that connects them through publicly available sources -and if you put them on one plain a second plain is where the content lives so we have the programs and the sporting events and the commercials and all of the link structures that tie them together make a content graph and then the important third dimension -each of the links that youre seeing rendered here is an actual connection made between something someone said and a piece of content -and there are again now tens of millions of these links that give us the connective tissue -of social graphs and how they relate to content and we can now start to probe the structure in interesting ways so if we for example trace the path of one piece of content that drives someone -to comment on it and then we follow where that comment goes and then look at the entire social graph that becomes activated and then trace back to see the relationship between that social graph and content -the baby bedroom kitchen dining room and the rest of the house -clique a virtual living room if you will and there are fascinating dynamics at play its not one way a piece of content an event causes someone to talk they talk to other people that drives tune in behavior back into mass media and you have these cycles that drive the overall behavior -another example very different another actual person in our database and were finding at least hundreds if not thousands of these weve given this person a name this is a pro amateur or pro am media critic -who has this high fan out rate so a lot of people are following this person very influential and they have a propensity to talk about whats on tv so this person is a key link in connecting mass media and social media together -one last example from this data sometimes its actually a piece of content that is special so if we go and look at this piece of content president obamas state of the union address from just a few weeks ago and look at what we find in this same data set at the same scale -and all of these fed into a disc array that was designed for a continuous capture so here we are flying through a day in our home as we move from -the engagement properties of this piece of content are truly remarkable -a nation exploding in conversation in real time in response to whats on the broadcast and of course through all of these lines are flowing unstructured language we can x ray and get a real time pulse of a nation real time sense of the social reactions in the different circuits -in the social graph being activated by content -tasks and the rate at which they meet as they come in and out of the nest entrance determines or influences each ants decision about whether to go out and which task to perform -this is taken through a fiber optics microscope its down inside the nest in the beginning you just see the ants just kind of engaging with the fiber optics microscope but the idea is that the ants are in there -and every year i go there and make a map of my study site this is just a road and its not very big its about two hundred and fifty meters on one side four hundred on the other and every colony has a name which is a number which is painted on a -and each ant is experiencing a certain flow of ants past it a stream of contacts with other ants -and the pattern of these interactions determines whether the ant comes back out and what it does when it comes back out -you can also see this in the ants just outside the nest entrance like these -each ant then as it comes back in is contacting other ants and the ants that are waiting just inside the nest entrance to decide whether to go out on their next trip are contacting the ants coming in -so whats interesting about this system is that its messy its variable its noisy and in particular in two ways -the first is that the experience of the ant of each ant cant be very predictable because the rate at which ants come back depends on all the little things that happen to an ant as it goes out and does its task outside -and also experimental work to try to figure out how those two kinds of noise combine to in the aggregate produce -the predictable behavior of ant colonies again i dont want to say that this kind of -pattern of interactions produces a factory that works with the precision and efficiency of clockwork in fact if you watch -all you end up trying to help them because they never seem to be doing anything exactly the way that you think that they ought to be doing it so its not -something that theyre doing is clearly successful enough that this pattern of haphazard contacts in the aggregate produces something that allows ants to make a lot more ants -and i go there -year and look for all the colonies that were alive the year before and figure out which ones have died and put all the new ones on the map and by doing this i know how old they all are and because of that ive been able to study how their behavior changes -and one of the things that were studying is how natural selection might be acting now to shape this -use of interaction patterns this network of interaction patterns to perhaps increase the foraging efficiency of ant colonies -the one thing though that i want you to remember about this is that these patterns of interactions are something that youd expect to be closely connected to colony size the simplest idea is that when an ant -is in a small colony and an ant in a large colony can use the same rule like i expect to meet another forager every three seconds but in a small colony its likely -you -as the colony grows older and larger so i want to tell you about the life cycle of a colony ants never make more ants colonies make more colonies -and they do that by each year sending out the reproductives those are the ones with wings on a mating flight so every year on the same day and its a mystery exactly how that -each colony sends out its virgin unmated queens with wings and the males and they all fly to a -and they mate and this shows a recently virgin queen heres her wings and shes in the process of mating with this male -i study ants and -and then the newly mated queens fly off somewhere drop their wings dig a hole and go into that hole and start laying eggs and they will -live for fifteen or twenty years continuing to lay eggs using the sperm from that original mating -so the queen goes down in there she lays eggs she feeds the larvae so an ant starts as an egg then its a larva she feeds the larvae by regurgitating from her fat reserves -organizations work and in particular how the simple parts of organizations -then as soon as the ants the first group of ants emerge theyre larvae then theyre pupae then they come out as adult ants they go out they get the food they dig the nest and the queen -old colony this happens to be five hundred and thirty six theres the nest entrance theres a pencil for scale so this is the colony founded by a queen the previous summer -this is a three year old colony theres the nest entrance theres a pencil for scale they make a midden a pile of refuse mostly the husks of the seeds that they eat this is a -this is the nest entrance heres a pencil for scale this is about as big as they get about a meter across and then this is how colony size and numbers of worker ants -changes so this is about ten thousand worker ants changes as a function of colony age in years -so it starts out with zero ants just the founding queen and it grows to a size of about ten or twelve thousand ants when the colony is five -and it stays that size until the queen dies and theres nobody to make more ants when shes about fifteen or twenty years old -and its when they reach this stable size in numbers of ants that they start to reproduce that is to send more winged queens and males to that years mating flight -to create the behavior of the whole organization so ant colonies are a good example of an organization like that and there are many others the web is one there are many biological systems like -and i know how colony size changes as a function of colony age because ive dug up colonies of known age and counted all the ants -of this research -that i think about with these ants is what i call task allocation thats not just how is the colony organized but how does it change what its doing -how is it that the colony manages to adjust the numbers of workers performing each task as conditions change so things happen to an ant colony -when it rains in the summer it floods in the desert theres a lot of damage to the nest and extra ants are needed to clean up that mess when extra food becomes available and this is what everybody knows about picnics then extra ants are allocated to collect the food -so with nobody telling anybody what to do how is it that the colony manages to adjust the numbers of workers performing each task and thats the process that i call task allocation -and in harvester ants i divide the tasks of the ants i see just outside the nest into these four categories where an ant is foraging -when its out on the foraging trail searching for food or bringing food back the patrollers thats supposed to be a magnifying glass -then the nest maintenance workers work inside the nest and i wanted to say that the nests look a lot like bill lishmans house -that is that there are chambers inside they line the walls of the chambers with moist soil and it dries to a kind of an adobe like surface in it it also looks very similar to some of the cave dwellings -of the hopi people that are in that area and the nest maintenance workers do that inside the nest and then they come out of the nest carrying bits of dry soil in their mandibles -territorial chemical in the garbage so what you see the midden workers doing is making a pile of refuse on one day itll all be here and then the next day theyll move it over there and then theyll move it back so thats what the midden workers do -cells developing embryos there are about ten thousand species of ants -and these four groups are just the ants outside the nest so thats only about twenty five percent of the colony and theyre the oldest ants -so an ant starts out somewhere near the queen and when we dig up nests we find theyre about as deep as the colony is wide so about a meter deep for the big old nests and then theres another long -and a chamber where we often find the queen after eight hours of hacking away at the rock with pickaxes i dont think that chamber has evolved because of -me and my backhoe and my crew of students with pickaxes but instead because when theres flooding occasionally the colony has to go down deep so theres this whole network of chambers the queens in there somewhere she just lays eggs -theres the larvae and they consume most of the food and this is true of most ants that the ants you see walking around dont do much eating they bring it back and feed it to the larvae -when the foragers come in with food they just drop it into the upper chamber and other ants come up from below get the food bring it back husk the seeds and pile them up -they all live in colonies consisting of one or a few queens and then all the ants you see walking around are sterile female workers -the ants in the colony are just doing nothing so despite what it says in the bible -about you know look to the ant thou sluggard in fact you could think of those ants as reserves that is to say if something happened and ive never seen anything like this happen but ive only been looking for twenty years if something happened -and they sort of stand as a buffer in between the ants working deep inside the nest and the ants working outside and if you mark ants that are working outside and dig up a colony you never see them deep down -so whats happening is that the ants work inside the nest when theyre younger they somehow get into this reserve and then eventually they get recruited to join this exterior -and once they belong to the ants that work outside they never go back down now ants most ants including these dont see very well they have eyes they can distinguish between light and dark -but they mostly work by smell so just to reinforce that what you might have thought about -queens isnt true you know even if the queen did have the intelligence to send chemical messages through this whole network of chambers to tell the ants -what to do there is no way that such messages could make it in time to see the shifts in the allocations of workers that we actually -see outside the nest so thats one way that we know the queen isnt directing the behavior of the colony so when i first set out to work on task allocation my first question was whats the relationship -between the ants doing different tasks does it matter to the foragers what the nest maintenance workers are doing does it matter to the midden workers what the patrollers are doing and i was working -in the context of a view of ant colonies in which each ant was somehow dedicated to its task from birth and sort of performed independently of the others -of toothpicks near the nest entrance early in the morning when the nest maintenance workers are first active -this is what it looks like about twenty minutes later here it is about forty minutes later and the nest maintenance workers just take all the toothpicks to the outer edge of the -on the workers performing other tasks -the ants marked so heres some blue nest maintenance workers and lately weve gotten more sophisticated and we have this three color system and we -no ant directs the behavior of any other ant and i try to figure out how that works -then i see fewer ants out foraging and this was true for all the pair wise combinations of tasks and the second result -which was surprising to a lot of people was that ants actually switch tasks the same ant doesnt do the same task over and over its whole life -i put out extra food everybody else the midden workers stop doing midden work and go get the food they become foragers the nest maintenance workers become foragers the patrollers become foragers -if theres more patrolling to do so i created a disturbance so extra patrollers were needed the nest maintenance workers will switch to patrol but if more nest maintenance work is needed for example if i put out a bunch of toothpicks -then nobody will ever switch back to nest maintenance they have to get nest maintenance workers from inside the nest so foraging acts as a sink and the ants inside the -and ive been working for the past twenty years on a population of seed eating ants in southeastern arizona heres my study site this is really a picture of ants and the rabbit just happens to be there -act as a source and finally it looks like each ant is deciding moment to moment whether to be active or not so -for example when theres extra nest maintenance work to do its not that the foragers switch over i know that they dont do that but the foragers somehow decide -and here was the most intriguing result the task allocation this process changes with colony age and it changes like this -when i do these experiments with older colonies so ones that are five years or older theyre much more consistent from one time to another and much more homeostatic -the worse things get the more i hassle them the more they act like undisturbed colonies whereas the young small colonies the two year old colonies of just two thousand ants are much more variable and the -than the ants in the younger colony its not due to the experience of older wiser ants instead something about the organization must be changing -as the colony gets older and the obvious thing thats changing is its size so since ive had this result ive spent a lot of time -the outcome that i see these predictable dynamics in who does what task and it would change as the colony gets larger and what -ants are using a network of antennal contact so anybody whos ever looked at ants has seen them touch antennae -they smell with their antennae when one ant touches another its smelling it and it can tell for example whether the other ant is a nest mate because ants -and these ants are called harvester ants because they eat seeds this is the nest of the mature colony and theres the nest entrance -in deciding what to do and so what the message is is not any message that they transmit from one ant to another but the -im a forager i expect to meet another forager every so often but if instead i start to meet a higher number of nest maintenance workers im less likely to forage so it has to know the difference between a forager and a nest maintenance worker -and weve learned that in this species and i suspect in others as well these hydrocarbons this layer of grease on the outside of -is different as ants perform different tasks and weve done experiments that show that thats because the longer an ant stays outside the more these simple hydrocarbons on its surface -change and so they come to smell different by doing different tasks and they can use that task specific odor in cuticular hydrocarbons -they can use that in their brief antennal contacts to somehow keep track of the rate at which theyre meeting ants of certain tasks -and they forage maybe for about twenty meters away gather up the seeds and bring them back to the nest and store them -and it turns out that ants will respond to the right rate of contact with a glass bead with hydrocarbon extract on it as they would to contact with real ants -so i want now to show you -our manuscript was then accepted and will be published later this month in the journal radiology -we still need to complete the screening study using the low dose and then our findings will need to be replicated at other institutions and this could take five or more years -but she asked me a question -if this technology is widely adopted i will not benefit financially in any way and that is very important to me because it allows me to continue to tell you the truth -how confident was i that i would find a tumor early on her mammogram if she developed one -the mbi unit has now been fda approved but its not yet widely available -so until something is available for women with dense breasts -there are things that you should know to protect yourself -first know your density ninety percent of women dont and ninety five percent of women dont know that it increases your breast cancer risk -the state of connecticut became the first and only state to mandate that women receive notification of their breast density after a mammogram -i was at a conference of sixty thousand people in breast imagining last week in chicago and i was stunned that there was a heated debate as to whether we should be telling women what their breast density is -so i studied her mammogram and i reviewed the radiology literature and i was shocked to discover that in her case our chances of finding a tumor early on the mammogram were less than the toss of a coin -of course we should and if you dont know please ask your doctor or read the details of your mammography report -second if youre pre menopausal try to schedule your mammogram in the first two weeks of your menstrual cycle when breast density is relatively lower -third if you notice a persistent change in your breast insist on additional imagining -and fourth and most important -the mammography debate will rage on -but i do believe that all women forty and older should have an annual mammogram -but this mortality banner is the very sword which mammographys most ardent advocates use to deter innovation -some women who develop breast cancer die from it many years later and most women thankfully survive so it takes ten or more years for any screening method to demonstrate a reduction in mortality from breast cancer -it is time for us to to accept -both the extraordinary successes of mammography and the limitations -we need to individualize screening based on density -for women without dense breasts mammography is the best choice -but for women with dense breasts we shouldnt abandon screening altogether we need to offer them something better -the babies that we were carrying when my patient first asked me this question are now both in middle school -and the answer has been so slow to come -shes given me her blessing to share this story with you -after undergoing biopsies that further increased her risk for cancer and losing her sister to cancer she made the difficult decision to have a prophylactic mastectomy -we can and must do better -not just in time for her granddaughters and my -you may recall a year ago when a firestorm erupted after the united states preventive services task force -in time for you -reviewed the worlds mammography screening literature and issued a guideline recommending against screening mammograms in women in their forties -now everybody rushed to criticize the task force even though most of them werent in anyway familiar with the mammography studies it took the senate just seventeen days to ban the use of the guidelines in determining insurance coverage -there are two groups of women when it comes to screening mammography women in whom mammography works very well and has saved thousands of lives and women in whom it doesnt work well at all -the radiologists were in turn criticized for protecting their own financial self interest -but in my view the radiologists are heroes -theres a shortage of radiologists qualified to read mammograms and thats because mammograms are one of the most complex of all radiology studies to interpret -and because radiologists are sued more often over missed breast cancer than any other cause -very fact is telling -most responsible for that fire is breast density -pictured here in yellow versus connective and epithelial tissues pictured in pink and that proportion is primarily genetically determined -two thirds of women in their forties have dense breast tissue which is why mammography doesnt work as well -and although breast density generally declines with age up to a third of women retain dense breast tissue for years after menopause -so how do you know if your breasts are dense -well you need to read the details of your mammography report -if the breast is less than twenty five percent dense thats called fatty replaced the next category is scattered fibroglandular densities followed by heterogeneously dense and extremely dense -and breast that fall into these two categories are considered dense the problem with breast density is that its truly the wolf in sheeps clothing -both tumors and dense breast tissue appear white on a mammogram and the x ray often cant distinguish between the two so its easy to see this tumor in the upper part of this fatty breast -but imagine how difficult it would be to find that tumor in this dense breast -why mammograms find over eighty percent of tumors in fatty breasts but as few as forty percent in extremely dense -now its bad enough that breast density makes it hard to find a cancer but it turns out that its also a powerful predictor of your risk for breast cancer its a stronger risk factor than having a mother or a sister with breast cancer -if you dont youre not alone -at the time my patient posed this question to me breast density was an obscure topic in the radiology literature and very few women having mammograms or the physicians ordering them knew about -but what else could i offer her -until digital mammography was approved in two thousand -because the breast has become are very political organ -but the images can be stored and manipulated digitally just like we can with a digital camera -the u s has invested four billion dollars converting to digital mammography equipment -and what have we gained from that investment -in a study funded by over twenty five million taxpayer dollars digital mammography was found to be no better over all than traditional mammography and in fact it was worse in older women -but it was better in one group and that was women under fifty who were pre menopausal and had dense breasts -and in those women digital mammography found twice as many cancers but it still only found sixty percent -so digital mammography has been a giant leap forward for manufacturers of digital mammography equipment but its been a very small step forward for womankind -the truth has become lost in all the rhetoric coming from the -what about ultrasound ultrasound generates more biopsies that are unnecessary relative to other technologies so its not widely used -and mri is exquisitely sensitive for finding tumors but its also very expensive -if we think about disruptive technology we see an almost ubiquitous pattern of the technology getting smaller and less expensive think about ipods compared to stereos -but its the exact opposite in health care -the machines get ever bigger and ever more expensive -its just way too much equipment one mri scan costs ten times what a digital mammogram costs and sooner or later were going to have to accept the fact that health care innovation cant always come at a much higher price -gladwell wrote an article in the new yorker on innovation -and he made the case that scientific discoveries are rarely the product of one individuals genius -rather big ideas can be orchestrated if you can simply gather people with different perspectives in a room and get them to talk about things that they dont ordinarily talk about -its like the essence of ted -he quotes one innovator who says the only time a physician and a physicist get together is when the physicist gets -i will do my best this morning to tell you what i think is the truth -this makes no sense because physicians have all kinds of problems that they dont realize have solutions and physicists have all kinds of solutions for things that they dont realize are problems -take a look at this cartoon that accompanied gladwells article and tell me if you see something disturbing about this depiction of innovative -so if you will allow me a little creative -i will tell you the story of the serendipitous collision of my patients problem with a physicists solution -shortly after her visit i was introduced to a nuclear physicist at mayo named michael oconner who was a specialist in cardiac imaging something i had nothing to do with -but first my disclosures i am not a breast cancer survivor -and he happened to tell me about a conference hed just returned from in israel where they were talking about a new type of gamma detector -now gamma imaging has been around for a long time to image the heart and it had even been tried to image the -but the problem was that the gamma detectors were these huge bulky tubes and they were filled with these scintillating crystals and you just couldnt get them close enough around the breast to find small tumors -this technology could not find tumors when theyre small and finding a small tumor is critical for survival -if you can find a tumor when its less than a centimeter survival exceeds ninety percent but drops off rapidly as tumor size increases -im not a radiologist -its made not of a -but of a thin layer of a semiconductor material that serves as the gamma detector -i dont have any patents and ive never received any money from a medical imaging company and i am not seeking your vote -and i started talking to him about this problem of breast density and we realized that we might be able to get this detector -michael hacked off the x ray plate of a mammography -about to be thrown out -and we attached the new detector and we decided to call this machine molecular breast imaging or -this is an image from our first patient and you can see using the old gamma technology that it just looked like noise but using our new detector we could begin to see the outline of a tumor -so here we were a nuclear physicist an internist soon joined by carrie hruska a biomedical engineer -and two radiologists and we were trying to take on the entrenched world of mammography with a machine that was held together by duct tape -to say that we faced high doses of skepticism in those early years is just a huge understatement but we were so convinced that we might be able to make this work that we chipped away with incremental modifications to this system -this is our current detector and you can see that it looks a lot different -the duct tape is gone and we added a second detector on top of the breast which has further improved our tumor detection so how does this work -the patient receives an injection of a radio tracer thats taken up by rapidly proliferating tumor cells but not by normal cells and this is the key difference from mammography -what i am is a doctor of internal medicine who became passionately interested in this topic about ten years ago when a patient asked me a question -exploits the different molecular behavior of tumors and therefore its impervious to breast density -after the injection the patients breast is placed between the detectors -and if youve ever had a mammogram if youre old enough to have had a mammogram you know what comes next -pain -you may be surprised to know that mammography is the only radiologic study thats regulated by federal law and the law requires that the equivalent of a forty lb car battery come down on your breast during this study -but with mbi we use just light pain free compression -and the detector then transmits the image to the computer so heres an example you can see on the right a mammogram showing a faint tumor the edges of which are blurred by the dense tissue -but the mbi image shows that tumor much more clearly as well as a second tumor which profoundly influence that patients surgical options -in this example although the mammogram found one tumor we were able to demonstrate three discreet tumors one is small as three millimeters -after we had demonstrated that we could find small tumors we used these images to submit a grant to the susan g komen foundation and we were elated when they took a chance on a team of completely unknown investigators -and funded us to study one thousand women with dense breasts comparing a screening mammogram to an mbi of the tumors that we found -heres an example from that screening study the digital mammogram was read as normal and shows lots of dense tissue but the mbi shows an area of intense uptake which correlated with a two centimeter tumor -in this case a one centimeter tumor -and in this case a forty five year old medical secretary at mayo who had lost her mother to breast cancer when she was very young wanted to enroll in our study -and her mammogram showed an area of very dense tissue but her mbi showed an area of worrisome uptake which we can also see on a color image and this corresponded to a tumor the size of a golf ball -her sister had been diagnosed with breast cancer in her forties -but fortunately it was removed before it had spread to her lymph nodes -so now that we knew that this technology could find three times more tumors in a dense breast we had to solve one very important problem -we had to figure out how to lower the radiation dose and we have spent the last three years making modifications to every aspect of the imaging system to allow -she and i were both very pregnant at that time and my heart just ached for her imagining how afraid she must be -and at this low dose were continuing this screening study and this image from three weeks ago in a sixty seven year old woman -shows a normal digital mammogram but an mbi image showing an uptake that proved to be a large cancer so this is not just young women that its benefiting its also older women with dense tissue -and were now routinely using one fifth the radiation dose thats used in any other type of gamma technology mbi generates four images per breast mri generates over a thousand -it takes a radiologist years of specialty training to become expert in differentiating the normal anatomic detail from the worrisome finding -but i suspect even the non radiologists in the room can find the tumor on the mbi image -but this is why mbi is so potentially disruptive -but you can understand why there may be forces in the breast imaging world who prefer the status quo -after achieving what we felt were remarkable results our manuscript was rejected by four journals -after the fourth rejection we requested reconsideration of the manuscript because we strongly suspected one of the reviewers who had rejected it had a financial conflict of interest in a competing technology -spend some time not necessarily ask questions but see if they want to talk -do you give money to any of the charities you know obviously like dean kamens working on that amazing thing but theres charities where you can sponsor computers for wounded soldiers i think i challenge us to say -to operationalize those terms when we say we support someone you know are you a friend to them do you really care and i would just say its my hope and i would ask you guys to please you know reach out a hand -so what that meant was when i went down to fort dix i had to hop out in front of one hundred and eighty guys and tell them of my vision you can imagine the hailstorm of questions i got -the opening one was what the fuck do you know about the national guard -there we went so id like to show the clip of the film its our trailer because i know obviously you guys are busy -three years ago i got a phone call based on an earlier film i had made with an offer to embed the new hampshire national guard -is -here life will change -every single time -my idea and literally i woke up in the middle of the night and weve all have those moments i was excited with this phone call -s -one hundred and fifty -there -now -i was thinking i just finished making another film about world war ii vets and i realized id gotten to know their stories and i realized this was a once in a lifetime opportunity -id like to talk to you about is having a conversation about something that is difficult to talk about -and id like to relate an experience i had here at ted -i want to tell you a little brief story we were one of the lucky ones to get in the class with the sony cameras and the vista -some other people in the class and it went on and on i mean we were there for an hour talking and it really highlighted something that i would like to ask -you guys to think about and hopefully to help with which is i think a lot of us are very afraid to have conversations about war and about politics and really -was talking and he then turned to constance and said you know i wouldnt have this conversation if she werent here because i know she has my back -and i want to say i was nervous because im used to doing q as i really related to what james was saying yesterday because -behind the camera you know i can answer questions about my movie but for me to come up and talk for eighteen minutes is a really long time so i wanted to say paul im happy youre here because i know you have -to tell a warriors story as it unfolded so i went to bed that night pretty excited not sure of all the details but excited -i didnt save all of them because i didnt realize at the beginning -it would be something that i would want to keep track of but there were three thousand two hundred and eleven emails and imiss and text messages that i was able to -the reason i quantify that is because we really embarked on this as a mutual journey to really get inside of it so i wanted to show you a clip and then i was going tell you a little bit of how it got put together -obviously -advised were leaving taji right now we believe that the -four in the morning but it was closer to midnight woke straight up wide awake as could be and i had this idea what if i could in effect virtually embed -know someone had had thrown a quarter through a guy and it was just like there was no blood coming from the shrapnel wounds everything was cauterized and it was just like there was a void going going through the body -this is the scene north they just removed a burnt body or half a body from here i dont think there was -and create a permeable relationship with the soldiers to tell the story from the inside out versus the outside in -later heard that iraqi casualties were not to be treated in taji they can work on the post -one of those incompetent medical officers told me to stop treatment i wouldve slit his -we want to or not -more violence in iraq twin suicide car bombings killed eight iraqis and wounded dozens -so i called back major heilshorn whos the public affairs officer of the new hampshire national guard and -i have lost all faith in the media a hapless joke that i would much rather laugh at than become a -i should really thank god for saving my lucky ass ill do that then im gonna jerk off because these -pages smell like lindz and there wont be any time for jerking off tomorrow another mission at six -when i said earlier to try and tell a story from the inside out versus the outside in part of what chris said so eloquently in his introduction is this melding its a new way of trying to make a documentary when i met the guys and -ten of them agreed to take cameras in total twenty one ended up filming five soldiers filmed the entire time there are three featured in the film the way i learned about taji was -he knew me so i was like greg hes like yes -steve pink sent me an email and in it attached a photo of that burned body out at the car and the tone from the email was you know it had been a very bad day obviously -and i saw in my im window that mike moriarty was at the base so i pinged mike and i said mike can you please go get that interview with pink because -the thing that very often is missing is in the military what they call hot wash its that immediate interview after something immediately happens you know and if you let time go by it kind of softens and smooths the edges and for me -i really wanted that so in order to get the intimacy to share that experience with you the guys the two most popular mounts there was a camera on the turret the gun turret and then on the dashboard of the humvee most of the -humvees we ended up mounting two cameras in them so you get to experience that in real time -the news footage i put in there -to try to show -you know i think mainstream media tries to do the best they can in the format that they have but the thing that i know you all have heard a lot of times american soldiers saying why dont they talk about the good stuff that we do ok this is a perfect example -they spent their entire day outside the wire trying to save iraqi lives the iraqis who work on the post -so when you may hear soldiers complaining thats what theyre talking about you know and i think its such an amazing gift that they would share this as a way of bridging and -when i talk about that polarity i get at so many different q as and people are really opinionated but it seems like people dont want to hear so much or listen or try to have an exchange and im as fiery as the next person but i really think you know -we have to be able to go into scary places where we may you know we think we know but we just have to leave that little bit of openness to -such a disconnect -and for me its trying to bridge that disconnect -the last ones and ive learned over time that those are always the soldiers -they wait until pretty much everybodys gone -for me one of the most -for those of you who havent seen the film and its not a spoiler its very common there are a lot of civilian accidents where people get in front of humvees and they get killed in this film there is a scene where an iraqi woman is killed -a soldier came up to me and -stood you know -close a foot away from me hes a big guy -and he looked at me and i -in his eyes and he wasnt going to blink -and he said my gunner was throwing candy -and i knew what he was going -the gunner was throwing candy they used to throw candy to the kids -kids got too close very often -and he said i killed a child -and im a father -i have children i havent -been able to tell my wife im afraid shes going to think im a monster -i hugged him of course -and i said you know its going to be ok and he said im going to bring her to see your film -when i talk about a disconnect -its not only for maybe those people who dont know a soldier which there obviously are -you know these days its not like world war ii where there was a war front and a home front and everybody seemed involved you can go for days here and not feel like -theres a war going on and often ill hear people say who maybe know that i did this film and they say oh you know im against the war but i support the soldiers -to ask them well -you go and see anybody do you if you find out -so a lot has happened in the last forty years and what i learned when i came to the galapagos is the importance of wild places wild things certainly wildlife -and the amazing qualities that penguins have penguins are real athletes they can swim one hundred and seventy three km in a day they can swim at the same speed day and night -thats faster that any olympic swimmer i mean they can do like seven km an hour and sustain it but what is really amazing because of this deepness here -emperor penguins can go down more than five hundred meters and they can hold their breath for twenty three minutes magellanic penguins the ones that i work on -to about ninety meters and they stay down for about four point six minutes humans without fins ninety meters -i want to talk about penguins today but first i want to start by saying that we need a new operating system for the oceans and for the earth -the other thing is ive never met anybody that really doesnt say that they like penguins theyre comical they walk upright and of course theyre diligent and more importantly theyre well dressed -so they have all the criteria that people normally like but scientifically theyre amazing because theyre sentinels they tell us about -our world in a lot of different ways in particular the ocean this is a picture of a galapagos penguin thats on the front of a little zodiac here in the galapagos and thats what i came to study -i thought i was going to study the social behavior of galapagos penguins but you already know penguins are rare -these are the rarest penguins in the world why i thought i was going to be able to do that i dont know but the population has changed dramatically since i was first -when i counted penguins for the first time and tried to do a census we just counted all the individual beaks that we could around all these islands we counted around two thousand so i dont know how many penguins there really are but i know i can count two thousand -if you go and do it now the national parks counts about five hundred so we have a quarter of the penguins that we did forty years ago -when i came to the galapagos forty years ago there were three thousand people that lived in the galapagos now there are over thirty thousand -and you can imagine sleeping on fernandina your first night there and you hear this lonesome plaintive call i fell in love with penguins and it certainly has changed the rest of my life -what i found out i was studying is really the difference in how the galapagos changes the most extreme variation youve heard about these el ninos but this is the extreme that penguins all over the world have to adapt to -this is a cold water event called la nina where its blue and its green it means the water is really cold -and so you can see this current coming up in this case the humboldt current that comes all the way out to the galapagos islands and this deep undersea current the cromwell current -that upwells around the galapagos that brings all the nutrients when this is cold in the galapagos its rich and theres plenty of food for everyone when we have extreme el nino events you see all this red -so its a real desert for not only for the penguins and the sea lions and the marine iguanas things die when theres no food -but we didnt even know that effected the galapagos when i went to study penguins and you can imagine being on an island hoping youre going to see penguins -in the middle of an el nino event and there are no penguins theyre not breeding theyre not even around i studied marine iguanas at that point -but this is a global phenomenon we know that and if you look along the coast of argentina where i work now at a place called punta tombo the largest magellenic penguin colony in the world down here about forty four degrees south latitude -so the oceans dont always act together they act differently but that is the kind of variation that penguins have to live with and its not easy so when i went to study the magellanic penguins i didnt have any problems there were plenty of them -this is a picture at punta tombo in february showing all the penguins along the beach i went there because the japanese wanted to start harvesting them and turning them into high fashion golf gloves protein and oil -so the fundamental problems that we face are over consumption and too many people its the same problems in the galapagos except obviously -because we have long term studies there and science is important in informing decision makers and also in changing how we do and knowing the direction of change that were going in -and so we have this penguin project the wildlife conservation society has funded me along with a lot of individuals over the last twenty seven years to be able to produce these kinds of maps -and also we know that its not only galapagos penguins that are in trouble but magellanics and many other species of penguins and so we have started a global penguin society to try to focus on the real plight of penguins -and this is one of the plights of penguins oil pollution penguins dont like oil and they dont like to swim through oil the nice thing is if you look down here in argentina theres no surface oil pollution from this composite map -but in fact when we went to argentina penguins were often found totally covered in oil -so they were just minding their own business they ended up swimming through ballast water that had oil in it because when tankers carry oil -they have to have ballast at some point so when theyre empty they have the ballast water in there when they come back they actually dump this oily ballast water into the ocean why do they do that because its cheaper -because they dont pay the real environmental costs we usually dont and we want to start getting the accounting system right so we can pay the real cost at first the argentine government said no theres no way you cant find oil penguins in argentina we have laws -and we cant have illegal dumping its against the law so we ended up spending nine years convincing the government -its worse here in some ways than other places because weve only doubled the population of the earth since the nineteen sixties a little more than doubled but we have six point seven billion people in the world -these little blue dots are the fledglings we do this survey every march which means theyre only in the environment from -and amazingly they changed their laws they moved the tanker lanes forty km farther off shore and people are not doing as much illegal dumping -so what were seeing now is very few penguins are oiled why are there even these penguins oiled because weve solved the problem in chubut province which is -like a state in argentina where punta tombo is so thats about one thousand km of coastline but we havent solved the problem in northern argentina -brazil -so now i want to show you that penguins are affected im just going to talk about two things this is climate change now this has really been a fun study because i put satellite tags on the back of these magellanic penguins -to convince donors to give you a couple thousand dollars to glue a satellite tag on the back of penguins but weve been doing this now for more than a decade to learn where they go -we thought we needed a marine protected area of about thirty km and then we put the satellite tag on the back of -and what the penguins show us and these are all the little dots from where the penguins positions were for penguins in incubation in two thousand and three and what you see is some of these individuals are going -eight hundred km away from their nests so that means as their mate is sitting on the nest incubating the eggs the other one is out there foraging and the longer they have to stay gone -the worse condition the mate is in when the mate comes back and of course all of this leads to a vicious cycle and you cant raise a lot of chicks here you see in two thousand and three these are all the dots of where the penguins are -and we all like to consume and one of the major problems that we have is our operating system is not giving us the proper feedback were not paying the true environmental costs of our actions -of a chick -here you can see in two thousand and six they raised almost three quarters of a chick per nest and you can see that theyre closer to punta tombo theyre not going as far away -this past year in two thousand and nine you can see that theyre now raising about a fourth of a chick and some of these individuals are going more than nine hundred km away from their nests so -you having a job in chicago and then you get transferred to st louis and your mate is not happy about this because youve got to pay airfare -we need to be able to get information out to the general public and so we started a publication with the society for conservation that we think presents cutting edge science in a new novel way because we have reporters -that are good writers that actually can distill the information and make it accessible to the general public so if youre interested in cutting edge science and smarter conservation you should join with our eleven partners -some of them here in this room like the nature conservancy and look at this magazine because we need to get information out about conservation to the general public -okay lastly i want to say that all of you probably have had some relationship at some time in your life with a dog a cat some sort of pet and you recognized that those are individuals and some of you consider them almost part of your family -if you had a relationship with a penguin youd see it in the same sort of way theyre amazing creatures that really change how you view the world -not that different from us theyre trying to make a living theyre trying to raise their offspring theyre trying to get on and survive in the world and this is turbo the penguin -turbos never been fed he met us and got his name because he started standing under my diesel truck a turbo truck so we named him turbo -and when i came at age twenty two to live on fernandina let me just say that i had never camped before -s coming up to one of my graduate students and flipper patting which he would do to a female -and you can see hes not trying to bite this guy has never been in before and hes trying to figure out what is going on what is this -this is really pretty weird and youll see soon that my graduate student and youll see turbos pretty intent on his flipper patting -and now hes looking at the other guy saying you are really weird and now look at this not friendly so penguins really differ in their personalities just like our dogs and our cats -were also trying to collect our information and become more technologically literate so were trying to put that -in computers in the field and penguins are always involved in helping us or not helping us in one way or another this is a radio frequency id system -we put a little piece of rice in the foot of a penguin that has a barcode so it tells you who it is it walks over the pad and you know who it is okay so -here are a few penguins coming in see this ones coming back to its nest theyre all coming in at this time walking across there just kind of leisurely coming in heres a female thats in a hurry shes really rushing back because its hot to try to feed her chicks -i had never lived alone for any period of time and id never slept with sea lions snoring next -and then theres another fellow that will leisurely come by look how fat he is hes walking back to feed his chicks then i realize that theyre playing king of the box -this is my box up here and this is the system that works you can see this penguin he goes over he looks at those wires -does not like that wire he unplugs the wire we have no -so they really are pretty amazing creatures -okay -the world and make it better for people as well as penguins so thank you very much -but moreover id never lived on an uninhabited island punta espinosa is where i lived for over a year and we call it uninhabited because there are no people there but its alive with life its hardly uninhabited -this theory comes from an expert on barnacles and worms and pigeon breeding -and you know who i mean -of course a lot of people think they already know the proper answer to the question what is beauty -its in the eye of the beholder its whatever moves you personally -or as some people especially academics prefer beauty is in the culturally conditioned eye of the beholder -taste for both natural beauty and for the arts travel across cultures with great ease -and to talk to you about a subject dear to my heart which is beauty -or just think about american jazz or american movies they go everywhere -there are many differences among the arts but there are also universal cross cultural aesthetic pleasures and values -how can we explain this universality -the best answer lies in trying to reconstruct a darwinian evolutionary history of our artistic and aesthetic tastes -we need to reverse engineer our present artistic tastes and preferences and explain how they came to be engraved in our minds -by the actions of both our prehistoric largely pleistocene environments where we became fully human but also by the social situations in which we evolved -this reverse engineering can also enlist help from the human record preserved in prehistory i mean fossils cave paintings and so forth -i do the philosophy of art aesthetics actually for a living -and it should take into account what we know of the aesthetic interests of isolated hunter gatherer bands that survived into the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries -now i personally have no doubt whatsoever -that the experience of beauty with its emotional intensity and pleasure belongs to our evolved human psychology -the experience of beauty is one component in a whole series of darwinian adaptations beauty is an adaptive effect -which we extend and intensify in the creation and enjoyment of works of art and entertainment -i try to figure out intellectually philosophically psychologically what the experience of beauty -as many of you will know evolution operates by two main primary mechanisms the first of these is natural selection thats random mutation and selective retention -along with our basic anatomy and physiology the evolution of the pancreas or the eye or the fingernails natural selection also explains many basic revulsions -such as the horrid smell of rotting meat or fears such as the fear of snakes or standing close to the edge of a cliff -natural selection also explains pleasures -our liking for sweet fat and proteins which in turn explains a lot of popular foods from ripe fruits through chocolate malts and barbecued ribs -the other great principle of evolution is sexual selection -and it operates very differently -the peacocks magnificent tail is the most famous example of this it did not evolve for natural survival in fact it goes against natural survival -no the peacocks tail results from the mating choices made by peahens its quite a familiar story its women who actually push history forward -what sensibly can be said about it and how people go off the rails in trying to understand it now this is an extremely complicated subject -tail was beautiful in the eyes of the peahen he actually used that word -now keeping these ideas firmly in mind -we can say that the experience of beauty is one of the ways that evolution -of arousing and sustaining interest or fascination even obsession in order to encourage us toward making the most adaptive decisions for survival and reproduction -beauty is natures way of acting at a distance so to speak -you cant expect to eat an adaptively beneficial landscape it would hardly do to your baby or your lover -so evolutions trick is to make them beautiful to have them exert a kind of magnetism to give you the pleasure of simply looking -people in very different cultures all over the world tend to like a particular kind of landscape -a landscape that just happens to be similar to the pleistocene savannas where we evolved this landscape shows up today on calendars -on postcards in the design of golf courses and public parks and in in gold framed pictures that hang in living rooms from new york -in part because the things that we call beautiful are so different i mean just think of the sheer variety a babys face berliozs harold in italy -its a kind of hudson river school landscape featuring open spaces of low grasses interspersed with copses of trees -the trees by the way are often preferred if they fork near the ground that is to say if theyre trees you could scramble up if you were in a tight fix -the landscape shows the presence of water directly in view or evidence of water in a bluish distance -or a road perhaps a riverbank or a shoreline that extends into the distance -this landscape type is regarded as beautiful even by people in countries that dont have it -the ideal savanna landscape is one of the clearest examples where human beings everywhere find beauty in similar visual experience -but someone might argue thats natural beauty how about artistic beauty -isnt that exhaustively cultural no i dont think it is and once again id like to look back to prehistory to say something about -it it is widely assumed that the earliest human artworks are the stupendously skillful cave paintings that we all know from lascaux and -about thirty two thousand years old along with a few small realistic sculptures of women and animals from the same period -movies like the wizard of oz or the plays of -but artistic and decorative skills are actually much older than that -the most intriguing prehistoric artifacts are older even than this i have in mind the so called acheulian hand axes -the oldest stone tools are choppers from the olduvai gorge in east africa they go back about two and a half million years -a central california landscape -these crude tools were around for thousands of centuries until around one point four million years ago -when homo erectus started shaping single thin stone blades sometimes rounded -but often in what are to our eyes an arresting symmetrical pointed leaf or teardrop form these acheulian hand axes theyre named after st acheul in france where finds were made in nineteenth century -view of mt fuji der rosenkavalier -have been unearthed in their thousands scattered across asia europe and africa almost everywhere homo erectus and homo ergaster roamed -now the sheer numbers of these hand axes shows that they cant have been made for butchering animals and the plot really thickens when you realize that -unlike other pleistocene tools the hand axes often exhibit no evidence of wear on their delicate blade edges -and some in any event are too big to use for butchery -a stunning match winning goal in a world cup soccer match van goghs starry night -their symmetry their attractive materials and above all their meticulous workmanship -are simply quite beautiful to our eyes even today -so what were these ancient -what were these artifacts for -the best available answer is that they were literally the earliest known works of art -hand axes mark an evolutionary advance in human history -tools fashioned to function as what darwinians call fitness signals that is to say displays that are performances like the peacocks tail except that unlike hair and feathers the hand axes -a jane austen novel fred astaire dancing across the screen this brief list includes human beings natural landforms works of art and skilled human actions -are consciously cleverly crafted -fine motor control planning ability conscientiousness and sometimes access to rare materials -you know its an old line but it has been shown to work -come up to my cave so i can show you my hand axes -except of course whats interesting about this is that we cant be sure how that idea was conveyed because the -this object was made by a hominid ancestor -homo erectus or homo ergaster -between fifty and one hundred thousand years before language -by the end of the hand axe epic homo sapiens as they were then called finally were doubtless finding new ways to amuse and amaze each other -who knows telling jokes storytelling dancing or hairstyling yes hairstyling i insist on that -for us moderns virtuoso technique is used to create imaginary worlds in fiction and in movies to express intense emotions with music painting and dance -but still one fundamental trait of the ancestral personality persists in our aesthetic cravings -the beauty we find in skilled performances from lascaux to the louvre to carnegie hall -human beings have a permanent innate taste for virtuoso displays in the arts -an account that explains the presence of beauty in everything on this list is not going to be easy i can however give you at least a taste -we find beauty in something done well -so the next time you pass a jewelry shop window displaying a beautifully cut teardrop shaped stone dont be so sure its just your culture telling you that that sparkling jewel is beautiful -your distant ancestors loved that shape and found beauty in the skill needed to make it even before they could put their love into words -beauty in the eye of the beholder no its deep in our minds its a gift handed down from the intelligent skills and rich emotional lives of our most ancient ancestors -powerful reaction to images to the expression of emotion in art to the beauty of music to the night sky will be with us and our descendants for as long as the human race exists -of what i regard as the most powerful theory of beauty we yet have and we get it not from a philosopher of art not from a postmodern art theorist or a bigwig art critic -my main tool is an underwater video with a hydrophone which is an underwater microphone and this is so i can correlate sound and behavior and most of our works pretty non invasive we try to follow dolphin etiquette while were in the water since were actually observing them physically in the water -now atlantic spotted dolphins are a really nice species to work with for a couple of reasons theyre born without spots and they get spots with age -now were going to the bahamas to meet a remarkable group of dolphins that ive been working with in the wild for the last twenty eight years -now young dolphins learn a lot as theyre growing up and they use their teenage years to practice social skills and at about the age of nine the females become sexually mature so they can get pregnant and the males mature quite a bit later at around fifteen years of age -and dolphins are very promiscuous and so we have to determine who the fathers are so we do paternity tests by collecting fecal material out of the water and extracting dna so what that means is after twenty eight years we are tracking three generations including grandmothers and grandfathers -now im interested in dolphins because of their large brains and what they might be doing with all that brainpower in the wild and we know they use some of that brainpower for just living complicated lives but what do we really know about dolphin intelligence -and they have touch and sound can actually be felt in the water because the acoustic impedance of tissue and waters about the same so dolphins can buzz and tickle each other at a distance -to an individual dolphin and its like a name -another well studied sound are echolocation clicks this is the dolphins sonar dolphin echolocation noises and they use these clicks to hunt and feed but they can also tightly pack these clicks together into buzzes and use them socially for example males will stimulate -you know ive been buzzed in the water -and one of the mechanisms they use to communicate their coordination is synchrony they synchronize -their sounds and their body postures to look bigger and sound stronger dolphins noises now these are bottlenose dolphins and youll see them starting to synchronize their behavior and -well we know a few things we know that their brain to body ratio which is a physical measure of intelligence is second only to humans -now researchers have actually measured whistle complexity using information theory and whistles rate very high relative to even human languages but burst pulsed sounds is a bit of a mystery -now these are three spectragrams two are human words and one is a dolphin vocalizing so just take a guess in your mind which one is the dolphin -now it turns out burst pulsed sounds actually look a bit like human phonemes -now one way to crack the code is to interpret these signals and figure out what they mean but its a difficult job and we actually dont have a rosetta stone yet but a second way to crack the code is to develop some technology an interface to do two way communication and thats what weve been trying to do in the bahamas and in real time -now scientists have used keyboard interfaces to try to bridge the gap with species including chimpanzees and dolphins this underwater keyboard in orlando florida at the epcot center was actually the most sophisticated ever two way interface designed for humans and dolphins to work together under the water and exchange information -cognitively they can understand artificially created languages -so we wanted to develop an interface like this in the bahamas but in a more natural setting -and one of the reasons we thought we could do this is because the dolphins were starting to show us a lot of mutual curiosity they were spontaneously mimicking our vocalizations and our postures and they were also inviting us into dolphin games -now dolphins are social mammals so they love to play and one of their favorite -games is to drag seaweed or sargassum in this case around -and they pass self awareness tests in mirrors and in some parts of the world they use tools like sponges to hunt fish -and so we started thinking well wouldnt it be neat to build some technology that would allow the dolphins to request these things in real time their favorite toys so the original vision was to have a keyboard hanging from the boat attached to a computer and the divers and dolphins would activate the keys on the keypad and happily exchange information and request -toys from each other but we quickly found out that dolphins simply were not going to hang around the boat using a keyboard -theyve got better things to do in the wild they might do it in captivity but in the wild so we built a portable keyboard that we could push through the water -but theres one big question left -and we labeled four objects they like to play with the scarf rope sargassum and also had a bow ride which is a fun activity for -which is also associated with a visual symbol and these are artificially created whistles theyre outside the dolphins normal repertoire but theyre easily mimicked by the dolphins -do they have a language and if so what are they talking about -and i spent four years with my colleagues adam pack and fabienne delfour working out in the field with this keyboard using it with each other to do requests for toys while the dolphins were watching and the dolphins could get in on the game they could point at the visual object or they could mimic the whistle -now this is video of a session the diver here has a rope toy -and im on the keyboard on the left and ive just played the rope key and thats the request for the toy from the human -so ive got the rope im diving down and im basically trying to get the dolphins attention because theyre kind of like little -so decades ago not years ago i set out to find a place in the world where i could observe dolphins underwater to try to crack the code of their communication system -now this dolphin we call her the scarf thief because over the years shes absconded with about twelve scarves -so im reaching over shes got the scarf on her right side and we try to not touch the animals too much we really dont want to over habituate them and im trying to lead her back to the keyboard -and the diver there is going to activate the scarf sound to request the scarf so i try to give her the scarf -and this sometimes went on for hours and i wanted to share this video with you not to show you any big breakthroughs because they havent happened yet but to show you the level of intention and focus that these dolphins have and interest in the system and because of this we really decided we needed some more sophisticated technology -now in most parts of the world the waters pretty murky so its very hard to observe animals underwater -so we joined forces with georgia tech with thad starners wearable computing group to build us an underwater wearable computer that were calling chat -so basically the diver activates the sounds on a keypad on the forearm the sounds go out through an underwater speaker if a dolphin mimics the whistle or a human plays the whistle the sounds come in and are localized by two hydrophones the computer can localize who requested the toy if theres a word match -and the real power of the system is in the real time sound recognition so we can respond to the dolphins quickly and accurately and -so diver a plays the scarf whistle or diver b plays the sargassum whistle to request a toy from whoever has it what we hope will happen -but i found a community of dolphins that live in these beautiful clear shallow sandbanks of the bahamas which are just east of florida and they spend their daytime resting and socializing in the safety of the shallows but at night they go off the edge and hunt in deep water -is that the dolphin mimics the whistle and if diver a has the sargassum if thats the sound that was played and requested then the diver will give the sargassum to the requesting dolphin and theyll swim away happily into the sunset playing sargassum for -well chat is designed specifically to empower the dolphins to request things from us -its designed to really be two way now will they learn to mimic the whistles functionally -we hope so and we think so but as we decode their natural sounds were also planning to put those back into the computerized system for example right now we can put their own signature whistles in the computer and request to interact with a specific dolphin -likewise we can create our own whistles our own whistle names and let the dolphins request specific divers to interact with -now it may be that all our mobile technology will actually be the same technology that helps us communicate with another species down the road -in the case of a dolphin you know its a species that well theyre probably close to our intelligence in many ways and we might not be able to admit that right now but they live in quite a different environment and you still have to bridge the gap with the sensory systems -now its not a bad place to be a researcher either so we go out for about five months every summer in a twenty meter catamaran and we live sleep and work at sea for weeks at a time -really we were inspired by biology and applying the principles of walking to this robot thus its a biologically inspired robot what you see over here this is what we want to do next -fold up the legs and shoot it up for long range motion and it deploys legs it looks almost like star wars when it lands it absorbs the shock and starts walking -what you see over here this yellow thing this is not a death ray this is just to show you that if you have cameras or different type of sensors because it is tall its one point eight meters tall you can see over obstacles like bushes and those kind of things -it was just too heavy in the body we had so many motors you know aligning the joints and those kinds of things so we decided to -so with this now the top body is light enough -the second robot i want to talk about is called impass it stands for intelligent mobility platform with actuated spoke system so its a wheel leg hybrid robot so think of -talk about is called strider it stands for self excited tripedal dynamic experimental robot its a robot that has three legs which is inspired by nature but have you seen anything in nature an animal that has three legs -a rimless wheel or a spoke wheel but the spokes individually move in and out of the hub so its a wheel leg hybrid we are literally re inventing the wheel here -approach called reactive approach just simply using the tactile sensors on the feet its trying to walk over a changing terrain a soft terrain where it -and just by the tactile information it successfully crosses over these type of terrain but when it encounters a -very extreme terrain in this case -this obstacle is more than three times the height of the robot then it switches to a deliberate mode where it uses a laser range finder and camera systems -anything like this out there this is a very high -when you drive your car -the front wheels rotate like -small wheeled robots they use a method called differential steering where the left and right -we can do many many different type of motion for example in this case even though left and right -are just some examples of the neat things that -this robot is called climber cable suspended limbed intelligent matching behavior robot so ive been talking to a lot of nasa jpl scientists at jpl they are famous for the mars rovers and the scientists geologists always tells me that -the real interesting science the science rich sites are always at the cliffs but the current rovers can not get there so inspired by that we wanted to build a robot -that can climb a structured cliff environment so this is climber so what it does it has three legs its probably difficult to see but it has a winch and a cable at the top and it tries to figure out the best place to put its foot -not so why do i call this a biologically inspired robot how would it work but before that lets look at pop culture so you know h g wells war of the worlds novel and movie and what you see over here is a very popular -how much force it needs to exert to the -search and -five years ago i actually worked at nasa jpl during the summer as a faculty fellow and they already had a six legged robot -so this is actually based on that this robot is called mars multi appendage robotic system so its a hexapod robot we developed our adaptive gait planner -we actually have a very interesting payload on there the students like to have fun and here you can see that its walking over -model changes so it tries to adapt its gait to successfully cross over these kind of things and also it does some fun stuff as can imagine we get so many visitors visiting our lab so when the visitors come mars walks up to the computer starts typing -hello my name is mars welcome to romela the robotics mechanisms laboratory at virginia tech -this robot is an amoeba robot now we dont have enough time to go into technical details ill just show you some of the experiments so this is some of the early feasibility experiments we store potential energy to the elastic skin to make it move or use -active tension cords to make it move forward and backward its called chimera we also have been working with some scientists and engineers from upenn to come up with a -and -video game in the fiction they describe these alien creatures are robots that have three legs that terrorize earth but -you can actually change the force simply just changing the air pressure and it can actually crush an empty soda can it can pick up very delicate objects like a raw egg or in this case a -arm its a twelve degrees of freedom robotic arm but the cool part is the user interface the cable over there thats an optical fiber and this student probably the first time using it but she can articulate it many different ways -in this case its very intuitive this student probably the first time using it -now this robot is currently our star robot we actually have a fan club for the robot darwin -so based on that success the following year we did the proper mechanical design starting from kinematics and thus darwin -it stands up it walks very impressive -however still as you can see it has a cord umbilical cord so were still using external power source and -it is not remote controlled there is not tethers it looks around searches for the ball looks around searches for the ball and it tries to play a game of soccer autonomously artificial intelligence -lets see how it does this was our very first trial -one hundred and eighty degrees it swings its leg between its two legs to catch the fall so thats how it walks but when you look at us human being bipedal walking what youre doing is youre not really using a muscle to lift your leg and walk like a robot right -so there is actually a competition called robocup i dont know how many of you heard about robocup its -we want to have full size autonomous humanoid robots play soccer against the human world cup champions and -its a true actual goal its a very ambitious goal but we truly believe that we can do it so this is last year in china we were the very first team in the united states that qualified in the humanoid robot -the robots track and they play team play -research -in a more exciting -what you see over here this is the beautiful louis vuitton cup trophy so this is for the best humanoid and we would like to bring this for the very first time to the united states next year so wish us luck thank you -and its trying to show off its ability im macho im strong -i can also do some jackie chan motion martial art -walks away so this is darwin iv again youll be able to see it in the lobby we truly believe this is going to be the very first running humanoid robot in the united states -so i showed you some of our exciting robots at work so what is the secret of our success where do we come up with these ideas how do we develop these kind of ideas -we have a fully autonomous vehicle that can drive into an urban environment we won a half a million dollars in darpa urban challenge we also have the worlds very first vehicle that can be driven by the blind we call it the blind driver challenge very exciting and many many other -talk about these are just the awards that we won in two thousand and seven fall from robotics competition and those kind of things -what youre doing is you really swing your leg and catch the fall stand up again swing your leg and catch the fall using your built in dynamics the physics of your body -so really we have five secrets first is where do we get -at night when i go to bed three or four am in the morning i lie down close my eyes and i see these lines and circles and different shapes floating around and they assemble and they form these kind of mechanisms -this is cool so right next to my bed i keep a notebook a journal with a special pen that has a light on it led light because i dont want to turn on the light and wake up my wife so i see this scribble everything down draw things and i go to bed -every day in the morning the first thing i do before my first cup of coffee before i brush my teeth i open my notebook many times its empty sometimes i have something there sometimes its junk but most of the time i cant even read my -four am in the morning what do you expect right so i need to decipher what i wrote but sometimes i see this ingenious idea in there -and i have this eureka moment i directly run to my home office sit at my computer i type in the ideas i sketch things out and i keep a database of ideas -so when we have these call for proposals i try to find a match between my potential ideas and the problem if there is a match we write a research proposal get the research funding in and thats how we start our research programs -fantastic brainstorming sessions so we gather around and we discuss about problems and social problems and talk about it but before we start we set this golden rule the rule is -nobody criticizes anybodys ideas nobody criticizes any opinion this is important because many times students they fear or they feel uncomfortable how others might think about their -just like a pendulum we call that the concept of passive dynamic locomotion what youre doing is -opinions and thoughts so once you do this it is amazing how the students open up they have these whacky cool crazy brilliant ideas the whole room is just electrified with creative energy and this is how we develop our ideas -ken robinson was it he gave a talk about how education and school kills creativity well actually there is two sides to the story -so there is only so much one can do with just ingenius ideas and creativity and good engineering intuition if you want to go beyond a tinkering if you want to go beyond a hobby of robotics and -really tackle the grand challenges of robotics through rigorous research we need more than that this is where school comes in -also its not about that only about that you also have to work really really hard so i always tell my students work smart then work hard this picture in the back this is three am in the morning -i guarantee if you come to your lab at three am four am we have students working there not because i tell them to but because we are having too much fun which leads to the last topic -do not forget to have fun thats really the secret of our success were having too much fun i truly believe that highest productivity comes when youre having fun and thats what were doing there you go thank you so much -so with this success we decided to take the next big step to develop a real car that can be driven on real roads -so how does it work well its a rather complex system but let me try to explain it maybe simplify it so we have three steps -for that we use an initial measurement unit so it measures acceleration angular acceleration like a human ear inner ear we fuse that information with a gps unit to get an estimate of the location of the car -we also use two cameras to detect the lanes of the road -and we also use three laser range finders the lasers scan the environment to detect obstacles a car approaching from the front the back and also any obstacles that run into the roads any obstacles around the vehicle -driving is an activity solely reserved for those who can see a blind person driving a vehicle safely and independently was thought to be an impossible task until now hello my name is dennis hong and were bringing freedom and independence to the blind by building a vehicle for the visually impaired -so all this vast amount of information is then fed into the computer and the computer can do two things one is first of all process this information to have an understanding of the environment these are the lanes of the road theres the obstacles and convey this information to the driver -so starting from a three dimensional ping sound system a vibrating vest a click wheel with voice commands a leg strip even a shoe that applies pressure to the foot but today were going to talk about three of these non visual user interfaces -now the first interface is called a drivegrip -so these are a pair of gloves and it has vibrating elements on the knuckle part so you can convey instructions about how to steer the direction and the intensity -another device is called speedstrip so this is a chair as a matter of fact its actually a massage chair we gut it out and we rearrange the vibrating elements in different patterns and we actuate them to convey information about the speed and also instructions how to use the gas and the brake pedal -so over here you can see how the computer understands the environment and because you cannot see the vibration we actually put red leds on the driver so that you can see whats happening this is the sensory data and that data is transferred to the devices through the computer -so these two devices drivegrip and speedstrip are very effective but the problem is these are instructional cue devices so this is not really freedom right the computer tells you how to drive turn left turn right speed up stop -and were now focusing more on the informational devices a good example for this informational non visual user interface is called airpix so think of it as a monitor for the blind so its a small tablet -so here you can see the left camera the right camera from the vehicle and how the computer interprets that and sends that information to the airpix -for this were showing a simulator a blind person driving using the airpix this simulator was also very useful for training the blind drivers and also quickly testing different types of ideas for different types of non visual user interfaces so basically thats how it works -so just a month ago on january twenty ninth we unveiled this vehicle for the very first time to the public at the world famous daytona international speedway during the rolex twenty four racing event we also had some surprises lets take a look -so before i talk about this car for the blind let me briefly tell you about another project that i worked on called the darpa urban challenge now this was about building a robotic car that can drive itself you press start nobody touches anything and it can reach its destination fully autonomously -now i understand why there is braille on a drive up atm machine -but sometimes i also do get i wouldnt call it hate mail but letters of really strong concern dr hong are you insane trying to put blind people on the road you must be out of your mind -but this vehicle is a prototype vehicle and its not going to be on the road until its proven as safe -but still will the society would they accept such a radical idea how are we going to handle insurance how are we going to issue drivers licenses theres many of these different kinds of hurdles besides technology challenges that we need to address before this becomes a reality -of course the main goal of this project is to develop a car for the blind but -so in two thousand and seven our team won half a million dollars by placing third place in this competition -potentially more important than this is the tremendous value of the spin off technology that can come from this project the sensors that are used can see through the dark the fog and rain and together with this new type of interfaces we can use these technologies and apply them to safer cars for sighted people -or for the blind everyday home appliances in the educational setting in the office setting -so about that time the national federation of the blind or nfb challenged the research committee about who can develop a car that lets a blind person drive safely and independently we decided to give it a try because we thought hey how hard could it be we have already an autonomous vehicle we just put a blind person in it and were done right -and in the summer of two thousand and nine we invited dozens of blind youth from all over the country and gave them a chance to take it for a spin it was an absolutely amazing experience but the problem with this car was it was designed to only be driven in a very controlled environment in a flat closed off parking lot even the lanes defined by red traffic cones -and this flu has wiped through the population of bees in some cases and in fact in most cases in one year this -flu was caused by a new virus to us or newly identified by us called israeli acute paralysis virus -it was called that because a guy in israel first found it and he now regrets profoundly calling it that disease because of course theres the implication but we think this virus is pretty ubiquitous -its also pretty clear that the bees sometimes catch other viruses or other flus and so the question were still struggling with -and the question that keeps us up at night is why have the bees suddenly become so susceptible to this flu and why are they -to these other diseases and we dont have the answer to that yet and we spend a lot of time trying to figure that out we think perhaps its a combination of factors we know from the work of a very large and dynamic working team -what id like you to do is just really quickly is just sort of nod to the person on your right and then nod to the person on your left -that you know were finding a lot of different pesticides in the hive and surprisingly sometimes the healthiest hives have the most pesticides -the one half that doesnt have a queen they can buy a queen it comes in the mail it can come from australia or hawaii or florida and you can introduce that queen and in fact america -was the first country that ever did mail delivery queens and in fact its part of the postal code that you have to deliver queens by mail in order to make sure that we have enough bees in this country -if you dont just want a queen you can buy actually a three pound package of bees which comes in the mail and of course the postal office is always very concerned when they get you know your three pound packages of bees and you can install this in -your hive and replace that dead out so it means that beekeepers are very good at replacing dead outs and so theyve been able to cover those losses -so even though weve lost thirty percent of the colonies every year the same number of colonies have existed in the country at about two point four million colonies -now chances are -now those losses are tragic on many fronts and one of those fronts is for the beekeeper -and its really important to talk about beekeepers first because beekeepers are among the most fascinating people youll ever meet if this was a group of beekeepers you would have everyone from -the card carrying nra member whos you know live free or die to the you know the self expressed quirky san francisco backyard pig farmer and -you get all of these people -in the same room and theyre all engaged and theyre getting along and theyre all there because of the passion for bees -now theres another part of that community which are the commercial beekeepers the ones who make their livelihood from beekeeping alone and these tend to be some of the most independent tenacious -over the last winter if you had been a beehive either you or one of the two people you just nodded at would have died -intuitive you know inventive people you will ever meet theyre just fascinating and theyre like that all over the world i had the privilege of working in haiti just for two weeks earlier this year -and haiti if youve ever been there is just a tragedy i mean there may be one hundred explanations for why haiti is the impoverished nation it is but there is no excuse to see that sort of squalor but you meet this beekeeper and i met this beekeeper here -and he is one of the most knowledgeable beekeepers ive ever met no formal education but very knowledgeable we needed beeswax for a project we were working on he was so capable he was able to render the nicest block of beeswax i have ever seen from -cow dung tin cans and his veil which he used as a screening right in this meadow and so that ingenuity is inspiring we also have dave hackenberg who is the poster child of ccd -hes the one who first identified this condition and raised the alarm bells and he has a history of these trucks and hes moved these bees up and down the coast and a lot of people talk about trucks and moving bees and that being bad but weve -done that for thousands of years the ancient egyptians used to move bees up and down the nile on rafts so this idea of a movable bee force is not new at all -now thats an awful lot of bees -and one of our real worries with colony collapse disorder is the fact that it costs so much money to replace those dead out colonies -you cant survive three years in a row and were really worried about losing this segment of our industry -and thats important for many fronts and one of them is because of that culture thats in agriculture and these migratory beekeepers are the last nomads of america -you know they pick up their hives they move their families once or twice in a year and if you look at florida in dade city florida thats where all the pennsylvania beekeepers go -and this is the second year in a row we have lost over thirty percent of the colonies or we estimate weve lost thirty percent of the colonies over the winter -and then twenty miles down the road is groveland and thats where all the wisconsin beekeepers go and if youre ever in central valley in february -right there and its a great experience and i really encourage you to drop in at that diner during that time because thats -quite essential american experience and we see these families these nomadic families you know father to son father to son -and these guys are hurting and theyre not people who like to ask for help although they are the most helpful people ever if theres one guy who loses all his bees because of a truck overhaul -of course the real importance for bees is not the honey and although i highly encourage you all use honey i mean its the most ethical sweetener and you know its a dynamic and fun sweetener -now i want to just illustrate that in the fact that if we look at the breakfast i had yesterday morning a little cranberry juice some fruits some granola i should have had wholewheat bread i realized but you know jam -now thats a lot a lot of bees and thats really important and -on my wonderbread and some coffee and had we taken out all those ingredients except for the almonds i wasnt going to pick out from the -if we had taken out all those ingredients the bees had indirectly or directly pollinated we wouldnt have much on our plate so if we did not have bees its not like we would starve but clearly -our diet would be diminished -they get paid for their services they get paid by pollen and nectar to move that male sperm the pollen from flower to flower and there are flowers that are self -that means they cant the pollen in their bloom cant fertilize themselves so in an apple orchard for instance youll have rows of ten apples of one variety and then you have -of those losses are because of things we know we know that there are these varroa mites that have introduced and caused a lot of losses -another apple tree thats a different type of pollen and bees are very faithful when theyre out pollinating or gathering pollen from one flower they stay to that crop exclusively in order to help generate and of course -made to carry this pollen they build up a static electric charge and the pollen jumps on them and helps spread that pollen from bloom to -however honeybees are a minority honeybees are not native to america they were introduced with the colonialists and there are actually more species of bees than there are mammals and birds combined -in pennsylvania alone we have been surveying bees for one hundred and fifty years and very intensely in the last three years we have identified over four hundred species of bees in pennsylvania -but it does i think suggest that somethings wrong with the pollinator force and these bees are fascinating we have bumblebees on the top and bumblebees are what we call eusocial theyre not truly social because only the queen is over winter -and we also have this new phenomenon which i talked about last year colony collapse disorder and here we see a picture on top of a hill in central valley last december -we also have the sweat bees and these are little gems flying around theyre like tiny little flies and they fly around and then you have another type of bee which we call kleptoparasites -whats the word im looking for murdering -okay -what these bees do is -they sit there these solitary -they drill a hole in the ground or drill a hole in a branch and they collect pollen and make it into a ball and they lay an egg on it well these bees hang out at that -and they wait for that mother to fly away they go in eat the egg and lay their own egg there so they dont do any work and so -in fact if you know you have these kleptoparasitic bees you know that your environment is healthy because theyre top of the food chain bees and in fact there is now a red list of -that were worried have disappeared and on top of that list are a lot of these kleptoparasites but also these bumblebees and in fact -if you guys live on the west coast go to these websites here and theyre really looking for people to look for some of these bumblebees because we think some have gone extinct or some the population has declined -and below you can see all these out yards or temporary yards where the colonies are brought in until february and then theyre shipped out to the -are not the only important factor here there are other animals that pollinate like bats and bats are in trouble too -and im glad im a bee man and not a bat man because theres no money to research the bat problems and bats are dying at an extraordinary -white nose syndrome has wiped out populations of bats if theres a cave in new york that had fifteen thousand bats in it and there are one thousand left thats like san francisco -nature deficit disorder and that is that i think that what we have in our society is we forgot our connection with nature -and i think if we reconnect to nature well be able to have the resources and that interest to solve these problems -and i think that there is an easy cure for ndd and that is make meadows and not lawns and i think we have lost our connection and this is a wonderful way of reconnecting to our environment -had the privilege of living by a meadow for the last little while and it is terribly engaging and if we look at the history of lawns its actually rather tragic -it used to be two three hundred years ago that a lawn was a symbol of prestige and so it was only the very rich that could keep these green actually deserts theyre totally -and one documentary writer who was here and looked at this two months after i was here described this not as beehives but as a graveyard with these empty white boxes -in fact you know the white house used to have sheep in front in order to help fund the war effort in world war i which probably is not a bad idea it wouldnt be a bad idea i want to say this not because im opposed completely to mowing lawns i think that there is perhaps some -advantage to keeping lawns at a limited scale and i think were encouraged to do that but i also want to reinforce some of the ideas weve heard here because having a meadow or living by a meadow is transformational -that it is amazing that connection we can have with whats there these milkweed plants have grown up in my meadow over the last four years add to watch the different plants or insects that come to these flowers -to watch that and weve heard about you know this relationship you can have with wine this companion you can have as it matures and as it has these different fragrances and this is a companion -and this is a relationship that never dries up you never run out of that companion as you drink this wine too and i encourage you to look at that now not all of us have meadows or lawns that we can convert and so you can always of course -grow a meadow in a pot -bees apparently can be the gateway to you know other things so im not saying that you should plant a meadow of pot but a pot in a meadow -but you can also have this great community of city or building top beekeepers these beekeepers that live this is in paris -with no bees left in them now im going to sum up a years worth of work in two sentences to say that we have been trying to figure out what the cause of this is and what we know is that its as if the bees have caught a flu -where these beekeepers live and everyone should open a beehive because it is the most amazing incredible thing and if we want to cure ourselves of ndd or nature deficit disorder -i think this is a great way of doing it get a beehive and grow a meadow and watch that life come back into your life -and so with that i think that what we can do if we do this we can make sure that our future our more perfect future includes beekeepers and it includes bees -and it includes those meadows and that journey that journey of transformation that occurs as you grow your meadow and as you keep your bees or you watch those native bees there -is an extremely exciting one and i hope that you experience it and i hope you tell me about it one day so thank you very much for being here -so for example there are doctors in china who believe that its their job to keep you healthy so any month you are healthy you pay them and when youre sick you dont have to pay them because they failed at their job -they get rich when youre healthy not sick in most music we think of the one as the downbeat the beginning of the musical phrase -one two three four but in west african music the one is thought of as the end of the phrase like the period at the end of a -a saying that whatever true thing you can say about india the opposite is also true -so lets never forget whether at ted or anywhere else that whatever brilliant ideas you have or hear that the opposite may also be true -he says well okay what is the name of that block you say well blocks dont have names streets have names blocks are just the unnamed spaces in between streets he leaves a little confused and disappointed -and you say okay but what is the name of this street and they say well streets dont have names blocks have names -the first house ever built on a block is house number one the second house ever built is house number two third is house number three its easy its obvious -so i love that sometimes we need to go to the opposite side of the world to realize assumptions we didnt even know we had and realize that the opposite of them may also be true -eighty two peter gollwitzer wrote a whole book about this and in two thousand and nine he did some new tests that were published it goes like this -then everyone was given forty five minutes of work that would directly lead them towards their goal but they were told that they could stop at any time now those who kept -worked the entire forty five minutes on average and when asked afterwards said that they felt that they had a long way to go still to achieve their goal -but those who had announced it quit after only thirty three minutes on average and when asked afterwards said that they felt much closer to achieving their goal so if this is true what can we do -resist the temptation to announce your goal you can delay the gratification that the social acknowledgement brings -and you can understand that your mind mistakes the talking for the doing but if you do need to talk about something you can state it in a way that gives you no satisfaction -please think of your biggest personal goal for real you can take a second youve got to feel this to learn it take a few seconds and think of your personal biggest goal okay -such as i really want to run this marathon so i need to train five times a week and kick my ass if i dont okay so audience next time youre tempted to tell someone your goal what will you say exactly well -well bad news you should have kept your mouth shut because that good feeling now will make you less likely to do it repeated psychology tests have proven that telling someone your goal makes it less likely to happen -but when you tell someone your goal and they acknowledge it psychologists have found that its called a social reality the mind is kind of tricked into feeling that its already done -and then because youve felt that satisfaction youre less motivated to do the actual hard work necessary -so this goes against the conventional wisdom that we should tell our friends our goals right so they hold us to it yeah so -they wont be ridiculed but they will be part of the in crowd if they hurry -over the next minute youll see all of those that prefer to stick with the crowd because eventually they would be ridiculed for not joining in and thats how you make a movement but lets recap some lessons from this -so first if you are the type like the shirtless dancing guy that is standing alone remember the importance of nurturing your first few followers as equals so its clearly about the movement not you okay but -we might have missed the real lesson here the biggest lesson if you noticed did you catch it is that leadership is over glorified that yes it was the shirtless guy was first and hell get all the credit -but it was really the first follower that transformed the lone nut into a leader so as were told that we should all be leaders that would be really ineffective -if you really care about starting a movement have the courage to follow and show others how to follow and when you find a lone nut doing something great -at ted we talk a lot about leadership and how to make a movement so lets watch a movement happen start to finish in under three minutes and dissect some lessons from it -have the guts to be the first one to stand up and join in and what a perfect place to do that ted thanks -first of course you know a leader needs the guts to stand out and be ridiculed -but what hes doing is so easy to follow so heres his first follower with a crucial role hes going to show everyone else how to follow -you notice that the first follower is actually an underestimated form of leadership in itself it takes guts just to stand out like that the first follower is what transforms a lone nut into a leader -and here comes a second follower now its not a lone nut its not two nuts three is a crowd and a crowd is news so a movement must be public -its important not just to show the leader but the followers because you find that new followers emulate the followers not the leader now here comes two more people and immediately after three more people now weve got momentum this is the tipping point now weve got a -so -notice that as more people join in its less risky so those that were sitting on the fence before now have no reason not to they wont stand out -this way or that way and its a very dangerous question because it leads you to the path of fundamentalism and violence so i will not answer the question what i will give you is an indian answer the indian head shake -and so the next time you meet someone a stranger one request understand that you live in the subjective truth -and so does he understand it and when you understand it you will discover something spectacular -thousand eyes indra a hundred you and i only two thank you -how the world functions how the sun rises how we are born my -why the sun rises why -every culture is trying to understand itself why do we exist and every culture comes up with its own understanding of life its own customized version of mythology -culture is a reaction to nature and this understanding of our ancestors is transmitted generation from generation -in the form of stories symbols and rituals which are always indifferent to rationality -and so when you study it you realize that different people of the world have a different understanding of the world different people see things differently different viewpoints there is my world and there is your world -to understand the business of mythology and what a chief belief officer is supposed to do you have to hear a story -and my world is always better than your world because my world you see is rational and yours is superstition yours is faith yours is -on the banks of a river called the indus now in pakistan this river lends itself to indias name india indus -alexander a young macedonian met there what he called a gymnosophist which means -the naked wise man we dont know who he was perhaps he was a jain monk -the gymnosophist asked what are you doing and alexander said i am conquering the world and they both laughed -each one thought that the other was a fool the gymnosophist said why is he conquering the world -its pointless and alexander thought why is he sitting around doing nothing -to understand this difference in viewpoints we have to understand the subjective truth of alexander his myth and the mythology that constructed it -the elephant headed god who is the scribe of storytellers and his brother -who when he participated in battle victory was assured but when he withdrew from the battle -defeat was inevitable achilles was a man who could shape history a man of destiny and this is what you should be alexander thats what -what should you not be you should not be sisyphus who rolls a rock up a mountain all day only to find the boulder rolled down at night -dont live a life which is monotonous mediocre meaningless be spectacular like the greek heroes like jason -who went across the sea with the argonauts and fetched the golden fleece be spectacular like theseus who entered the labyrinth and killed the bull headed minotaur -the athletic warlord of the gods kartikeya the two brothers one day decided to go on a race three times around the world -when you play in a race win because when you win the exhilaration of victory is the closest you will come to the ambrosia of the gods -because you see the greeks believed you live only once and when you die you have to cross the river styx -and if you have lived an extraordinary life you will be welcomed to elysium or what the french -the heaven of the heroes -but these are not the stories that the gymnosophist heard he heard a very different story -he heard of a man called bharat after whom india is called bharata bharat also conquered the -and then he went to the top most peak of the greatest mountain of the center of the world called meru and he wanted to -hoist his flag to say i was here first but when he reached the mountain peak he found the peak covered with countless flags -before him each one claiming i was -this was the mythology of the gymnosophist you see he had heroes like ram -and krishna govinda hari but they were not two characters on two different adventures they were two lifetimes of the same hero -and flew around the continents and the mountains and the oceans -you see the indians also had a river that separates the land of the living from the land of the dead but you dont cross it once you go to and fro endlessly it was called the -you go again and again and again because you see nothing lasts forever in india not even death and so you have these grand rituals -great images of mother goddesses are built and worshiped for ten days and what do you do at the end of ten days you dunk it in -and this rule applies not just to man but also the gods you see the gods -have to come back again and again and again as ram as krishna not only do they live infinite lives but the same life is lived infinite times till you get to the point of it all -groundhog day -two different mythologies which is right two different mythologies two different ways of looking at the world -one linear one cyclical one believes this is the one and only life the other believes this is one of many lives -he went around once he went around twice he went around thrice but his brother -and so the denominator of alexanders life was one so the value of his life was the sum total of his achievements -the denominator of the gymnosophists life was infinity so no matter what he did it was always zero -and i believe it is this mythological paradigm that inspired indian mathematicians to discover the number zero -you see what is business but the result of how the market behaves and how the organization behaves -if you live only once in one life cultures around the world you will see an obsession with binary logic absolute truth standardization absoluteness -in design but if you look at cultures which have cyclical and based on infinite lives you will see a comfort with fuzzy logic -with contextual thinking with everything -simply walked around his parents once twice thrice and said i won how -look at art look at the ballerina how linear she is in her performance and then look at the indian classical dancer the kuchipudi dancer the bharatanatyam dancer -and then look at business standard business model vision mission values processes -sounds very much like the journey through the wilderness to the promised land with the commandments held by the leader and if you comply you will go to heaven -you see businesses are not run as institutions by the idiosyncrasies of individuals its always about taste its always about my -you see indian music for example does not have the concept of harmony there is no orchestra conductor -is one performer standing there and everybody follows and you can never replicate that performance twice -it is not about documentation and contract its about conversation and faith its not about compliance its about setting -come said kartikeya and ganesha said you went around the world i went around my world -which is rooted in one life culture and a clash is going to take place like on the banks of the indus it is bound to happen -i have personally experienced it im trained as a medical doctor i did not want to study surgery dont ask me -i love mythology too much i wanted to learn mythology but there is nowhere you can study so i had to teach it to myself and mythology does not pay well until now -when they were dealing with india example please tell us the process to invoice hospitals step a step b step c mostly -what matters more -how do you parameterize mostly how do you put it in a nice little software you can -i would give my viewpoints to people but nobody was interested in listening to it you see until i met kishore biyani of the future group -if you understand the difference between the world and my world you understand the difference between logos and mythos the world is objective logical universal factual scientific -you see he has established the largest retail chain called big bazaar and there are more than two hundred formats across fifty cities and towns of india -and he was dealing with diverse and dynamic markets and he knew very intuitively that best practices developed in japan and china and europe and america will not work in india -he knew that institutional thinking doesnt work in india individual thinking does he had an intuitive understanding of the mythic structure of india -you cant measure it you cant manage it so how do you construct belief how do you enhance the sensitivity of people to indian ness -so when you go to the temple all you seek is an audience with god you want to see god and you want god to see you and hence the gods have very large eyes large unblinking eyes sometimes made of silver -so they look at you because you dont know whether youre right or wrong and so all you seek is divine empathy just know where i came from why i did the -why did i do the setting why i dont care for the processes just understand -we surround him with the stakeholders the customer his family his team his boss you -the keys and then you remove the blindfold and invariably you see a tear because the penny has dropped -he realizes that to succeed he does not have to be a professional he does not have -my world is subjective its emotional its personal its perceptions thoughts feelings dreams it is the belief system that we carry its the myth that we live in -make them happy to make the boss happy to make everyone happy the customer is happy because the customer is god that sensitivity is what we need once this belief enters behavior will happen business will happen and it -to kansas small town kansas where i had an opportunity to teach in a lovely small town rural kansas school district where i was teaching my favorite subject american government -my first year super gung ho going to teach american government loved political system kids in the twelfth grade not exactly all that enthusiastic about the american government system -for themselves i didnt tell them what to do or how to do it i posed a problem in front of them which was to put on an election forum for their own community -they produced fliers they called offices they checked schedules they were meeting with secretaries they produced an election forum booklet for the entire town to learn more about their candidates they invited everyone into the school for an evening of conversation about -government and politics and whether or not the streets were done well and really had this robust experiential learning the older teachers more experienced looked at me and went oh there she is thats so cute shes trying to get that -i have been teaching for a long time and in doing so have acquired a body of knowledge about kids and learning that i really wish more people would understand about the potential of students -in for but i knew that the kids would show up and i believed it and i told them every week what i expected out of them -and that night all ninety kids dressed appropriately doing their job owning it i had to just sit and watch it was theirs it was experiential it was authentic it meant something to them and they will step up -from kansas i moved on to lovely arizona where i taught in flagstaff for a number of years this time with middle school students -this position i found myself in in arizona was i had this really extraordinarily eclectic group of kids to work with in a truly public school and we got to have these moments where we would get these opportunities and one opportunity was -we got to go and meet paul rusesabagina which is the gentleman that the movie hotel rwanda is based after and he was going to speak at the high school next door to us we could walk there we didnt even have to pay for the buses there was no expense cost -is responsible and respectful and they know what to do with it and so we chose to look at paul rusesabagina as an example of a gentleman who -it was the most awesome moment of revelation that when you ask kids to use their own voice and ask them to speak for themselves -what theyre willing to share the last question of the assignment is how do you plan to use your life to positively impact other people the things that kids will say when you ask them and take the time to listen is extraordinary -fast forward to pennsylvania where i find myself today i teach at the science leadership academy -i moved there primarily to be part of a learning environment that validated the way that i knew that kids learned and that really wanted to investigate what was possible when you are willing to let go of some of the paradigms of the past -of information scarcity when my grandmother was in school and when my father was in school and even when i was in school and to a moment when we have information surplus -so what do you do when the information is all around you why do you have kids come to school if they no longer have to come there to get the information -we deal right now in the educational landscape with an infatuation with the culture of one right answer that can be properly bubbled on the average multiple choice test and i am here to share with you it is not learning -that is the absolute wrong thing to ask to tell kids to never be wrong to ask them to always have the right answer doesnt allow them to learn -so we did this project and this is one of the artifacts of the project i almost never show them off because of the issue of the idea of failure -in a lot of mass media and take a look at what were the interesting components of it and produce one for themselves from a different man made disaster from american history and they had certain criteria to do it -but i gave them the room to just do the thing go create go figure it out lets see what we can do and the student that persistently turns out the best visual product did not -good color and theres some and they went through all that we processed out loud and i said go read it and theyre like -learn from and when we do another round of this in my class this year they will do better this time because learning -has to include an amount of failure because failure is instructional in the process there are -a million pictures that i could click through here and had to choose carefully this is one of my favorites of students learning of what learning can look like in a landscape where we let go of the idea -that kids have to come to school to get the information but instead ask them what they can do with it ask them really interesting questions they will not disappoint -ask them to go to places to see things for themselves to actually experience the learning to play -to inquire -this is one of my favorite photos because this was taken on tuesday when i asked the students to go to the polls this is robbie and this was his first day of voting -and he wanted to share that with everybody and do that but this is learning too because we asked them to go out into real spaces -in the only portable memory he has which is inside his own head and take it with him because that is how information was being transported from teacher to student and then used in the world -the main point is that if we continue to look at education as if -its about coming to school to get the information and not about experiential learning empowering student voice and embracing failure were missing the mark -and everything that everybody is talking about today isnt possible if we keep having an educational system that does not value these qualities -because we wont get there with a standardized test and we wont get there with a culture of one right answer we know how to do this better and its time to do better -when i was a kid we had a set of encyclopedias at my house it was purchased the year i was born and it was extraordinary because i did not have to wait to go to the library to get to the information the information was inside my house and it was -this was different than either generation had experienced before and it changed the way i interacted with information even at just a small level but the information was closer to me i could get access to it -in the time that passes between when i was a kid in high school and when i started teaching we really see the advent of the internet right about the time the internet gets going as an educational tool i take off from wisconsin and move -and unwavering passion something that would make me be my best self in every aspect of my life every minute of every day because the dream was so big that i couldnt get -there without that kind of behavior and that kind of conviction and i decided -it was an old dream that was lingering -that was from so many years ago three decades ago -the only sort of world class swim i had tried and failed at back in my twenty s was going from cuba to florida it was deep in my imagination -no ones ever done it without a shark cage its daunting its more than a hundred miles across a difficult passage of ocean its probably at my speed at my age for anybodys speed at anybodys age going to take sixty maybe seventy hours of continuous swimming never getting out on the boat -a couple of years ago i was turning sixty and i dont like being sixty -and i started to train i hadnt swum for thirty one years not a stroke -and i had kept in good shape but swimmings a whole different animal as a matter of fact this picture is supposed to be me -during training its a smiling face and when youre training for this sport you are not smiling -any time during this sport -as i said i respect other sports and i compare this sport sometimes to cycling and to mountain climbing and other of the expedition type events but this is a sensory deprivation a physical duress -and when i started in with the eight hours and the ten hours and the twelve hours and the fourteen hours and the fifteen hours and the twenty four hour swims -i knew i had it because i was making it through these and when i said im going to go out and do a fifteen hour swim and were coming into the dock after a long day and its now night and we come in and its fourteen hours and fifty eight minutes and i can touch the dock and were done the trainer says -but honestly i sort of led i was the team leader and to get the government permissions you read in the paper you think its easy to get into cuba everyday try going in with an armada like we had of fifty people and five boats and cnn -its going to the east and youd like to go north -of what little i had done with my life it wasnt the resume of breaking this record here it was more like who had i become how had i spent my valuable time how could this have gone by like lightning -its tricky and theres dehydration and theres hypothermia and there are sharks -and i asked myself do you have it are your shoulders ready and they were they were prepared no stone left unturned was the mind ready you know -you save the french for last -and i had songs i had a playlist in my head not through headphones in my own head of sixty five songs and i couldnt wait to get into the dark in the middle of the night because thats when neil young comes out -but no for some reason i couldnt wait to get into the dark of the night and be singing -before i started i finished stephen hawkings the grand design -and i couldnt wait to trip the mind fantastic about the fiftieth hour i was going to start thinking about -in both time and space and theres nothing like swimming for fifty hours in the ocean that gets you thinking about things like this -i couldnt wait to prove the athlete i am -that nobody else in the world can do this swim and i knew i could do it and when i jumped into that water i yelled in my mothers french -and i couldnt -this was it this was our time and i reminded myself a couple hours in you know the sport is sort of a microcosm of life itself -first of all youre going to hit obstacles -and -even though youre feeling great at any one moment dont take it for granted be ready because theres going to be pain theres going to be suffering its not going to feel this good all the way across -no two hours in wham never in my life i knew there were portuguese men o war all kinds of moon jellies all kinds of things but the box jellyfish from the southern oceans is not supposed to be in these waters and i was on -fire excruciating excruciating pain i dont know if you can still see the red line here -and up the arm evidently a piece this big of tentacle has a hundred -thousand little barbs on it and each barb is not just stinging your skin its sending a venom the most venomous animal that lives in the ocean is the box jellyfish -and every one of those barbs is sending that venom into this central nervous system so first i feel like boiling hot -all the time i had spent beating myself up for losing my marriage and not stopping the sexual abuse when i was a kid and career moves and this and this and this -fire fire fire fire help me somebody help me and the next thing is paralysis i feel it in the back and then i feel it in the chest up here -hes twenty nine years old very well built lean hes six foot five weighs two hundred and sixty five lbs and he is down and he is crying and hes yelling to my trainer whos trying to help me and hes saying -bonnie i think im going to die my breath -and they started again with the epinephrine and the prednisone and with the oxygen and with everything they had on board and i got -back in and i swam through that night and into the next day and at forty one hours this body couldnt make it -just why why didnt i do it better why why why and then my mother died at eighty two and so i starting thinking not only am i not happy with the past -the devastation of those stings had taken the respiratory system down so that i couldnt make the progress i wanted and the dream was crushed -and how odd is this intelligent person who put this together and got all these world experts together and i knew about the jellyfish but i was sort of cavalier a lot of athletes have this you know sort of -invincibility they should worry about me -i dont worry about them ill just swim right through them weve got benadryl on board if i get stung ill just grin and bear it well there was no grin and bearing this as a matter of fact the best advice i got was from an elementary school class in the caribbean -and i was telling these kids one hundred and twenty of them they were all in the school on the gymnasium floor -who really believe in what they believe in and so they wear bombs and i said well its odd that youve learned of this as a noble kind of pursuit but yeah i know those guys he said -thats what you need you need like a school of fish that would swim in front of you like this -now im getting choked with ive only got twenty two years left -and so i started -swim in a bathing suit like normal and no joke this is it it came from the shark divers i finished the swim like this -i was swimming with this thing on -thats how scared of the jellyfish i was -so now what do i do -what am i going to do with this short amount of time thats just fleeting and im not in the present whatsoever and i decided the remedy to all this malaise was going to be -i wouldnt mind if every one of you came up on this stage tonight and told us how youve gotten over the big disappointments of your lives because weve all had them havent we weve all had a heartache and so my journey now is to find some sort of grace in the face of this defeat -and i can look at the journey not just the destination i can feel proud i can stand here in front of you tonight and say i was courageous -to not suffer regrets anymore i got there with that goal when you live that way when you live with that kind of passion theres no time theres no time for regrets youre just moving forward and i want to live every day of the rest of my life that way swim or no swim but the difference in accepting this particular defeat is that sometimes -if cancer has won -if theres death and we have no choice then grace and acceptance are necessary but that oceans still there this hope is still alive -and i dont want to be the crazy woman who does it for years and years and years and tries and fails and tries and fails and tries and fails but i can swim from cuba to florida and i will swim from cuba to florida -for me to chase an elevated dream an extreme dream something that would require -he said did you know youre going to die the same place you were born new york city and its going to be in january of thirty five -i said nope i didnt know and now im going to live to eighty five i have three more years than i thought -and so i ask myself im starting to ask myself now even before this extreme dream gets achieved for me im asking myself and maybe i can ask you tonight too -she says so what is it what is it youre doing with this one wild and precious life of yours -and so they took them to some safe place and we would come in and talk to them usually for about a week -and so after happened i decided it was a good time to turn my back on this work and about twenty years went by -and so i decided to write a book a memoir about this decade of my life -and toward the end of writing that -book there was a documentary that came out it was on jonestown -and it had a chilling effect -these are the dead in jonestown about nine hundred people died that day most of them taking their own lives -women gave poison to their babies and watched foam come from their mouths as they died -the top picture is a group of moonies that have been blessed by their messiah their mates were chosen for them -my journey to coming here today -this is the leg of a suicide bomber -the thing i had to admit to myself with great repulsion -was that i get it i understand how this could happen i understand -how someones brain how someones mind can come to the place where it makes sense in fact it would be wrong when your brain is working like that not to try to save the world through genocide -and so what is this how does this work and how ive come to view what happened to me is a viral memetic infection -for those of you who arent familiar with memetics a meme has been defined as an idea that replicates in the human brian and moves from brain to brain like a virus -much like a virus the way a virus works is -it can infect and do the most damage to someone who has a compromised immune system -and i was pretty lost in my world i was really idealistic -these easy ideas to complex questions are very appealing when you are emotionally vulnerable what happens is that circular logic takes over moon is one with -i was seventeen and going on a peace walk what i didnt know though was most of those people standing there with me were moonies -fix all this it becomes impenetrable -the most dangerous part of this -is that is creates us and them -right and wrong good and evil -and it makes anything possible -makes anything rationalizable -and the thing is though if you looked at my brain -during those years in the moonies neuroscience is expanding exponentially as ray kurzweil said yesterday science is expanding were beginning to look inside the brain -and so if you looked at my brain or any brain thats infected with a viral memetic infection like this and compared it to anyone in this room or anyone who uses critical thinking on a regular basis i am convinced it would look very very different -and that strange as it may sound gives me hope -the reason that gives me hope is that the first thing is to admit that we have a problem -but its a human problem its a scientific problem if you will it happens in the human brain there is no evil force out there to get us -and so this is something that through research and education i believe that we can solve -and -and so -is to realize -that we can do this together and that there is no us and them -thank you very much -a week i had come to believe -that the second coming of christ had occurred that it was sun myung moon and that i had been specially chosen and prepared by god -now as cool as that sounds my family was not that thrilled with this -and they tried everything they could to get me out of there there was an underground railroad of sorts that was going on during those years maybe some of you remember it they were called deprogrammers -and after about -five long years my family had me deprogrammed and i then became a deprogrammer -i started going out on cases and after about five years of doing i was arrested for kidnapping -most of the cases i went out on were called involuntary what happened was that the family had to get their loved ones some safe place somehow -now im sure as everyone in the audience already knows i did have to explain it to my nine year old late last week penises are structures that transfer sperm from one individual to another -and the slide behind me barely scratches the surface of how widespread they are in animals theres an enormous amount of anatomical variation you find muscular tubes modified legs modified fins as well as the mammalian fleshy inflatable cylinder that were all familiar with -and i think we see this tremendous variation because its a really effective solution to a very basic biological problem and that is getting sperm in a position to meet up with eggs and form zygotes -go to parties it doesnt usually take very long for people to find out that im a scientist and i study sex and then i get asked questions and the questions usually have a very particular format they start with the phrase -now the penis isnt actually required for internal fertiliztion but when internal fertilization evolves penises often follow -and the question i get when i start talking about this most often is what made you interested in this subject -and the answer is skeletons -you wouldnt think that skeletons and penises have very much to do with one another and thats because we tend to think of skeletons as stiff lever systems that produce speed or power and my first forays into biological research doing dinosaur paleontology as an undergraduate were really squarely in that realm -but when i went to graduate school to study biomechanics i really wanted to find a dissertation project that would expand our knowledge of skeletal function i tried a bunch of different stuff a lot of it didnt pan out but then one day i started thinking about the mammalian penis and its really an odd sort of structure -before it can be used for internal fertilization its mechanical behavior has to change in a really dramatic fashion -most of the time its a flexible organ its easy to bend but before its brought into use during copulation it has to become rigid it has to become difficult to bend -and moreover it has to work a reproductive system that fails to function produces an individual that has no offspring and that individual is then kicked out of the gene pool and so i thought heres a problem that just cries out for a skeletal system -not one like this one -but one like this one -because functionally a skeleton is any system that supports tissue and transmits forces -and i already knew that animals like this earthworm indeed most animals dont support their tissues by draping them over bones instead theyre more like reinforced water balloons they use a skeleton that we call a hydrostatic skeleton -and a hydrostatic skeleton uses two elements the skeletal support comes from an interaction between a pressurized fluid and a surrounding wall of tissue thats held in tension and reinforced with fibrous proteins and the interaction is crucial -without both elements you have no support if you have fluid with no wall to surround it and keep pressure up you have a puddle -and if you have just the wall with no fluid inside of it to put the wall in tension youve got a little wet rag -when you look at a penis in cross section -a friend told me and then they end with the phrase is this true -but at the time when i started this project the best explanation i could find for penal erection was that the wall surrounded these spongy tissues and the spongy tissues filled with blood and pressure rose and voila it became erect -and that explained to me expansion made sense more fluid you get tissues that expand but it didnt actually explain erection because there was no mechanism in this explanation for making this structure hard to bend -and no one had systematically looked at the wall tissue so i thought wall tissues important in skeletons it has to be part of the explanation and this was the -and most of the time im glad to say that i can answer them but sometimes i have to say im really sorry but i dont know because im not that kind of a doctor that is im not a clinician im a comparative biologist who studies anatomy and my job is to look at lots of different species of animals -so he sat me down and he warned me he was like be careful going down this path im not sure this projects going to pan out because he was afraid i was walking into a trap i was taking on a socially embarrassing question with an answer that he thought might not be particularly interesting -and that was because every hydrostatic skeleton that we had found in nature up to that point had the same basic elements it had the central fluid -it had the surrounding wall and the reinforcing fibers in the wall were arranged in crossed helices around the long axis of the skeleton so the image behind me shows a piece of tissue in one of these cross helical skeletons -and these skeletons have a particular set of behaviors which im going to demonstrate in a film its a model skeleton that i made out of a piece of cloth -and those fibers can reorient as the skeleton moves which means the skeletons flexible it lengthens shortens and bends really easily in response to internal or external forces -now my advisers concern was what if the penile wall tissue is just the same as any other hydrostatic skeleton what are you going to contribute what new thing are you contributing to our knowledge of biology and i thought yeah he does have a really good point here so i spent a long long time thinking about it and one thing kept bothering me and -i was really surprised at this everyone i showed it was really surprised at this why was everyone surprised at this thats because we knew theoretically that there was another way of arranging fibers in a hydrostatic skeleton and that was with fibers at zero degrees and ninety degrees to the long axis of the structure -the thing is no one had ever seen it before in nature and now i was -and try to figure out how their tissues and organs work when everythings going right rather than trying to figure out how to fix things when they go wrong like so many of you and what i do is i look for similarities and differences in the solutions that theyve evolved for fundamental biological problems -and youll see that unlike the cross helical model this model resists extension and contraction and resists bending -now what that tells us is that wall tissues are doing so much more than just covering the vascular tissues theyre an integral part of the penile skeleton if the wall around the erectile tissue wasnt there -its an observation with obvious medical applications in humans as well but its also relevant in a broad sense i think to the design of prosthetics soft robots basically anything where changes of shape and stiffness are important so to sum up -twenty years ago i had a college adviser tell me when i went to the college and said im kind of interested in anatomy they said anatomys a dead science -he couldnt have been more wrong i really believe that we still have a lot to learn about the normal structure and function of our bodies not just about its genetics and molecular biology but up here in the meat end of the scale -weve got limits on our time we often focus on one disease one model one problem but my experience suggests that we should take the time to apply ideas broadly between systems and just see where it takes us -after all if ideas about invertebrate skeletons can give us insights about mammalian reproductive systems -there could be lots of other wild and productive connections lurking out there just waiting to be found thank you -so today im here to argue that this is not at all an esoteric ivory tower activity that we find at our universities but that broad study across species tissue types and organ systems can produce insights that have direct implications for human health -and this is true both of my recent project on sex differences in the brain and my more mature work on the anatomy and function of penises and now you know why im fun at parties -i began talking with people who actually had been out to the gyre and were studying the plastic problem in the marine environment and upon doing so -i realized actually that cleaning it up would be a very small drop in the bucket relative to how much is being generated every day around the world -and that actually i needed to back up and look at the bigger picture and the bigger picture is we need to find a way to turn off the faucet -we need to cut the spigot of single use and disposable plastics which are entering the marine environment every day on a global scale -so in looking at that i also realized that i was really angry i wasnt just concerned about plastic that youre trying to imagine out in the middle of the pacific ocean of which i have learned there are now eleven gyres potentially of plastic in five major oceans in the world -im also concerned about the plastic in the refrigerator and im concerned about the plastic and the toxins that leach from plastic into us and into our bodies -so i came together with a group of other people who were all looking at this issue and we created the plastic pollution coalition -we have many initiatives that were working on but some of them are very basic one is -eighty to ninety percent of what were finding in the ocean of the marine debris that were finding in the ocean is plastic then why dont we call it what it is its plastic pollution -what is the reality of that in the united states less than seven percent of our plastics are recycled and if you really look into it particularly when it comes to plastic bottles most of it is only downcycled or incinerated or shipped to china -it is downcycled and turned into lesser things while a glass bottle can be a glass bottle again or can be used again a plastic bottle can never be a plastic bottle again -so this is a big issue for us another thing that were looking at and asking people to think about is weve added a fourth r -the front of the reduce reuse recycle three rs and that is refuse whenever possible refuse single use and disposable plastics -very easy to pick up a stainless steel bottle or a glass bottle if youre traveling and youve forgotten to bring your stainless steel bottle and fill that up with water or filtered water versus purchasing plastic bottled water -i guess what i want to say to everybody here and i know that you guys know a lot about this issue is that this is a huge problem in the oceans but this is a problem that weve created as consumers and we can solve -we can solve this by raising awareness of the issue and teaching people to choose alternatives so whenever possible to choose alternatives to single use plastics -we can cut the stem tide the stem of this into our oceans and in doing so save our oceans save our planet save ourselves thank you -upon working with the plastic after about the first eight years some of my work started to fissure and break down into smaller little bits of plastic and i thought -great its ephemeral just like us -upon educating myself a little further about plastics i actually realized this was a bad thing its a bad thing that plastic breaks down into smaller little bits because its always still plastic -and what were finding is that a lot of it is in the marine environment i then in the last few years learned about the pacific garbage patch and the -and my initial reaction and i think this is a lot of peoples first reaction to learning about it is oh my god weve got to go out there and clean this thing up -so i actually developed a proposal to go out with a cargo ship and two decommissioned fishing trawlers a crane a chipping machine and a cold molding machine -and my intention was to go out to the gyre raise awareness about this issue and begin to pick up the plastic chip it into little bits and cold mold it into bricks -could potentially be used as building materials in underdeveloped communities -what is the underpinning scientifically of this financial observatory -we developed a theory called dragon kings -dragon kings represent extreme events which are of a class of their own they are special they are outliers they are generated by specific mechanisms that may make them predictable perhaps -controllable consider the financial price time series -a given stock your perfect stock or a global index you have these up and downs a very good measure of the risk of this financial market is the peaks to valleys that represent a worst case scenario when you bought at the top -and sold at the bottom you can look at the statistics the frequency of the occurrence of peak to valleys of different sizes which is represented in this graph -now interestingly ninety nine percent of the peak to valleys of different amplitudes can be represented by a universal power law represented by this red line here -more interestingly there are outliers there are exceptions which are above this red line occur one hundred times more frequently at least than the extrapolation would predict them to occur based on the calibration of the ninety nine percent remaining peak to valleys -this was called the great moderation -they are due to trenchant -a loss is followed by a loss which is followed by a loss which is followed by a loss these kinds of dependencies are largely missed by standard risk management tools which ignore them and see lizards when they should see dragon kings -the root mechanism of a dragon king is a slow maturation towards instability which is the bubble and the climax of the bubble is often the crash -the misguided belief by most economists policymakers and central banks that we have transformed into a new world of never ending growth and prosperity this was seen by robust and steady gdp growth -is the reflection of a collective emergent behavior which is fundamentally endogenous so the cause of the crash the cause of the crisis has to be found in an inner instability of the system and any tiny perturbation will make this instability occur -now some of you may have come to the mind that is this not related to the black swan concept you have heard about frequently -remember black swan is this rare bird that you see once and suddenly shattered your belief that all swans should be white so it has captured the idea of unpredictability unknowability that the extreme events are fundamentally unknowable -nothing can be further from the dragon king concept i propose which is exactly the opposite that most extreme events are actually knowable and predictable -so we can be empowered and take responsibility and make predictions about them so lets have my dragon king burn this black swan concept -what does it mean imagine you have an investment that returns the first year five percent the second year ten percent the third year twenty percent -the next year forty percent is that not marvelous this is a super exponential growth a standard exponential growth corresponds to a constant growth rate lets say of ten percent -the point is that many times during bubbles there are positive feedbacks which can be of many times such that -and the key idea is that the mathematical solution of this class of models exhibit finite time singularities which means -that there is a critical time where the system will break will change regime it may be a crash it may be just a plateau something else and the key idea is that the critical time the information about the critical time is contained in the early development of this super exponential growth -we have applied this theory early on that was our first success to the diagnostic of the rupture of key elements on the iron rocket -using acoustic emission you know this little noise that you hear a structure emit sing to you when they are stressed and reveal the damage going on theres a collective phenomenon of positive feedback the more damage gives the more damage so you can actually predict -by low and controlled inflation -perhaps more surprisingly the same type of theory applies to biology and medicine parturition the act of giving birth epileptic seizures -from seven months of pregnancy a mother starts to feel episodic precursory contractions of the uterus that are the sign of these maturations toward the instability giving birth to the baby the dragon king -by low unemployment and controlled and low financial volatility -so if you measure the precursor signal you can actually identify pre and post maturity problems in advance epileptic seizures -we have applied this theory to many systems landslides glacier collapse even to the dynamics of prediction of success blockbusters youtube videos movies and so on but perhaps -in thirty years of history of bubbles starting in one thousand nine hundred and eighty with the global bubble crashing in one thousand nine hundred and eighty seven followed by -we had a global bubble -this is a measure of global overvaluation of all markets expressing what i call an illusion of a perpetual money machine that suddenly broke in two thousand and seven -the problem is that we see the same process in particular through quantitative easing of a thinking of a perpetual money machine nowadays to tackle the crisis since two thousand and eight in the u s in europe in japan -now these are big claims why would you believe me -well perhaps because in the last fifteen years we have come out of our ivory tower -and started to publish ex ante and i stress the term ex ante it means in advance before the crash -we have lived through -in recent history again many interesting stories for each of them let me tell you just one or two -stories that deal with massive bubbles we all know the chinese miracle this is the expression of the stock market of a massive bubble a factor of three three hundred percent in just a few years -in september two thousand and seven i was invited as a keynote speaker of a macro hedge fund management conference and i showed to the conference a prediction -that by the end of two thousand and seven this bubble would change regime there might be a crash certainly not sustainable now -how do you believe the very smart very motivated very informed macro hedge fund managers reacted to this prediction you know they had made billions just surfing this bubble until now -they told me didier yeah the market might be overvalued but you forget something -three weeks after my presentation the markets lost twenty percent and went through a phase of volatility upheaval and a total market loss of seventy percent until the end of the year so how can we be so collectively wrong by -misreading or ignoring the science of the fact that when an instability has developed and the system is ripe any perturbation makes it essentially impossible to control -the chinese market collapsed but it rebounded in two thousand and nine -our critics reading the prediction said no -so we invented a new way of doing science we created the financial bubble experiment the idea is the following we monitor the markets -we identify excesses bubbles -we do our work we write a report -in which we put our prediction of the critical time we dont release the report its kept secret but with modern encrypting techniques we have a hash we publish a public key and six months later we release the report and there is authentication -and all this is done on an international archive so that we cannot be accused of just releasing the successes let me tease you -with a very recent analysis seventeenth of may two thousand and thirteen just two weeks ago we identified that the u s stock market was on an unsustainable path -and we released this on our website on the twenty first of may that there will be a change of regime the next day the market started to change regime course -this is not a crash this is just the third or fourth act of a massive bubble in the making -this diagram on the right shows a very beautiful compilation of studies suggesting indeed that there is a nonlinear possibility for a nonlinear transition just -in the next few decades so there are bubbles everywhere from one side this is exciting -for me as a professor who chases bubbles and slays dragons as the media has sometimes called me but can we really slay the dragons -there was no responsibility so as a reflection of this we started the financial crisis observatory we had the goal to diagnose in real time financial bubbles and identify in advance their critical time -but the dragon king theory gives hope we learn that most systems have pockets of predictability it is possible to develop advance diagnostics of crises so that we can be prepared we can take measures we can take responsibility -and so that never again will extremes and crises like the great recession or the european crisis take us by surprise thank you -life on earth think about those oldest living things on earth but in a cosmic proportion this is not -this is very significant so life might be insignificant in size but it is not insignificant in time -which were filled with leftover hair that was copernicus hair obviously not many other people bothered to read these books later on -life and the universe compare to each other like a child and a parent parent and offspring so what does this tell us this tells us that that insignificance paradigm that we somehow -to learn from the copernican principle its all wrong there is immense powerful potential in life in this universe especially now that we know -that places like the earth are common and that potential that powerful potential is also our potential -of you and me and if we are to be stewards of our planet earth and its biosphere wed better understand -the cosmic significance and do something about it and the good news is we can actually indeed do it and lets do it lets start this new -at the tail end of the old one with synthetic biology being the way to transform both our -that match was unambiguous the dna matched and we know that this was indeed nicolaus copernicus -now the connection between biology and dna and life is very tantalizing when you talk about copernicus because even back then his followers very quickly made the logical step -to ask if the earth is just a planet then what about planets around other stars what about the idea of the plurality of the -about life on other planets in fact im borrowing here from one of those very popular books of the time and at the time people actually answered that question positively yes -but there was no evidence and here begins four hundred years of frustration of unfulfilled dreams the dreams of galileo giordano bruno many others -well -which never led to the answer of those very basic questions which humanity has asked all the time what is life what is the origin of life are we alone -very very lucky my talk essentially got written by three historic events that happened within days of each other in the last two months -and that especially happened in the last ten years at the end of the twentieth century when the beautiful developments due to molecular biology understanding the code of life dna -all of that seemed to actually put us not closer but further apart from answering those basic questions -now the good news a lot has happened in the last few years and lets start with the planets lets start with the old copernican question are there earths around other stars -and as we already heard there is a way in which we are trying and now able to answer that question -its a new telescope our team befittingly i think named it after one of those dreamers of the copernican time johannes kepler -and that telescopes sole purpose is to go out find the planets that orbit other stars in our galaxy and tell us how often do planets like our own earth happen to be out there -the telescope is actually built similarly to the well known to you hubble space telescope except it does have an additional lens a wide -field lens as you would call it as a photographer and if in the next couple of months you walk out in the early evening and look straight up -and place you palm like this you will actually be looking at the field of the sky where this telescope is searching for planets day and night without any interruption for the next four years -seemingly unrelated but as you will see actually all having to do with the story i want to tell you today the first was actually a funeral -the way we do that actually is with a method which we call the transit method its actually mini eclipses that occur when a planet passes in front of -not all of the planets will be fortutiously oriented for us to be able do that but if you have a million stars youll find enough planets -and as you see on this animation what kepler is going to detect is just the dimming of the light from the star we are not going to see the image of the star and the planet as this all the stars for kepler are just points of light -but we learn a lot from that not only that there is a planet there but we also learn its size how much of the light is being dimmed depends on how big -is we learn about its orbit the period of its orbit and so on so what have we learned -well let me try to walk you through what we actually see and so you understand the news that im here to tell you today -what kepler does is discover a lot of candidates which we then follow up and find as planets confirm as planets it basically tells us this is the distribution of planets in size -even back during the ancients the solar system in that sense would look on a diagram like this there will be the smaller planets and there will be the big planets even back to the time of epicurus and then or course copernicus -to be more precise a reburial on may twenty two nd there was a heros reburial in frombork poland of the sixteenth century astronomer who actually changed the world -and his followers up until recently that was the solar system four earth like planets with small radius smaller than about two -times the size of the earth and that was of course mercury venus mars and of course the earth and then the two big giant planets -then the copernican revolution brought in telescopes and of course -more planets were discovered now the total planet number in our solar system was nine the small planets dominated and there was a certain harmony to that which actually copernicus -was very happy to note and kepler was one of the big proponents of so now we have pluto to join the -finally fifteen years ago the technology came to the point where we could discover a planet around another star and -we actually did pretty well in the next fifteen years almost five hundred planets were discovered orbiting other stars with different methods -but you see we havent gone very far we were still back where copernicus was we didnt have any evidence -whether planets like the earth are out there and we do care about planets like the earth because by now we understood that -life as a chemical system really needs a smaller planet with water and with rocks and with a lot of complex chemistry to originate to emerge to survive -we didnt have the evidence for that so today im here to actually give you a first glimpse of what the new telescope kepler has been able to tell us in the last few weeks -he did that literally by replacing the earth with the sun in the center of the solar system and then -and lo and behold we are back to the harmony and to fulfilling the dreams of copernicus you can see here the small planets dominate the picture -the planets which are marked like earth definitely more than any other planets that we see and now for the first time we can say that -there is a lot more work we need to do with this most of these are candidates in the next few years we will confirm them -but the statistical result is loud and clear and the statistical result is that planets like our own earth -out there our own milky way galaxy is rich in this kind of planets so the question is what do we do next well first of all we can study them now that we know where they are -and we can find those that we would call habitable meaning that they have similar conditions to the conditions that we experience here on earth and where a lot of complex chemistry can happen -we can even put a number to how many of those planets now do we expect our own milky way galaxy harbors and the number as you might expect is pretty staggering its about one hundred million such planets -with this simple looking act he actually launched a scientific and technological revolution which many call the copernican revolution -thats great news why because with our own little telescope just in the next two years well be able to identify at least sixty of them -so thats great because then we can go and study them remotely of course with all the -see that thats great but that is not the whole news thats not why im here why im here is to tell you that the next -really the exciting part the one that this step is enabling us to do is coming next and here comes biology -do we expect it to be like life on earth -and let me immediately tell you here when i say life i dont mean dolce vita good life human life i really mean life -on earth past and present from microbes to us humans in its rich molecular diversity the way we now understand life -on earth as being a set of molecules and chemical reactions and we call that collectively biochemistry life as a chemical process as a chemical phenomenon -now that was ironically and very befittingly the way we found his grave as it was the custom of the time -so the question is is that chemical phenomenon universal or is it something which depends on the planet -is it like gravity which is the same everywhere in the universe or there would be all kinds of different biochemistries wherever we find them we need to know what we are looking for when we try to do that -and thats a very basic question which we dont know that answer to but which we can try and we are trying to answer in the lab we dont need to go to space to answer that question -and so thats what we are trying to do and thats what many people now are trying to do and a lot of the good news comes from that part of the bridge that we are trying to build as well -so this is one example that i want to show you here when we think of what is necessary for the phenomenon that we call life -we think of compartmentalization keeping the molecules which are important for life in a membrane isolated from the rest of the environment but yet in an environment in which they actually could originate together -in one of our labs jack szostaks labs it was a series of experiments in the last four years that showed that the environments which are very common on planets -on certain types of planets like the earth where you have some liquid water and some clays you actually end up with -naturally available molecules which spontaneously form bubbles but those bubbles have membranes very similar to the membrane of every cell of every living -on earth looks like like this and they really help molecules like nucleic acids like rna and dna stay inside develop -change divide and do some of the processes that we call life now this is just an example to tell you the pathway in which we are trying to answer that bigger question about the universality of the phenomenon -in a sense you can think of that work that people are starting to do now around the world as building a bridge building a bridge from two sides of the river -on one hand on the left bank of the river are the people like me who study those planets and try to define the environments -we dont want to go blind because theres too many possibilities and there is not too much lab and there is not enough human -time to actually to do all the experiments so thats what we are building from the left side of the river from the right bank of the river -the experiments in the lab that i just showed you where we actually tried that and it feeds back and forth and we hope to meet in the middle one day -so why should you care about that why am i trying to sell you a half built bridge am i that charming -well there are many reasons and you heard some of them in the short talk today -dna analysis one of the hallmarks of the scientific revolution of the last four hundred years that he started -of chemistry actually can help us with our daily lives but there is something more profound here something deeper and that deeper -underlying point is that science is in the process of redefining life as we know it -time now its about something else but its equally profound and half the time whats happened -is its related this kind of sense of insignificance to humankind to the earth in a bigger space and the -more we learn the more -that was reinforced youve all learned that in school how small the earth is compared to the immense universe -and the bigger the telescope the bigger that universe becomes and look at this image of the tiny blue dot this pixel is the earth it is the earth as we know it -it is seen from in this case from outside the orbit -but its really tiny we know that lets think of life -as that entire planet because in a sense it is the biosphere is the size of the earth life on earth is the size of the earth -was the way we found which set of bones actually belonged to the person who read all those astronomical books -and lets compare it to the rest of the world in spacial terms what if that copernican -can you imagine how small it is let me try it okay lets say this is the size -of the observable universe with all the galaxies with all the stars okay from here to here -do you know what the size of life in this necktie will be it will be the size of a single small atom -it is unimaginably small we cant imagine it i mean look you can see the necktie but you cant even imagine seeing -the size of a little small atom but thats not the whole story you see the universe and life are both in space and time -visual effects are based on the principles of all illusions -assumption things are as we know them presumption things will behave as we expect and context in reality our knowledge of the world as we know it such as scale -now a fourth factor really becomes an obsession which is never betray the illusion -and that last point has made visual effects a constant quest for perfection -so from the hand cranked jump cut early days of cinema to last sundays oscar winner what follows are some steps and a few repeats in the evolution of visual effects i hope you will enjoy -now movies proved to be the ultimate medium for magic with complete control of everything the audience can see -moviemakers had developed an arsenal of techniques to further their deceptions -motion pictures are themselves an illusion of life produced -by the sequential projection of still frames and they astonished the lumiere brothers early audiences even todays sophisticated moviegoers still lose themselves to the screen and filmmakers leverage this separation from reality to great effect -now imaginative people have been having fun with this for over four hundred years giambattista della porta a neapolitan scholar in the sixteenth century -playing with the world and our perception of it really is the essence of visual effects so digging deeper into this with the science and technology council of the academy of motion picture arts and sciences reveals some truth behind the trickery -and those are the three components hiroshi ishii and his group at the mit media lab took a ping pong table and a projector above it and on the ping pong table they projected an image of water and fish swimming in it -the new me is beauty -and as you play ping pong whenever the ball hits part of the table the ripples spread out and the fish run away but of course then the ball hits the other side ripples hit the poor fish they cant find any peace and quiet -and is that a good way to play ping pong no but is it fun yeah yeah so or look at google if you type in oh say emotion and design -get ten pages of results so google just took their logo and they spread it out instead of saying you got seventy three thousand results this one through twenty next -they just give you as many os as there are pages its really simple and subtle i bet a lot of you have seen it and never noticed it -yeah people used to say you know normans ok but if you followed what he said everything would be usable but it would be ugly well i didnt have that in mind so -the weird thing is google lies because if i type design and emotion it says you dont need the and we do it anyway -ok so i type design emotion and my website wasnt first again it was third oh well -this wonderful review in the new york times about the mini cooper automobile it said you know this is a car that has lots of faults buy it anyway its so much fun to drive -and if you look at the inside of the car i mean i wanted to see i rented it this is me taking a picture while my son is driving and -the inside of the car the whole design is fun its round its neat the controls work wonderfully so thats my new life its all about -i really have the feeling that pleasant things work better and that never made any sense to me until i finally figured out look -the ground so imagine i have a plank about two feet wide and thirty feet long and im going to walk on it and you see i can walk on it without looking i can go back and forth and i can jump up and down no problem -he didnt really have it down until just a few days or hours before the talk and that anxiety was really helpful in causing him to focus and thats what fear and anxiety does -it causes you to be whats called depth first processing to focus not be distracted and i couldnt force myself across that now some people can circus workers steel workers but it really changes the way you think -this is neat thank you for setting up my display i mean its just wonderful -and then a psychologist alice isen did this wonderful experiment she brought students in to solve problems so shed bring people into the room thered be a string hanging down here -and a string hanging down here and an empty room except a table with a bunch of crap on it some papers and scissors and stuff and shed bring them in and shed say -this is an iq test and it determines how well you do in life would you tie those two strings together so theyd take one string and theyd pull it over here and -the other string still cant reach it and basically none of them could solve it -and i dont eat candy would you like the box of candy and turns out they liked it and it made them happy not very happy but a little bit of happy and guess what they solved the problem -and it turns out that when youre anxious you squirt neural transmitters in the brain which focuses you makes you depth first and when youre happy -what we call positive valence you squirt dopamine into the prefrontal lobes which makes you a breadth first problem solver youre more susceptible to interruption you do out of the box thinking -thats what brainstormings about right with brainstorming we make you happy we play games and we say no criticism and you get all these weird neat ideas -but in fact if thats how you always were youd never get any work done because youd be working along and say oh i got a new way of doing it so to get work done youve got to set a deadline right -be anxious so the brain works differently and if youre happy things work better because youre more creative you get a little problem you say ah ill figure it out no big deal -theres something i call the visceral level of processing biology we have co adapted through biology to like bright colors thats especially good that mammals and primates like fruits and bright plants because you eat the fruit and you thereby spread the seed -an amazing amount of stuff thats built into the brain we dislike bitter tastes we dislike loud sounds we dislike hot temperatures cold temperatures -we dislike scolding voices we dislike frowning faces we like symmetrical faces et cetera et cetera -falls apart all the time but the owners love it and its beautiful its in the museum of modern art a water bottle you buy it because of the bottle not because of the water -and when people are finished they dont throw it away they keep it for you know its like the old wine bottles you keep it for decoration or maybe fill it with water again which proves its not the water its all about the visceral experience -the middle level of processing is the behavioral level and thats actually where most of our stuff gets done visceral is subconscious youre unaware of it -the new me is all about making things kind of neat and fun and so this is a philippe starck juicer produced by alessi its so much fun i have it in my house but i have it in the entryway i dont use it to make -most of what we do is subconscious automatic behavior skilled behavior is subconscious controlled by the behavioral side and behavioral design is all about feeling in control -or just driving a high performance sports car over a demanding curb again feeling that you are in complete control of the environment or the sensual feeling this is a kohler shower -a waterfall shower and actually all those knobs beneath are also shower heads it will squirt you all around and you can stay in that shower for hours and not waste water by the way it recirculates the same dirty water -this this is a really neat teapot i found at high tea at the four seasons hotel in chicago its a ronnefeldt tilting teapot thats kind of what the teapot looks like but the way you use it -is you lay it on its back and you put tea in and then you fill it with water because water then seeps over the tea and the tea is sitting -and that means the tea is partially covered while it completes the brewing and when its finished you put it vertically and now the tea is you remember above this line and the water only comes to here and so it keeps the tea out -and on top of that it communicates which is what emotion does emotion is all about acting emotion is really about acting its being safe in the world -and getting us ready to act which is why the muscles tense or relax and thats why we can tell the emotion of somebody else because their muscles are acting subconsciously -what a wonderful design and the third level is reflective which is if you like -in fact i bought the gold plated special edition and it comes with a little slip of paper that says dont use this juicer to make juice the -head thats watching and saying thats good thats bad or why are you doing that i dont understand its that little voice in your head thats the seat of consciousness -heres a great reflective product owners of the hummer have said you know ive owned many cars in my life all sorts of exotic cars but never have i had a car that attracted so much attention its about their image its not about the car -but even if you want a more positive model this is the gm car and the reason you might buy it now is because you care about the environment and youll buy it to protect the environment even though the first few cars are going to be really expensive -and not perfected but thats reflective design as well or an expensive watch so you can impress people who say oh gee i didnt know you had that -as opposed to this one which is a pure behavioral watch which probably keeps better time than the thirteen thousand dollar watch i just showed you -this is a clear don norman watch and whats neat is sometimes you pit one emotion against the other the visceral fear of falling -the reflective state saying its ok its ok its safe its safe -park were rusty and falling apart youd never go on the ride so its pitting one against the other the other neat thing -so jake cress is this furniture maker and he makes this unbelievable set of furniture and this is his -acid will ruin the gold plating so actually i took a carton of orange juice and i poured it in the glass to take this picture -claw and the poor little chair has lost its ball -trying to get it back before anybody notices and whats so neat about it is how you accept that story and thats whats nice about emotion so thats the new me im only saying positive things -but beneath it is a wonderful knife its a global cutting knife made in japan first of all look at the shape its just wonderful to look at -second of all its really beautiful balanced it holds feels well and third of all its so sharp it just cuts its a delight to use -a vast network of air and glass -could we go beyond just sharing information and knowledge could we start to share our intelligence -could we create some kind of collective intelligence that goes beyond an individual or a group or a team to create -lets do this -the global economic crisis is opening up the world as well our opaque institutions from the industrial age everything from old models of the corporation government media wall street are in various stages of being stalled or frozen or in atrophy or even failing -and this is now creating a burning platform in the world i mean think about wall street the core modus operandi of wall street almost brought down global -capitalism now you know the idea of a burning platform that youre somewhere where the costs of staying where you are become greater than the costs of moving to something different perhaps something radically -where we can finally now rebuild many of the institutions of the industrial age around a new set of principles -now what is openness well as it turns out openness has a number of different meanings and for each theres a corresponding principle for the transformation of civilization the first is collaboration -now this is openness in the sense of the boundaries of organizations becoming more porous and fluid and open -the guy in the picture here ill tell you his story his name is rob mcewen id like to say i have this think tank we scour the world for amazing case studies the reason i know this story is because hes my neighbor -and he tells me this amazing story he takes over this gold mine and his geologists cant tell him where the gold is he gives them more money for geological data they come back they cant tell him where to go into production -after a few years hes so frustrated hes ready to give up but he has an epiphany one day he wonders if my geologists dont know where the gold is maybe somebody else does -so he does a radical thing he takes his geological data he publishes it and he holds a contest on the internet called the goldcorp challenge its basically half a million dollars in prize money for anybody who can tell me do i have any gold and if so where -the market value of his company goes from ninety million to ten billion dollars and i can tell you because hes my neighbor hes a happy camper -you know conventional wisdom says talent is inside right your most precious asset goes out the elevator every night he viewed talent differently he wondered who are their peers he should have fired his geology department but he didnt -you know some of the best submissions didnt come from geologists they came from computer scientists engineers the winner was a computer graphics company that built a three dimensional model of the mine where you can helicopter underground and see where the gold is -he helped us understand that social medias becoming social production its not about hooking up online this is a new means of production in the making and this ideagora that he created an open market agora for uniquely qualified minds -was part of a change a profound change in the deep structure and architecture of our organizations and how we sort of orchestrate capability to innovate to create goods and services to engage with the rest of the world in terms of government how we create public value -yesterdays internet was a platform for the presentation of content -openness is about collaboration now secondly openness is about transparency this is different here were talking about the communication of pertinent information to stakeholders of organizations employees customers business partners shareholders and so on -and everywhere our institutions are becoming naked people are all bent out of shape about wikileaks but thats just the tip of the iceberg you see people at their fingertips now everybody -the internet of today is a platform for computation the internet is becoming a giant global computer and every time you go on it you upload a video you do a google search you remix something youre programming this big global computer that we all share humanity is building a machine -so this is good its not -they had a technology disruption and rather than taking a business model innovation to correspond to that -they took and sought a legal solution and the industry that brought you elvis and the beatles is now suing children and is in danger of collapse so we need to think differently about intellectual property ill give you an example -we need to reinvent the whole model of scientific research the pharmaceutical industry needs to place assets in a commons they need to start sharing precompetitive research they need to start sharing clinical trial data and in doing so create -a rising tide that could lift all boats not just -for the industry but for humanity -now the fourth meaning of openness and corresponding principle is about -and this enables us to collaborate in new ways collaboration can occur on an astronomical basis -social media didnt create the revolution it was created by a new generation of young people who wanted jobs and hope and who didnt want to be treated as subjects anymore -but just as the internet drops transaction and collaboration costs in business and government -it also drops the cost of dissent of rebellion and even insurrection in ways that people didnt understand you know during the tunisian revolution snipers associated with the regime were killing unarmed students in the street so the students would take their -mobile devices take a picture triangulate the location send that picture to friendly military units whod come in and take out the snipers -you think that social media is about hooking up online -for these kids it was a military tool to defend unarmed people from murderers it was a tool of self defense you know as we speak today -young people are being killed in syria and up until three months ago if you were injured on the street an ambulance would pick you up take you to the hospital youd go in say with a broken leg and youd come out with a bullet in your head -now a new generation is opening up the world as well i started studying kids about fifteen years ago so actually twenty years ago now and i noticed how my own children were effortlessly able to use all this sophisticated technology and at first i thought my children are prodigies -so these twenty somethings created an alternative health care system where what they did is they used twitter and basic -publicly available tools that when someones injured a car would show up it would pick them up take them to a makeshift medical clinic where youd get medical treatment as opposed to being executed so this is a time of great change now its not without its problems up until -two years ago all revolutions in human history had a leadership and when the old regime fell the -the leadership and the organization would take power well these wiki revolutions happen so fast they create a vacuum and politics abhors a vacuum and unsavory forces can fill that -typically the old regime or -extremists or fundamentalist forces you can see this playing out today in egypt but that doesnt matter because this is moving forward the train has left the station the cat is out of the bag the horse is out of the barn help me out here okay laughter the toothpaste is out of the tube i mean were not putting this one back -the open world is bringing empowerment -and freedom i think at the end of these four days that youll come to conclude that the arc of history is a positive one -and its towards openness if you go back a few hundred years all around the world it was a very closed society it was agrarian and the means of production and political system was called feudalism and knowledge was concentrated in the church and the nobility people didnt know about things there was no -concept of progress you were born you lived your life and you died but then johannes gutenberg came along with his great invention and over time -the society opened up people started to learn about things and when they did the institutions of feudal society appeared to be stalled or frozen or failing it didnt make sense for the church to be responsible for medicine when people had knowledge so we saw the protestant reformation martin luther called the printing press gods highest -promise an age of collaboration -where the boundaries of our organizations are changing of transparency where sunlight is disinfecting civilization an age of sharing and understanding the new power of the commons and its an age of empowerment and of freedom -bees come in swarms and fish come in schools -starlings in the area around -and the murmuration refers to the murmuring of the wings of the birds and throughout the day the starlings are out over a twenty mile radius sort of doing their starling thing -and at night they come together and they create one of the most spectacular things in all of nature and its called a murmuration -and scientists that have studied this have said theyve never seen an accident now this thing has a function -it protects the birds you can see on the right here theres a predator being chased away by the collective power -if youre a predator of starlings -its an openness its a sharing of all kinds of information not just about location and trajectory and danger and so on but about food sources -to be bathed in bits i call them the net generation i said these kids are different they have no fear of technology because its not there its like the air its sort of like i have no fear of a refrigerator and -perhaps like we should understand -spring and you see something like this thats underway -now the theme of this years ted conference is full spectrum -the oed defines spectrum as the entire range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation from the longest radio waves to the shortest gamma rays of which the range of visible light -is only a small part so im not here today only to tell you how my team at mit has drawn out of nature a solution to one of the worlds great problems i want to go full spectrum -and tell you how in the process of developing this new technology weve uncovered some surprising heterodoxies that can serve as lessons for innovation -ideas worth spreading -we cant just conserve our way out we cant just drill our way out we cant bomb our way out were going to do it the old fashioned american way were going to invent our way out working together -electricity powering the lights in this theater -perhaps overlooked voltas invention of the battery for the first time also demonstrated the utility of a professor -was generated just moments ago -heres the first battery -a stack of coins zinc and silver separated by cardboard soaked in brine -this is the starting point for designing a battery -because the way things stand today -two electrodes in this case metals of different composition -and an electrolyte in this case salt dissolved in water the science is that simple -ive taught you that battery science is straightforward -and the need for grid level storage is compelling -but the fact is that today there is simply no battery technology capable of meeting the demanding performance requirements of the grid -electricity demand must be in constant balance with electricity supply -namely uncommonly high power long service lifetime and super low cost -we need to think about the problem differently -we need to think big we need to think cheap -so lets abandon the paradigm of lets search for the coolest chemistry and then hopefully well chase down the cost curve by just making lots and lots of product -instead lets invent to the price point of the electricity market -so that means that certain parts of the periodic table are axiomatically off limits -this battery needs to be made out of earth abundant elements i say if you want to make something dirt cheap make it out of dirt -and we need to be able to build this thing -using simple manufacturing techniques and factories that dont cost us a fortune -if in the time that it took me to walk out here on this stage some tens of megawatts of wind power stopped pouring into the grid -in fact i looked to a technology that neither stores nor generates electricity but instead consumes electricity huge amounts of it -im talking about the production of aluminum -the process was invented in one thousand eight hundred and eighty six by a couple of twenty two year olds hall in the united states and heroult in france and just a few short years following their discovery aluminum changed from a precious metal costing as much as silver -to a common structural material -youre looking at the cell house of a modern aluminum smelter -its about fifty feet wide and recedes about half a mile row after row of cells that inside resemble voltas battery with three important differences voltas battery works at room temperature -its fitted with solid electrodes and an electrolyte thats a solution of salt and water -the hall heroult cell operates at high temperature a temperature high enough that the aluminum metal product is liquid -the electrolyte is not a solution of salt and water but rather salt thats melted its this combination of liquid metal molten salt and high temperature that allows us to send high current through this thing -the difference would have to be made up -today we can produce -thats the economic miracle of modern electrometallurgy it is this that caught and held my attention to the point that i became obsessed with inventing a battery that could capture this gigantic economy of scale -from other generators immediately -liquid metals for both electrodes and a molten salt for the electrolyte -put a high density liquid metal at the bottom -and molten salt in between -with the periodic table enunciated by another professor dimitri mendeleyev everything we know -is made of some combination of what you see depicted here and that includes our own bodies -i recall the very moment one day when i was searching for a pair of metals that would meet the constraints of earth abundance different opposite density -a giant battery could with a giant battery wed be able to address the problem of intermittency that prevents wind and solar from contributing to the grid in the same way that coal gas and nuclear do today -and high mutual reactivity i felt the thrill of realization when i knew id come upon the answer -you know ive got to tell you one of the greatest benefits of being a professor -the electrons go to work in the real world out here -now to charge the battery -we connect a source of electricity it could be something like a wind farm -and then we reverse -and return to the upper electrode restoring the initial -constitution of the battery -and the current passing between the electrodes generates enough heat to keep it at temperature -to see it from my perspective -david bradwell who in this image appears to be wondering if this thing will ever work -what i didnt tell david at the time was i myself wasnt convinced it would work -but davids young and hes smart -which were paid with seed funds at mit i was able to attract major -and that allowed me to expand my group to twenty people a mix of graduate students post docs and even some undergraduates and i was able to attract really really good people people who share my passion for science and service to society not science and service for career building -on liquid metal battery their answer would hearken back to president -device here with it we could draw electricity from the sun even when the sun doesnt shine and that changes everything because then renewables such as wind and solar come out from the wings -but the pace wasnt fast enough for us so a year and a half ago david and i along with another research staff member formed a company to accelerate -four kilowatt hour cell on the horizon its going to be thirty six inches in diameter we call that the bistro table but its not ready yet for prime time viewing -and one variant of the technology has us stacking these bistro tabletops into modules aggregating the modules into a giant battery that fits in a forty foot shipping container for placement in the field -and this has a nameplate capacity of two megawatt hours two million watt hours thats enough energy to meet the daily electrical needs of two hundred american households so here you have it grid level storage silent -emissions free no moving parts -remotely controlled designed to the market price point without subsidy -so what have we learned from all this -they lie beyond the visible temperature -conventional wisdom says -set it low at or near room temperature and then install a control system to keep it there avoid thermal runaway liquid metal battery is designed to operate at elevated temperature with minimum regulation -here to center stage today i want to tell you about such a device its called the liquid metal battery -our battery can handle the very high temperature rises that come from current surges -scaling conventional wisdom says reduce cost by producing many liquid metal battery is designed to reduce cost by producing fewer -hire battery experts seasoned professionals who can draw upon their vast experience and knowledge -to develop liquid metal battery i hired students and post docs and mentored them in a battery i strive to maximize electrical potential when mentoring i strive to maximize human potential -its a new form of energy storage -that i invented at mit -along with a team of my students -and post docs -so he said look -no schooling was possible for him except a few weeks here a few weeks there but he read books in every spare moment he could find it was said when he got a copy of the king james bible or aesops fables he was so excited he couldnt sleep he couldnt eat -you something i love the brooklyn dodgers as you do but i promise you some day they will win fairly and squarely you do not need to wish harm on others to make it happen oh yes i said but luckily my first confession to a baseball loving priest -well though my father died -of a sudden heart attack when i was still in my twenties before i had gotten married and had my three sons i have passed his memory as well as his love of baseball on to my -when the dodgers abandoned us to come to l a i lost faith in baseball until i moved to boston and became an irrational red socks fan -and i must say even now when i sit with my sons with our season tickets i can sometimes close my eyes against the sun -and imagine myself a young girl once more in the presence of my father watching the players of my youth on the grassy fields below jackie robinson roy campanella pee wee reese and duke snider -i must say there is magic in these moments when i open my eyes and i see my sons in the place where my father once sat i feel an invisible loyalty and love -which is why in the end i shall always be grateful for this curious love of history allowing me to spend a lifetime looking back into the past allowing me to learn from these large figures about the struggle for meaning for life -allowing me to believe that the private people we have loved and lost in our families and the public figures we have respected in our history just as abraham lincoln wanted to believe -really can live on so long as we pledge to tell and to retell the stories of their lives thank you for letting me be that -the great poet emily dickinson once said there is no frigate like a book to take us lands away how true for lincoln -never would travel to europe he went with shakespeares kings to merry england he went with lord byrons poetry to spain and portugal literature allowed him to transcend his surroundings -moreover when his mother lay dying she did not hold out for him the hope that they would meet -she simply said to him abraham im going away from you now and i shall never return as a result he became obsessed with the thought that when we die our life is swept away dust to dust -i have spent my life looking into the lives of presidents who are no longer alive waking up with abraham lincoln in the morning thinking of franklin roosevelt when i went to bed at night -if you could accomplish something worthy in your life you could live on in the memory of others your honor and your reputation would outlive your earthly existence -and that worthy ambition became his lodestar it carried him through the one significant depression that he suffered when he was in his early thirties three things had combined to lay him low -and his political career in the state legislature was on a downward slide he was so depressed that friends worried he was suicidal they took all knives and razors and scissors from his room -and his great friend speed went to his side and said lincoln you must rally or you will die he said that i would just as soon die right now but ive not yet done anything to make any human being remember that i have lived -so fuelled by that ambition he returned to the state legislature he eventually won a seat in congress he then ran twice for the senate lost twice everyone is broken by life ernest hemingway once said but some people are stronger in the broken places -so then he surprised the nation with an upset victory for the presidency over three far more experienced far more educated far more celebrated rivals -and then when he won the general election he stunned the nation even more by appointing each of these three rivals into his cabinet it was an unprecedented act at the time -but when i try and think about what ive learned about the meaning in life my mind keeps wandering back to a seminar that i took when i was a graduate student at harvard with the great psychologist erik erikson -but perhaps my old friend lyndon johnson might have put it in less noble fashion better to have your enemies inside the tent pissing out than outside the tent pissing -but it soon became clear that abraham lincoln would emerge as the undisputed captain of this unruly team -for each of them soon came to understand that he possessed an unparalleled array of emotional strengths and political skills that proved far more important than the thinness of his external -for one thing he possessed an uncanny ability to empathize with and to think about other peoples point of view he repaired injured feelings that might have escalated into permanent hostility he shared credit with -assumed responsibility for the failure of his subordinates constantly acknowledged his errors and learned from his mistakes these are the qualities we should be looking for in our candidates in two thousand and eight -he refused to be provoked -by petty grievances he never submitted to jealousy or brooded over perceived slights and he expressed his unshakeable convictions -in everyday language in metaphors in stories and with a beauty of language almost as if the shakespeare and the poetry he had so loved as a child had worked their way into his very soul -but as he was about to put his signature on the proclamation his own hand was numb and shaking because he had shaken a thousand hands that morning at a new years reception -so he put the pen down he said if ever my soul were in an act it is in this act but if i sign with a shaking hand posterity will say he hesitated so he waited until he could take up the pen and sign with a bold and clear hand -he taught us that the richest and fullest lives attempt to achieve an inner balance between three realms work love and play -but even in his wildest dreams lincoln could never have imagined how far his reputation would reach i was so thrilled to find an interview with the great russian writer leo tolstoy in a new york newspaper in the early nineteen -and in it tolstoy told of a trip that hed recently made to a very remote area of the caucasus where there were only wild barbarians who had never left this part of russia -knowing that tolstoy was in their midst they asked him to tell stories of the great men of history so he said i told them about napoleon and alexander the great and frederick the great and julius caesar and they loved it -but before i finished the chief of the barbarians stood up and said but wait you havent told us about the greatest ruler of -we want to hear about that man who spoke with a voice of thunder who laughed like the sunrise who came from that place called america which is so far from here that if a young man should travel there he would be an old man when he arrived -tell us of that man tell us of abraham lincoln he was stunned he told them everything he could about lincoln and then in the interview he said what made lincoln so great -not as great a general as napoleon not as great a statesman as frederick the great but his greatness consisted and historians would roundly agree in the integrity of his character and the moral fiber of his being -so in the end that powerful ambition that had carried lincoln through his bleak childhood had been realized that ambition that had allowed him to laboriously educate himself by himself -to go through that string of political failures and the darkest days of the war his story would be told -and that to pursue one realm to the disregard of the other is to open oneself to ultimate sadness in older age whereas to pursue all three with equal dedication is to make possible a life filled not only with achievement but with serenity -so as for that second sphere not of work but of love encompassing family friends and colleagues it too takes work and commitment -the lyndon johnson that i saw in the last years of his life when i helped him on his memoirs -my relationship with him began on a rather curious level i was selected as a white house fellow when i was twenty four years old we had a big dance at the white house president johnson did dance with me that night not that peculiar there were only three women out of the sixteen white house fellows -but he did whisper in my ear that he wanted me to work directly for him in the white house but it was not to be that simple for in the months leading up to my selection -like many young people id been active in the anti vietnam war movement and had written an article against lyndon johnson which unfortunately came out in the new republic two days after the dance in the white house -the theme of the article was how to remove lyndon johnson from power -if i cant win her over no one can so i did end up working for him in the white house eventually accompanied him to his ranch to help him on those memoirs never fully understanding -they were great nonetheless so i think that part of -so since i tell stories let me look back on the lives of two of the presidents ive studied to illustrate this point abraham lincoln and lyndon johnson -was pretty embarrassing given what was going on in my mind but i must say the older ive -the more i realize what an incredible privilege it was to have spent so many hours with this aging lion of a man a victor in a thousand contests -three great civil rights laws medicare aid to education and yet roundly defeated in the end by the war in vietnam -and because he was so sad and so vulnerable he opened up to me in ways he never would have had i know him at the height of his power sharing his fears his sorrows and his worries -the surface lyndon johnson should have had everything in the world to feel good about in those last years in the sense that he had been elected to the presidency -he had all the money he needed to pursue any leisure activity he wanted he owned a spacious ranch in the countryside a penthouse in the city sailboats speedboats he had servants to answer any whim and he had a family who loved him deeply -and yet years of concentration solely on work and individual success meant that in his retirement he could find no solace in family in recreation in sports or in hobbies -was almost as if the hole in his heart was so large that even the love of a family without work could not fill it as his spirits sagged his body deteriorated until i believe he slowly brought about his own death -as for that first sphere of work i think what abraham lincolns life suggests is that fierce ambition is a good thing -in those last years he said he was so sad watching the american people look toward a new president and forgetting him he spoke with immense sadness in his voice saying maybe he should have spent more time with his children and their children in turn -but it was too late despite all that power all that wealth he was alone when he finally died his ultimate terror realized -so as for that third sphere of play which he never had learned to enjoy ive learned over the years that even this sphere requires a commitment of time and energy enough -so that a hobby a sport a love of music or art or literature or any form of recreation can provide true pleasure relaxation and replenishment -so deep for instance was abraham lincolns love of shakespeare that he made time to spend more than a hundred nights in the theatre even during those dark days of the war -he said when the lights went down and a shakespeare play came on for a few precious hours he could imagine himself back in prince hals time -but an even more important form of relaxation for him that lyndon johnson never could enjoy was a love of somehow humor and -feeling out what hilarious parts of life can produce as side light to the sadness he once said that he laughed so he did not cry -that a good story for him was better than a drop of whiskey his storytelling powers had first been recognized when he was on the circuit in illinois the lawyers and the judges would travel from one county courthouse to the other -he had a huge ambition but it wasnt simply for office or power or celebrity or fame what it was for was to accomplish something worthy enough in life -and when anyone was knowing lincoln was in town they would come from miles around to listen to him tell stories he would stand with his back against a fire and entertain the crowd for hours with his winding tales -and all these stories became part of his memory bank so he could call on them whenever he needed to and theyre not quite what you might expect from our marble monument -one of his favorite stories for example had to do with the revolutionary war hero ethan allen and as lincoln told the story mister allen went to britain after the war and the british people were still upset about losing the revolution so -to embarrass him a little bit by putting a huge picture of general washington in the only outhouse where hed have to encounter it they figured hed be upset about the indignity of george washington being in an outhouse but he came out of the outhouse not upset at all -so you can imagine if you are in the middle of a tense cabinet meeting and he had hundreds of these stories you would have to relax so between his -nightly treks to the theatre his story telling and his extraordinary sense of humor and his love of quoting shakespeare and poetry he found that form of play which carried him through his days -in my own life i shall always be grateful for having found a form of play in my irrational love of baseball which allows me from the beginning of spring training to the end of the fall to have something to occupy my mind and heart other than my work -so that he could make the world a little better place for his having lived in it -it all began when i was only six years old and my father taught me that mysterious art of keeping score while listening to baseball games so that when he went to work in new york during the day i could record for him the history of that afternoons brooklyn dodgers game -but he made me feel i was telling him a fabulous story it makes you think theres something magic about history to keep your fathers attention -in fact im convinced i learned the narrative art from those nightly sessions with my father because at first id be so excited i would blurt out the dodgers won or the dodgers lost which took much of the drama -so i finally -you had to tell a story from beginning to middle to end i must say so fervent was my love of the old brooklyn dodgers in those days that i had to confess in my first confession two sins that related to baseball -the first occurred because the dodgers catcher roy campanella came to my hometown of rockville centre long island just as i was in preparation for my first holy communion -and i was so excited first person id ever see outside of ebbets field but it so happened he was speaking in a protestant church when you are brought up as a catholic you think that if you ever set foot in a protestant church youll be struck dead at the threshold -i went to my first confession i told the priest right away he said no problem it wasnt a religious service but then unfortunately he said and what else my child -and i had to say that i wished that various new york yankees players would break arms legs and ankles so that the brooklyn dodgers could win their first world series he said how often do you make these horrible wishes and i had to say every night when i said my -over time the buildings got taller and bigger our engineering even better so that the mechanical systems were massive -they require a huge amount of energy they give off a lot of heat into the atmosphere and for some of you may understand the heat island effect in cities where the urban areas are much more warm than the adjacent rural areas -but we also have problems that when we lose power we cant open a window here -and so the buildings are uninhabitable and have to be made vacant until that air conditioning system can start up again -even worse with our intention of trying to make buildings move towards a net zero energy state -if we look at biology and many of you probably dont know i was a biology major before i went into architecture -the human skin is the organ that naturally regulates the temperature in the body -and its a fantastic thing thats the first line of defense for the body it has pores it has sweat glands it has all these things that work together very dynamically and very efficiently and so what i propose is that our building skins should be more similar to -human skin -and by doing so can be much more dynamic responsive and differentiated depending on where it is -i basically had to roll down the window it was usually too hot too stuffy or just too smelly and my father would not let us use the air conditioner he said that it would overheat the engine and you might remember some of you how the cars were back then and it was a common problem of overheating -and this gets me back to my research what i proposed first doing is looking at a different material palette to do that -i presently or currently work with smart materials and a smart thermo bimetal -first of all i guess we call it smart because it requires no controls and it requires no energy and thats a very big deal for architecture -so in early prototypes i built these surfaces to try to see how the curl would react to temperature and possibly allow air to ventilate through the system -and in other prototypes did surfaces where the multiplicity of having these strips together can try to make bigger movement happen when also heated -and its intention is to make this canopy that does two things one it -its a sun shading device so that when the sun hits the surface it constricts the amount of sun passing through and in other areas its a ventilating system so that hot trapped air underneath can actually move through and out when necessary -you can see here in this time lapse video that -the sun as it moves across the surface as well as the shade each of the tiles moves individually keep in mind with the digital technology that we have today this thing was made out of about fourteen thousand pieces and theres no two pieces alike at all every single one is different -and the great thing with that is the fact that we can calibrate each one to be very very specific to its location to the angle of the sun and also how the thing actually curls -so this kind of proof of concept project has a lot of implications to actual future application in architecture and in this case here you see a house thats for a developer in china and its actually a four story glass box its still with that glass box because we still want that visual access -but now its sheathed with this thermo bimetal layer its a screen that goes around it and that layer can actually open and close as that sun moves around on that surface -im also looking at trying to develop some building components for the market and so here you see a pretty typical -but it was also the signal that capped the use or overuse of energy consuming devices -double glazed window -panel and in that panel between those two pieces of glass that double glazing -im trying to work on making a thermo bimetal pattern system so that when the sun hits that outside layer and heats that interior cavity that thermo bimetal will begin to curl and what actually will happen then is itll start to block out the sun in certain areas of the building -and totally if necessary -and so you can imagine even in this application that in a high rise building where the panel systems go from floor to floor up to thirty forty floors the entire surface could be differentiated at different times of day depending on how that sun moves across and hits that surface -and these are some later studies that im working on right now that are on the boards where you can see in the bottom right hand corner with the red its actually smaller pieces of thermometal and its actually going to were trying to make it move like cilia or eyelashes -things have changed now we have cars that we take across country we blast the air conditioning the entire way and we never experience overheating so theres no more signal for us to tell us to stop great right -and they bring the air through and it moves through their system to cool them down and so in this project im trying to look at how we can consider that in architecture too how we can bring air through holes in the sides of a building -and so you see here some early studies of blocks where those holes are actually coming through and this is before the thermo bimetal is applied -and this is after the bimetal is applied sorry its a little hard to see but on the surfaces you can see these red arrows on the left its when its cold and the thermo bimetal is flat so it will constrict air from passing through the blocks and on the right the thermo bimetal curls and allows that air to pass through so -the walls instead of opening windows -so i want to leave you with one last impression about the project or this kind of work and using smart materials -when youre tired of opening and closing those blinds day after day when youre on vacation and theres no one there on the weekends to be turning off and on the controls -working tirelessly efficiently and endlessly -thank you -well we have similar problems in buildings -in the past before air conditioning we had thick walls -on mechanical air conditioning to cool our solar heated spaces -and we have a little storage room where we converted a jail so if you beat your wife youre going to be there -to help the sick people i admired them and i decided to become a doctor my mother died unfortunately when i was twelve years old then my father allowed me to proceed with my hope -as you know always in a civil war the ones affected most are the women and children so our patients are women and children and they are in our backyard its our home we welcome them thats the camp that we have in now ninety thousand -when i saw the people who needed me i was staying with them to help because i could do something for them -now my place is ninety thousand people -people where seventy five percent of them are women and children pat mitchell and this is your hospital -which is his perception of how all the species all living things on earth are connected through evolutionary history the origin of species through natural selection and divergence from an ancestral population -and his pictures everythings accurate and its all to scale and his work illuminated for me what the molecular world inside us is like so this is a transection through blood in the top left hand corner youve got this yellow green area the yellow green area is the fluids of blood which is mostly water but its also antibodies sugars -hormones that kind of thing and the red region is a slice into a red blood cell and those red molecules are hemoglobin they are actually red thats what gives blood its color -and hemoglobin acts as a molecular sponge to soak up the oxygen in your lungs and then carry it to other parts of the body i was very much inspired by this image many years ago and i wondered whether we could use computer graphics to represent the molecular world what would it look like and thats how i really began -im going to show you are -so lets begin this is dna in its classic double helix form and its from x ray crystallography so its an accurate model of dna -the astonishing molecular machines that -if we unwind the double helix and unzip the two strands you see these things that look like teeth those are the letters of genetic code the twenty five thousand genes youve got written in your dna this is what they typically talk about the genetic code this is what theyre talking about -but i want to talk about a different aspect of dna science and that is the physical nature of dna its these two strands that run in opposite directions for reasons i cant go into right now but they physically run in opposite directions which creates -a number of complications for your living cells as youre about to see most particularly when dna is being copied -create the living fabric of your body now -and so what im about to show you is an accurate representation of the actual dna replication machine thats occurring right now inside your body at least two thousand and two biology so dnas entering the production line from the left hand side -and it hits this collection these miniature biochemical machines that are pulling apart the dna strand and making an exact copy so dna comes in and hits this blue doughnut shaped structure and its ripped apart into its two strands -one strand can be copied directly and you can see these things spooling off to the bottom there but things arent so simple for the other strand because it must be copied backwards so its thrown out repeatedly in these loops and copied one section at a time -molecules are really really tiny and by tiny i mean really theyre smaller than a wavelength of light so we have no way to directly observe them but through science we do have a fairly good idea of whats going on down at the molecular scale -creating two new dna molecules now you have billions of this machine right now working away inside you copying your dna with exquisite fidelity -this was work from a number of years ago thank you -this is work from a number of years ago but what ill show you next is updated science its updated technology so again we begin with dna and its jiggling and wiggling there because of the surrounding soup of molecules which ive stripped away so you can see something dna is about two nanometers across which is really quite tiny but in each one of your cells each strand of dna is about -thirty to forty million nanometers long -so to keep the dna organized and regulate access to the genetic code its wrapped around these purple proteins or ive labeled them purple here -its packaged up and bundled up all this field of view is a single strand of dna this huge package of dna is called a chromosome and well come back to chromosomes in a minute -were pulling out were zooming out -out through a nuclear pore which is the gateway to this compartment that holds all the dna called the nucleus -all of this field of view is -when the cell feels its ready to go -it rips apart the chromosome one set of dna goes to one side the other side gets the other set of dna identical copies of dna and then the cell splits down the middle and again you have billions of cells undergoing this process right now inside of you -now were going to rewind and just focus on the chromosomes -and look at its structure and describe it -so again here we are at that equator moment the chromosomes line up and if we isolate just one chromosome were going to pull it out and have a look at its structure so this is one of the biggest molecular structures that you have at least as far as weve discovered so far inside of us -so this is a single chromosome and you have two strands of dna in each chromosome one is bundled up into one sausage the other strand is bundled up into the other sausage these things that look like whiskers that are sticking out from either side are the dynamic scaffolding of the cell -so what we can do is actually tell you about the molecules but we dont really have a direct way of showing you the molecules one way around this is to draw pictures and this idea is actually nothing new scientists have always created pictures as part of their thinking and discovery process they draw pictures of what theyre observing with their eyes -it is obviously central to the movement of the chromosomes we have no idea -really as to how its achieving that movement weve been studying this thing they call the kinetochore for over a hundred years with intense study and were still just beginning to discover what its all about -it is made up of about two hundred different types of proteins thousands of proteins in total -it is a signal broadcasting system it broadcasts through chemical signals telling the rest of the cell when its ready when it feels that everything is aligned and ready to go for the separation of the chromosomes -it is able to couple onto the growing and shrinking microtubules its involved with the growing of the microtubules and its able to transiently couple onto them -its also an attention sensing system its able to feel when the cell is ready when the chromosome is correctly positioned its turning green here because it feels that everything is just right and youll see theres this one little last bit thats still remaining red -and its walked away down the microtubules -that is the signal broadcasting system sending out the stop signal and its walked away i mean its that mechanical its molecular clockwork this is how you work at the molecular scale -so with a little bit of molecular eye candy weve got kinesins which are the orange ones theyre little molecular courier molecules walking one way and here are the dynein theyre carrying that broadcasting system and theyve got their long legs so they can step around obstacles and so on so again this is all -derived accurately from the science the problem is we cant show it to you any other way -exploring at the frontier of science at the frontier of human understanding is mind blowing -discovering this stuff is certainly a pleasurable incentive to work in science -but most medical researchers -through technology like telescopes and microscopes and also what theyre thinking about in their minds -i picked two well known examples because theyre very well known for expressing science through art and i start with galileo who used the worlds first telescope -to look at the moon and he transformed our understanding of the moon the perception in the seventeenth century was the moon was a perfect heavenly sphere but what galileo saw was a rocky barren world which he expressed through his watercolor painting -another scientist with very big ideas the superstar of biology is charles darwin and with this famous entry in his notebook he begins in the top left hand corner with i think -and then sketches out the first tree of life -one of the major problems with patent law is that in the case that when you are sued by a patent troll the burden of proof that you did not infringe on the patent is actually on the defendant which means you have to prove that you do not infringe on the patent theyre suing you on and this can take quite a while -you need to know that the average patent troll defense costs two million dollars and takes eighteen months when you win -that is your best case outcome when you get sued by a patent troll now i had hoped to team up with some of these larger companies in order to defend against this lawsuit but one by one they settled out of the case -even though and this is important none of these companies infringed on this patent not a one of -the reason they settled out is because its cheaper to settle than to fight the lawsuit clearly two million dollars cheaper in some cases and much worse if you actually lose -it would also constitute a massive distraction for management of a company especially a small eight man shop like my company -six months into the lawsuit we finally reached the discovery phase and in discovery phase we asked the patent troll to please provide screenshots of fark where the infringement of their patent was actually occurring now perhaps its because no such screenshots actually existed -but suddenly gooseberry wanted to settle their attorney ah yes my companys having a reorganization on our end never mind the fact that the address led to a strip mall somewhere in northern l a with no employees -and wed like to go ahead and close this out so would you mind giving us your best and final offer -now as mentioned before one of the reasons i can talk to you about this is because theres no non disclosure agreement on this case now how did that happen -well during the settlement process when we received our copy i struck it my attorney said nah no chance of that -make it clear from the beginning that either you have no money at all or that you would rather spend money with your attorney fighting the troll -now this is a tactic that patent trolls are supposed to use on people to get their way it turns out because theyre paid on contingency it works really really well in reverse dont forget that so what does all this mean well to sum up -it boils down to one thing dont negotiate with terrorists -and what do they do with that money -they plow it right back into filing more troll lawsuits -now this is the point in the talk where im supposed to come up with some kind of a solution for the patent system and the problem with that is that there are two very large industry groups that have different outcomes in mind for the patent system the health care industry would like stronger protections for inventors the hi tech industry would like stronger protections for producers -and these goals arent necessarily diametrically opposed but they are at odds and as a result patent trolls can kind of live in the space in between -so unfortunately im not smart enough to have a solution for the patent troll problem -defined as a computer which is not stationary -or video listings for tv shows -or radio but for cellphones and so on -the problem with these patents is that the mechanisms are obscure and the patent system is dysfunctional and as a result most of these lawsuits end in settlements and because these settlements are under a non disclosure agreement no one knows what the terms were and as a result the patent troll can claim that they won the case -in the case of gooseberry natural resources this patent on emailing news releases had sort of a fatal flaw as it pertained to myself and that was that in the mainstream media world there is only one definition for news release and it turns out that is press release as in p r -now my company fark deals with news ostensibly and as a result we were not in violation of this patent so case closed right wrong -but lets just go tomorrow lets go to the first day and if at any point you feel as if you cant do this thats fine just tell us we will take you home we love you no matter what -and she says so i went the next day and i was standing in line getting ready for registration and i looked around and i just knew i couldnt do it i knew i wasnt ready i knew i had to quit and she says i made that decision and as soon as i made it there was this incredible feeling of peace that came over me -and i turned to my mom and my dad to tell them that we needed to go home and just at that moment you came out of the student union building wearing the stupidest hat i have ever seen in my life -you got to me and you just stopped -and you stared it was creepy -and then you looked at the guy next to me and you smiled and you reached in your bucket and you pulled out a lollipop and you held it out to him and you said you need to give a lollipop to the beautiful woman standing next to you and she said i have never seen anyone get more embarrassed faster in my life he turned beet red and he wouldnt even look at me he just kind of held the lollipop out like this -and i know this is cheesy and i dont know why im telling you this but in that moment when everyone was laughing i knew that i shouldnt quit -i knew that i was where i was supposed to be and i knew that i was home -see ive asked that question all the way across the country and everywhere i ask it no matter where theres always a huge portion of the audience that wont put up their hand -and i havent spoken to you once in the four years since that day but i heard that you were leaving and i had to come up and tell you that youve been an incredibly important person in my life and im going to miss you -and she gets about six feet away she turns around and smiles and goes you should probably know this too im still dating that guy four years later -i moved to toronto i got an invitation to their wedding -heres the kicker i dont remember that -i have no recollection of that moment and ive searched my memory banks because that is funny and i should remember doing it and i dont remember it and -that was such an eye opening transformative moment for me to think that maybe the biggest impact id ever had on anyones life a moment that had a woman walk up to a stranger four years later and say youve been an incredibly important person in my life was a moment that i didnt even remember -how many of you guys have a lollipop moment a moment where someone said something or did something that you feel fundamentally made your life better -all right how many of you have told that person they did it -see why not we celebrate birthdays where all you have to do is not die for three hundred and sixty five days -and ive come to realize that we have made leadership into something bigger than us weve made into something beyond us weve made it about changing the world -but it is so scary to think of ourselves as that powerful it can be frightening to think that we can matter that much to other people because as long as we make leadership something bigger than us as long as we keep leadership something beyond us as long as we make it about changing the world we give ourselves an excuse not to expect it every day from ourselves and from each other -marianne williamson said our greatest fear is not that we are inadequate our greatest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure it is our light and not our darkness that frightens us -and my call to action today is that we need to get over that we need to get over our fear of how extraordinarily powerful we can be in each others lives we need to get over it so we can move beyond it and our little brothers and our little sisters and one day our kids -or our kids right now can watch and start to value the impact we can have on each others lives more than money and power and titles and influence we need to redefine leadership as being about lollipop moments how many of them we create how many of them we acknowledge how many of them we pay forward and how many of them we say thank you for -because weve made leadership about changing the world and there is no world theres only six billion understandings of it and if you change one persons understanding of it one persons understanding of what theyre capable of one persons understanding of how much people care about them one persons understanding of how powerful an agent for change they can be in this world youve changed the whole thing -and weve taken this title of leader and we treat it as if its something that one day were going to deserve but to give it to ourselves right now means a level of arrogance or cockiness that were not comfortable with and i worry sometimes that we spend so much time celebrating amazing things that hardly anybody can do -and if we can understand leadership like that i think if we can redefine leadership like that -that weve convinced ourselves that those are the only things worth celebrating and we start to devalue the things that we can do every day and we start to take moments where we truly are a leader and we dont let ourselves take credit for it and we dont let ourselves feel good about -and on my last day there a girl came up to me and she said i remember the first time that i met you and then she told me a story that had happened four years earlier she said -on the day before i started university i was in the hotel room with my mom and my dad and i was so scared and so convinced that i couldnt do this that i wasnt ready for university that i just burst into tears and my mom and my dad were amazing they were like look we know youre scared -and dassen island to the north and these are two of the penguins main breeding islands and exactly six years and three days earlier on june twentieth one thousand nine hundred and ninety four a ship named the apollo sea sank near dassen island oiling ten thousand penguins half of which died -now when the treasure sank in two thousand it was the height of the best breeding season scientists had ever recorded for the african penguin which at the time was listed as a threatened species and soon nearly twenty thousand penguins were covered with this toxic oil -and the local seabird rescue center named sanccob immediately launched a massive rescue operation and this soon would become the largest animal rescue ever undertaken -now at the time i was working down the street i was a penguin aquarist at the new england aquarium -and exactly eleven years ago yesterday the -phone rang in the penguin office and with that call my life would change forever it was estelle van der meer calling from sanccob saying please come help we have thousands of oiled penguins and thousands of willing but completely inexperienced volunteers -as i can remember i have felt a very deep connection to animals and to the ocean and at this age my personal idol was flipper the dolphin -and we need penguin experts to come train and supervise them -so two days later i was on a plane headed for cape town with a team of penguin specialists -and the scene inside of this building was devastating and surreal in fact many people compared it to a war zone and last week a ten year old girl asked me what did it feel like when you first walked into that building and saw so many oiled penguins -and this is what happened i was instantly transported back to that moment in time -through those doors and into the building it was eerily silent -was the sheer number of volunteers up to one thousand people a day came to the rescue center and eventually over the course of this rescue more than twelve and a half thousand -volunteers came from all over the world to cape town to help save these birds and the amazing thing was that not one of them had to be there yet they were -so for the few of us that were there in a professional capacity this extraordinary volunteer response to this animal crisis was profoundly moving and awe inspiring -so the day after we arrived two of us from the aquarium were put in charge of room two and room two had more than four thousand oiled penguins in it now mind you three days earlier we had sixty penguins under our care so we were definitely overwhelmed and just a bit terrified at least i was -and when i first learned about endangered species i was truly -personally i really didnt know if i was capable of handling such a monstrous task and collectively we really didnt know if we could pull this off -because we all knew that just six years earlier half as many penguins had been oiled and rescued and only half of them had survived so would it be humanly possible to save this many oiled penguins we just did not know -but what gave us hope were these incredibly dedicated and brave volunteers three of whom here are force feeding penguins -distressed to know that every day animals were being wiped off the face of this earth forever and i wanted to do something to help but i always wondered what could one person possibly do to make a difference and it would be thirty years but i would eventually get the answer to that question -and you may notice theyre wearing very thick gloves and what you should know about african penguins is that they have razor sharp beaks and before long our bodies were covered head to toe with these nasty wounds inflicted by the terrified penguins -now the day after we arrived a new crisis began to unfold the oil slick was now moving north towards dassen island and the rescuers despaired because they knew if the oil hit -it would not be possible to rescue any more oiled birds and there really were no good solutions but then finally one of the researchers threw out this crazy idea he said okay why dont we try and collect the birds at the greatest risk of getting oiled they collected twenty thousand and well ship them five hundred miles up the coast -so three of those penguins peter pamela and percy wore satellite tags and the researchers crossed their fingers and hoped that by the time they got back home the oil would be cleaned up from their islands and luckily the day they arrived it was so it had been a huge gamble but it had paid off -and so they know now that they can use this strategy in future oil spills so in wildlife rescue as in life we learn from each previous experience and we learn from both our successes and our failures -and the main thing learned during the apollo sea rescue in ninety four was that most of those penguins had died due to the unwitting use of poorly ventilated transport boxes and trucks because they just had not been prepared to deal with so many oiled penguins at once -so in these six years between these two oil spills they built thousands of these well ventilated boxes and as a result during the treasure rescue just one hundred and sixty penguins died during the transport process as opposed to five thousand so this alone was a huge victory -something else learned during the apollo rescue was how to train the penguins to take fish freely from their hands using these training boxes and we used this technique again during the treasure rescue -so all of those penguins had to have the oil meticulously cleaned from their bodies and it would take two people at least an hour just to clean one penguin and when you clean a penguin you first have to spray it with a degreaser and this brings me to my favorite story from the treasure rescue -about a year prior to this oil spill a seventeen year old student had invented a degreaser -when these heartbreaking images of oiled birds finally began to emerge from the gulf of mexico last year during the horrific bp oil spill -and theyd been using it at sanccob with great success -so they began using it during the treasure rescue but part way through they ran out so in a panic estelle from sanccob called the student and said please you have to make more so he raced to the lab and made enough -to clean the rest of the birds so i just think it is the coolest thing that a teenager invented a product that helped save the lives of thousands of animals -so what happened to those twenty thousand oiled penguins and was silvia gaus right should we routinely euthanize all oiled birds because most of them are going to die anyway well she could not be more wrong after half a million hours of grueling volunteer labor -more than ninety percent of those oiled penguins were successfully returned to the wild and we know from follow up studies that they have lived just as long as never oiled penguins and bred nearly as successfully -and in addition about three thousand penguin chicks were rescued and hand raised and again we know from long term monitoring that more of these hand raised chicks survive to adulthood and breeding age than do parent raised chicks -so armed with this knowledge sanccob has a chick bolstering project and every year they rescue and raise abandoned chicks and they have a very impressive eighty percent success rate -a german biologist by the name of silvia gaus was quoted as saying we should just euthanize all oiled birds because studies have shown that fewer than one percent of them survive after being released -and this is critically important because one year ago the african penguin was declared endangered and they could be extinct in less than ten years if we dont do something now to protect them -so what did i learn from this intense and unforgettable experience personally i learned that i am capable of handling so much more than i ever dreamed possible and i learned that one person can make a huge difference just look at that seventeen year old -and when we come together and work as one we can achieve extraordinary things -and truly to be a part of something so much larger than yourself is the most rewarding experience you can possibly have -so id like to leave you with one final thought and a challenge if you will my mission as the penguin lady is to raise awareness and funding to protect penguins -but why should any of you care about penguins well you should care because theyre an indicator species and simply put if penguins are dying it means our oceans are dying and we ultimately will be affected because as sylvia earle says -the oceans are our life support system and the two main threats to penguins today are overfishing and global warming and these are two things that each one of us actually has the power to do something about -so if we each do our part together we can make a difference and we can help keep penguins from going extinct -humans have always been the greatest threat to penguins but we are now their only hope -and i could not disagree more and in addition i believe that every oiled animal deserves a second chance at life and i want to tell you why i feel so strongly about this -on june twenty third two thousand a ship named the treasure sank off the coast of cape town south africa spilling one thousand three hundred tons of fuel which polluted the habitats of nearly half the entire world population of african penguins now the ship sank between robben island to the south -the -the -the -surviving species during the -if much of -much of -of -to -i was a -on -of -a -it and finally above all to preserve it that -and -it -the -the natural beauty of that -and -in my entire life i found that i was -to the teeming small creatures that can be held between the thumb and forefinger the -i like to -i have -in fact we live on a -the -the smallest of all earth -to -of -the -of bacteria species can be found in -of soil in the ten billion bacteria -be -of -to -this -the -a -the -to exceed that in all of the rest of -to sequence the -to -the -among them true aliens stocks that arrived from outer space theyve had billions of -to -of -the -of years each is -in -on that island and -traditional fields of study are going to continue to grow -an explanation of networks of principles and laws thats why you need not just be training in one specialty but also acquire breadth in other fields related to and even distant from your own initial choice -to understand and use it sanely as a part of the civilization yet to evolve requires a vastly larger population of scientifically trained people -in mathematical skills dont worry many of the most successful scientists at work today are mathematically semi literate -a metaphor will serve here -including a large portion of those who could be said to be of the first rank are the ones who map the terrain they scout the frontiers they cut the pathways they raise the buildings along the way some may have considered me foolhardy -during forty one years of teaching biology at harvard i watched sadly as bright students turned away from the possibility of a scientific career or even from taking non required courses in science because they were afraid of failure -to become at least semi literate the harder the language -i didnt take algebra until my freshman year at the university of alabama they didnt teach it before then i finally got around to calculus as a thirty two year old tenured professor at harvard where i sat uncomfortably in classes with undergraduate -so let me begin by urging you particularly you on the youngsters side on this path youve chosen to go as far as you can -the world needs you -badly humanity is now fully into the techno scientific age -judge opportunity by how few other students and researchers are on hand -there is going to be no turning back -this is not to de emphasize the essential requirement of broad training or the value of apprenticing yourself -in ongoing research to programs of high quality it is important also to acquire older mentors within these successful programs and to make friends and colleagues of your age for mutual support but through it all look for a way to break out -to find a field and subject not yet popular we have seen this demonstrated already in the talks preceding mine there is the quickest way advances are likely to occur as measured in discoveries per investigator per year you may have heard the military dictum -march away from the sound of the guns observe from a distance but do not join the fray make a fray of your own -there are thousands of professionally delimited subjects sprinkled through physics and chemistry to biology and medicine and on then into the social sciences where it is possible in short time to acquire the status of an authority -when the subject is still very thinly populated you can with diligence and hard work become the world authority the world needs this kind of expertise and it rewards the kind of people willing to acquire it -and difficult to connect to other bodies of knowledge well if thats the case good why hard instead of easy the answer deserves to be stated as principle number four -in the attempt to make scientific discoveries every problem is an opportunity and the more difficult the problem the greater will be the importance of its solution now this brings me to a basic categorization in the way scientific discoveries are made scientists pure mathematicians among them -follow one or the other of two pathways first through early discoveries a problem is identified and a solution is sought the problem -to public health environmental science knowledge in medical science and science overall is doubling every fifteen -conversely for every species or other entity or phenomenon there exist important problems -to twenty years technology is increasing at a comparable rate between them the two already pervade as most of you here seated realize every dimension of human life so swift is the velocity of the techno scientific revolution -for the solution of which those particular objects of research are ideally suited find out what they are youll find your own way to discover to learn to teach the decades ahead will see dramatic advances in disease prevention -general health the quality of life all of humanity depends on the knowledge and practice -of the medicine and the science behind it you will master you have chosen a calling that will come in steps to give you satisfaction at its conclusion of a life well lived and i thank you for having me here tonight -and for me learn more about the bioluminescence in these hope spots so one of these take home messages here is -a thousand times yes and please turn out the lights i promise youll love it thank you -now usually if people are familiar with bioluminescence at all its these guys its fireflies and there are a few other land dwellers that can make light some insects earthworms fungi but in general on land its really rare -in the ocean its the rule rather than the exception -if i go out in the open ocean environment virtually anywhere in the world and i drag a net from three thousand to the surface -most of the animals in fact in many places eighty to ninety percent of the animals i bring up in that net make light -this makes for some pretty spectacular light shows -now i want to share with you a little video that i shot from a submersible i first developed this technique working from a little single person submersible called deep rover and then adapted it for use on the johnson sea link which you see here -so mounted in front of the observation sphere theres a a three foot diameter hoop -who said people protect what they love i want to share with you today what i love most in the ocean and thats the incredible number and variety of animals in it -just electronic noise on these intensified cameras you dont see luminescence until the submersible begins to move forward through the water but as it does animals bumping into the screen are stimulated to bioluminesc -now when i was first doing this all i was trying to do was count the number of sources i knew my forward speed i knew the area so i could figure out how many hundreds of sources there were per cubic meter but i started to realize that i could actually identify animals by the type of flashes they produced -and so here in the gulf of maine at seven hundred and forty feet i can name pretty much everything youre seeing there to the species level like those big explosions -sparks are from a little comb jelly and theres krill and other kinds of crustaceans and jellyfish there was one of those comb jellies -and so ive worked with computer image analysis engineers to develop automatic recognition systems -can identify these animals and then extract the x y z coordinate of the initial impact point and we can then do the kinds of things that ecologists do on land and do nearest neighbor distances -and this isnt someplace exotic like one of the bioluminescent bays in puerto rico this was actually shot in san diego harbor -so how does a living creature make light well that was the question nineteenth century french physiologist raphael dubois asked about this bioluminescent clam -light my addiction began with this strange looking diving suit called wasp thats not an acronym just somebody thought it looked like the -managed to get out a couple of chemicals one the enzyme he called luciferase the substrate he called -after lucifer the light bearer that terminology has stuck but it doesnt actually refer to specific chemicals because these chemicals come in a lot of different shapes and forms -in fact most of the people studying bioluminescence today are focused on the chemistry because these chemicals have proved so incredibly valuable for developing antibacterial agents cancer fighting drugs -nobel prize in chemistry was awarded for work done on a molecule called green florescent protein that was isolated from the bioluminescent chemistry of a jellyfish -and its been equated to the invention of the microscope in terms of the impact that it has had on cell biology and genetic engineering -well for animals that are trying to avoid predators by staying in the darkness light can still be very useful for the three basic things animals have to do to survive -and thats find food attract a mate and avoid being eaten so for example this fish has a built in headlight behind its eye that it can use for finding food -or attracting a mate and then when its not using it it actually can roll it down in its head just like the headlights on your lamborghini -this fish actually has high beams and this fish which is one of my favorites has three headlights on each side of its head -now this one is blue -the color of most bioluminescence in the ocean because evolution has selected for the color that travels farthest through seawater in order to optimize communication -so most animals make blue light and most animals can only see blue light but this fish is a really fascinating exception because it has two red light organs -and i have no idea why theres two and thats something i want to solve some day so not only can it see blue light but it can see red light -so it uses its red bioluminescence like a snipers scope to be able to sneak up on animals that are blind to red light and will be able to see them without being seen -its also got a little chin barble here with a blue luminescent lure on it that it can use to attract prey from a long way off and a lot of animals will use their bioluminescence as a lure -this is another one of my favorite fish this is a viperfish and its got a lure on the end of a long fishing rod that it arches in front of the toothy jaw that gives the viperfish its name -the teeth on this fish are so long that if they closed inside the mouth of the fish it would actually impale its own brain -so instead it slides in grooves on the outside of the head this is a christmas tree of a fish everything on this fish lights up its not just -that lure its got built in flashlight its got these jewel like light organs on its belly that it uses for a type of camouflage that -shadow so when its swimming around and theres a predator looking up from below it makes itself disappear -and we know a little bit more about bioluminescence thanks to pixar and im very grateful to pixar for sharing my favorite topic with so many people i do wish with their budget that they might have spent just a tiny bit more money -to pay a consulting fee to some poor starving graduate student who could have told them that those are the eyes of a fish thats been preserved in formalin -these are the eyes of a living angler fish so shes got a lure that she sticks out in front of this living mousetrap of needle sharp teeth in order to attract in some unsuspecting prey -this one has a lure with all kinds of interesting threads coming off it now we used to think that the different shape of the lure was -to attract different types of prey but then stomach content analysis on these fish done by scientists or more likely their graduate students -have revealed that they all eat pretty much the same thing so now we believe that the different shape of the lure is how the male recognizes the female in the angler fish world because many of these males are what are known as dwarf males -this little guy has no visible means of self support -he has no lure for attracting food and no teeth for eating it when it gets there his only hope for existence on this planet is as a gigolo -was an evening dive i went down to a depth of eight hundred and eighty feet and turned out the lights -hes got to find himself a babe and then hes got to latch on for life -so this little guy -has found himself this babe and you will note that hes had the good sense to attach himself in a way that he doesnt actually have to look at her -but her still knows a good thing when he sees it and so he seals the relationship with an eternal kiss -his flesh fuses with her flesh her bloodstream grows into his body and he becomes nothing more than a little sperm sac -well this is a deep sea version of womens lib she always knows where he is and she doesnt have to be monogamous because some of these females come up with multiple males attached -so they can use it for finding food for attracting mates they use it a lot for defense many different ways a lot of them can release their luciferin their luferase in the water just like a squid or an octopus will release an ink cloud this shrimp is actually -and the reason i turned out the lights is because i knew i would see this phenomenon of animals making light called bioluminescence but i was totally unprepared for how much there was and how spectacular it was -theres a whole lot of different crustaceans theres even fish that can do this this fish is called the shining tubeshoulder because it actually has a tube on its shoulder that can squirt out light -luck enough to capture one of these when we were on a trawling expedition off the northwest coast of africa for blue planet for the deep portion of blue planet and we were using a special trawling net that -we were able to bring these animals up alive so we captured one of these and i brought it into the lab so im holding it and im about to touch that tube on its shoulder and when i do youll see bioluminescence coming out but -to me whats shocking is not just the amount of light but the fact that its not just luciferin and luciferates -now another form of defense is something called a burglar alarm same reason you have a burglar alarm on your car the honking horn and flashing lights are meant to attract the attention of hopefully the police that will come and take the burglar away -when an animals caught in the clutches of a predator its only hope for escape may be to attract the attention of something bigger and nastier that will attack their attacker thereby affording them a chance for escape this jellyfish for example has a spectacular bioluminescent display -this is us chasing it in the submersible thats not luminescence thats reflected light from the gonads we capture it in a very special device on the front of the submersible that allows us to bring it up in really pristine condition -is an unbelievably light show its this pinwheel of light and ive done calculations that show that this could be see from as much as three hundred feet away by a predator and i thought you know that might actually make a pretty good lure -because one of the things thats frustrated me as a deep sea explorer is how many animals there probably are in the ocean that we know nothing about -i saw chains of jellyfish called siphonophores that were longer than this room -because of the way we explore the ocean the primary way that we know about what lives in the ocean is we go out and drag nets behind ships -and i defy you to name any other branch of science that still depends on hundreds of year old technology -the other primary way is we go down with submersibles and remote operated vehicles ive made hundreds of dives in submersibles when im sitting in a submersible -i know that im not unobtrusive at all ive got bright lights and noisy thrusters any animal with any sense is going to be long gone -so ive wanted for a long time to figure out a different way to explore and so sometime ago i got this idea for a camera system its not exactly rocket science we call this thing eye in the sea -and scientists have done this on land for years we just use a color that the animals cant see and then a camera that can see that color -you cant use infrared in the sea we used far red light but even thats a problem because it gets absorbed so quickly made an intensified camera wanted to make this electronic jellyfish thing is in science -you have to tell the funding agencies what youre going to discover before theyll give you the money and i didnt know what i was going to discover so i couldnt get the funding for this so -i kluged this together i got the harvey mudd engineering clinic to actually do it as an undergraduate student project initially and then i kluged -so that i could test it and we could figure out you know for example which colors of red light we had to use so that we could see the animals but they couldnt see -get the electronic jellyfish working and you can see just what a shoestring operation this really was because when i cast these sixteen blue leds in epoxy and you can see in the epoxy mold we used the word ziploc is still visible -and remarkably that moment got caught on film by photographer mark richards who happened to be there at the precise moment that we discovered that it all came together thats me on the left my graduate student at the time erica raymond -and billows of what looked like luminous blue smoke and explosions of sparks that would swirl up out of the thrusters just like when you throw a log on a campfire and the embers swirl up off the campfire but these were icy blue embers it was breathtaking -and lee fry who was the engineer on the project and we this photograph posted in our lab in a place of honor with the caption engineer satisfying two women at once -and we were very very happy so now we had a system that we could actually take to some place that was kind of like an oasis on the bottom off the ocean that might be patrolled by large predators -and so the place that we took it to was this place called a brine pool which is in the northern part of the gulf of mexico its a magical place and i know this footage isnt going to look like anything to you we had a crummy camera at the time but i was ecstatic -down there disturbing them in some way -four hours into the deployment we had programmed the electronic jellyfish to come on for the first time eighty six seconds after it went into its pinwheel display we recorded this -this is a squid over six feet long that is so new to science it cannot be placed in any known scientific family -i could not have asked for a better proof of concept and based on this i went back to the national science foundation and said this is what we will discover and they gave me enough money to do it right -which has involved developing the worlds first deep sea webcam which has been installed in the monterey canyon for the past year and now more recently a modular form of this system a much more mobile form -much rain falls on some areas and not enough on others -but people live on this land -they are drawn together into towns and cities -here is something of the way they live -this is a film that was hardly ever seen in the united states it was on seven screens and it was two hundred feet across and it was at the hight of the cold war the nixon krushchev kitchen debate happened about fifty feet from where this was shown -and yet how did it start you know commonality the first line in charles narration was the same stars that shine down on russia shine down on the united states from the sky our cities look much the same it was that human connection that charles and ray always found in everything -about so that was just a little snip but the thing about charles and ray is that they were always modeling stuff they were always trying things out i think one of the things i am passionate about my grandparents work im passionate about my work -on top of all that im passionate about a holistic vision of design where design is a life skill not a professional skill and you know those of us with kids often want our kids to take music im no exception but its not about them becoming -or tracy chapman its about getting that music thing going through their heads and their thinking design is the same way design has to become that same way and this is a model that they did of that seven screen presentation -checking it out there so now were going to go through that door of furniture this is an unusual installation of airport seating so what were going to see is some of the icons of eames furniture -and the thing about their furniture is that they said the role of the designer was essentially that of a good host anticipating the needs of the guest -so those are cool images but these are ones i think are really cool these are all the prototypes these are the mistakes although i dont think mistakes is the right word in design its just the things you try out to kind of make it -work better and you know some of them would probably be terrible chairs some of them are kind of cool looking its like hey why didnt they try that it was that hands on iterative process which is so much like -the media when people say design they actually mean style and im really here to talk about design but you know the object is just a pivot its a pivot between a process and a system and -and -its early version had an x base thats what the collectors like charles and ray liked this one because it was better it worked better h base much more practical this is something called a splint and i was very touched by dean kamens -work for the military or for the soldiers because charles and ray designed a molded plywood splint this is it -and theyd been working on furniture before but doing these splints they learned a lot about the manufacturing process which was incredibly important to them -to show you too much because i want you to really get a broth of ideas and images this is a house that charles and ray designed my sister is chasing someone else its not me -although i endorse heartily the fact that he stole her diary its not me and then this is a film on the lower left that charles and ray made -now look at that plastic chair -they didnt obsess about style for its own sake they didnt say our style is curves lets make the house curvy they didnt say our style is grids lets make the chair griddy they focused on the need they tried to solve the design -heres a film weve been hearing things about the powers of ten is a film they made if we watch the next clip -the first version of powers of ten upper left the familiar one on the lower right the eames film tops lower left -charles designed for a church which in turn belongs to a local group of galaxies these -form part of a grouping system much as the stars do they are so many and so varied that from this distance they appear like the stars from -seen that film and whats so great about this whole conference is that everybody has been talking about scale everybody here is coming at it from a different way -the others im going to show you but were going to first enter through the door of the big top -one example e o wilson once told me that when he looked at ants he loved them of course and he wanted to learn more about them he consciously looked at them from the standpoint of scale -i think in our family we were very lucky because we learned about design backwards design was not something other it was part of the business of life in general it was part of the quality of life and -is some family pictures and you can see why im down on style with a haircut like that but anyway i remember the cut grapefruit that we would have at the eames house when i was a kid -so were going to watch another film this is a film the one called toys you can see me i have the same haircut in the -upper right corner upper left is a film they did on toy trains lower right is a solar do nothing toy lower left is -and these ideas that train up there being about the honest use of materials is totally the same as the honest use of materials -and now im going to test you this is a letter that my grandfather sent to my mom when she was five years old so can you read it -lucia angel -also good that the leather crafters guild is here -what is he doing row rowed -a -dawn very good also rode on one -you -citizen kane rose rosebud ed no bud d s right at buddys -and its all part of the you know they used to say take your pleasure seriously these are some images from a project of mine thats called kymaerica its sort of -and so we had spelling bees in paris illinois your word is n carolina y -things could have happened -all sorts of cool things and youre kind of trapped in the texture of kymaerica the tahatchabe the great road building culture -about this though is that you know why am i showing it is it because charles and ray made this film this is actually a training film for a clown college that they had they also -a guy named nobu naga the so called japanese columbus but now im going to return you to the real world and this is cranbrook ive got a real treat for you which is the first film that charles ever made -so lets watch that nobodys ever seen it -this wholistic vision of design was with them from the beginning it wasnt like oh we made some chairs and got successful now were going to do some movies -was always part of how they looked at the world and thats whats really powerful and i think that all of us in this room as you move design forward its not about just doing -a clown act when the future of furniture was not nearly as auspicious as it turned out to be there is a picture of charles so lets watch the next clip -in india those without and the lowest in caste eat very often particularly in southern india they eat off of -and those a little bit up the scale -off of a sort of a low fired ceramic dish and a little bit higher why they have a glaze on -thing they call a thali if youre up the scale a little bit more why a brass thali and then -things get to be a little questionable there are things like silver plated thalis and there is solid silver thalis and i suppose some nut has had a gold thali that -hes eaten off of but you can go beyond that and the guys that have not only means but a certain -amount of knowledge and understanding go to the next step and they eat off a banana leaf -i think that in these times when we fall back and regroup that somehow or other the -banana leaf parable sort of got to get working there because im not prepared to say that the banana leaf that one -of is the same as the other eats off of but it is that -process that has happened within the man that changes the -beyond the age of information is the age of choices and i really think thats where we are and its kind of cool for me to be part of a -is not just for designers anymore its a process its not style all that great thinking needs to really get about solving pretty key problems i really thank you for your time -this is the land -it has many contrasts it is rough and it is -places it is cold in some -it finds its way into our natural environment on the side of the road or next to a river if its not picked up by a human like me and you itll stay there for thousands and thousands of years -youll find it inside of you -so for all these reasons i think we need better materials and there are three key principles we can use to guide these materials the first is feedstocks -so id like to spend a few minutes with you folks today imagining what our planet might look like in a thousand years but before i do that i need to talk to you about synthetic materials like plastics which require huge amounts of energy to create -second of all we should really strive to use far less energy in creating these materials i say far less because ten percent isnt going to cut it we should be talking about half a quarter one tenth the energy content -and lastly and i think perhaps most importantly we should be creating materials that fit into what i call natures recycling system -that packaging i got in the mail yesterday is going to last for thousands of years this is crazy but nature provides us with a really good model here -to the forest floor where theyre actually upcycled into next years topsoil -and this gets us back to the mushrooms -or woody biomass and can transform them into a chitinous polymer which you can form into almost any shape in our process we basically use it as a glue -fire resistant moisture resistant vapor resistant materials that can absorb impacts that can absorb acoustical impacts but these materials are grown -so id like to share with you the four basic steps required to make these materials the first is selecting a feedstock preferably something thats regional thats in your area right local manufacturing -the next is actually taking this feedstock and putting in a tool physically filling an enclosure a mold in whatever shape you want to get -then you actually grow the mycelium through these particles and thats where the magic happens because the organism is doing the work in this process not the equipment -the final step is of course the product whether its a packaging material a table top or building block our vision is local manufacturing like the local food movement for production so weve created formulations for all around the world using regional byproducts if youre in china -you might use a rice husk or a cottonseed hull if youre in northern europe or north america you can use things like buckwheat husks or -when this lid goes on the part -days assemble them into biocomposites our entire facility is comprised of thousands and thousands and thousands of these tools -so ive said a number of times that we grow materials and its kind of hard to picture how that happens so my team has taken five days worth of growth -like that were using mushrooms to create an entirely new class of materials which perform a lot like plastics during their use but are made from crop waste and are totally compostable at the end of their lives -a typical growth cycle for us and condensed it into a fifteen second time lapse and i want you to really watch closely these little white dots on the screen -because over the five day period what they do is extend out and through this material using the energy thats contained in these seed husks to build this chitinous polymer matrix -so in front of your eyes this part just self assembled it actually takes a little longer it takes five days but its much faster than conventional farming -the last step of course is application in this case weve grown a corner block a major fortune five hundred furniture maker uses these corner blocks -best of all when it gets to the customer its not trash they can actually put this in their natural ecosystem without any processing and its going to improve the local soil -the next is self assembly because the organism is actually doing most of the work in this process you dont need a lot of equipment to set up a production facility so you can have lots of small facilities spread all across the world -what i want to guarantee is that in ten thousand years our descendants our childrens children will be living happily and in harmony -with a healthy earth and i think that can be some really good news thank you -first -i need to talk to you about what i consider one of the most egregious offenders in the disposable plastics category this is a material you all know is styrofoam but i like to think of it as toxic white stuff -in a single cubic foot of this material about what would come around your computer or large television you have the same energy content of about a liter and a half of petrol yet after just a few weeks of use youll throw this material in the trash -the epa estimates in the united states by volume this material occupies twenty five percent of our landfills even worse -some of the stuff is a little dense -and being able to target those specifically -the brain in two colors like an on off switch -is an incredible electrical device -they receive input from thousands of upstream partners and compute their own electrical outputs which then if they pass a certain threshold will go to thousands of downstream partners and this process which takes just a millisecond or so happens -thousands of times a minute in every one of your one hundred billion cells as long as you live and think and feel -so how are we going to figure out what this circuit does ideally we could go through the circuit and turn these different kinds of cell on and off -and see whether we could figure out which ones contribute to certain functions and which ones go wrong in certain pathologies if we could activate cells we could see what powers they can unleash what they can initiate and sustain if we could turn them off -for a second you woke up felt fresh air on your face as you walked out the door encountered new colleagues and had great discussions and felt in awe when you found something new -to confront some of the issues that face us all as humans now before i tell you about the technology -the bad news is that a significant fraction of us in this room if we live long enough will encounter perhaps a brain disorder -already a billion people have had some kind of brain disorder that incapacitates them -and the numbers dont do it justice though -these disorders schizophrenia alzheimers depression addiction they not only steal our time to live they change who we are they take our identity and change our emotions and change who we are as people now in the twentieth century -there was some hope that was generated through the development of pharmaceuticals for treating brain disorders and while many drugs have been developed that can alleviate symptoms -but i bet theres something you didnt think about today something so close to home that you probably dont think about it very often at all and thats that all the sensations feelings decisions and actions are mediated by the computer in your head called the brain -so when i started in neuroscience eleven years ago i had trained as an electrical engineer and a physicist and the first thing i thought about was if these neurons are electrical devices all we need to do is to find some way of driving those electrical changes at a distance if we could turn on the electricity in one cell but not its neighbors -that would give us the tool we need to activate and shut down these different cells figure out what they do and how they contribute to the networks in which theyre embedded and also it would allow us to have the ultra precise control we need in order -if we can install these molecules in neurons somehow then these neurons would become electrically drivable with light and their neighbors which dont have the molecule would not -in its membrane or its boundary -it contains little proteins -that indeed can convert light into electricity so these molecules are called channelrhodopsins and each of these proteins acts just like that solar cell that i told you about when blue light hits it it opens up a little hole and allows charged particles to enter the eye spot and that allows this eye spot to have an electrical signal just like a solar cell charging up a battery -now the brain may not look like much from the outside a couple pounds of pinkish gray flesh amorphous -so what we need to do is to take these molecules and somehow install them in neurons and because its a protein its encoded for in the dna of this organism -so all weve got to do is take that dna put it into a gene therapy vector like a virus and put it into neurons -so it turned out that this was a very productive time in gene therapy and lots of viruses were coming along so this turned out to be -and the next thing you know you have a neuron which can be activated with light -so this is very powerful one of the tricks you have to do is to figure out how to deliver these genes to the cells that you want and not all the other neighbors and you can do that you can tweak the viruses so they hit just some cells and not others and theres other genetic tricks you can play in order to get light activated cells -but the last hundred years of neuroscience have allowed us to zoom in on the brain and to see the intricacy of what lies within and theyve told us that this brain is an incredibly complicated circuit made out of hundreds of billions of cells called neurons now -and just as one example of the kind of thing you can do you can take a complex network use one of these viruses to deliver the gene just to one kind of cell in this dense network -and then when you shine light on the entire network just that cell type will be activated so for example lets sort of consider that basket cell i told you about earlier the one thats atrophied in schizophrenia and the one that is inhibitory if we can deliver that gene to these cells and theyre not going to be altered by the expression of the gene of course -and then flash blue light over the entire brain network just these cells are going to be driven and when the light turns off these cells go back to normal so they dont seem to be averse against that not only can you use this to study what these cells do what their power is in computing in the brain but you can also use this -to try to figure out well maybe we could jazz up the activity of these cells if indeed theyre atrophied now i want to tell you a couple of short stories about how were using this -both at the scientific clinical and pre clinical levels one of the questions weve confronted is what are the signals in the brain that mediate the sensation of reward because if you could find those -those would be some of the signals that could drive learning the brain will do more of whatever got that reward and also these are signals that go awry in disorders such as addiction -so if we could figure out what cells they are we could maybe find new targets for which drugs could be designed or screened against -or maybe places where electrodes could be put in for people who have very severe disability so to do that we came up with a very simple paradigm in collaboration with the fiorella group where one side of this little box if the animal goes there the animal gets a pulse of light in order to make different cells in the brain sensitive to light so if these cells can mediate reward the animal should go there more and more -and so thats what happens this animals going to go to the right hand side and poke his nose there and he gets a flash of blue light every time he does that and hell do that hundreds and hundreds of times these are the dopamine neurons which some of you may have heard about in some of the pleasure centers in the brain now weve shown that a brief activation of these is enough indeed to drive learning -now we can generalize the idea instead of one point in the brain we can devise devices that span the brain that can deliver light into three dimensional patterns arrays of optical fibers each coupled to its own independent miniature light source -and then we can try to do things in vivo that have only been done to date in a dish like high throughput screening throughout the entire brain for the signals that can cause certain things to happen or that could be good clinical targets for treating brain disorders -unlike a human designed computer where theres a fairly small number of different parts we know how they work because we humans designed them -and one story i want to tell you about is how can we find targets for treating post traumatic stress disorder a form of uncontrolled anxiety and fear and one of the things that we did was to adopt a very classical model of fear this goes back to the pavlovian days its called pavlovian fear conditioning -in order to try and figure out which targets can cause the brain to overcome -used to mean bad news and theres a little clock in the lower left hand corner so you can see the animal is about two minutes into this -now over the last couple of years weve gone back to the tree of life because we wanted to find ways to turn circuits in the brain off if we could do that this could be extremely powerful if you can delete cells just for a few -lets give an example of where we think this is going to go consider for example a condition like epilepsy where the brain is overactive now if drugs fail in epileptic treatment one of the strategies is to remove part of the brain but thats obviously irreversible and there could be side effects what if we could just turn off -that brain for a brief amount of time until the seizure dies away and cause the brain to be restored to its initial state sort of like a dynamical system thats being coaxed down into a stable state -now i want to close on one story which we think is another possibility which is that maybe these molecules if you can do ultra precise control can be used in the brain itself -to make a new kind of prosthetic an optical prosthetic i already told you that electrical stimulators are not uncommon seventy five thousand people have parkinsons deep brain stimulators implanted maybe one hundred thousand people have cochlear implants which allow them to hear -theres another thing which is youve got to get these genes into cells and new hope in gene therapy has been developed because viruses like the adeno associated virus which probably most of us around this room have and it doesnt have any symptoms -most of us dont have fungi or algae in our brains so what is our brain going to do if we put that in are the cells going to tolerate it will the immune system react in its early days these have not been done on humans yet but were working on a variety of studies to try and examine this and so far we havent seen -overt reactions of any severity to these molecules or to the illumination of the brain with light so its early days to be upfront but were excited about it -i wanted to close with one story which we think could potentially be a clinical application -now there are many forms of blindness -where the photoreceptors our light sensors that are in the back of our eye are gone and the retina of course is a complex structure now lets zoom in on it here so we can see it in more detail -the photoreceptor cells are shown here at the top and then the signals that are detected by the photoreceptors are transformed by various computations until finally that layer of cells at the bottom the ganglion cells relay the information to the brain where we see that as perception -in many forms of blindness like retinitis pigmentosa or macular degeneration the photoreceptor cells have atrophied or been destroyed -now how could you repair this its not even clear that a drug could cause this to be restored because theres nothing for the drug to bind to on the other hand light can still get into the eye the eye is still transparent and you can get light in so what if we could just take these channelrhodopsins and other molecules and install them on some of these other spare cells and convert them into little cameras -and because theres so many of these cells in the eye potentially they could be very high resolution cameras -so this is some work that were doing its being led by one of our collaborators alan horsager at usc and being sought to be commercialized by a start up company eos neuroscience which is funded by the nih -and what you see here is a mouse trying to solve a maze its a six arm maze and theres a bit of water in the maze to motivate the mouse to move or hell just sit there and the goal of course of this maze is to get out of the water and go to a little platform thats under the lit top port now mice are smart so this mouse solves the maze eventually but he does a brute force search hes swimming down every avenue until he finally gets to the platform -so hes not using vision to do it -these different mice are different mutations that recapitulate different kinds of blindness that affect humans and so were being careful in trying to look at these different models so we come up with a generalized approach -so how are we going to solve this were going to do exactly what we outlined in the previous slide were going to take these blue light photosensors and install them on a layer of cells in the middle of the retina in the back of the eye and convert them into a camera just like installing solar cells all over those neurons to make them light sensitive light is converted to electricity on -of its eyes again and to point out the power of this these animals are able to get to that platform just as fast as animals that have seen their entire lives so this pre clinical study i think bodes hope for the kinds of things were hoping to do in the future -to close i want to point out that were also exploring new business models for this new field of neurotechnology were developing these tools but we share them freely with hundreds of groups all over the world so people can study and try to treat different disorders and our hope is that by figuring out brain circuits at a level of abstraction that lets us repair them and engineer them -we can take some of these intractable disorders that i told you about earlier -practically none of which are cured and in the twenty first century make them history thank you -and at the next stop a guy gets on the car and he has this sort of visiting professor look to him hes got the overstuffed leather satchel and the rectangular file -case and a laptop bag and the tweed jacket with the leather patches -and laughter he looks at them -and then in a blink of an eye he kneels down in front of them and he starts to say you know listen heres how you can do it look if you do this and he takes the laces out of their hand and instantly he starts tying these knots -and even better than they were doing it remarkably and it turns out they are medical students on their way to a lecture about the latest suturing techniques and hes the guy giving the lecture -wake up in the morning you get dressed put on your shoes you head out into the world you plan on coming back -its going to be youre going to have all this information coming at you theres going to be organs getting in the way its going to be slippery and it -its just very important that you be able to do these beyond second nature each hand left hand right hand you have to be able to do them without seeing your fingers and at that moment when i heard that i just got catapulted out of the subway car into a night -when i had been getting a ride in an ambulance from the sidewalk where i had been stabbed -to the trauma room of st vincents hospital in manhattan and what had happened was a gang had come in from brooklyn as part of an initiation for three of their members they had to kill somebody and i happened -things when i was at notre dame i was on the boxing team so i put my hands up -right away instinctively the guy on the right had a knife with a ten inch blade and he went in -under my elbow and it went up and cut my inferior vena cava -if you know anything about anatomy thats not a good thing to get cut and everything of course on the way up and then i still had my hands up he pulled it out and went for my neck and sunk it in up to the hilt in my neck -and i got one straight right punch and knocked the middle guy out the other guy was still working on me collapsing my other lung -getting undressed going to bed waking up doing it again and that anticipation that rhythm helps give us a structure to how we organize ourselves and our lives and gives it a measure of predictability -and i managed to by hitting that guy to get a minute i ran down the street and collapsed and the ambulance guys intubated me on the sidewalk and let the trauma room know they had an incoming and one of the -side effects of having major massive blood loss is you get tunnel vision -so i remember being on the stretcher and having a little nickel sized cone of vision and i was moving my head around and we got to st vincents and were racing down this hallway and i see the lights going -and -its a peculiar effect of memories like that they dont really go to the usual place that memories go they kind of have this vault where theyre stored in high def and george lucas did all the sound effects -its not like any other kind of memories and i get into the trauma room and theyre waiting for me and the lights are there and -id been able to breathe a little more now because the blood has left had been filling up my lungs and i was having a very hard time breathing but now its kind of gone into the stretcher and i said -is there anything i can do to help and laughter the nurse kind of had a hysterical laugh and im turning my head trying to see everybody and i had this weird memory of being in college and raising -raising money for the flood victims of bangladesh and then i look over and my anesthesiologist is clamping the mask on me and i think he looks bangladeshi laughter and i just have those two facts and i just think this could work somehow -did their work and the surgeon took out about a third of my intestines my cecum organs i didnt know that i had -and he later told me one of the last things he did while he was in there was to remove my appendix for me which i thought was great you know just a little tidy thing there at the end -so he was there when i woke up and it was waking up was like breaking through the ice into a frozen lake of pain -it was that enveloping and there was only one spot that didnt hurt worse than anything id ever felt and it was my instep and he was holding the arch of my foot -living in new york city as i do its almost as if with so many people doing so many things at the same time in such close quarters its almost like life is dealing you extra hands out of that deck -and he said you know we didnt cut your hair i thought you might have gotten strength from your hair like samson and youre going to need all the strength you can get -and in those days my hair was down to my waist i drove a motorcycle i was unmarried i owned a bar -so those were different times laughter but i had three days of life support -and everybody was expecting due to just the massive amount of what they had had to do that i wasnt going to make it so -and he does that and they all look and there was no infection and they bend over me and theyre poking and prodding and theyre like theres no hematomas blah blah look at the color and theyre talking amongst themselves and im like this restored automobile that hes just -i went back to him and i was sort of asking him you know what am i gonna do -and i think kind of as a surgeon he basically said kid i saved your life like now you can do whatever you want like you gotta get on with that its like i gave you a new car and youre complaining about not finding parking like just go out and you know do your best but -youre alive thats what its about -and then i hear bing bong and the subway doors are closing and my stop is next and i look at these kids and i go i think to myself im going to lift my shirt up and -youre never theres just juxtapositions are possible that just arent you dont think theyre going to happen -and i feel my index finger in the first scar that i ever got from my umbilical cord and then around that is traced the last scar that i got from my surgeon -and i think that that chance encounter with those kids on the street with their knives led me to my surgical team -and their training -thank you applause applause thank you -and you never think youre going to be the guy whos walking down the street and because you choose to go down one side or the other the rest of your life is changed forever -and one night im riding the uptown local train -i get on i tend to be a little bit vigilant when i get on the subway im not one of the people zoning out with headphones or a book -happy smile or a frustrated smile so it did take humans to kind of push it one way or another but we ended up calling the entire process and all the technology emotion capture as opposed to just motion capture take another look -but -how to create a digital human in eighteen minutes -really -hundred and fifty five people over two years and we didnt even talk about sixty hairstyles and an all digital haircut but that is benjamin thank you -the main character benjamin button whos played by brad pitt is completely computer generated from the neck up -now theres no use of prosthetic makeup or photography of brad superimposed over another actors body weve created a completely digital human head -so id like to start with a little bit of history on the project this is based on an f scott fitzgerald short story its about a man whos born old and lives his life -in reverse now this movie has floated around hollywood for well over half a century and we first got involved with the project in the early nineties with ron howard as the director we took a lot of meetings and we seriously considered it but at the time we had to throw in the towel -it was deemed impossible it was beyond the technology of the day to depict a man aging backwards the human form in particular the human head has been considered the holy grail of our industry -im here today representing a team of artists and technologists and filmmakers that worked together on a remarkable film project for the last four years -the project came back to us about a decade later and this time with a director named david fincher now fincher is an interesting guy -david is fearless of technology and he is absolutely tenacious and david wont take no and david believed like we do in the visual effects industry that anything is possible -and he threw a challenge at us he wanted the main character of the film to be played from the cradle to the grave by one actor it happened to be this guy -we went through a process of elimination and a process of discovery with david and we ruled out of course swapping actors that was one idea that we would have -so we decided to cast a series of little people that would play the different bodies of benjamin at the different increments of his life -and that we would in fact create a computer generated version of brads head aged to appear as benjamin and attach that to the body of the real actor -sounded great of course this was the holy grail of our industry and the fact that this guy is a global icon didnt help -either because im sure if any of you ever stand in line at the grocery store you know we see his face constantly so there really was no tolerable margin of error -and along the way they created a breakthrough in computer visualization so i want to show you a clip of the film now hopefully it wont stutter and if we did our jobs well you wont know that we were even involved -but we used lots of cheats and shortcuts we basically put something together to get through the meeting ill roll that for you now this was the first test for benjamin button and in here you can see thats a computer generated head its pretty good attached to the body of an actor -and it worked and it gave the studio great relief after many years of starts and stops on this project and making that tough decision -they finally decided to greenlight the movie and i can remember actually when i got the phone call to congratulate us to say the movie was a go i actually threw up -this is some tough stuff so we started to have early team meetings and we got everybody together and it was really more like therapy in the beginning -we really felt like we were in a kind of a twelve step program and of course the first step is admit youve got a problem -so we had a big problem we didnt know how we were going to do this but we did know one thing being from the visual effects industry we with david believed that we now had enough time enough resources and god we hoped we had enough money -we needed to make brad look a lot older we needed to age him forty five years or so and we also needed to make sure that we could take brads -a character that could hold up under really all conditions he needed to be able to walk in broad daylight at nighttime under candlelight -more -not all at the same time but he had to you know do all of those things and the work had to hold up for almost the first hour of the movie we did about three hundred and twenty five shots -so we needed a system that would allow benjamin to do everything a human being can do -if i told -and we realized that there was a giant chasm between the state of the art of technology in two thousand and four and where we needed it to be so we focused on motion capture im sure many of you have seen motion capture -and instead of using cameras theres infrared sensors around a volume and those infrared sensors track the three dimensional position of those markers in real time and then animators can take the data of the motion of those markers and apply them to a computer generated character you can see the -a pretty crappy performance thats not terribly compelling and what we realized was that what we needed was the information that was going on between the markers we -the technology of the day the status quo the state of the art so we aborted using motion capture and we were now well out of our comfort zone and in uncharted territory so -we were left with this idea that we ended up calling technology stew we started to look out in other fields and the idea was that we were going to find -nuggets or gems of technology that come from other industries like medical imaging the video game space and re appropriate them and we had to create kind of a sauce and the sauce was -code in software that wed written to allow these disparate pieces of technology to come together and work as one initially we came across some remarkable research done by a gentleman named doctor paul ekman in the early seventies he believed -could in fact catalog the human face and he came up with this idea of facial action coding system he believed that there were seventy -basic poses or shapes of the human face and that from those basic poses or shapes of the face they can be combined to create infinite possibilities of everything the human face is capable of doing and of course -these transcend age race culture gender so this became the foundation of our research as we went forward and then we came across some remarkable technology -called contour and here you can see a subject having phosphorus makeup stippled on her face and now what were looking at is really creating a surface capture as opposed to a marker capture the subject stands in front of a computer array of cameras and those cameras can -frame by frame reconstruct geometry of exactly what the subjects doing at the moment so effectively you get three d data in real time of the subject and if you look in a comparison on the left -we see what volumetric data gives us and on the right you see what markers give us so clearly we were in a substantially better place for this -need to be -the early days of this technology and it wasnt really proven yet but we measure complexity and fidelity of data in terms of polygonal count and so -on the left we were seeing one hundred thousand polygons we could go up into the millions of polygons it seemed to be infinite this was when we had our -this was the breakthrough this is when were like ok were going to be ok this is actually going to work and the a ha was what if we could take brad pitt and we could put brad -in this device and use this contour process and we could stipple on this phosphorescent makeup and put him under the black lights and we could in fact -scan him in real time performing ekmans facs poses right so effectively we ended up with a three d database of everything brad pitts face is capable of doing -from there we actually carved up those faces into smaller pieces and components of his face so we ended up with literally thousands and thousands and thousands of shapes -a complete database of all possibilities that his face is capable of doing now thats great except we had him at age forty four we need to put another forty years on him at this point we brought in -rick baker and rick is one of the great makeup and special effects gurus of our industry and we also brought in a gentleman named kazu tsuji and kazu tsuji is one of the great photoreal sculptors of our time and we commissioned them to make a maquette -or a bust of benjamin so in the spirit of the great unveiling i had to do this i had to unveil something so this is -we created three of these theres ben eighty theres ben seventy theres ben sixty and this really became the template of moving forward now this was made from a life cast of brad so in fact -and so now we had three age increments of benjamin in the computer but we needed to get a database of him doing more than that we went through this process then called retargeting -this is brad doing one of the ekman facs poses and heres the resulting data that comes from that the model that comes from that and retargeting is the process of transposing -that data onto another model and because the life cast or the bust the maquette of benjamin was made from brad we could transpose the data -of brad at forty four onto brad at eighty seven so now we had a three d database of everything brad pitts face can do at age eighty seven in his seventies and in his sixties next we had to go into the shooting process so -all thats going on were down in new orleans and locations around the world and we shot our body actors and we shot them wearing blue hoods so this is the gentleman playing benjamin -the blue hoods helped us with two things one we could easily erase their heads and we also put tracking markers on their heads so we could recreate the camera motion and the lens optics from the set -but now we needed to get brads performance to drive our virtual benjamin and so we edited the footage that was shot on location with the rest of the cast and the -body actors and about six months later we brought brad onto a sound stage in los angeles and he watched on the screen -from there we went into a process called image analysis and so here you can see again the chosen take and we are seeing now that data being transposed on to ben eighty seven -and so whats interesting about this is we used something called image analysis which is taking timings from different components of benjamins face and so we could choose say his left eyebrow and the software would tell us that well -you -in frame fourteen the left eyebrow begins to move from here to here and it concludes moving in frame thirty two and so we could choose numbers of positions on the face to pull that data from and then the sauce i talked about with our technology stew that secret sauce -was effectively software that allowed us to match the performance footage of brad in live action with our database of aged benjamin the facs shapes that we had on a frame by frame basis we could actually reconstruct -a three d head that exactly matched the performance of brad so this was how the finished shot appeared in the film and here you can see the body actor -along with -next section here im going to just blast through this because we could do a whole tedtalk on the next several slides -to create a lighting system so really a big part of our processes were creating a lighting environment for every single location that benjamin had to appear so that -we could put bens head into any scene and it would exactly match the lighting thats on the other actors in the real world we also had to create an eye system -we found the old adage you know the eyes are the window to the soul absolutely true so the key here was to keep everybody looking in bens eyes -i felt pretty good -and if you could feel the warmth and feel the humanity and feel his intent coming through the eyes then we would succeed so we had one person focused on the eye system for almost -skin displacement another big deal the skin had to be absolutely accurate and hes also in an old age home hes in a nursing home around other old people so he had to look -so effectively we created a digital puppet that brad pitt could operate with his own face there were no animators necessary to come in and interpret behavior -that was a clip from the curious case of benjamin button many of you maybe youve seen it or youve heard of the story but what you might not know is that for nearly the first hour of the film -or enhance his performance there was something that we encountered though that we ended up calling the digital botox effect so as things went through this process -this song is one of thomas favorites called what you do with what -a -just -to -its -you -its not -you -two years after its inception it makes no sense companies make their expensive executives spend ages carefully preparing forecasts and budgets -which are obsolete or need changing before they can be published how is that possible if you look at the visions we have the visions of how were going to change the world the key thing is implementation we have the vision weve got to make it happen weve spent decades -professionalizing implementation people are supposed to be good at making stuff happen however -average real successful project the family actually end up in makassar south sulawesi at a cost of four thousand pounds whilst leaving two of the children behind -this was a group of eminent economists apologizing to the queen of england when she asked the question -he explains that design must get big and hes right he wisely explains this to us he says design thinking must tackle big systems for the challenges we have hes absolutely right -and then i ask myself why was it ever small isnt it weird you know if collaboration is so cool is cross functional working is so amazing why did we build these huge hierarchies whats going -you see i think whats happened perhaps is that -what we do know is that the world has accelerated cyberspace moves everything at the speed of light technology accelerates things exponentially so if this is now and thats the past and we start thinking about change you know all governments are seeking change youre here seeking change everybodys after change its really cool laughter so -my alter ego is a big green boxy avatar nicknamed cyber frank -put half of them in cities then connected them all up so they can interact the density of the interaction of human beings is amazing there are charts which show all these movements of information that density of information is amazing and then weve done a third thing -you know for those of you who have as an office a little desk underneath the stairs and you say well this is my little desk under the stairs no you are sitting at the headquarters of a global corporation if youre connected to the internet -whats happened is weve changed the scale -so thats what i spend my time doing id like to start if its possible with a test -every time you tweet over a third of your followers follow from a country which is not your own -global is the new scale we know that -they basically the demonstrator did something quite intriguing what he did was he got a transparent pipe -because i do business stuff so its important that we focus on outcomes -its not that interesting and then he turns the water up a bit so it starts coming back in and nothing changes so hes changing the flow of the water but its just a boring green line he adds some more he adds some more and then something weird happens theres this little flicker -and then as he turns it ever so slightly more the whole of that green line disappears and instead there are these -and then i struggled because i was thinking to myself what should i talk what should i do its a ted audience its got to be stretching how am i going to make so i just hope ive got the level of difficulty right so lets just walk our way through this please could you work this through with me you can shout out the answer if you like the question is which of these horizontal lines is longer the answer -and its not the same as laminar and if we didnt have that green ink youd never notice -and i think this is our challenge because somebody has actually increased and its probably you guys with all your tech and stuff the speed the scale and the density of interaction now how do we cope and deal with that well we could just call it turbulence or we could try and learn -know you guys grew up in the days when there were actually these things called correct answers because of the answer you gave me to the horizontal line puzzle and you believe it will last forever -so ill put a little line up here which represents learning and thats how we used to do it we could see things understand them take the time to put them into practice out here is the world -now whats happened to our pace of learning as the world has accelerated well if you work for a corporation youll discover its quite difficult to work on stuff which your boss doesnt approve of isnt in the strategy and anyway youve got to go through your monthly meetings -if you work in an institution one day you will get them to make that decision and if you work in a market where people believe in cycles its even funnier because you have to wait all the way for the cycle to fail before you go theres something wrong you with me so its likely that the line in terms of learning -is pretty flat you with me this point over here -the point at which the lines cross over the pace of change overtakes the pace of learning and for me that is what i was describing when i was telling you about midnight -so what does it do to us well it completely transforms what we have to do many mistakes we make we solve last years problems without thinking about the future if you try and think about it the things youre solving now what problems are they going to bring in the future -if you havent understood the world youre living in its almost impossible to be absolutely certain that what youre going to deliver fits ill give you an example a quick one creativity and ideas i mentioned that earlier all the ceos around me my clients they want innovation so they seek innovation they say to people take risks and be creative but unfortunately the words get transformed as they travel through the air -so what i want to leave you then is with the explanation of why i actually traveled sixty thousand miles from my desk -when i realized the power of this new world i quit my safe teaching job and set up a virtual business school the first in the world in order to teach people how to make this happen and i used some of my learnings about some of the rules which id learned on myself -if youre interested worldaftermidnight com youll find out more but ive applied them to myself for over a decade and im still here and i still have my house and the most important thing is i hope ive done enough -to inject a little green ink into your lives so that when you go away and youre making your next absolutely sensible and rational decision youll take some time to think hmm i wonder whether this also makes sense in our new world after midnight thank you very much -amounted to zero comma something -when we painted the first building -by splashing a radiant orange on the somber gray -there was a traffic jam -and a crowd of people gathered as if it were the location of some spectacular accident -or the sudden sighting of a visiting pop star -i was an artist i still paint -but we will choose the colors -but i told him no im sorry compromise in colors -and we have enough gray -its time for change -the rehabilitation of public spaces -of people about their own place of living -deep for years -under the fury of the illegal barbaric constructions that sprang up in the public space -to our lives and to our communities and i try to bring something of the artist in me in my politics -this action and to have -buildings painted like that -and then the second question was -sixty three percent of people said yes we like it -thirty seven said no we dont like -less litter in the streets for example started to pay taxes -and where we were in the process of planting trees -they had thrown the old shutter in the garbage collection place why did you throw away the shutters i asked -if we brought the same energy and hope to our politics -we could build a better life -for each other and for our country -we removed one hundred and twenty three thousand tons of concrete only from the riverbanks we demolished -more than five thousand illegal buildings all over the city -everybody accepted it and all businessmen paid it regularly by means of open competitions we managed to recruit in our administration many young people -and we thus managed to build a de politicized public institution where men and women were equally represented -international organizations -have invested a lot in albania during these twenty years not all of it well spent -when i told the world bank directors that i wanted them to finance -a project to build -a model reception hall for citizens -precisely in order to fight endemic daily corruption -they did not understand me -but people were waiting in long queues under sun and under rain in order to get a certificate or just a simple answer -and the role it can play for the better in our lives for eleven years -from two tiny windows -of two metal kiosks -they were paying in order to skip the queue -coming from this dark hole -we could change the invisible clerks within the kiosks every week but -we could not change this corrupt practice im convinced i told a german official -with the world bank -i was mayor of tirana -it -some being with a high conscience and some others having not a conscience its about system its about organization its also about environment and respect -we removed the kiosks -we built the bright new reception hall -that made people -we put the citizen first and not the clerks -is the answer and not reinventing people based on a ready made formula that the developed world often tries in vain to impose -things have come to this point because politicians in general -but especially in our countries lets face it -they take it for granted that come what may people have to follow them -while politics more and more fails -a cynical team game played by politicians while the public has been pushed aside -seen from those stairs -all politicians today seem the same and politics has come to resemble a sport -that inspires more aggressiveness and pessimism than social cohesion and the desire for civic protaganism -barack obama won -with an admirable ingenuity he managed to transform them into activists by giving them all the possibility to hold in their hands the arguments and the instruments that each would need -to campaign in his name by making his own campaign i tweet i love it -i love it because it lets me get the message out but it also lets people get their messages to me this is politics not from top down but from the bottom up -and sideways and allowing everybodys voice to be heard is exactly what we need -and use of colors in order to revive the hope -they are not -they are human beings with different views and different visions for the world -when people say nothing can change just stop and think what the world was like -that had been lost in my city -the use of color can make change happen i want to make more change -president roosevelt -but this use of colors was not just an artistic -so one of these take home messages here is -there is still a lot to explore in the oceans and sylvia has said that we are destroying the oceans before we even know whats in them and shes right -so if you ever ever get an opportunity to take a dive in a submersible -say yes a thousand times yes -and please turn out the lights i promise youll love it -now usually if people are familiar with bioluminescence at all its these guys its fireflies and there are a few other land dwellers that can make light some insects earthworms fungi but in general on land its really rare -if i go out in the open ocean environment virtually anywhere in the world and i drag a net from three thousand feet to the surface -most of the animals in fact in many places eighty to ninety percent of the animals that i bring up in that net make light -this makes for some pretty spectacular light shows -now i want to share with you a little video that i shot from a submersible i first developed this technique working from a little single person submersible called deep rover and then adapted it for use on the johnson sea link which you see here -so mounted in front of the observation sphere theres a a three foot diameter hoop with a screen stretched across it and inside the sphere with me is an intensified camera thats about as sensitive as a fully dark adapted human eye albeit a little fuzzy so you turn on the camera turn out the lights -now when i was first doing this all i was trying to do was count the numbers of sources i knew my forward speed i knew the area and so i could figure out how many hundreds of sources there were per cubic meter -but i started to realize that i could actually identify animals by the type of flashes they produced -and so here in the gulf of maine at seven hundred and forty feet i can name pretty much everything youre seeing there to the species level like those big explosions sparks are from a little comb jelly and theres krill and other kinds of crustaceans and jellyfish -unfiltered seawater that often has bioluminescent plankton in it so if you stagger into the head late at night and youre so toilet hugging sick that you forget to turn on the light you may think that youre having a religious experience -the substrate he called luciferin after lucifer the lightbearer -that terminology has stuck but it doesnt actually refer to specific chemicals because these chemicals come in a lot of different shapes and forms in fact most of the people studying bioluminescence today are focused on the chemistry because these chemicals have proved so incredibly valuable for developing antibacterial agents cancer fighting drugs -testing for the presence of life on mars detecting pollutants in our waters which is how we use it at orca in two thousand and eight -the nobel prize in chemistry was awarded for work done on a molecule called green fluorescent protein that was isolated from the bioluminescent chemistry of a jellyfish and its been equated to the invention of the microscope in terms of the impact that it has had on cell biology and genetic engineering -spectacularly important this trait is for survival so what is it about bioluminescence thats so important to so many animals -well for animals that are trying to avoid predators by staying in the darkness light can still be very useful for the three basic things that animals have to do to survive and thats find food attract a mate and avoid -being eaten so for example this fish has a built in headlight behind its eye that it can use for finding food or attracting a mate and then when its not using it it actually can roll it down into its head just like the headlights on your lamborghini -this fish actually has high beams -and this fish which is one of my favorites has three headlights on each side of its head -now this one is blue -and i have no idea why theres two and thats something i want to solve some day but not only can it see blue light but it can see red light -so it uses its red bioluminescence like a snipers scope to be able to sneak up on animals that are blind to red light and be able to see them without being seen -its also got a little chin barbel here with a blue luminescent lure on it that it can use to attract prey from a long way off and a lot of animals will use their bioluminescence as a lure -this is another one of my favorite fish this is a viperfish and its got a lure on the end of a long fishing rod that it arches in front of the toothy jaw that gives the viperfish its name -the teeth on this fish are so long that if they closed inside the mouth of the fish it would actually impale its own brain -so instead it slides in grooves on the outside of the head this is a christmas tree of a fish everything on this fish lights up its not just -that lure its got a built in flashlight its got these jewel like light organs on its belly that it uses for a type of camouflage that obliterates its shadow so when its swimming around and theres a predator looking up from below it makes itself disappear -its got light organs in the mouth its got light organs in every single scale in the fins in a mucus layer on the back and the belly all used for different things some of which we know about some of which we don -we trained in a tank in port hueneme and then my first open ocean dive was in santa barbara channel -these are the eyes of a living anglerfish so shes got a lure that she sticks out in front of this living mousetrap of needle sharp teeth in order to attract in some unsuspecting prey -or more likely their graduate students have revealed that they all eat pretty much the same thing so now we believe that the different shape of the lure is how the male recognizes the female in the anglerfish world because many of these males are what are known as dwarf males -this little guy has no visible means of self support -it was an evening dive -he has no lure for attracting food and no teeth for eating it when it gets there his only hope for existence on this planet is as a gigolo -so this little guy -has found himself this babe and you will note that hes had the good sense to attach himself in a way that he doesnt actually have to look at her -i went down to a depth of eight hundred and eighty feet and turned out the lights -but he still knows a good thing when he sees it and so he seals the relationship with an eternal kiss -his flesh fuses with her flesh her bloodstream grows into his body and he becomes nothing more than a little sperm sac -so they can use it for finding food for attracting mates they use it a lot for defense many different ways a lot of them can release their luciferin or luferase in the water just the way a squid or an octopus will release an ink cloud this shrimp is actually -and the reason i turned out the lights is because i knew i would see this phenomenon of animals making light called bioluminescence -because it actually has a tube on its shoulder that can squirt out light and i was luck enough to capture one of these when we were on a trawling expedition off the northwest coast of africa for blue planet for the deep portion of blue planet and we were using a special trawling net that -we were able to bring these animals -for this fish its actually whole cells with nuclei and membranes its energetically very costly for this fish to do this and we have no idea why it does it another one of these great mysteries that needs to be solved -but i was totally unprepared for how much there was and how spectacular it was -now another form of defense is something called a burglar alarm -same reason you have a burglar alarm on your car the honking horn and flashing lights are meant to attract the attention of hopefully the police that will come and take the burglar away when an animals caught in the clutches of a predator its only hope for escape may be to attract the attention of something bigger and nastier that will attack their attacker thereby affording them a chance for escape -this jellyfish for example has a spectacular bioluminescent display this is us chasing it in the submersible thats not luminescence thats reflected light from the gonads -we capture it in a very special device on the front of the submersible that allows us to bring it up in really pristine condition bring it into the lab on the ship and then to generate the display youre about to see all i did was touch it once per second on its nerve ring with a sharp pick thats sort of like the sharp tooth of a fish and once this display gets going im not touching it anymore -because one of the things thats frustrated me as a deep sea explorer is how many animals there probably are in the ocean that we know nothing about because of the way we explore the ocean -i saw chains of jellyfish called siphonophores that were longer than this room -the primary way that we know about what lives in the ocean is we go out and drag nets behind ships -and i defy you to name any other branch of science that still depends on hundreds of year old technology -the other primary way is we go down with submersibles and remote operated vehicles ive made hundreds of dives in submersibles -when im sitting in a submersible though i know that im not unobtrusive at all ive got bright lights and noisy thrusters any animal with any sense is going to be long gone -so ive wanted for a long time to figure out a different way to explore and so sometime ago i got this idea for a camera system its not exactly rocket science we call this thing eye in the sea and scientists have done this on land for years we just use a color that the animals cant see and then a camera that can see that color -pumping out so much light that i could read the dials and gauges inside the suit without a flashlight -you cant use infrared in the sea we use far red light but even thats a problem because it gets absorbed so quickly made an intensified camera wanted to make this electronic jellyfish thing is in science -you basically have to tell the funding agencies what youre going to discover before theyll give you the money and i didnt know what i was going to discover so i couldnt get the funding for this so i kluged this together i got the harvey mudd engineering clinic to actually do it as an undergraduate student project initially and then i kluged -it all came together and everything worked -and remarkably that moment got caught on film by photographer mark richards who happened to be there at the precise moment that we discovered that it all came together thats me on the left my graduate student at the time erika raymond and lee fry who was the engineer on the project and we have this photograph posted in our lab in a place of honor -with the caption engineer satisfying two women at once laughter and we were very very happy so now we had a system that we could actually take to some place that was kind of like an oasis on the bottom of the ocean that might be patrolled by large predators -and so the place that we took it to was this place called a brine pool which is in the northern part of the gulf of mexico its a magical place -and explosions of sparks that would swirl up out of the thrusters just like when you throw a log on a campfire and the embers swirl up off the campfire but these were icy blue embers it was breathtaking -and i know this footage isnt going to look like anything to you we had a crummy camera at the time but i was ecstatic -four hours into the deployment we had programmed the electronic jellyfish to come on for the first time eighty six seconds after it went into its pinwheel display we recorded this -this is a squid over six feet long that is so new to science it cannot be placed in any known scientific family -i could not have asked for a better proof of concept and based on this i went back to the national science foundation and said this is what we will discover and they gave me enough money to do it right -which has involved developing the worlds first deep sea webcam which has been installed in the monterey canyon for the past year and now more recently a modular form of this system a much more mobile form -thats a lot easier to launch and recover that i hope can be used on sylvias hope spots to help explore and protect these areas and for me learn more about the bioluminescence in these hope spots -if we could have the lights down and have it as dark in here as possible -i want to take you on a trip to an alien world -and its not a trip that requires -so -that light was made by a bioluminescent dinoflagellate a single celled alga so why would a single celled alga need to be able to produce light -its whats known as a bioluminescent burglar alarm and just like the alarm on your car or your house its meant to cast unwanted attention onto the intruder thereby either leading to his capture or scaring him away -light years of travel but its to a place where its defined by light -attention its phenomenal -theres other ways you can defend yourself with light -for example this shrimp -releases its bioluminescent chemicals into the water just the way a squid or an octopus would release an ink cloud this blinds or distracts the predator -this little squid is called the fire shooter because of its ability to do this -so its a little appreciated -now it may look like a tasty morsel -or a pigs head with wings -that most of the animals in our ocean make light -so theres a lot of animals in the open ocean most of them that make light and we have a pretty good idea for most of them why they use it for finding food for attracting mates for defending against predators but when you get down to the bottom of the ocean thats where things get really strange and some of these animals -so if you brush up against it any place you brushed against it you get this twinkling blue green light thats just breathtaking and you see things like this this looks like something out of a dr seuss book just all manner of creatures all over this thing -and these are flytrap anemones now if you poke it it pulls in its tentacles but if you keep poking it it starts to produce light and it actually ends up looking like a galaxy -ive spent most of my career studying this phenomenon called bioluminescence -it produces these strings of light presumably as some form of defense -there are starfish that can make light and there are brittle stars that produce bands of light that dance along their arms -so it can actually hold itself in very strong currents as you see here but if we collect it very gently and we bring it up into the lab and just squeeze it at the base of the stock it produces this light that propagates from stem to the plume changing color as it goes from -i study it because i think understanding it is critical to understanding life in the ocean where most bioluminescence occurs i also use it as a tool for visualizing and tracking pollution -so i just want to show you some of the responses weve elicited from animals in the deep sea so the cameras black and white its not high resolution and what youre seeing -here is a bait box with a bunch of like the cockroaches of the ocean there are isopods all over it and right in the front is the electronic jellyfish and when it starts flashing its just going to be one of the leds thats flashing very fast -but as soon as it starts to flash and its going to look big because it blooms on the camera i want you to look right here theres something small there that responds -were talking to something it looks like a little of string pearls basically in fact three strings of pearls -but mostly im entranced by it since my my first dive in a deep diving submersible when i went down and turned out the lights and saw the fireworks displays ive been a bioluminescence junky but i would come back from those dives and try to share the experience with words -and then finally i want to show you some responses that we recorded with the worlds first deep sea webcam which we had installed in monterey canyon last year weve only just begun to analyze all of this data this is going to be a glowing source first -which is like bioluminescent bacteria and it is an optical cue that theres carrion on the bottom of the ocean so this scavenger comes in -which is a giant sixgill shark and i cant claim for sure that the optical source brought it in because theres bait right there but if it had been following the odor plume it would have come in from the other direction and it does actually seem to be trying to eat -and this is a burglar alarm -hey wait a minute theres supposed to be something else there -and then he goes away for a few seconds to think about it some more and thinks maybe if i come in from a different angle -more than ninety percent ninety nine percent of the living space on our planet is ocean -its a magical place -filled with breathtaking light shows -and wondrous creatures -alien life forms that you dont have to travel to another planet to see -but if you do take the plunge -please remember to turn out the lights -but i warn you -and they were totally inadequate to the task -i needed some way to share the experience directly and the first time i figured out that way was in this little single person submersible called deep rover -this next video clip youre going to see how we stimulated the bioluminescence -and the first thing youre going to see is a transect screen that is about a meter across -it was mike that got me invited to the squid summit a gathering of squid experts at the discovery channel that summer during shark week -using these platforms and my impression that i saw more animals working from the submersible than i did with either of the remote operated vehicles -but that could just be because the submersible has a wider field of view but i also felt like i saw more animals working with the tiburon than the ventana two vehicles with the same field of view -of the optical lure which we called the electronic jellyfish or e jelly because it was designed to imitate the bioluminescent display -of the common deep sea jellyfish atolla now this pinwheel of light that the atolla produces is known as a bioluminescent burglar alarm and is a form of defense -the reason that the electronic jellyfish worked as a lure is -not because giant squid eat jellyfish but its because this jellyfish only resorts to producing this light when its being chewed on by a predator and -its only hope for escape may be to attract the attention of a larger predator that will attack its attacker and thereby afford it an opportunity for escape its a scream for help a last ditch attempt for escape and a common form of defense -in the deep sea the approach worked whereas all previous expeditions -had failed to garner a single video glimpse of the giant we managed -and the first triggered wild excitement -that brought the giant in -now what youre seeing is the intensified cameras view under red light and thats all dr kubodera could see when the giant comes in here and then he got so excited he turned on his flashlight because he wanted to see better -and the giant didnt run away so he risked turning on the white lights on the submersible bringing a creature of legend -from the misty history into high resolution video it was absolutely breathtaking and had this animal had its feeding tentacles intact and fully extended it would have been as tall as a two story -weve only explored about five percent of our ocean there are great discoveries yet to be made down there fantastic creatures representing millions of years of evolution and possibly bioactive compounds that could benefit us in ways that we cant even yet imagine -yet we have spent only a tiny fraction -i was one of the three scientists on this expedition that took place last summer off japan im the short one the other two are dr tsunemi kubodera and dr steve oshea i owe my participation in this now historic event to ted -in two thousand and ten there was a ted event called mission blue held aboard the lindblad explorer in the galapagos as part of the fulfillment of sylvia earles ted wish i spoke about a new way of exploring the ocean one that focuses on attracting animals instead of scaring them away -and really this is the reason i came here tonight i came here tonight to tell you that things can be done that you dont have always to be rich or powerful to get things on the way -that cities are a great challenge its a difficult task to deal with cities but with some original ways of getting things done with some basic commandments you can really get cities to be a great great place to live -this is going to be the third largest park in rio by june this year its going to be a place where people can meet where you can put nature -the temperatures going to drop two three degrees centigrade so -the first commandment i want to leave you tonight is a city of the future has to be environmentally friendly every time you think of a city youve got to think green youve got to think green and green so moving to our second commandment that i wanted to show you -its great to be here as a mayor i really do believe that mayors have the political position to really change peoples lives -with people so how do you move these people around when you have three point five billion people living in cities by two thousand and fifty its going to be six billion people so every time you think about moving these people around you think about high capacity transportation but there is a problem high capacity transportation -means spending lots and lots of money -a kilometer of this costs a tenth of a subway -thats the place to be and its great to be here as the mayor of rio rios a beautiful city a vibrant place special place actually youre looking at a guy who has the best job in the world and i really wanted to share with you a very special moment of my life and the history of the city of rio -so spending much less money and doing it much faster you can really change the way people move this is a map of rio -all the lines the colored lines you see there its our high capacity transportation network -in this present time today we only carry eighteen percent of our population in high capacity transportation -with the brts were doing again the cheapest and fastest way were going to move to sixty three percent of the population being carried by high capacity transportation so remember what i said you dont always have to be rich or powerful -to get things done you can find original ways to get things done so the second commandment i want to leave you tonight is a city of the future has to deal with mobility and integration of its people -all over the world but the point we want to make here tonight is favelas are not always a problem i mean favelas can sometimes really be a solution if you deal with them if you put public policy inside the favelas -let me just show a map of rio again rio has six point three million inhabitants more than twenty percent one point four million live in the favelas all these red parts are favelas so you see they are spread all over the city this is a typical view of a favela in rio you see the contrast between the rich and poor -so i want to make two points here tonight about favelas the first one is you can change from what i call a vicious circle -that we just transformed into a primary school with high quality -this is primary assistance in health that we built inside a favela again with high quality we call it a family clinic so the first point is bring basic services -inside the favelas with high quality -youve got to open spaces in the favela bring infrastructure to the favelas to the slums wherever you are rio has the aim by two thousand and twenty to have all its favelas completely urbanized another example this was completely packed with houses and then we built this what we call a knowledge square this is a place with high technology -where the kids that live in a poor house next to this place can go inside and have access to all technology we even built a theater there three d movie -and this is the kind of change you can get for that -integrated but moving to our fourth commandment -i really wouldnt be here tonight between november and may rios completely packed we just had last week carnivale it was great it was lots of fun we have new years eve theres like two million people on copacabana beach we have problems -but the reason i could come here is because of that this was something we did with ibm thats a little bit more than a year old its what we call the operations center of rio and i wanted to show that i can govern my city using technology from here from long beach -invest in infrastructure invest in the green open parks open spaces integrate socially use technology -but at the end of the day when we talk about cities we talk about a gathering of people and we cannot see that as a problem -that is fantastic if theres three point five billion now its going to be six billion then its going to be ten billion that is great that means were going to have ten billion minds working together ten billion talents together -so a city of the future i really do believe that its a city that cares about its citizens integrates socially its citizens a city of the future is a city that can never let anyone out of this great party which are cities thank you very much -we had to beat the powerful japanese with all of their technology we had to beat the most powerful man in the world defending his own city -so it was not easy at all and actually this last guy here said a phrase a few years ago that i think fits perfectly to the situation of rio winning the olympic bid we really showed that yes we can -that every apartment having its own air conditioner is a very efficient way to cool a building on this scale and when you start looking at that and then you start factoring up into -and i did go out and i did this picture of grasses coming through in the spring along a roadside this rebirth of grass and then i went out for years trying to photograph the pristine landscape -a city the size of shanghai its literally a forest of skyscrapers its breathtaking in terms of the speed at which this -and high rises are now going up into that central spot so a skyscraper is built literally overnight in shanghai -its an incredibly massive operation i think fifteen thousand workers five -and the sixth ones coming in here so theyre building very large blast furnaces -to try to deal with the demand for steel in china so this is three of the visible blast furnaces within that shot -and again looking at these images theres this constant like haze that youre seeing this is going to show you real -an assembler its a circuit breaker -that -we here are facing with china is that theyre using a lot of the latest production technology in that one -there were four hundred people that worked on the floor and i asked the manager to point out five of your fastest producers and then i went and looked at each one of them -but as a fine art photographer i somehow felt that it wouldnt catch on out there that there would be a problem with trying to make this as a fine art career and i kept -for about fifteen or twenty minutes and picked this one woman and it was just lightning fast the way she was working was almost unbelievable -that is the trick that theyve got right now that theyre winning with is that theyre using all the latest technologies and extrusion machines and -all the components into play but the assembly is where theyre actually bringing in the country workers are very -willing to work they want to work theres a massive backlog of people wanting their jobs that conditions going to be there for the next ten to fifteen years if they -to use a very small aperture to get the depth of field i had to have them freeze for ten seconds to get this -it took me five fake tries because they were just going to slow them down was literally impossible they were just wound up doing these things all day long until the manager had to with a stern voice -everybody freeze it wasnt too bad but theyre driven to produce these things at an incredible rate -and what youre seeing here is again one of the most state of the art -the machines are all running absolutely incredible to see what the scale of industries are and i started getting in further and further into -the factories and thats a diptych so i do a lot of pairings to try and get the sense of scale in these places this is a line where they get the threads and they wind the threads together -being sucked into this genre of the calendar picture or something of that nature and i couldnt get away from it so i started to think of how can i rethink the landscape -hundred workers on this floor the company itself had about ten thousand employees and theyre doing domestic shoes -it was very hard to get into the international companies because i had to get permission from companies like nike and adidas and thats very hard to get and they dont want to let me in but the domestic was much easier to do it just gives you a sense of again -and thats where really the whole migration of jobs started going over to china and making the shoes nike was one of the early ones and it was really -walk around for four months with -it was such a high labor component to it that it made a lot of sense to go after that labor market this is a -high tech mobile phone bird mobile phone one of the largest mobile makers in china i think mobile phone companies are popping up literally -on a weekly basis and they have an explosive growth in mobile phones this is -a textile where theyre doing shirts youngor the biggest shirt factory and clothing factory in china -and this next shot here is one of the lunchrooms everything is very efficient while setting up this shot people on average would spend eight to ten minutes having a lunch -i decided to rethink the landscape as the landscape that weve transformed i had a bit of an epiphany being lost in pennsylvania and i took a -this was one of the biggest factories ive ever seen they make coffeemakers here the biggest coffeemaker -and the biggest iron makers they make twenty million of them in the world theres twenty one thousand employees this -one factory and they had several of them is half a kilometer long these are just recently shot i just came back about a month ago so youre the first ones to be seeing these -these new factory pictures ive taken so its taken me almost a year to gain access into these places -the other aspect of whats happening in china is that theres a real need for materials there so a lot of the recycled materials that are collected here are being recycled and taken to china -by ships thats cubed metal this is armatures electrical armatures where theyre getting the copper and the high end steel from electrical motors out and recycling them -this is certainly connected to california and silicon valley but this is what happens to most of the computers fifty percent of the worlds computers end up in china to be recycled -its referred to as e waste there and it is a bit of a problem the way they recycle the boards is that they actually use the coal briquettes which are used all through china -but they heat up the boards and with pairs of pliers they pull off all the components theyre trying to get all the valued metals out of those components but the -toxic smells when you come into a town thats actually doing this kind of burning of the boards you can smell it a good five or ten kilometers before you get there -heres another operation its all cottage industries so its not big places its all in peoples front porches in -their backyards even in their homes theyre burning boards if theres a concern for somebody coming by because it is considered in china to be illegal doing it but they cant stop the product from coming -this portrait im not usually known for portraits but i couldnt resist this one where shes been through mao and shes been through the great leap forward and the cultural revolution -to show you i want to dedicate my wishes to my two girls theyve been sitting on my shoulder the whole time while ive been thinking ones megan the one of the right and katja there and -to me the whole notion the things im photographing are of great concern about the scale of our progress and what we call progress and -as much as there are great things around the corner and its palpable in this room of all of the things that are just about to break that can solve so many problems -im really hoping that those things will spread around the world and will start to have a positive effect and it isnt something that isnt just affecting our world but it starts to go up because i think we can start correcting our footprint and -it down but -theres a growing footprint thats happening in asia and is growing at a rapid rapid rate and so i dont think we can equalize it so ultimately the strategy i think here is that we have to be very concerned -about their evolution because it is going to be connected to our evolution as well so part of my thinking and part of my wishes is -sitting with these thoughts in mind and thinking about how is their life going to be when they want to have children or when theyre ready to get married twenty years from now or whatever fifteen years from now and to me that -has been the core behind most of my thinking in my work and also for this incredible -chance to have some wishes wish one world changing i want to use my images to persuade millions of people to join in the global -three wishes and all the ideas will start to percolate up i think everybody should do it think that youve got three wishes and what would you do its actually a great exercise to really -idea oh and i went in search i wanted to put -what i had in mind hitch it onto something i didnt want a wish just to start from nowhere one of them im starting from almost nothing but the other one i wanted to find out whats going on thats working right now and worldchanging com is a fantastic blog -and that -is now being visited by close to half a million people a month and it just started about fourteen -months ago and the beauty of whats going on there is that the tone of the conversation is the tone that i like -what theyre doing there is that theyre not i think the environmental movement has failed in that its used the stick too much its used the apocalyptic tone too much it hasnt sold the positive -about positive movements about how to change our world in a better way quickly and its looking at technology and its looking at new energy saving devices and its looking at how to rethink and how to re strategize -the movement towards sustainability and so for me one of the things that i thought would be -put some of my work in the service of promoting the worldchanging com website some of you might know -and i are working on some layouts and this is still in preliminary stages these arent the finals but these images with worldchanging com -can be placed into any kind of media they could be posted through the web they could be used as a -billboard or a bus shelter or anything of that nature so were looking at this as trying to build out and what -discussing was that in most media you get mostly an image with a lot of text and the text is blasted all over what was unusual -less than five percent of ads are actually leading with image and so in this case because -its about a lot of these images and what they represent and the kinds of questions they bring up that we thought letting the images play out and bring someone to say well whats worldchanging com with these images -have to do and hopefully inspire people to go to that website so worldchanging com -and building that blog and it is a blog and im hoping that it isnt i dont see it as the kind of blog where were all going to follow each other to death this one is one that will spoke out -and will go out and to start reaching because right now theres conversations in india in china in south america theres entries coming from all around the world i think theres a chance to have a dialogue a conversation about sustainability -a groundbreaking competition that motivates kids to invest ideas on and invent ideas on sustainability -and one of the things that came out allison who actually nominated me said something earlier on in a brainstorming she said that recycling in canada had a fantastic entry -into our psyche through kids between grade four and six and you think about it -my wife and i we say age seven is the age of reason so theyre into the age of reason and theyre pre puberty so -this great window where they actually are you can influence them you know what happens at puberty you know we know that from earlier presentations so my -thinking here is that we try to motivate those kids -to start driving home ideas let them understand what sustainability is and that they have a vested interest in it to happen and one of the ways i thought of doing it is to -and just -prize targets and so one could be for the best sustainable idea for an in school project the best one -for a household project or it could be the best community project for sustainability and i also thought there should be a nice prize for the best artwork for in my world and what would happen its a scalable thing and -if we can get people to put in things whether its equipment like a media lab or money to make the prize significant enough and to open it up to all -the schools that are public schools or schools that are with kids that age and make it a wide open competition for them -to go after those prizes and to submit them and the prize has to be a verifiable thing so its not about just ideas the art pieces are about the ideas and how they present them and do them but the actual things have to be verifiable -that way whats happening is that were motivating a certain age group to start thinking and theyre going to push that up from the bottom up into -i believe into the households and parents will be reacting to it and trying to help them with the projects and i think it starts to motivate the whole idea towards sustainability -in a very positive way and starts to teach them they know about recycling now but they dont really i think get sustainability in all the things and the energy footprint and how that matters -and to teach them to me would be a fantastic wish and it would be something that i would certainly put my shoulder into -and again in my world the competition we would use the artwork that comes in from that competition to promote it and i like the words in my world because it gives possession -of the world to the person whos doing it it is my world its not someone elses i want to help it i want to do something with it so i think it has -a great opportunity to engage the imaginations and great ideas i think come from kids and engage their imagination -into a project and do something for schools i think all schools could use extra equipment extra cash its going to be an incentive for them -to do that and these are some of the ideas in terms of where we could possibly put in some promotion for in my world and -imax film so i was told i should do one for myself and ive always wanted to actually get involved with doing something and the scale of my work and the kinds of ideas im playing with -when i first saw an imax film i almost immediately thought theres a real resonance between what im trying to do and the scale of what i try to do as a photographer and i think theres a real possibility -to make a powerful to reach new audiences if i had a chance so im looking really for a mentor because i just had my birthday im fifty and i dont have time to go back to school right now im too busy so i need somebody who can put me on a quick -catch up course on how to do something like that and lead me through the maze of how one does something like this that would be fantastic so those are my three wishes -so in that respect to me im not against the corporation i own a corporation i -work with them and i feel that we all need them and theyre important but i am also for sustainability so theres this -thing that is pulling me in both directions and im not making an indictment towards whats happening here but it is a slow progression so -i starting thinking well we live in all these ages of man the stone age and the iron age and the copper age and these ages of man are still at work today but weve become totally disconnected from them theres something that -were not seeing there and its a scary thing as well because when we start looking at the collective appetite for our lifestyles and what were doing to that landscape -drill down to the things that you feel are important and really reflect on the world around us and thinking that can an individual -that to me is something that is a very sobering moment for me to contemplate and through my photographs im hoping to be able to engage the -and its that forbidden pleasure that i think is what resonates out there and it gets people to look at these things and it gets people to enter it and it also in a way defines -kind of what i feel too is that im drawn to have a good life i want a house and i want a car but theres this consequence out there -and how do i begin to have that attraction repulsion its even in my own conscience im having it and here in my work im trying to build that same toggle -in the recycling work that youre seeing here was starting to point to a direction to me it was our redemption that in the recycling work that i was doing im looking for -existence back into the system if we keep doing that we can continue on of course listening at the conference theres many many things that are coming bio mimicry and theres many other things that are coming onstream nanotechnology that may also -looking at here i went to bangladesh so i started to move away from north america i started to look at our world globally -and this came about these images of bangladesh came out of a radio program i was listening to they were talking about exxon -my god wouldnt that be something to see the largest vessels of man being deconstructed by hand literally in third world countries -go to india and i was shut out of india because of a greenpeace situation there and then i was able to get into bangladesh and saw for the first time -third world a view of it that i had never actually thought was possible -the theme here and i think quite frankly thats where i started -here youre looking at some oil fields in california some of the biggest oil fields and again i started to think that -series im hoping to have ready in about two or three years kind of under the heading of the oil party because i think everything that -were involved in our clothing our cars our roads and everything are directly a result im going to -to some pictures of china and through china i started photographing it four years ago and china truly is a question of sustainability in my mind -not to mention that china as well has a great effect on the industries that i grew up around because i came out of a blue collar town a gm town -and my father worked at gm so i was very familiar with that kind of industry and that also informed my work -i became very interested in the landscape as a canadian we have this great north and there was a pretty small population and my father was an avid outdoorsman -but you know to see china and the scale at which its evolving is quite something -what you see here is the three gorges dam and this is the largest dam by fifty percent ever attempted by man and most of the engineers around the world left the project because they said its just too big -in fact when it did actually fill with water a year and a half ago they were able to measure a wobble within the earth as it was spinning it took fifteen days to fill it so -this created a reservoir six hundred kilometers long one of the largest reservoirs ever created and -what was also one of the bigger projects around that was moving thirteen full size cities up out of the reservoir -and flattening all the buildings so they could make way for the ships this is a before and after so that was before and this is like ten weeks later -demolished by hand i think eleven of the buildings they used dynamite everything else was by hand that was ten weeks later and this gives you an idea again with and it was all the people who lived in those homes were the ones that were actually taking it apart and working -dam looking at that massive transformation of a landscape and it looks like a bombed out landscape but it isnt what it is its a landscape -that is an intentional one this is a need for power and theyre willing to go through this -massive transformation on this scale to get that power -and again its actually a relief for whats going on -china because i think on the table right now theres twenty seven nuclear power stations to be built there hasnt been one built in north america for twenty years because of the nimby problem not in my backyard but in china theyre saying no were putting in twenty seven in the next ten years -and coal burning furnaces are going in there for hydroelectric power literally weekly so coal itself is probably one of the largest -on the left was also lost some of the most fertile agricultural land was lost in that and at one point two million people were relocated depending on whose statistics youre looking at -and this is what they were building this is wushan one of the largest cities that was relocated this is the central headquarters or the town hall for the city -and again the rebuilding of the city to me it was sad to see that they didnt really grab a lot of i guess what we know here in terms of urban planning there were no parks there were no green spaces -very high density living on the side of a hill and here they had a chance to rebuild cities from the bottom up but somehow were not connecting with them -telling me is that we are this -here is a sign that translated says obey the birth control law build our science civilized and advanced idea of marriage and giving birth so -here if you look at this poster it has all the trappings of western culture youre seeing -the tuxedos the bouquets but whats really to me frightening about the picture and about this billboard is the refinery in the background so its like -all the things that we have and its an adaptation of our way of life full stop and -thing thats happening and that the nature that you see out there the untouched shorelines the untouched forest that i was able to see -again when you start seeing that kind of embrace and you start looking at them leading -guangdong and this is where a lot of migrant workers are coming in from the country and theres about one hundred and thirty million people -to migrate into the urban centers like shanghai and the manufacturing centers the manufacturers -are the domestics are usually you can tell a domestic factory by the fact that they all use the same color uniforms so this is a pink uniform at this factory its a shoe factory and they have dorms for the workers so they bring them in from the country and put them up in the dorms -this is one of the biggest shoe factories the yuyuan shoe factory near shenzhen it has ninety thousand employees making shoes -this is a shift change one of three at every change theres two factories of this scale in the same town this is one with forty five thousand so -every lunch theres about twelve thousand coming through for lunch they sit down they have about twenty minutes the next round comes in its an incredible workforce -thats building there shanghai im looking at the urban renewal in shanghai and this is a whole area that will be flattened and turned into skyscrapers in the next five years -really bring in a sense of that geological time that this has gone on -whats also happening in shanghai is china is changing because this wouldnt have happened five years ago for instance this is a holdout theyre called dengzahoos -like pin tacks to the ground they wont move theyre not negotiating theyre not getting enough so theyre not going to move and so theyre holding off until -they get a deal with them and theyve been actually quite successful in getting better deals because most of them are getting a raw deal theyre being put out about two hours the communities that have been around for -in this reconstruction of shanghai probably the largest urban renewal project i think ever attempted on the planet -and then the embrace of the things that theyre replacing it with -quite something and these are called the villas and also like right now theyre just moving the scaffolding is still on and this is an e waste area -for a long time and were experiencing it in a different way and that to me was a reference point that i think i needed to have to be able to make the work that i did -and if you looked in the foreground on the big print youd see that the industry their industry theyre all recycling so the industrys already growing around these new developments -is a five level bridge in shanghai shanghai was a very intriguing city its exploding on a level -that i dont think any city has experienced in fact even shenzhen the industrial or the economic zone one of the first ones fifteen years ago was about one hundred thousand -with which this is just the taxis being built by volkswagen theres nine thousand of them here and theyre being built -for most of the big cities beijing and shanghai shenzhen and this isnt even the domestic car market this is the taxi market -and what we would see here as kind of a suburban kind of development -single family dwelling would go up here in an area and the density is quite incredible and one of the things in -this picture that i wanted to point out -is that -when i saw these kinds of buildings i was shocked to see that theyre not using a central air conditioning system every window -has an air conditioner in it and im sure there are people here who probably know better than i do about efficiencies but i cant imagine -and to me again photography was a way in which i could explore and research the world and find those places and another idea that i had as well that was brought forward -by an ecologist he basically did a calculation where he took one liter of gas and said well how much carbon it would take and how much -for our earth and what it had to do to produce that amount of energy from the photosynthetic growth it would take five hundred years of that growth to produce what we use the thirty billion -looking at thirty billion per year we look at our two largest suppliers saudi arabia and now canada with its dirty oil -journey thirty years ago -and together they only form about fifteen years of supply the whole world at one point two trillion estimated reserves only gives us about forty five years so its not a question of if its a question of when -peak oil will come upon us so to me using photography and i feel that all of us need to now begin to really take the task of using our talents -and i worked in mines and i realized that this was a world unseen and i wanted through color and large format cameras and very large prints to make a body of work that somehow became symbols -our ways of thinking to begin to deal with what i think is probably one of the most challenging issues of our time how to deal with our energy crisis -and i would like to say that on the other side of it thirty forty years from now the children that i have i can look at them and say we did everything we possibly humanly could do -of our use of the landscape how we use the land and to me this was a key component that somehow through this medium of photography which allows us to contemplate these landscapes -that i thought photography was perfectly suited to doing this type of work and after seventeen years of photographing large industrial landscapes it occurred to me that -oil is underpinning the scale and speed because that is what has changed is the speed at which were taking all our resources and so then i went out to develop a whole series on the landscape of oil -what i want to do is to kind of map an arc that there is extraction where were taking it from the ground refinement and thats one chapter -chapter that i wanted to look at was how we use it our cities our cars our motorcultures where people gather around the vehicle as a celebration -and then the third one is this idea of the end of oil this entropic end where all of our parts of cars our tires oil filters helicopters planes where are the landscapes where all of that stuff ends up -and i could just imagine the committees reporting back to them -it was really bad news first of all worse nutrition maybe shorter life spans it was simply awful for women the skeletal remains from that period have shown that they were grinding grain morning noon and night -and politically it was awful it was the beginning of a much higher degree of inequality -among people if there had been rational technology assessment then i think they very well might have said lets call the whole thing off -even now our choices are having unintended effects historically for example chopsticks according to one japanese anthropologist who wrote a dissertation about it at the university of michigan resulted in long term changes in the dentition in the teeth of the japanese public -love unintended consequences but ive really learned to appreciate them ive learned that theyre really the essence of what makes for progress even when they seem to be terrible and id like to review just how unintended consequences -and we are also changing our teeth right now there is evidence that the human mouth and teeth -but i think from the point of view of a neanderthal there would have been a lot of disapproval of the wimpish choppers that we now have so these things are kind of relative to where you or your ancestors happen to stand -in the ancient world there was a lot of respect for unintended consequences and there was a very healthy sense of caution reflected in the tree of knowledge -say this i will not treat this i cannot treat they were very conscious -so were the followers of hippocrates the hippocratic manuscripts also -repeatedly according to recent studies show how important it is not to do harm -more recently harvey cushing who really developed neurosurgery as we know it who changed it from a field of medicine that had a majority of deaths resulting from surgery to one in which there was a hopeful outlook he was very conscious -that he was not always going to do the right thing but he did his best and he kept meticulous records that let him transform that branch of medicine -now if we look forward a bit to the nineteenth century we find a new style of technology what we find is no longer simple tools -but systems we find more and more complex arrangements of machines that make it harder and harder to diagnose whats going on and the first people who saw that were the telegraphers of the mid nineteenth century who were the original hackers -thomas edison would have been very very comfortable in the atmosphere of a software firm today and these hackers had a word for those mysterious bugs in telegraph systems that they called bugs that was the origin of the word bug -this consciousness though was a little slow to seep through the general population even people who were very very well informed samuel clemens mark twain was a big investor in the most complex machine of all times at least until one thousand nine hundred and eighteen registered with the u s patent office -play the part that they do lets go to forty thousand years before the present -that was the paige typesetter the paige typesetter -had eighteen thousand parts the patent had sixty four pages of text and two hundred and seventy one figures it was such a beautiful machine because it did everything -really was smitten by this machine unfortunately he was smitten in more ways than one because it made him bankrupt and he had to tour the world speaking to recoup his money -and this was an important thing about nineteenth century technology that all these relationships among parts could make the most brilliant idea -fall apart even when judged by the most expert people now there is something else though in the early twentieth century that made things even more complicated and that was that safety technology itself could be a source of danger the lesson of the titanic for a lot of the contemporaries -to the time of the cultural explosion -was that you must have enough lifeboats for everyone on the ship -and this was -the result of the tragic loss of lives of people who could not get into them however there was another case the eastland a ship that capsized in chicago harbor in one thousand nine hundred and fifteen and it killed eight hundred and forty one people that was fourteen more than the passenger toll of the titanic -the reason for it in part was the extra life boats that were added that made this already unstable ship even more unstable -when music art -and that again proves that when youre talking about unintended consequences its not that easy to know the right lessons to draw its really a question of the system how the ship was loaded the ballast and many other things -so the twentieth century then saw how much more complex reality was but it also saw a positive side it saw that invention could actually benefit from emergencies it could benefit from tragedies -technology -and my favorite example of that which is not really widely known as -so many of the things that were enjoying today so many of the things that are being demonstrated at ted were born and the anthropologist randall white has made a very interesting observation that if our ancestors forty thousand years ago -to ten thousand gallon -solar radiation was demonstrated by studies of interference that was detected by the radar stations of great britain so there were benefits in calamities benefits to pure science as well as to applied science and medicine -now -when we come to the period after the second world war unintended consequences get even more interesting -and my favorite example of that occurred beginning in one thousand nine hundred and seventy six when it was discovered that the bacteria causing legionnaires disease -had always been present in natural waters but it was the precise temperature of the water in heating ventilating and air conditioning systems that raised the right temperature for the maximum reproduction of legionella bacillus -well technology to the rescue so chemists got to work and they developed a bactericide that became widely used in those systems but something else happened in the early one thousand nine hundred and eighty s and that was that there was a mysterious epidemic of failures of tape drives -all over the united states and ibm which made them just didnt know -and these tin particles were deposited on the tape heads -and were crashing the tape heads -so they reformulated the bactericide but whats interesting to me is that this was the first case -had been able to see what they had done -has been increasing only arithmetically so one of the characteristic problems of our time is how to close this gap between capabilities and foresight -one other very positive consequence of twentieth century technology though was the way in which other kinds of calamities could lead to positive advances -there are two historians of business at the university of maryland brent goldfarb and david kirsch who have done some extremely interesting work much of it still unpublished -they wouldnt have really understood it they were responding to immediate concerns they were making it possible for us to do what they do and yet they didnt really understand how they did it now lets advance -and nobody knows just why this was so but one -story can reflect something of it it was the origin of the xerox copier which -celebrated its fiftieth anniversary last year -and chester carlson -the inventor was a patent attorney -dry photocopier that was commercially practical in one thousand nine hundred and sixty so we see that sometimes as a result of these dislocations as a result of people leaving their original intended career and going into something else where their creativity could make a difference -that depressions and all kinds of other unfortunate events -can have a paradoxically stimulating effect -what does this mean it means i think that were living in a time of unexpected possibilities think of the financial world for example -the mentor of warren buffett benjamin graham developed his system -when people learn from disasters now think of the large and small plagues that we have now bed bugs killer bees spam -so very often some kind of disaster sometimes the consequence for example of over cultivation of silk worms which was a problem in europe at the time can be the key to something much bigger so -to ten thousand years before the present and this is when it really gets interesting what about the domestication of grains what about the origins of agriculture what would our ancestors ten thousand years ago have said if they really had technology assessment -this means that we need to take a different view of unintended consequences we need to take a really positive view we need to see what they can do for us we need to learn -from those figures that i mentioned we need to learn for example from dr cushing -who killed patients in the course of his early operations he had to have some errors he had to have some mistakes and he learned meticulously from his mistakes -and as a result when we say this isnt brain surgery that pays tribute to how difficult it was for anyone to learn from their mistakes in a field of medicine that was considered -so discouraging in its prospects -and we can also remember how the pharmaceutical companies were willing to pool their knowledge to share their knowledge in the face of an emergency -which they hadnt really been for years and years they might have been able to do it earlier -the message then for me about unintended consequences is chaos happens -lets make better use of it thank you very much -working in caves and travelling through space its all -very dangerous jobs it would be very dangerous if you fell down -yeah little splat at the -her introduce herself to everybody can you tell everybody your name -her job educating the public she loves to take in the arts if the children of the uganda need another dance partner einstein could sure fit the bill because she loves to dance can you get down -lets get down for everybody come on now -maybe sirena huang would like to learn some arias on her violin and einstein can sing along -or maybe stu just needs another backup singer einstein can you -of course if all else fails you can just run off and enjoy a -well einstein was pretty embarrassed to admit this earlier but she was telling me backstage that she had a problem -now really she is pretty nervous because one of her favorite folks from back home is here and shes pretty nervous to meet him -thinks al gore is a really good looking man what do you say to a good looking man -fan she knows that his birthday is coming up at the end of march and we didnt think hed be in town then so einstein wanted to do something special for him so lets see if einstein will sing happy birthday to al gore can you sing happy birthday to -again -again -happy -very good what about a wolf -what -you think youre famous -einsteins especially interested in penelopes talk a lot of her research goes on in -which can get pretty dusty -well bob russell was telling us about his work on nanotubes in his research at the microscopic level -thats really cool but what einsteins really hoping is that maybe hell genetically engineer a five -really really -one big peanut -she especially likes his latest achievement spaceshipone einstein would you like to ride in burt -even if it doesnt have -the answer they knew what happened the ancestor of the apes stayed in the trees -our ancestors went out onto the plain that explained everything we had to get up -our legs to peer over the tall grass or to chase after animals or to free our hands for weapons -and we got so overheated in the chase that we had to take off that fur coat and throw it away -generations but then in the nineties something -the paleontologists themselves looked a bit more closely at the accompanying microfauna that lived in the same time and place as the hominids -this is two thousand and nine and its the bicentennial of charles darwin and all over the world eminent evolutionists are anxious to celebrate this -and they werent savanna species and they looked at the herbivores and they werent savanna herbivores and then they were so clever they found a way to analyze fossilized pollen -shock horror the fossilized pollen was not of savanna vegetation some of it even came from lianas those things that dangle in the middle of the jungle so were left with a situation where -we know that our earliest ancestors were moving around on in the trees before the savanna ecosystem even came into -this is not something ive made up its not a minority theory everybody agrees with it professor tobias came over from south -and spoke to university college london he said everything ive been telling you for the last twenty years forget about it -it was wrong weve got to go back to square one and start again it made him very unpopular they didnt want to go back to square -i mean its a terrible thing to happen youve got this beautiful paradigm youve believed it through generations nobody has -constructing fanciful things on top of it relying on it to be as solid as a rock and now its whipped away from under you what do you do -what does a scientist do in that case well we know the answer because thomas s kuhn wrote -and what theyre planning to do is to enlighten us on almost every aspect of darwin and his life and how he changed our thinking -if they havent got a paradigm they cant ask the question so they say yes its wrong but supposing it was right -and -the only other option open to them is to stop asking the questions so that is what they have done now thats why you dont hear them talking about it its yesterdays question -some of them have even elevated it into a principle its what we ought to be doing aaron filler from harvard said -time we stopped talking about selective pressures i mean why dont we talk about well theres chromosomes and theres genes and we just record what we see -charles darwin must be spinning in his grave he knew all about that kind of science and he called it hypothesis free science and he despised it from the bottom of his heart and -if youre going to say im going to stop talking about selective pressures you can take the origin of species and throw it out of the window for its about nothing else but selective pressures -and the irony of it is that this is one occasion of a paradigm collapse where we didnt have to wait for a new paradigm to come up -he kept it to himself for thirty years but then the press got hold of it and all hell broke loose all his colleagues said this is outrageous youve exposed us to public ridicule you must never do that again -i say almost every aspect because there is one aspect of this story which they have thrown no light on -and at that time it became set in stone the aquatic theory should be dumped with the ufos and the yetis as part of the lunatic fringe -of science well i dont think that i think that hardy had a lot going for him id like to talk about just a handful of what have been called the -hallmarks of mankind the things that made us different from everybody else and all our relatives lets look at our naked skin -its obvious that most of the things we think about that have lost their body hair mammals without body hair -are aquatic ones like the dugong the walrus the dolphin the hippopotamus the manatee and a couple of -wallowers in mud like the babirusa and youre tempted to think well perhaps could that be -woman shes off again shell say anything wont she but by now everybody agrees that the elephant -last year in florida they found extinct ancestor of a rhinoceros and said seems to have spent most of its time in the water -and they seem anxious to skirt around it and step over it and to talk about something else so im going to -so this is a close connection between nakedness and water as an absolute connection it only works one way you cant say all aquatic animals -naked because look at the sea otter but you can say that every animal that has become naked has been conditioned by water in its own lifetime -lifetime of its ancestors i think this is significant the only exception is the naked somalian mole rat which never puts its nose above the surface of the ground -all the apes and all the monkeys are capable of walking on two legs if they want to for a short time there is only one circumstance in which they always all of them walk on two legs and that is when they are wading through water -do you think thats significant david attenborough thinks its significant as the possible beginning of our bipedalism -the question of -fat layer we have got under our skin a layer of fat all over nothing in the least like that in any other primate -why should it be there well they do know that if you look at other aquatic mammals the fat that in most land mammals is deposited inside the body wall -why are we so different from the chimpanzees we get -around the kidneys and the intestines and so on has started to migrate to the outside and spread out in a layer inside the skin in the whale its complete no fat inside at all all in blubber outside -we can not avoid the suspicion that in our case its started to happen we have got skin -with this layer its the only possible explanation of why humans if theyre very -can become grossly obese in a way that would be totally impossible for any other primate physically impossible something very odd never explained -the question of why we can speak we can speak and the gorilla cant speak why nothing to do with his teeth or his tongue or his lungs or anything like that it has to do -with its conscious control of its breath you cant even train a gorilla to say ah on request -only creatures that have got conscious control of their breath are the diving animals and the diving birds it was -absolute precondition for our being able to speak and then again there is the fact that we are streamlined -trying to suggest that for forty odd years this aquatic idea has been miscategorized as lunatic fringe and it is not lunatic fringe and the ironic thing about it is -they are not staving off the aquatic theory to protect a theory of their own which theyve all agreed on and they love theres nothing there they are staving off the aquatic theory to protect a vacuum -how do they react when i say these things one very common reaction ive heard about twenty times is but it was investigated -they conducted a serious investigation of this at the beginning when hardy put forward his article -phenotypes theres a chimp theres a man theyre astoundingly different no resemblance at all im not talking about airy fairy stuff about culture or psychology or behavior im talking about -i dont believe it for thirty five years ive been looking for any evidence of any incident of that kind and ive concluded that thats one of the urban myths its never been done -i ask people sometimes and they say i like the aquatic theory everybody likes the aquatic theory -of course they dont believe it but they like it well i say why do you think its rubbish they say well everybody -all be wrong can they the answer to that loud and clear is yes -and if youve got a scientific problem like that you cant solve it by holding a head count and saying more -apart from that some of the heads count more than others some of them have come over there was professor tobias -hes come over daniel dennett hes come over sir david attenborough hes come over anybody else -weve got to look to the future ultimately one of three things is going to happen either they will go on for the next forty years fifty years sixty years yeah well we dont talk about that lets talk about something interesting -be very sad the second thing that could happen is that some young genius will arrive and say ive found it it was not the savanna it was not the water it was -happening either i dont think there is a third option so the third thing that might happen is a very beautiful thing if you look back at the early years of the last century -there was a stand off a lot of bickering and bad feeling between the believers in mendel and the believers in darwin -it ended with a new synthesis darwins ideas and mendels ideas blending together -ground base nitty gritty measurable physical differences they that one is hairy and walking on four legs that one is a naked biped why i mean -and i think the same thing will happen here youll get a new synthesis hardys ideas and darwins ideas will be blended together -and we can move forward from there and really get somewhere that would be a beautiful thing it would be very nice for me -was when he said at my age i dont even -so if -whats holding -the professional journals wont touch it with a barge pole the text books dont mention it the syllabus doesnt mention even the fact that were naked let alone look for a reason to -it except in jocular references to people on the lunatic fringe i dont -quite where this diktat -somebody -is issuing the commandment thou shalt not believe in the aquatic theory -and if you hope to make progress in this profession and you do believe it youd better keep it to yourself because it will get in your way -the impression that some parts of the scientific establishment are morphing into a kind of -priesthood but you know that makes me feel good because richard dawkins has told us how to treat a priesthood -he says -to give it all the excessive awe and reverence its been trained to receive right -and secondly he says you must never be afraid to rock the boat -it was neutral impassive and even after a while strangely companionate and reassuring although i did notice that its calm exterior sometimes slipped -and that it occasionally mirrored my own unexpressed emotion so for example if i was angry and had to hide it which i often did being very adept at concealing how i really felt then the voice would sound frustrated -otherwise it was neither sinister nor disturbing although even at that point it was clear that it had something to communicate to me about my emotions particularly emotions which were remote and inaccessible -and was met with bored indifference until i mentioned the voice upon which he dropped his pen swung round and began to question me with a show of real interest and to be fair i was desperate for interest and help and i began to tell him about my strange commentator and i always wish at this point the voice had said she is digging her own grave -for example i was part of a student tv station that broadcast news bulletins around the campus and during an appointment which was running very late i said im sorry doctor ive got to go im reading the news at six now its down on my medical records that eleanor has delusions that shes a television news broadcaster -it was at this point that events began to rapidly overtake me a hospital admission followed the first of many a diagnosis of schizophrenia came next -and then worst of all a toxic tormenting sense of hopelessness humiliation and despair about myself and my prospects -but having been encouraged to see the voice not as an experience but as a symptom my fear and resistance towards it intensified now essentially this represented taking an aggressive stance towards my own mind a kind of psychic civil war -and in turn this caused the number of voices to increase and grow progressively hostile and menacing -helplessly and hopelessly i began to retreat into this nightmarish inner world in which the voices were destined to become both my persecutors and my only perceived companions -they told me for example that if i proved myself worthy of their help then they could change my life back to how it had been and a series of increasingly bizarre tasks was set a kind of labor of hercules -two years later and the deterioration was dramatic -by now i had the whole frenzied repertoire terrifying voices grotesque visions bizarre intractable delusions -my mental health status had been a catalyst for discrimination verbal abuse and physical and sexual assault and id been told by my psychiatrist eleanor youd be better off with cancer because cancer is easier to cure than schizophrenia -id been diagnosed drugged and discarded and was by now so tormented by the voices that i attempted to drill a hole in my head in order to get them out -now looking back on the wreckage and despair of those years it seems to me now as if someone died in that place and yet someone else was saved -a broken and haunted person began that journey but the person who emerged was a survivor and would ultimately grow into the person i was destined to be -many people have harmed me in my life and i remember them all -but the memories grow pale and faint in comparison with the people whove helped me -the fellow survivors the fellow voice hearers the comrades and collaborators -the mother who never gave up on me who knew that one day i would come back to her and was willing to wait for me for as long as it took -but together they forged a blend of courage creativity integrity and an unshakeable belief that my shattered self could become healed and whole i used to say that these people saved me but what i now know is they did something even more important in that they empowered me to save myself -and crucially they helped me to understand something which id always suspected that my voices were a meaningful response to traumatic life events particularly childhood events and as such were not my enemies but a source of insight into solvable emotional problems -now at first this was very difficult to believe not least because the voices appeared so hostile and menacing -so in this respect a vital first step was learning to separate out a metaphorical meaning from what id previously interpreted to be a literal truth so for example voices which threatened to attack my home i learned to interpret as my own sense of fear and insecurity in the world rather than an actual objective danger -now at first i would have believed them i remember for example sitting up one night on guard outside my parents room to protect them from what i thought was a genuine threat from the voices -because id had such a bad problem with self injury that most of the cutlery in the house had been hidden so i ended up arming myself with a plastic fork kind of like picnic ware and sort of sat outside the room clutching it and waiting to -so when the voices warned me not to leave the house then i would thank them for drawing my attention to how unsafe i felt because if i was aware of it then i could do something positive about it but go on to reassure both them and myself that we were safe and didnt need to feel frightened anymore -i would set boundaries for the voices and try to interact with them in a way that was assertive yet respectful establishing a slow process of communication and collaboration in which we could learn to work together and support one another -throughout all of this what i would ultimately realize was that each voice was closely related to aspects of myself and that each of them carried overwhelming emotions that id never had an opportunity to process or resolve memories of sexual trauma and abuse of anger shame guilt low self worth -the voices took the place of this pain and gave words to it -ten years after the voice first came i finally graduated this time with the highest degree in psychology the university had ever given and one year later the highest masters which shall we say isnt bad for a madwoman in fact one of the voices actually dictated the answers during the exam which technically possibly counts as cheating -it also makes you very good at eavesdropping because you can listen to two conversations simultaneously so its not all bad i worked in mental health services i spoke at conferences i published book chapters and academic articles and i argued and continue to do so the relevance of the following concept -and i remember the most moving and extraordinary moment when supporting another young woman who was terrorized by her voices and becoming fully aware for the very first time that i no longer felt that way myself -but was finally able to help someone else who was -but a complex significant and meaningful experience to be explored -together we envisage and enact a society that understands and respects voice hearing supports the needs of individuals who hear voices and which values them as full citizens this type of society is not only possible its already on its way -to paraphrase chavez once social change begins it cannot be reversed you cannot humiliate the person who feels pride you cannot oppress the people who are not afraid anymore -and that beliefs can change the world -in the last twenty years the hearing voices movement has established hearing voices networks in twenty six countries across five continents working together to promote dignity solidarity and empowerment for individuals in mental distress -to create a new language and practice of hope which at its very center lies an unshakable belief in the power of the individual -and the intellectual spirit to harness this innate capacity -in this respect for members of society there is no greater honor or privilege than facilitating that process of healing for someone to bear witness to reach out a hand to share the burden of someones suffering and to hold the hope for their recovery and likewise for survivors of distress and adversity that we remember -we dont have to live our lives forever defined by the damaging things that have happened to us we are unique we are irreplaceable what lies within us can never be truly colonized contorted or taken away -i looked around and there was no one there but the clarity and decisiveness of the comment was unmistakable shaken i left my books on the stairs and hurried home and there it was again she is opening the door this was the beginning -the light never goes out -the voice had arrived and the voice persisted days and then weeks of it on and on narrating everything i did in the third person she is going to the library she is going to a lecture -and in turn well operate an in house clearing system to assure that payment is done appropriately in the right amount and at the right time so that basically we create trust and integrity in the system -but because in the north people could not access or entitle themselves to that food that was a turning point for my life -that the ecx will operate a market information system to disseminate prices in real time to farmers around the country using vsat technology -to bring an electronic price dissemination directly to farmers what this does is transforms fundamentally the farmers relationship to the market -now farmers come with knowledge of what prices are at the national market and they start to think national and even global they start to make -not only commercial marketing decisions but also planting decisions on the basis of information coming from the futures price market -from doing simple back to back limited arbitrage to really thinking strategically about how to move -but it will create new opportunities we believe that this initiative requires great political will and well have to align the financial sector as well as the ict sector and really even the underlying legal framework -we believe that the winds of change are here and that we can do it ecx is the market for ethiopias new millennium -which starts in about eight months the last parliament of our century opened with our president announcing to the country that this was the most important economic initiative for the country today -we believe that the stakes are high but that the returns will be even greater ecx moreover can become a trading platform -for a pan african market in agricultural commodities ethiopias domestic market is about one billion dollars of value -and we feel that over the next five years if ethiopia can capture even forty percent just forty percent of the domestic market -and add just twenty five percent value to that market the value of the market doubles ethiopias agricultural market is thirty percent higher than south africas -grain production and in fact ethiopia is the second largest maize producer in africa so the potential is there the will is there the commitment is there -we feel that we have a winning value proposition to transform farmers choices to grow our agriculture and to change africa -so we are in the business of finding our happiness thank you very much -you know theres a small country nestled in the himalayan mountains far from these beautiful mountains where the people of the kingdom of bhutan have decided to do something different which is to measure their gross national happiness rather than their gross national product -eight times more tractors in latin america and three times more tractors in asia than in africa -the small farmer in africa today lives a life without much choice and therefore without much freedom his livelihood is predetermined -by the conditions of grinding poverty he comes to the market when prices are lowest with the meager fruits of his hard labor -just after the harvest because he has no choice she comes back to the market some months later when prices are highest in what we call the lean season when food is scarce because she has to feed her family and has no choice -the real question is how can markets be developed in rural africa to harness the power of innovation and entrepreneurship -meaning in fact that farmers are rational and profit minded just like everybody else well we dont need now any more nobel prizes to know that farmers want a fair shake at the market and want to make money just like everyone else -and one thing is clear which is at least now we know that africa is open for business and that business is agriculture -which they did rather inefficiently and let the private market do its magic well what happened over the last twenty five years did africa feed itself -did our farmers turn into highly productive commercial actors i think were all in this room probably because we know that in fact africa is the only region in the world -hunger and malnutrition are projected to go up over the next ten years where the food import bill is now double what it was twenty years ago -and why not after all happiness is not just a privilege for the lucky few but a fundamental human right for all and what is happiness happiness is the freedom of choice -where food production per capita has stagnated and where fertilizer use has declined rather than increased -so why didnt agriculture markets perform to expectations the market reforms prompted by the west and ive spent -some fifteen years traveling around the continent doing research on agricultural markets and have interviewed traders -ten to fifteen countries in this continent hundreds of traders trying to understand what went wrong with our market reform -and it seems to me that the reforms might have thrown the baby out with the bath water like its agriculture africas markets are highly under capitalized and inefficient -we know from our work around the continent that transaction costs of reaching the market and the risks of transacting in rural agriculture markets are extremely high -in fact only one third of agricultural output produced in africa even reaches the market africas markets are weak not only because of weak infrastructure in terms of roads and telecommunications but also because -of the virtual absence of necessary market institutions such as market information grades and standards and reliable ways to connect buyers and sellers -as grain changes hands and ive measured that it changes hands four five times in its trajectory from the farmer to the consumer -the freedom to chose where to live what to do what to buy what to sell from whom to whom when and how -actually has huge implications for the ability of markets to quickly respond to price signals and situations where there are deficits for example -it also has very high cost implications i have measured that twenty six percent of the marketing margin is simply due to the fact that because of the absence of grades and standards -and market information sacks have to be constantly changed and this leads to very high handling costs for -small farmers who produce the bulk of our agricultural output in africa come to the market with virtually no information at all blind trusting that theyre going to have some sort of demand for their -and completely at the mercy of the merchants in the only market the nearest local market they know where theyre unable to negotiate better prices or reduce their -africa small farmers bear the brunt of this risk in fact in my view there is no region of the world and no period in history -that farmers have been expected to bear the kind of market risk that africas farmers have to bear and in my view -there is simply no place in the world that has grown its agriculture on the kind of risk that our farmers in africa today face -does choice come from and who gets to express it and how do we express it well one way to express choice is through the market -in ethiopia for example the variation in maize prices from year to year is as much as fifty percent annually this kind of market risk is mind boggling and has direct implications -for not only the incentives of farmers to invest in higher productivity technology such as modern seeds and fertilizers but also direct implications for food security -to give you an example between two thousand and one and two thousand and two ethiopian maize farmers produced two years of bumper harvest that in turn because of the weak marketing system led to an eighty percent collapse in maize prices in the country -this made it unprofitable for some farmers to even harvest the grain from the fields and we calculated that some three hundred thousand tons of grain was left in the fields to rot in early two thousand and two -that year is in the areas where there were good rains -im not here today to lament about the situation or wring my hands i am here -to tell you that change is in the air africa today is not the africa waiting for aid solutions or cookie cutter foreign expert policy prescriptions -well functioning markets provide choices and ultimately the ability to express ones pursuit for happiness the -africa has learned or is learning somewhat slowly that markets dont happen by themselves in the nineteen eighties it was very fashionable to talk about getting prices right there was a very influential book about that -but also investing in the right infrastructure and the appropriate and necessary institutions to create the conditions to unleash the power of innovation in the market -when conditions are right we know and see that that innovation is ready to explode in rural africa just like anywhere else nearly three years ago -i decided to leave my comfortable job as a world bank senior economist in washington and come back to my country of birth ethiopia after nearly thirty years abroad i did so for a simple reason -i currently lead in ethiopia an exciting new initiative to establish the first ethiopia commodity exchange or ecx now the commodity exchange itself -great indian economist amartya sen was awarded the nobel prize for demonstrating that famine -to establish a way to trade better amongst themselves that was of course the birth of the chicago board of trade which is the most famous commodity exchange in the world -the chicago board of trade was established then for precisely the same reasons that our farmers today would benefit from a commodity exchange -need to avoid these huge risks and tremendous losses led to the birth of the futures market and the underlying system of grading grain and receipting issuing warehouse receipts on the basis of which trade could be done -from there the greatest innovation of all came about in this market which is that buyers and sellers could transact grain without actually having to physically -is not so much about the availability of food supply but rather the ability to acquire or entitle oneself to that food through the market -or visually inspect the grain that meant that grain could be traded across tremendous distances and even across time as far forward as eighteen months into the future -this innovation is at the heart of the transformation of american agriculture and the rise of chicago to a global market agricultural market superpower from where it was a small regional -now over the last century we tend to think of commodity exchanges as the purview of western industrialized countries and that the reference prices for cotton coffee cocoa products produced mainly in the south -are actually a reference price or a price discovered in these organized commodity exchanges in the northern countries but -is actually changing and were seeing a shift powered -mainly because of information technology a shift in market dominance towards the emerging markets and over the last decade -you see that the share of western exchanges and this is the u s share of exchanges in the world has gone down by nearly half in just the last decade similarly theres been explosive growth -in india for example where rural farmers are using exchanges growing here over the last three years by two hundred and seventy percent a year -this is powered by low cost vsat technology aggressively trying to reach farmers to bring them into the market china -the first organized ethiopia commodity exchange were not trying to cut and paste the chicago model or the india model but creating a system uniquely tailored to ethiopias needs and realities -small farmers so the ecx is an ethiopian exchange for ethiopia were creating a system that serves all market actors -that creates integrity trust efficiency transparency and enables small farmers to manage the risks that i have described -in the design of our commodity exchange in ethiopia weve done something rather unique which is to take the approach of an integrated perspective or what we call the ecx edge -pretty much creates the entire ecosystem in which the market will develop itself and this is because one of the things weve learned over the last -decade of studying market development in africa is that the piecemeal approach does not work youve got one donor trying to develop market information -another trying to work on or sponsor grades and standards another ict and yet another -not because there was not enough food because there was actually a surplus of food in the fertile regions of the south parts of the country -so that farmers and small traders can actually come to a terminal center what we call the remote access terminal centers -and actually without having to buy a computer or figure out how to dial up or any of those things simply see the trading thats happening on the addis ababa trading floor -one day we received a call about a seven year old child choking from a hot dog -traffic was horrific and we were coming from the other side of town -in the north part of jerusalem -when we got there twenty minutes later we started cpr on the kid -a doctor comes in from a block away -stop us checks the kid and tells us to stop cpr that second he declared this child dead -at that moment i understood -that this child died for nothing -if this doctor who lived one -so i went over to the manager of the ambulance company and i told him please whenever you have a call coming into our neighborhood we have fifteen great guys who are willing to stop everything theyre doing and run and save lives just alert us by beeper well buy these beepers just tell your dispatch to send us the beeper -and we will run and save lives -and we did turns whos going to listen to the radio scanners the next day while i was listening to the scanners i heard about a call coming in of a seventy year old man -hurt by a car only one block away from me on the main street of my neighborhood -i ran there by foot i had no medical equipment when i got there the seventy year old man was lying on the floor blood was gushing out of his neck he was on coumadin i knew i had to stop his bleeding or else he would die -i took off my yarmulke because i had no medical equipment and with a lot of pressure i stopped his bleeding he was bleeding from his neck -when the ambulance arrived -fifteen minutes later i gave them over a patient who was alive -when i went to visit him two days later he gave me a hug and was crying and thanking me for saving his life -at that moment when i realized this is the first person i ever saved in my life after two years volunteering in an ambulance i knew this is my lifes mission -so today twenty two years later we have united hatzalah -when i was looking at these pictures it brought me back many years to my past when i was a child i grew up in a small neighborhood in jerusalem -passionate about saving lives and theyre spread all around so whenever a call comes in they just stop everything and go and run and save a life -our average response time today went down to less than three minutes in israel -god forbid bomb attacks shootings whatever it is even a woman three oclock in the morning falling in her home and needs someone to help her three minutes well have a guy with his pajamas running to her house and helping her get up -the reasons why were so successful are because of three things thousands of passionate volunteers who will leave everything they do and run to help people they dont even know -and we save people that otherwise would not be saved -the second reason is because of our technology you know israelis are good in technology every one of us has on his phone no matter what kind of phone -when i was six years old -and the third thing are these ambucycles these ambucycles are an ambulance on two wheels we dont transfer people but we stabilize them and we save their lives -they never get stuck in traffic they could even go on a sidewalk they never literally get stuck in traffic thats why we get there so fast a few years after i started this organization in a jewish community two muslims from east jerusalem called me up -i was walking back from school on a friday afternoon -i said to myself i saw so much tragedy so much hate and its not about saving jews its not about saving muslims its not about saving christians its about saving people so i went ahead full force -with my older brother we were passing by a bus stop we saw a bus blow up in front of our eyes -arabs and jews they dont always get along together but here in this situation the communities literally its an unbelievable situation that happened the diversities all of a sudden they had a common interest lets save lives together settlers were saving arabs and arabs were saving settlers its an unbelievable concept that could work only when you have such a great cause -and these are all volunteers no one is getting money theyre all doing it for the purpose of saving lives -when my own father collapsed a few years ago from a cardiac arrest one of the first volunteers to arrive to save my father was one of these muslim volunteers from east jerusalem who -was in the first course to join hatzalah -and he saved my father could you imagine how i felt in that moment -when i started this organization i was seventeen years old i never imagined that one day id be speaking at tedmed i never even knew what tedmed was then i dont think it existed but i never imagined -the bus was on fire -i never imagined that its going to go all around its going to spread around and this last year we started in panama and brazil all i need -is a partner who is a little meshugenah like me -passionate about saving lives and willing to do it -and im actually starting it in india very soon with a friend who i met in harvard just a while back -and many people were hurt and killed -even australia and mexico and many other jewish communities but it could spread everywhere its very easy to adopt -and we made a difference i guess you could call this a lifesaving flash mob and it works -when i look all around here -i see lots of people -who would go an extra mile run an extra mile to save other people -no matter who they are no matter what religion no matter who where they come from we all want to be heroes -we just need a good idea -we were so scared and we just ran away -growing up i decided i wanted to become a doctor and save lives maybe that was because of what i saw when i was a child -when i was fifteen i took an emt course -and i went to volunteer on an ambulance -for two years i volunteered on an ambulance in jerusalem i helped many people -but whenever someone really needed help -i never got there in time we never got there the traffic is so bad the distance and everything we never got there when somebody really needed us -it had edited them out -there are fifty seven signals -to where youre located that it uses to personally tailor your query results -think about it for a second there is no standard google anymore -and you know the funny thing about this is that its hard to see you cant see how different your search results are from anyone elses but a couple of weeks ago i asked a bunch of friends to google egypt and to send me screen shots of what they got -so heres my friend scotts screen shot -and heres my friend daniels screen shot -when you put them side by side you dont even have to read the links to see how different these two pages are -but when you do read the links its really quite remarkable -thats how different these results are becoming so its not just google and facebook either this is something thats sweeping the web there are a whole host of companies that are doing this kind of personalization yahoo news the biggest news site on the internet is now personalized different people get different things -huffington post the washington post the new york times all flirting with personalization in various ways and this moves us very quickly -toward a world in which the internet is showing us what it thinks we want to see -but not necessarily what we need to see -as eric schmidt said it will be very hard for people to watch or consume something that has not in some sense been tailored for them -so i do think this is a problem -and i think if you take all of these filters together you take all these algorithms you get what i call a filter bubble -and your filter bubble is your own personal unique universe of information that you live in online -and whats in your filter bubble -depends on who you are and it depends on what you do -but the thing is that you dont decide what gets in -so one of the problems with the filter bubble was discovered by some researchers at netflix -and they were looking at the netflix queues and they noticed something kind of funny that a lot of us probably have noticed which is there are some movies that just sort of zip right up and out to our houses they enter the queue they just zip right out so iron man zips right out and waiting for superman can wait for a really long time -may be more relevant to your interests right now -what they discovered was that in our netflix queues theres this epic struggle going on -between our future aspirational selves -and our more impulsive present selves -you know we all want to be someone who has watched rashomon -but right now -than people dying in africa -we want to watch ace ventura for the fourth time -and the challenge with these kinds of algorithmic filters these personalized filters is that because theyre mainly looking at what you click on first -and i want to talk about what a web based on that idea of relevance might look like -and instead of a balanced information diet you can end up surrounded by information junk food -in a broadcast society this is how the founding mythology goes in a broadcast society -there were these gatekeepers the editors -and they controlled the flows of information -and along came the internet and it swept them out of the way and it allowed all of us to connect together and it was awesome but thats not actually whats happening right now -what were seeing is more of a passing of the torch -from human gatekeepers -to algorithmic ones -so when i was growing up in a really rural area in maine the internet meant something very different to me it meant a connection to the world it meant something that would connect us all together and i was sure that it was going to be great for democracy and for our society but theres this shift -so if algorithms are going to curate the world for us if theyre going to decide what we get to see and what we dont get to see then we need to make sure that theyre not just keyed to relevance -we need to make sure that they also show us things that are uncomfortable -or challenging or important this is what ted does other points of view and the thing is weve actually been here before as a society -in one thousand nine hundred and fifteen its not like newspapers were sweating a lot about their civic responsibilities -then people noticed that they were doing something really important -that in fact you couldnt have a functioning democracy if citizens didnt get a good flow of information -but it got us through the last century -and so now -and we need the new gatekeepers -to encode that kind of responsibility into the code that theyre writing -but we really need you to make sure -that these algorithms have encoded in them a sense of the public life a sense of civic responsibility -we need you to make sure that theyre transparent enough that we can see what the rules are that determine what gets through our filters -and we need you to give us some control so that we can decide -what gets through and what doesnt -and its not going to do that -if it leaves us all isolated in a web of one -thank you -in how information is flowing online -and its invisible and if we dont pay attention to it -it could be a real problem -so i first noticed this in a place i spend a lot of time my facebook page -im progressive politically big surprise but ive always gone out of my way to meet conservatives i like hearing what theyre thinking about i like seeing what they link to i like learning a thing or two and so i was surprised when i noticed one day that the conservatives had disappeared from my facebook feed -and what it turned out was going on was that facebook was looking at which links i clicked on -and it was noticing that actually i was clicking more on my liberal friends links than on my conservative friends links and without consulting me about it -like that my fiction as well one part of it is rooted in istanbul with strong turkish roots but the other part travels the world connecting to different cultures in -to think of my fiction as both local and universal both from here and everywhere now those of you who have been to istanbul have probably seen topkapi palace which was the residence of ottoman sultans for more than four hundred years -in the palace just outside the quarters of the favorite concubines theres a called the gathering place of djinn its between buildings -each time my grandmother would utter some words in arabic take a red apple and stab it with as many rose thorns as the number of warts she wanted to remove -im intrigued by this concept we usually distrust those areas that fall in between things we see them as the domain of supernatural creatures like the djinn who are made of smokeless fire and are the symbol of elusiveness -but my point is perhaps that elusive space is what writers and artists need most when i write fiction -i cherish elusiveness and changeability i like not knowing what will happen ten pages later i like it when my characters surprise me -i might write about a muslim woman in one novel and perhaps it will be a very happy story and in my next book i might write about a handsome gay professor in norway as long as is comes from our hearts we can write about anything -is it that in creative writing courses today the very first thing we teach students is write what you know perhaps thats not the right way to start at all -we should teach young people and ourselves to expand our hearts and write what we can feel we should get out of our cultural ghetto and go visit the next one and the next -then one by one she would encircle these thorns with dark ink a week later the patient would come -be friends for once let us make life easy on us let us be lovers and loved ones the earth shall be left to no one -for a follow up examination now im aware that i should not be saying such things in front of an audience of scholars and scientists -but the truth is of all the people who visited my grandmother for their skin conditions i did not see anyone go back unhappy or unhealed -i asked her how she did this was it the power of praying in response she said yes praying is effective but also beware of the power of -from her i learned among many other things one very precious lesson that if you want to destroy something in this life be it an acne a blemish or the human soul all you need to do is to surround it with thick walls it will dry -now we all live in some kind of a social and cultural circle we all do were born into a certain family nation class -thats what i do in life telling stories writing novels and today i would like to tell you a few stories about the art of storytelling and also some supernatural creatures called the -up inside -means we are surrounded with our mirror image now one other thing women like my grandma do in turkey is to cover mirrors with velvet or to hang them on the walls with their backs facing out -the rich and the poor east and west alike we tend to form clusters based on similarity and then we produce stereotypes about other clusters of people -in my opinion one way of transcending these cultural ghettos is through the art of storytelling stories cannot demolish frontiers -but they can punch holes in our mental walls and through those holes we can get a glimpse of the other and sometimes even like what we see -i started writing fiction at the age of eight my mother came home one day with a turquoise notebook and asked me if id be interested in keeping a personal journal -in retrospect i think she was slightly worried about my sanity i was constantly telling stories at home which was good except i told this to imaginary friends around me which was not so good -i was an introverted child to the point of communicating with colored crayons and apologizing to objects when i bumped into them so my mother thought it might do me good to write down my day to day experiences and emotions -but before i go there please allow me to share with you glimpses of my personal story i will do so with the help of -what she didnt know was that i thought my life was terribly boring and the last thing i wanted to do was to write about myself instead i began to write about people other than me and things that never really -and thus began my life long passion for writing fiction so from the very beginning fiction for me was less of an autobiographical manifestation -a transcendental journey into other lives other possibilities and please bear with me ill draw a circle and come back to this point -now one other thing happened around this same time my mother became a diplomat so from this small superstitious middle class neighborhood of my grandmother i was zoomed into this posh international school where i was the only turk -it was here that i had my first encounter with what i call the representative foreigner in our classroom there were children from all nationalities -yet this diversity did not necessarily lead to a cosmopolitan egalitarian classroom democracy -words of course but also a geometrical shape the circle so throughout my talk you will come across several circles -we were like a miniature united nations which was fun except whenever something negative with regards to a nation or a religion took place the child who represented it was mocked ridiculed and bullied endlessly -and i should know because during the time that i attended that school a military takeover happened in my country a gunman of my nationality nearly killed the pope and turkey got zero points in the eurovision song -i skipped school often and dreamed of becoming a sailor during those days i also had my first taste of cultural stereotypes there -the other children asked me about the movie midnight express which i had not seen they inquired how many cigarettes a day i smoked because they thought all turks were heavy smokers -and they wondered at what age i would start covering my hair i came to learn that these were the three main stereotypes about my country politics cigarettes and the veil -after spain we went to jordan germany and ankara again everywhere i went i felt like my imagination was the only -i could take with me stories gave me a sense of center continuity and coherence the three big cs that i otherwise lacked -in my mid twenties i moved to istanbul the city i adore i lived in a very vibrant diverse neighborhood where i wrote several of my -i was born in strasbourg france -there was the local grocer there a grumpy old man who didnt sell alcohol and didnt speak to marginals he was sitting next to a transvestite with a long black wig and mascara running down -i watched the man open a pack of cigarettes with trembling hands and offer one to her and that is the image of the night of the earthquake in my mind today -a conservative grocer and a crying transvestite smoking together on the sidewalk in the face of death and destruction our mundane differences evaporated and we all became one even if for a few hours -but ive always believed that stories too have a similar effect on us im not saying that fiction has the magnitude of an earthquake but when we are reading a good novel -we leave our small cozy apartments behind go out into the night alone and start getting to know people we had never met before and perhaps had even been biased against -as a linguistic one i started writing fiction in english im not an immigrant refugee or exile they ask me why i do this -but the commute between languages gives me the chance to recreate myself i love writing in turkish which to me is very poetic and very emotional -and i love writing in english which to me is very mathematical and cerebral so i feel connected to each language in a different way -for me like millions of other people around the world today english is an acquired language when youre a late comer to a language what happens is you live there with a continuous -and perpetual frustration as late comers we always want to say more you know crack better jokes say better things but we end up saying less because theres a gap between the mind and the -and that gap is very intimidating but if we manage not to be frightened by it its also stimulating and this is what i discovered in boston that frustration was very stimulating -now in the early nineteen seventies in ankara that was a bit unusual our neighborhood was full of large families where fathers were the heads of households so i grew up seeing my mother as a divorcee in -at this stage my grandmother who had been watching the course of my life with increasing anxiety started to -daily prayers that i urgently get married so that i could settle down once and for all and because god loves her i did get married -i guess one part of me has always been a nomad physically and spiritually stories accompany me keeping my pieces and memories together like an existential glue yet as much as i love stories -recently ive also begun to think that they lose their magic if and when a story is seen as more than a story and this is a subject that i would love to think about together -when my first novel written in english came out in america i heard an interesting remark from a literary critic i liked your book he said but i wish you had written it differently -i asked him what he meant by that he said well look at it theres so many spanish american hispanic characters in it but theres only one turkish character and its a man -now the novel took place on a university campus in boston so to me it was normal that there be more international characters in it than turkish characters -but i understood what my critic was looking for and i also understood that i would keep disappointing him he wanted to see the manifestation of my identity he was looking for a turkish woman in the book because i happened to be one -we often talk about how stories change the world but we should also see how the world of identity politics affects the way stories are being circulated read and -many authors feel this pressure but non western authors feel it more heavily if youre a woman writer from the muslim world like me -then you are expected to write the stories of muslim women and preferably the unhappy stories of unhappy muslim women -youre expected to write informative poignant and characteristic stories and leave the experimental and avant garde to your western -in fact i grew up observing two different kinds of womanhood on the one hand was my mother a well educated secular modern westernized turkish woman -what i experienced as a child in that school in madrid is happening in the literary world today writers are not seen as creative individuals on their own but as the representatives of their respective cultures -a few authors from china a few from turkey a few from nigeria were all thought to have something very distinctive if not peculiar -when identity politics tries to put labels on us it is our freedom of imagination that is in danger theres a fuzzy category called multicultural literature in which all authors from outside the western world are lumped together -never forget my first multicultural reading in harvard square about ten years ago we were three writers one from the philippines one turkish and one indonesian like a joke you know and -the reason why we were brought together was not because we shared an artistic style or a literary taste it was only because of our passports multicultural writers are expected to tell real stories -on the other hand was my grandmother who also took care of me and was more spiritual less educated and definitely less rational -quickly add that this tendency to see a story as more than a story does not solely come from the west it comes from everywhere -and i experienced this firsthand when i was put on trial in two thousand and five for the words my fictional characters uttered in a novel -i had intended to write a constructive multi layered novel about an armenian and a turkish family through the eyes of women my micro story became a macro issue when i was prosecuted -some people criticized others praised me for writing about the turkish armenian conflict but there were times when i wanted to remind both sides that this was fiction it was just a story -and when i say just a story im not trying to belittle my work i want to love and celebrate fiction for what it is not as a means to an end -entitled to their political opinions and there are good political novels out there but the language of fiction is not the language of daily politics -chekhov said the solution to a problem and the correct way of posing the question are two completely separate things -and only the latter is an artists responsibility identity politics divides us fiction connects one is interested in sweeping generalizations the other in nuances -this was a woman who read coffee grounds to see the future and melted lead into mysterious shapes to fend off the evil eye many people visited my grandmother people with severe acne on their faces or warts on their hands -one draws boundaries the other recognizes no frontiers identity politics is made of solid bricks fiction is flowing water -with each new person in the story the meddah would change his voice impersonating that character everybody could go and listen you know ordinary people even the sultan muslims and non muslims stories cut across all boundaries -which were very popular throughout the middle east north africa the balkans and asia today stories continue to transcend borders -when palestinian and israeli politicians talk they usually dont listen to each other but a palestinian reader still reads a novel by a jewish author and vice versa -connecting and empathizing with the narrator literature has to take us beyond if it cannot take us there it is not good literature -books have saved the introverted timid child that i was that i once was but im also aware of the danger of fetishizing them when the poet and mystic rumi met his spiritual companion shams of -one of the first things the latter did was to toss rumis books into water and watch the letters dissolve the sufis say knowledge that takes you not beyond yourself is far worse than ignorance -the problem with todays cultural ghettos is not lack of knowledge we know a lot about each other or so we think but knowledge that takes us not beyond ourselves it makes us elitist distant and disconnected -trying to peer beyond what albert einstein called the optical delusion of everyday consciousness -so what did he mean by this ill show you -take a breath right now -of this clear air in this room -now see this strange underwater -coral reef looking thing -its actually a persons trachea -and those colored globs are microbes that are actually swimming around in this room right now all around us -if were blind to this simple biology imagine what were missing -at the smallest subatomic level right now and at the grandest cosmic levels my years -this room may appear to be holding six hundred people but theres actually so many more because in each one of us there is a multitude of personalities -as a mystic have made me question almost all my assumptions theyve made me a proud i dont know it all -now when the mystic part of me jabbers on and on like this the warrior rolls her eyes shes -worried she says excuse me im pissed off and i know a few things and we better get busy about them right now -spent my life as a warrior working for womens issues working on political campaigns being an activist for the environment -and it can be sort of crazy making housing both the mystic and the warrior in one body ive always been attracted to those rare people -who pull that off -devote their lives to humanity with the grit of the warrior and the grace of the mystic -people like martin luther king jr who wrote i can never be what i ought to be until you are -what you ought to be this he wrote is the interrelated structure of reality -then mother teresa another mystic warrior who said the problem with the world is that we draw the circle of our family too small -and nelson mandela who lives by the african concept of ubuntu which means i need you -in order to be me and you need me in order to be you now we all love to trot out these three mystic warriors as if -they were born with the saint gene but we all actually have the same capacity that they do -and we need to do their work now -primary personalities that have been in conflict and conversation within me since i was a little girl i call them the mystic and the warrior -deeply disturbed by the ways in which all of our cultures are demonizing the other -by the voice were giving to the most divisive among us listen to these titles of some of the best selling books from both sides of the political divide here in the u s -is a big fat idiot -and patriots -arguing with idiots theyre supposedly tongue in cheek -but theyre actually dangerous -now heres a title that may sound familiar but whose author may surprise you -four and a half years of struggle against lies stupidity and cowardice who wrote that -that was adolf hitlers first title for mein kampf my struggle the book that launched the nazi party -the worst eras in human history whether in cambodia or germany or rwanda they start like this with negative otherizing and then they morph -into violent extremism -this is why im launching a new initiative and its to -all of us myself included to counteract -the tendency to -and i realize were all busy people so dont worry you can do this on a lunch break -im calling my initiative take the other to lunch if you are -i was born into a family of politically active intellectual atheists there was this equation in my family that went something like this -you can take a democrat to lunch or if youre a democrat think of it as taking a republican to lunch -now if the idea of taking any of these people to lunch makes you lose your appetite -i suggest you start more local because there is no shortage of the other right in your own neighborhood maybe that person who worships at the mosque -or the church or the synagogue down the street or -i took a conservative tea party woman to lunch -now on paper she passed my smoking ears test -shes an activist from the right and im an activist from the left -and we used some guidelines to keep our conversation elevated and you can use them too because i know youre all going to take an other to lunch -so first of all decide on a goal to get to know one person -from a group you may have negatively stereotyped -if you are intelligent you therefore are not spiritual i was the freak of the family i was this weird little kid who wanted to have deep talks -and then before you get together agree on some ground rules my tea party lunchmate and i came up with these -dont persuade defend or interrupt be curious be conversational -real and listen -from there we dove in and we used these questions share some of your life experiences with me -what issues deeply concern you and what have you always wanted to ask someone from the other side -my lunch partner and i came away with some really important insights and im going to share just one with you i think it has relevance to any -why her side makes such outrageous allegations and lies about my side what she wanted to know -a bunch of elitist morally corrupt terrorist lovers well she was shocked she thought my side beat up on her side way more often -that we called them brainless gun toting racists -and we both marveled at the labels that fit none of the people we actually know -and since we had established some trust we believed in each others sincerity -we agreed wed speak up in our own communities when we witnessed the kind of otherizing talk that can wound and fester into paranoia -and then be used by those on the fringes to incite -by the end of our lunch we acknowledged each others openness neither of us had tried to change the -but we also hadnt pretended that our differences were just going to melt away after a lunch -that might exist beyond the ones that we perceive with our senses i wanted to know if what we human beings see and hear -which is the only place where solutions to our most intractable seeming problems -will be found -who should you invite to lunch next time you catch yourself in the act of otherizing that will be your clue -and what might happen at your lunch will the heavens open and we are the world play over the restaurant sound system probably not -because ubuntu work is slow and its difficult its two people -dropping the pretense of being know it alls -its two people two warriors -heres how the great persian poet rumi put it -out beyond ideas of wrong doing and right doing -and think is a full and accurate picture of reality so looking for answers -i went to catholic mass i tagged along with my neighbors i read sartre and socrates and then a wonderful thing happened when i was in high school -gurus from the east started washing up on the shores of america and i said to myself i wanna get me one of them -ever since ive been walking the mystic path -they sit in a circle -and ask me to come to join them -they want to teach me about my destiny -i thought every seven year old went through -people will forget their wisdom -it will take elders voices from the far corners of the world -to call the world into balance -you will go far away -it will sometimes be a lonely road we will not be there -but you will look into the eyes of seeming strangers -i was raised by native hawaiian elders -the year is two thousand and seven -im on a remote island in micronesia -by one mile wide -three old women who took care of me while my parents worked -hes also considered the greatest wave finder in the world -there are fewer than a handful of palu left on this island -their tradition is so extraordinary -that these mariners sailed -three million square miles across the pacific without the use of instruments -they could synthesize patterns in nature using the rising and setting of stars the sequence and direction of waves -the flight patterns of certain birds even the slightest hint of color on the underbelly of a cloud would inform them and help them navigate with the keenest accuracy -when western scientists would join mau on the canoe and watch him go into the hull it appeared that an old man was going to rest -in fact the hull of the canoe is the womb of the vessel it is the most accurate place to feel the rhythm and sequence and direction of waves -the year is one thousand nine hundred and sixty three -its what he had been trained to do since he was five years old -now science may dismiss this methodology -but polynesian navigators use it today -because it provides them -an accurate determination of the angle and direction of their vessel -the palu also had an uncanny ability to forecast weather conditions days in advance sometimes id be with mau on a cloud covered night and wed sit at the easternmost coast of the island and he would look out -their achievements intellectually and scientifically are extraordinary and they are so relevant for these times that we are in when we are riding out storms -we are in such a critical moment of our collective history -they have been compared to astronauts -these elder navigators who sail vast open oceans in double hulled canoes -thousands of miles from a small island -their canoes -and the shifting of the tides its a stretch of beach we know so well the smooth stones on the sand -we cannot afford to lose it -the year is two thousand and ten -just as the women in hawaii -that raised me predicted the world is in trouble -we live in a society bloated with data -yet starved for wisdom -were connected twenty four seven -fear depression and loneliness is at an all time high we must course -your society worships the jester -while the king stands in plain clothes -the link between the past and the future is fragile -this i know intimately because even as i travel throughout the world -to listen to these stories and record them -by the fact that i no longer -remember the names of the winds -and i am reminded -that throughout the world there are cultures with vast sums of knowledge in them -as potent as the micronesian navigators -that are going dismissed that this is a testament to brilliant -if you saw these women on the street -brilliant technology and science and wisdom -that is vanishing rapidly because when an elder dies a library is burned and throughout the world libraries are ablaze -and i realize through a lesson that he shared -that we continue to find our way and this is what he said -in their faded clothes you might dismiss them as poor and simple -the island is the canoe -the canoe the island and what he meant was -if you are voyaging and far from home -your very survival depends on everyone aboard -you cannot make the voyage alone you were never meant to -this whole notion of every man for himself is completely unsustainable it always -true navigation -begins in the human heart -that would be a mistake -these women are descendants of polynesian navigators -trained in the old ways -by their elders -and now theyre passing it on to me -they teach me the names of the winds and the rains of astronomy according to a genealogy of stars -theres a new moon on the horizon hawaiians say its a good night for fishing -they begin to chant -we cant reliably distinguish true memories from false memories we need independent corroboration such a discovery has made me more tolerant -well titus lost complete faith in the legal system -of the everyday memory mistakes that my friends and family members make such a discovery might have saved steve titus the man whose whole future was snatched away -that memory like liberty is a fragile thing thank you -and yet he got an idea he called up the local newspaper he got the interest of an investigative journalist and that journalist actually found the real rapist -a man who ultimately confessed to this rape a man who was thought to have committed fifty rapes in that area -like to tell you about a legal case that i worked on involving a man named steve titus -and when this information was given to the judge the judge set titus free -and really thats where this case should have ended it should have been over titus should have thought of this as a horrible year a year of accusation and trial but over it didnt end that way titus was so bitter hed lost his job he couldnt get it back -he lost his fiancee she couldnt put up with his persistent anger he lost his entire savings and so he decided to file a lawsuit against the police and others whom he felt were responsible for his suffering -and thats when i really started working on this case trying to figure out -how did that victim go from that ones the closest to im absolutely positive thats the guy -well titus was consumed with his civil case he spent every waking moment thinking about it and just days before -he was to have his day in court he woke up in the morning doubled over in pain and died of a stress related heart attack he was thirty five years old -titus was a restaurant manager he was thirty one years old he lived in seattle washington he was engaged to gretchen about to be married she was the love of his life -so i was asked to work on titus case because im a psychological scientist i study memory ive studied memory for decades and if i meet somebody on an airplane -this happened on the way over to scotland if i meet somebody on an airplane and we ask each other what do you do what do you do and i say i study memory they usually want to tell me how they have trouble remembering names or theyve got a relative whos got alzheimers or some kind of memory problem -but i have to tell them i dont study when people forget i study the opposite when they remember when they remember things that didnt happen or remember things that were different from the way they really were i study false memories -unhappily steve titus is not the only person to be convicted based on somebodys false memory -in one project in the united states information has been gathered on three hundred innocent people -three hundred defendants who were convicted of crimes they didnt do they spent ten twenty thirty years in prison for these crimes and now dna testing has proven that they are actually innocent -and when those cases have been analyzed three quarters of them are due to faulty memory faulty eyewitness memory -well why like the jurors who convicted those innocent people and the jurors who convicted titus -many people believe that memory works like a recording device you just record the information then you call it up and play it back when you want to answer questions or identify images but decades of work in psychology has shown that this just isnt true -and one night the couple went out for a romantic restaurant meal they were on their way home and they were pulled over by a police officer you see titus car -our memories are constructive theyre reconstructive memory works a little bit more like a wikipedia page you can go in there and change it but so can other people -and we asked people how fast were the cars going when they hit each other and we asked other people how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other and if we asked the leading smashed question -the witnesses told us the cars were going faster and moreover that leading smashed question caused people to be more likely to tell us that they saw broken glass in the accident scene when there wasnt any broken glass at all -in another study we showed a simulated accident where a car went through an intersection with a stop sign and if we asked a question that insinuated it was a yield sign many witnesses told us they remember seeing a yield sign at the intersection not a stop sign -and you might be thinking well you know these are filmed events they are not particularly stressful would the same kind of mistakes be made with a really stressful event -in a study we published just a few months ago we have an answer to this question because what was unusual about this study is -we arranged for people to have a very stressful experience -the subjects in this study were members of the u s military -sort of resembled a car that was driven -who were undergoing a harrowing training exercise to teach them what its going to be like for them if they are ever captured as prisoners of war and as part of this training exercise these soldiers are interrogated in an aggressive -hostile physically abusive fashion for thirty minutes and later on they have to try to identify the person who conducted that interrogation and when we feed them suggestive information -that insinuates its a different person many of them misidentify their interrogator often identifying someone who doesnt even remotely resemble the real interrogator and so what these studies are showing is that when you feed people misinformation -earlier in the evening by a man who raped a female hitchhiker -about some experience that they may have had you can distort or contaminate or change their memory -well out there in the real world misinformation is everywhere we get misinformation not only if were questioned in a leading way but if we talk to other witnesses who might consciously or inadvertently feed us -some erroneous information or if we see media coverage about some event we might have experienced -all of these provide the opportunity for this kind of -contamination of our memory -and titus kind of resembled that rapist so the police took a picture of titus they put it in a photo lineup they later showed it to the victim and she pointed to titus photo she said that ones the closest -in the one thousand nine hundred and ninety s we began to see an even more extreme kind of memory problem some patients were going into therapy with one problem maybe they had depression an eating disorder and they were coming out of therapy with a different problem -extreme memories for horrific brutalizations sometimes in satanic rituals sometimes involving -really bizarre and unusual elements one woman came out of psychotherapy believing that shed endured years of ritualistic abuse where she was forced into a pregnancy and that the baby was cut from her belly but there were no physical scars or any kind of physical evidence -that could have supported her story -and when i began looking into these cases i was wondering where do these bizarre memories come from and what i found is that most of these situations involved some particular form -of psychotherapy and so i asked were some of the things going on in this psychotherapy like the imagination exercises or dream interpretation or in some cases hypnosis or in some cases exposure to false information were these -leading these patients to develop these very bizarre -unlikely memories and i designed some experiments to try to study the processes that were being used in this psychotherapy so i could study the development of these very rich false memories -and planted a false memory that when you were a kid five or six years old you were lost in a shopping mall you were frightened you were crying you were ultimately rescued by an elderly person and reunited with the family and we succeeded in planting this memory -in the minds of about a quarter of our subjects -and you might be thinking well thats not particularly stressful but we and other investigators have planted rich false memories of things that were much more unusual and much more stressful so in a study done in tennessee researchers planted the false memory -that when you were a kid you nearly drowned -and had to be rescued by a life guard and in a study done in canada researchers planted the false memory that when you were a kid something as awful as being attacked by a vicious animal -the police and the prosecution proceeded with a trial and when steve titus was put on trial for rape the rape victim got on the stand and said im absolutely positive thats the man -happened to you succeeding with about half of their subjects and in a study done in italy researchers planted the false memory when you were a kid you witnessed demonic possession -i do want to add that it might seem like we are traumatizing these experimental subjects in the name of science but our studies have gone through -that have made the decision that the temporary discomfort that some of these subjects might experience in these studies -well to my surprise -when i published this work and began to speak out against this particular brand of psychotherapy it created some pretty bad problems for me hostilities primarily from the repressed memory therapists who felt under attack -and by the patients whom they had influenced -i had sometimes armed guards at speeches that i was invited to give people trying to drum up letter writing campaigns to get me fired but probably the worst -was i suspected that a woman was innocent of abuse -that was being claimed by her grown daughter she accused her mother of sexual abuse based on a repressed memory and this accusing daughter had actually allowed her story to be filmed and presented in public places -i was suspicious of this story and so i started to investigate and eventually found information that convinced me that this mother was innocent -i published an expose on the case and a little while later the accusing daughter filed a lawsuit even though id never mentioned her name she sued me for defamation -and titus was convicted he proclaimed his innocence his family screamed at the jury his fiancee collapsed on the floor sobbing and titus is taken away to jail -if i plant a false memory in your mind does it have repercussions does it affect your later thoughts your later behaviors -our first study planted a false memory that you got sick as a child eating certain foods hard boiled eggs dill pickles strawberry ice cream and we found that once we planted this false memory people didnt want to eat the foods as much at an outdoor picnic -the false memories arent necessarily bad or unpleasant if we planted a warm -well along with this ability to plant memories and control behavior obviously come some important ethical issues -like when should we use this mind technology and should we ever ban its use -therapists cant ethically plant false memories in the mind of their patients even if it would help the patient -have a kid with obesity diabetes shortened lifespan all the things that go with it or a kid with one little extra bit of false memory i know what i would choose for a kid of mine -but maybe my work has made me different from most people most people cherish their memories know that they represent their identity who they are where they came from and i appreciate that i feel that way too but i know from my work how much fiction -so what would you do at this point what would you do -is already in there -if ive learned anything from these decades of working on these problems its this just because somebody tells you something and they say it with confidence just because they say it with lots of detail just because they express emotion when they say it it doesnt mean that it really happened -but the tasmanian devil population has been undergoing a really extremely fast decline and in fact theres concern that the species could go extinct in the wild within -twenty to thirty years and the reason for that is the emergence of a new disease a contagious cancer -at the time this was thought to be a one off -animals just like humans sometimes get strange tumors however we now believe that this is the first sighting of a new disease which is now an epidemic spreading through tasmania -the -s familiar with cancer -the northeast of tasmania in one thousand nine hundred and ninety six and has spread across tasmania like a huge wave now theres only a small part of the population which remains unaffected -this disease appears first as tumors usually on the face or inside the mouth of affected tasmanian devils these tumors inevitably grow into larger tumors such as these ones here and the next image im going to show is quite gruesome but inevitably these tumors progress towards being enormous -but we dont normally think of cancer as being a contagious disease the tasmanian devil has shown us that not only can cancer be a contagious disease but it can also threaten an entire species -ulcerating tumors like this one here -she hadnt eaten for days her guts were swimming with parasitic worms her body was riddled with secondary tumors and yet she was feeding three little baby tasmanian devils in her pouch -in fact in the area where she comes from more than ninety percent of the tasmanian devil population has already died of this disease -scientists around the world were intrigued by this cancer this infectious cancer that was spreading through the tasmanian devil population and our minds immediately turned to cervical cancer in women which is spread by a virus and to the aids epidemic which is associated with a number of different types of cancer -all the evidence suggested that this devil cancer was spread by a virus -however we now know and ill tell you right now that we know that this cancer is not spread by a virus in fact the infectious agent of disease in this cancer is something altogether more sinister and something that we hadnt really thought of before -but in order for me to explain what that is i need to spend just a couple of minutes talking more about cancer itself -cancer is a disease that affects millions of people around the world every year -fourteen -cancer occurs when a single cell in your body acquires a set of random mutations in important genes that cause that cell to start to produce more and more and more copies of itself -paradoxically once established natural selection actually favors the continued growth of cancer -natural selection is survival of the fittest and when you have a population of fast dividing cancer cells if one of them acquires new mutations which allow them to grow more quickly acquire nutrients more successfully invade the body -with extinction -an amazing fact is that given the right environment and the right nutrients a cancer cell has the potential to go on growing forever -however cancer is constrained by living inside our bodies and its continued growth its spreading through our bodies and eating away at our tissues leads to the death of the cancer patient and also to the death of the cancer itself -so first of all what is a tasmanian devil -so cancer could be thought of as a strange short lived self destructive life form -an evolutionary dead end -but that is where the tasmanian devil cancer has acquired an absolutely amazing evolutionary adaptation -many of you might be familiar with taz the cartoon character the one that spins around and around and around but not many people know that there actually is a real animal called the tasmanian devil and its the worlds largest carnivorous marsupial a marsupial is a mammal with a pouch like a kangaroo -and the answer came from studying the tasmanian devil cancers dna this was work from many people but im going to explain it through a confirmatory experiment that i did -the sequence of jonas tumor to that of the rest of his body i discovered that they had a completely different genetic profile -in fact jonas and his tumor -so how come a tumor that arose from the cells of another individual is growing on jonas face well the next breakthrough came from studying hundreds of tasmanian devil cancers from all around tasmania we found that all of these cancers shared the same dna -think about that for a minute that means that all of these cancers actually are the same cancer that arose once from one individual devil that have broken free of that first devils body and spread through the entire tasmanian devil population but how can a cancer spread -we think that cancer cells actually come off the tumor get into the saliva when the devil bites another devil it actually physically implants living cancer cells into the next devil so the tumor continues to grow -so this tasmanian devil cancer is perhaps the ultimate cancer its not constrained by living within the body that gave rise to it it spreads through the population has mutations that allow it to evade -this is kimbo hes a dog that belongs to a family in mombasa in kenya last year his owner noticed some blood trickling from his genital region she took him to the vet -and the vet discovered something quite disgusting and if youre squeamish please look away now he discovered this a huge bleeding tumor at the base of kimbos penis -the tasmanian devil got its name from the terrifying nocturnal -the vet diagnosed this as transmissible venereal tumor a sexually transmitted cancer that affects dogs and just as the tasmanian devil cancer is contagious through the spread of living cancer cells so is this dog cancer -but this dog cancer is quite remarkable because it spread all around the world and in fact these same cells that are affecting kimbo here are also found affecting dogs in new york city -that it makes -in mountain villages in the himalayas and in outback australia -we also believe this cancer might be very old in fact genetic profiling tells that it may be tens of thousands of years old which means that this cancer may have first arisen from the cells of a wolf that lived alongside the neanderthals -this cancer is remarkable its the oldest mammalian derived life form that we know of -its a living relic -of the distant past so weve seen that this can happen in animals could cancers be contagious between people -well this is a question which fascinated chester southam a cancer doctor in the one thousand nine hundred and fifty s ad he decided to put this to the test -and this is a photograph of dr southam in one thousand nine hundred and fifty seven injecting cancer into a volunteer who in this case was an inmate in ohio state penitentiary -what this tells us -ethical issues aside is that -its probably extremely rare for cancers to be transferred -between people however under some circumstances it can happen -and i think that this is something that oncologists and epidemiologists should be aware of in the future -so just finally cancer is an inevitable outcome of the ability of our cells to divide and to adapt to their environments but that does not mean that we should give up hope in the fight against cancer -in fact i believe given more knowledge of the complex evolutionary processes that drive cancers growth we can defeat cancer my personal aim is to defeat the tasmanian devil cancer -the tasmanian devil is predominantly a scavenger and it uses its powerful jaws and its sharp teeth to chomp on the bones of rotting dead animals -and despite their ferocious appearance tasmanian devils are actually quite adorable little animals in fact growing up in tasmania it always was incredibly exciting when we got a chance to see a tasmanian devil in the wild -lets start with whats rational for an addict now i remember speaking to an indonesian friend of mine frankie we were having lunch and he was telling me about when he was in jail in bali for a drug injection -what factory workers earn in an hour in indonesia on average twenty cents it varies a bit province to province i do speak to sex workers fifteen thousand of them for this particular slide -i mean the truth is that everyone has a different rationale there are as many different ways of being rational as there are human beings on the planet -a drug injector to share needles because of a stupid decision thats made by a politician and its rational for a politician to make that stupid decision because theyre responding to what they think the voters want -s the thing we are the voters were not all of them of course but ted is a community of opinion leaders and everyone whos in this room and everyone whos watching this out there on the web i think has a duty to demand of their politicians -and it was someones birthday and they had very kindly smuggled some heroin in to the jail and he was very generously sharing it out with all of his -every ines out there but you can at least use your vote to stop politicians doing stupid things that spread hiv thank you -colleagues and so everyone lined up all the smackheads in a row and the guy whose birthday it was filled up the -fit and he went down and started injecting people so he injects the first guy and then hes wiping the needle on his shirt and he injects the next guy and frankie said im number twenty two in line -and i can see the needle coming down towards me and there is blood all over the place its getting blunter and blunter and a small part of my brain is thinking -that is -really dangerous but most of my brain is thinking please let there be some -left by the time it gets to me please let there be some -for accuracy -but actually -at that time was a heroin addict and he was in jail so his choice was either to accept that dirty needle or not to get high and if theres one place you really want to get high its -when youre in jail but im a scientist and i dont like to make data out of anecdotes so lets look at some -to six hundred drug addicts in three cities in indonesia and we said well do you know how you get hiv oh yeah by sharing needles i mean nearly one hundred percent yeah by sharing needles -this was a headline in a u k newspaper the guardian not that long ago im curious show of hands who agrees with it -and do you know where you can get a clean needle at a price you can afford to avoid that oh yeah one hundred percent were smackheads we know where to get clean needles so are you carrying a needle were actually -so no surprises then that the proportion that actually used clean needles every time they injected in the last week is just about one in -ten and the other nine in ten are sharing so youve got this massive mismatch everyone knows -that if they share theyre going to get hiv but theyre all sharing anyway so whats that about is it like you get a better high if you share or something we asked that to -want to share a needle anymore than you want to share a toothbrush even with someone youre sleeping with theres just an ick factor there no no we share needles because we dont -so in indonesia at this time -if you were carrying a needle and the cops rounded you up they could put you into jail and that changes the equation slightly doesnt it because -your choice now is either i use my own needle now or i could share a needle now and -get a disease thats going to possibly kill me ten years from now or i could use my own needle now and -go to jail tomorrow and while junkies think that its a really bad idea to expose themselves to hiv they think its a much worse idea to spend the next year in jail -two brave souls this is actually a direct quote from an epidemiologist whos been in field of hiv for fifteen years -where theyll probably end up in frankies situation and expose themselves to hiv anyway so suddenly it becomes perfectly rational to share needles -now lets look at it from a policy makers point of view this is a really easy problem for once your incentives are aligned weve got whats rational for public health -you want people to use clean needles and junkies want to use clean needles so we could make this problem go away simply by making clean needles universally available and taking away the fear of arrest -now the first person to figure that out and do something about it on a national scale was that well known bleeding heart liberal margaret thatcher -and she put in the worlds first national needle exchange program and other countries followed suit australia the netherlands and few others and in all of those countries you can see not more than four percent -ever became infected with hiv of injectors in places that didnt do this new york city for example moscow jakarta -at its peak one in two injectors infected with this fatal disease now -four continents and youre looking at her -so if she didnt invest in effective prevention she was going to have pick up the costs of treatment later on and obviously those are much higher -so she was making a politically rational decision now if i take out my public health nerd glasses -and look at these data -it seems like a no brainer doesnt it -but in this country -where the government apparently does not feel compelled to provide health care for citizens weve taken a very different approach so what weve been doing in the united states is reviewing the data -and i am now going to argue that this is only half true -the whole slide -there is nothing on the other side -so completely irrational you would think except that wait a minute politicians are rational -and theyre responding to what they think the votes want so what we see is that voters respond very well to things like this and not quite so well to things like this -think somehow that if you give out condoms everyones going to run out and have sex i dont know if -but if you do ive got news for you benedict i carry condoms all the time and -hiv is actually not that easy -to transmit sexually so it depends on how much virus there is in your blood and in your body fluids and what weve got is a very very high level of virus right at the beginning when youre first infected then you start making antibodies -is the dominant paradigm in public health and if you put your public health nerd glasses on youll see that if we give people the information that they need about whats good for them and whats bad for them -and then it bumps along at quite low levels for a long time ten or twelve years you have spikes if you get another sexually transmitted infection but basically nothing much is going on -until you start to get symptomatic aids and by that stage over here youre not looking great youre not feeling great youre not having that much sex -so the sexual transmission of hiv is essentially determined by how many partners you have in these very short spaces of time when you have peak viremia now -the truth is that twenty years of very good research have shown us that there are groups that are more likely to turn over large numbers of partners in a short space of time and those groups are globally -people who sell sex and their more regular partners they are gay men on the party scene who have on average three times more partners than straight people on the party scene -and they are heterosexuals who come from countries that have traditions of polygamy and relatively high levels of female autonomy -and almost all of those countries are in east or southern africa and that is reflected in the epidemic that we have today so you can see these horrifying figures from africa these are all countries in southern africa where -between one in seven and one in three of all adults are infected with hiv -now in the rest of the world weve got basically nothing going on in the general population very very low levels but we have extraordinarily high levels of hiv -in these other populations who are at highest risk so drug injectors sex workers and gay men and youll note thats the local data from los angeles twenty five percent -if you give them the services that they can use to act on that information and a little bit of motivation people will make rational decisions and live long and healthy lives wonderful -of course you cant get hiv just by having unprotected sex you can only hiv by having unprotected sex with a positive person -most of the world these few prevention failures not withstanding we are actually doing quite well these days in commercial sex condom use rates are between -eighty and one hundred percent in commercial sex in most countries and again its because of an alignment of the incentives whats rational for public health is also rational for individual -sex workers because its really bad for business to have another sti no one wants it and actually clients dont want to go home with a drip either so essentially youre able to achieve quite high rates of condom use in commercial sex -but in intimate relations its much more difficult because with your wife or your boyfriend or someone that you hope might turn into one of those things -that you really need quite a strong incentive to use condoms this for example this gentlemans called joseph hes from haiti and he has aids -and hes probably not having a lot of sex right now but he is a reminder in the population of why you might want to be using condoms this is also in haiti and is a reminder of why you might want to be having sex perhaps -now funnily enough this is also joseph after six months on antiretroviral treatment not for nothing do we call it the lazarus effect -is changing the equation of whats rational in sexual decision making -so what weve got some people say oh it doesnt matter very much because actually treatment is effective prevention because it lowers your viral load and therefore makes it more difficult to transmit hiv -so if you look at the viremia thing again if you do start treatment when youre sick well what happens your viral load comes down -but compared to what what happens if youre not on treatment -well you die so your viral load goes to zero and all of this green stuff here including the spikes which are -because you couldnt get to the pharmacy or you ran out of drugs or you went on a three day party binge and forgot to take your drugs or because youve started to get -resistance or whatever all of that is virus that wouldnt be out there except for treatment now am i saying oh well great prevention strategy lets just stop treating people of course not of course not we need to expand -not necessarily true and i think we can learn a lot from the experience of gay men in rich countries where treatment has been widely available for going on fifteen years now and what weve seen is that actually -condom use rates which were very very high the gay community responded very rapidly to hiv with extremely little help from public health nerds i would say -that condom use rate has come down dramatically since treatment for two reasons really one is the assumption of oh well if hes infected hes probably on meds and his viral loads going to be low -so im pretty safe and the other thing is that people are simply not as scared of -hiv as they were of aids and rightly so aids was a disfiguring disease that killed you and hiv is an invisible virus that makes you take a pill every day and thats boring -is it as boring as having to use a condom every time you have sex no matter how drunk you are no matter how many poppers youve taken whatever -you see the peak in drug injectors before they started the national needle exchange program then it came way down and both in heterosexuals mostly in commercial sex and in drug users -got nothing much going on after treatment begins and thats because of that alignment of incentives that i talked about earlier -but in gay men youve got quite a dramatic rise starting three or four years after treatment became widely available this is of new infections -what does that mean it means that the combined effect of being less worried and having more virus out there in the population more people living longer healthier lives more likely to be getting laid with hiv is outweighing the effects of lower viral -and thats a very worrisome thing what does it mean it means we need to be doing more prevention the more treatment we have is that whats happening -no and i call it the compassion conundrum weve talked a lot about compassion the last couple of days and whats happening really is that people -unable quite to bring themselves to put in good sexual and reproductive health services for sex workers unable quite to be giving out needles to junkies -once theyve gone from being transgressive people whose behaviors we dont want to -to being aids victims we come over all compassionate and buy them incredibly expensive drugs for the rest of their lives it doesnt make any sense from a public health point of view -i want to give whats very nearly the last word to ines ines is a a transgender hooker on the streets of jakarta shes a chick -in a hundred years subdivisions that simply end up too close to water or too far from transit wont be viable and so weve created -eco acre transfer to transfer development rights -to the transit corridors and allow the re greening of those former subdivisions for food and energy production -has about one third the carbon footprint of the average suburban dweller -so the -second challenge -is to improve the architectural design quality of the retrofits and i close with this image of democracy in action -this is a protest thats happening on a retrofit in silver spring maryland on an astroturf town green -are often accused of being examples of faux downtowns and instant urbanism and not without reason you dont get much more phony than an astroturf town green -to say these are very hybrid places they are new but trying to look old they have urban streetscapes but suburban parking ratios -mostly because suburbanites drive a lot more and living in detached buildings you have that much more exterior surface to leak energy out of so strictly from a climate change perspective -their populations are more diverse than typical suburbia but theyre less diverse than cities and they -public places but that are managed by private companies and just the surface appearance is like the astroturf here -they make me wince so you know i mean im glad that the urbanism is doing its job the fact that a protest is happening -really does mean that the layout of the blocks the streets and blocks the putting in of public space compromised as it may be is still a really great thing but weve got to get the architecture better the final challenge is for all of you -think that downtowns should be dynamic and we expect that but we seem to have an expectation that the suburbs should forever remain frozen in what ever adolescent form they were first given birth to -its time to let them grow up so i want you to all support the zoning changes the road diets the infrastructure improvements and the retrofits that are coming soon to a neighborhood near you thank you -cities are already relatively green the big opportunity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is actually in urbanizing the suburbs -all that driving that weve been doing out in the suburbs we have doubled the amount of miles we drive -its increased our dependence on foreign oil despite the gains in fuel efficiency were just driving so much more we havent been able to keep up technologically -is another reason to consider retrofitting researchers at the cdc and other places have increasingly been linking suburban development patterns with sedentary lifestyles -the last fifty years weve been building the suburbs with a lot of unintended consequences and im going to talk about some of those consequences -and those have been linked then with the rather alarming growing rates of obesity shown in these maps here -and that obesity has also been triggering great increases in heart disease and diabetes to the point where a child born today has a one in three chance of developing diabetes -and that rate has been escalating at the same rate as children not walking to school anymore again because of our development -for the last fifty years you know the cheap land out on the edge has helped generations of families enjoy the american dream -but increasingly the savings promised by drive til you qualify affordability which is basically our model -those savings are wiped out when you consider the transportation costs -for instance here in atlanta -about half of households make between twenty thousand and fifty thousand a year and they are spending twenty nine percent of their income on housing -and thirty two percent on transportation -two thousand and five figures thats before we got up to the four bucks a gallon you know none of us really tend to do the math on our transportation costs and theyre not going down any time soon -and just present a whole bunch of really interesting projects that i think give us tremendous reasons to be really optimistic that the big design and development project of the next fifty years is going to be retrofitting -whether you love suburbias leafy privacy or you hate its soulless commercial strips there are reasons why its important to retrofit but is it practical -think it is june williamson and i have been researching this topic for over a decade and weve found over eighty varied projects but that theyre really all market driven -whats driving the market in particular number one is major demographic shifts we all tend to think of suburbia as this very family focused place -and the market research consumer research asking the boomers and gen y what it is they would like what they would like to live in -there is going to be a huge demand and were already seeing it for more urban lifestyles within suburbia -that basically the boomers want to be able to age in place -when the postwar suburbs were first built out on the cheap land away from downtown it made sense to just build surface parking lots -but those sites have now been leapfrogged and leapfrogged again as weve just continued to sprawl -and they now have a relatively central location -it no longer make sense that land is more valuable than just surface parking lots -now makes sense to go back in build a deck and build -on those sites -so what do you do with a dead mall dead office park it turns out -all sorts of things in a slow economy like ours re inhabitation is one of the more popular strategies -so this happens to be a dead mall in st louis thats been re inhabited as art space its now home to artist studios theater groups dance troupes -we also found a lot of examples of dead big box stores that have been converted into all sorts of community serving uses as well -lots of schools lots of churches and lots of libraries like this one this was a little -tore up some of the parking spaces put in bioswales to collect and clean the runoff put in a lot more sidewalks to connect to the neighborhoods and theyve made what -just a store along a commercial strip into a community gathering space -this one is a little l shaped strip shopping center in phoenix arizona really all they did was they gave it a fresh coat of bright paint a gourmet grocery and they put up a restaurant in the old post office -never underestimate the power of food to turn a place around and make it a destination its been so successful theyve now taken over the strip across the street and -the real estate ads in the neighborhood all very proudly proclaim walking distance to le grande orange because -it provided its neighborhood with what sociologists like to call a third place if home is the first place and work is the second place -the third place is where you go to hang out and build community and especially as suburbia is becoming less centered on the family -the family households theres a real hunger for more third places -so the most dramatic retrofits are really those in the next category the next strategy redevelopment now during the boom -there were several really dramatic redevelopment projects where the original building was scraped to the ground and the whole site was rebuilt at significantly greater density a sort of compact walkable urban neighborhoods -on top of its parking lots so the black and white photo shows the simple sixties strip shopping center and then the maps above that -show its gradual transformation into a compact mixed use new england village and it has plans now that have been approved for -it to connect to new residential neighborhoods across the arterials and over to the other side so you know sometimes its incremental sometimes its all at once -this is another infill project on the parking lots this one of an office park outside of washington d c -when metrorail expanded transit into the suburbs and opened a station nearby to this site the owners decided to -build a new parking deck and then insert on top of their surface lots a new main street several apartments and condo buildings -today the transit the main street and the new housing have all been built eventually i expect that the streets will probably extend through a redevelopment of the mall -and in the process what that allows us to do is to redirect a lot more of our growth back into existing communities that could use a boost and have the infrastructure in place -so heres what it looks like you can sort of see the funky new condo buildings in between the office buildings and the public space and the new main street -this one is one of my favorites belmar i think they really built an attractive place here and have just employed all green construction theres massive p v arrays on the roofs as well as wind turbines -this was a very large mall on a hundred acre superblock its now twenty two walkable urban blocks -with public streets two public parks eight bus lines and a range of housing types and so its really given lakewood colorado the downtown that this particular suburb never had -thats really history so here it is at projected build out -heres what the new main street looks like its very successful and its helped to prompt eight of the thirteen regional malls in denver have now or announced plans to -plowing down the whole city no its pockets of walkability on the sites of under performing properties -and so its giving people more choices but its not taking away choices but its also not really enough to just create pockets of walkability -you want to also try to get more systemic transformation we need to also retrofit the corridors themselves so this is one that has been retrofitted in california -they took the commercial strip shown on the black and white images below and they built a boulevard that has become the main street for their town and it transformed from being an ugly unsafe -to becoming a beautiful -i could imagine beautiful housing going up along there without tearing down another tree -so theres a lot of great things -so why is this important i think there are any number of reasons and im just going to not get into detail but mention a few just from the perspective of climate change the average urban dweller in the u s -id love to see more corridors getting retrofitting -but densification is not going to work everywhere sometimes re greening is really the better answer -the city restored the sites original wetlands -so theyve managed to both restore the local ecology and the local economy at the same time -this is another re greening example it also makes sense in very strong markets this one in seattle -is on the site of a mall parking lot adjacent to a new transit stop and the wavy line is a path alongside a creek that has now been daylit -the creek had been culverted under the parking lot but daylighting our creeks really improves their water quality and contributions to habitat -first generation of retrofits -i think we have three challenges for the future the first is to plan retrofitting much more systemically at the metropolitan scale -we need to be able to target which areas really should be re greened where should we be redeveloping and where should we be encouraging re inhabitation -these slides just show two images from a larger project that looked at trying to do that for atlanta -i led a team that was asked to imagine atlanta one hundred years from now and we chose to try to reverse sprawl through three simple moves expensive but simple -one in a hundred years transit on all major rail and road corridors two in a hundred years thousand foot buffers on all stream corridors its a little extreme but weve got a little water problem -which we did three years ago so that was kind of my first dream was to start this company called feed and heres a screenshot of our website we did this bag -for haiti and we launched it just a month after the earthquake to provide school meals for kids in haiti so feeds doing great weve so far provided fifty five million meals to kids around the world -i really love it and the thing thats a little strange about international hunger and talking about international issues is that most people kind of want to know what are you doing in america what are you doing for americas -and im totally obsessed with food but i didnt start out obsessed with food i started out obsessed with global security policy because i lived in new york during nine eleven and it was obviously a very relevant thing -in the last thirty years unfortunately obesitys not only an american problem its actually been spreading all around the world and mainly through our kind of food systems that -the numbers are pretty crazy theres a billion people obese or overweight and a billion people hungry so those seem like two bifurcated problems but i -and agriculture is where food comes from well -are produced lead to the foods that we eat well the foods that are produced are more or less corn soy and wheat and as you can see thats three quarters of the food that were eating for the most part processed foods and fast foods -fallen precipitously as hunger has risen so somehow were not making the connect between exporting a good agricultural system that will help feed people all around the world -who is farming them thats what i was wondering and so i went and stood on a big grain bin in the mid west and that really didnt help me understand farming but i think i took a really cool picture and -when i spend time -in general and their farms are also large -and i got from global security policy to food because i realized when im hungry im really pissed off and im assuming the rest of the world is -in the rest of the world are actually quite skinny and thats because theyre starving most hungry people in the world are subsistence farmers and most of those people are women -what is farmed ends up as what we eat and in america a lot of what we eat has led to obesity and has led to a real change in sort of what our diet is in the last thirty years -its crazy a fifth of kids under two drinks soda hello you dont put soda in bottles but people do because its so cheap -system around the world and when you look at the data of least developed countries especially in cities which are growing really rapidly people are eating american processed foods -and in one generation theyre going from hunger and all of the detrimental health effects of hunger to obesity and things like diabetes and heart disease in one generation so the problematic food system is affecting both hunger and obesity not -but this is a global food system where theres a billion people hungry and billion people obese -thats the only way to look at it and instead of taking these two things as bifurcated problems that are really separate its really important to look at them as one system -the farm crisis in america and the change in how weve addressed agriculture internationally so theres a lot of reasons to take this thirty year time period as sort of the creation of this new food system -it looks pretty much like the areas of the world that are hungry are also the areas of the world that are pretty insecure so i took a job at the united nations world food programme as a way to try to address -im not the only one whos obsessed with this whole thirty year thing the icons like michael pollan and jamie oliver in his ted prize wish both addressed -in my lifetime a lot of whats happened in the world and being a person obsessed with food a lot of this has really changed so my second dream is that i think we can look to the next thirty years as a time to change the food system again -and we know whats happened in the past so if we start now and we look at technologies and improvements to the food system long term we might be able to recreated the food system so when i give my next talk and im sixty years old ill be able to say that its been a success -so im announcing today the start of a new organization or a new fund within the feed foundation called the thirty project and the thirty project is really focused on these long term ideas for food system change -and i think by aligning international advocates that are addressing hunger and domestic advocates that are addressing obesity we might actually look for long term solutions that will make the food system better for everyone -we all tend to think that these systems are quite different and people argue whether or not organic can feed the world but if we take a thirty year view theres more hope in collaborative ideas -so im hoping that by connecting really disparate organizations like the one campaign and slow food which dont seem right now to have much in common we can talk about -these security issues through food security issues and while i was there i came across what i think is the most brilliant of their programs its called school feeding and its a really simple idea to sort of get in the middle of cycle of poverty and hunger that continues for a lot of people around the world and stop it -some ideas ive had is like look the reality is kids in the south bronx need apples and carrots and so do kids in botswana and how are we going to get those kids those nutritious foods -will be incredibly important to address things like climate change and how we use petrochemical fertilizers and you know these are really relevant topics that are -thinking about processed foods in a new way where we actually price the negative externalities like petrochemicals and like fertilizer runoff into the price of a bag of chips well if that bag of chips then becomes inherently more expensive than an apple -then maybe its time for a different sense of personal responsibility in food choice because the choices are actually choices instead of three quarters of the products being made from corn soy and wheat -the thirty project org is launched and ive gathered a coalition of a few organizations to start and itll be growing over the next few months but i really hope that you will all think of ways that you can look long term at things like the food system and make change -of school meals for one kid its so simple and we thought you know okay it costs between twenty and fifty bucks to provide school feeding for a year we could sell these bags and raise a ton of money and a ton of awareness for the world food programme but of course -you know at the u n sometimes things move slowly and they basically said no and we thought god this is such a good idea and its going to raise so much money so we said screw it well just start our own company -so -so three years ago i got together with some friends of mine who had similar aspirations and we founded genspace its a nonprofit a community biotech lab -and putter around in the lab -in a very open friendly atmosphere -none of my previous experience prepared me for what came next can you guess the press started calling us and the more we talked about how great it was to increase science literacy the more they wanted to talk about us creating the next frankenstein and as a result -time to be a molecular biologist -for the next six months when you googled my name instead of getting my scientific papers you got this -it was pretty depressing the only thing that got us through that period was that we knew that all over the world there were other people that were trying to do the same thing that we were -global community of hackerspaces and this is just the beginning these are some of the biggest ones and there are others opening every day theres one probably going to open up in moscow one in south korea -and the cool thing is they each have their own individual flavor that grew out of the community they came out of -let me take you on a little tour biohackers work alone we work in groups in big cities laughter and in small villages we reverse engineer lab -to take things apart we make things grow -we make things glow and we make cells dance -is bio safety bio security -it really compels you you have to look at both the amateur groups but also the professional groups because they have better infrastructure they have better facilities and they have access to pathogens -so the united nations did just that and they recently issued a report on this whole area -and what they concluded was the power of this technology for positive was much greater than the risk for negative and they even looked specifically at the diybio community -and they noted not surprisingly that the press had a tendency to consistently overestimate our capabilities and underestimate our ethics -as a matter of fact diy people from all over the world america europe got together last year and we hammered out a common code of ethics thats a lot more than conventional science has done now -we follow state and local regulations we dispose of our waste properly we follow safety procedures we dont work with pathogens you know if youre working with a pathogen youre not part of the biohacker community -thats literally about as probable as a snowstorm in the middle of the sahara desert now it could -but im not going to plan my life around it -i -actually chosen to take a different kind of risk -i signed up for something called the personal genome project its a study at harvard where at the end of the study theyre going to take my entire genomic sequence all of my medical information and my identity and theyre going to post it online for everyone to see -there were a lot of risks involved that they talked about during the informed consent portion the one i liked the best -is someone could download my sequence go back to the lab synthesize some fake ellen dna and plant it at a crime scene -now you might be asking yourself well you know what would i do in a biolab -well it wasnt that long ago we were asking well what would anyone do with a personal computer so this stuff is just beginning -he threw tennis balls to all the neighborhood dogs -invasive species in my own -in a biohacker space you can analyze your genome for mutations you can analyze your breakfast cereal for gmos and you can explore your ancestry you can send weather balloons up into the stratosphere collect microbes see whats up -you can do a lot of things you can also do an art science project some of these are really spectacular and they look at social ecological problems from a completely different perspective its really cool some people ask me well why -theres something sacred about a space where you can work on a project and you dont have to justify to anyone that its going to make a lot of money that its going to save mankind or even that its feasible it just has to follow safety guidelines -who knows what we could do this is such a new area and as we say back -its a movement that it advocates making biotechnology accessible to everyone -not just scientists and people in government labs the idea is that if you open up the science and you allow diverse groups to participate it could really stimulate innovation putting technology in the hands of the end user is usually a good idea because theyve got the best idea of what their needs are -and heres this really sophisticated technology coming down the road all these associated social moral -and treatment was not offered this was at a time that treatment actually existed in rich countries -aids had become a chronic disease people in our countries here in europe in north america were living with hiv healthy lives not so for nelson he wasnt rich enough and not so for his three year old son who he discovered a year later also had hiv -they were facing a different battle -prices for arvs the drugs needed to treat hiv cost about twelve thousand dollars per patient per year the patents on those drugs were held by a number of -western pharmaceutical companies that were not necessarily willing to make those patents available -when you have a patent you can exclude anyone else from making from producing or making low cost versions for example available of those medications clearly this led to patent wars breaking out -to discuss the early development of the airplane -dollars per patient per year to three hundred and fifty dollars per patient per year and today that same triple pill cocktail is available for sixty dollars per patient per year and of course -that started to have an enormous effect on the number of people who could afford access to those medicines treatment programs became possible funding became available and the number of people on antiretroviral drugs started to increase very rapidly -the wright brothers in the beginning of the last century had for the first time managed to make one of those devices fly -today eight million people have access to antiretroviral drugs -thirty four million -are infected with hiv never has this number been so high but actually this is good news because what it means is people stop dying people who have access to these drugs stop dying and theres something else they also stop -passing on the virus this is fairly recent science that has shown that what that means is we have the tools to break the back of this epidemic so -whats the problem -well -things have changed first of all the rules have changed -today -all countries are obliged to provide patents for pharmaceuticals that last at least twenty years -this is as a result of the intellectual property rules of the world trade organization so what india did is no longer possible second the practice of patent holding companies have changed -here you see the patent practices before the world trade organizations rules before ninety five before antiretroviral drugs this is what you see today -and this is in developing countries so what that means is unless we do something deliberate -and unless we do something now we will very soon be faced with another drug price crisis because new drugs are developed new drugs go to market but these medicines are patented in a much wider range of countries -they also had taken out numerous patents on essential parts of the airplane they were not the only ones that was common practice in the industry and those who held patents on airplanes were defending them fiercely and suing competitors left and right -so unless we act unless we do something today -we will soon be faced with what some have termed the treatment time bomb -it isnt only the number of drugs that are patented theres something else that can really scare generic manufacturers away this shows you a patent landscape this is the landscape of one medicine -so you can imagine that if you are a generic company about to decide whether to invest in the development of this product unless you know that the licenses to these patents are actually going to be available you will probably choose to do something else again deliberate action is needed -so surely if -in two thousand and ten unitaid established the medicines patent pool for hiv -and this is how it works -patent those inventions but make those patents available to the medicines patent pool the medicines patent pool then license those out to whoever needs access to those patents that can be generic manufacturers it can also be not for profit drug development agencies for example -those manufacturers can then sell those medicines at much lower cost -to people who need access to them to treatment programs that need access to them they pay royalties -over the sales to the patent holders so they are remunerated for sharing their intellectual property -there is one key difference with the airplane patent pool the medicines patent pool is a voluntary mechanism -the airplane patent holders were not left a choice whether theyd license their patents or not they were forced to do so that is something that the medicines patent pool cannot do -this actually wasnt so great for the development of the aviation industry and this was at a time that in particular the u s government was interested in ramping up -it relies on the willingness of pharmaceutical companies to license their patents and make them available for others to use -today nelson otwoma is healthy he has access to antiretroviral drugs his son will soon be fourteen years old nelson is a member of the expert advisory group of the medicines patent pool -and he told me not so long ago ellen -we rely in kenya and in many other countries on the medicines patent pool to make sure that new medicines also become available to us -that new medicines without delay become available to us and this is no longer fantasy already -ill give you an example -in august of this year the united states drug agency approved a new four in one aids medication the company gilead that holds the patents has licensed the intellectual property to the medicines patent pool the pool is already working today two months later -this has never been seen before -nelsons expectations are very high and quite rightly so he and his son will need access to the next generation of antiretrovirals and the next throughout their lifetime so that he -and many others in kenya and other countries can continue to live healthy active lives -the production of military airplanes so there was a bit of a conflict there the u s government decided to take action and forced those patent holders to make their patents available to share with others to enable -now we count on the willingness of drug companies to make that happen we count on those companies that understand that it is in the interest not only in the interest of the global good but also in their own interest to move from conflict to collaboration -and through the medicines patent pool they can make that happen they can also choose not to do that -those that go down that road may end up -in a similar situation the wright brothers ended up with early last century facing forcible measures by government so -the production of airplanes so -what has this got to do -with this -in two thousand and two nelson otwoma a kenyan social scientist discovered he had hiv and needed access to treatment he was told that a cure did not exist aids he heard was lethal -if i were to stroke it with this feather but your brain was telling you that this is what you are feeling and that is the experience of my patients with chronic pain -in fact imagine something even worse imagine i were to stroke your childs arm with this feather and their brain was telling them that they were feeling this hot torch -that was the experience of my patient chandler whom you see in the photograph as you can see shes a beautiful young woman she was sixteen years old last year when i met her and she aspired to be a professional dancer and during the course of one of her dance rehearsals she fell on her outstretched arm and sprained her wrist -now you would probably imagine as she did that a wrist sprain is a trivial event in a persons life wrap it in an ace bandage take some ibuprofen for a week or two and thats the end of the story but in chandlers case that was the beginning of the story -this is what her arm looked like when she came to my clinic about three months after her sprain -you can see that the arm is discolored purplish in color it was cadaverically cold to the touch the muscles were frozen paralyzed dystonic is how we refer to that -the pain had spread from her wrist to her hands to her fingertips from her wrist up to her elbow almost all the way to her shoulder but the worst part was -not the spontaneous pain that was there twenty four hours a day the worst part was that she had allodynia the medical term for the phenomenon that i just illustrated with the feather and with the torch the lightest touch of her arm -the touch of a hand the touch even of a sleeve of a garment as she put it on caused excruciating burning pain -how can the nervous system get this so wrong how can the nervous system misinterpret an innocent sensation like the touch of a hand and turn it into the malevolent sensation of the touch of the flame -well you probably imagine that the nervous system in the body is hardwired like your house -and im an academic so i put audiences to sleep for free -in your house wires run in the wall from the light switch to a junction box in the ceiling and from the junction box to the light bulb and when you turn the switch on the light goes on and when you turn the switch off the light goes off so people imagine the nervous system is just like that -if you hit your thumb with a hammer these wires in your arm that of course we call nerves transmit the information into the junction box in the spinal cord where new wires new nerves take the information up to the brain where you become consciously aware that your thumb is now hurt -but the situation of course in the human body is far more complicated than that -instead of it being the case that that junction box in the spinal cord is just simple where one nerve connects with the next nerve -by releasing these little brown packets of chemical information called neurotransmitters in a linear one on one fashion in fact what happens is the neurotransmitters spill out in three dimensions laterally vertically up and down in the spinal cord and they start interacting with other adjacent cells -these cells called glial cells -but what i actually mostly do is i manage the pain management service at the packard childrens hospital up at stanford in palo alto and its from the experience from about twenty or twenty five years of doing that that i want to bring to you the message this morning that pain is a disease -these glial cells become activated their dna starts to synthesize new proteins which spill out and interact with adjacent nerves and they start releasing their neurotransmitters and those neurotransmitters spill out and activate adjacent glial cells and so on and so forth until what we have is a positive feedback loop -thats crazy but thats in fact what happens with chronic pain and thats why pain becomes its own disease the nervous system has plasticity it changes and it morphs in response to stimuli well what do we do about that what can we do in a case like chandlers -we treat these patients in a rather crude fashion at this point in time we treat them with symptom modifying drugs painkillers which are frankly not very effective for this kind of pain -we take nerves that are noisy and active that should be quiet -and we put them to sleep with local anesthetics and most importantly what we do is we use a rigorous and often uncomfortable process of physical therapy and occupational therapy to retrain the nerves in the nervous system to respond normally -to the activities and sensory experiences that are part of everyday life -and we support all of that with an intensive psychotherapy program to address the despondency despair and depression that always accompanies severe chronic pain -its successful as you can see from this video of chandler who two months after we first met her is now doings a back flip and i had lunch with her yesterday because shes a college student studying dance at long beach here and shes doing absolutely fantastic -but the future is actually even brighter the future holds the promise that new drugs will be developed -that are not symptom modifying drugs that simply mask the problem as we have now -now most of the time you think of pain as a symptom of a disease and thats true most of the time its the symptom of a tumor or an infection or an inflammation or an operation -but that will be disease modifying drugs that will actually go right to the root of the problem and attack those glial cells or those pernicious proteins that the glial cells elaborate -that spill over and cause this central nervous system wind up or plasticity that so is capable of distorting and amplifying the sensory experience that we call pain -so i have hope that in the future the prophetic words of george carlin will be realized who said my philosophy no pain -no pain -thank you very much -but about ten percent of the time after the patient has recovered from one of those events pain persists it persists for months and oftentimes for years and when that happens it is its own disease -and before i tell you about how it is that we think that happens and what we can do about it i want to show you how it feels for my patients so imagine if you will that im stroking your arm with this feather as im stroking my arm right now -now i want you to imagine that im stroking it with this please -a very different feeling now what does it have to do with chronic pain -imagine if you will these two ideas together imagine what your life would be like -so now its hovering at about forty meters -my theory is that you -have an ability to think at a system level of design that pulls together design technology and business so if ted was tbd design technology and business into one package synthesize it in a way that very few people can and and this is the critical thing -feel so damn confident -in that clicked together package that you take crazy risks you bet your fortune on it and you seem to have done that multiple times i mean almost no one -can do that -and you have to do that otherwise mentally you wouldnt be able to get through the day but when you want to do something new you have to apply the physics approach physics is really figuring out how to discover new things that are counterintuitive like quantum mechanics its really counterintuitive -so that means making it incredibly light and so what youre seeing here is the only all aluminum body and chassis car made in north america in fact we applied a lot of rocket design techniques to make the car light despite having a very large battery pack -and then it also has the lowest drag coefficient of any car of its size so as a result the energy usage is very low and it has the most advanced battery pack and thats what gives it the range thats competitive so you can actually have on the order of a two hundred and fifty mile range -i think somebody recently got four hundred and twenty miles out of a single charge ca bruno -i mean you can certainly drive if you drive it sixty five miles an hour under normal conditions two hundred and fifty miles is a reasonable number -i think its extremely important that we have sustainable transport and sustainable energy production that sort of overall sustainable energy problem is the biggest problem that we have to solve this century independent of environmental concerns -medium priced and medium volume and then version three would be low price high volume so were at step two at this point so we had a dollar one hundred thousand sports car which was the roadster then weve got the model s which starts at around fifty thousand dollars and our third generation car which should hopefully be out in about three or four years will be a dollar thirty thousand car -and so this is something that maybe a lot of people dont realize we actually have california and nevada covered and weve got the eastern seaboard from boston to d c covered by the end of this year youll be able to drive from l a to new york -and the key thing is to have a ratio of drive to stop to stop time of about six or seven so if you drive for three hours you want to stop for twenty or thirty minutes because thats normally what people will stop for so if you start a trip at nine a m by noon -you want to stop to have a bite to eat hit the restroom coffee and keep going -in fact even if producing co two was good for the environment given that were going to run out of hydrocarbons we need to find some sustainable means of operating -this is only one string to your energy bow youve been working on this solar company solarcity whats unusual about that -im quite confident that the primary means of power generation will be solar i mean its really indirect fusion is what it is weve got this giant fusion generator in the sky called the sun and we just need to tap a little bit of that energy for purposes of human civilization -fracked natural gas how are you going to build a business here -and the thing about solar power is that it doesnt have any feed stock or operational costs so once its installed its just there it works for decades itll work for probably a century -how long is a typical lease em typical leases are twenty years but the value proposition is as youre sort of alluding to quite straightforward its no money down and your utility bill decreases -and they have an expected return on that capital with that capital solarcity purchases and installs the panel on the roof and then charges the -new type of distributed utility em exactly what it amounts to is a giant distributed utility i think its a good thing because utilities have been this monopoly and people havent had any choice so effectively its the first time -from the sale of paypal -you decided to build a space company why on earth would someone do that -so if you take say natural gas which is the most prevalent hydrocarbon source fuel if you burn that in a modern general electric natural gas turbine youll get about sixty percent efficiency if you put that same fuel in an internal combustion engine car you get about twenty percent efficiency -the future to be an exciting and inspiring one -you could still get copied right you havent patented this stuff its really interesting to me em no we dont patent ca you didnt patent because you think its more dangerous to patent than not -and the reason is in the stationary power plant you can afford to have something that weighs a lot more is voluminous and you can take the waste heat and run a steam turbine and generate a secondary power source -took a ten thousand person group nine months to refurbish for flight so the space shuttle ended up costing a billion dollars per flight -traveling on cruises would be if you had to -so in effect even after youve taken transmission loss into account and everything even using the same source fuel youre at least twice as better off charging an electric car then burning it at the power plant -white is leaving steve said somberly im being pushed into a grave the situation is grave i moan gravity is pulling me down im scared tell them to get away -im a woman with chronic schizophrenia ive spent hundreds of days in psychiatric hospitals i might have ended up spending most of my life on the back ward of a hospital but that isnt how my life turned out -as a young woman i was in a psychiatric hospital on three different occasions for lengthy periods my doctors diagnosed me with chronic schizophrenia and gave me a prognosis of grave that is at best i was expected to live in a board and care and work at menial jobs -fortunately i did not actually enact that grave prognosis instead im a chaired professor of law psychology and psychiatry at the usc gould school of law i have many close friends and i have a beloved husband will whos here with us today -hes definitely the star of my show -id like to share with you how that happened and also describe my experience of being psychotic i hasten to add that its my experience because everyone becomes psychotic in his or her own way -lets start with the definition of schizophrenia schizophrenia is a brain disease its defining feature is psychosis or being out of touch with reality delusions and hallucinations are hallmarks of the illness delusions are fixed and false beliefs that arent responsive to evidence and hallucinations are false sensory experiences -for example when im psychotic i often have the delusion that ive killed hundreds of thousands of people with my thoughts i sometimes have the idea that nuclear explosions are about to be set off in my brain -occasionally i have hallucinations like one time i turned around and saw a man with a raised knife -imagine having a nightmare while youre awake -often speech and thinking become disorganized to the point of incoherence loose associations involves putting together words that may sound a lot alike but dont make sense and if the words get jumbled up enough its called word salad -contrary to what many people think schizophrenia is not the same as multiple personality disorder or split personality the schizophrenic mind is not split but shattered -everyone has seen a street person unkempt probably ill fed standing outside of an office building muttering to himself or shouting -in fact ive managed to stay clear of hospitals for almost three decades perhaps my proudest accomplishment -this person is likely to have some form of schizophrenia but schizophrenia presents itself across a wide array of socioeconomic status and there are people with the illness who are full time professionals with major responsibilities -several years ago i decided to write down my experiences and my personal journey and i want to share some more of that story with you today to convey the inside view -so the following episode happened the seventh week of my first semester of my first year at yale law school quoting from my writings -my two classmates rebel and val and i had made the date to meet in the law school library on friday night to work on our memo assignment together but we didnt get far before i was talking in ways that made no sense -memos are visitations i informed them they make certain points the point is on your head pat used to say that have you killed you anyone -rebel and val looked at me as if they or i had been splashed in the face with cold water what are you talking about elyn oh you know the usual whos what whats who heaven and hell lets go out on the roof its a flat surface its safe rebel and val followed and they asked what had gotten into me this is the real me i announced waving my arms above my head -thats not to say that ive remained clear of all psychiatric struggles after i graduated from the yale law school and got my first law job my new haven analyst dr white announced to me that he was going to close his practice in three months several years before i had planned to leave new haven -and then late on a friday night on the roof of the yale law school i began to sing and not quietly either come to the florida sunshine bush do you want to dance are you on drugs one asked are you high high me no way no drugs come to the florida sunshine bush -where there are lemons where they make demons youre frightening me one of them said and rebel and val headed back into the library i shrugged and followed them -back inside i asked my classmates if they were having the same experience of words jumping around our cases as i was i think someones infiltrated my copies of the cases i said weve got to case the joint i dont believe in joints but they do hold your body together -i rocked back and forth moaning in fear and isolation -this episode led to my first hospitalization in america i had two earlier in england continuing with the writings the next morning i went to my professors office to ask for an extension on the memo assignment and i began gibbering unintelligably as i had the night before and he eventually brought me to the emergency room -once there someone ill just call the doctor and his whole team of goons swooped down lifted me high into the air and slammed me down on a metal bed with such force that i saw stars then they strapped my legs and arms to the metal bed with thick leather straps -barely human and pure terror then the sound came again forced from somewhere deep inside my belly and scraping my throat raw -this incident resulted in my involuntary hospitalization one of the reasons the doctors gave for hospitalizing me against my will was that i was gravely disabled to support this view they wrote in my chart that i was unable to do my yale law school homework i wondered what that meant about much of the rest of new haven -during the next year i would spend five months in a psychiatric hospital at times i spent up to twenty hours in mechanical restraints arms tied arms and legs tied down arms and legs tied down with a net tied tightly across my chest i never struck anyone i never harmed anyone i never made any direct threats -if youve never been restrained yourself you may have a benign image of the experience theres nothing benign about it -every week in the united states its been estimated that one to three people die in restraints they strangle they aspirate their vomit they suffocate they have a heart attack its unclear whether using mechanical restraints is actually saving lives or costing lives -while i was preparing to write my student note for the yale law journal on mechanical restraints i consulted an eminent law professor who was also a psychiatrist and said surely he would agree that restraints must be degrading painful and frightening -i didnt have the courage to tell him in that moment that no were not that different from him we dont like to be strapped down to a bed and left to suffer for hours any more than he would in fact until very recently and im sure some people still hold it as a view that restraints help psychiatric patients feel safe -ive never met a psychiatric patient who agreed with that view today id like to say im very pro psychiatry but very anti force i dont think force is effective as treatment and i think using force is a terrible thing to do to another person with a terrible illness -eventually i came to los angeles to teach at the university of southern california law school for years i had resisted medication making many many efforts to get off -i felt that if i could manage without medication i could prove that after all i wasnt really mentally ill it was some terrible mistake my motto was the less medicine the less defective my l a analyst dr kaplan was urging me just to stay on medication and get on with my life but i decided i wanted to make one last college try to get off -all around me i sensed evil beings poised with daggers theyd slice me up in thin slices or make me swallow hot coals kaplan would later describe me as writhing in agony -i opened the door to my studio apartment steve would later tell me that for all the times he had seen me psychotic nothing could have prepared him for what he saw that day -even in this state what he accurately described as acutely and forwardly psychotic i refused to take more medication the mission is not yet complete -immediately after the appointment with kaplan i went to see dr marder a schizophrenia expert who was following me for medication side effects he was under the impression that i had a mild psychotic illness once in his office i sat on his couch folded over and began muttering -head explosions and people trying to kill is it okay if i totally trash your office -you need to leave if you think youre going to do that said marder okay small fire on ice tell them not to kill me tell them not to kill me what have i done wrong hundreds of thousands with thoughts interdiction -for a week or more i had barely eaten i was gaunt i walked as though my legs were wooden -second i have many close family members and friends who know me and know my illness these relationships have given my life a meaning and a depth and they also helped me navigate my life in the face of symptoms third i work at an enormously supportive workplace at usc law school -even with all that excellent treatment wonderful family and friends supportive work environment i did not make my illness public until relatively late in life and thats because the stigma against mental illness is so powerful that i didnt feel safe with people knowing -if you hear nothing else today please hear this there are not schizophrenics there are people with schizophrenia and these people may be your spouse they may be your child they may be your neighbor they may be your friend they may be your coworker -my face looked and felt like a mask i had closed all the curtains in the apartment so in the middle of the day the apartment was in near total darkness the air was fetid the room a shambles -so let me share some final thoughts we need to invest more resources into research and treatment of mental illness the better we understand these illnesses the better the treatments we can provide and the better the treatments we can provide the more we can offer people care and not have to use force -also we must stop criminalizing mental illness its a national tragedy and scandal that the l a county jail is the biggest psychiatric facility in the united states -american prisons and jails are filled with people who suffer from severe mental illness and many of them are there because they never received adequate treatment i could have easily ended up there or on the streets myself -please continue to let us see characters in your movies your plays your columns who suffer with severe mental illness portray them sympathetically and portray them in all the richness and depth of their experience as people and not as diagnoses -recently a friend posed a question if there were a pill i could take that would instantly cure me would i take it -the poet rainer maria rilke was offered psychoanalysis he declined saying dont take my devils away because my angels may flee too my psychosis on the other hand is a waking nightmare in which my devils are so terrifying that all my angels have already fled so would i take the pill in an instant -that said i dont wish to be seen as regretting the life i could have had if id not been mentally ill nor am i asking anyone for their pity what i rather wish to say is that the humanity we all share is more important than the mental illness we may not -what those of us who suffer with mental illness want is what everybody wants in the words of sigmund freud to work and to love thank you -steve both a lawyer and a psychologist has treated many patients with severe mental illness and to this day hell say i was as bad as any he had ever seen -hi i said and then i returned to the couch where i sat in silence for several moments thank you for coming steve crumbling world word voice tell the clocks to stop time is time has come -have some errands to run so ill be back to pick them up around five -and another attribute of the trickster is smart luck that accidents that louis kahn who talked about accidents this is another quality of the trickster the trickster has a mind -that is prepared for the unprepared that and i will say this to the scientists that the trickster has -the ability to hold his ideas lightly so that he can let room in for new -to see the contradictions or the hidden problems with his ideas i had no joke for that i just wanted to put the scientists in their place -but heres how i think i like to make change and that is -in making connections this is what i tend to see almost more than contradictions like -the what do you call those toes of the gecko you know the toes of the gecko curling and uncurling like the -i love connections like ill read that one of the two -of matter in the newtonian universe there are two attributes of matter in the newtonian universe one is space occupancy matter takes up space i guess the more you matter the more space you take up which explains the -one though is impenetrability well in ancient rome impenetrability was the criterion of masculinity -consumer which explains why business always has to penetrate new markets -yeah i mean why we -open her markets and didnt that feel good -and now were being penetrated you know the biotech companies are actually going inside us and planting their little flags on our genes you know were being penetrated and i suspect by someone who actively dislikes -or this ad that i read in the new york times wearing a fine watch speaks loudly of your rank in society buying it from us screams good taste -thats the second of the quadruple yes of course you got that thank you very much i still have a way to go -what i hope to do when i make these connections is short circuit -peoples thinking you know make you not follow your usual train of association but make you rewire -it literally when people say about the shock of recognition its literally re cognition rewiring how you think -had a joke to go with this and i forgot it im so sorry im getting like the woman in that joke about have you heard this joke about the woman driving with her mother and the mother -is elderly and the mother goes right through a red light and the daughter doesnt want to say anything she doesnt want to be like youre too old to drive -and the mother goes through a second red light and the daughter says as tactfully as possible mom are you aware that you just went through two red lights and the mother says -things one is another characteristic of trickster is that the trickster has to -walk this fine line he has to have poise -and you know the biggest hurdle for me in doing what i do is constructing my performance so that its prepared and unprepared -finding the balance between those things is always dangerous because you might tip off too much in the direction of unprepared but being too prepared doesnt leave room -that i found in a magazine called california lawyer in an article that is surely meant for the lawyers at enron -the accidents to happen i was thinking about what moshe safdie said yesterday about beauty because in his book hyde says that -lose all the other qualities because once youre into beauty youre into a finished thing youre into something that occupies space and inhabits time its an actual thing and -i am going to talk about myself which i rarely do because i well for one thing i prefer to talk about things i know nothing about -it is always extraordinary to see a thing of beauty but if you dont do that if you allow for the accident to keep on happening -you have the possibility of getting on a wavelength i like to think of what i do as a probability wave -the one final quality i want to say about trickster is that he doesnt have a home hes always on the road -i want to say to you richard in closing that in ted youve created a home and thank you for inviting me into it -use big words learn the lingua franca -yeah lingua this frankie -a contradiction that i talk about science when i dont know math you know because and by the way to i was so grateful to -kamen for pointing out that one of the reasons that there are cultural reasons that women and minorities dont enter the fields of science and technology because for instance the reason i dont do math is i was taught to do math and read at the same time -so youre six years old youre reading snow white and the seven dwarfs it becomes rapidly obvious that there are only two kinds of men in the world dwarfs and prince charmings and the odds are seven to one against your finding the -very upset with me i used the word postmodern as if it were ok -and secondly -well rationality is constructed by what christie hefner was talking about today that mind body split you know the head is -body bad head is ego body id when we say i as when rene descartes said i think therefore i am -we mean the head -and as david lee roth sang in just a gigolo i aint got no body -thats how you get rationality and thats why so much -the body asserting itself against the -know i was a narcissist actually i thought narcissism meant you loved yourself and then someone told me there is a flip side to it so its actually drearier than self love its unrequited self love -yes but its also the head the head of the conference thats the other way that humor like art buchwald -takes shots at the heads of state doesnt make quite as much money as body humor im sure -but nevertheless what makes us treasure you and adore you theres also a contradiction in rationality in this country though which is as much as we revere the head we are very anti intellectual -i know this because i read in the new york times the ayn rand foundation took out a full page ad after september eleven in which they said the -in this country facing this country is the university professors and their spawn -how many of you have read it and im not an expert on -when they lay together in bed it was as it had to be as the nature of the act demanded an act of violence -it was an act of clenched teeth and hatred it was the unendurable not a caress but a wave of pain the agony as an act of passion -so you can imagine my surprise on reading in the new yorker that alan greenspan chairman of the federal reserve claims ayn rand as his intellectual mentor -enough we had to see j edgar hoover in a dress now we have to picture alan greenspan in a black leather corset with a butt tattoo that says whip inflation -and ayn rand of course ayn rand is famous for a philosophy called objectivism which reflects another value of newtonian physics which is objectivity -passive no voice i was so fascinated by that oxygen commercial i dont know if you know this but -i dont feel i can afford a relapse but i want to -maybe its different now or maybe you were making a statement but in many hospital nurseries across the country until very recently anyway according to a book by jessica benjamin the -signs over the little boys cribs read im a boy and the signs over the little girls cribs read -yeah so the passivity was culturally projected onto the little girls and this -still goes on as i think i told you last year theres a -poll that proves there was a poll that was given by time magazine in which only men were asked have you ever had sex with a woman you actively disliked -though explain how i came to design my own particular brand of comedy because ive been through so many different forms of it i started with improvisation in a particular -well fifty eight percent said yes -i think is overinflated though because so many men if you just say have you ever had sex -object -part of something im very interested in -is -why frankly i believe in political correctness i do i think it can go too far i think -ringling brothers may have gone too far with an ad they took out in the new york times magazine we have a lifelong emotional and financial commitment to our asian elephant partners -i dont think -that a person of color making fun of white people is the same thing as a white person making fun of people of color or women making fun of men is the same as men making fun of or poor people making fun of rich people the same as rich people i think you can make fun of the have -but not the have nots which is why you dont see me making fun of kenneth lay and his charming wife -whats funny about being down to four houses -when people i knew you know people who considered themselves liberal -and everything else were making fun of jennifer flowers and paula jones basically they were making fun of them for being -trailer trash or white trash it seems i suppose a harmless prejudice and that youre not really hurting anybody until you -an ad in the los angeles times for sale white trash compactor -subject object thing has relevance to humor -in this way i read a book by a woman named amy richlin who is the chair of the classics department at usc and the book is called the garden of priapus and she says that roman humor -mirrors the construction of roman society so that roman society was very top bottom as ours is to some degree and so was humor there always had to the butt of a joke -so it was always the satirist like juvenal or marshall represented the audience and he was going to make fun of the outsider the person who -didnt share that subject status and in stand up of course the -up comedian is supposed to dominate the audience a lot of heckling is the tension of trying to make sure that the -comedian is going to be able to dominate and overcome the heckler and i got good at that when i was in stand up but i always hated it because they were dictating the terms of the interaction -in the same way that engaging in a serious argument determines the content to some degree of what youre talking about and i was looking for a form -that didnt have that and -and of course we live in a society thats all about contradicting other peoples reality its all about contradiction which i think is why im so sensitive to contradiction in general i see it everywhere -i wanted something that was more interactive i know that word is so -i really miss the old telemarketers now ill tell you that -i do because at least there you stood a chance you know i used to actually hang up on them -i read in dear abby that that was rude so the next time that one called i let him get halfway through his spiel and then i said you -the world and thats really what im looking for and i was sort of as i was starting to analyze what exactly it is that i do -i read a book called trickster makes this world by lewis hyde and it was like being psychoanalyzed i mean he had laid it all out -and then coming to this conference i realized that most everybody here shared those same qualities because really what trickster is is an agent of change trickster is a change agent -and the qualities that im about to describe are the qualities that make it possible to make change happen and one of these is boundary crossing -i think this is what so in fact infuriated the scientists but i like to cross boundaries i like to as i said talk about things i know nothing about -i hope thats my agent because -and i think its good to talk about things i know nothing about because i bring a fresh viewpoint to it you know im able to see the contradiction that you may not be -like polls you know its always curious to me that in public opinion polls the percentage of americans who dont know the answer to any given question is always -for instance a mime once or a meme as he called himself he was a very selfish meme and -he said that i had to show more respect because it took up to eighteen years to learn how to do mime properly and i said well -you know only stupid people go into it -it only takes two years to learn how to talk -problem with quote objectivity unquote when youre only surrounded by people who speak the same vocabulary as you -share the same set of assumptions as you you start to think that thats reality like economists you know their definition of -rational that we all act out of our own economic self interest well look at michael -or look at dean kamen or look at my grandmother my grandmother always acted in other peoples interests whether they wanted her to or not -olympics in martyrdom my grandmother would have lost on purpose -young im old whos going to see it where am i going -thats one this boundary crossing this go between which fritz lanting is -and this is instead of contradiction where you deny the other persons reality you have paradox where you allow more than one reality to coexist i think theres another philosophical -seventy five percent of americans think alaska is part of canada but only two percent dont know the effect that the debacle in argentina will have on the imfs monetary policy -what its called but my example of it is a sign that i saw in a jewelry store it said ears pierced while you wait -i think it may seem like im ignoring the policy stuff which is really the most important but im hoping that at the end of this talk you will conclude that we actually cannot develop effective policy unless we really understand how the epidemic -the first thing that i want to talk about the first thing i think we need to understand is how do people respond to the epidemic -so aids is a sexually transmitted infection and it kills you so this means that in a place with a lot of aids theres a really significant cost of sex -today about -if youre an uninfected man living in botswana where the hiv rate is thirty percent if you have one more partner this year a long term partner girlfriend mistress -your chance of dying in ten years increases by three percentage points that is a huge effect and so i think that we really feel like then people should have less sex -fact among gay men in the us we did see that kind of change in the nineteen eighties so if we look in this particularly high risk sample -a pretty well educated audience so i imagine you all know something about aids you probably know that roughly twenty five million people in africa are infected with the virus and that aids is a disease of poverty and that if we can bring africa out of poverty we would decrease aids as well -a huge change in a very short period of time -the early nineties to late nineties and late nineties to early twenty hundreds the epidemic is getting worse people are learning more things about it we see almost no change in sexual behavior these are just tiny decreases two percentage points not significant -this seems puzzling -youre a software engineer and youre trying to think about whether to add some new functionality to your program -your health decisions are the same every time you have a carrot instead of a cookie every time you go to the gym instead of going to the movies thats a costly investment in your health -its costly to avoid aids people really like to have sex but you know it has a benefit in terms of future -i think its possible if we think about that intuition and think about that fact that maybe that explains some of this low behavior change but we really need to test that -the way that im going to do that is im going to look across areas with different levels of malaria so malaria is a disease that kills you -its a disease that kills a lot of adults in africa in addition to a lot of children and so people who live in areas with a lot of malaria are going to have lower life expectancy than people who live in areas with limited malaria -so one way to test to see whether we can explain some of this behavior change by differences in life expectancy is to look and see is there more behavior change -in areas where theres less malaria so thats what this figure shows you this shows you in areas with low malaria medium malaria high malaria -you know something more you probably know that uganda to date is the only country in sub saharan africa that has had success in combating the epidemic using a campaign that encouraged people to abstain -to the number of sexual partners as you increase hiv prevalence if you look at the blue line the areas with low levels of malaria you can see in those areas actually the number of sexual partners is decreasing a lot as hiv prevalence goes up -young women who live in areas with high maternal mortality change their behavior less in response to hiv than young women who live in areas with low maternal mortality theres another -and they respond less to this existing -so by itself i think this tells a lot about how people behave it tells us something about why we see limited behavior change in africa but it also tells us something about policy -even if you only cared about aids in africa it might still be a good idea to invest in malaria in combating poor indoor air quality improving maternal mortality rates because if you improve those things then people are going to have an incentive to avoid aids on their own -faithful and use condoms the abc campaign they decreased their prevalence in the nineteen nineties from about fifteen percent to six percent over just a few years -so why dont we look at those places and see what happened to their prevalence unfortunately theres almost no good data on hiv prevalence in the general population in africa until about two thousand and three -then if you poked a little more you looked a little more at what was going on youd find that actually that was a pretty good year because in some years the only people tested are iv drug -but even worse some years its only iv drug users some years its only pregnant women we have no way to figure out what happened over time we have no consistent testing and in the last few years -in kenya in zambia and a bunch of countries theres been testing in random samples of the population but this leaves us with a big gap -so this is a problem for policy it was a problem for my research and i started thinking about how else might we figure out what the prevalence -hiv was in africa in the past and i think that the answer is we can look at mortality data and we can use mortality data to figure out what the prevalence was in the past -to do this were going to have to rely on the fact that aids is a very specific kind of disease it kills people in the prime of their lives not a lot of other diseases have that profile and you can see here this is a graph of death rates by age in botswana and egypt -if you follow policy you probably know that a few years ago the president pledged fifteen billion dollars to fight the epidemic over five years and a lot of that money is going to go to programs that try to replicate uganda and use behavior change to encourage people -that suggests its pretty similar levels of development but in this middle region between twenty and forty five the death rates in botswana are much much much higher than in egypt -but since there are very few other diseases that kill people we can really attribute that mortality to hiv but because people who died this year of aids got it a few years ago we can use this data on mortality to figure out -what hiv prevalence was in the -so it turns out if you use this technique actually your estimates of prevalence are very close to what we get from testing random samples in the population but theyre very very different than what -tells us the prevalences are so this is a graph of prevalence estimated by unaids and prevalence based on the mortality data for the years in the late nineteen nineties in nine countries in africa you can see almost without exception -the unaids estimates are much higher than the mortality based estimates unaids tell us that the -talk a little bit in a minute about actually how we can use this kind of information to learn something thats going to help us think about the world but this also tells us that one of these facts that i mentioned in the beginning may not be quite right -what i really want to do is i want to use this new data to try to figure out what makes the hiv epidemic grow faster or slower and i said in the beginning i wasnt going to tell you about exports when i started working on these projects i was -not thinking at all about economics but eventually it kind of sucks you back in so i am going to talk about exports and prices and i want to talk about the relationship between economic activity in particular export volume and hiv infections -and decrease the epidemic so today im going to talk about some things that you might not know about the epidemic and then actually im also going to challenge some of these things that you think that you do -so obviously as an economist im deeply familiar with the fact that development that openness to trade is really good for developing countries its good for improving -i wouldnt be at all worried about that if we never had any contact with asia and hiv is actually particularly closely linked to transit the -roads with a lot of urbanization those areas have higher prevalence than others but that actually doesnt mean at all that if we gave people more exports more trade that that would increase prevalence by using this new data using this information about prevalence over time we can actually test -and so it seems to be fortunately i think it seems to be the case that these things are positively related more exports means more -where trade is likely to change for example because of the african growth and opportunities act or other policies that encourage trade we can actually think about which areas are likely to be -heavily infected with hiv and we can go and we can try to have pre emptive preventive measures there likewise as were developing policies to try to encourage exports if we know theres this -this talk ive mentioned a few times the special case of uganda and the fact that its the only country in sub saharan africa with successful prevention its been widely heralded its been replicated in kenya and tanzania and south africa and many other places -but now i want to actually also -question that because it is true that there was a decline in prevalence in uganda in the nineteen nineties its true that they had an education campaign but there was actually something else that happened in uganda in this period -im going to use tools and ideas that are familiar to economists to think about a problem thats more traditionally part of public health and -thats enormously important for policy were spending so much money to try to replicate this campaign and if it was only fifty percent as effective as we think that it was -last sixteen minutes ive told you something that you didnt know about aids and i hope that ive gotten you questioning a little bit some of the things that you did -and i hope that ive convinced you maybe that its important to understand things about the epidemic in order to think about policy -but more than anything you know im an academic and when i leave here im going to go back and sit in my tiny office and my computer and my data and the thing thats most exciting about that is -i think in that sense this fits really nicely with this lateral thinking idea here im really using the tools of one academic discipline to think about problems of another -has one in three of its children living in poverty and its what is referred to as a rural ghetto the economy is mostly agricultural the biggest crops are cotton and tobacco and were very proud of our bertie county peanut -its home to only two thousand people and like a lot of other small towns it has been hollowed out over the years there are more buildings that are empty or in disrepair than occupied and in use -you can count the number of restaurants in the county on one hand bunns barbecue being my absolute favorite but in the whole county there is no coffee shop theres no internet cafe theres no movie theater theres no bookstore there isnt even -this is a story of a place that i now call home its a story of public education -so the public school students are about eighty six percent african american and this is a spread from the local newspaper of the recent graduating class and you can see the difference is pretty stark -so to say that the public education system in bertie county is struggling would be a huge understatement theres basically no pool of qualified teachers to pull from -and only eight percent of the people in the county have a bachelors degree or higher so there isnt a big legacy in the pride of education -in fact two years ago only twenty seven percent of all the third through eighth graders were passing the state standard in both english and math -so it sounds like im painting a really bleak picture of this place but i promise there is good news the biggest asset in my opinion one of the biggest assets in bertie county right now is this man this is doctor chip zullinger fondly known as doctor z -in in october two thousand and seven as the new superintendent to basically fix this broken school system and he previously was a superintendent in charleston south carolina and then in denver colorado he started some of the countrys first charter schools -in the late eighties in the u s and he is an absolute renegade and a visionary and he is the reason that i now live and work there -and of rural communities and of what design might do to improve both so this is bertie county north carolina usa -so in february of two thousand and nine doctor zullinger invited us project h design which is a non profit design firm that i founded -to come come to bertie and to partner with him on the repair of this school district and to bring a design perspective to the repair of the school district -and he invited us in particular because we have a very specific type of design process one that results in appropriate design solutions in places that dont usually have access to design services or creative capital -so at the time of being invited down there we were based in san francisco and so we were going back and forth for basically the rest of two thousand and nine -so fast forward to today and we now live there i have strategically cut matts head out of this photo because he would kill me if he knew i was using it because of the sweatsuits but -this is our front porch we live there we now call this place home over the course of this year that we spent flying back and forth we realized we had fallen in love with the place we had fallen in love with -the place and the people and the work that were able to do in a rural place like bertie county that as designers and builders you cant do everywhere -theres space to experiment and to weld and to test things we have an amazing advocate in doctor zullinger theres a nobility of real hands on dirt under your fingernails work -and so we saw an opportunity to bring design as this untouched tool something that bertie county didnt otherwise have and to be sort of the to usher that in as a new type of tool in their tool kit -the initial goal became using design within the public education system in partnership with doctor zullinger that was why we were there but beyond that we recognized that bertie county -as a community was in dire need of a fresh perspective of pride and connectedness and of the creative capital that they were so much lacking -so the goal became yes to apply design within education but then to figure out how to make education a great vehicle for community development -about two hours east driving time from raleigh and its very flat its very swampy its mostly farmland -so in order to do this weve taken three different approaches to the intersection of design and education -i should say that these are three things that weve done in bertie county but i feel pretty confident that they could work in a lot of other rural communities around the u s and maybe even beyond -so the first of the three is design for education this is the most kind of direct obvious intersection of the two things -its the physical construction of improved spaces and materials and experiences for teachers and students this is in response to -the awful mobile trailers and the outdated textbooks and the terrible materials that were building schools out of these -so we wanted to change the way that students approach technology to create a more convivial and social space that was more engaging more accessible -the entire county is home to just twenty thousand people and theyre very sparsely distributed so theres only twenty seven people per square mile which comes down to about ten people per square kilometer -and in match me you take the class divide it into two teams one team on each side of the playground and the teacher will take piece of chalk and just write a number on each of the tires -to figure out that four times four is sixteen and find the tire with the sixteen on it and sit on it so the goal is to have all of your teammates sitting on the tires and then your team wins -the impact of the learning landscape has been pretty surprising and amazing some of the classes and teachers have reported higher test scores a greater comfort level with the material especially with the boys that in going outside and playing they arent afraid to take on a double digit -this is mister perry hes the assistant superintendent he came out for one of our teacher training days and won like five rounds of match me in a row and was very proud of -the second approach is redesigning education itself this is the most complex its a systems level look at how education is administered -bertie county is kind of a prime example in the demise of rural america weve seen this story all over the country -and what is being offered and to whom so in many cases this is not so much about making change as it is creating the conditions under which change is possible -and the incentive to want to make change which is easier said than done in rural communities and in inside the box education systems in rural communities -so for us this was a graphic public campaign called connect bertie there are thousands of these blue dots all over the county -this was for a fund that the school district had to put a desktop computer and a broadband internet connection in every home with a child in the public school system -aside from you know getting people excited and wondering what the heck these blue dots were all over the place it asked the school system -to envision how it might become a catalyst for a more connected community it asked them to reach outside of the school walls and to think about how they could play a role in the communitys development -so the first batch of computers are being installed later this summer and were helping doctor zullinger develop some strategies around how we might connect the classroom -and the home to extend learning beyond the school day and then the third approach which is what im most excited about which is where we are now -and even in places beyond the american borders we know the symptoms its the hollowing out of small towns its downtowns becoming ghost towns -design as education so design as education means that we could actually teach design within public schools and not design based learning not like -lets learn physics by building a rocket but actually learning design thinking coupled with real construction and fabrication skills put towards a local community purpose -antidote to all of the boring rigid verbal instruction that so many of these school districts are plagued by its hands on -its a vocational training path its working class its blue collar the projects are things like lets make a birdhouse for your mom for christmas and in recent decades a lot of the funding for shop class has gone away entirely -so we thought what if you could bring back shop class but this time orient the projects around things that the community needed and to infuse shop class with more critical and creative design thinking studio process -to the junior class and so this starts in four weeks at the end of the summer and my partner and i matthew and i just went through the arduous and totally convoluted process of getting certified as high school teachers to actually run it -the brain drain where all of the most educated and qualified leave and never come back its the dependence on farm subsidies and under performing schools and higher poverty rates in rural areas than in urban -and then moving into the shop and actually testing them building them prototyping them figuring out if they are going to work and refining that -is an open air farmers market downtown followed by bus shelters for the school bus system in the second year and home improvements for the elderly in the third year -where she calls home and she feels very strongly about giving back to this place that shes been fairly fortunate in so what studio h might offer her is a way to develop skills so that she might give back in the most meaningful way -this is eric he plays for the football team he is really into dirtbike racing and he wants to be an architect -so for him studio h offers him a way to develop the skills he will need as an architect everything from drafting to wood and metal construction to how to do research for a client -and bertie county is no exception to this perhaps the biggest thing it struggles with like many communities similar to it is that theres no -hands on engagement hes interested in forestry but he isnt sure so if he ends up not going to college he will have developed some industry relevant skills -what design and building really offers to public education is a different kind of classroom so this building downtown which may very well become the site of our future farmers market is now the classroom -and going out into the community and interviewing your neighbors about what kind of food they buy and from where and why thats a homework assignment -and the ribbon cutting ceremony at the end of the summer when they have built the farmers market and its open to the public thats the final exam -so we recognize that studio h especially in its first year is a small story thirteen students its two teachers its one project in one place -but we feel like this could work in other places and i really strongly believe in the power of the small story because it is so difficult -to do humanitarian work at a global scale because when you zoom out that far you lose the ability to view people as humans -shared collective investment in the future of rural communities only six point eight percent of all our philanthropic giving in the u s right now -and lets face it designers we need to reinvent ourselves we need to re educate ourselves around the things that matter we need to work outside of our comfort zones more and we need to be better citizens in our own backyard -all to do right now -indeed they do look very strange were humans were a visual species -is to think of this mammal that im going to describe to you the first thing im going to tell you about this mammal is that it is essential for our ecosystems to function correctly if we remove this mammal from our ecosystems they simply will not work -when scientists first realized that bats were actually using sound to be able to fly and orient and move at night we didnt believe it for a hundred years despite evidence to show that this is what they were doing we didnt believe it now if you look at -and if you look at the actual physical characteristics on the face of this beautiful horseshoe bat you see a lot of these characteristics are dedicated to be able to make sound and perceive it -very big ears strange nose leaves but teeny tiny eyes so again if you just look at this bat you realize sound is very -the previous one however there are a group that do not use echolocation they do not perceive their environment using sound and these are the flying foxes if anybody has ever been lucky enough to be in australia youve seen them coming out of the botanic gardens in sydney and if you just look -now this is western society and what i hope to do tonight is to convince you of the chinese traditional culture that they perceive bats as -creatures that bring good luck and indeed if you walk into a chinese home you may see an image such as this this is considered the five blessings the chinese word for bat sounds like the chinese word for happiness -and why is this -for our ecosystems to function properly without them its going to be a problem -but most bats are voracious insect predators its been estimated in the u s in a tiny colony of big brown bats that they will feed on over a million insects a year and in the united states of america -right now bats are being threatened by a disease known as white nose syndrome its working its way slowly across the u s and wiping out populations of bats and scientists have estimated that one thousand three hundred metric tons of insects a year -and for one year in the u s alone its estimated that its going to cost twenty two billion u s dollars if we remove bats so indeed bats then do bring us wealth they maintain the health of our ecosystems and also they save us money -so again thats the first blessing bats are important for our ecosystems and what about the second what about -inside every cell in your body lies your genome your genome is made up of your dna your dna codes for proteins that enable you to function and interact and be as you are now since -the new advancements in modern molecular technologies it is now possible for us to sequence our own genome -in a very rapid time and at a very very reduced cost -and the third really intriguing aspect of this mammal is that i fully believe that the secret of everlasting youth lies deep within its dna -so through natural selection -over time mutations variations that disrupt the function of a protein will not be tolerated over time evolution acts as a sieve it sieves out the bad variation and so therefore if you look at the same region of a genome -in many mammals that have been -so are you all thinking so -so in my lab weve been using bats to look at two different types of diseases of the senses were looking at blindness now why would you do this -also we look at deafness one in every one thousand newborn babies are deaf -magnificent creature isnt it who here -and when we reach eighty over half of us will also have a hearing problem -so this is where we are right now but what about the future -aging is considered one of the most familiar yet the least well understood aspects of all of biology and really since the dawn of civilization mankind has sought to avoid it -but we are going to have to understand it a bit better -in europe alone by two thousand and fifty there is going to be a seventy percent increase of individuals over sixty five and one hundred and seventy percent increase in individuals over eighty as we age we deteriorate and this deterioration causes problems for our society so we have to address it so -how long this bat could live for who put up your hands who says two years -well typically in mammals -there is a relationship between body size metabolic rate and how long you can live for and you can predict how long a mammal can live for given its body size -there are nineteen species of mammal that live longer than expected given their body size than man and eighteen of those -they must have something within their dna that ables them to deal with the metabolic stresses particularly of flight they expend three times more energy than a mammal of the same size but dont seem to suffer the consequences or the effects so right now -and i believe that by studying bats we can uncover the molecular mechanisms that enable mammals to achieve extraordinary longevity if we find out what theyre doing perhaps through gene therapy we can enable us to do the same thing -one fifth of all living mammals is a bat and they have very unique attributes bats as we know them have been around on this planet for about sixty four million years -potentially this means that we could halt aging or maybe even reverse it just imagine what that would be like -so really i dont think we should be thinking of them as flying demons of the night but more as our superheroes -and the reality is that bats can bring us so much benefit if we just look in the right place theyre good for our ecosystem they allow us to understand how our genome functions and they potentially hold the secret to everlasting -so tonight when you walk out of here and you look up in the night skies and you see this beautiful flying mammal i want you to smile thank you -well i was born in the most difficult time when my country was at war -say my name is emmanuel jal and i come from a long way ive been telling a story that has been -seeing people die every day my mother crying its like i was raised in a violence -that made me call myself a war child and not only that when i was eight i became a child soldier -i didnt know what was the war for but one thing i knew was an image that i saw that stuck in my head -when i went to the training camp i say i want to kill as many muslims and as many arabs as possible -the training wasnt easy but that was the driving force because i wanted to revenge for my family i wanted to revenge for my -what was actually killing us wasnt the muslims wasnt the arabs it was somebody sitting somewhere manipulating the system -and using religion to get what they want to get out of us which is the oil the diamond the gold and the land -so realizing the truth give me a position to choose should i continue to hate or let it go -so i happened to forgive now i sing music with the muslims i dance with them i even had a movie out called war child funded by -so painful for me its been a tough journey for me traveling the world telling my story in form of a -so -that pain has gone out but my story is huge so im just going to go into a different step now which is easier for me im going to give you -to sin which is from my album war child i talk about my story one of the journey that i tread when i was tempted to eat -my friend because we had no food and we were like around four hundred and only sixteen people survived that journey so i hope youre going to hear this -my dreams are like torment my every moment voices in my brain of friends that was slain -friends like lual who died by my side of starvation in the burning jungle and the desert plain -book and also telling it like now and also the easiest one was when i was doing it in form of a music so i have branded myself as a war child -next was i but jesus heard my cry as i was tempted to eat the rotten flesh of my -he gave me comfort we used to raid villages stealing chickens goats and -i knew it was rude but was needed food and therefore i was forced to sin forced to -to sin to make a living sometimes you gotta lose to win never give up never give -left home at the age of seven one year later live with an ak forty seven by my side slept with one eye open wide run duck play dead and hide -seen my people die like flies but ive never seen a dead body at least one that ive killed but still as i wonder -go under guns barking like lightning and thunder as a child so young and tender words i cant forget i still remember -i saw sergeant command raising his hand no retreat no surrender i carry the banner of the trauma war child child without a -still fighting in the saga yet as i wage this new war im not alone in this drama no sit or stop -for the top im fully dedicated like a patriotic cop im on a fight day and night sometime i do wrong in order to make things right -its like im living a dream first time im feeling like a human being -the children of darfur your empty bellies on the telly and its you -dont even know the day ill ever return my country is war torn music i used to hear was bombs and fire of guns so many people die that i dont even cry no more -question what am i here for and why are my people poor and why why when the rest of the children were learning how to read and write i was learning how to fight -doing this because of -what energized me and kept me going is the music i do i never saw anybody to tell my story to them so they could advise me or do therapy so the music -been my therapy for me its been where i actually see heaven where i can be happy where i can be a child again in dances through music -so one thing i know about music music is the only thing that has power to enter your cell system your mind your heart influence your soul and your spirit and can even -lady in my village now who have lost her children there is no newspaper to cover her pain and what she wants to change in this society and im doing it for a young man -the way you live without even you knowing music is the only thing that can make you want to wake up your bed and shake your leg -without even wanting to do it and so the power music has i normally compare to the power love -love doesnt see a color you know if you fall in love with a frog thats it one testimony about how i find music is powerful is when -i was still a soldier back then i hated the people in the north but i dont know why i dont hate -to come and entertain the soldiers and i almost broke my leg dancing to his music but i had this question so now im doing music so i know what the power of music -so whats happening here ive been in a painful journey today is day number two hundred and thirty three in which i only eat dinner i dont eat breakfast no lunch -and ive done a campaign called lose to win where im losing so that i could win the battle that im fighting now so my breakfast my -i donate it to a charity that i founded because we want to build a school in sudan and im doing this because also -its a normal thing in my home people eat one meal a day here i am in the west i choose not to so in my village now kids -they normally listen to bbc or any radio and they are waiting to know the day emmanuel will eat his breakfast it means he got the money to build our school -and so i made a commitment i say im gonna not eat my breakfast i thought i was famous enough that i would raise the money within one month but ive been humbled so -its taken me two hundred and thirty two days and i said no stop until we get it and like its been done on facebook myspace the people are giving three dollars -who want to create a change and has no way to project his voice because he cant write or there is no internet like facebook myspace youtube for them to -the lowest amount we ever got was twenty cents somebody donated twenty cents online i dont know how they did it but -moved me and so -the importance of education to me is what im willing to die for im willing to die for this because i know what it can do -to my people education enlighten your brain give you so many chances and youre able to survive -get the food that drops from the sky from the u n so these people youre killing a whole generation if you just give them -if anybody want to help us this is what we need give us tools give the farmers tools its rain africa is fertile they can grow -invest in education -all those old men that are creating wars in africa they will die soon but if you invest in education then well be able to change africa thats what im asking -in order to do that i founded a charter called gua africa where we put kids in school and -now we have a couple in university we have like forty kids ex child soldiers mixed with anybody we feel like we want to support and i said im going to put it in practice -and with the people that are going to follow me and help me do things thats what i want to do to change to make a difference in the world well now my time is going so i want to sing a song -but ill ask you guys to stand up so we celebrate the life of a british aid worker called emma mccune that made it possible for me to be here -im gonna sing this song just to inspire you how this woman has made a difference she came to my country and saw the importance -of education she said the only way to help sudan is to invest in the women educating them educating the children -so that they could come and create a revolution in this complex society so she even ended up marrying a commander from -also one thing that kept me pushing this story this painful stories out the dreams -and she rescued over one hundred and fifty child soldiers one of them happened to be me and so at this moment i want to ask to celebrate emma with me are you guys ready to celebrate emma -is like the voices of the -that i have seen -disease -and i -the -that was a masterful job of pulling things together first of all your pyramid your inverted pyramid showing eighty five percent biomass in the predators -so im going to get us all on a time machine and were going to the left were going to go back to the past to see what the ocean was like -that seems impossible how could eighty five percent survive on fifteen percent -well imagine that you have two gears of a watch a big one and a small one the big one is moving very slowly and the small one is moving fast thats basically -the lower parts of the food chain they reproduce very fast they grow really fast they produce millions of eggs up there you have sharks -of these guys down there is enough to maintain this biomass that is not moving they are like the capacitors of -really our picture of a food pyramid is just we have to change that completely -at least in the seas what we found in coral reefs is that the inverted pyramid is the equivalent of the serengeti with five lions per wildebeest and on land this cannot work -so the numbers you presented really are astonishing youre saying were spending thirty five billion dollars now on subsidies -it would only cost sixteen billion to set up twenty percent of the ocean as marine protected areas that actually give new living -and lets start with this time machine the line islands where we have conducted a series of national geographic expeditions this sea is a archipelago belonging to kiribati that spans across the equator -and then we have the under performance of fisheries that is fifty billion dollars so again one of the big solutions is have the world trade organization shift the subsidies to sustainable practices -okay so theres a lot of examples that im hearing out there about ending this subsidies madness so thank you for those numbers -a personal question a lot of the experience of people here whove been in the oceans for a long time has just been seeing this degradation the places they saw that were beautiful -it is a spiritual experience we go there to try to understand the ecosystems to try to measure or count fish and sharks and see how these places are different from the places we know but -the best feeling is this biophilia that e o wilson talks about where humans have this sense of awe and wonder in front of untamed nature of raw nature and there only there you -and it has several uninhabited unfished pristine islands and a few inhabited islands so lets start with the first one christmas island over five thousand people most of the reefs are dead most of the corals are dead overgrown by algae -and most of the fish are smaller than the pencils we use to -we did two hundred and fifty hours of diving here in two thousand and five we didnt see a single shark -tell you two things today one is what we have lost and -if we go back to a place like palmyra atoll where i was with jeremy jackson a few years ago -the corals are doing better and there are sharks you can see sharks in every single dive and this is something that is very unusual in todays coral reefs -then we get to the places where the corals are absolutely healthy and gorgeous forming spectacular structures and where the predators are the most -a way to bring it back and let me start with this this is my baseline -conspicuous thing where you see between twenty five and fifty sharks per -what have we learned from these places these are what we thought was natural -then the plankton feeders these little damselfish the little animals floating in the water -and then we have a lower biomass of carnivores and a lower biomass of top head or the sharks the large snappers the large groupers -but this is a consequence this view of the world is a consequence of having studied degraded reefs -this is the mediterranean coast -when we went to pristine reefs we realized that the natural world was upside down -this pyramid was inverted -the top head does account for most of the biomass in some places up to eighty five percent like kingman reef which is now protected -the good news is that in addition to having more predators theres more of everything -the size of these boxes is bigger we have more sharks more biomass of snappers more biomass of herbivores too like this parrot fish -that are like marine goats they clean the reef everything that grows enough to be seen they eat and they keep the reef clean and allow the corals to replenish -with no fish -not only do these places these ancient pristine places have lots of fish but they also have other important components of the ecosystem like giant clams pavements of giant clams in the lagoons up to twenty twenty five per square meter -still now we have global warming if we dont have fishing because these reefs are protected by law or their remoteness this is great but -and lots of sea urchins that like to eat the algae -the water gets warmer for too long and the corals die so how are these fish these predators going to help well what we have seen is that in this particular area -during el nino year ninety seven ninety eight the water was too warm for too long and many corals bleached -in christmas where the food web is really trimmed down where the large animals are gone the corals have -but -you see here a big table coral that died and collapsed -and the fish have grazed the algae so the turf of algae is a little lower then you go to palmyra atoll that has more biomass of herbivores and those corals are clean and -the corals are coming back and when you go to the pristine side did this ever bleach -the higher the resilience the more likely that the system is going to recover from the short term impacts of warming events -so the ecosystem can adapt to the effects of global warming -so if we have to reset the baseline if we have to push the ecosystem back to the left how can we do it -well there are several ways one very clear way is the marine protected areas especially no take reserves that we set aside to allow for the recovery for marine life -and let me go back to that image of the mediterranean -this was my baseline this is what i saw when i was a kid -and at the same time i was watching jacques cousteaus shows on tv -with all this richness and abundance and diversity and i thought that this richness -now if an alien came to earth -and in the size of a laptop you can find more than one hundred species of algae mostly microscopic feet hundreds of -then feed the fish -so that the system recovers and this particular place the medes islands marine reserve is only ninety four hectares and it brings six million euros to the local economy -joe what would joe see -and it represents eighty eight percent of all the tourist revenue -so these places not only help the ecosystem but also help the people who can benefit from the -so let me just give you a summary of what no take reserves do these places when we protect them when we compare them to unprotected areas nearby this is what happens -so your fish are now this big -four point five times greater biomass on average just after five to seven years some places up to ten times larger biomass inside the reserves -so we have all these -egg cases laid by a snail off the coast of chile and this is how many eggs they lay on the bottom outside the reserve -you cannot even -one point three million eggs per square meter inside the marine reserve where these snails are very -very unlikely joe would jump on a pristine coral reef a virgin coral reef with lots of coral sharks crocodiles manatees groupers -the reserve the more fish you have -so the fishermen are catching more you can see where the limits of the reserve are because you see the boats lined up -so there is spill over there are benefits beyond the boundaries of these reserves that help people around them while at the same time -the reserve is protecting the entire habitat it is building resilience -so what we have now -or a world without reserves is like a debit account where we withdraw all the time and we never make -two examples again of how these reserves can benefit people this is how much -in kenya fishing over a series of years in a place where there is no protection its a free for all -once the most -degrading fishing gear seine nets were removed the fishermen were catching more if you fish less youre actually catching more but if we add the no take reserve on top of that the fishermen are still making more money by fishing less around an area that is protected -they used to aggregate up to the tens of thousands thirty thousand groupers about this big in one hectare in one aggregation fishermen knew about these things they caught them and they depleted them when i went there for the first time in two thousand -there were only three thousand groupers left -and the fishermen were authorized to catch thirty percent of the entire spawning population every year -so did a simple analysis and it doesnt take rocket science to figure out that if you take thirty percent every year your fishery is going to collapse very quickly and with the fishery the entire reproductive ability of the species goes extinct it happened in many places around the -now if you do economic analysis and project what would happen -if the fish were not -if we brought just twenty divers one month per year the revenue would be -here we have the extreme with dead corals microbial soup and jellyfish -more than twenty times higher -so how much of this do we have if this is so good if this is such a no brainer how much of this do we have and you already heard that -thirty five billion dollars per year -many of these subsidies go to destructive fishing practices well there are a couple estimates of how much if would cost to create a network of protected areas covering twenty percent of the ocean that would be only a fraction -and where the diver is you know this is probably where most of the reefs in the world are now with very few corals algae overgrowing the corals lots of bacteria and where the large animals are gone -we are now paying the government hands out to a fishery that is collapsing -people are losing their jobs because the fisheries are collapsing -savings accounts are good for the environment and for people why dont we have twenty fifty percent of the ocean -and how can we reach that goal well there are two ways of getting there the trivial solution is to create really large protected areas like -the problem is that we can create these large reserves only in places where there are no people where there is no social conflict where the political cost is really low -well there are three main reasons why we dont have tens of thousands of small reserves the first one is that people have no idea what marine reserves do -and fishermen tend to be really really defensive when it comes to regulating or closing an area even if its small -its a top down hierarchical structure where people wait for government agents to come and this is not effective and the government doesnt have enough resources so it takes us to the third -reason why we dont have many more reserves is that the funding models have been wrong -spend a lot of time and energy and resources in a few small areas usually -so marine conservation and coastal protection has become a sink for government or philanthropic money and this is not sustainable -so the solutions are fixing these three issues first we need to develop a global awareness companion to inspire local communities and governments -to create no take reserves that are better than what we have now its the savings accounts versus the debit accounts with no deposits -second we need to redesign our governance so conservation efforts can be decentralized -so conservation efforts dont depend on -work from ngos or from government agencies and can be created by the local communities like it happens in the philippines and a few other places and third and very important we need to develop new business models -because we started modern science with scuba diving long after we started degrading marine ecosystems -because we already know that these marine reserves provide social ecological and economic benefits and id like to finish with one thought -no one organization alone is going to save the ocean -there has been a lot of competition in the past -where we are looking for complementing not -the stakes are just too high to continue the way we are going so lets do that thank you very much -so what that means is one could use computational methods to read all of the books in a click of a button thats very practical and extremely awesome -to write books and this became considerably easier with the development of the printing press some centuries ago since then the authors have won on one hundred and twenty nine million distinct occasions publishing books now if those books are not lost to history then they are somewhere in a library -and many of those books have been getting retrieved from the libraries and digitized by google which has scanned fifteen million books to date -now when google digitizes a book they put it into a really nice format now weve got the data plus we have metadata we have information about things like where was it published who was the author when was it published and what we do is go through all of those records and exclude everything thats not the highest quality data what were left with -knows that a picture is worth a thousand words but we at harvard were wondering if this was really true -is a collection of five million books five hundred billion words -a string of characters a thousand times longer than the human genome a text which when written out would stretch from here to the moon and back ten times over a veritable shard of our cultural genome -so although that would be really really awesome again that -again we kind of caved in and we did the very practical approach which was a bit less awesome we said well instead of releasing the full text were going to release statistics about the books -so take for instance a gleam of happiness its four words we call that a four gram were going to tell you how many times a particular four gram appeared in books in one thousand eight hundred and one one thousand eight hundred and two one thousand eight hundred and three all the way up to two thousand and eight that gives us a time series of how frequently this particular sentence was used over time -we do that for all the words and phrases that appear in those books and that gives us a big table of two billion lines that tell us about the way culture has been changing -alternatively i could say yesterday i thrived well which one should i use -what should i say hed say well in my day most people throve -but some thrived so now what im just going to show you is raw data two rows from this table of two billion entries what youre seeing is year by year frequency of thrived and throve -over time now this is just two out of two billion rows so the entire data set is a billion times more awesome than this slide -and we cogitated about this for about four years -and we came to a startling conclusion ladies and gentlemen a picture is not worth a thousand words in fact we found some pictures that are worth five hundred billion words -graphs were produced and the net result is that we find that the bubble bursts faster and faster with each passing year we are losing interest in the past more rapidly -so for those of you who seek to be famous we can learn from the twenty five most famous political figures authors actors and so on so if you want to become famous early on you should be an actor because then fame starts rising by the end of your twenty s youre still young its really great now if you can wait a little bit you should be an author because then you rise to very great heights like mark twain for instance extremely famous -there are more sobering notes among the n grams for instance heres the trajectory of marc chagall an artist born in one thousand eight hundred and eighty seven and this looks like -the normal trajectory of a famous person he gets more and more and more famous except if you look in german if you look in german you see something completely bizarre something you pretty much never see -in nazi germany -and we just divide one by the other to produce something we call a suppression index if the suppression index is very very very small then you very well might be being suppressed if its very large maybe youre benefiting from propaganda -this is distribution as seen in germany very different its shifted to the left people talked about it twice less as it should have been -but much more importantly the distribution is much wider there are many people who end up on the far left on this distribution who are talked about ten times fewer than they should have been but then also many people on the far right who seem to benefit from propaganda this picture is the hallmark of censorship in the book record -through the lens of digitized pieces of the historical record the great thing about culturomics is that everyone can do it why can everyone do it everyone can do it because three guys jon orwant matt gray and will brockman over at google saw the prototype of the ngram viewer and they said this is so fun -we have to make this available for people so in two weeks flat the two weeks before our paper came out they coded up a version of the ngram viewer for the general public and so you too can type in any word or phrase that youre interested in and see its n gram immediately also browse examples of all the various books in which your n gram appears -now of course google didnt pick this up at the time so we reported this in the science article that we wrote but it turns out this is just a reminder that although this is a lot of fun when you interpret these graphs you have to be very careful and you have to adopt the base standards in the sciences -now of course if theres a scale for how awesome that is that has to rank extremely extremely high now the problem is theres an x axis for that which is the practical axis -google has started to digitize fifteen million books thats twelve percent of all the books that have ever been published its a sizable chunk of human culture theres much more in culture theres manuscripts there newspapers theres things that are not text like art and paintings -if you step back consider the entire system all the species all the links and from that place hone in on the sphere of influence that matters most and were discovering with our research thats often very local to the node you care about within one or two degrees -so the more you step back embrace complexity the better chance you have of finding simple answers and its often different than the simple answer that you started with so lets switch gears and look at a really complex problem courtesy of the u s government -this is diagram of the u s counterinsurgency strategy in afghanistan it was front page of the new york times a couple months ago instantly ridiculed by the media for being so crazy complicated and the stated goal was to increase popular support for the afghan government -clearly a complex problem but is it complicated well when i saw this in the front page of the times i thought great finally something i can relate to i can sink my teeth into this -so lets do it so here we go for the first time ever a world premiere view of this spaghetti diagram as an ordered network the circled node is the one were trying to influence popular support for the government -overwhelmed when youre faced with a complex problem well i hope to change that in less than three minutes so i hope to convince you that complex doesnt always equal complicated -most of those nodes are not actionable like the harshness of the terrain and a very small minority are military actions most are non violent and they fall into two broad categories -active engagement with ethnic rivalries and religious beliefs and fair transparent economic development and provisioning of services -i dont know about this but this is what i can decipher from this diagram in twenty four seconds when you see a diagram like this i dont want you to be afraid i want you to be excited i want you to be relieved -because simple answers may emerge were discovering in nature that simplicity often lies on the other side of complexity so for any problem the more you can zoom out and embrace complexity the better chance you have of zooming in on the simple details that matter most thank you -so for me a well crafted baguette fresh out of the oven is complex but a curry onion green olive poppy cheese bread is complicated -im an ecologist and i study complexity i love complexity and i study that in the natural world the interconnectedness of species so heres a food web or a map of feeding links between species that live in alpine lakes in the mountains of california -and this is what happens to that food web when its stocked with non native fish that never lived there before all the grayed out species disappear some are actually on the brink of extinction and lakes with fish have more mosquitoes even though they eat them -first is the simple power of good visualization tools to help untangle complexity and just encourage you to ask questions you didnt think of before for example you could plot the -flow of carbon through corporate supply chains in a corporate ecosystem or the interconnections of habitat patches for endangered species in yosemite national park -so each idea has its own meme ome and each idea is unique with that but of course ideas they borrow from each other they kind of steal sometimes and they certainly build on each other -and we can go through mathematically and take the meme ome from one talk and compare it to the meme ome from every other talk and if theres a similarity between the two of them we can create a link and represent that as a graph just like eric and i are connected -so thats theory thats great lets see how it works in actual practice -so what weve got here now is the global footprint of all the tedx talks over the last four years exploding out around the world from new york all the way down to little old new zealand in the corner -and what we did on this is we analyzed the top twenty five percent of these and we started to see where the connections occurred where they connected with each other cameron russell talking about image and beauty connected over into europe weve got a bigger conversation about israel and palestine radiating outwards from the middle east -and weve got something a little broader like big data with a truly global footprint reminiscent of a conversation that is happening everywhere -so from this we kind of run up against the limits of what we can actually do with a geographic projection but luckily computer technology allows us to go out into multidimensional space so we can take in our network projection and apply a physics engine to this and the similar talks kind of smash together and the different ones fly apart and what were left with is something quite beautiful -and we met a couple years ago when we discovered that we had both given a short ted talk about the ecology of war and we realized that we were connected by the ideas we shared before we ever met and then we thought you know there are thousands of other talks out there especially tedx talks that are popping up all over the world -so as we go in here what we start to see apply the physics engine again we see whats one conversation is actually composed of many smaller ones the structure starts to emerge where we see a kind of fractal behavior of the words and the language that we use to describe the things that are important to us all around this world -so youve got food economy and local food at the top youve got greenhouse gases solar and nuclear waste what youre getting is a range of smaller conversations each connected to each other through the ideas and the language they share creating a broader concept of the environment and of course from here we can go and zoom in and see well what are young people looking at -and theyre looking at energy technology and nuclear fusion this is their kind of resonance for the conversation around the environment -if we split along gender lines we can see females resonating heavily with food economy but also out there in hope and optimism -now often when were faced with this amount of content we do a couple of things to simplify it we might just say well what are the most popular talks out there and a few rise to the surface theres a talk about gratitude theres another one about personal health and nutrition and of course theres got to be one about porn right -and so then we might say well gratitude that was last year whats trending now whats the popular talk now and we can see that the new emerging top trending topic is about digital privacy -so this is great it simplifies things but theres so much creative content thats just buried at the bottom and i hate that how do we bubble stuff up to the surface thats maybe really creative and interesting -how are they connected and what does that global conversation look like so seans going to tell you a little bit about how we did that -well we can go back to the network structure of ideas to do that -remember its that network structure that is creating these emergent topics and lets say we could take two of them like cities and genetics and say well are there any talks that creatively bridge these two really different disciplines and thats essentially this kind of creative remix is one of the hallmarks of innovation -well heres one by jessica green about the microbial ecology of buildings its literally defining a new field -and we could go back to those topics and say well what talks are central to those conversations in the cities cluster one of the most central was one by -and in the genetics cluster we have a talk about synthetic biology by craig venter these are talks that are linking many talks within their discipline we could go the other direction and say well what are talks that are broadly synthesizing a lot of different kinds of fields we used a measure of ecological diversity to get this -like a talk by steven pinker on the history of violence very synthetic and then of course there are talks that are so unique theyre kind of out in the stratosphere in their own special place and we call that the colleen flanagan index -and if you dont know colleen shes an artist and i asked her well whats it like out there in the stratosphere of our idea space and apparently it smells like bacon i wouldnt know -so were using these network motifs to find talks that are unique ones that are creatively synthesizing a lot of different fields ones that are central to their topic and ones that are really creatively bridging disparate fields okay we never would have found those with our obsession with whats trending now -and all of this comes from the architecture of complexity or the patterns of how things are connected -thats massively complex -and weve been using algorithms to kind of filter it down so we can navigate through it -and those algorithms whilst being kind of useful are also very very narrow -and so of course if youre going to do this kind of stuff you need a lot of data so the data that youve got is a great thing called youtube and we can go down and basically pull all the open information from youtube all the comments all the views whos watching it where are they watching it what are they saying in the comments -but we can also pull up using speech to text translation we can pull the entire transcript and that works even for people with kind of funny accents like myself -and we take those key concepts and they sort of form this mathematical structure of an idea and we call that the meme ome -and the meme ome you know quite simply is the mathematics that underlies an idea and we can do some pretty interesting analysis with it which i want to share with you now -that recognition moment of whether they can figure out that person on the other end is a friend and they start talking to them immediately or they do a lot of whats called trouble talk where theyre like wait who is this -right waiting for that recognition moment may be the best early indicator of the onset of dementia than anything that shows up clinically today we call these behavioral markers -voice gotten more quiet were doing a lot of work with people with alzheimers and particularly with parkinsons where that quiet voice that sometimes shows up with parkinsons patients may be the best early indicator -you think about the phone and intel has tested a lot of the things im going to show you over the last ten years in about six hundred elderly households -how much tremor are you having and how is that like and what is that trend like over a period of time are you having more trouble dialing the phone than you used to is is a dexterity problem is is the onset of arthritis -are you using the phone are you socializing less than you used to and looking at that pattern and what is that decline in social health mean as a kind of a vital sign of the future -and then wow what a radical idea we except in the united states might be able to use this newfangled technology to actually interact with a nurse -and its the whole field that weve been trying to work on for the last ten years at intel how do you put simple disruptive technologies in the first of five phrases that im going to talk about in this talk behavioral markers matter -now why would intel let me spend a lot of time and money over the last ten years trying to understand the needs of seniors and start thinking about these kinds of behavioral markers -this is some of the field work that weve done we have now lived with one thousand elderly households in twenty countries over the last ten years -we study people in rochester new york we go live with them in the winter because what they do in the winter and their access to healthcare and how much they socialize is very different than in the summer -if they have a hip fracture we go with them and we study their entire discharge experience if they have a family member who is a key part of their care network we fly and study them as well -so we study the holistic health experience of one thousand seniors over the last ten years in twenty different countries why is intel willing to fund that -that we missed a moment that only demographers were paying attention to it was right around new years -and that switchover when we had the larger number of older people on the planet for the first time than younger people for the first time in human history and barring aliens landing or some major other -pandemic thats the expectation from demographers going forward and ten years ago it seemed like i had a lot of time to convince intel to work on this right y two k plus ten was coming the baby boomers -starting to retire well folks its like we know these demographics here this is a map of the entire world its like the lights are on -but nobody is home on this demographic y two k plus ten problem right i mean we sort of get it here but we dont get it here and were not doing anything about it -if you think about the phone right its something that we can use for some incredible ways to help people actually take the right medication at the right time -the health reform bill is largely ignoring the realities of the age wave thats coming and the implications for what we need to do to change not only how we pay for care but deliver care in some radically different ways -and in fact its upon us i mean you probably saw these headlines this is catherine casey who is the first boomer to actually get social security that actually occurred this year she took early retirement she was born one second -here this y two k plus ten problem is at our door this is fifty tsunamis scheduled on the calendar but somehow we cant sort of -one of the reasons its so challenging to prepare for this y two k problem is i want to argue we have what i would call mainframe poisoning -andy grove about six or seven years ago he doesnt even know or remember this in a fortune magazine article he used the phrase mainframe healthcare -were testing these kinds of simple sensor network technologies in the home so that any phone that a senior is already comfortable with can help them deal with their medications and a lot of what they do is they pick up the phone -and its a place in which we started developing architecture that literally divided the body and divided care into departments and compartments and it was reflected in our architecture it was reflected in the way that we taught students -and this mainframe mentality persists today now im not anti hospital with my own healthcare problems ive taken drug therapies ive traveled to this hospital and others many many times but we worship the high hospital on a hill -right and this is mainframe healthcare and just as thirty years ago we couldnt conceive that we would have the power -of a mainframe computer that took up a room this size in our purses and on our belts that were carrying around in our cellphone today and suddenly -is what we have to do for healthcare we have to shift from this mainframe mentality of healthcare to a personal model of -we are obsessed with this way of thinking when intel does surveys all around the world and we say quick response healthcare the first word that comes up is doctor -the second that comes up is hospital and the third is illness or sickness right we are wired in our imagination to think about healthcare and healthcare innovation as something that goes into that place -and its our system whispering to them which pill they need to take and they fake like theyre having a conversation with a friend and theyre not embarrassed by a meds caddy thats ugly that sits on their kitchen table and says im old im frail -our entire health reform discussion right now health i t when we talk with policy makers equals how are we going to get doctors using electronic medical records in the mainframe -were not thinking about how do we shift from the mainframe to the home and the problem with this is the way we conceive healthcare right this is a very reactive crisis driven system -they do as asked and dont come back into the mainframe and the problem is we cant afford it today folks we cant afford mainframe healthcare today to include the uninsured and now we want to do a double double -weve got to focus on a personal healthcare paradigm that moves care to the home how do we be more proactive prevention driven how do we collect vital signs and other kinds of information twenty four x seven -how do we get a personal baseline about whats going to work for you how do we collect not just biological data but behavioral data psychological data relational data in and on and around the home -and how do we drive compliance to be a customized care plan that uses all this great technology thats around us to change our behavior thats what we need to do for our personal health model -to give you a couple of examples this is mimi from one of our studies in her nineties had to move out of her home because her family was worried about falls raise your hand if you had a serious fall in your household or any of your loved ones your parents or so forth -right classic hip fracture often leads to institutionalization of a senior this is what was happening to mimi the family was worried about it moved her out of her own home into an assisted living facility -its surreptitious technology thats helping them do a simple task of taking the right pill at the right time now we also do some pretty amazing things with these phones because -button non stop -broke her pelvis lay all night all morning finally somebody came in and found her sent her to the hospital -no one read the chart put her on tylenol which she is allergic to broke out got bedsores basically had heart problems and died from the fall and the complications and the errors that were there -the most frightening thing about this is this is my wifes grandmother -now im eric dishman i speak english i work for intel i make a good salary im smart about falls and fall related injuries its an area of research that i work on i have access to -senators and ceos i cant stop this from happening what happens if you dont have money you dont speak english or dont have the kind of access to deal with these kinds of problems that inevitably occur -how do we actually prevent the vast majority of falls from ever occurring in the first place let me give you a quick example of work that were doing to try to do exactly that ive been wearing a little technology that we call shimmer -its a research platform it has accelerometry you can plug in a three lead ecg there is all kinds of sort of plug and play kind of legos that you can do to capture in the wild in the real world things like tremor gait stride length and those kinds of things -the problem is our understanding of falls today like mimi is get a survey in the mail three months after you fell from the state saying what were you doing when you fell -that moment when you answer the phone is a cognitive test every time that you do it think about it all right im going to answer the phone three different times -were starting for the first time in those six hundred elderly households to collect actual kinematic motion data to understand what are the subtle changes that are occurring -that can show us that mom has become risk at falls and most often we can do two interventions fix the meds mix -im a qualitative researcher but when i look at these data streams coming in from these homes i can look at the data and tell you the day that some doctor prescribed them something that nobody else knew that they were on because we see the changes in their patterns in the household -right these discoveries of behavioral markers and behavioral changes -are game changing and like the discovery of the microscope because of our collecting data streams that weve actually never done before this is an example in our trill clinic in ireland of actually what youre seeing is shes looking at data -this picture from the magic carpet so we have a little carpet that you can look at your amount of postural sway and look at the changes in your postural sway over many months -the color represents different rooms they are in the the house this person on the left is living in their own home this person on the right is actually living in an assisted living facility i know this because look at how puntuated meal time is when they are no longer in their particular rooms here right -now this doesnt mean that much to you but when we look at these cycles of data over a longer period of time and were looking at everything from motion around different rooms in the house to sort of micro motions that shimmer picks up about gait and stride length -the problem is intel is still one of the largest funders in world of independent living technology research im not bragging about how much we fund its how little anyone else actually pays attention to aging and funds innovation on aging -the first time hello uh hey -we need to drive a national if not international framingham type heart study of independent living technologies where we have ten thousand elderly connected -with broadband full medical characterization and a platform by which we can start to experiment and turn these from -these are just some of the households that weve done in the intel studies -years and there were moments when we were quite close to make this healthcare reform bill be about reform from something and to something -from a mainframe model to a personal health model or to mean something more than just a debate about the public option and how were going to finance it doesnt matter -how we finance health care were going to figure something out for the next ten years and try it no matter who pays for it we better start doing care in a fundamentally different way -and treating the home and the patient and the family member and the caregivers as part of these coordinated care teams and using disruptive technologies that are already here -do care in some pretty fundamental different ways the president needs to stand up and say at the end of a healthcare reform debate -our goal as a country is to move fifty percent of care out of institutions clinics hospitals and nursing homes to the home in ten years -its achievable we should do it economically we should do it morally and we should do it for quality of life but there is no goal within this health reform its just a mess today -so you know thats my last message to you how do we set a going to the moon goal of dealing with the y two k plus ten problem thats coming -very big differences between the way i answered the phone the three times and as we monitor phone usage by seniors over a long period of time down to the tenths of a -and did a bunch of research on these diagnoses and these -diseases and said eric these people who get this are normally in their seventy s and eighty s they dont know anything about you wake up take control of your health and get on with your life -and i did -now these people making these proclamations to me were not bad people in fact these professionals were miracle workers but theyre working in a flawed expensive system thats set up the wrong way its dependent on hospitals and clinics for our every care need its dependent on specialists who just look at parts of us -its dependent on guesswork of diagnoses and drug cocktails and so something either works or you -die and its dependent on passive patients who just take it and dont ask any questions -now the problem with this model is that its unsustainable globally its unaffordable globally we need to invent what i call a personal health system so what does this personal health system look like and what new technologies and roles -now im going to start by actually sharing with you a new friend of mine libby somebody ive become quite attached to over the last six months this is libby or actually this is an ultrasound image of libby this is the kidney transplant i was never supposed to have -now this is an image that we shot a couple of weeks ago for today and youll notice on the edge of this image theres some dark spots there which was really concerning to me so were going to actually do a live exam to sort of see how libbys doing this is not a wardrobe malfunction i have to take my belt off here dont you in the front row worry or anything -and the need and the hope for us to reinvent our health care system around the world -so let me just make sure hey dr batiuk can you hear me okay and actually can you see libby thomas batuik hi there eric you look busy how are you eric dishman im good im just taking my clothes off in front of a few hundred people its wonderful -so i just wanted to see is this the image you need to get and i know you want to look and see if those spots are still there -twenty four years ago i had a sophomore in college i had a series of fainting spells no alcohol was involved and i ended up in student health and they ran some labwork and came back right away and said kidney problems -okay -okay freeze that image thats a good one for me -most of the time it doesnt create any kind of mischief but it does warrant looking at so im happy weve got an opportunity to look at it today make sure that its not growing its not creating any problems based on the other images we have im really happy how it looks today -now theres really three pillars of this personal health i want to talk to you about now and its care anywhere care networking and care customization and you just saw a little bit of the first two with my interaction with dr batiuk so lets start with care anywhere -humans invented the idea of hospitals and clinics in the one thousand seven hundred and eighty s it is time to update our thinking -we have got to untether clinicians and patients from the notion of traveling to a special bricks and mortar place for all of our care because these places are often the wrong tool and the most expensive tool for the job -and these are sometimes unsafe places to send our sickest patients especially in an era of superbugs and hospital acquired infections and many countries are going to go brickless from the start because theyre never going to be able to afford the mega medicalplexes that a lot of the rest of the world has built -now i personally learned that hospitals can be a very dangerous place at a young age this was me in third grade -and before i knew it i was involved and thrown into this six months of tests and trials and tribulations with six doctors across two hospitals in this clash of medical titans to figure out which one of them was right about what was wrong with me -i broke my elbow very seriously had to have surgery worried that they were going to actually lose the arm recovering from the surgery in the hospital i get bedsores those bedsores become infected and they give me an antibiotic which i end up being allergic to and now my whole body breaks out and now all of those become infected -the future of personal health that im talking about says care must occur at home as the default model not in a hospital or clinic you have to earn your way into those places by being sick enough to use that tool for the job -now the smartphones that were already carrying can clearly have diagnostic devices like ultrasounds plugged into them and a whole array of others today -and as sensing is built into these well be able to do vital signs monitor and behavioral monitoring like weve never had before many of us will have implantables that will actually look real time at whats going on with our blood chemistry and in our proteins right now -now the software is also getting smarter right think about a coach an agent online thats going to help me do safe self care that same interaction that we just did with the ultrasound will likely have real time image processing and the device will say up down left right ah eric thats the perfect spot to send that image off to your doctor -now if weve got all these networked devices that are helping us to do care anywhere it stands to reason that we also need a team to be able to interact with all of that stuff and that leads to the second pillar i want to talk about care networking -we have got to go beyond this paradigm of isolated specialists doing parts care to multidisciplinary teams doing person care -uncoordinated care today is expensive at best and it is deadly at worst eighty percent of medical errors are actually caused by communication and coordination problems amongst medical team members -three different specialists had prescribed three different versions of the same drug to me i did not have a heart problem -i had an overdose problem i had a care coordination problem and this happens to millions of people every year i want to use technology that were all working on and making happen to make health care a coordinated team sport -now this is the most frightening thing to me out of all the care ive had in hospitals and clinics around the world the first time ive ever had a true team based care experience was at legacy good sam these last six months for me to go get this and this is a picture of my graduation team from legacy -and im sitting in a waiting room some time later for an ultrasound and all six of these doctors actually show up in the room at once and im -theres a couple of the folks here youll recognize dr batiuk we just talked to him heres jenny one of the nurses allison who helped manage the transplant list and a dozen other people who arent pictured a pharmacist a psychologist a nutritionist even a financial counselor lisa who helped us deal with all the insurance hassles -i wept the day i graduated i should have been happy because i was so well that i could go back to my normal doctors but i wept because i was so actually connected to this team and heres the most important part the other people in this picture are me and my wife ashley legacy trained us on how to do care for me at home -so that they could offload the hospitals and clinics thats the only way that the model works -my team is actually working in china on one of these self care models for a project we called age friendly cities were trying to help build a social network that can help track and train the care of seniors caring for themselves as well as the care provided by their family members or volunteer community health workers -as well as have an exchange network online where for example i can donate three hours of care a day to your mom if somebody else can help me with transportation to meals and we exchange -like uh oh this is bad news and their diagnosis was this they said you have two rare kidney diseases that are going to actually destroy your kidneys eventually you have cancer like cells in your immune system that we need to start treatment right away and youll never be eligible for a kidney transplant and youre not likely to live more than two or three years -the most important point i want to make to you about this is the sacred and somewhat over romanticized doctor patient one on one is a relic of the past the future of health care is smart teams and youd better be on that team for yourself -now the last thing that i want to talk to you about is care customization because if youve got care anywhere and youve got care networking those are going to go -and those are important things dont get me wrong these population studies that weve done have created tons of miracle drugs that have saved millions of lives but the problem is that health care is treating us as averages not unique individuals because at the end of the day the patient is not the same thing as the population who are studied -thats whats leading to the guesswork -the technologies that are coming high performance computing analytics big data that everyones talking about will allow us to build predictive models for each of us as individual patients and the magic here is experiment -on my avatar in software not my body in suffering -now ive had two examples i want to quickly share with you of this kind of care customization on my own journey the first was quite simple i finally realized some years ago that all my medical teams were optimizing my treatment for longevity its like a badge of honor to see how long they can get the patient to live i was optimizing my life for quality of life and quality of life for me -means time in snow -so on my chart i forced them to put patient goal low doses of drugs over longer periods of time side effects friendly to skiing -and i think thats why i achieved longevity i think that time in snow therapy was as important as the pharmaceuticals that i had -now the second example of customization and by the way you cant customize care if you dont know your own goals so health care cant know those until you know your own health care goals but the second example i want to give you is i happened to be an early guinea pig and i got very lucky to have my whole genome sequenced now it took about -two weeks of processing on intels highest end servers to make this happen and another six months of human and computing labor to make sense of all of that -data and at the end of all of that they said yes those diagnoses of that clash of medical titans all of those years ago were wrong and we have a better path forward -the future that intels working on now is to figure out how to make that computing for personalized medicine go from months and weeks to even hours -and make this kind of tool available not just in the mainframes of tier one research hospitals around the world but in the mainstream every patient every clinic with access to whole genome sequencing -and i tell you this kind of care customization for everything from your goals to your genetics will be the most game changing transformation that we witness in health care during our lifetime -so these three pillars of personal health care anywhere care networking care customization are happening in pieces now but this vision will completely fail if we dont step up as caregivers -now with the gravity of this doomsday diagnosis it just sucked me in immediately as if i began preparing myself as a patient to die according to the schedule that they had just given to me until i met a patient named verna in a waiting room who became a dear friend and she grabbed me one day and took me off to the medical library -and as patients to take on new roles its what my friend verna said wake up and take control of your health because at the end of the day these technologies are simply about people caring for other people and ourselves in some powerful new ways -and its in that spirit that i want to introduce you to one last friend very quickly tracey gamley stepped up to give me the impossible kidney -so tracey just tell us a little bit quickly about what the donor experience was like -all of the ted stages are often about celebrating innovation and celebrating new technologies and ive done that here today and ive seen amazing things coming from ted speakers i mean my gosh -artificial kidneys even printable kidneys that are coming but until such time that these amazing technologies are available to all of us and even when they are its up to us to care for and even save one another i hope you will go out and make personal health happen for yourselves and for everyone thanks so much -think about it whether thats you in that picture or something under your desk the other thing is batteries suck too and they really really do do you ever wonder what happens to this stuff forty billion of these things built -this is what happens they fall apart they disintegrate and they end up here so when you talk about expensive power the cost per kilowatt hour -visions of wireless power actually were thought of by nikola tesla basically about one hundred years ago -to supply battery power to something is on the order of two to three hundred pounds think about that -the most expensive grid power in the world is thousandths of that so fortunately -one of the other definitions of suck that was in there it does create a vacuum and nature really does abhor a vacuum what happened back a few years ago -was a group of theoretical physicists at mit actually came up with this concept of transferring power over distance basically they were able to light a sixty watt lightbulb at a distance of about two meters -they took it got about fifty percent of the efficiency by the way thats still a couple thousand times more efficient than a battery would be to do the same thing but were able to light that and -do it very successfully this was actually the experiment so you can see the coils were somewhat larger the lightbulb was a fairly simple task from their standpoint this all came from a professor waking up at night -out there in the walls why couldnt some of that just come into the phone so i could get some sleep and he actually came up with this concept of resonant energy transfer -the thought that you wouldnt want to transfer electric power wirelessly no one ever thought of that they thought who would use it if you -but inside a standard transformer are two coils of wire and those two coils of wire are really really close to each other and actually do transfer power -to a greater distance than the size of those transformers using this technology which is not dissimilar from the way an opera singer shatters a glass on the other side of the room -and its a resonant phenomena for which he actually received a macarthur fellowship award which is nicknamed the genius award last september for his discovery so how does it work -imagine a coil for those of you that are engineers theres a capacitor attached to it too and if you can -that coil to resonate what will happen is it will pulse at alternating current frequencies at a fairly high frequency by the way -and if you can bring another device close enough to the source that will only work at exactly that frequency -you can actually get them to do whats called strongly couple and transfer magnetic energy between them and then what you do is you start out with electricity turn it into magnetic field take that magnetic field turn it back into electricity and then you can use it -number one question i get asked i mean people are worried about cellphones being safe you know what about safety the first thing is this is not a radiative technology it doesnt radiate -and so in fact he actually set about doing a variety of things built the tesla coil this tower was built on long island back at the beginning of the nineteen hundreds and the idea was it was supposed to be able to transfer power anywhere on earth -there arent electric fields here its a magnetic field it stays within either what we call the source or within the device and actually the magnetic fields were using are basically about the same as the earths magnetic field we live in a magnetic field -and the other thing thats pretty cool about the technology is that is only transfers energy to things that work at exactly the same frequency and its virtually impossible in nature to make that happen -mobile electronics home electronics those cords under your desk i bet everybody here has something that looks like that or those batteries -and the car charges itself because there is a mat on the floor that it plugged into the wall and it actually causes your car to charge safely and efficiently -so what id like to do is take a couple minutes and show you actually how it works and what im going to do is -to show you pretty much whats here youve got a coil that coil is connected to an r f amplifier that creates a high frequency oscillating magnetic field -we put one on the back of the television set by the way i do make it look a little bit easier than it is there is lots of electronics and secret sauce and all kinds of -and if the demo gods are willing in about ten seconds or so we should see it the ten seconds actually are because we i dont know if any of you have ever thought about plugging a t v in when you -so -ill plug that in it creates a magnetic field here it causes one to be created out here and as i said in sort of about ten seconds we should start to see -never know if this stuff worked actually i think the federal bureau of investigation took it down for security purposes sometime in the -this is a commercially -commercially available color television set imagine you get one of these things you want to hang them on the wall how many people want to hang them on the wall think about it -it also has coiled electronics that witricity has put into the back of it and if i can get sort of the camera okay great youll see as i get sort of close -early nineteen hundreds but the one thing that did come out of electricity is that we love this stuff so much i mean think about how much we love this -and i know some of you are apple aficionados so you know they dont make it easy at apple to get inside their phones so we put a little sleeve on the back but we should be able to get this guy to wake up too and those of you that have an iphone recognize the green -center and nokia as well youll see that what we did there is put a little thing in the back to do that and it probably beeps actually as it goes on as well but they typically use it to light up the screen -so imagine these things could go they could go in your ceiling they could go in the floor they could go actually underneath your desktop so that when you walk in or you come in from home -if you carry a purse it works in your purse you never have to worry about plugging these things in again and think of what that would do for you so i think -in closing sort of in the immortal visions of the new yorker magazine i thought id put up one more slide -if you just walk outside there are trillions of dollars that have been invested in infrastructure around the world putting up wires to get power from where its created to where its used -the other thing is we love batteries and for those of us that have an environmental element to us -something like forty billion disposable batteries built every year for power that generally speaking is used within a few inches or a few feet of where there is very inexpensive power -so before i sort of got here i thought you know i am from north america we do have a little bit of a reputation in the united states so i thought id better look it up first so -which works to save wildlife and wild places all over the world and over the last decade i traveled to over forty countries to see jaguars and bears and elephants and tigers and rhinos -and id wonder how does this landscape work to make habitat for plants and animals how does it work to make habitat for animals like me -go to times square and id look at the amazing ladies on the wall and wonder why nobody is looking at the historical figures just behind them -i started reading about the history and the geography in new york city i read that new york city was the first mega city a city of ten million people or more -it was once a beach and this painting has john james audubon the painter sitting on the rock and its looking up on the wooded heights of washington heights to jeffreys hook where the george washington bridge goes across today -of things unseen cities past and future in oxford perhaps we can use lewis carroll and look in the looking glass that is new york city -or this painting from the seventeen forties from greenwich village those are two students at kings college later columbia university sitting on a hill -and its this map you see here its held in a geographic information system which allows me to zoom in -its a remarkable map its in the national archives here in kew and its ten feet long and three and a half feet wide and if i zoom in to lower manhattan -you can see the extent of new york city as it was right at the end of the american revolution heres bowling green and heres broadway and this is city hall park so the city basically extended to city hall park -this map was made for military reasons theyre mapping the roads the buildings these fortifications that they built -and minetta water which used to run its way through greenwich village or the swamp at gramercy park right here -to try and see our true selves or perhaps pass through to another world or in the words of f scott fitzgerald -or murray hill and this is the murrays house on murray hill two hundred years ago here is times square -the two streams that came together to make a wetland in times square as it was at the end of the american revolution so i saw this remarkable map in a book and i thought to myself you know -if i could georeference this map if i could place this map in the grid of the city today i could find these lost features of the city -in the block by block geography that people know the geography of where people go to work and where they go to live and where they like to eat so after some work we were able to georeference it which allows us to put the modern streets on the city -and the buildings and the open spaces -we can digitize the collect pond -so this is fun for finding where things are relative to the old topography -pull off the eighteenth century features we could drive it back in time we could drive it back to its ecological fundamentals -to the hills to the streams to the basic hydrology and shoreline to the beaches the basic aspects that make the ecological landscape -if we added maps like the geology the bedrock geology and the surface geology what the glaciers leave if we make the soil map -as the moon rose higher the inessential houses begin to melt away until gradually i became aware of the old island here that once flowered for dutch sailors eyes a fresh green breast of the new world -then we can calculate the slopes -the aspect we can calculate the winter wind exposure so which way the winter winds blow across the landscape -we know that there was a lenape settlement -down here by the collect pond -they have become successional shrub lands and these then mix in to a map of all the ecological communities and it turns out that manhattan -had fifty five different ecosystem types you can think of these as neighborhoods as distinctive as tribeca and the upper east side and inwood that these are the forest and the wetlands and the marine communities the beaches -was really an extraordinary landscape that was capable of supporting an extraordinary biodiversity -so act two a home reconstructed so we studied the fish and the frogs and the birds and the bees -my colleagues and i have been working for ten years to rediscover this lost world in a project we call the mannahatta project -the eighty five different kinds of fish that were on manhattan the heath hens the species that arent there anymore the beavers on all the streams the black bears and the native americans to study how they used and thought about their landscape -wanted to try and map these and to do that what we did was we mapped their habitat needs where do they get their food where do they get their water -they get their shelter where do they get their reproductive resources to an ecologist the intersection of these is habitat but to most people the intersection of these is their home -so we would read in field guides the standard field guides that maybe you have on your shelves you know what beavers need is a slowly meandering stream with aspen trees and alders and willows near the water thats the best thing for a beaver -or the bobcat needing rabbits and beavers and den sites and rapidly we started to realize that beavers can be something that a bobcat needs -but a beaver also needs things and that having it on either side means that we can link it together that we can create the network of the habitat relationships for these species -moreover we realized that you can start out as being a beaver specialist but you can look up what an aspen needs an aspen needs fire and dry soils -you can look at what a wet meadow needs and it need beavers to create the wetlands and maybe some other things -also talk about sunny places so what does a sunny place need not habitat per se but what are the conditions that make it possible or fire or dry soils -we call this the muir web and if you zoom in on it it looks like this each point is a different species or a different stream or a different soil type and those little gray lines are the connections that connect them together -the connections that actually make nature resilient and the structure of this is what makes nature work seen with all its parts -we call these muir webs after the scottish american naturalist john muir who said when we try to pick out anything by itself we find that its bound fast by a thousand invisible cords that can not be broken to everything in the universe -like to tell you the story in three acts and if i have time still an epilogue so act i a map found so i didnt grow up in new york i grew up out west in the sierra nevada mountains like you see here in the red rock canyon -so then we took the muir webs and we took them back to the maps so if we wanted to go between eighty fifth and eighty sixth and lex and three rd maybe there was a stream in that block -be the kind of trees that might have been there and the flowers and the lichens and the mosses the butterflies -the fish in the stream the birds in the trees maybe a timber rattlesnake lived there and perhaps a black bear walked by and maybe native americans were there and then we took this data -and reveal a landscape here in act three we used the tools they use in hollywood to make these fantastic landscapes that we all see in the movies -four hundred years ago this is the view from the east river looking up murray hill at where the united nations is today this is the view looking down the hudson river with manhattan on the left and new jersey out on the right looking out toward the atlantic ocean -this is the view over times square with the beaver pond there looking out toward the east so we can see the collect pond and lispenard marshes back behind we can see the fields that the native americans made -and we can see this in the geography of the city today so when youre watching law and order and the lawyers walk up the steps they could have walked back down those steps of the new york court house right into the collect pond four hundred years ago -such power in bringing science and visualization together that we can create images like this perhaps looking on either side of a looking glass and even though ive only had a brief time to speak i hope you appreciate that -that is what we need in our modern world but i wouldnt have you think that i dont like the place on the right which i quite do ive come to love the city -and its kind of diversity and its resilience and its dependence on density and how were connected together in fact that i see them as reflections of each other -much as lewis carroll did in through the looking glass we can compare these two and hold them in our minds at the same time that they really are the same place that there is no way that cities can escape from nature -were realizing is that cities are habitats for people and need to supply what people need a sense of home food water shelter reproductive resources -and a sense of meaning this is the particular additional habitat requirement of humanity and so many of the talks here at ted are about meaning about bringing meaning to our lives in all kinds of different ways through technology through art through science -so much so that i think we focus so much on that side of our lives that we havent given enough attention to the food and the water and the shelter and what we need to raise the kids -so how can we envision the city of the future well what if we go to madison square park and we imagine it without all the cars and bicycles instead and large forests and streams instead of sewers and storm drains -what if we imagined the upper east side with green roofs and streams winding through the city and windmills supplying the power we need -if we imagine the new york city metropolitan area currently home to twelve million people but twelve million people in the future perhaps living at the density of manhattan -this is the kind of future i think we need is a future that has the same diversity and abundance and -of medicine thanks for your attention -they wont have to be implanted and of course the desired range trying to keep glucose between seventy five and less than two hundred checking it every five minutes in a continuous glucose sensor youll see how that can impact diabetes -and what about sleep were going to zoom in on that a little bit were supposed to spend a third of our life in sleep what if on your phone which will be available in the next few weeks you had every minute of your sleep displayed -and this is of course as you can see the awake is the orange the rem sleep rapid eye movement dream state is in light green and light is gray light sleep and deep sleep the best restorative sleep is that dark green -does anybody know when the stethoscope was invented -how about counting every calorie and this is ability in real time to actually take measurements of caloric intake as well as expenditure through -now what ive talked about are physiologic metrics but what i want to get to the next frontier very quickly and why the stethoscope is on its way out -is because we can transcend listening to the valve sounds and the breath sounds because now introduced by g e is a handheld ultra sound -why is this important because this is so much more sensitive here is an example of an abdominal ultrasound and also a cardiac echo -which can be sent wireless and then there is an example of fetal monitoring on your smartphone so were not just talking about physiologic metrics the key measurements of vital signs and all those things in physiology but also all the imaging -that one could look at in your smartphone now this is an example of another obsolete technology soon to be buried the holter monitor twenty four hour recording lots of wires this is now a little tiny patch -you can put it on for two weeks and send it in the mail -now how does this work well there is these smart band aids or these sensors that one would put on on a shoe or on the wrist and this sends a signal it creates a body area network -and what i can say is in two thousand and sixteen -to a gateway gateway could be a smartphone or it could be a dedicated gateway as today many of these things are dedicated gateways because they are not so well integrated -that signal goes to the web the cloud and then it can be processed and sent anywhere to a caregiver to a physician back to the patient etc so thats basically very simplistic technology of how this works -now i have this device on i didnt want to take my shirt off to show you but i can tell you its on this is a device that not only measures cardiac rhythm as you saw already but it also goes well beyond that -and you can see the ecg below that is the actual heart rate and the trend to the right of that is a bioconductant thats the fluid status -and respiration and oxygen and then the position activity so this is really striking because this device measures seven things -that are very much vital signs for monitoring someone with heart failure -and why is this important well this is the most expensive bed what if we could reduce the need for hospital beds well we cant first of all heart failure is the number one -reason for hospital admissions and readmissions in this country the cost of heart failure is thirty seven billion dollars a year -which is eighty percent related to hospitalization and in the course of thirty days after a hospital stay for a medicare greater than sixty five years or older -is twenty seven percent are readmitted in thirty days otherwise over six months over fifty six percent are readmitted so can we improve that well the idea is we take this device -im wearing and we put it on six hundred patients with heart failure randomly assigned versus six hundred patients who dont have active monitoring and see whether we can reduce heart failure readmissions -has been wireless devices but the future are digital medical -and well start that trial and youll hear more about how were going to do that but thats a type of wireless device trial that could change medicine in the years ahead -why now why is this all of a sudden become a reality an exciting direction in the future of medicine what we have is in a way a perfect positive storm -this sets up consumer driven healthcare thats where this is all starting let me just give you specifics about why this is a big movement if youre not aware of it one point two million americans have gotten a nike shoe -which is a body area network that connects the shoe the sole of the shoe to the iphone or an ipod and this wired magazine cover article really captured a lot of this -a lot about the nike shoe and how quickly thats been adopted to monitor exercise physiology and energy expenditure here is some things the principles that are guiding principles to keep in mind -data driven health revolution promises to make us all better faster and stronger living by numbers and this one which was really telling this was from july this cover article -wireless devices okay so let me give you some examples of this to kind of make this much more concrete this is the first one -well i tried this device a lot of you have gotten that phillips direct life i didnt have one of those but i got the fitbit -but this monitors food it monitors activity and tracks weight however you have to put in most of this stuff the only thing it really tracks by itself is activity and even then its not complete -you exercise and it picks up the exercise you put in your height and weight it calculates bmi and -of course it tells you how many calories youre expending from the exercise and how many you took in if you go in and enter all the foods but it really wants you to enter all your activity -and so i went to this and of course i was gratified that it picked up the forty two minutes of exercise elliptical exercise i did -this is an electrocardiogram and as a cardiologist to think that you could see in real time a patient an individual anywhere in the world on your smartphone watching your rhythm thats incredible and its with us today -but then it wants more information so it says you want to log sexual activity how long did you do it for -and it says how hard was it -to a very nice alarm clock by the way this is the headband that goes with this alarm clock -okay well this was a week of my life in sleeping and you get a z q score instead of an i q score you get a z q score when you wake up you say oh okay and a z q score is adjusted to age and you want to get as high as you possibly -and so this is the moment by moment or minute by minute sleep and you see that z q there was eighty odd and the wake time is in orange -and this can be a problem as i learned because it not only helps you with quantifying your sleep but also tells others youre awake -so when my wife came in and she could tell youre awake eric i want to talk i want to talk and im trying to play possum this thing is very very impressive -so thats the first night and this one is now sixty seven and thats not a good score and this tells you of course how much you had in rem sleep in deep sleep and all this sort of thing this was really fascinating because this gave that quantitation about all the different phases of sleep -so it also then tells you how you do compared to your age group its like a managed competition of sleep -and really interesting stuff look at this thing and say well i didnt think i was a very good sleeper but actually i did better than average in fifty to sixty year -but thats just the beginning -and the key thing was what i didnt know was that i was a really good dreamer okay now lets move from sleep to diseases -eighty percent of americans have chronic disease or eighty percent of age -five whatever trillion expenditures are related to chronic disease now diabetes is one of the big ones almost twenty four million people -you check your email while youre sitting here in the future youre going to be checking all your vital signs -have diabetes and here is the latest map it was published just a little more than a week ago in the new york times and it isnt looking good -that is for men twenty nine percent in the country over sixty have type ii diabetes and women although its less its terribly high -but of course we have a way to measure that now on a continuous basis with a sensor that detects blood glucose i mean its important because we could detect -but by continuous monitoring it captures all that vital information the future of this though is being able to move this to a band aid type phenomenon and thats not so far away -so let me just give you very quickly ten top targets for wireless medicine all these things are possible some of them are very close or already as you heard are available today in some way or form alzheimers disease -five million people affected and you can check vital signs activity balance asthma large number you could detect things like pollen count air quality respiratory rate breast cancer ill show you an example of that real quickly -all your vital signs your heart rhythm your blood pressure your oxygen your temperature etc this is already available today this is airstrip -and obesity we already talked about the ways to get to that and sleep disorders this is effective around the world the access to smartphones and cell phones today is extraordinary -and this article from the economist summed it up beautifully about the opportunities in health across the developing world mobile phones made a bigger difference to the lives of more people more quickly -than any previous technology and thats before we got going on the m health world -aging the problem is enormous three hundred thousand broken hips per year but the solutions are extraordinary and they include so many different things -one of many different techniques using wireless sensors so we can change medicine across the continuum of care across the ages from premies or unborn children to seniors the pharmaceutical arena changes -the full spectrum of disease i hope ive given you a sense of that across the globe there are two things that can really accelerate this whole process -one of them were very fortunate is to develop a dedicated institute and thats work that started with the work that -with qualcomm and then the great fortune of meeting up with gary and mary west to get behind this wireless health institute -san diego is an extraordinary place for this theres over six hundred and fifty wireless companies one hundred of which or more are working in wireless health -the outgrowth of two extraordinary people who are here this evening gary and mary west and id like to give it up to them for getting -to take unmet medical needs to work and innovate and we just appointed the chief engineer mehran mehregany it was announced on monday then to move up with development -the other big thing besides having this fantastic institute to catalyze this process is -guidance and thats of course relying on the fact that medicine goes digital if we understand biology -from genomics and omics and wireless through physiologic phenotyping thats big because what it does is allow a convergence like weve never had before -when you put that together with for example now an app for the iphone with your genotype to guide drug therapy but the future -if youre an expectant parent what about the ability to monitor continuously fetal heart rate or intrauterine contractions and not having to -we can now tell whos going to get type ii diabetes from all the common variants and thats going to get filled in more with low frequency variants in the future we can tell whos going to get breast cancer -from the various genes we can also know whos likely to get atrial fibrillation and finally another example sudden cardiac death each of these has a sensor -we can give a glucose sensor for diabetes to prevent it we can prevent or have the earliest detection possible for breast cancer with an ultrasound device given to the patient -for atrial fibrillation and vital signs monitoring to prevent sudden cardiac death we lose seven hundred thousand people a year in the u s from sudden cardiac death -so i hope ive convinced you of this of the impact on hospital clinic resources is profound and then the impact on diseases is equally impressive -across all these different diseases and more its really taking individualized medicine to a new height and its hyper innovative and i think it represents the black swan -in my entire life i had seen in black and white and suddenly everything was in shocking technicolor the most transformative experience ive ever had in that single moment hearing dissonance and harmony and people singing people together the shared vision -and i felt for the first time in my life that i was part of something bigger than myself -and there were a lot of cute girls in the soprano section as it turns out -i decided to write a piece for choir a couple of years later as a gift to this conductor who had changed my life -well a couple of years ago a friend of mine emailed me a link a youtube link and said you have got to see this and it was this young woman who had posted a fan video to me singing the soprano line to a piece of mine called sleep -and i had this idea if i could get fifty people to all do this same thing sing their parts soprano alto tenor and bass wherever they were in the world post their videos to youtube we could cut it all together and create a virtual choir -so i wrote on my blog omg omg i actually wrote omg hopefully for the last time in public ever -and its in complete silence when i filmed it because i was only hearing the music in my head imagining the choir that would one day come to be afterwards i played a piano track underneath so that the singers would have something to listen to and then as the videos started to come in -cheryl ang from singapore -they wouldnt have me i didnt read music but i played synthesizers and drum machines and i grew up in this little farming town in northern nevada and i was certain thats what my life would be and when i went to college at the university of nevada las vegas when i was eighteen i was stunned to find that there was not -massachusetts -lots of singers who were involved in this that they sometimes recorded fifty or sixty different takes until they got just the right take they uploaded it heres our winner of the soprano solo -this is melody myers from tennessee -thank you scott im so glad that you found me and scott aggregated all of the videos he scrubbed the audio he made sure that everything lined up and then we posted this video to youtube about a year and a half ago this is lux aurumque sung by the virtual -it there in the interest of time -submissions -this time we got some more mature members -and some younger members -and i said yes i would love to do that it sounds great and i left the room and said no way -and we just closed submissions january tenth and our final tally was two thousand and fifty one videos from fifty eight different countries -from malta madagascar thailand vietnam jordan egypt israel as far north as alaska and as far south as new zealand and we also put a page on facebook for the singers to upload their testimonials what it was like for them their experience singing it -the choir people in my high school were pretty geeky and there was no way i was going to have anything to do with those people and about a week later a friend of mine came to me and said listen youve got to join choir at the end of the semester were taking a trip to mexico all expenses paid and the soprano section is just full of -i love the idea that shes singing with her sister aside from the beautiful music its great just to know im part of a worldwide community of people i never met before but who are connected anyway and my personal favorite -when i told my husband that i was going to be a part of this he told me that i did not have the voice for it yeah im sure a lot of you have heard that too me too -it hurt so much and i shed some tears but something inside of me wanted to do this despite his words it is a dream come true to be part of this choir as ive never been part of one when i placed a marker on the google earth map i had to go with the nearest city which is about four hundred miles away from where i live -as i am in the great alaskan bush satellite is my connection to the world -so two things struck me deeply about this the first is that human beings will go to any lengths necessary to find and connect -with each other it doesnt matter the technology -and the second is that people seem to be experiencing an actual connection it wasnt a virtual choir there are people now online that are friends theyve never met but i know myself too i feel this virtual esprit de corps if you will with all of them -i feel a closeness to this choir almost like a family -but we do have the first three minutes and its a tremendous honor for me to be able to show it to you here first youre the very first people to see this this is sleep the virtual choir -the -and -on -hot girls -and so i figured for mexico and babes i could do just about anything -and i went to my first day in choir -and i sat down with the basses and sort of looked over my shoulder to see what they were doing they opened their scores the conductor gave the downbeat and boom they launched into the kyrie from the requiem by mozart -two years ago on this very stage we -two thousand and fifty two singers from fifty eight different countries -this time performing a piece that i had written called sleep and then just last spring -ninety one i had -we released virtual choir three -and when i was speaking to chris about the future of virtual choir and where we might be able to take this he challenged me to push the technology as far as we possibly could could we do this all in real time could we have people singing together in real time and with the help of skype that is what we are going to attempt today -maybe the most profound and transformative experience of my life i was in the third year of my seven year undergraduate degree -now well perform cloudburst for you the first half will be performed by the live singers here on stage im joined by singers from cal state long beach cal state fullerton -and riverside community college some of the best amateur choirs in the country and -less than a second of latency but in musical terms thats a lifetime we deal in milliseconds so what ive done is ive adapted cloudburst so that it embraces the latency and the performers sing into the latency instead of trying to be exactly together so -with deep humility and for your approval we present cloudburst -over the mountains coming in from the north were these steven spielbergian clouds rolling toward us and as the clouds got about halfway over the valley so help me god every single animal in that place stopped making noise at the same time -thank -it was just extraordinary and when i came back home i found a poem by the mexican poet octavio paz and decided to set it to music a piece for choir called cloudburst which is the piece that well perform for you in just a moment -now fast forward to just three years ago -video there conducting these people alone in their dorm rooms -the significance of chinas example is not that it provides an alternative but the demonstration that alternatives exist -let us draw to a close this era of meta narratives communism and democracy may both be laudable ideals but the era of their dogmatic universalism is over -it is wrong it is irresponsible and worst of all it is boring -let universality make way for plurality perhaps a more interesting age is upon us are we brave enough to welcome it thank you -oversight or consultation decides what the national interest is what is the mechanism in the chinese model that allows people to say actually the national interest as you defined it is wrong -do you know who their biggest client is the chinese government -not just from the central government -the city government the provincial government to the most local neighborhood districts they conduct surveys all the time are you happy with the garbage collection -are you happy with the general direction of the country so there is in china there is a different kind of mechanism to be responsive to the demands and the thinking of the people my point is i think we should get unstuck from the thinking that theres only one political system election election election that could make it responsive -and you have shown figures about the support that the government and the authorities have in china -but then youve just mentioned other elements like you know big challenges and there are of course a lot of other data that go in a different direction tens of thousands of unrests and protests and environmental protests etc so -now as i was coming of age something else happened as if one big story wasnt enough i was told another one this one was just as grand it also claims that all human societies develop in a linear progression towards a singular end this one went as follows -you seem to suggest the chinese model doesnt have a space outside of the party for civil society to express itself -all societies regardless of culture be it christian muslim confucian -must progress from traditional societies in which groups are the basic units to modern societies in which atomized individuals are the sovereign units and all these individuals are by definition rational and they all want one thing -the vote -because they are all rational once given the vote they produce good government and live happily ever after paradise on earth again -this story also became a bestseller -according to freedom house the number of democracies went from forty five in one thousand nine hundred and seventy to one hundred and fifteen in two thousand and ten in the last twenty years western elites tirelessly trotted around the globe selling this prospectus -multiple parties fight for political power and everyone voting on them is the only path to salvation to the long suffering developing world those who buy the prospectus are destined for success those who do not are doomed to fail -shanghai at the height of the cultural revolution -but this time the chinese didnt buy it fool me once -six hundred fifty million people were lifted out of poverty eighty percent of the entire worlds poverty alleviation during that period happened in china in other words all the new and old democracies put together amounted to a mere fraction of what a single one party state did without voting -my grandmother tells me that she heard the sound of gunfire along with my first cries -see i grew up on this stuff food stamps meat was rationed to a few hundred grams per person per month at one point needless to say i ate all my grandmothers portions -so i asked myself whats wrong with this picture -here i am in my hometown my business growing leaps and bounds entrepreneurs are starting companies every day middle class is expanding in speed and scale unprecedented in human history yet according to the grand story none of this should be happening -when i was growing up i was told a story -so i went and did the only thing i could i studied it yes china is a one party state run by the chinese communist party the party and they dont hold elections -three assumptions are made by the dominant political theories of our time such a system is operationally rigid politically closed and morally illegitimate well the assumptions are wrong the opposites are true -adaptability meritocracy and legitimacy are the three defining characteristics of chinas one party system -that explained all i ever needed to know about humanity it went like this all human societies develop in linear progression beginning with primitive society then slave society feudalism capitalism socialism and finally guess where we end up communism -in sixty four years of running the largest country in the world the range of the partys policies has been wider than any other country in recent memory -from radical land collectivization to the great leap forward then privatization of farmland -then the cultural revolution then deng xiaopings market reform then successor jiang zemin took the giant political step of opening up party membership to private businesspeople something unimaginable during maos rule so the party self corrects in rather dramatic fashions -institutionally new rules get enacted to correct previous dysfunctions for example term limits -political leaders used to retain their positions for life and they used that to accumulate power and perpetuate their rules mao was the father of modern china yet his prolonged rule led to disastrous mistakes so the party instituted term limits with mandatory retirement age of sixty eight to seventy -one thing we often hear is political reforms have lagged far behind economic reforms and china is in dire need of political reform -but this claim is a rhetorical trap hidden behind a political bias see some have decided a priori what kinds of changes they want to see and only such changes can be called political reform -the truth is political reforms have never stopped compared with thirty years ago twenty years even ten years ago every aspect of chinese society how the country is governed from the most local level to the highest center are unrecognizable today -now such changes are simply not possible without political reforms of the most fundamental kind now i would venture to suggest the party is the worlds leading expert in political reform -the second assumption is that in a one party state power gets concentrated in the hands of the few and bad governance and corruption follow indeed corruption is a big problem but lets first look at the larger context now this may be counterintuitive to you -the party happens to be one of the most meritocratic political institutions in the world today -chinas highest ruling body the politburo has twenty five members in the most recent one only five of them came from a background of privilege so called princelings -the other twenty including the president and the premier came from entirely ordinary backgrounds in the larger central committee of three hundred or more the percentage of those who were born into power and wealth was even smaller -the vast majority of senior chinese leaders worked and competed their way to the top compare that with the ruling elites in both developed and developing countries i think youll find the party being near the top in upward mobility -the question then is how could that be possible in a system run by one party -now we come to a powerful political institution little known to westerners the partys organization department the department functions like a giant human resource engine that would be the envy of even some of the most successful corporations -it operates a rotating pyramid made up of three components civil service state owned enterprises and social organizations like a university or a community program -they form separate yet integrated career paths for chinese officials they recruit college grads into entry level positions in all three tracks and they start from the bottom called keyuan clerk then they could get promoted through four increasingly elite ranks -all of humanity regardless of culture language nationality will arrive at this final stage of political and social development the entire worlds peoples will be unified in this paradise on earth and live happily ever after -the -in two thousand and twelve there were nine hundred thousand fuke and ke levels six hundred thousand fuchu and chu levels and only forty thousand fuju and ju levels -after the ju levels the best few move further up several more ranks and eventually make it to the central committee the process takes two to three decades does patronage play a role yes of course but merit remains the fundamental driver -in essence the organization department runs a modernized version of chinas centuries old mentoring system -george w bush remember him -this is not a put down -now westerners always assume that -multi party election with universal suffrage is the only source of political legitimacy i was asked once the party wasnt voted in by election where is the source of legitimacy i said how about competency we all know the facts -in one thousand nine hundred and forty nine when the party took power china was mired in civil wars dismembered by foreign aggression average life expectancy at that time forty one years old today its the second largest economy in the world an industrial powerhouse -but before we get there were engaged in a struggle between good and evil the good of socialism against the evil of capitalism and the good shall triumph that of course was the meta narrative distilled from the theories of karl marx and the chinese bought it -and its people live in increasing prosperity pew research polls chinese public attitudes and here are the numbers in recent years satisfaction with the direction of the country eighty five percent those who think theyre better off than five years ago seventy percent -those who expect the future to be better a whopping eighty two percent -financial times polls global youth attitudes and these numbers brand new just came from last week ninety three percent of chinas generation y are optimistic about their countrys future now if this is not legitimacy im not sure what is -in contrast most electoral democracies around the world are suffering from dismal performance i dont need to elaborate for this audience how dysfunctional it is from washington to european capitals -with a few exceptions the vast number of developing countries that have adopted electoral regimes are still suffering from poverty and civil strife governments get elected and then they fall below fifty percent approval in a few months and stay there and get worse until the next election -democracy is becoming a perpetual cycle of elect and regret -at this rate im afraid it is democracy not chinas one party system that is in danger of losing legitimacy -now i dont want to create the misimpression that chinas hunky dory on the way to some kind of superpowerdom the country faces enormous challenges -corruption is widespread and undermines the system and its moral legitimacy but most analysts misdiagnose the disease they say that corruption is the result of the one party system and therefore in order to cure it you have to do away with the entire system but a more careful look would tell us otherwise -transparency international ranks china between seventy and eighty in recent years among one hundred and seventy countries and its been moving up india the largest democracy in the world ninety four and dropping -for the hundred or so countries that are ranked below china more than half of them are electoral democracies so if election is the panacea for corruption how come these countries cant fix it -now im a venture capitalist i make bets it wouldnt be fair to end this talk without putting myself on the line and making some predictions so here they are -in the next ten years china will surpass the u s and become the largest economy in the world income per capita will be near the top of all developing countries -we were taught that grand story day in and day out it became part of us and we believed in it the story was a bestseller -that is at the heart of the wests current ills -if they would spend just a little less time on trying to force their way onto others and a little bit more on political reform at home they might give their democracy a better chance -chinas political model will never supplant electoral democracy because unlike the latter it doesnt pretend to be universal it cannot be exported but that is the point precisely -and perhaps most obviously and perhaps most importantly and the path to concepts that weve heard about kind of illustrate this it needs infrastructure that can supply an uninterrupted source of electricity of compressed oxygen and other medical supplies that are so critical to the functioning -of this machine in other words this machine requires a lot of stuff -that this hospital cannot offer this is the electrical supply for a hospital in rural malawi -in this hospital there is one person qualified to deliver anesthesia and shes qualified because she has twelve maybe eighteen months of training in anesthesia -in the hospital and in the entire region theres not a single biomedical engineer so when this machine breaks the machines they have to work with break theyve got to try and figure it out but most of the time thats the end of the road those machines go the proverbial junkyard -and the price tag of the machine that i mentioned could represent maybe a quarter or a third of the annual operating budget for this hospital -and finally i think you can see that infrastructure is not very strong this hospital is connected to a very weak power grid one that goes down frequently so it runs frequently the entire hospital just on a generator and you can imagine the generator breaks down or runs out of fuel -and the world bank sees this and estimates that a hospital in this setting in a low income country can expect up to eighteen power outages per month -its not just inappropriate it becomes really unsafe one of our partners at johns hopkins was observing surgeries in sierra leone about a year ago and -and everything began pretty auspiciously the surgeon was on call and scrubbed in the nurse was there she was able to anesthetize her quickly and it was important because of the emergency nature of the situation and everything began well until the power went out -and now in the middle of this surgery the surgeon is racing against the clock to finish his case which he can do hes got a headlamp but the nurse is literally running around a darkened operating theater trying to find anything she can use to anesthetize her patient to keep her patient asleep because her machine doesnt work when theres no power -and now this routine surgery that many of you have probably experienced and others are probably the product of has now become a tragedy and whats so frustrating is this is not a singular event this happens across the developing world thirty five million surgeries are attempted every year without safe anesthesia -my colleague dr paul fenton was living this reality he was the chief of anesthesiology in a hospital in malawi a teaching hospital -he went to work every day in an operating theater like this one trying to deliver anesthesia and teach others how to do so using that same equipment that became so unreliable and frankly unsafe in his hospital -and after umpteen surgeries and you can imagine really unspeakable tragedy he just said thats it im done thats enough there has to be something better so he took a walk down the hall to where they threw all those machines that had just crapped out on them i think thats the scientific term -and he just started tinkering he took one part from here and another from there and he tried to come up with a machine that would work in the reality that he was facing and what he came up with was this guy -the prototype for the universal anesthesia machine a machine that would work and anesthetize his patients no matter the circumstances that his hospital had to offer -and the safety of those surgeries that do happen is anesthesia -here it is back at home at that same hospital developed a little further twelve years later working on patients from pediatrics to geriatrics now let me show you a little bit about how this machine works -she is when you have electricity everything in this machine begins in the base theres a built in oxygen concentrator down there now youve heard me mention oxygen a few times at this point -essentially to deliver anesthesia you want as pure oxygen as possible because eventually youre going to dilute it essentially with the gas and the mixture that the patient inhales needs to be at least a certain percentage oxygen or else it can become dangerous -and actually its the model that we expect to work for delivering anesthesia in these environments -but so in here when theres electricity the oxygen concentrator takes in room air now we know room air is gloriously free -it is abundant and its already twenty one percent oxygen so all this concentrator does is take that room air in filter it and send ninety five percent pure oxygen up and across here where it mixes with the anesthetic agent -now before that mixture hits the patients lungs its going to pass by here you cant see it but theres an oxygen sensor here thats going to read out on this screen the percentage of oxygen being delivered -now if you dont have power or god forbid the power cuts out in the middle of surgery this machine transitions automatically without even having to touch it to drawing in room air from this inlet -everything else is the same the only difference is that now youre only working with twenty one percent oxygen now -here we have a scene that you would find in any operating room across the u s or any other developed country in the background there is a very sophisticated anesthesia machine -that used to be a dangerous guessing game because you only knew if you had given too little oxygen once something bad happened but weve put a long life battery backup on here this is the only part thats battery backed up but this gives control to the provider whether theres power or not because they can adjust the flow based on the percentage of oxygen they see that theyre giving their patient -so its a straightforward machine i shudder to say simple its straightforward -and its by design and you do not need to be a highly trained specialized anesthesiologist to use this machine which is good because in these rural district hospitals youre not going to get that level of training -its also designed for the environment that it will be used in this is an incredibly rugged machine it has to stand up to the heat and the wear and tear that happens in hospitals in these rural districts and so its not going to break very easily but if it does virtually every piece in this machine can be swapped out and replaced -with a hex wrench and a screwdriver and finally its affordable this machine comes in at an eighth of the cost of the conventional machine that i showed you earlier -so in other words what we have here is a machine that can enable surgery and save lives because it was designed for its environment just like the first machine i showed you -and this machine is able to enable surgery and save lives because it was designed with this environment in mind in order to operate this machine needs a number of things that this hospital has to offer -but were not content to stop there is it working is this the design thats going to work in place well weve seen good results so far this is in thirteen hospitals in four countries and since two thousand and ten weve done well over two thousand surgeries with no clinically adverse events -so were thrilled this really seems like a cost effective scalable solution to a problem thats really pervasive -but we still want to be sure that this is the most effective and safe device that we can be putting into hospitals so to do that weve launched a number of partnerships with ngos and universities to gather data on the user interface on the types of surgeries its appropriate for and ways we can enhance the device itself -one of those partnerships is with johns hopkins just here in baltimore they have a really cool anesthesia simulation lab -out in baltimore so were taking this machine and recreating some of the operating theater crises that this machine might face in one of the hospitals that its intended for and in a contained safe environment evaluating its effectiveness -so ive talked a lot about anesthesia and i tend to do that i think it is incredibly fascinating and an important component of health and it really seems peripheral we never think about it until we dont have access to it -and then it becomes a gatekeeper who gets surgery and who doesnt who gets safe surgery and who doesnt -if more people in the health delivery space really working on some of these challenges in low income countries -could start their design process their solution search from outside of that proverbial box and inside of the hospital in other words if we could design for the environment that exists in so many parts of the world rather than the one that we wished existed -it needs an extremely well trained anesthesiologist with years of training with complex machines to help her monitor the flows of the gas and keep her patients safe -we might just save a lot of lives thank you very much -and anesthetized throughout the surgery -its a delicate machine running on computer algorithms and it needs special care tlc to keep it up and running and its going to break pretty easily and when it does -it needs a team of biomedical engineers who understand its complexities can fix it can source the parts and keep it saving lives -as the end of innovation -but they are actually the growing pains of what andrew mcafee and i call -the new machine age -theres some bumps along the way but the big story is you could practically fit a ruler to it -this is a log scale so what looks like steady growth -is actually an acceleration in real terms and heres productivity -you can see a little bit of a slowdown there in the mid seventy s but it matches up pretty well with the second industrial revolution when factories were learning how to electrify their operations after a lag productivity accelerated again -so maybe history doesnt repeat itself -but sometimes it rhymes -is even better worldwide incomes have grown at a faster rate in the past decade than ever in history if anything all these numbers actually understate our progress because the new machine age is more about knowledge creation than just -physical production its mind not matter brain not brawn ideas not things -that creates a problem for standard metrics because were getting more and more stuff -according to the numbers the music industry is half the size that it was ten years ago but im listening to more and better music than ever you know i bet you are too -in total my research estimates that the gdp numbers miss over three hundred billion dollars per year in free goods and services on the internet -now lets look to the future -there are some super smart people who are arguing that weve reached the end of growth -but to understand the future of growth we need to make predictions about the underlying drivers of growth -im optimistic because the new machine age is digital -when goods are digital they can be replicated with perfect quality -at nearly zero cost -and they can be delivered almost instantaneously -welcome to the economics of abundance -but theres a subtler benefit to the digitization of the world measurement is the lifeblood of science and progress -in the age of big data we can measure the world in ways we never could before -secondly the new machine age is exponential -computers get better faster than anything else -exponential trends take us by surprise -thats long enough for a generation of managers to retire -but the reality is that each innovation creates building blocks for even more innovations heres an example in just a matter of a few weeks an undergraduate student of mine -you see the first wave of managers simply replaced their steam engines with electric motors but they didnt redesign the factories to take advantage of electricitys flexibility -built an app that ultimately reached one point three million users he was able to do that so easily because he built it on top of facebook and facebook was built on top of the web and that was built on top of the internet and so on and so forth -now individually digital exponential and combinatorial would each be game changers -put them together and were seeing a wave of astonishing breakthroughs like robots that do factory work or run as fast as a cheetah or leap tall buildings in a single bound you know robots are even revolutionizing cat transportation -consider one project ibms watson -these little dots here those are all the champions on the quiz show jeopardy at first watson wasnt very good -but it improved at a rate faster than any human could and shortly after dave ferrucci showed this chart to my class at mit watson beat the world jeopardy champion -at age seven watson is still kind of in its childhood recently its teachers let it surf the internet -unsupervised -the next day it started answering questions with profanities -its being tested for jobs in call centers -and its getting them its applying for legal banking and medical jobs and getting some of them isnt it ironic that at the very moment we are building intelligent machines perhaps the most important invention in human history some people are arguing that innovation is stagnating -it fell to the next generation to invent new work processes and then productivity soared often doubling or even tripling in those factories -like the first two industrial revolutions the full implications of the new machine age are going to take at least a century to fully play out -but they are staggering -so does that mean we have nothing to worry about -we have created more wealth in the past decade than ever but for a majority of americans their income has fallen -this is the great decoupling of productivity from employment -but like too many others they misunderstand its basic causes -technology is racing ahead -but its leaving more and more people behind today we can take a routine job -you know i recently overheard a conversation that epitomizes these new economics this guy says nah i dont use h r block anymore -turbotax does everything that my tax preparer did but its faster cheaper and more accurate -how can a skilled worker compete with a dollar thirty nine piece of software -but seventeen percent of tax preparers no longer have jobs -that is a microcosm of whats happening not just in software and services but in media and music in finance and manufacturing in retailing -electricity is an example of a general purpose technology like the steam engine before it -and trade in short -and many of them are losing that race what can we do to create shared prosperity -the answer is not to try to slow down technology instead of racing against the machine we need to learn to race with the machine that is our grand challenge -the new machine age -can be dated to a day fifteen years ago when gary kasparov the world chess champion played deep blue -a supercomputer -the machine won that day and today a chess program running on a cell phone can beat a human grandmaster -it got so bad that when he was asked what strategy he would use against a computer jan donner the dutch grandmaster -general purpose technologies drive most economic growth because they unleash cascades of complementary innovations like lightbulbs and yes factory redesign -neither is a human because kasparov organized a freestyle tournament -where teams of humans and computers could work together -and the winning team had no grandmaster -and it had no supercomputer what they had -was better teamwork -and they showed that a team of humans and computers working together could beat any computer -or any human working alone racing with the machine beats racing against the machine -technology is not destiny -is there a general purpose technology of our era -sure its the computer -but technology alone is not enough -technology is not destiny -we shape our destiny -and just as the earlier generations of managers needed to redesign their factories -were going to need to reinvent our organizations and even our whole economic system were not doing as well at that job as we should be as well see in a moment productivity is actually doing all right -but thats actually not what im here to talk about im here to talk about the next big thing because what were finding out is that we have this capacity to report -so im here to tell you a story of success from africa a year and a half ago -where its so much easier to report now than it is to consume it there is so much information what do you do this is the twitter reports for over three days just covering mumbai -how do you decide what is important what is the veracity level of what youre looking at -so what we find is that there is this great deal of wasted crisis information because there is just too much information for us to actually do anything with right now -what were actually really concerned with is this first three hours what we are looking at is the first three hours how do we deal with that information that is coming in -you cant understand what is actually happening on the ground and around the world people are still curious and trying to figure out what is going on but they dont know -so what we built of course ushahidi is crowdsourcing this information you see this with twitter too you get this information overload so youve got a lot of information thats great but now what -so we think that there is something interesting we can do here and we have a small team who is working on this we think that we can actually create a crowdsourced filter take the crowd and apply them to the information -and by rating it and by rating the different people who submit information we can get refined results and weighted results so that we have a better understanding of the probability of something being true or not -this is the kind of innovation that is quite frankly its interesting that its coming from africa its coming from places that you wouldnt expect -from young smart developers and its a community around it that has decided to build this so thank you very much and we are very happy to be part of the ted -a year ago in kenya we had post election violence and in that time we prototyped and built in about three days a system that would allow -we got reports like this -this is just a couple of them from january seventeenth last year -very basic it was a mash up that used data that we collected from people and we put it on our map -were building for smartphones so that it can be used in the developed world as well as the developing world we are realizing that this is true if it works in africa then it will work anywhere -and so we build for it in africa first and then we move to the edges its now been deployed in the democratic republic of the congo its being used by ngos all over east africa small ngos doing their own little projects -is it something about the light -what creates the illusion -sometimes -what we think looks realistic really so i think the basics are quite simple -here we have three perfectly imaginable physical objects -m here to share my photography or -something we all can relate to living in a three dimensional world but combined in a certain way -they can create something that still looks three dimensional like it could exist -but at the same time we know it cant -so we trick our brains because our brain simply doesnt accept the fact that it doesnt really make sense -i think its the things that we dont even think about the things -is it photography because of course -all around us in our daily lives -but when combining photographs this is really important to consider -because otherwise it just looks wrong somehow so i would like to say that there are three simple rules to follow to achieve a realistic result -as you can see these images arent really special but -combined they can create something like this -so the first rule is that photos combined should have the same perspective secondly photos combined should have the same type of light -this is a photograph that you cant take with your camera -and these two images both fulfill these two requirements shot at the same height and in the same type of light -the third one is about making it impossible to distinguish where the different images begin and end by making it seamless -make it impossible to say how the image actually was composed -so -by matching color contrast and brightness in the borders between the different images -adding photographic defects like depth of field desaturated colors and noise we erase the borders between the different images and make it look like one single image -yet my interest in photography started as i got my first digital camera at the age of fifteen it mixed with my earlier passion for drawing but it was a bit different -despite the fact that one image can contain hundreds of layers basically -so -i personally think that its easier to actually create a place than to find a place because then you dont need to compromise with the ideas in your head but it does require a lot of planning -and getting this idea during winter i knew that i had several months to plan it to find the different locations for the pieces of the puzzle basically so for example the fish was captured on a fishing trip -it always starts with a sketch -an idea then its about combining the different photographs and here -every piece is very well planned and if you do a good job capturing the photos the result can be quite beautiful and also quite realistic -so to me it felt like photography was more about being at the right place and the right time i felt like anyone could do that so i wanted to create something different something where the process starts when you press the trigger -photos like this -both dark and colorful but all with a common goal of retaining the level of realism when i say realism i mean photo realism because of course -its not something you can capture really but -i always want it to look like it could have been captured somehow as a photograph -also asphalt can create a lot of noise its a noisy material and if we produce roads like in the netherlands very close to cities then we would like a silent road -that the stones at the surface come off first you get one stone then several more and more and more and more and more and then they well i will not do that -this binder this bitumen the glue between the aggregates is going to shrink -induction can heat especially steel its very good at that then what you do is you heat up the steel you melt the bitumen and the bitumen will flow into these micro cracks and the stones are again fixed to the surface -today i use a microwave because i cannot -so this is the specimen coming out now -so i said we have such an industrial machine in the lab to heat up the specimens we tested a lot of specimens there and then the government they actually saw our results -and then of course this road will last several years without any damage thats what we know from practice -so we took a lot of samples from this road and we tested them in the lab -so we did aging on the samples did a lot of loading on it healed them with our induction machine and healed them and tested them again several times we can repeat that -so actually the conclusion from this research is that if we go on the road every four years with our healing machine this is the big version we have made to go on the real road if we go on the road every four years we can double the surface life of this road which of course saves a lot of money -well to conclude i can say that we made a material -using steel fibers the addition of steel fibers using induction energy to really increase the surface life of the road double the surface life you can even do so it will really save a lot of money with very simple tricks -words are good and what words are bad is actually not very easy and its not very fun and -your job are not easy or fun you kind of look for an excuse not to do -so -to think of some kind of occupation as a metaphor for my work i would much rather be -throw my big net into the deep blue ocean of english and see what marvelous creatures i can drag up from the bottom -now have any of yall ever looked up this word you know in a dictionary -fishing well -really not changed our idea of what a dictionary is has not changed since her reign the only thing queen victoria would not be amused by -so hes really responsible for a lot of what we consider modern in dictionaries today when a guy who looks like -a job on any dictionary today thered be virtually no learning -but computers dont do much else other than speed up the -how about this word here ill show it to you lexicography the practice of compiling dictionaries notice were very specific that word compile -compiling dictionaries they dont change the end -what a dictionary is is its victorian design merged with a little bit of modern propulsion its steampunk what we have -is an electric velocipede -you know we have victorian design with an engine on it thats all the design has not changed and ok what about online dictionaries right online dictionaries must be different -when you think about this what we have here is a ham butt problem does everyone know the ham butt problem womans making a ham for a big family dinner she goes to cut the butt off the ham and throw it away and she looks at this piece -that ham butt is delicious theres no reason to throw it away the bad words see when people think about a place and they dont find a place on the map -its more likely to be a bad dictionary why are you blaming the ham for being too big -so you cant get a smaller ham the english language is as big as it is so if you have a ham butt problem and youre thinking about the ham butt problem the conclusion it leads you to is inexorable and counter intuitive -paper is the enemy of words how can this be i mean i love books i really love books some of my best friends are books -not going to be the prototype for the shapes dictionaries come in so -think about it this way if youve got an artificial constraint artificial constraints lead to arbitrary distinctions and a skewed worldview -what if biologists could only study animals that made people go aww right what if we made aesthetic judgments about animals and only the ones we thought were cute were the ones that we could study -i think this is a problem i think we should study all the words because when you think about words you can make -from very humble parts lexicography is really more about material science we are studying the tolerances -think -if we think words are the tools that we use to build the expressions of our -that you get to say really fun words like lexicographical lexicographical has this great pattern its called a double dactyl and just by saying double dactyl ive sent the geek needle all the way into the red -how can you say that screwdrivers are better than hammers -how can you say that a sledgehammer is better than a ball peen hammer -just the right tool for the job and so people say to me how do i know if a word is -that makes it real being in the dictionary is an artificial distinction it doesnt make a word any more real than any other way if you love a word it becomes real so if were not worrying about directing -if weve transcended paper if we -worrying less about control and more about description then we can think of the english language as being this beautiful -and any time one of those little parts of the mobile changes is touched any time you touch a word you use it in a new context you give it a new connotation you verb it -you make the mobile move -just in a new position and that new position -maybe to count the cars that go by then more eyeballs are better -that would be equivalent to more than two unabridged dictionaries and i find an un dictionaried word a word like un dictionaried for example in -every book i read -a lot and im not even talking about magazines im not talking about blogs and i find more new words on boingboing in a given week than i do newsweek or time -is the same pattern as higgledy piggledy right its a fun word to say and i get to say -if you think of the word -a badgers burrow -can be one of the pleats in an elizabethan ruff and theres one numbered definition in the oed the oed has thirty three different numbered definitions for set tiny little word thirty three numbered definitions -and we really need help and the thing is we could ask for help asking for helps not that hard i mean lexicography is not rocket science see i just gave you a lot of words and a lot of numbers -one of the non perks of being a lexicographer is that people dont usually have a kind of warm fuzzy snuggly image of the dictionary right nobody hugs their dictionaries but -we dont know very much and we dont even know the shape of the language if this was the dictionary if this was the map of american english look we have -kind of lumpy idea of florida -we dont even see that theres a gap on the map so again lexicography is not rocket science but even if it were -you know it cant be that -other disciplines are really asking people to help and theyre doing a good job of it for instance theres ebird where amateur birdwatchers can upload information about their bird sightings and then ornithologists can go -so many comets they named a comet after him its kind of out past mars its a hike i dont think hes getting his picture taken there anytime soon -be able to find words now yall know where im going with this because im going to the internet which is where everybody goes -happen to be the recipe for lexicography isnt that great so -what people really often think about the dictionary is they think more like this just to let you know i do not have a lexicographical whistle -is like an archaeological artifact if you dont know the provenance or the source of the artifact its not science -its a pretty thing to look at so a word without its source is like a cut flower you know its pretty to look at for a while but then it dies it dies too fast so -well people use the dictionary to stand for the whole language they use it synecdochically -one of the problems of knowing a word like synecdochically is that you really want an excuse to say synecdochically this whole talk has just been an excuse to get me to the point where i could say synecdochically to all of you so im really sorry -but when you use a part of something like the dictionary is a part of the language or a flag stands for the united states a symbol of the country then youre using it synecdochically -we could make the dictionary the whole language if we get a bigger pan -then we can put all the words in we can put in -all the meanings doesnt everyone want more meaning -we can make the dictionary not just be a symbol of the language we can make it be the whole language you see what im really hoping for is that my son who turns seven this month i -died because it wasnt useful enough it -really what people needed and the thing is if we can put in all the words no longer have that artificial distinction between good and bad we can really describe the language like scientists we can leave the aesthetic judgments to the writers and the speakers if we can do that -time fishing and i dont have to be a traffic cop anymore thank you very much for your kind -but the thing is i dont want to be a traffic cop for one thing i just do not do uniforms -no you will die fifty percent will die within twenty four hours if not treated this is whats going on -in a look at the map of the us the graph here ten million people here ten million here by the time you get to fifty its almost no one -after the time that they reach about forty five years old and fifty years old and those are the times theyre most productive -it is interesting that in the united states the most significant healthcare budget goes to cardiovascular disease care whether its private -if you cannot secure the parents you cannot grant the security of the african child -what are the risk factors its very well known im not going to spend a lot of time on those these are just for information hypertension diabetes obesity -lack of exercise the usual suspects right here in tanzania thirty percent of individuals have hypertension -we cannot make the mistakes weve made with malaria and hiv in eight short years non communicable diseases will become the leading causes of death in africa -that is something to keep in mind we cant deal with it with situations like this this is a typical african hospital we cant depend on the elites they go -usa germany uk for treatment -public theres no comparison at all in africa where it is a major killer it is totally ignored and that situation cannot be right -you cant depend on foreign aid alone here is the situation countries are turning inwards post nine eleven united states has had a lot of trouble to deal with their own internal issues so -to fix those problems you cant rightly its not their responsibility it is my responsibility i have to take care of my own problems if they help thats good but that is not my expectation -these worsening indices of healthcare or health studies in africa demand a new look we cannot keep on doing things the way weve always done them -if they have not worked we have to look for alternative solutions im here to talk to you about solutions this has been what has been a -to developing countries talk about sustainable investment no one -you cant raise money i have done businesses in healthcare in the united states i live in nashville tennessee healthcare capital of -very easy to raise money for healthcare ventures but start telling them you know were going to try to do it in nigeria everyone runs away -is totally wrong those of you in the audience here if you want to help africa invest money in sustainable development -let me lead you through a day in the life of the heart institute so you get a glimpse of what we do and ill talk a little bit more about it -we must do something about it health status of a nation parallels development of that -can be done in a developing country environment we have twenty five positions right now all of them trained board certified in the us canada or britain -we have a policy that no one is ever turned away because of ability to pay we take care of -everyone whether you have one -and i will tell you how were able to do it -we make sure that we select our equipment properly we go for modular units units that have multi modality functions have modular components easy to repair and because of that we do not -take things that are not durable and cannot last we emphasize training and we make sure that this process is regenerative very soon we will all be dead and gone but the problems will stay unless we have people taking over from where we stopped -we made sure that we produced some things ourselves we do not buy unit doses of radiopharmaceuticals we get the generators from the companies we manufacture them in house ourselves -that keeps the costs down so for a radiopharmaceutical in the us that youll get a unit dose for two hundred and fifty dollars when were finished manufacturing it in house we come at a price of about two -we recognize that the only way to bridge the gap between the rich and poor countries is through education and technology all these problems were talking about if we bring development they will all disappear -the rural centers and we can use expertise in a very smart way this is the way our centers are set up -we currently have three locations in the caribbean and were planning a fourth one and we have now decided to go into africa we will be doing -the west african heart institute in port harcourt nigeria that project will be starting within the next few months we hope to open in two thousand and eight nine and we will do -is in africa eighty five percent of global disease burden for cardiovascular disease is in developing countries not in the west and yet ninety percent of the resources are in the west who is at risk -this model can be adapted to every disease process all the units all the centers are linked through -central server and all the images are populated to review stations and we designed this telemedicine solution -to us and we are happy to share what we have learned with anyone who is interested in doing it you can still be profitable -to see how this happens this is at the heart institute -the doctors from anywhere can log in i can call you in switzerland and say listen go into our system look at misters jones look at the study tell me what you think theyll give me that information and well make the care of the -better the patient doesnt have to travel he doesnt have to experience the anxiety of not knowing because of limited expertise -we also use electronic medical record system im happy to say that the things we have implemented eighty percent of us practices do not have them -and yet the technology is there but you know they have that luxury because if you cant get it in nashville you can travel to birmingham two hours away and youll get it -if you cant get it in cleveland you can go to cincinnati we dont have that luxury so we have to make it happen -when we do it we will put the cost of care down and well extend it to the rural centers and make it affordable and everyone will get the care they deserve -it cannot just be technology we recognize that prevention must be part of the solution we emphasize that but you know you have to tell people what can be done -its not possible to tell people to do what is going to be expensive and they go home and cant do it they need to be alive they need to feed -we recommend exercise as the most effective simple easy thing to do we have had walks -every year every march april we form people into groups and make them go into challenges -people like you its not just the africans that should be concerned about that all friends of africa that will have reason to be in africa at some point in time should be very concerned about this deplorable situation -which group loses the most weight we give them prizes which groups record more walking distance by pedometer we give them prizes -we do this constantly we encourage them to bring children that way we start exposing the children from very early on on what these issues are because once they learn it they will stay with it -in doing this we have created at least one hundred skilled jobs in jamaica alone and these are physicians with expertise and special training we have taken care of over one thousand indigent patients that could have died -if you dont get this pacemaker you will be dead so we are pleased with that indirectly we have saved the government of jamaica -five million dollars from people that would have gone to miami or atlanta for care and weve hopefully saved a lot of lives -eighty five thousand dollars a month the government will not do that because they have competing needs they need to put resources elsewhere but we can still do it -because people say how can you do that this is how we can do that at least four thousand rich jamaicans that were heading to miami for treatment have self confessed -that they did not go to miami because of the heart institute of the caribbean and if they went to miami they will spend significantly more -to ten times more and they feel happy spending it at home getting the same quality of care and for that -for every one patient that has the money to pay it gives us an opportunity to take care of at least four people that do not have the resources to -this to work this progress must be sustainable so we emphasize training training is critical we have gone further we have formed a relationship -has anyone here wondered what will happen if you go back to your room at night and you start getting chest pains shortness of breath sweating youre having a heart attack -healthcare technology training programs training people in echocardiography cardiac ultrasound those kind of things -kind of stuff in the process i want you to just hear from the trainees themselves what it has meant for them -jason topping im a senior resident in anesthesia in intensive care at the university hospital of the west indies -i came to the heart institute in two thousand and six as part of my elective in my anesthesia and intensive care program -i spent three months at the heart institute theres been no doubt around my colleagues about the utility of the training i received here -i am an echocardiographer at the heart institute of the caribbean -since the past -aspect of training in cardiology that the heart institute of the caribbean has introduced in jamaica -very important -in terms of diagnosing cardiac diseases -the lesson in this is that it can be done and it can be sustained and you can make it possible for everyone who are we to decide that poor people cannot get the best care -when have you been appointed to play god it is not my decision my job is to make sure that every person -no matter what fate has assigned to you will have the opportunity to get the best quality healthcare in life -if we do this we can change the face of healthcare in africa africa has been good to us it is time for us to give back to africa i am going those who want to come i welcome you to come along with me thank you -and of course -you never asked -my life has been shaped -the book was published in two thousand and nine we western donor countries have given the african continent two trillion american dollars in the last fifty years -by seven years of work as a young man in africa from one thousand nine hundred and seventy one to one thousand nine hundred and seventy seven i look young but im not -im not going to tell you the damage that that money has done just go and read her book read it from an african woman the damage that we have done -we western people -or we are paternalistic the two words come from the latin root pater which means father but they mean two different things -i was given a slap in the face reading -above all in economic development -this should be the first principle of aid the first principle of aid is respect this morning the gentleman who opened this conference lay a stick on the floor and said can we can you imagine a city that is not neocolonial -when i was twenty seven years old -to only respond to people -and i invented a system called enterprise facilitation where you never initiate anything you never motivate anybody but you become a servant of the local passion the servant of local people who have a dream to become a better person -so what you do you shut up you never arrive in a community with any ideas and you sit -with the local people we dont work from offices we meet at the cafe we meet at the pub we have zero infrastructure and what we do -we become friends and we find out what that person wants to do the most important thing is passion you can give somebody an idea if that person doesnt want to do it what are you going to do -the person with the idea may not have the knowledge but the knowledge is available so years and years ago -i had this idea why dont we for once instead of arriving in the community to tell people what to do -why dont for once listen to them but not in community meetings let me -with community meetings entrepreneurs never come -and they never tell you in a public meeting what they want to do with their own money -what we do we work one on one -and to work one on one you have to create a social infrastructure that doesnt exist you have to create a new profession -the profession is the family doctor of enterprise the family doctor of business who sits with you in your house at your kitchen table at the cafe and helps you find the resources to transform your passion into a way to make a living -i started this as a tryout in esperance in western australia i was a doing a ph d at the time trying to go away from this patronizing bullshit that we arrive and tell you what to do -and so what i did in esperance that first year was to just walk the streets and in three days i had my first client and i helped this first guy who was smoking fish from a garage was a maori guy -and i helped him to sell to the restaurant in perth to get organized and then the fishermen came to me to say you the guy who helped maori -can you help us and i helped these five fishermen to work together and get this beautiful tuna not to the cannery in albany for sixty cents a kilo but we found a way -and i -to take the fish for sushi to japan -for fifteen dollars a kilo and the farmers came to talk to me said hey you helped them can you help us in a year i had twenty seven projects going on and the government came to see me to say -one of the greatest management consultants -planning is actually incompatible -how to get these people to come and talk to you you have to offer them -confidentiality privacy you have to be fantastic at helping them -and then they will come and they will come in droves in a community of ten thousand people we get two hundred clients can you imagine a community of four hundred thousand people the intelligence and the passion which presentation have you applauded the most this morning local passionate people -instead -cure educate transport communicate for seven billion people in a sustainable way the technologies do not exist to do that who -government forget about it -theres a lovely story that i read in a futurist magazine many many years ago there was a group of experts who were invited to discuss the future of the city of new york in one thousand eight hundred and sixty -and in one thousand eight hundred and sixty this group of people came together and they all speculated about what would happen to the city of new york in one hundred years and the conclusion was unanimous the city of new york would not exist in one hundred years why because they looked at the curve and said if the population keeps growing at this rate -so what happens in forty years time in the year one thousand nine hundred in the united states of america there were one -thousand and one car manufacturing companies one thousand and one -the idea of finding a different technology had absolutely taken over and there were tiny tiny little factories in backwaters dearborn michigan henry ford -however there is a secret -to work with entrepreneurs first you have to offer them confidentiality otherwise they dont come and talk to you -then you have to offer them absolute dedicated passionate service to them and then you have to tell them the truth about entrepreneurship -the smallest company the biggest company has to be capable of doing three things beautifully -the product that you want to sell has to be fantastic you have to have fantastic marketing and you have to have tremendous financial management guess what -we have never met a single human being in the world who can make it sell it and look after the money -edison ford all the new companies google yahoo theres only one thing that all the successful companies in the world have in common -only one none -now we teach entrepreneurship -to sixteen year olds in northumberland -never the word i and the word we thirty two times he wasnt alone when he started nobody started a company alone no one -so we can create the community -where we have facilitators who come from a small business background sitting in cafes in bars and your dedicated buddies -who will do to you what somebody did for this gentleman who talks about this epic somebody who will say to you what do you need what can you do can you make it okay can you sell it can you look after the money oh no i cannot do this would you like me to find you somebody -we activate communities we have groups of volunteers supporting the enterprise facilitator to help you to find resources and people and we have discovered -and sadly we dont know and worst of all we -how do you know what would have happened without the aid maybe it would have been much worse or maybe it would have been better -idea we dont know what the counterfactual is theres only one africa so what do you do to give the aid and hope and pray that something -do you focus on your everyday life and let the earthquake every eight days continue to happen -is if we dont know whether we are doing any good we are not any -so here it is you can check i am short im french i have a pretty strong french accent so thats going to be clear in a moment -every year at least twenty five million children do not get the immunization they should get -so this is what you call a last mile problem the technology is there the infrastructure is there and yet it doesnt happen so you have your million how do you use your million to solve this last mile problem -and heres another question -nine hundred thousand people every year most of them in sub saharan africa most of them under five in fact that is the leading cause of under five mortality we already know how to -the other half also benefits because the contagion of the disease spread -and yet only a quarter of kids at risk sleep under a net societies should be willing to go out and subsidize the net give them for free or for that matter pay people to use them because of those contagion benefits -maybe sobering thought and something you all know about and i suspect many of you gave something to the people of haiti this -not so fast say other people -to give the nets for free to maximize coverage or do you make people pay in order to make sure that they really value -so here is the thing i cannot answer the big question whether aid did any good or not -and in this way you can take the guesswork out of policy making by knowing what works what doesnt work and why -now its not because the vaccines are not there they are there and they are free and its not because parents do not care about their kids the same child that is not immunized against measles if they do measles parents will spend thousands of rupees to help them -something else that i believe in the back of your mind you also know is -so you get these empty village sub centers and crowded hospitals so what is the problem well part of the problem surely is that people do not fully understand after all in this country as well all sorts of myths and misconceptions go -to action imagine you are a mother in udaipur district rajasthan you have to walk a few kilometers to get your kids immunized -because a we can make it easy and b we can maybe give people a reason to act -so these are simple ideas but we didnt know so lets try them -twenty five thousand children die of entirely preventable causes -so what we did is we did a randomized controlled trial in one hundred and thirty four villages in -so the blue dots are selected randomly we made it easy ill tell you in a moment in the red dots we made it easy and gave people a reason to act now the white dots are comparisons nothing changed -so we made it easy by organizing this monthly camp where people can get their kids immunized -and then you make it easy and give a reason to act now -its never going to convince anybody -to do something that they dont want to do on the other hand if your problem is you tend to postpone then it might give you a reason to act today -and i suspect that many of you probably gave something towards that problem as well but somehow it doesnt happen with the same intensity so why is that -should you give them for free or should you ask people to pay for them so the answer hinges on the answer to three simple questions one is if people must pay for a bed net are they going to purchase them -one is if i give bed nets for free are people going to use them and the third one is -do free bed nets discourage future purchase the third one is important because if we think people get used to handouts it might destroy markets to distribute free bed nets -now this is a debate that has generated a lot of emotion and angry rhetoric its -it turns out its an easy question we can know the answer to this question we can just run an experiment and many experiments and they all have the same results so im just going to talk to you about one and this one that was in kenya -and some people get one hundred percent discount and some people twenty percent discounts and some people get fifty percent discounts etc and now we can see what -so how -what you can see is that when people have to pay for their bed nets the coverage rate really falls down a lot -so even with partial subsidy three dollars is still not the full cost of a bed net and now you only have twenty percent of the people with the bed nets you lose the health immunity thats not great -well here is a thought experiment for you -who got the free bed nets one year later were offered the option to purchase a bed net -and people who got the free one were actually more likely to purchase the second one than people who didnt get a free one so people do not get used to handouts they get used to nets maybe we need to give them -nets so you will think thats great you know how to immunize you know how to give bed nets -to get kids into school -for example -were invented in britain before the industrial revolution goods used to go on -so should they have continued to carry the goods on the horse carts on the ground that they would eventually get there -if that had been the case there would have been no industrial revolution -so why shouldnt we do the same with -in technology we spend so much time experimenting fine tuning getting the absolute cheapest way to do something so why arent we doing that -how many extra years of education do you get for your hundred dollars now im going to show you what we get -and thats not bad for your hundred dollars you get between one and three extra years of education -the most surprising results tell people the benefits of education thats very cheap to do -so for every hundred dollars you spend doing that you get forty extra years of education and -the kids of their worms and for every hundred dollars you get almost thirty extra years of education -so this is not your intuition this is not what people would have gone for and yet these are the programs that work we need that kind of information we need more of it and then we need to guide -so now i started from the big problem and i couldnt answer it and i cut it into smaller questions and i have the answer to these smaller questions and they are good scientific robust answers so -lets go back to haiti for a moment -in haiti about two hundred thousand people died -but if we were willing to spend ten thousand dollars for every child under five who dies that would be ninety billion per year just -do you believe the people who tell you that aid is not going to help on the contrary it might hurt it might exacerbate corruption dependence etc or maybe you turn to the past after all we have spent billions of -of the problem is that in haiti although the problem is huge somehow we understand it its -you give your money to doctors without borders you give your money to partners in health and theyll send in the doctors and theyll send in the lumber and theyll helicopter things out and -so first its mostly invisible second its huge and third we dont know whether were doing the right thing theres no silver bullet you cannot helicopter people out of poverty and thats very frustrating -we can get started -heres an example of how this can be powerful deworming worms have a little bit of a problem grabbing the headlines they are not beautiful and dont kill anybody -in two thousand and nine so this evidence is powerful it can prompt action -so we should get started now now its not going to be easy its a very slow process you have to keep experimenting and sometimes ideology has to be trumped by practicality and sometimes what works somewhere doesnt work elsewhere so its a slow process -im proposing its like twentieth century medicine its a slow deliberative process -and now maybe we can go back to the bigger question -that i started with at the beginning -i cannot tell you whether the aid we have spent in the past has made a difference but can we come back here in thirty years and say -we have done it really prompted a change for the better -maybe you look at the past and see has it done any good -and i hope we will thank you -the growing intimacy wasnt yet so strong that it actually led to the decrease of desire the more connected i became the more responsible i felt the less i was able to let go in your presence the third child doesnt really come back -so what happens if you want to sustain desire its that real dialectic piece on the one hand you want the security -so in this dilemma about reconciling these two sets of fundamental needs -there are a few things that ive come to understand erotic couples do one they have a lot of sexual privacy they understand that there is an erotic space that belongs to each of them they also understand -not because we want fourteen children for which we need to have even more because many of them wont make it -that foreplay is not something you do five minutes before the real thing foreplay pretty much starts at the end of the previous orgasm they also understand -and not because it is exclusively a womans marital duty this is the first time that we want sex over time about pleasure and connection that is rooted in desire so what sustains desire and why is it so difficult -and at the heart of sustaining desire in a committed relationship i think is the reconciliation of two fundamental human needs on the one hand our need for security for predictability for safety for dependability -for reliability for permanence all these anchoring grounding experiences of our lives that we call home -but we also have an equally strong -so why does good sex so often fade even for couples who continue to love each other as much as ever -for journey for travel so reconciling our need for security and our need for adventure into one relationship or what we today like to call a passionate marriage used to be a contradiction in terms -marriage was an economic institution -in which you were given a partnership for life in terms of children and social status and succession -and why does good intimacy not guarantee good sex contrary to popular belief -so if there is a verb for me that comes with love its to have -we tend to not really want to go back to the places weve already gone forgone conclusion does not keep our interest in desire we want an other somebody on the other side that we can go visit -that we can go spend some time with that we can go see what goes on in their red light district in desire we want a bridge to cross or in other words i sometimes say fire needs air -desire needs space and when its said like that its often quite abstract but then i took a question with me and ive gone to more than twenty countries in the last few years with mating in captivity and i asked people when do you find yourself most drawn to your partner not attracted sexually per se but most drawn -when we are apart when we reunite -basically when i get back in touch with my ability to imagine myself with my partner when my imagination comes back in the picture -and when i can root it in absence and in longing which is a major component of desire but then the second group is even more interesting -and why is the forbidden so erotic what is it about transgression that makes desire so potent -i am most drawn to my partner when i see him in the studio when she is onstage when he is in his element when shes doing something shes passionate about when i see him at a party and other people are really drawn to him when i see her hold court -basically when i look at my partner radiant and confident probably the biggest turn on across the board -but its also not when the other person is that far apart that you no longer see them its when im looking at my partner from a comfortable distance where this person that is already so familiar so known is momentarily once again somewhat mysterious somewhat elusive -and why does sex make babies and babies spell erotic disaster in couples -and in this space between me and the other lies the erotic elan lies that movement toward the other because sometimes as proust says mystery is not about traveling to new places but its about looking with new eyes and so when i see my partner on his own or her own -doing something in which they are enveloped -i look at this person and i momentarily get a shift in perception and i stay open to the mysteries that are living right next to me and then more importantly in this description about the other -or myself its the same what is most interesting is that there is no neediness in desire nobody needs anybody there is no caretaking in desire -caretaking is mightily loving its a powerful anti aphrodisiac i have yet to see somebody who is so turned on by somebody who needs them wanting them is one thing needing them is a shutdown and women have known that forever because anything that will bring up parenthood will usually decrease the erotic charge -for good reasons right and then the third group of answers usually would be when -im surprised when we laugh together as somebody said to me in the office today when hes in his tux so i said you know its either the tux or the cowboy boots -novelty is what parts of you do you bring out what parts of you are just being seen because in some way one could say sex isnt something you do eh sex is a place you go its a space you enter -inside yourself and with another or others so where do you go in sex what parts of you do you connect to -have to take responsibility for everything is it a place where you can express your infantile wishes what comes out there its a language it isnt just a behavior -and its the poetic of that language that im interested in which is why i began to explore this concept of erotic intelligence -you know animals have sex its the pivot its biology its the natural instinct we are the only ones who have an erotic life which means that its sexuality transformed by the human imagination -we are the only ones who can make love for hours have a blissful time multiple orgasms and touch nobody just because we can imagine it -we can hint at it we dont even have to do it we can experience that powerful thing called anticipation which is a mortar to desire the ability to imagine it as if its happening to experience it as if its happening while nothing is happening and everything is happening at the same time -so when i began to think about eroticism i began to think about the poetics of sex and if i look at it as an intelligence then its something that you cultivate what are the ingredients imagination -playfulness novelty curiosity mystery -and its concomitant dilemmas in modern love so i travel the globe and what im noticing is that everywhere where romanticism has entered there seems to be a crisis of desire -and i went through it through a bifurcation by looking actually at trauma -which is the other side and i looked at it looking at the community that i had grown up in which was a community in belgium all holocaust survivors and in my community there were two groups those who didnt die and those who came back to life -and when i began to listen to the sexlessness of the couples that i work with i sometimes would hear people say i want more sex but generally people want better sex and better is to reconnect with that quality of aliveness of vibrancy of renewal of vitality -of eros of energy that sex used to afford them or that theyve hoped it would afford them -and so i began to ask a different question -i shut myself off when began to be the question i turn off my desires when which is not the same question as what turns me of is and you turn me off when -and people began to say i turn myself off when i feel dead inside when i dont like my body when i feel old when i havent had time for myself when i havent had a chance to even check in with you when i dont perform well at work when i feel low self esteem when i dont have a sense of self worth when i dont feel -you know now if you are dead inside the other person can do a lot of things for valentines it wont make a dent there is nobody at the reception desk laughter so i turn myself on when i turn my desires i wake up when -a crisis of desire as in owning the wanting desire as an expression of our individuality of our free choice of our preferences of our identity -mutuality reciprocity protection worry responsibility for the other are sometimes the very ingredients that stifle desire -favorites of love jealousy possessiveness aggression power dominance naughtiness mischief basically most of us will get turned on at night by the very same things that we will demonstrate against during the day -you know the erotic mind is not very politically correct if everybody was fantasizing on a bed of roses we wouldnt be having such interesting talks about this but no in our mind up there are a host of things going on that we dont always know how to bring to the person that we love because -we think love comes with selflessness and in fact desire comes with a certain amount of selfishness in the best sense of the word -the ability to stay connected to ones self in the presence of another so i want to draw that little image for you because this need to reconcile these two sets of needs -we are born with that our need for connection our need for separateness or our need for security and adventure or our need for togetherness and for autonomy -and if you think about the little kid who sits on your lap and who is cozily nested here and very secure and comfortable and at some point all of us need to go out into the -came back a long time ago and that little child who comes back is the child who will forgo a part of himself in order not to lose the other -i will lose my freedom in order not to lose connection and i will learn to love in a certain way that will become burdened with extra worry and extra responsibility and extra protection and i wont know how to leave you -in order to go play in order to go experience pleasure in order to discover to enter inside myself translate this into adult language it starts very young it continues into our sex lives -and when you look at this image you might find yourself going why would i conceivably care about this and the truth is this guy can probably explain this to you this is erik hersman you guys may have seen him around the conference he goes by the moniker white african -the good news about this is that the global community again my brazilian friends tell me is pitching in to help out it turns out that lady gaga -hes both a very well known american geek but hes also kenyan he was born in sudan grew up in kenya he is a bridge figure -he is someone who literally has feet in both worlds one in the world of the african technology community one in the world of the american technology community and so hes able to tell a story -about looking for inspiration based on reusing materials he knows one world and hes finding a way to communicate it to another world both of which he has deep connections -these bridge figures im pretty well convinced are the future of how we try to make the world wider through using the web but the trick with bridges is ultimately you need someone to cross them and thats where we start talking about xenophiles -so if i found myself in the nfl i suspect i would spend my off season nursing my wounds enjoying my house so on and so forth possibly recording a hip hop album -jones who is the middle linebacker for the cincinnati bengals has a slightly different approach to the off season -has a television show its called dhani tackles the globe and every week on this television show dhani travels to a different nation of the world he finds a local sporting team he trains with them for a week and he plays a match with -has released a new single actually five or six new singles as near as i can tell titled cala a boca galvao -and his reason for this is not just that he wants to master muay thai boxing its because for him sport is the language that allows him to encounter the full width and wonder of the world -for some of us it might be music for some of us it might be food for a lot of us it might be literature or writing but there are all these different techniques that allow you to go out and look at the world and find your place within it -the goal of my talk here is not to persuade the people in this room to embrace your xenophilia my guess given that youre at a conference called tedglobal is that most of you are xenophiles whether or not you use that term -my challenge instead is this its not enough to make the personal decision that you want a wider world -we have to figure out how to rewire the systems that we have we have to fix our media we have to fix the internet we have to fix our education we have to fix our immigration policy -we need to look at ways of creating serendipity of making translation pervasive -we need to find ways to embrace and celebrate these bridge figures and we need to figure out how to cultivate xenophiles thats what im trying to do i need your help -whos the lead soccer commentator for rede globo and what i understand from my brazilian friends is that this guy is just a cliche machine -he can ruin the most interesting match by just spouting cliche again and again and again so brazilians went to that first match against north korea put up this banner -which means generally i ignore football unless it involves guys my size or brunos size running into each other at extremely high speeds -theres a couple theres a couple of lessons that you can take from this and the first lesson which i think is a worthwhile one is that you cannot go wrong -asking people to be active online so long as activism just means retweeting a phrase so as long as activism is that simple its pretty easy to get away with the other thing you can take from this by the way is that there are a lot -on twitter theres more than five million of them as far as national representation eleven percent of brazilian internet users are on twitter thats a much higher number -than in the u s or u k next to japan its the second most represented by population -now if youre using twitter or other social networks and you didnt realize this was a space with a lot of brazilians in it youre like most of us because what happens on a social network is you interact with the people that you have chosen to interact with -and if you are like me a big geeky white american guy you tend to interact with a lot of other geeky white american guys and you dont necessarily have the sense that twitter is in fact a very heavily brazilian space -its also extremely surprising to many americans a heavily african american space twitter recently did some research they looked at their local population they believe that twenty four percent -of american twitter users are african american thats about twice as high as african americans are represented in the population -that said its been really hard to ignore football for the last couple of weeks i go onto twitter there are all these strange words that ive never heard before fifa -and again that was very shocking to many twitter users but it shouldnt be and the reason it shouldnt be is that on any day you can go into trending topics and you tend to find topics that are almost entirely african american conversations -and essentially found that a lot of these trending topics were basically segregated conversations and in ways that you wouldnt expect it turns out that oil spill is a mostly white conversation -that cookout is a mostly black conversation and whats crazy about this is that if you wanted to mix up who you were seeing on twitter its literally a quick click away -you click on that cookout tag there an entirely different conversation with different people participating in it but generally speaking most of us dont we end up within these filter bubbles as my friend eli pariser calls them -where we see the people we already know and the people who are similar to the people we already know and we tend not to see that wider picture -now for me im surprised by this because this wasnt how the internet was supposed to be if you go back into the early days of the internet when cyber utopians like nick negroponte were writing big books like being digital -the prediction was that the internet was going to be an incredibly powerful force to smooth out cultural differences to put us all on a common field of one fashion or another -hes at a technology conference in florida and hes looking at something really truly absurd which is bottles of evian water on the table -weird jokes about octopi but the one thats really been sort of stressing me out that i havent been able to figure out is this phrase cala a boca galvao -now negroponte has been right about a lot of things hes totally wrong about this one it turns out that in many cases atoms are much more mobile than bits -if i walk into a store in the united states its very very easy for me to buy water thats bottled in fiji shipped at great expense to the united states its actually surprisingly hard for me to see a fijian feature film -its really difficult for me to listen to fijian music its extremely difficult for me to get fijian news which is strange -heres what i think is going on i think that we tend to look a lot at the infrastructure of globalization we look at the framework that makes it possible to live in this connected world and thats a framework that includes things like -airline routes it includes things like the internet cable we look at a map like this one and it looks like the entire world is flat because everything is a hop or two away -you can get on a flight in london you can end up in bangalore later today two hops youre in suva the capitol of fiji its all right there when you start looking at what actually flows on top of these networks you get a very different picture -if youve gone onto twitter in the last couple of weeks youve probably seen this its been a major trending topic being a monolingual american i obviously dont know what the phrase means so i went onto twitter and i asked some people -you start looking at how the global plane flights move and you suddenly discover that the world isnt even close to flat its extremely lumpy there are parts of the world that are very very well connected theres basically a giant pathway in the sky between london and new york -but look at this map and you can watch this for you know two or three minutes you wont see very many planes go from south america to africa and youll discover that there are parts of the globe that are systematically cut off -when we stop looking at the infrastructure that makes connection possible and we look at what actually happens we start realizing that the world doesnt work quite the same way that we think it does so heres the problem that ive been interested in in the last decade or so -the world is in fact getting more global its getting more connected more of problems are global in scale more of our economics is global in scale and our media is less global by -if you watched a television broadcast in the united states in the nineteen seventies thirty five to forty percent of it would have been international news on a nightly new broadcast thats down to about twelve to fifteen percent -and she made a cartogram which is basically a distorted map based on what american television news casts looked at for a month -and you see that when you distort a map based on attention the world within american television news is basically reduced to this giant bloated u s and a couple of other countries which weve invaded and thats basically what our media is about -and before you conclude that this is just a function of american tv news which is dreadful and i agree that its dreadful ive been mapping elite media like the new york times and i get the same thing -when you look at the new york times you look at other elite media what you largely get are pictures of very wealthy nations and the nations weve invaded it turns out that new media -if they could explain to me cala a boca galvao and fortunately my brazilian friends were more than ready to help -isnt necessarily helping us all that much heres a map made by mark graham whos down the street at the oxford internet institute a this is a map of articles in wikipedia that have been geo coded -in the u k you can get up you can pick up your computer when you get out of this session you could read a newspaper from india or from australia from canada -god forbid from the u s you probably wont if you look at online media consumption in this case in the top ten users of the internet -more than ninety five percent of the news readership is on domestic news sites its one of these rare cases where the u s is actually slightly better than because we actually like reading your media rather than vice versa -so all of this starts leading me to think that were in a state that i refer to as imaginary cosmopolitanism -they explained that the galvao bird is a rare and endangered parrot thats in terrible terrible danger in fact ill let them tell you a bit more -we look at the internet we think were getting this wide view of the globe we occasionally stumble onto a page in chinese and we decide that -we do in fact have the greatest technology ever built to connect us to the rest of the world and we forget that most of the time were checking boston red sox scores -the real problems in the world the interesting problems to solve are global in scale and scope they require global conversations to get to global solutions this is a problem we have to solve -so heres the good news for six years ive been hanging out with these guys this is a group called global voices this is a team of bloggers from around the world our mission was to fix the worlds media we started in two thousand and four you might have noticed we havent done all that well so far -nor do i think we are by ourselves actually going to solve the problem but the more that i think about it the more that i think that a few things that we have learned along the way are interesting lessons for how we would rewire if we we wanted to use the web to have a wider world -the first thing you have to consider is that there are parts of the world that are dark spots in terms of attention in this case the map of the world at night by nasa theyre dark literally because of lack of electricity -and i used to think that a dark spot on this map basically meant youre not going to get media from there because there are more basic needs what im starting to realize is that you can get media its just an enormous amount of work and you need an enormous amount of encouragement -who live there and so the people who founded foko club in madagascar werent actually concerned with trying to change the image of their country they were doing something much simpler -it was a club to learn english and to learn computers and the internet but what happened was that madagascar went through a violent coup most independent media was shut down -and the high school students who were learning to blog through foko club suddenly found themselves talking to an international audience about the demonstrations the violence everything that was going on within this country -so a very very small program designed to get people in front of computers publishing their own thoughts publishing independent media ended up having a huge impact on what we know about this country -every year more than three hundred thousand galvao birds are killed during carnival parades -now the trick with this is that im guessing most people here dont speak malagasy im also guessing that most of you dont even speak chinese which is sort of sad if you think about it as its now the most represented language on the internet -which automatically detects that the page is in chinese and very quickly at a mouse click will give you a translation of the page unfortunately its a machine translation of the page -and while google is very very good with some languages its actually pretty dreadful with chinese and the results can be pretty funny what you really want what i really want is eventually the ability to push a button -and have this queued so a human being can translate this and if you think this is absurd its not theres a group right now in china called -and yeeyan is a group of one hundred and fifty thousand volunteers who get online every day they look for the most interesting content in the english language -they translate roughly one hundred articles a day from major newspapers major websites they put it online for free -its the project of a guy named zhang lei who was living in the united states during the lhasa riots -and who couldnt believe how biased american media coverage was and he said if theres one thing i can do i can start translating so that people between these countries start understanding each other a little bit better -and my question to you is in yeeyan can line up one hundred and fifty thousand people to translate the english internet into chinese wheres the english language -so even if we can find a way to translate from chinese theres no guarantee that were going to find it when we look for information online we basically have two strategies -a lot of search and search is terrific if you know what youre looking for but if what youre looking for is serendipity if you want to stumble onto something that you didnt know you needed -our main philosophy is to look to our social networks to look for our friends what are they looking at maybe we should be looking at it the problem with this is that essentially what you end up getting after a while is the wisdom of the flock -you end up flocking with a lot of people who are probably similar to you who have similar interests and its very very hard -to get information from the other flocks from the other parts of the world where people getting together and talking about their own interests to do this at a certain point you need someone to bump you out of your flock and into another flock you need a -so this is amira al hussaini she is the middle east editor for global voices she has one of the hardest jobs in the world -not only does she have to keep our israeli and palestinian contributors from killing each other she has to figure out what is going to interest you about the middle -which means that theres a terrible problem with galvao abuse some sick and twisted people have found themselves snorting galvao and its terribly endangered -and in that sense of trying to get you out of your normal orbit and to try to get you to pay attention to a story about someone whos given up smoking for the month of ramadan -she has to know something about a global audience she has to know something about what stories are available basically shes a deejay -shes a skilled human curator who knows what material is available to her whos able to listen to the audience and whos able to make a selection and push people forward in one fashion or another -i dont think this is necessarily an algorithmic process i think whats great about the internet is that it actually makes it much easier for deejays to reach a wider audience -i know amira i can ask her what to read but with the internet shes in a position where she can tell a lot of people what to read and you can listen to her as well if this is a way that youre interested in having your web -so once you start widening like this once you start lighting up voices in the dark spots once you start translating once you start curating you end up in some really weird places this is an image from pretty much my favorite blog which is afrigadget -and afrigadget is a blog that looks at technology in an africa context and specifically its looking at a blacksmith in kibera in nairobi who is turning the shaft of a landrover into a cold chisel -doing it because they are expecting things to happen me and you the investments we are going to be making the investments the world is going to be making thats the twenty four hour news channel -i want to turn back to that very slide that made such a deep impact on me all those years ago and this time give you the entire picture that i saw in two thousand and two -and ask you that when you think about what your role can be in africa think about your journey in terms of bringing light to this continent because there are amazing opportunities available -a realistic investment opportunity and option for you so lets get going because africa to some degree is on a turnaround -and think about the concept of transformation in the back of your mind because things can be turned around rather quickly -along the congo river -if one looks carefully on the congo river is one of those bright lights and thats the very congo river generating light the old heart of darkness now generating light with hydro electric power -that is a transformation in power of ideas so the next step over the next four days is us exploring more of these ideas and perchance if you can always keep this picture in your mind -a turnaround in terms of how it manages its image and how it takes control of its own destiny -and turnarounds are part and parcel of what i have focused on for most of my professional career and it all started almost a decade ago -as a young consultant at mckinsey company at their first african office in johannesburg and there we worked with leading ceos -on african issues and african companies on turnarounds making the companies not just the best in africa but the best -but i really formalized this focus on turnarounds when i was completing my mba in the united states it all began with a fantastic phone call it was from rosabeth moss kanter -harvard business school guru and a professor of mine and she said i want to write a case euvin a case on a public sector leader that has lessons for the corporate world -because this is where it all really began isnt it looking at fossils dating back several millions of years it all points to evidence that life for the human species as we know it began right here -and the leader that came to mind was nelson mandela -as he took over power as the first democratically elected president of south africa faced a situation of a country that could have slid into the abyss of chaos but he started the country on a path of a positive cycle -now the case nelson mandela change leader became part of the research base for a chapter in rosabeths new book called confidence -and confidence became a new york times bestseller and topped business weeks hardcover bestseller list and why i tell you this story -is because later when i was interviewed on sabc africa on a pan african broadcast they asked what is your key lesson or the key thing you enjoy the most because it was a huge privilege to be part of such a project -the lesson from that was that it was africa an african story that was used to share news with the rest of the world -of what the benchmark can be for corporate turnarounds africa was being used as a success story -i found myself from the southern part of africa in south africa at the very north in egypt and i sought out the most remote places -i went to the siwa oasis that was one of my stops and the siwa oasis is famous for several things but the key thing is that it was the place that alexander the great -went to when he wanted to find out what his destiny had in store for him and legend has it that alexander trekked through this desert -this was three hundred bc so africa had long been seen as a place to go to for answers now the thing i remember about siwa -we are on an amazing journey the next four days youre going to hear stories of africa the next chapter -to two thousand and two im sitting in cambridge massachusetts at the healthcare development conference and i see the same picture but from the opposite side -a satellite picture looking down at the -and it was that picture that made such an profound impact on me because ill never forget it i remember the very moment and i wanted to share that image with you of what i saw at that point -the first thing that i saw was north america -in all its glory a warm feeling -light and then i saw -africa quite literally the -and while africa may be dark the thing that brought -the message home to me was that this is the challenge we are facing but its also the opportunity because whilst africa may be dark other than the few specks -that exist north and in the south and other areas its aglow with the light in the hearts of the millions of people that are there entrepreneurs dynamic people people with hope -was george kimble the geographer who said that the only thing dark about africa is our ignorance -so lets start shedding light on this amazing eclectic continent that has so much to offer lets start unpacking it -africa is the second largest continent a land mass second from asia it also is the second most populated continent with nine hundred million people -in fact coming back to the land mass africa is so big that you could fit in the continental united states china and the entire europe into africa and still have space -as an investment banker im in the cross flow of information and the changes that are taking place in capital markets so i want to share with you some of these -i call it my z e n cluster zambia from two thousand and four to two thousand and six moves from the eighteen percent in inflation to the nine percent egypt from the sixteen percent to about eight point four percent -more fascinating you have other countries south africa mauritius namibia all -in single digits -is not a country its made up its made up -fifty three different countries so the very definition to say invest in africa is a no go its meaningless -each country has a unique value proposition you can make money you can lose money in africa but opportunities boy oh boy they exist and this is what today is about its about discussing those -very opportunities so lets start getting into the countries and into the specific material and data -i was recently elected as emeka mentioned as the president of the south african chamber of commerce in america and im very proud and happy to be in that role because it is a fascinating position to be in -other headlines that have recently reached south africa were bain capital and kkr the big boys of private equity headline in south africa they have landed quite ominous -famine -what were they there for to acquire assets bing capitals acquisition of edcon a large retailer -it is a play on the belief that this middle class thats growing will continue to grow that the boom and the confidence in consumer spending will continue -more -is clearly a hot spot challenges and we will hear a lot about nigeria in these four days but looking at goldman sachs work -genocide aids -anyone our banks our investors seriously thinking about going to nigeria if you havent why not whats going on in nigeria -a couple of things i want to talk about it from the perspective of capital markets bellwether signs again -off its own balance sheet without any sovereign backing that is an indication of the confidence that is taking place in that economy without any sovereign backing a nigerian company raising capital offshore its just a sign of things to come looking at the oil industry -but with africa lets start being careful about this and emeka and i have had these discussions we have to move away from whats called the curse of the commodities -see that clock counting down what else is going on there egypt -weve all heard these things but this is about africa the story we have not heard -we had the launch of the east african organic produce standard again -it ties in with small scale farmers in terms of no pesticides no fertilizers again -the stories that we want to know and the stories that do exist about positive tales a part of my -problem its more expensive to transport goods prices of goods go up inflation is affected nigeria seventy percent of roads are untarred in general more than fifty percent of roads -to ask you in two thousand and five what was the best performing stock market or stock exchange in the world would egypt come to mind -in two thousand and five the egyptian stock market stock exchange returned over one hundred and forty five percent -talk is going to be about investment opportunities that exist on this continent to separate the rhetoric from the reality the fact from the fiction -but in any investment decision the key question is what is my alternative investment -an overhang of capital in the u s and the key is yield pickup what africa is providing is a diversification play and also opportunities for yield pickup for the investor thats aware of what he or she is doing -when looking at africa vis a vis other things and countries in africa vis a vis other things comparisons become important ten years ago there were very few countries that -from the standard poors moodys and fitchs today sixteen african countries and growing have sovereign country ratings -what does this mean take nigeria again double b minus in the league of ukraine and turkey immediately we have a comparison -to go to the actual data and statistics that exist about the actual things that are happening on the ground that make africa -the backbone of making investment decisions for global holders of capital some other figures -south africa triple b plus bakino faso b minus and so on in fact one of the big agencies is setting up an office in africa why are they doing that -i found this passion not far from here actually when i was nine years old my family was on a road trip and we were in the grand canyon and -have cancer almost and i hate to say that but it seems as though muscle cell possibly because of all its use has adapted faster than other body tissues -to respond to injury to fine tune this repair response and actually be able to finish the process -which the body wants to finish i really believe that the human body is very very smart and we cant -foreign object we want that out but when the body is actually initiating a process and were calling it a disease it doesnt seem as though elimination is the right solution -so even to go from there its -possible although far fetched that in the future we could almost think of cancer being used as a therapy -if those diseases where tissues are deteriorating for example alzheimers where the brain the brain cells die and we need to restore new brain cells new functional brain cells -what if we could in the future use cancer a tumor put it in the brain and cause it to differentiate into brain cells -fetched idea but i really believe that it may be possible these cells are so versatile these cancer cells are so versatile we just have to manipulate them in the right way -and again some of these may be far fetched but i figured if theres anywhere to present far fetched ideas its here at ted -and my mother bought this book when we were at the grand canyon called the hot zone it was all about the outbreak of the ebola virus and something about it just kind of drew me towards it there was this big sort of bumpy looking virus on the cover and -i just wanted to read it i picked up that book and as we drove from the edge of the grand canyon to big sur and to actually here where we are today in monterey i read that book and from -when i was reading that book i knew that i wanted to have a life in medicine i wanted to be like the explorers id read about in the book who went into the jungles of africa went into the research labs and just tried to figure out what this deadly virus -really an honor and a privilege to be here spending my last day as a teenager today i want to talk to you about the future but first im going to tell you a bit about the past -so from that moment on i read every medical book i could get my hands on and -maybe now you know being a big high school kid i can maybe become an active part of this big medical world -i was fourteen and i emailed professors at the local university to see if maybe i could go work in their lab and -and i got to go talk to one professor doctor jacobs who accepted me into the lab at that time i was really interested in -i started that and worked in his lab for a year and found the results that i guess youd expect to find when you feed fruit flies heavy metals that it really really impaired the nervous system -the spinal cord had breaks the neurons were crossing in every which way and from then i wanted to look not at impairment but at prevention of impairment -so thats what led me into alzheimers i started reading about alzheimers and tried to familiarize myself with the research -and at the same time when i was in the i was reading in the medical library one day and i read this article about something called purine derivatives -and they seemed to have cell growth promoting properties and being naive about the whole field i kind of thought oh you have cell death in alzheimers which is causing the memory deficit and then you have -this compound purine derivatives that are promoting cell growth and so i thought maybe if it can promote cell growth it can inhibit cell death too and so thats the project that i -my story starts way before i was born my grandmother was on a train to auschwitz the death camp and -and there i was awarded best in the world in medicine which allowed me to get in or at least get a foot in the door of the big medical world and -from then on since i was now in this huge exciting world i wanted to explore it all i wanted it all at once but knew i couldnt really get -and i stumbled across something called cancer stem cells and this is really what i want to talk to you about today about cancer -cancer stem cells i didnt really know how to put the two together id heard of stem cells and id heard of them as the panacea of the future -the therapy of many diseases to come in the future perhaps but id heard of cancer as the most feared disease of our time so how did the good and bad go together -this new medical field and it seemed that tumors actually begin from a -this fascinated me the more i read the more i looked at cancer differently and almost became less fearful of it -it seems that cancer is a direct result to injury if you smoke you damage your lung tissue and then -what stem cells are theyre these phenomenal cells that really have the ability to differentiate into any type of tissue so -the body is sensing that you have damage to an organ and then its initiating cancer its almost as if this is a repair response -and the cancer the body is saying the lung tissue is damaged we need to repair the lung and cancer is originating in the lung -trying to repair because you have this excessive proliferation of these remarkable cells that really have the potential to become lung tissue but -so this really really fascinated me and i really think that we cant think about cancer let alone any disease in such black and white terms -if we eliminate cancer the way were trying to do now with chemotherapy and radiation were bombarding the body or the cancer with toxins or with radiation trying to kill -its almost as if were getting back to this starting point were removing the cancer cells but were revealing the previous damage that the body has tried to fix -we think about manipulation rather than elimination if somehow we can -cells to differentiate to become bone tissue lung tissue liver tissue whatever that cancer has been put there to do -it would be a repair process wed end up better than we were before cancer so this really changed my view of looking at cancer -my grandmother survived -and while i was reading all these articles about cancer it seemed that the articles a lot of them focused on you know the genetics of breast cancer and the genesis and the progression of breast cancer tracking the cancer through the body tracing where it is where it goes -it struck me that id never heard of -not only to cancer but of metastasis going to skeletal muscle and what metastases are is when the tumor when a piece breaks off and travels through the -and goes to a different organ thats what a metastasis is its the part of cancer that is the most dangerous if cancer was localized -we could likely remove it or somehow you know its contained its very contained but once it starts moving throughout the body thats when it becomes deadly so the fact that -not only did cancer not seem to originate in skeletal muscles but cancer didnt seem to go to skeletal muscle there seemed to be something here so these articles were saying you know skeletal -i decided to ask why at first the first thing i did was i emailed some -you have muscle cells but theyre not dividing so it doesnt seem like a good target for cancer to hijack but then again this fact that the metastasis didnt go to skeletal muscle -made that seem unlikely and furthermore nervous tissue brain gets -they got on a boat and yet another divergence the boat was either going to canada or to australia they got on and didnt know where they were going and ended up -that ill be starting to investigate this may at the sylvester cancer institute in miami and -i guess ill keep investigating until i get the answers but i know that in science once you get the answers inevitably youre going to have more questions so i guess you could say that -blood vessels are like highways for the tumor cells tumor cells can travel through the blood vessels and you think the more highways there are in a tissue the more likely it is to get cancer or to get -so first of all i thought you know wouldnt it be favorable to cancer getting to skeletal muscle and as well cancer -a process called angiogenesis which is really the tumor recruits the blood vessels to itself to supply itself with nutrients so it can grow -without angiogenesis the tumor remains the size of a pinpoint and its not harmful -is really a central process to the pathogenesis of cancer and one article that really stood out to me when i was just reading about this trying to figure out why cancer doesnt go to skeletal muscle was that -sixteen percent of micro metastases to skeletal muscle upon autopsy sixteen percent -to make a long story short they came to canada my grandmother was a chemist she worked at the banting institute in toronto -meaning that there were these pinpoint tumors in skeletal muscle but only point one six percent of actual -muscle somehow intuitively knows that it needs this blood supply it needs to be constantly contracting so therefore its almost selfish its grabbing its blood vessels for itself therefore when a tumor comes into skeletal muscle tissue -it cant get a blood supply and cant grow so this suggests that maybe if there is an anti angiogenic factor in skeletal muscle -even more an angiogenic routing factor so it can actually direct where the blood vessels grow this could be a potential future therapy for cancer -and another thing thats really interesting is that theres this whole the way -tumors move throughout the body its a very complex system and theres something called the chemokine network and chemokines are essentially chemical attractants and theyre the stop and go signals for cancer -so a tumor expresses chemokine receptors and another organ a distant organ somewhere in the body will have the corresponding chemokines and the tumor will see these chemokines and migrate towards it -and at forty four she died of stomach cancer i -is it possible that skeletal muscle doesnt express these types of molecules and the other really interesting thing is that -when skeletal muscle theres been several reports that when skeletal muscle is injured thats what correlates with metastasis going to skeletal muscle -and furthermore when skeletal muscle is injured thats what causes chemokines these signals saying -cancer you can come to me the go signs for the tumors it causes them to highly express these -so theres so much interplay here -i mean there are so many possibilities for why tumors dont go to skeletal muscle but it seems like -by investigating by attacking cancer by searching where cancer is not there has got to be something theres got to be something -making this tissue resistant to tumors and can we utilize can we take this property this compound this -cancer therapy in general now one thing that kind of -resistance of skeletal muscle to cancer to the cancer as a repair response gone out of control in the body is that -muscle has a factor in it called myod and what myod essentially does is it causes cells to differentiate into muscle cells -so this compound myod has been tested on a lot of different cell types and been shown to actually convert this variety of cell types into skeletal muscle cells -so is it possible that the tumor cells -going to the skeletal muscle tissue but once in contact inside the skeletal muscle tissue myod acts upon these tumor cells and causes them to become -maybe tumor cells are being disguised as skeletal muscle cells and this is why it seems as if it is so rare its not harmful it has just repaired the muscle -found out that i had worked in thirty three at this factory and they came to -studio in rockland county and brought the fifteen of their artists to visit me here -and they invited myself to come to the russian factory last summer in july to -and since i dont like to travel alone they also -and granddaughter so we had a lovely trip to see -today which is not a very pleasant and happy view here i am now if this is the -the -myself -some of the things ive made i made hundreds of them for the last seventy -of things -of -planned and the slogan was from was to -i believe is called innovation innovation is not part of the aim of my -of things they make things -the craftsmen do i have so much to say i have to think what i am going to say -that means the playful search for beauty was called the first activity of man -and -was a mathematics professor at mit wrote the playful search for beauty was mans first activity -that all useful qualities and all material qualities were developed from -playful search for beauty these -that we have to -of course i am not agreeing with because -and this for me is now seventy five years so how can you without drying up make things with -as a gift to others for so long the playful is therefore an important part -of our quality as -some -i started to do these things -pieces as part of the -actually took me through many -and showed me a great part of the world this is not that they took me the work didnt take me -i made the things particularly because i wanted to use them to see the world i was incredibly curious to see the world and i made all these things -who asks me are you still doing this or that i dont answer because im not doing things still im doing it -me to see many countries and many cultures i started -as an apprentice to a hungarian craftsman and this taught me -was in middle ages the guild system that means when i was an apprentice i had to apprentice myself in order to become -in my shop where i studied -and learned worker and apprentice and -the work as an apprentice -feet when it came from the -that it had to be kneaded it had to then go in kind of a mangle and then finally it was prepared for the throwing and -as an apprentice my master took me -to set ovens because this was part of oven making oven setting in the -and finally i had received a document that i had accomplished -the -roof coverers rail diggers oven setters chimney sweeps and -also got at the time a workbook which explained my rights and my working conditions and i still have that -first i set up a shop in my own garden and -and there i was sitting and my then boyfriend i didnt mean it was a boyfriend like it is meant -and i sat at the market and sold the pots my mother thought that this was not very proper so she sat with us to -however after a while there was a new factory being built in budapest a -and i visited it with several ladies and asked all sorts of questions of the director then the director asked me why do you ask all these questions -a pottery so he asked me could he please visit me and then finally he did and explained to me that -did now in my shop was an anachronism that the industrial revolution had broken out and that i rather should join -called to do i have my plans i have my clients i am doing -the factory there he made an art department for me where i worked for several months however -producing my designs now in molds and this was sold also to -that it was quite successful however -model maker everybody concerned himself much more with the art department that means with my work than making toilets so -the center from the bank who owned the factory saying make toilet setting behind the art department and that -so this gave me the possibility because now i was a journeyman and journeymen also take their satchel and -to see the world so as a journeyman i put an ad into the paper that i had studied that i was a down to -journeyman and i was looking for a job as a journeyman and i got several answers and -i accepted the one which was farthest from home and practically i thought halfway to america -and that was in hamburg then i first -everything was done on the wheel and so i worked in a shop where there were several -and the first day i was coming to -four turntables and one of them -behind where i was sitting was a hunchback a deaf mute hunchback who smelled very bad so i doused him -cologne every day which he thought was very nice and -the first day i came to -me -my colleagues had thoughtfully put -natural mans -after i brushed them off with a hand motion they were very i finally was now accepted and -here -we have about five -actually my work took me to many countries because -twenty five all of these things were made during the last -to fill my curiosity and among other things other countries i worked was in the soviet union -from thirty two to thirty seven actually to -i had nothing to do i was a foreign expert i became art director of the china and glass industry and eventually -at the beginning of -the accusation was that i had successfully -s life -and if this is the end of my five minutes i want to tell you that i actually did survive which was a surprise -and im here and since this is the end -seventy five -i will tell me when your last trip to -in fact the -the frequencies increase so do the complexities -so what excites me about cymatics well for me cymatics is an almost magical tool its like a -creative technologist and the focus of my work is on public installations and one of my driving passions is this idea of exploring nature and trying to find hidden data within nature -we can also use cymatics for healing and education this is an installation developed with school children where their hands are tracked and it allows them to control and position cymatic patterns and the reflections that are caused by -we can also use cymatics as a beautiful natural art form this image here is created from a snippet of beethovens ninth symphony playing through a cymatic device so it kind of flips things on its head -and this is pink floyds machine playing in real time through -consider for a moment that sound does have form and weve seen that it can affect matter and cause form within matter then sort of -take a leap and think about the universe forming and think about the immense sound of the universe forming and if we kind of ponder on that then perhaps cymatics had an influence -on the formation of the universe itself and here is some eye candy for you from a range of diy scientists and artists from all over the globe and -collectively we can build a global community we can inspire each other and we can evolve this exploration of the substance of things not seen thank you -and it seems to me that there is this latent potential everywhere all around us everything gives out some kind of data whether its -smell or vibration and through my work ive been trying to find ways to harness and unveil this and -this basically lead me to a subject called cymatics now cymatics is the process of visualizing sound by basically vibrating a medium such as sand or water as you can see -so if we have a quick look at the history of cymatics beginning with the observations of resonance by da vinci galileo the english scientist robert hook -and then ernest chladni and he created and experiment using a metal plate covering it with sand and then bowing it to -from this the next person to explore this field was a gentleman called hans jenny in the nineteen seventies and he actually coined the term cymatics -now -is by sharing these moments as theyre happening that lets people feel more connected and in touch despite distance and in real time -that would evolve from this very simple system one of the things we realized was how important twitter could be during real time events -it wasnt just individuals the l a times actually turned to twitter to dispense information as well and put a twitter feed on the front page and the l a fire department and red cross used it to dispense news and updates as well -four years ago -at this event dozens of people are twittering and thousands of people are following along because they want to know what it feels like to be here and whats happening -among the other interesting things that have cropped up is many things from businesses from marketing and communications and predictable things to an insanely popular korean barbecue taco truck that drives around l a and twitters where it stops causing a line to form around the block -on the ted stage i announced a company i was working with at the time called odeo and because of that announcement we got a big article in the new york times which led to more press which led -in this case this guys not liking what hes hearing the president himself is our most popular twitter user although his tweets have dropped off as -one of the many ways that users shaped the evolution of twitter was by inventing a way to reply to a specific person or a specific -message so this syntax the at username that shaquille oneals using here to reply to one of his fans was completely invented by users and we didnt build it into the system until it already became popular and then we made it easier -this is one of the many ways that users have shaped the system another is via the api we built an application programming interface which basically means -as well as things like a device that lets an unborn baby twitter when it kicks or a plant twitter when it needs water probably the most important third party development came from a little company in virginia called summize summize built a twitter search engine -among any topic or event while its going on this really changed how we perceived twitter for instance heres what people are saying about ted -to more attention and me deciding to become ceo of that company whereas i was just an adviser and raising a round of venture capital and ramping up hiring -this is another way that our mind was shifted and twitter wasnt what we thought it was we liked this so much we actually bought the company and are folding it into the main product -this not only lets you view twitters in different ways but it introduces new use cases as well one of my favorite is what happened a few months ago when there was a gas shortage in atlanta -that they would twitter when they found gas where it was and how much it cost and then appended the keyword atlgas so that other people search for that and find gas themselves -this trend of people using this communication network to help each other out goes far beyond the original idea of just keeping up with family and friends its happened more and more lately whether its raising money for homeless people or to dig wells in africa -or for a family in crisis people have raised tens of thousands of dollars over twitter in a matter of days on several occasions -it seems like when you give people -easier ways to share information more good things happen -i have no idea what will happen next with twitter but ive learned to follow the hunch but never assume where it will go -thanks -live this is actually the most terrifying thing that any speaker can do after theyve been to an event its -totally intimidating so this would be the twitter search screen lets type a couple of random words into -one of the guys i hired was an engineer named jack dorsey and a year later we were trying to decide which way to go with -example evan williams -give people more information and follow your hunch at ted currently listening to evan williams oh evan williams is just dying on stage here at ted worst talk ever -but literally in the eight minutes he was talking theres about fifty tweets that already came on the talk so hell see every aspect of the reaction the -is the biggest twitterer the fact that it came out of ted i dont think theres any other way of getting instant feedback that way you have build something very fascinating and it looks like its best times are still ahead of it so thank you very much -jack presented an idea hed been tinkering around with for a number of years that was based around sending simple status updates to friends -now its hard to justify doing a side project at a startup where focus is so critical but i had actually launched blogger as a side project to my previous company thinking it was just a little thing wed do on the side -so for those of you unfamiliar twitter is based around a very simple -i talked to african american women asian american women native american women caucasian women jewish women ok at first women were a little shy a little reluctant to talk -so we bought her a jeep and in the year that she had the jeep she -five hundred girls from being cut -i want to tell this little story about my own beginnings because its very interrelated to happiness and and agnes when i was a little girl and i grew up in a -wealthy community it was a upper middle class white community and it had all the trappings and the looks of a perfectly nice wonderful -great life and everyone was supposed to be happy in that community and in fact my life was hell i lived with an alcoholic father who beat me and molested me and it was all inside -and always as a child i had this fantasy that somebody would come and rescue me and i actually made up a little character whose name was mister alligator -and i would call him up when things got really bad and i would say it was time to come and pick me up and i would go and pack a little bag and i would wait for mister alligator to come -now mister alligator never did come but the idea of mister alligator coming -and were walking we arrive at the opening of this house and agnes hadnt let me come to the house for days because they were preparing this whole ritual and -i want to tell you a great story when agnes first started fighting to stop female genital mutilation in her community she had become an outcast and she was exiled -she was slandered and the whole community turned against her but being a vagina warrior she kept going and she kept committing herself to transforming consciousness -and in the masai community goats and cows are the most valued possession theyre like the mercedes benz -of the rift valley and she said two days before the house opened two different people arrived to give her a goat each and she said to me i knew then that female genital mutilation would end one day in africa -anyway we arrived and when we arrived -there were hundreds of girls dressed in red homemade dresses which is the color of the masai and the color of v day and they greeted us and they had made up these songs that they were singing about the end of suffering and the end of mutilation and they walked us down the path -once they got going you couldnt stop them women love to talk about their vaginas they -and hed show up obviously in a form that it took me a long time to understand which is that when we give in the world what we want the most we heal the broken part inside each of us -and i feel in the last eight years that this journey this miraculous vagina journey has taught me this really simple thing which is that -happiness exists in action it exists in telling the truth and saying what your truth is -and it exists in giving away what you want the most -i feel that knowledge and that journey has been an extraordinary privilege and i feel really blessed to have been here today to communicate that to you -mainly because no ones ever asked them before -sounds like an infection -maybe a medical instrument hurry nurse bring the vagina -vagina vagina vagina it doesnt matter how many times you say the word it never sounds like a word you want to say its a completely ridiculous totally un sexy word if you use it during sex trying to be politically correct -youre worried i was worried thats why i began this piece i was -my vagina you kill the act right there im worried what we call them and dont call them in great neck new york they call it a pussy cat -a woman told me there her mother used to tell her dont wear panties dear underneath your pajamas you need to air out your pussy cat -a pooky in new jersey a twat theres powder box derriere a pooky a poochy a poopy a poopaloo a pooninana a padepachetchki a pow and a peach -theres toadie dee dee nishi dignity -gladis siegelman va wee wee -worried about -but it really didnt begin there it began with a conversation with a woman we were having a conversation about menopause and we got onto the subject of her vagina which youll do if youre talking about menopause -and she said things that really shocked me about her vagina that it was dried up and finished and dead and i was kind of shocked and so i said to a friend casually well what do you think about your vagina and -that woman said something more amazing and then the next woman said something more amazing and before i knew it every woman was telling me i had to talk to somebody about their vagina because they had an amazing story -i was worried what we think about vaginas and even more worried that we dont think about them i was worried about my own vagina -and i was sucked down the vagina trail and i really havent gotten off of it -i think if you had told me when i was younger that i was going to grow up being in shoe stores and people were going to scream out there she is the vagina lady i dont know that that would have been my life ambition -but i want to talk a little bit about happiness and the relationship to this whole vagina journey because it has been an extraordinary journey that began eight years ago -i think before i did the vagina monologues i didnt really believe in happiness i thought that only idiots were happy -to be honest i remember when i started practicing buddhism fourteen years ago and i was told that the end of this practice was to be happy i said how could you be happy and live in this world of suffering -and live in this world of pain i mistook happiness for a lot of other things like numbness -or decadence or selfishness and what happened through the course of the vagina monologues and this journey is i think i have come to understand a little bit more about happiness -three qualities i want to talk about one is seeing whats right in front of you and talking about it and stating it i think what i learned from -it needed a context a culture a community of other vaginas there is so much darkness and secrecy surrounding them like the bermuda triangle -talking about the vagina and speaking about the vagina is it was the most obvious thing it was right in the center of my body and the center of the world and yet it was the one thing nobody talked about -the second thing is that what talking about the vagina did is it opened this door which allowed me to see that there was a way to serve the world to make it better and thats where the deepest happiness has actually come from -and the third principle of happiness which ive realized recently eight years ago this momentum and this energy this v wave started and i can only describe it as a v wave because to be honest i really dont understand it completely i feel at the service of it -but this wave started and if i questioned the wave or tried to stop the wave or look back at the wave i often have the experience of whiplash or the potential of my neck breaking -but if i go with the wave and i trust the wave and i move with the wave i go to the next place and it happens logically and organically and truthfully and i started this piece particularly -with stories and narratives and i was talking to one woman and that led to another woman and that led to another woman and then i wrote those stories down and i put them out in front of other people -but in fact thats not what women lined up to tell me what women lined up to tell me was how they were raped and how they were battered and how they were beaten and how they were gang raped in parking lots and how they were incested by their -nobody ever reports back from -s get women together what could we do with this information that all these women are being violated and it turned out after thinking and investigating that i discovered and the un has actually said this recently -that one out of every three women on this planet will be beaten or raped in her lifetime thats essentially a gender thats essentially the resource of the planet which is women -in the first place its not so easy to even find your vagina women go days weeks months without looking at it -that catalyzed this wave this energy -and within five years this extraordinary thing began to happen one woman took that energy and she said i want to bring this wave this energy to college campuses and so she took the play -and over the course of the last six years its spread and its spread and its spread and its spread around the world -one that the epidemic of violence towards women is shocking its global it is so profound and it is so devastating and it is so in -every little pocket of every little crater of every little society that we dont even recognize it because its become ordinary this journey has taken me to afghanistan where i had the extraordinary honor and privilege to go into -parts of afghanistan under the taliban i was dressed in a burqa and i went in with an extraordinary group called the revolutionary association of the women of afghanistan and i saw firsthand -i interviewed a high powered business woman she told me she didnt have time looking at your vagina she said is a full days work youve got -how women had been stripped of every single right -that was possible to strip women of from being educated to being employed -to being actually allowed to eat ice cream -for those of you who dont know it it was illegal to eat ice cream under the taliban -we went to a back room and women were seated and a curtain was pulled around us and they were served vanilla ice cream and women lifted their burqas and ate this ice cream -and i dont think i ever understood pleasure until that moment and how women have found a way to keep their pleasure alive it has taken me this journey to islamabad where i have witnessed and met women with their faces melted off -it has taken me to juarez mexico where i was a week ago where i have literally been there in parking lots where bones of women have washed up and been dumped next to coca cola bottles -it has taken me to universities all over this country where girls are date raped and drugged i have seen terrible -but i have also recognized in the course of seeing that violence that being in the face of things and seeing actually whats in front of us is the antidote to depression -and to a feeling that one is worthless and has no value because before the vagina monologues i will say that eighty percent of my consciousness was closed off to what was really going on in this reality and that closing off closed off my vitality and my life energy -what has also happened is in the course of these travels and its been an extraordinary thing is that every single place that i have gone to in the world i have met a -in front of a mirror full length preferred youve got to get in the perfect position with the perfect light which then becomes shadowed by the angle youre at youre twisting your head up arching your back its exhausting she was busy she didnt have time -and i really love hearing about all these species at the bottom of the sea and i was thinking about how being with these extraordinary people on this particular panel -that its beneath beyond and between and the vagina kind of fits into all those categories -but one of the things ive seen is this species and it is a species and it is a new paradigm and it doesnt get reported in the press or in the media because i dont think good news ever -news and i dont think people who are transforming the planet are what gets the ratings on tv shows but every single country i have been to and in the last six years ive been to about forty five countries and many tiny little villages and cities and towns -than getting an ak forty seven or a weapon of mass destruction or a machete they hold the violence in their bodies -experience it -and then they go out and devote their lives to making sure it doesnt happen to anybody else -and i think that one of the things about being at ted thats been very interesting is that i live in my body a lot and i dont live in my head very much anymore -and this is a very heady place and its been really interesting to be in my head for the last two days ive been very disoriented because i think -the world the v world is very much in your body its a body world and the species really exists in the body -and i think theres a real significance in us attaching our bodies to our heads that that separation has created a divide that is often separating purpose -from intent and the connection between body and head often brings those things into union i want to talk about three particular people that ive met -was a woman i met in guatemala she was fourteen years old and she was in a marriage and her husband was beating her on a regular basis -so i decided to talk to women about their vaginas they began as casual vagina interviews and they turned into vagina monologues -and she couldnt get out because she was addicted to the relationship and she had no money her sister was younger than her and she applied we had a stop rape contest -a few years ago in new york and she applied hoping that she would become a finalist and she could bring her sister she -did become a finalist she brought marsha to new york and at that time we did this extraordinary v day at madison square garden -where we sold out the entire testosterone filled dome eighteen thousand people standing up to say yes to vaginas which was really a pretty incredible transformation and she came and she witnessed this and she decided that she would go back and leave her husband -and i watched her walk up on stage in her red short dress and high heels and she stood there and she said my name is -i was beaten by my husband for five years he almost murdered me i left -and you can too and the entire two thousand people went absolutely crazy -a woman named esther chavez who i met in juarez mexico and esther chavez was a brilliant accountant in mexico city she was seventy two years old and she was planning to retire -she went to juarez to take care of an ailing aunt and over the course of it she began to discover what was happening to the murdered and disappeared women of juarez she gave up her life -i talked with over two hundred women i talked to older women younger women married women lesbians single women i talked to corporate professionals college professors actors sex -she moved to juarez she started to write the stories which documented the disappeared women three hundred women have disappeared in a border town because theyre brown and poor there has been no response to the disappearance and not one person has been held accountable -she began to document it she opened a center called casa amiga and in six years she has literally brought this to the consciousness of the world -we were there a week ago when there were seven thousand people on the street and it was truly a miracle and as we walked through the streets -people of juarez who normally dont even come into the streets because the streets are so dangerous literally stood there and wept to see that other people from the world had showed up for that particular community -when she got older she created this incredible thing its an anatomical sculpture of a womans body its half a womans body and she walked through the rift valley and she had -and in the course of her travel she walked literally for eight years through the rift valley through dust through sleeping on the ground because the -and in that time she created an alternative ritual which involved girls coming of age without the cut when we met her three years ago we said what could v day do for you and she said well if you got me a jeep i could get around a lot faster -you become part of an us in order to be secure you defend against them you cling to your land because it is your secure place you must fight anyone who encroaches upon it -i think itll be a relief to some people and a disappointment to others that im not going to talk about vaginas today -you become your nation you become your religion you become whatever it is that will freeze you numb you and protect you from doubt or change but all this does actually is shut down your mind in reality it does not really make you safer -i was in sri lanka for example three days after the tsunami and i was standing on the beaches and it was absolutely clear that in a matter of five minutes a thirty foot wave could rise up and desecrate a people a population and lives -all this striving for security in fact has made you much more insecure because now you have to watch out all the time there are people not like you -and becoming more entrenched in your fundamental thinking your days become devoted to protecting yourself this becomes your mission that is all you do -ideas get shorter they become sound bytes there are evil doers and saints criminals and victims there are those who if theyre not with us are against us -it gets easier to hurt people because you do not feel whats inside them its easier to lock them up force them to be naked humiliate them occupy them invade them and kill them -i began the vagina monologues because i was worried about vaginas im very worried today about this notion this world this prevailing -and spend a great deal of time in different portions ive met women and men all over this planet who through various circumstances war -poverty racism multiple forms of violence have never known security or have had their illusion of security forever devastated ive spent time with women in afghanistan under the taliban who were essentially brutalized and censored -bosnian refugee camps i was with women in pakistan who have had their faces melted off with acid ive been with girls all across america who were date raped or raped by their best friends when they were drugged one night -one of the amazing things that ive discovered in my travels is that there is this emerging species i loved when he was talking about this other world thats right next to this world ive discovered these people who in v day world we call vagina warriors -these particular people rather than getting ak forty seven s or weapons of mass destruction or machetes in the spirit of the warrior have gone into the center the heart of pain of loss they have grieved it they have died into it -and allowed and encouraged poison to turn into medicine they have used the fuel of their pain to begin to redirect that energy towards another mission and another trajectory -these warriors now devote themselves and their lives to making sure what happened to them doesnt happen to anyone else there are thousands if not millions of them on the planet i venture there are many in this room -kind of force of security i see this word hear this word feel this word everywhere -they have a fierceness and a freedom that i believe is the bedrock of a new paradigm they have broken out of the existing frame of victim and perpetrator -their own personal security is not their end goal and because of that because rather than worrying about security because the transformation of suffering is their end goal -i actually believe they are creating real safety and a whole new idea of security i want to talk about a few of these people that ive met tomorrow i am going to cairo -and im so moved that i will be with women in cairo who are v day women who are opening the first safe house for battered women in the middle east -that will happen because women in cairo made a decision to stand up and put themselves on the line and talk about the degree of violence that is happening in egypt -and were willing to be attacked and criticized and through their work over the last years this is not only happening that this house is opening but its being supported by many factions of the society who never would have supported it -real security security checks security watch security clearance why has all this focus on security made me feel so much more insecure -women in uganda this year who put on the vagina monologues during v day actually evoked the wrath of the government and i love this story so much there was a cabinet meeting and a meeting of the presidents to talk about whether vaginas could come to uganda -and in this meeting it went on for weeks in the press two weeks where there was huge discussion the government finally made a decision that the vagina monologues could not be performed in uganda -but the amazing news was that because they had stood up these women and because they had been willing to risk their security -it began a discussion that not only happened in uganda but all of africa as a result this production which had already sold out -she was basically threatened to be expelled from school they told her she couldnt love her vagina in high school that it was not a legal thing that it was not a moral thing that it was not a good thing -what does anyone mean when they talk about real security and why have we as americans particularly become a nation that strives for security above all else -so she really struggled with this what to do because she was a senior and she was doing well in her school and she was threatened expulsion so what she did is she got all her friends together -i believe it was one hundred one hundred and fifty students all wore i love my vagina tee shirts and the boys wore i love her vagina tee shirts -now this seems like a fairly you know frivolous but what happened as a result of that is that that school now is forming a sex education class -its beginning to talk about sex its beginning to look at why it would be wrong for a young high school girl to talk about her vagina publicly or to say that she loved her vagina publicly -i know ive talked about agnes here before but i want to give you an update on agnes i met agnes three years ago in the rift valley when she was a young girl she had been mutilated -she made a decision not to go and get a razor or a glass shard but to devote her life to stopping that happening to other girls -for eight years she walked through the rift valley she had this amazing box that she carried and it had a torso of a womans body in it a half a torso and she would teach people everywhere she went what a healthy vagina looked like and what a mutilated vagina looked like -safe house in africa to stop mutilation when she began her mission eight years ago she was reviled -she was detested she was completely slandered in her community i am proud to tell you that six months ago she was elected the deputy mayor of narok -what im trying to say here is that if your end goal is security and if thats all youre focusing on what ends up happening is that you create not only more insecurity in other people but you make yourself far more insecure -real security is contemplating death not pretending it doesnt exist not running from loss but entering grief -it cannot be bought or arranged or made with bombs it is deeper it is a process it is acute awareness that we are all utterly inter bended and one action by one being in one tiny town has consequences everywhere -south africa and i had no idea where i was i didnt know where i was going where id come from and i panicked i had a total anxiety attack -actually the good news this is of course unless your whole life is about being secure -we are all essentially permanently displaced people all of us are refugees we come from somewhere and we are hopefully traveling all the time moving towards a new place -freedom means i may not be identified as any one group but that i can visit and find myself in every group it does not mean that i dont have values or beliefs but it does mean i am not hardened around them -i do not use them as weapons in the shared future it will be just that shared the end goal will becoming vulnerable -how are you doing are you exhausted -i think that when that is the focus of your life these are the things that happen you cant travel very far or venture too far outside a certain circle -you know i think carl jung once said that in order to survive the twentieth century we have to live with two existing opposite thoughts at the same time and i think part of what im learning in this process is that -one must allow oneself to feel grief and i think as long as i keep grieving and weeping and then -when i start to pretend that what im seeing isnt impacting me and isnt changing my heart then i get in trouble -because when you spend a lot of time going from place to place country to country and city to city the degree to which women for example are violated and the epidemic of it -and the kind of ordinariness of it is so devastating to ones soul that you have to take the time or i have to take the time now to process that -if you think about women women are the primary resource of the planet they give birth we come from them they are mothers they are -visionaries they are the future if you think that the un now says that one out of three women on the planet will be raped or beaten in their lifetime -were talking about the desecration of the primary resource of the planet were talking about the place where we come from were talking about parenting imagine that youve been raped and youre bringing up a boy child how does it impact your ability to work -you cant allow too many conflicting ideas into your mind at one time as they might confuse you or challenge you you cant open yourself to new experiences new people new ways of doing things they might take you off course you cant not know who you are -so you cling to hard matter identity you become a christian muslim jew youre an indian egyptian italian american youre a heterosexual or a homosexual or you never have sex or at least thats what you say when you identify yourself -my organs and legs and burn up -my ears oh i know when your girlfriend is really pissed off even though she appears to give you what you want -i know when a storm is coming -the invisible stirrings in the air -in the street the way my momma wakes me up the way its unbearable when i lose the way i hear bad news -that its still in my body -know when the coconut is about to fall i know we have -pushed the earth too far -my father isnt coming back and that no one is prepared for the -wind continues to pollinate -i can take you -been diluted nothings leaked out -that i can feel the feelings inside you -even if they stop my life even if they break my heart even if they take me off track they make me responsible -and -then lets think how compassion informs wisdom and that vulnerability is our greatest strength and that emotions have inherent logic which lead to radical appropriate saving action -and then lets remember that weve been taught the exact opposite by the powers that be that compassion clouds your thinking that it gets in the way -that vulnerability is weakness that emotions are not to be trusted and youre not supposed to take things personally which is one of my favorites -i think the whole world has -been brought up not to be a girl how do we bring up boys what does it mean to be a boy to be a boy really means not to be a girl -to be a man means not to be a girl to be a woman means not to be a girl to be strong means not to be a girl to be a leader means not to be a girl -morning im very happy to be here in india -i actually think that being a girl is so powerful that weve had to train everyone not to be that -have now come to live in a world where the most extreme forms of violence the most horrific poverty genocide mass rapes the destruction of the earth -is completely out of control and because we have suppressed our girl cells and suppressed our girl ship we do not feel what is going on so we are not being -and ive been thinking a lot about what i have learned over these last particularly eleven years with v day and the vagina monologues traveling the world essentially meeting with women and girls across the planet to stop violence against women -charged with the adequate response to what is happening i want to talk a little bit about the democratic republic of congo for me it was the turning point of my life i have spent a lot of time there in the last three years -i feel up to that point i had seen a lot in the world a lot of violence i essentially lived in the rape mines of the world for the last twelve years but the democratic republic of congo really -was the turning point in my soul i went and i spent time in a place called bukavu in a hospital called the panzi hospital with a doctor who was a close to a saint as any person ive ever met his name is doctor -and in the congo for those of you who dont know there has been a war raging for the last twelve years a war that has killed nearly six million people -and lined up every day to tell me their stories and their stories were so horrific and so mind blowing and so on the other side of human existence that to be perfectly honest with you i was shattered -and i will tell you that what happened is through that shattering listening to the stories of eight year old girls who had their insides eviscerated -who had guns and bayonets and things shoved inside them so they had holes literally inside them where their pee and poop came out of them listening to the story of eighty year old women who were tied to -chains and circled and where groups of men would come and rape them periodically all in the name of economic exploitation to steal the minerals so the west can have it and profit from them my mind was so -but what happened for me is that that shattering actually emboldened me in a way i have never been -shattering that opening of my girl cell that kind of massive -breakthrough of my heart allowed me to become more courageous and braver and actually more clever than i had been in the past in my life and -i want to say that i think the powers that be know that empire building is actually that feelings get in the way of empire building feelings get in the way of the mass acquisition of the earth and excavating the earth and destroying things -what i want to talk about today is is this particular cell or grouping of cells that is in each and every one of us and i want to call it the girl cell and its in men as well as in women -i remember for example when my father who was very very violent used to beat me and he would actually say while he was beating me dont you cry dont you dare cry -because my crying somehow exposed his brutality to him and even in the moment he didnt want to be reminded of what he was doing -i know that we have systematically annihilated the girl cell and i want to say weve annihilated it in men as well as in women and i think in some ways weve been much harsher to men in the annihilation of their girl cell -up and i see this across the planet to be tough to be hardened to distance themselves from their tenderness -self and have their vulnerability and have their compassion and have their hearts that they become hardened and hurtful and violent -and i think we have taught men to be secure when they are insecure to pretend they know things when they dont know things or why would we be where we are to -ten men were in their little seats watching chick flicks and they were all alone and i thought this is the secret life of men -ive traveled as i said to many many countries and ive seen if we do what we do to the girl inside us then obviously -ive met girls with knife wounds and cigarette burns who are literally being treated like ash trays ive seen girls be treated like garbage cans ive seen girls who were beaten by their mothers and brothers and fathers and -ive seen girls starving themselves to death in america in institutions to look like some idealized version of themselves ive seen that we cut girls and we control them and we keep them illiterate or we make them feel bad about being too smart we silence them -i want you to imagine that this particular grouping of cells is central to the evolution of our species and the continuation of the human race -we make them feel guilty for being smart we get them to behave to tone it down not to be too intense we sell them we kill them as embryos we enslave them we rape them -we are so accustomed to robbing girls of the subject of being the subjects of their lives that we have now actually -but i also want to talk about -the fact that if one in eight people on the planet are girls between the ages of ten to twenty four they are they key really in the developing world as well as in the whole world to the future of humanity -and if girls are in trouble because they face systematic disadvantages that keep them where society wants them to be including lack of access to healthcare education healthy foods labor force participation -the burden of all the household tasks usually falls on girls and younger siblings which ensures that they will never overcome these barriers -the state of girls the condition of girls will in my belief and thats the girl inside us and the girl in the world determine whether the species survives -and what i want to suggest is that having talked to girls because i just finished a new book called i am an emotional creature the secret life of girls around the world -ive been talking to girls for five years and one of the things that ive seen is true everywhere is that the verb thats been enforced on girl is the verb to please girls are trained to please i want to change the verb -i want us all to change the verb i want the verb to be educate or activate or engage or confront -or defy or create if we teach girls to change the verb we will actually enforce the girl inside us -and the girl inside them and i have to now share a few stories of girls ive seen across the planet who have engaged their girl who have taken on their girl in spite of all the circumstances around them -i know a fourteen year old girl in the netherlands for example who is demanding that she take a boat and go around the entire world by herself -a teenage girl who just recently went out and knew that she needed fifty six stars tattooed on the right side of her face -a girl julia butterfly hill who lived for a year in a tree because she wanted to protect the wild oaks there is a girl who i met -a burqa in afghanistan and went into the stadiums and documented the atrocities that were going on towards women underneath her burqa with a video -and that video became the video that went out all over the world after nine eleven to show what was going on in afghanistan -i want to talk about rachel corrie who was in her teens when she stood in front of an israeli tank to say end the occupation and she knew she risked death and she was literally gunned down and rolled over by that tank -the capacity for girls to overcome situations and to move on levels to me is mind blowing and there is a girl named dorcas -they kidnapped her they put her in a car and through her self defense she grabbed their adams apples she punched them in the eyes and she got herself free and out of the car -in kenya in august i went to visit one of the v day safe houses for girls a house we opened seven years ago with an amazing woman named agnes -agnes was a woman who was cut when she was a little girl she was female genitally mutilated and she made a decision as many women do across this planet that what was done to her -would not be enforced and done to other women and girls so for years agnes walked through the rift valley she taught girls what a healthy vagina looked like -and what a mutilated vagina looked like and in that time she saved many girls and when we met her we asked her what we could do for her and she said well if you got me a jeep i could get around a lot faster so we got -in the masai land and it was a house where girls could run away they could save their clitoris they wouldnt be cut they could go to school -and in the years that agnes has had the house she has changed the situation there she has literally become deputy mayor she has changed the rules the whole community has bought in to what shes doing -when we were there she was doing a ritual where she reconciles girls who have run away with their families and there was a young girl named jaclyn -and jaclyn overheard her father talking to an old man about how he was about to sell her for the -and she knew that meant she would be cut she knew that meant she wouldnt go to school she knew that meant she wouldnt have a future she knew she would have to marry that old man and she was fourteen -so one afternoon shed heard about the safe house jaclyn left her fathers house and she walked for two days two days through -she slept with the hyenas she hid at night she imagined her father killing her on one hand and mama agnes greeting her with the hope that she would greet her when she got to the house and when she got to the house she was greeted and agnes took her in -and agnes loved her and agnes supported her for the year and she went to school and she found her voice and she found her identity and she found her heart and then -her time was ready when she had to go back -to talk to her father about the reconciliation after a year and i had the privilege of being in the hut -he threw his arms around her and broke down crying and he said you are beautiful you have grown into a gorgeous woman we will not cut -and i give you my word here and now that we will not cut your sisters either and what she said to him was you were willing to sell me for four cows -and i will be in your corner for the rest of your life for me that is the power of girls and that is the power of transformation -i want to close today with a new piece from my book -and i want to do it tonight for the girl in everybody here and i want to do it for sunitha and i want to do it for the girls that sunitha talked about yesterday -the girls who survive the girls who can become somebody else but i really want to do it for each and every person here -to value the girl in us to value the part that cries to value the part thats emotional to value the part thats vulnerable -understand thats where the future lies this is called im an emotional creature and it happened because i met a girl in watts -a girl im an emotional creature -this -being a girl -i did this in front of many strangers one night on stage i actually entered my vagina it was an ecstatic experience it scared me it energized me and then i became a driven person a driven vagina -a long time -i began to see my body like a thing a thing that could move fast like a thing that could accomplish other things many things all at once -i began to see my body like an ipad or a car i would drive it and demand things from it it had no limits it was invincible it was to be conquered and mastered like the earth herself -i didnt heed it no i organized it and i directed it i didnt have patience for my body i snapped -it into shape i was greedy -i took more than my body had to offer if i was tired i drank more espressos if i was afraid i went to more dangerous places oh sure sure i had moments of appreciation of my body the way an abusive parent can sometimes have a moment of kindness my father was really kind to me on my sixteenth birthday for example -there was me and my body -i heard people murmur from time to time that i should love my body so i learned how to do this i was a vegetarian -i was sober i didnt smoke but all that was just a more sophisticated way to manipulate my body a further disassociation like planting a vegetable field on a freeway -as a result of me talking so much about my vagina many women started to tell me about theirs their stories about their bodies -actually these stories compelled me around the world and ive been to over sixty countries i heard thousands of stories and i have to tell you there was always this moment where the women shared -with me that particular moment when she separated from her body when she left home -flogged in their burqas left for dead in parking lots acid burned in their kitchens -some women became quiet and disappeared other women became mad driven machines like me in the middle of my traveling i turned forty and i began to hate my body which was actually progress because at least my body existed enough to hate it -well my stomach it was my stomach i hated it was proof that i had not measured up that i was old and not fabulous and not perfect or able to fit into the predetermined corporate image in shape my stomach was proof that i had -but the more i talked about it the more objectified and fragmented my body became it became entertainment it became a new kind of commodity something i was selling -then i went somewhere else -i went outside what i thought i knew i went to the democratic republic of congo -and i heard stories that shattered all the other stories i heard stories that got inside my body -i heard about a little girl -who couldnt stop peeing on herself because so many grown soldiers had shoved themselves inside her -i heard an eighty year old woman whose legs were broken and pulled out of her sockets and twisted up on her head as the soldiers raped her like that -there are thousands of these stories and many of the women had holes in their bodies holes fistula that were the violation of war holes in the fabric of their souls -these stories saturated my cells and nerves and to be honest i stopped sleeping for three years -but the separation that had already occurred between me and my body was a pretty significant outcome -all the stories began to bleed together the raping of the earth -the pillaging of minerals -none of these were separate anymore from each other or me -militias were raping six month old babies so that countries far away could get -then i got cancer -or i found out i had cancer it arrived like a speeding bird smashing into a windowpane -suddenly i had a body -a body that was pricked and poked and punctured a body that was cut -me was always trying to become something somebody me only existed in the trying my body was often in the way -cancer exploded the wall of my disconnection -i suddenly understood that the crisis in my body was the crisis in the world and it wasnt happening later it was happening now -suddenly my cancer was a cancer that was everywhere the cancer of cruelty the cancer of greed the cancer that gets inside people who live down the streets from chemical -the cancer that is everywhere from our carelessness -in his new and visionary book new self new world the writer philip shepherd says if you are divided from your body -you are also divided from the body of the world which then appears to be other than you or separate from you rather than the living continuum to which you belong -before cancer the world was something other it was as if i was living in a stagnant pool and cancer dynamited the boulder that was separating me from the larger sea -now i am swimming in it -me was a floating head for years i actually only wore -and i hunger for the green fields in the bush outside bukavu and when it rains hard rain i scream and i run in circles -and the fire that burned in me on day three through six of chemo is the fire that is burning in the forests of the world -i know that the abscess that grew around my wound after the operation the sixteen ounces of puss is the contaminated gulf of mexico and there were oil drenched pelicans inside me and dead floating -and the catheters they shoved into me without proper medication made me scream out the way the earth cries out from the drilling -it was a way of keeping my head attached it was a way of locating myself -and in the name of connectedness the only thing she wanted before she died was to be brought home by her beloved gulf of mexico -and she died quietly in her favorite place and a few weeks later i was in new orleans and this beautiful spiritual friend told me she wanted to do a healing for me and i was honored and i went to her house and it was morning and the morning new orleans sun was filtering through the curtains -and my friend was preparing this big bowl and i said what is it and she said its for you the flowers make it beautiful and the honey makes it sweet and i said but whats the water part and in the name of connectedness she said oh its the gulf of mexico -i worried that if i took my hat off i wouldnt be here anymore i actually had a therapist who once said to me eve youve been coming here for two years and to be honest it never occurred to me that you had a body -and as the warm gulf washed over my naked head i realized that it held the best and the worst of us -it was the greed and recklessness that led to the drilling explosion it was all the lies that got told before and after it was the honey in the water that made it sweet it was the oil that made it sick -it was my head that was bald and comfortable now without a hat -it was the sorrow thats taken so long -it was my mother leaving just at the moment that i was being born -it was the realization that i had come very close to dying in the same way that the earth our mother is barely holding on -in the same way that seventy five percent of the planet -are hardly scraping by -in the same way that there is a recipe for survival what i learned is it has to do with attention and resources that everybody -all this time i lived in the city because to be honest i was afraid of trees -deserves it was advocating friends and a doting sister it was wise doctors and advanced medicine and surgeons who knew what to do with their hands it was underpaid and really loving nurses it was magic healers and aromatic -i never had babies because heads cannot give birth babies actually dont come out of your mouth -this led to me writing the vagina monologues which led to me obsessively and incessantly talking about vaginas everywhere i could -you see what i mean so because of this explosion in access to sound -especially through the deaf community this has not only affected how music institutions how schools for the deaf -treat sound and not just as a means of therapy although of course being a participator of music that definitely is the case as well but its meant that -acousticians have had to really think about the types of halls they put together there are so few halls in this world that actually -have very good acoustics dare i say but by that i mean where you can absolutely do anything you imagine -the tiniest softest softest sound to something that is so broad so huge so incredible -is incredible for which you can play exactly what you imagine without it being -and so therefore acousticians are actually in conversation with -people who are hearing impaired and who are participators of sound and this is quite interesting i cannot you know give you -detail as far as what is actually happening with those halls but its just the fact that they are going to a group of people -if we see someone in a wheelchair we assume they cannot walk it may be that they can walk three four five steps that to them means they can walk -in a years time it could be two extra steps in another years time three extra steps those are hugely important aspects to think about -so when we do listen to each other its unbelievably important for us to really -test our listening skills to really use our bodies as a resonating chamber to stop the judgment -maybe two lines or so -for me as a musician who deals with ninety nine percent of new music its very easy for me to say oh yes i like that piece oh no i dont like that piece and so on -and you know i just find that i have to give those pieces of music real time -it may be that the chemistry isnt quite right between myself and that particular piece of music but that doesnt mean i have the right to say its a bad piece of music -and you know its just one of the great things about being a musician is that its so unbelievably fluid -so there are no rules no right no wrong this way that way if i asked you to -maybe i can do this if i can just say please clap and create the sound of thunder im assuming weve all experienced thunder -now i dont mean just the sound i mean really listen to that thunder within yourselves and please try to create that through your clapping try just please try -try again try again snow -youre awake -you know the interesting thing here though is that i asked a group of kids not so long ago exactly the same question -now great imagination thank you very much however not one of you got out of your seats to think right how can i -quite sure whether i really want to see a snare drum at nine oclock or so in the morning -im being told which part of the stick to use and im being told the dynamic and im also being told that the drum is without -in a slightly different way other than sitting in your seats there and using two hands in the same way that when we listen to music we assume that its all being fed through here this is how we experience -music of course its not we experience thunder thunder thunder think think think listen listen listen -now what can we do with thunder i remember my teacher -when i first started my very first lesson i was all prepared with sticks ready to go and instead of him saying ok evelyn please -slightly apart arms at a more or less ninety degree angle sticks in a more or less v shape -i would not be able to strike the drum because i was thinking of so many other things he said evelyn take this drum away for seven days and ill see you next week -so heavens what was i to do i no longer required the sticks i wasnt allowed to have these sticks i had to basically look -at this particular drum see how it was made what these little lugs did what the snares did turned it upside down experimented with the shell -head -with all sorts of bruises and things like -snares snares on snares off so therefore if i translate this piece of music we have this idea -it was such an unbelievable experience because then where on earth are you going to experience that in a piece of music -where on earth are you going to experience that in a study book so we never ever dealt with actual study books so -one of the things that we learn when we are dealing with being a percussion player as opposed to a musician is basically straightforward single stroke rolls -like that and then we get a little faster -what does this piece require single stroke rolls -why cant i then do that whilst learning a piece of music and thats exactly what he did and interestingly the older i became when i became a full time student at a so called music institution -all of that went out of the window we had to study from study books and constantly the question well why why what is this relating to i need to play a piece of music oh well this will help your control -well how why do i need to learn that i need to relate it to a piece of music you know i need to say something why am i practicing -is it just literally for control for hand stick control why am i doing that i need to have the reason and the reason has to be -by saying something through the music and by saying something through music which basically is sound -we then can reach all sorts of things to all sorts of people but i dont want to take responsibility of your emotional baggage thats up to you when you walk through a hall because that -then determines what and how we listen to certain things i may feel sorrowful or happy -exhilarated or angry when i play certain pieces of music but im not necessarily wanting you to feel exactly the same thing so please the next time you go to a concert just -allow your body to open up allow your body to be this resonating chamber be aware that youre not going to experience the same thing -as the performer is the performer is in the worst possible position for the actual sound theyre hearing the contact of the stick on -the drum or the mallet on the bit of wood or the -the string et cetera -which is before the sound is actually happening please take note of the life of the sound after the actual initial strike or -is being pulled just experience the whole journey of that sound in the same way that i wished id experienced the whole journey of this particular conference rather than just arriving -last night i hope maybe we can share one or two things as the day progresses but thank you very much for having -so on my career would probably last about five years -what i have to do as a musician is do everything that is not on the music -everything that there isnt time to learn from a teacher or to talk about even from a teacher -its the things that you notice when youre not actually with your instrument that in fact become so interesting and that you want to explore through this tiny tiny surface -anyway its just great to see such a full theater and really i must thank herbie hancock and his colleagues for such a great presentation -drum so there we experience the translation now well experience the interpretation -a little longer but in a way you know its the same if i look at you and i see a nice bright -young lady with a pink top on i see that youre clutching a teddy bear et cetera et cetera so i get a basic idea as to -what you might be about what you might like what you might do as a profession et cetera et cetera however thats just you know the initial idea i may have that we all get when we actually look -and we try to interpret but actually its so unbelievably shallow in the same way i look at the music i get a basic idea i wonder what -the -herbie said please listen listen we have to listen to ourselves first of all if i play for example holding the stick where literally i do not let go of the stick -things of course is the combination of that raw hand on the instrument and technology -more dynamic with less effort much more -and i just feel at last one with -the stick and one with the drum and im doing far far less so in the same way that i need time with this instrument i need time -with people in order to interpret them not just translate them but interpret them if for example -i play just a few bars of a piece of music -for which -i think of myself as a technician that is someone who is basically a percussion player -and of course what he said about listening to our young people of course my job is all about listening and -so on if i think of myself as a musician -so on there is a little bit of a difference there -and i remember when i was twelve years old and i started playing tympani and percussion and -my teacher said well how are we going to do this you know music is about listening yes i agree with -so whats the problem and he said well how are you going to hear this how are you going to hear that and i said well how do you hear it -he said well -i think i hear it through here and i said well i think i do too but i also hear it through my hands through my arms -cheekbones my scalp my tummy my chest my legs and so on and so we began our lessons every single time -drums in particular the kettle drums or tympani to such a narrow pitch interval so something like -a -its amazing that when you do open your body up and open your hand up to allow the vibration to come through that in fact the tiny tiny difference -my aim really is to teach the world to listen thats my only real aim in life and it sounds quite simple but actually -be felt with just the tiniest part of your finger there and so what we would do is that i would put my hands -on the wall of the music room and together we would listen to the sounds of the instruments and really try to connect -with those sounds far far more broadly than simply depending on the ear because of course the -i mean subject to all sorts of things the room we happen to be in the amplification the quality of the instrument the type of sticks -all different -same amount of weight but different sound colors and thats basically what we are were just human beings but we all have -little sound colors as it were that make up these extraordinary personalities and characters and interests and things -and as i grew older i then auditioned for the royal academy of music in london and they said well no we wont accept you because we havent a clue you know of the future of a so called -and i just couldnt quite accept that and so therefore i -said to them well look if you -if you refuse me through those reasons as opposed to the ability to perform and to understand and love -the art of creating sound then we have to think very very hard about the people you do actually -its quite a big big job because you know when you -and as a result once we got over a little hurdle and having to audition twice they accepted me and not only that what had happened was that it changed the whole -role of the music institutions throughout the united kingdom under no circumstances were they to refuse any application whatsoever -on the basis of whether someone had no arms no legs they could still perhaps play a wind instrument if it was supported on a stand -no circumstances at all were used to refuse any entry and every single entry had to be listened to -experienced and then based on the musical ability then that person could either enter or not so therefore this -look at a piece of music for example if i just open -meant that there was an extremely interesting bunch of students who arrived in these various music institutions -is quite simply that not only were people connected with sound which is basically all of us and we well know that music really is -my little motorbike bag we have here hopefully a piece of music -daily medicine i say music but actually i mean sound because you know some of the extraordinary things ive experienced as a musician when you may have -a fifteen year old lad who has got the most incredible challenges who may not be able to control -his movements who may be deaf who may be blind et cetera et cetera suddenly if that young lad sits close to this instrument -and perhaps even lies underneath the marimba and you play something thats so incredibly organ like -almost i dont really have the right sticks perhaps but something like this let me change -that is full of little black dots on the page and you know we open it up -so unbelievably simple but he would be experiencing something that i -because im on top of the sound i have the sound coming this way -he would have the sound coming through the resonators if there were no resonators on here we would have -so he would have a fullness of sound that those of you in the front few rows wouldnt experience those of you in the back few rows wouldnt experience -what type of sound i want to produce for example this sound -can you hear anything exactly because im not even touching it -i mean just this kaleidoscope of things to draw from so all of my performances are based on entirely what i experience and not by -and i read the music so technically i can actually read this i will follow the instructions the tempo markings the dynamics i will do exactly as im told -learning a piece of music putting on someone elses interpretation of it buying all the cds possible of that particular piece of music and so on and so forth because that isnt giving me enough of something that is so raw and so -basic and something that i can fully experience the journey of so it may be that in certain halls this -dynamic may well -that in other halls theyre simply not going to experience that at all and so therefore my level of soft gentle playing may have to be -and i think by two thousand and nine this news has finally reached britain so i should probably add gordon brown to this list as well -however there is an underlying argument about logistics which has driven so much of this debate -close enough youll actually see that much of this is about economics the cybertopians say much like fax machines and xerox machines -good morning i think as a grumpy eastern european i was brought in to play the pessimist this morning so bear with -blogs and social networks have radically transformed the economics of protest so people would inevitably rebel -put it very simply the assumption so far has been that if you give people enough connectivity if you give them enough devices democracy will inevitably follow -i never really bought into this argument in part because i never saw three american presidents agree on anything else in the past -even beyond that if you think about the logic underlying it is something i call -we assume that every single iranian or chinese who happens to have and love his ipod will also love liberal democracy -and again i think this is kind of false but i think a much bigger problem -this logic that we should be dropping ipods not bombs i mean it would make a fascinating title for thomas friedmans new book -but this is rarely a good sign right so the bigger problem with this logic is that it confuses the intended versus the actual uses of technology -well i come from the former soviet republic of belarus which as some of you may know is not exactly an oasis of liberal democracy -think that new media of the internet could somehow help us avert genocide -should look no further than rwanda where in the nineties it was actually two radio stations which were responsible for fueling much of the ethnic hatred in the first place -but even beyond that coming back to the internet what you can actually see is that certain governments have mastered the use of cyberspace for propaganda purposes right and they are building what i call the -the combination of spin on the one hand and the internet on the other so governments from russia to china to iran are actually hiring training and paying bloggers -in order to leave ideological comments and create a lot of ideological blog posts to comment on sensitive political issues right so you may wonder why on earth are they doing it why are they engaging with cyberspace -my theory is that its happening because censorship actually is less effective than you think it is in many of those places -the moment you put something critical in a blog even if you manage to ban it immediately it will still spread around thousands and thousands of other -so the only way to control this message is actually to try to spin it and accuse anyone who has written something critical of being for example a cia agent -and again this is happening quite often just to give you an example of how it works in china for example there was a big case in february two thousand and nine -so thats why ive always been fascinated with how technology could actually reshape and open up authoritarian societies like ours -and for those of you who didnt know ill just give a little summary so what happened is that a twenty four year old man a chinese man died in prison custody -which was not an explanation which sat well with many chinese bloggers so they immediately began posting a lot of critical comments -in fact qq com which is a popular chinese website had thirty five thousand comments on this issue within hours -so five hundred people applied and four were selected to actually go and tour the facility in question and thus inspect it and then blog about it -within days the entire incident was forgotten which would have never happened if they simply tried to block the content people would keep talking about it for weeks -it happens when governments are actually reaching out to their critics and letting them engage with each other online -so im graduating college and feeling very idealistic i decided to join the ngo which actually was using new media to promote democracy and media reform in much of the former soviet union -think that somehow this is going to harm these dictatorships but in many cases it only strengthens them and you may wonder why -ill just give you a very short list of reasons why authoritarian deliberation may actually help the dictators and first its quite simple -most of them operate in a complete information vacuum they dont really have the data they need in order to identify emerging threats facing the regime -so encouraging people to actually go online and share information and data on blogs and wikis is great because otherwise -low level apparatchiks and bureaucrats will continue concealing whats actually happening in the country right so from this perspective having blogs and wikis produce knowledge has been great -and finally the purpose of any authoritarian deliberation efforts is usually to increase the legitimacy of the regimes both at home and abroad so inviting people to all sorts of public forums having them participate in decision making -its actually great because what happens is that then you can actually point to this initiative and say well we are having a democracy we are having -actually see that many of the networks and blogs and twitter and facebook were actually operational they may have become slower -to my surprise i discovered that dictatorships do not crumble so easily in fact some of them actually survived through the challenge and some got even more -but the activists could still access it and actually argue that having access to them is actually great for many authoritarian states and its great simply because -they can gather open source intelligence in the past it would take you weeks if not months to identify how iranian activists connect to each other -i think the biggest conceptual pitfall that cybertopians made is when it comes to digital natives people who have grown up -we often hear about cyber activism how people are getting more active because of the internet rarely hear about cyber hedonism for example how people are becoming passive why because they somehow assume -that the internet is going to be the catalyst of change that will push young people into the streets while in fact it may actually be the new opium for the masses which will keep the same people in their rooms downloading pornography thats not a option being considered too strongly -so for every digital renegade that is revolting in the streets of tehran there may as well be two digital captives who are actually rebelling only in the world of warcraft -the internet actually broadens their sex life is three times more than in the united states so it does play a social role -however it may not necessarily lead to political engagement so the way i tend to think of it is like a hierarchy of cyberneeds in space a total rip off from -but the point here is that when we get the remote russian village on line what will get people to the internet is not going to be the reports from human rights watch -going to be pornography sex in the city or maybe watching funny videos of cats so this is something you have to recognize so what should we do about it well i say we have to stop thinking about the number of ipods per capita -so this is when i ran out of my idealism and decided to quit my ngo job and actually study how the internet could impede democratization -and start thinking about ways in which we can empower intellectuals dissidents ngos and then the members of civil society -united states who somehow thought that new media would be able to do what missiles -that is promote democracy in difficult places where everything else has already been tried and failed -introduce to you -or the human universal load carrier -it senses what i want to do where i want to go and then augments my strength and endurance -to introduce this device -now lets turn our heads towards the wheelchair users something that im particularly passionate about -there are sixty eight million people estimated to be in wheelchairs worldwide this is about one percent -the wheelchair and that is actually for the last five hundred years -since its very successful introduction i must say -so we thought we would start writing a brand new chapter -of mobility -gives you superhuman abilities or another one that takes wheelchair users -and as a result of that she has not been able to walk -for nineteen years -not long afterwards -a doctor strode into my hospital room and he said -standing and walking again -every ounce of hope from my being adaptive technology has since enabled me to learn how to downhill ski again -of future generations not only -something that you put on -in the morning and it will give you -extra strength and it will further enhance your speed -and it will help you for instance to manage your balance -it is actually the true integration of the man and the machine but not only that it will integrate and network you to the universe and other devices out there -on their backs and they are being asked to carry more equipment -obviously this is resulting in some major complications back injuries thirty percent of them chronic back injuries so we thought we would look at this challenge and create an exoskeleton -and the good thing about that is you dont have to look at the device all the time you have your eyes free to see the city now mass is the first thing the second thing -thats shape were also sensitive to the shape of objects we have in hands so if i download an e book and it has twenty pages well they could be thin right but if it has five hundred pages i want to feel that harry potter its thick -so let me show you the shape changing mobile again its a mobile phone shaped box and this one can change its shape -also useful if you want to put it down on your nightstand to watch a movie or use as an alarm clock it stands its fairly simple -another thing is sometimes we watch things on a mobile phone they are bigger than the phone itself so in that case like here theres an app thats bigger than the phones screen -ph d student -shape is the second thing the third thing operates on a different level as humans we -and that means i have a question how can we make digital content graspable because you see -i can feel it its doing all right i dont have to check it let me show you the living mobile phone so once again mobile phone shaped box but this one -and a heartbeat and it feels very organic -and you can tell its relaxed right now oh now missed call a new call new girlfriend maybe very exciting -how do we calm it down you give it a pat behind the ears and everything is all right again so -very intuitive and thats what we want so what we have seen are three ways to make the digital graspable for us and i think making it physical is a good way to do that -whats behind that is a postulation namely that humans should get much more technical in the future rather than that technology a bit more human -on the one hand there is the digital world and no question many things are happening there right now -so the question is how do we get the stuff over from the digital into the physical thats my question if you look at the iphone with its touch and the wii with its bodily activity you can see the tendency its getting physical -the question is whats next now i have three options that i would like to show you the first one is mass as humans we are sensitive to where an object in our hand is heavy so could we use that -let me show you the weight shifting mobile it is a mobile phone shaped box that has an iron weight inside which we can move and you can feel where its heavy we shift the gravitational center of it -for example we can augment digital content with physical mass so you move around the content on a display but you can also feel where it is just from the weight of the device -another thing its good -if you look at science on one hand -science is a very rational approach to its surroundings whereas art on the other hand is usually an emotional approach to its surroundings -let me demonstrate this based on three projects -the first one has to do with making sound visible now as you may know sound travels in waves so if you have a speaker -now i was thinking how can i make those sound waves visible -so i came up with the following setup i took a speaker i placed a thin foil of plastic on top of that speaker and then i added tiny little crystals on top of that speaker -and now if i would play a sound through that speaker it would cause the crystals to move up and down now this happens very fast in the blink of an eye -so together with lg we captured this motion with a camera that is able to capture more than three thousand frames per second let me show you what this looks like -thank you very much i agree it looks pretty amazing -but i have to tell you a funny story i got an indoor sunburn doing this while shooting in los angeles now in los angeles you could get a decent sunburn just on any of the beaches but i got mine indoors -lots of lights so we had this speaker set up and we had the camera facing it and lots of lights pointing at the speaker and i would set up the speaker put the tiny little crystals on top of that speaker and we would do this over and over again -and it was until midday that i realized that i had a completely red face because of the lights pointing at the speaker -let me now turn to another project which involves less harmful substances -has anyone of you heard of ferrofluid -so if i now put this liquid into a magnetic field it would change its appearance now ive got a live demonstration over here to show this to you -so ive got a camera pointing down at this plate and underneath that plate there is a magnet -now im going to add some of that ferrofluid to that magnet -now this looks already quite interesting but let me now add some watercolors to it those are just standard watercolors that you would paint with you wouldnt paint with syringes but it works just the same -so by now my talk is already six thousand words long and i feel like i should stop here -so what happened now is when the watercolor was flowing into the structure -the watercolors do not mix with the ferrofluid thats because the ferrofluid itself -is hydrophobic that means it doesnt mix with the water -and at the same time it tries to maintain its position above the magnet and therefore it creates those amazing looking structures of channels and tiny little ponds of colorful water paint so that was the second project let me now turn to the last project which involves -the -the national beverage of scotland -i can assure you i was fully conscious while i was taking those pictures -now whiskey contains forty percent of alcohol and alcohol has got some very interesting properties maybe you have experienced some of those properties before but i am talking about the physical properties not the other ones so when i open the bottle -at the same time i probably owe you some explanation about the images that you just saw what i am trying to do as a photographer as an artist is to bring the world of art and science together whether it is an image of a soap bubble -let me demonstrate this over here -and what i have here is an empty glass vessel its got nothing in it and now im going to fill it with oxygen and whiskey -now we just wait for a few seconds for the molecules to spread inside the bottle and now lets set that on fire -so thats all that happens it goes really fast and its not that impressive i could do it again to show it one more time but some would argue that this is a complete waste of the whiskey and that i should rather drink it -so what happened is that the flame traveled through the glass vessel from top to bottom burning the mix of the air molecules and the alcohol so the images that you saw at the beginning -they are actually a flame stopped in time while it is traveling through the bottle and you have to imagine it was flipped around one hundred and eighty degrees so thats how those images were made -so i have now showed you three projects and you might ask yourself what is it good for whats the idea behind it is it just a waste of whiskey is it just some strange materials -those three projects theyre based on very simple scientific phenomena such as magnetism the sound waves or over here the physical properties of a substance -and what im trying to do is im trying to use these phenomena and show them in a poetic and unseen way and therefore invite the viewer to pause for a moment and think about all the beauty that is constantly surrounding us -thank you very much -strange liquids that behave in very peculiar ways or paint that is modeled by centrifugal forces im always trying to link those two fields together -who roamed around the desert -looking for water looking for food -trying to take care of their livestock urbanize -you might find this strange but in my family we have different accents -my mother has an accent that is so different to my father -and were all a population of about three hundred thousand people in the same country there are about five or six accents in this country as i speak -welcome to doha i am in charge of making this countrys food secure that is my job for the next two years to design an entire master plan -lets look at today this is probably the skyline that most of you know about doha so whats the population today its one point seven million people -that is in less than sixty years -the average growth of our economy is about fifteen percent for the past five years lifespan -increased to seventy eight water consumption has increased to four hundred and thirty liters and this is amongst the highest worldwide from having no water whatsoever -to consuming water to the highest degree higher than any other nation i dont know if this was a reaction to lack of water but -the interesting part is that we continue to grow fifteen percent -every year for the past five years without water -now that is historic -not only cities that were building but cities with dreams and people who are wishing to be scientists doctors build a nice home bring the architect design my house these people are adamant that this is a livable space when it wasnt -but of course with the use of technology so brazil has one -thousand seven hundred and eighty two -millimeters per year of precipitation of rain qatar has seventy four and we have that growth rate the question is how how could we survive that we have no water whatsoever simply because of -this gigantic mammoth machine called desalination energy is the key factor here it changed everything it is that thing that we pump out of the ground we burn tons of probably most of you used it coming to doha so that is our lake if you can see it -and then for the next ten years to implement it of course with -that is our river that is how you all happen to use and enjoy water this is the best -technology that this region could ever -do you worry much i would say -perhaps if you look at the global facts you will realize of course i have to worry there is growing demand growing population weve turned seven billion only a few months ago -and so that number also demands food and theres predictions that well be nine billion by two thousand and fifty -so many other people -so a country that has no water has to worry about what happens beyond its borders theres also changing diets by elevating to a higher socio economic level they also change their diet they start eating more meat -this is the situation in qatar for those who dont know -we only have two days of water reserve we import ninety percent of our food -and we only cultivate less than one percent of our land the limited number of farmers that we have have been pushed out of their farming practices as a result of open market policy and bringing the big competitions etc etc so we also face risks -is there a sustainable solution -indeed there is -this slide sums up thousands of pages of technical documents that weve been working on over the past two years lets start with the water so we know very well i showed you earlier that we need this energy -so if were going to need energy what sort of energy a depletable energy fossil fuel or should we use something else do we have the comparative advantage to use another sort of energy i guess most of you by now realize that we do three hundred days of sun -and so we will use that renewable energy to produce the water that we need and we will probably put one thousand eight hundred megawatts of solar systems to produce three point five million cubic meters of water and that is a lot of water that water will go then to the farmers and the farmers will be able to water their plants -and they will be able then to supply society with food -but in order to sustain the horizontal line because these are the projects these are the systems that we will deliver -is legislation policies regulations without it we cant do anything so thats what we are planning to do within two years we should hopefully be done with this plan and taking it to implementation our objective is to be a millennium city -rome london -paris damascus cairo -we are only sixty years old but we want to live forever -as a city to live in peace thank you very much -none of the glamour that you see today existed no cities like you see today in doha or dubai or abu dhabi or kuwait or riyadh -it wasnt that they couldnt develop cities resources werent there to develop them -and you can see that life expectancy was also short most people died around the age of fifty so lets move to chapter two the oil era one thousand nine hundred and thirty nine thats when they discovered oil but unfortunately it wasnt really fully exploited commercially until after the second -but what lifted my heart and strengthened my soul was that even though this was the case although they were not seen as ordinary this could only mean one thing that they were extraordinary -autistic and extraordinary now -and across the world every twenty minutes one new person is diagnosed with autism -and although its one of the fastest growing developmental disorders in the world there is no known cause or cure -and i cannot remember the first moment i encountered autism but i cannot recall a day without it i was just three years old when my brother came along and i was so excited -that i had a new being in my life and after a few months went by i realized that he was different he screamed a lot -he didnt want to play like the other babies did and in fact he didnt seem very interested in me whatsoever -and as he grew older he grew more different and the differences became more obvious yet beyond the tantrums and the frustration and the never ending hyperactivity was something really unique -a pure and innocent nature a boy who saw the world without prejudice a human who had never lied -extraordinary -now i cannot deny that there have been some challenging moments in my family moments where ive wished that they were just like me -you can be extraordinary -because autistic or not the differences that we have weve got a gift everyones got a gift inside of us -and very handsome hes speechless but he communicates joy in a way that some of the best orators cannot -and in all honesty the pursuit of normality is the ultimate sacrifice of potential the chance for greatness for progress and for change dies the moment we try to be like someone else please dont tell me im normal thank you -when he sings songs from our childhood attempting words that not even i could remember he reminds me of one thing how little we know about the mind and how wonderful the unknown must be -and whose purpose in following the path of the prophet is to make ourselves as much like the -and the prophet in one of his sayings said adorn yourselves with the attributes of god and because god himself said that the primary attribute of his is compassion -in fact the koran says that god decreed upon himself compassion or reigned himself in -of compassion actors of compassion and speakers of compassion and doers of compassion that is all well and good -but where do we go wrong and what is the source of the lack of compassion in the world for the answer to this we turn to our spiritual path -in every religious tradition there is what you call the outer path and the inner path -about compassion from an islamic point of view and perhaps my faith is not very well thought of as being one that is grounded in compassion -or the exoteric path and the esoteric path -the esoteric path of islam is more popularly known as sufism or tasawwuf in arabic -and these doctors or these masters these spiritual masters of the sufi tradition refer to teachings and examples of our prophet -that teach us where the source of our problems lie -in one of the battles that the prophet waged he told his followers we are returning from the lesser war to the greater war to the greater battle -and they said messenger of god we are battle weary how can we go to a greater battle he said that is the battle of the self the battle of the ego -the sources of human problems have to do with egotism i -the famous sufi master rumi who is very well known to most of you -has a story in which he talks of a man who goes to the house of a friend and knocks on the door -and a voice answers whos there its me or more grammatically correctly it is i as we might say in english the voice says go -after many years of training of disciplining of search and struggle he comes back and with much greater humility he knocks again on the door -the truth of the matter is otherwise our holy book the koran consists of one hundred and fourteen chapters -the voice asks who is there he said it is you oh heartbreaker the door swings open -and the voice says come in for there is no room in this house for two -not these eyes for two egos -and rumis stories are metaphors for the spiritual path -in the presence of god there is no room for more than one -and that is the i of divinity -in a teaching called a hadith qudsi in our tradition god says that my servant or my creature my human creature does not approach me -that is dearer to me than what i have asked them to do -you want your employees to do what you ask them to do and if theyve done that then they can do extra but dont ignore what youve asked them to do -each chapter begins with what we call the -and god says -my servant continues to get nearer to me by doing more of what ive asked them to do extra credit we might call -until i love him or love her and when i love my servant god says i become -by which he or she sees -the ears by which he or she listens -by which he or she walks and the heart -the saying in the name of god the all compassionate the all merciful or as sir richard burton -by which he or she -with divinity that is the lesson and purpose of our spiritual path and all of our faith traditions -muslims regard jesus as the master of -when he says i am the spirit and i am the way when the prophet muhammad said whoever has seen me has seen god -it is because they became so much an instrument -of god they became part of gods steam so that gods will was manifest through them and not acting from their own self -is given it is in us -all we have to do is to get our egos out of the way get our egotism out of the way -sure probably all of you here or certainly the very vast majority of you have had -not the richard burton who was married to elizabeth taylor -what you might call a spiritual experience a moment in your lives when for a few seconds a minute perhaps -ego dissolved -of water one with every human being one with the creator and you felt in the presence of power of awe of the deepest love -but the sir richard burton who lived a century before that and who was a world wide traveler and translator of many works of literature -a gift when for a moment he lifts that boundary which makes us insist on i i i me me me -and instead like the person in rumis story we say oh this is all -this is all you -and this is all us -us and i and -all part of you -all creator all the objective the source of our being and the end of our journey -you are also the breaker of our hearts -you are the one whom we should all be towards for whose purpose we live and for whose purpose we shall die and for -shall be resurrected again to account to god to what extent we have been compassionate beings our message today -and our purpose today and those of you who are here today and the purpose of this charter of compassion is to remind for the -always urges us to remember to remind each other because the knowledge of truth -translates it as in the name of god the compassionating the compassionate -is within every human being -through our subconscious in your dreams which the koran calls our -state of sleep the lesser death -in our state of sleep we have dreams we have visions we travel -even outside of our bodies for many of us -and we see wonderful things we travel beyond the limitations of space as we know it and beyond the limitations of time as we know it -is for us to -the name of the creator -and in a saying of the koran which to muslims is god speaking to humanity god says to his prophet muhammad -whose primary name is the compassionating the compassionate -whatever name you want to call him with allah ram om whatever the name might be -through which you name or access -the presence of divinity -is the locus -and absolute knowledge and wisdom what hindus call satchidananda the language differs -but the objective is the same -rumi has another story -about three a turk an arab -one is asking for grapes and they have a fight and an argument because i want grapes i want eneb i want -not knowing that the word that theyre using -the same reality in different languages theres only one absolute reality by definition -one absolute being by definition because absolute is by definition single -and absolute and singular -whom we believe to be the last of a series of prophets beginning with adam including noah including moses including abraham including jesus christ and ending with muhammad -absolute concentration of being the absolute concentration of consciousness awareness an absolute locus -that defines the primary attributes of divinity -and that should also be the primary attributes of what it means to be human -for what defines humanity perhaps biologically -is our physiology -the koran says he speaks to the angels and says when i have finished the formation of adam from -and breathed into him of my spirit then fall in prostration to him the angels -prostrate not before the human body -but before the human soul why because the soul the human soul embodies -a piece of the divine breath -a piece of the divine soul -this is also expressed in biblical vocabulary when we -we were created in the divine image -what is the imagery of god -the imagery of god is absolute being absolute awareness and knowledge and wisdom and absolute compassion -and love and therefore for us to be human -in the greatest sense of what it means to be human in the most joyful sense of what it means to be human means that we -have to be proper stewards -of the breath of divinity within us -and to seek to perfect within ourselves the attribute of being of being alive -the attribute of wisdom of consciousness of awareness -that we have not sent you oh muhammad except as a raham except as a source of compassion to humanity and for us human beings and certainly for us as muslims -and the attribute of being compassionate and loving beings this -is what i understand from my faith -and this is what i understand from my studies of other faith traditions -and this is the common platform -on which we must all stand and when we stand on this platform as such i am convinced -that we can make a wonderful world and i believe personally that were on the verge -and that with the presence and help of people like you here we can bring about -the prophecy of isiah for he foretold of a period when people shall transform -their swords into plowshares -and will not learn war and make war anymore -lower our -and let all be for the glorification of the one -thank you and god bless -sensing the power that tyranny craves there in that hour she made us her slaves many there were to -my shame -we come down to it -the better man -the most important person in your life if youre lucky enough to know them -my mother was certainly the most important in -eighty six years old shes frail -white platinum hair -do they do that why do old ladies go to those hair shops and -make those helmets -all the ducks in a row -looks like a much prettier version -of margaret thatcher -i was the better at getting and keeping -i wrote this poem for her these are not my beliefs but my mother -has lived by this creed -never look back never look -to the -you were the better at spend and spend -no one is waiting and nothing -never go back never go back never surrender the future you -to the -to -was the better at grubbing and -and -me stoking the train without a qualm in the world ladies -but who was the better man -do it dont do it you think we want you to do it but we dont want you to do it stop it tell them to go to hell -wonderful as they are just leave them alone -to a beautiful lady of a certain age lady lady do not weep -what is gone is gone now sleep turn your pillow doctory your tears count thy sheep -and not thy years nothing good can come of this time rules all my dearest tis but folly to be waging war on one who never lost -was the -lady -this is all in vain youth can never come again -we have drunk the summer wine none can make a stitch in time nip and -what is foretold in the womb may not be -nor may time -you were the better with lords and ladies i was the better at pillaging troy -do i -from thy caress -you i could cease to -was there one so -lady lady do not weep what is gone is gone -against me calm your -count thy blessings -has done more for me financially than britain ever has or ever could have done i was born in britain as you have probably guessed -even when on its worst behavior i find myself automatically defending the usa from the sneers of green eyed europhiles playing their greek card to roman -you know that now -all empires by definition are bumbling shambolic bullying bureaucratic affairs -certain of the rightness of their cause in infancy as they are corrupted by power in -and gentlemen but it seems to be that the usas sins compared to those of many previous empires are of a more moderate -i was the -if more pervasive kind let me put this bluntly if americans are so fat stupid and ignorant -my dear friends from birmingham how come they rule the world -hail to the gods of america hail to the gods of america hail to the gods of the dream invictus e pluribus unum -but which of them reigns supreme which is -the brahmins of -a sorcerers profit on wall street they eye -but who was the better man old boy who was -or is it celebrity status the worship of those we hate or the cult of living forever if -what of the titans of media or hollywoods siren call what of the temples of justice -whose servants enslave us all -what of the brand and the label -what of the -and what of the constitution -that bully of last resort hail to the god of america -the masses extol -would like to know why i am not a father i who by a miracle have twenty two godchildren -i was the better -the answer is in this poem which upsets me every time i read it love came to visit me -love came to visit me shy as a fawn but finding me busy -with -twenty the torch of resentment was lit my rage at injustice waxed hot as the pits the flux of its lava cleared all in its path comrades and enemies fled from its -you -yet lovers grew wary -once novelty waned -to lie with a bloody man -my powers seemed mighty to me -the fruits of my rivals i shook from the tree by guile and by -and by day i battered and scattered the fools from my -and women grew willing -was the better at procrastination you were the better at quiet debate but who was the better man old -we feasted and reveled and rutted in muck forgetting our peril forgetting to duck forgetting times arrows are -and -finding me busy she -with the dawn -there are ive got far too much money and i have far too much fun in my businesses -so poetry came as a complete shock to me ladies and gentlemen a complete shock i was a little ill -any of my you know whatever so in the end i begged a pack of post it notes off a nurse and from another nurse i begged a pencil -and i didnt know what else to do so i started to write poetry that was in october of two thousand -im not an evil man but sometimes i try to put myself in an evil mans position -im not a glorious and fantastic looking woman who men fall down you know when she walks in a room but sometimes i try to put myself in that position not with much success but its interesting to me i love to write historical verse -i love to think what they thought what it was like because although -it all but human nature doesnt change mate my friends human nature is exactly the same as it was -of the last neanderthal and battered the bastard to death you think we didnt do that -we did we killed every single one of them inch by inch we killed them we hunted them down -for meat rivals for berries were still doing it -with all of the genius assembled in this room -our natures havent changed a single iota and they never will -even when weve got -and weve put some of our eggs in some other baskets and -i spent eight years running one of the most successful publishing businesses in the world -seven oclock every night i took me some more girls already corrupted i never did anything to anyone that wasnt and i took crack cocaine every single night for seven years -the offshoots of crack cocaine is that you keep an erection for about four hours -it was absolutely unbelievable -stopped because i thought if i got caught what would happen to my mother -if youre a woman remember that -our lady in white -she was listless and soft to the touch -generous mistress whom many loved much shoulder to shoulder night after night we hoarded and sold her our lady in white -we -to savor her crystal caress we craved but -but who was the -we dabbled and babbled denying our thirsts -but always we scrabbled to lie with her -absent we missed her grew haggard and limp toyed with her sister or threatened -came word out of babel the lady returns and -knew this he could see what was happening to his forest to his environment because he was taken -under his grandfathers wing when he was only two years old to begin to learn about the forest and the way of life of his people -his grandfather died when he was only ten and at that young age ten years old benki became the paje of his community -now in the ashaninka tradition and culture the paje is the most important person in the community -this is the person who contains within him all the knowledge all the wisdom of centuries and centuries of life -and not just about his people but about everything his peoples survival depended on the trees the birds the water the soil -the forest so when he was only ten and he became the paje he began to lead his people -he began to talk to them about the forest that they needed to protect the way of life they needed to nurture -going to talk about some of my discoveries around the world through my work these are not discoveries of planets or new technologies or science theyre discoveries of people -eight years later when he was a young man of eighteen benki left the forest for the first time he went three thousand miles on an odyssey to rio to the earth summit -to tell the world what was happening in his tiny little corner and he went because he hoped the world would listen some did not everybody -but if you can imagine this young man with his headdress and his flowing robe learning a new language portuguese not to mention english going to rio -benki came back to his village full of ideas new technologies new research new ways of understanding what was going on -since that time hes continued to work with his people and not only the ashaninka nation but all the peoples of the amazon and beyond -hes built schools to teach children to care for the forest together hes led the reforestation of over twenty five percent of the land that had been destroyed by the loggers -hes created a cooperative to help people diversify their livelihoods and hes brought the internet and satellite technology to the forest -both so that people themselves could monitor the deforestation but also that he could speak from the forest to the rest of the world -if you were to meet benki and ask him why are you doing this why are you putting yourself at risk why are you making yourself vulnerable to what is often a hostile world he would tell you as he told me -i asked myself he said what did my grandparents and my great grandparents do to protect the forest for me -and the way people are and new leadership -so when i think of that i wonder what our grandchildren and our great grandchildren when they ask themselves that question i wonder how they will answer -for me the world is veering towards a future we dont much want when we really thing about it deep inside its a future we dont know the details of -but its a future that has signs just like benki saw the signs around him we know we are running out of what we need -were running out of fresh water were running out of fossil fuels were running out of land we know climate change is going to affect all of us we dont know how but we know it will -this is benki benki is a leader of the ashaninka nation his people live in brazil and in peru -egos systems of government figuring it out massive change and in addition to that we know -that five other really big countries are going to have a say in the future a say we havent even really started to hear yet -china india russia south -but you know all that you know more than benki knew when he left his forest and went three thousand miles you also know that we cant just keep doing what weve always done because well get the results weve always gotten -and this reminds me of something i understand lord salisbury said to queen victoria over a hundred years ago when she was pressing him please change he said change -why change things are bad enough as they are -benki comes from a village so remote up in the amazon that to get there either you have to fly and land on water or go by canoe for several days -we have to change its imperative to me when i look around the world that we need to change ourselves -we need new models of what it means to be a leader we need new models of being a leader and a human in the world -i started life as a banker now i dont admit to that to anybody but my very close friends but for the past eight years ive done something completely different -my work has taken me around the world where ive had the real privilege of meeting people like benki and many others -have different answers who understand the filters that they wear when they go out into the world this is sanghamitra sanghamitra comes from bangalore -i met sanghamitra eight years ago when i was in bangalore organizing a workshop with leaders of different ngos working in some of the hardest aspects of society -in india at that time it was skyrocketing and nobody understood why and everyone was actually very very afraid today there are still three million hiv positive people in india thats the second largest population in the world -i met benki three years ago in sao paulo when id brought him and other leaders from indigenous peoples to meet with me and leaders from around the world because we wanted to -when i asked sanghamitra how did you get -from english literature to hiv aids not an obvious path she said to me its all connected -literature makes one sensitive sensitive to people to their dreams and to their ideas since that time under her leadership samraksha has been a pioneer in all fields related to hiv aids -they have respite homes the first the first care centers the first counseling services and not just in urban seven million population bangalore but in the hardest to reach villages in the state of -even that wasnt enough she wanted to change policy at the government level ten of their programs that she pioneered are now government policy and funded by the government -they take care of twenty thousand odd people today in over one thousand villages around karnataka she works with people like murali krishna -but he saw the work the care the compassion that sanghramitra and her team brought to the village and he wanted to be part of it -hes a leaders quest fellow and that helps him with his work theyve pioneered a different approach to villages instead of handing out information in pamphlets as is so often the case -two weeks in the villages and she had a real breakthrough they were sitting in a circle talking about the dreams for the village and the young women -in the village spoke up and said weve changed our dream our dream is for our -partners our husbands not to be given to us because of a horoscope but to be given to us because theyve been tested for hiv -if you are lucky enough to meet sanghamitra and ask her why and how how have you achieved so much -she would look at you and very quietly very softly say it just happened its the spirit inside -this is doctor fan jianchuan -hes been a soldier a teacher a politician a vice mayor and a business man but if you sat down and asked him who are you really and what do you do he would tell you -a collector and i curate a museum i was lucky i heard about him for years and i finally met him earlier this year at his museum in chengdu -for their dignity their spirit and their resistance starting with the incas and continuing through the nineteenth century with the rubber tappers -hes been a collector all of his life starting when he was four or five in the early nineteen sixties now just think of the early nineteen sixties in china -over a lifetime through everything through the cultural revolution and everything afterward hes kept collecting -so that he now has over eight million pieces in his museums documenting contemporary chinese history -these are pieces that you wont find anywhere else in the world in part because they document parts of history chinese choose to forget -for example hes got over one million pieces documenting the sino japanese war a war thats not talked about in china very much and whose heroes are not honored -why did he do all this because he thought a nation should never repeat the mistakes of the past so -from commissioning slightly larger than life bronze statues of the heroes of the sino japanese war including those chinese who then fought with each other and left mainland china to go to taiwan -to commemorating all the unknown ordinary soldiers who survived by asking them to take prints of their hands he is making sure one man is making sure that history is not forgotten -of documents and artifacts commemorating the u s role in fighting on the chinese side in that long war the flying tigers -the most sensitive buildings include a lifetime of collection about the cultural revolution a period that actually most chinese would prefer -to forget but he doesnt want his nation ever to forget -todays biggest threat to the ashaninka people and to benki comes from illegal logging the people who come into the beautiful forest and cut down ancient mahogany trees float them down the river to world markets -these people inspire me and they inspire me because they show us what is possible when you look at the world -change the way you look at your place in the world they looked outside and then they changed what was on the inside -they didnt go to business school they didnt read a manual how to be a good leader in ten easy steps but they have qualities wed all recognize they have drive passion commitment -theyve gone away from what they did before and theyve gone to something they didnt know -theyve tried to connect worlds they didnt know existed before theyve built bridges and theyve walked across them they have a sense of the great arc of time and their tiny place in it -they know people have come before them and will follow them and they know that theyre part of a whole that they depend on other people its not about them -them and they have humility it just happens -but we know it doesnt just happen dont we we know it takes a lot to make it happen and we know the direction the world is going in so i think we need succession planning on a global basis -we cant wait for the next generation the new joiners to come in and learn how to be the good leaders we need i think it has to start with us and we know just like they knew how hard it is -but the good news is that we dont have to figure it out as we go along we have models we have examples like benki and sanghamitri and jianchuan -we can look at what theyve done if we look we can learn from what theyve learned we can change the way we see ourselves in the world -and if were lucky we can change the way our great grandchildren will answer benkis question thank you -to make a material that is exceptionally tough for protection so comparable to technical fibers like kevlar and so in the reverse engineering process that we know about and that were familiar with for the textile industry the textile industry goes -and unwinds the cocoon and then weaves glamorous things we want to know how you go from water and protein to this liquid kevlar to this natural kevlar so the insight is how do you actually reverse engineer this -and go from cocoon to gland and get water and protein that is your starting material and this is an insight that came about two decades ago -from a person that im very fortunate to work with david kaplan and so we get this starting material -and so this starting material is back to the basic building block and then we use this to do a variety of things like for example this film and we take advantage of something that is very simple the recipe to make those films -and you wait for the protein to self assemble -and then you detach the protein and you get this film as the proteins find each other as the water evaporates but i mentioned that the film is also technological and so what does that mean it means that you can -that is on the dvd -and we can store information thats film with water and protein so we tried something out and we wrote a message in a piece of silk which is right here and the message is over there and much like in the dvd you can read it out optically -and this requires a stable hand so this is why i decided to do it onstage in front of a thousand people so let me see so as you see the -the film go in transparently through there and then -and the most remarkable feat is that my hand actually stayed still long enough to do that so once you have these attributes of this material then you can do a lot of things its actually not limited to films and so the material can assume -a lot of formats and then you go a little crazy and so you do various optical components or you do microprism arrays like the reflective tape that you have on your running shoes -or you can do beautiful things that if the camera can capture you can make you can add a third dimensionality to the film and if the angle is right you can actually see a hologram appear in this film of silk -but you can do other things you can imagine that then maybe you can use a pure protein to guide light and so weve made optical fibers but silk is versatile and it goes beyond optics and you can think of different formats so for instance -high technology and maybe along the way also do some stuff for medicine and for global health and help reforestation so thats kind of a bold statement ill tell you a little bit more this material actually has some traits that make it seem almost too good to be true its sustainable its a sustainable material that is processed all in water and at room temperature -if youre afraid of going to the doctor and getting stuck with a needle we do microneedle arrays what you see there on the screen is a human hair superimposed on the needle thats made of silk just to give you a sense of size -so theres versatility as you see in the material formats that you can do with silk but there are still some unique traits i mean why would you want to do all these things for real i mentioned it briefly at the beginning the protein is biodegradable and biocompatible and you see here a picture of a tissue section -and so what does that mean that its biodegradable and biocompatible you can implant it in the body without needing to retrieve what is implanted which means that all the devices that youve seen before and all the formats in principle -like this can be thrown away without guilt applause unlike -its edible so you can do smart packaging around food that you can cook with the food it doesnt taste good so -im going to need some help with that but probably the most remarkable thing is that it comes full circle silk during its self assembly process acts like a cocoon for biological matter and so if you change the recipe and you add things when you pour so you add things to your liquid silk solution -and is biodegradable with a clock so you can watch it dissolve instantaneously in a glass of water or have it stable for years its edible -that you thought about beforehand can actually be used to screw a bone together a fractured bone together and deliver drugs at the same while your bone is healing for example or -what is inside it so it allows for the recovery of what weve stored before and so this allows for a controlled delivery of drugs and for reintegration in the environment in all of these formats that youve seen so the thread of discovery that we have really is a thread -its implantable in the human body without causing any immune response it actually gets reintegrated in the body and its technological so it can do things like microelectronics -were impassioned with this idea that whatever you want to do whether you want to replace a vein or a bone or maybe be more sustainable in microelectronics -perhaps drink a coffee in a cup and throw it away without guilt maybe carry your drugs in your pocket deliver them inside your body or deliver them across the desert the answer may be in a thread of silk thank you -in fact this material you see is clear and transparent the components of this material are just water and protein so this material is silk so its kind of different from what were used to thinking about silk so the question is how do you reinvent something that has been around for five millennia -the process of discovery generally is inspired by nature and so we marvel at silk worms the silk worm you see here spinning its fiber the silk worm does a remarkable thing it uses these two ingredients protein and water that are in its gland -unfortunately its not in reality trying to go from fundamental knowledge to its application is more like this there are no shiny bridges you sort of place your bets maybe youve got a swimmer and a rowboat and a sailboat and a tugboat and you set them off on their way -and the rains come and the lightning flashes and oh my gosh there are sharks in the water and the swimmer gets into trouble and uh oh the swimmer drowned and the sailboat capsized -and that tugboat well it hit the rocks and maybe if youre lucky somebody gets across -well what is it to make a therapeutic anyway whats a drug -a drug is made up of a small molecule of hydrogen carbon oxygen nitrogen and a few other atoms all cobbled together in a shape -and its those shapes that determine whether in fact that particular drug is going to hit its target is it going to land where its supposed to so look at this picture here a lot of shapes dancing around for you now what you need to do if youre trying to develop a new treatment for autism or alzheimers disease or cancer is to find the right shape in that -mix that will ultimately provide benefit and will be safe -and when you look at what happens to that pipeline you start out maybe with thousands tens of thousands of compounds you weed down through various steps that cause many of these to fail ultimately maybe you can run a clinical trial with four or five of these and if all goes well fourteen years after you started -you will get one approval -and it will cost you upwards of a billion dollars for that one success -so we have to look at this pipeline the way an engineer would and say how can we do better and thats the main theme of what i want to say to you this morning how can we make this go faster how can we make it more successful -well let me tell you about a few examples where this has actually worked -one that has just happened in the last few months is the successful approval of a drug for cystic fibrosis but its taken a long time to get there -well there do seem to be a few -cystic fibrosis had its molecular cause discovered in one thousand nine -that picture you see there here it is thats the same kid thats danny bessette -twenty three years later because this is the year and its also the year where danny got married where we have for the first time the approval by the fda of a drug that precisely targets the defect in cystic fibrosis -well congratulations -based upon all this molecular understanding thats the good news the bad news is this drug doesnt actually treat all cases of cystic fibrosis and it wont work for danny and were still waiting for that next generation to help him but it took twenty three years to get this far thats too long -because if you look at this particular slide of u s life expectancy you are now in excess of the average life span of somebody who was born in one thousand nine hundred but look what happened in the course of that century -that are our instruction book and the instruction book for all living things and the cost of doing this which used to be in the hundreds of millions of dollars has in the course of the last ten years fallen faster than moores law down to the point where it is less than ten thousand dollars today to have your genome sequenced or mine -and were headed for the dollar one thousand genome fairly soon -well thats exciting how does that play out in terms of application to a disease i want to tell you about another disorder this one is a disorder which is quite rare its called hutchinson gilford progeria and it is the most dramatic form of premature aging -only about one in every four million kids has this disease and in a simple way what happens is because of a mutation in a particular gene a protein is made thats toxic to the cell and it causes these individuals to age at about seven times the normal rate -let me show you a video of what that does to the cell the normal cell if you looked at it under the microscope would have a nucleus sitting in the middle of the cell which is nice and round and smooth in its boundaries -and it looks kind of like that a progeria cell on the other hand because of this toxic protein called progerin has these lumps and bumps in it -so what we would like to do after discovering this back in two thousand and three is to come up with a way to try to correct that well again by knowing something about the molecular pathways it was possible to pick one of those many many compounds that might have been useful and try it out -in an experiment done in cell culture and shown here in a cartoon if you take that particular compound -and you add it to that cell that has progeria and you watch to see what happened in just seventy two hours -if you follow that curve youll see that it starts way down there -that cell becomes for all purposes that we can determine almost like a normal cell well that was exciting but would it actually work in a real human being -this has led in the space of only four years from the time the gene was discovered to the start of a clinical trial to a test of that very compound and the kids that you see here -all volunteered to be part of this twenty eight of them and you can see as soon as the picture comes up that they are in fact a remarkable group of young people all afflicted by this disease all looking quite similar to each other and instead of telling you more about it im going to invite one of them -sam berns from boston whos here this morning to come up on the stage and tell us about his experience as a child affected with progeria sam is fifteen years old his parents scott berns and leslie gordon both physicians are here with us this morning as well sam please have a seat -so sam why dont you tell these folks what its like being affected with this condition called progeria -but when there is something that i really do want to do that progeria gets in the way of like marching band or umpiring we always find a way to do it and that just shows that progeria isnt in control of my life -fifteen years and that just shows the drive that researchers can have -and it shows that if that drive exists anybody can cure any disease and hopefully progeria can be cured in the near future and so we can eliminate those four thousand diseases that francis was talking about -by the way a straight a plus student in the ninth grade in his school in boston -so i just want to say a couple more things about that particular story and then try to generalize how could we have stories of success all over the place for these diseases as sam says these four thousand that are waiting for answers -so for instance if you ask how many diseases do we now know the exact molecular basis turns out its about four thousand which is pretty amazing -you might have noticed that the drug that is now in clinical trial for progeria is not a drug that was designed for that its such a rare disease it would be hard for a company to justify spending hundreds of millions of dollars to generate a drug this is a drug that was developed for cancer -turned out it didnt work very well for cancer but it has exactly the right properties the right shape -to work for progeria and thats whats happened -could we in fact encourage all the companies that are out there that have drugs in their freezers that are known to be safe in humans but have never actually succeeded in terms of being effective for the treatments they were tried for now were learning about all these new molecular pathways some of those could be repositioned or repurposed or whatever word you want to use -for new applications basically teaching old drugs new tricks -that could be a phenomenal valuable activity we have many discussions now between nih and companies about doing this that are looking very promising -and you could expect quite a lot to come from this there are quite a number of success stories one can point to about how this has led to major advances the first drug for hiv aids was not developed for hiv aids it was developed for cancer it was azt it didnt work very well for cancer -but became the first successful antiretroviral and you can see from the table there are others as well so how do we actually make that a more generalizable effort well we have to come up with a partnership -between academia government the private sector and patient organizations to make that so -because most of those molecular discoveries have just happened in the last little while -how do we know for instance whether drugs are safe before we give them to people we test them on animals -and its not all that reliable and its costly and its time consuming suppose we could do this instead on human cells you probably know if youve been paying attention to some of the science literature that you can now take a skin cell and encourage it to become a liver cell or a heart cell or a kidney cell or a brain cell for any of us -so what if you used those cells as your test for whether a drug is going to work and whether its going to be safe here you see a picture of a lung on a chip -its exciting to see that in terms of what weve learned but how many of those four thousand diseases now have treatments available -this is something created by the wyss institute in boston -and what they have done here if we can run the little video is to take cells from an individual turn them into the kinds of cells that are present in the lung and determine what would happen if you added to this various drug compounds to see if they are toxic or safe you can see this chip even breathes -it has an air channel it has a blood channel and it has cells in between that allow you to see what happens when you add a compound are those cells happy or not -you can do this same kind of chip technology for kidneys for hearts for muscles all the places where you want to see whether a drug is going to be a problem for the liver -and ultimately because you can do this for the individual we could even see this moving to the point where the ability to develop and test medicines will be you on a chip what were trying to say here is the individualizing of the process of developing drugs and testing their safety -so let me sum up we are in a remarkable moment here -for me at nih now for almost twenty years there has never been a time where there was more excitement about the potential that lies in front of us -we have made all these discoveries pouring out of laboratories across the world what do we need to capitalize on this first of all we need resources this is research thats high risk -only about two hundred and fifty so we have this huge challenge this huge gap -sometimes high cost the payoff is enormous both in terms of health and in terms of economic growth we need to support that second we need new kinds of partnerships between academia and government and the private sector and patient organizations just like the one ive been describing here in terms of the way in which we could go after repurposing new compounds -and third and maybe most important we need talent we need the best and the brightest -and turn it into something which will in fact knock out disease thats my goal i hope thats your goal i think itll be the goal of the poets and the muppets and the surfers and the bankers and all the other people who join this stage -you would think this wouldnt be too hard that we would simply have the ability to take this fundamental information that were learning about how it is that basic biology teaches us about the causes of disease -and think about what were trying to do here and why it matters it matters for now it matters as soon as possible if you dont believe me just ask sam -and build a bridge across this yawning gap between what weve learned about basic science and its application a bridge that would look maybe something like this -is fifteen years old -more compressed image they started with vhs they actually didnt wait for you know the latest technology they started in ninety two ninety four -there are fifty seven million vcrs in nigeria that play you know vhs and these vcds its a cd basically its a compact -and i have to say this really proves that storytelling its a commodity its a staple there is no life without stories -and so maybe youre thinking now why how an italian filmmaker based in boston is so interested in this story -and so i think i have to tell you just a few words a few things about my personal life because -think there is a connection my grandfather lived most of his life and is buried in zambia my father -even though i left when i was only three years old i really felt that africa was this big part of my life and it really was a place where -i have a story a story that i would like to share with you and its an african story it is a story of hope resilience and -to walk i think i uttered the first words and my family bought their first home so -when we came back to italy and one of the things that i remember the most is my family having this hard time to share stories -it seemed that for our neighbors and friends africa was either this exotic place this imaginary land that probably exists only in their imagination -or the place of horror famine and so we were always caught in this -and i remember really this desire to talk about africa as a place where we lived and people live and go about their lives and have dreams like we all have so when i -read in a newspaper in the business page the story of nollywood i really felt this is an incredible opportunity -to tell a story that goes against all these preconceived notions here i can tell a story of africans making movies like i do and actually i felt this was an inspiration for me -i -have the good fortune of being a filmmaker in residence at the center of digital imaging arts at boston university and we really look how digital technology is changing and how young -and not only had the support i found two wonderful partners in crime in this adventure aimee corrigan a very talented and young photographer and robert caputo a friend and a mentor who -a veteran of national geographic and told me you know franco in twenty five years of covering africa i dont know if i have come across a story that is so full of hope and so -there was hollywood then came bollywood today -so -we went to lagos in october two thousand and five and we went to lagos to meet bond emeruwa a wonderful talented film director who is with us tonight -the plan was to give you a portrait of nollywood of this incredible film industry -following bond in his quest to make an action movie that deals with the issue of corruption called checkpoint police corruption -and he had nine days to make it we thought this was a good story in the meantime we had to cover -and we talked to a lot of filmmakers but i dont want to create too many expectations i would like to show you six minutes -and these are six minutes they really prepared for the ted audience there are several themes from the documentary but they are re edited and made for you ok so i guess its a world -you -just ten thousand dollars -doing films for the masses were not doing films for the elite and the people in their glass houses they can afford to watch their robocop and -those who work in it is a kind of subsistence filmmaking -in two thousand and six alone almost two thousand films were made in nigeria now try to imagine -i think its the most viable vehicle right now to -trying to explain to people its not about the quality at the moment the quality is coming i mean there are those films that people are making for quality -but the first thing you have to remember about this society is that africa still has people that live on one dollar a day and these are the people that really watch -forty fifty films wrapped distributed every week in the streets of lagos nigeria and west africa some estimates put -and intrigue its the -we have been so deep into the foreign movies its all about the foreign movies but we can do something too we can do something something that when the world see it they say wow this -you can now walk the street and see a role model it a s not just what you see in picture you see the person live you see how he talks you see how -you really good you know it a s not just what you see in the picture it is not what you hear you know from the western press -i was so fascinated you know with those cowboy movies but then when i discovered the situation in my country at that time there was so much corruption -for a young man to really make it out here you got to think of some negative things and all that or some kind of vices and i didnt want that you know and i discovered that -be successful in life as an actor without doing crime without cheating nobody without telling no lies just me and god given talent -the value of this industry at two hundred and fifty million dollars it has created thousands if not tens of thousands of jobs -when they do the movies they have all these things in place but here we improvise -you see the gun there but you -so now youre about to see how we do our own movies here with or without -many things to say so little time so many themes in this story -i just cant tell you there a s one thing i want to tell you i spent -you know several weeks with all these actors producers and the problems they have to go through -for you know a westerner a filmmaker who works in america or in europe but always with a smile always with an enthusiasm that is incredible -werner herzog the german filmmaker said i need to make movies like you need oxygen and i think they a re breathing the nigerian filmmakers really really are doing what they like and so -and its expanding but keep in mind that this was a grassroots movement -its a very very important thing for them and for their audiences a woman told me when i see a nollywood film i can relax i really i can breathe better -i really think that the digital non linear editing has slashed you know the cost now is a fraction of what it used to be -have to tell to the nigerian filmmakers they understood it they embraced the technology and they run with it and they a re successful -i hope that the nollywood phenomenon will go both ways i hope it will inspire other african nations to embrace the technology look at the nigerian model make their film create jobs -job so i really think it a s a lesson that were actually learning from them and theres one thing one small challenge that i have for you and -should make us reflect on the importance of storytelling and i think this is really the theme of this session try to imagine -this is something that happened without foreign investment without government aid and actually it happened -a world where the only goal is food -and a shelter but no stories no stories around the campfire no legends no fairytales nothing no novels -that the key to a healthy society is a thriving community of storytellers and i think that -the nigerian filmmakers really have proved this i would like you to hear their voices just few moments it a s not -an added sequence just some voices from -we have diverse cultures diverse cultures there are so many that in the natal lifetimes i dont see us exhausting the stories we have -my job ends here and the nollywood filmmakers really have now to work and i really hope -against all odds in one of the most difficult moments in nigerian economy -that there will be many many collaborations where we teach each other things and i really hope that this will happen thank you very much -censor board has censored one thousand six hundred films alone and we know that there are more so it a s safe to say that there are two thousand films so imagine forty five films per week -there are challenges there are challenges there is a glut of film the quality has to be raised they need to go to the next level but i a m optimistic -this is very important maybe you know for you to try to imagine this these are films that are distributed directly in markets -they are bought in video shops they can be rented for pennies ca on what format fs oh the format thank you for the question yes its vcds its a cd -they would let stanley do a cameo piece with me because these were ideas that we were talking about building -things next to each other making its all about metaphor for a city -and so stanley did the little dome thing and we did it over the phone and -show me something hed made a building -he -building but he put some funny details on it and he moved it closer to my building and so i decided to put him in a -back and forth over a couple of weeks period and he put these two bridges with pink guard rails on it and so then i put this big billboard behind -we had that old building on the left it was a very prominent building off the freeway and we added a floor -it up and fixed it up and used the kind of i thought the language of the neighborhood which -these cornices projecting cornices mine got a little exuberant -lead copper which is a beautiful material -turns green in one hundred years instead of like copper in ten or fifteen -we redid the side of the building and reproportioned the windows so it sort of fit into the space and it surprised both boston and myself that we got it approved because they have very strict kind of design guideline -and they wouldnt normally think -the detailing was very careful with the lead copper and -then once i deal with the context i then try to make a place thats comfortable and private and fairly serene as i hope youll find that slide on the right -and then more metal and some chain link in santa monica a little shopping center -and this is a laser laboratory at the university -in which the fish comes back -the support labs which by -and so it was an opportunity that i seized because i didnt have to have any protruding ducts or vents or things in this form it -small house -house along the stream dammed it up to make a lake -these are the models -the workmanship is pretty bad -and it reminded me why i play defensively in things like my house when you have to do something really cheaply -its hard to get perfect corners -and then i did a law school for -and in it is you go downstairs into the living room and -loyola in downtown l a -i thought it was fitting for me to be doing -this is a house next to a philip johnson house in minnesota -i was concerned about making a place for the study of law -didnt recommend me by the way -we -ended up having to make it a sculpture because the dilemma was how do you build a building that doesnt look like the language is it going to look like this beautiful -the idea and so we finally ended up making it these people are art collectors and we finally made it so it appears very sculptural from -all the windows are on the -and the building is very sculptural as you walk around -its made of metal and the brown stuff is fin ply its that formed lumber from finland we used it at loyola on the chapel and it didnt work -in cleveland theres burnham mall -and we continue to work with this client the building -on the left its never been finished going out to the lake you can see all -and we had the opportunity to build a building on this site theres a railroad track this is the -city hall -and the courthouse -center line of the mall goes out burnham had designed a railroad station that was never built and so we followed sohio -axis here and we followed the axis and theyre two kind of goalposts and this is our building which is a -we collaborated with oldenburg and put the newspaper on top folded -the garage with a c clamp for -right at the top is now under construction the garage on the right the gray structure will be torn down finally and several small classrooms will be placed along this -go right into the slides and all im going to try and prove to you with these slides is that -it would start to work with the scale of the new buildings by pelli and kohn pederson fox et cetera that are underway -its hard to do high rise i feel much more comfortable down here this is a piece of property in brentwood -a long time ago about eighty two or something after my house -house for myself that would be a village of several pavilions around a courtyard and the -owner of this lot worked for me and built that actual model on the left and she came back i guess wealthier or something something -following that basic idea of the village -changed it as we got into it i locked the house into the site by cutting the back end here you see on the photographs of -slicing into it and putting all the bathrooms and dressing rooms like a retaining wall creating a lower level -for the master bedroom which i designed like a kind of a barge looking like a boat and -the dome was a request from the client she wanted a dome somewhere in the house she didnt care where -when you sleep in this bedroom i hope i mean i havent slept in -avenue that weve created this campus -offered to -when youre in that room you feel like youre on a kind of barge on some kind of lake and its very private the landscape is being built -private garden and then up above theres a garden on this side of the living room and one on the other side -and it all related to the clients and the students from the very first meeting saying they felt denied a place they wanted a sense of place -these arent focused very well -do it from here focus the one on the right -anyway you enter into a garden with a beautiful grove of trees thats the living room -servants quarters a guest bedroom which has this dome with marble on it and then you enter into the living room and then -in this space with windows looking out onto the -things were designed to give foreground and to create a greater depth in this shallow lot -the material is lead copper like in the building -and so it was an intent to make this small piece of land its one hundred by two hundred and fifty into a kind of -by separating these areas and making the living room and dining room into this pavilion with a high space -in it and this happened by accident that i got this right on -like i got a baldessari -free but the idea is the windows are all placed so you see pieces of the house -so the whole idea here was to create -this is for -michael eisner disney were doing some work for him and this is in anaheim california -and its a freeway building you go under this bridge at about sixty five miles an hour and theres another bridge here and youre through this room -second and the building will sort of reflect that on the back side its much more humane entrance dining hall et cetera and then this -kind of space -thing here im hoping as you drive by -picket fence effect of the sound -im doing a building in switzerland basel which is an office building for a furniture company -we struggled with the image these are the early studies but they have to sell furniture to normal people so if i did the building and it was too fancy then people might say well the furniture looks ok in his thing -normal building so weve made a kind of pragmatic slab in the second phase here and weve taken the conference facilities -so that the communal space is very sculptural and separate and youre looking at it from the offices and -was difficult to fit into and it was my theory or my point of view that one didnt -this is in paris -the gare de lyon over here the minister of finance the guy that moved from the louvre goes in here theres a new library across the -river and back in here in this already treed park were doing a very dense -its a very dense program bookstores -in a very tight small this is the ground level and the french -a beautiful site and cutting the corner off they call it the -get around the corner these are the models for it i showed you the other model the one -this is the way i organized myself so i could make the drawing -so i understood the problem i was trying to get around this plan coupe how do you do it apartments et cetera and these are the kind -upstage the neighborhood one made accommodations i tried to be inclusive to include the buildings in the neighborhood whether they were buildings i liked or not -but out of it came finally this resolution where the -elevator piece -worked frontally to this parallel to this street and also parallel to here and then this kind of twist with this balcony and -her skirt to let me into the foyer the restaurants here the apartments and the theater et cetera so it would all be built in stone -it faces into a park and the idea was -on the side facing the street its much more normal -so that coming on the point these housing units made a gesture -any of you guys have any ideas for it please contact me i dont know what to -and he hired me to do a house for him in the hamptons and its got a fish and i -is going to be the last fish its like a drug addict i say im not going to do it -im not going to do it and then i do it -but its the living room and this piece here -is i dont know what it is i just added it so that wed have enough money in the budget so we could take -this is eurodisney and ive worked with all of the guys that presented to you earlier weve had a lot of fun working together i think -from mars for them and they are for me but somehow we all manage to work together and i think productively so far -this is a shopping thing you come into the magic kingdom -and the hotel that tony baxter -and then this is a kind of a shopping mall -another restaurant what i did because of the paris skies being quite dull i made a light grid -thats perpendicular to the train station to the route of the train it looks like its kind of been there and then -all these simpler forms into it the light grid will have a light be lit up at night and give a kind of light ceiling -in switzerland germany actually on the rhine across from basel -a furniture factory and a furniture museum and i tried to theres a nick grimshaw building over here theres an oldenburg sculpture over here i tried to make -made flooring walls and everything out of cardboard -a relationship urbanistically and i dont gave good slides to show its just been completed but this piece here is this building and these pieces here and here and as -by its always part you see it as all of these pieces accrue and become part of an overall -you wonder if this is a museum what its going to be like inside -on the outside it does scream out at you -and the success of it threw me for a loop -actually basically three square rooms with a couple of skylights and stuff and from the building in the back you see it as an iceberg floating by -i couldnt deal with the success of furniture i wasnt secure enough as an architect and so i closed it all up and made furniture that nobody would like -see that skylight goes down and becomes that one so -this is the disney hall the concert hall its a complicated project it has -chamber hall its related to an existing chandler pavilion that was built with a lot of love and -caring and its not a great building but i approached it optimistically that we would make a -the plan of this its a concert hall this is the foyer which is kind of a garden structure theres commercial at the ground floor these are offices which really in the competition we didnt have to design but finally -chandler composing these elevations together and relating them to the buildings that -the acoustician in the competition gave us criteria which led to -scheme which we found out after the competition would not work at all -these forms and liked the space and so thats one of the problems of a competition you have to then try and -get that back in some way -we studied -many models this was our original model these were the three -buildings that were the ideal the concertgebouw boston and berlin everybody liked the surround actually this is the smallest hall in size and it has more seats than -because it has double balconies our client doesnt want balconies so and when we met our new -we finally settled on a shape that was the proportion of the concertgebouw with the sloping outside walls which -our idea is to make the seating carriage very sculptural and out of wood and like a big boat sitting in this plaster room thats the idea -the corners would have skylights -these columns would be structural and the nice thing about introducing columns is they give you -from wherever you sit and create intimacy now this is not a -on the way to being and so i wouldnt take it literally except the feeling of -we studied the acoustics with laser -stuff and they bounce them off this and see where it all works but you get the sense of the hall in section -most halls come straight down into a proscenium in this case were opening it back up -and getting skylights in the four corners and so it will be quite a different shape -the original building because it was frog -like fit nicely on the site and cranked itself well when you get into a box its harder to do it and here we are struggling with how to put the hotel in and this is a -but this is how i do work i do take pieces and bits and look at it and struggle with it and cut it away and of course its not going to look like that but it is the crazy way i tend to -and then finally in l a -after we failed i just kept failing -larrys putting some water in there and it works much better than a fish in barcelona i was asked to do a fish and were working on -at the foot of ritz carlton tower being done by skidmore owings and merrill and the ritz carlton tower is being designed with exposed steel non fire -much like those old gas tanks and so we took the language of this exposed steel and used it perverted it into the form of the -created a kind of a nineteenth century contraption that looks like that will sit this is the beach and the harbor out in front and this is really a shopping center with department stores and we split these bridges -originally this was all solid with a hole in -my ideas are in my head anyway theyre very logical and relate to whats going on and problem solving for clients -several bridges and created a kind of foreground -to the hotel people the other day -terrified and said that nobody -because of this fish -finally i just threw these in lou danziger i -sadly for sale time goes on -and this is my son working with me -fast food thing he designed the robot as the cashier and the head moves and i did the rest of it and the food wasnt as good as the -piece on the left and that ultimately led to the piece on the right happened -should have been the other way around the food should have been good first it didnt work thank you very much -when the kid that was working on this took one of those long strings of stuff and folded it up to put it in the wastebasket -and i put a piece of tape around it as you see there and realized you could sit on it and it had a lot of resilience and strength and so on so -it was an accidental discovery -i got into fish -i mean the story i tell is that i got mad at postmodernism at pomo and -said that fish were five hundred million years earlier than man -and if youre going to go back we might as well go back to the beginning and so -making these funny -and they started to have a life of their own -and got bigger as the one glass at the walker and then -i sliced off the head and the tail and everything and tried to translate what i was learning about the form -fish and the movement and a lot of my architectural ideas that came from it accidental again -an intuitive kind of thing and i just kept going with it and made this proposal for a building which was only a proposal -i did this building in japan -i was taken -out to dinner after the contract for this little restaurant was signed and i love sake and kobe and all that stuff -and after i got i was really -i was asked to do some sketches on -either convince clients at the end that i solve their problems or i really do solve their problems because usually they seem to like it let me go right into -and i made some sketches on napkins little boxes and morandi like things that i used to do and the client said why no fish and so i made a drawing with a fish -japan three weeks later i received a complete set of drawings saying wed won the competition -to -oldenburg who i work with a little once in a while told me i couldnt do it and so that -but he was right i couldnt do the tail i started to get the head ok but the tail i -the thing on the right is a snake form a ziggurat and i put them together and you walk between them it was a dialog with the context again now if you saw a picture of this as it was -record they didnt show the context so you would think god what a pushy guy this is but a friend of mine spent four hours wandering around here looking for this restaurant couldnt find it so -as for craft and technology and all those things that youve all been talking about i was thrown for a complete loop this was built in six months the way we sent drawings to -we used the magic computer in michigan that does carved models and we used to make foam models which that thing scanned we made the drawings of fish and scales -the slides can you turn off -building in l a for reasons -want -delayed toxic -so we built a temporary building im getting good -i like to be in the dark i dont want you to see what im doing -there is a story its a real story about my grandmother buying a carp on thursday bringing it home -s -and i made a pedestal for a sculpture and he didnt buy a sculpture so i made one i went around -people like oldenburg weve been friends for a long -things a few years ago we did a performance piece in venice italy -anyway i did this house in santa monica and it got a lot of notoriety in fact -and they were claess assistants in the play he was the swiss army knife -i get credit for participating in and i can tell you its totally an oldenburg i had nothing to do with it the only thing i did was i made it possible for them to turn those blades -it appeared in a porno -with things like chain link fencing i do it because its a curious thing in the culture when things are made in such great quantities absorbed in such great quantities and -people hate it and im fascinated with that which like the paper furniture its one of those materials and -and -which is the slide on the right -the loyola law school -trying to collide our ideas to put objects next to each other like a morandi like the little bottles composing them like a still life and it seemed to work as a way to -sent me the first model of the real proposal it made my building -and it was this interaction between that kind of up the ante stuff that became pretty interesting it led to the building on the left -and i still think the time magazine picture will be of the binoculars -the -want ill use the craft i can get -is in venice i just show it because i want you to know im concerned about context on the left hand side -and there were plenty of models for that in rauschenberg and jasper johns and many artists who were making beautiful -with junk materials i went into the metal because it was a way of building a building -was a sculpture and it was all of one material and the metal could go on -and canada in washington and i did it on the condition that they become my partners in the future and help me with all future metal buildings et cetera et cetera and its working very well to have these -i had the context of those little houses and i tried to build a building that fit into that context when people take pictures of these buildings out of that context they look really weird -miller has this philosophy of having a place a people -thing to say but it is real that they wanted to have a central place where the cafeteria would be where the people would come and where the people working would interact -so its out in the middle of nowhere and you approach it its copper and galvanize and i used the galvanize and copper in a very -gauge so it would buckle -undoing richard meiers aesthetic -and then what what do you bring to it and i think thats what ive always been interested in is that which is a personal kind of -expression -bilbao i think shows that you can have that kind of personal expression and still touch all the bases -that are necessary of fitting into the city thats what reminded me of it and i think thats the issue you know its the then what that most clients who hire architects -most -arent hiring architects for that theyre hiring them to get it done get it on budget you know -at a certain point a number of years ago people when -michael graves was a fashion before -i did a teapot and nobody bought it -people wanted a michael graves building is that a curse that people want a bilbao building -ive gotten called since bilbao opened which is now four five years i dont know both krens and i have been called -and youve had not rock star status but celebrity status in doing what you wanted to do for most of your life and i know the road was extremely difficult -with i dont know at least one hundred opportunities china brazil -other parts of spain to come in and do the bilbao effect and ive met with some of these people usually i say no right away -but some of them come with pedigree and they sound well intentioned and they get you for at least -one or two meetings in one case i flew all the way to malaga with a team because the thing was signed -with seals and various -you know very official seals from the city and that they wanted me to come and do a building in their port and i asked them what kind of building it was when you get here well explain -so four of us went and they took us they put us up in a great hotel and we were looking over the -and then they took us in a boat out in the water and showed us all these sights in the harbor -each one was more beautiful that the other and then -i listened to this scientist this morning and doctor mullis was talking about his experiments and i realized that i almost became a scientist -going to have lunch with the mayor and we were going to have dinner with the most important people in malaga and just before going to lunch with the mayor -we went to the harbor commissioner it was a table as long as this carpet and the harbor commissioner was here and i was here and my guys and -we sat down and we had a drink of water and everybody was quiet and the guy looked at me and said now what can i do for you mister gehry -oh my god fg so i got up -i said to my team lets get out of here we stood up we walked out they followed the guy that dragged us there followed us and he said you mean youre not going to have lunch with the mayor i said nope youre not going to have dinner at all -and it didnt seem that your sell outs -they just brought us there to hustle this group you know to create a project and we get a lot of that -luckily im old enough that you know i can complain i cant travel -i dont have my own plane -are you going to talk about me or you -whatever they were were very big you kept moving ahead in a life -i want to get a standing ovation like -dependent on working for somebody -but thats an interesting thing for a creative person a lot of us work for people were in the hands of other people -that and that makes your win doubly big triply big its not quite a question but you can comment on it its a big issue -well ive always just -ive never really gone out looking for work i always waited for it to sort of hit me on the head and -when i started out i thought that architecture was a service business and that you had to please the clients and stuff and i realized when id come in to the meetings with these -corrugated metal and chain link stuff and people would just look at me like id just landed from mars -but i couldnt do anything else that was my response to the people and the time and -it was responding to -clients that i had that didnt have very much money so they couldnt afford very much i think it was circumstantial until i got to my house where the client was my wife -i built a house around it and -when i was fourteen my parents bought me a chemistry set and i decided to make water -s building this huge concrete place and it was late in the evening wed had a lot to drink we were standing out in the desert all alone and he said -thinking about my house he said did it ever occur to you if you built stuff more permanent somewhere in two thousand years somebodys going to like it -so i thought yes thats probably a good idea luckily i started to get some -where do we go now back to everythings so temporary i dont see it the way you characterized -i ever did and -i get the sweats i go in and start working im not sure where im going if i knew where i was going i wouldnt do it when i can predict or plan it i -do it i discard it so i approach it with the same trepidation obviously over time i have a lot more confidence -that its going to be ok i do -the project is with i think a healthy insecurity and like the playwright said the other day i could relate to him youre not sure when -embarrassed by it i felt an embarrassment how could i have done that how could i have made shapes like that or done stuff like that its taken several years to -now look at it detached and say as you walk around the corner and a piece of it works with the road and the street and it appears to have a relationship -and explained it all to me and i thought he was nuts and i didnt think he knew what he was doing and he pulled it off so i think hes icarus and phoenix all in one guy -so i made a hydrogen generator -and he gets up there and then he comes back up -still talking about it september eleven -generated some interest in moving it over to ground zero and im totally against -and i made an oxygen generator and i had the two pipes leading into a beaker and i threw a -when will that be finished fg that will be finished in two thousand and three september october and im hoping kyu and -herbie and yo yo and all those guys come play with us at that place -luckily today most of the people im working with are people i really like richard koshalek is probably one of the main reasons that disney hall came to me hes been a cheerleader -for quite a long time there arent many people around that are really involved with architecture as clients you know if you think about the world and even just in this audience -most of us -are involved with buildings nothing that you would call architecture right and so to find one -a guy like that you hang on to him you know hes become the head of art center and -a building by craig ellwood there i knew craig and respected him and they want to add to it and its hard to add to a building like that -was intuitive -grew up and lived in portugal and is probably considered the portuguese main guy in architecture i visited with him a few years ago and he showed me his early work and his early work -had a resemblance to my early work when i came out of college i started to try to do things contextually in southern california and you got into -the logic of spanish colonial tile roofs and things like that i tried to understand that language as a beginning as a place to jump off -and there was so much of it being done by spec builders and it was trivialized so much that it -wasnt i just stopped i mean charlie moore did a bunch of it but it didnt feel good to me -siza on the other hand continued in portugal where the real stuff was and evolved a modern language that relates to -that historic language and -i always felt that he should come to southern california and do a building i tried to -a couple of jobs and they didnt pan out and i like the idea of collaboration with -people like that because it pushes you -done it with claes oldenburg and with richard serra who doesnt think architecture is art did you see that thing -he say fg he calls architecture plumbing -anyway the siza thing its a richer experience it must be like that for kyu doing things with musicians its similar to that i would imagine where you -its like jazz you improvise you work together you play off each other you make -something they make something and i think its a way of for me its a way of trying to understand the city and what might happen in the city -near the current campus anyway hes that kind of patron its not his money of course -i dont know whats the schedule -the opening ill invite you no but the issue of city building in democracy is interesting because it creates chaos right everybody doing their thing -id like to start again just start this session again the gentleman to my left is the very famous perhaps overly famous frank gehry -makes a very chaotic environment and if you can figure out how to work off each other i mean its not that -you can get a bunch of people who respect each others work and play off each other you might be able to create models for how to build sections of the city -without resorting to the one architect like the rockefeller center model which is kind of from another era -i found the most remarkable thing my preconception of bilbao -was in its context to the city that was the surprise of going across the river going on the highway around it -but you know richard most architects when they present their work most of the people we know you get up and you talk about your work and its almost like you -tell everybody youre a good guy by saying look -im worried about the context im worried about the city im worried about my client i worry about budget that im on time blah blah blah and all that stuff and its like -not going to get much work if it leaks bilbao did not leak i was so -they were there three days and it rained every day and they kept walking around i noticed they were looking under things -and they wanted to know where the buckets were hidden you know people put buckets out i was clean there wasnt a bloody leak in the place it was just fantastic -but youve got to yeah well up until then every building -it is astonishing for an artist for an architect -so this -had a fame his fame was built on that in l a for a while -wright story when the woman called and said mister wright im sitting on the couch and the waters pouring in on my head and he said madam move your chair -so some years later i was doing a building a little house on the beach for norton simon and his secretary who was kind of a hell on wheels type lady called me and said -to become actually an icon and a legend in their own time i mean you have become whether you can giggle at it because its funny you know its a strange thought but your building is an icon you can draw a little picture of that building it can be used in ads -but my point is that -and i call it the then what ok you solved all the problems you did all the stuff you made nice you loved your clients you loved the city youre a good guy youre a good person -i found these stamps as a child and i have been waiting all my life to have someone to send them to i never did have someone -secrets can take many forms they can be shocking or silly or soulful they can connect us to our deepest humanity or with people well never meet -a stamp and my home address written on the other side -dear birthmother i have great parents ive found love -name is frank and i collect secrets -everyone who knew me before nine eleven believes im dead -i used to work with a bunch of uptight religious people so sometimes i didnt wear panties and just had a big smile and chuckled to myself -it all started with a crazy idea in november of two thousand and four i printed up three thousand self addressed postcards just like this they were blank on one side and on the other side i listed some simple instructions -and sometimes afterwards ill stick around and sign books and take photos with students and this next postcard was made out of one of those photos and i should also mention that just like today at that postsecret event i was using a wireless microphone -this was really embarrassing when it happened until i realized -it could have been worse -that saturday when you wondered where i was well i was getting your ring -its in my pocket right now -i had this postcard posted on the postsecret blog two years ago on valentines day it was the very bottom the last secret in the long column -he said for three years my girlfriend and i weve made it this sunday morning ritual to visit the postsecret blog together and read the secrets out loud i read some to her she reads some to me -he says its really brought us closer together through the years -and so when i discovered that you had posted my surprise proposal to my girlfriend at the very bottom i was beside myself and i tried to act calm not to give anything away and just like every sunday we started reading the secrets out loud to each other -he said but this time it seemed like it was taking her forever to get through -i asked people to anonymously share an artful secret theyd never told anyone before -but she finally did she got to that bottom -and then she read it again and she turned to him and said is that our cat -and when she saw him he was down on one knee he had the ring out he popped the question she said yes it was a very happy ending so i emailed him back and i said -please share with me an image something that i can share with the whole postsecret community and let everyone know your fairy tale ending and he emailed me this picture -i found your camera at lollapalooza this summer i finally got the pictures developed -and id love to give them to you this picture never got returned back to the people who lost it -but this secret has impacted many lives starting with a student up in canada named matty -matty invites people to mail him digital cameras that theyve found memory sticks that have been lost with orphan photos and matty takes the pictures off these cameras and posts them on his website every week -and people come to visit to see if they can identify a picture theyve lost or help somebody else get the photos back to them that they might be desperately searching for -matty has found this ingenious way to leverage the kindness of strangers and it might seem like a simple idea and it is but the impact it can have on peoples lives can be huge matty shared with me an emotional email he received from the mother in that picture -thats me my husband and son -the other pictures are of my very ill grandmother thank you for making your site -these pictures mean more to me than you know my sons birth is on this camera he turns four tomorrow -every picture that you see there and thousands of others have been returned back to the person who lost it sometimes crossing oceans sometimes going through language barriers -people began to buy their own postcards and make their own postcards i started receiving secrets in my home mailbox not just with postmarks from washington d c but from texas california vancouver new zealand iraq -this is the last postcard i have to share with you today -when people i love leave voicemails on my phone i always save them in case they die tomorrow -and i have no other way of hearing their voice ever again -when i posted this secret dozens of people sent voicemail messages from their phones sometimes ones theyd been keeping for years messages from family or friends who had died -they said that by preserving those voices and sharing them it helped them keep the spirit of their loved ones alive -one young girl posted the last message she ever heard from her grandmother -secrets can take many forms they can be shocking or silly or soulful they can connect us with our deepest humanity or with people well never meet again -have you ever sent in a secret to postsecret -i have one of my own secrets in every book i think in some ways the reason i started the project even though i didnt know it at the time was because i was struggling with my own secrets and it was through crowd sourcing it was through the kindness that strangers were showing me that i could uncover parts of my past that were haunting me -soon my crazy idea didnt seem so crazy -you can see my wife struggling to stack a brick of postcards on a pyramid of over a half million secrets what id like to do now is share with you a very special handful of secrets from that collection starting with this one -and so what you see here is two males who have had a fight they ended up in a tree and one of them holds out a hand to the other and about a second after i took the picture they came together in the fork of the tree and they kissed and embraced each other now this is very interesting because -a valuable relationship that is damaged by conflict so you need to do something about it so my whole picture of the animal kingdom and including humans also started to change at that time -so we have this image in political science economics the humanities philosophy for that matter that man is a wolf to man and so deep down our natures actually nasty i think its a very unfair image for the wolf -the wolf is after all a very cooperative animal and thats why many of you have a dog at home which has all these characteristics also and its really unfair to humanity because humanity is actually much more cooperative and empathic than given credit for so i started getting interested in those issues and studying that in other animals -so these are the pillars of morality if you ask anyone what is morality based on these are the two factors that always come out one is reciprocity and associated with it is a sense of justice and a sense of fairness and the other one is empathy and compassion and -human morality is more than this but if you would remove these two pillars there would be not much remaining i think and so theyre absolutely essential so let me give you a few examples here this is a very old video from the yerkes primate center where they train chimpanzees to cooperate -so this is already about a hundred years ago that we were doing experiments on cooperation what you have here is two young chimpanzees who have a box and the box is too heavy for one chimp to pull in and of course theres food on the box otherwise they wouldnt be pulling so hard and so theyre bringing in the box -and you can see that theyre synchronized you can see that they work together they pull at the same moment its already a big advance over many other animals who wouldnt be able to do that and now youre going to get a more interesting picture because now one of the two chimps has been fed so one of the two is not really interested in the task anymore -now look at what happens at the very end of this -everything -the second one is that the partner is willing to work even though hes not interested in the food why would that be well that probably has to do with reciprocity theres actually a lot of evidence in primates and other animals that they return favors so he will get a return favor at some point in the future and so thats how this all operates -what would happen with society if there was no religion or if there was less religion and so he painted this famous painting the garden of earthly delights which some have interpreted -we do the same task with elephants now with elephants its very dangerous to work with elephants another problem with elephants is that you cannot make an apparatus that is too heavy for a single elephant -now you can probably make it but its going to be a pretty flimsy apparatus i think and so what we did in that case we do these studies in thailand for josh plotnik -tape youre going to see is two elephants who are released together arrive at the apparatus the apparatus is on the left with food on it -and so they come together they arrive together they pick it up together and they pull together so its actually fairly simple for them -thats how they bring it in but now were going to make it more difficult because the whole purpose of this experiment is to see how well they understand cooperation do they understand that as well as the chimps for example -and so what we do in the next step is we release one elephant before the other and that elephant needs to be smart enough to stay there and wait and not pull at the rope because if he pulls at the rope it disappears and the whole test is over now this elephant does something illegal that we did not teach it -but it shows the understanding that he has because he puts his big foot on the rope stands on the rope and waits there for the other and then the other is going to do all the work -for him so its what we call freeloading -and is going to pull it in -the -this was the cooperation reciprocity part now something on empathy -empathy is my main topic at the moment of research and empathy has sort of two qualities one is the understanding part of it this is just a regular definition the ability to understand and share the feelings of another and the emotional part and so empathy has basically two channels -and thats more limited theres few animals i think elephants and apes can do that kind of thing but there are very few animals who can do that -people who have problems with empathy such as autistic children they dont have yawn contagion so it is connected and we study that in our chimpanzees by presenting them with an animated head so thats what you see on the upper left -much later as a student i went to a very different garden a zoological garden in arnhem where we keep chimpanzees this is me at an early age with a baby chimpanzee -an animated head that yawns and theres a chimpanzee watching an actual real chimpanzee watching a computer screen on which we play these animations -so yawn contagion that youre probably all familiar with and maybe youre going to start yawning soon now -and thats related to that whole body channel of synchronization that underlies empathy and that is universal in the mammals basically -now we also study more complex expressions this is consolation this is a male chimpanzee who has lost a fight and hes screaming and a juvenile comes over and puts an arm around him and calms him down thats consolation its very similar to human consolation -we also recently published an experiment you may have heard about its on altruism and chimpanzees where the question is do chimpanzees care about the welfare of somebody else -can do that that only humans worry about the welfare of somebody else now we did a very simple experiment -we do that on chimpanzees that live in lawrenceville in the field station of yerkes and so thats how they live and we call them into a room and do experiments with them in this case we put two chimpanzees side by side and one has a bucket full of tokens -and the tokens have different meanings one kind of token feeds only the partner who chooses the other one feeds both of them so this is a study we did with vicky horner -and here you have the two color tokens so they have a whole bucket full of them -and they have to pick one of the two colors -you will see how that goes -so if this chimp makes the selfish choice which is the red token in this case -i discovered there that the chimpanzees are very power hungry and wrote a book about it and -so it doesnt matter whatsoever and she should actually be choosing blindly -its as if theyre saying if youre not behaving im not going to be pro social today and this is what happens without a partner when theres no partner sitting there and so we found that the chimpanzees do care about the well being of somebody else especially these are other members of their own group -so the final experiment that i want to mention to you is our fairness study -so what we did is we put two capuchin monkeys side by side again these animals they live in a group they know each other we take them out of the group put them in a test chamber and theres a very simple task that they need to do and if you give both of them cucumber -so thats the experiment we did recently we videotaped it with new monkeys whod never done the task thinking that maybe they would have a stronger reaction and that turned out to be right the one on the left -so she gives a rock to us thats the task -and we give her a piece of cucumber and she eats it the other one needs to give a rock to us -and thats what she does and she gets a grape -and she eats it the other one sees that she gives a rock to us now gets again cucumber -she tests a rock now against the wall she needs to give it to us -so this is basically the wall street protest that -this is the launch of my book im not sure how well the chimpanzees read it but they surely seemed interested in the book -let me tell you i still have two minutes left let me tell you a funny story about this -this study became very famous and we got a lot of comments especially anthropologists economists -philosophers they didnt like this at all because they had decided in their minds i believe that fairness is a very complex issue and that animals cannot have it and so one philosopher even wrote us that it was impossible that monkeys had a sense of fairness because fairness was invented during the french revolution -a couple of combinations of chimpanzees where indeed the one who would get the grape would refuse the grape until the other guy also got a grape so were getting very close to the human sense of fairness and i think philosophers need to rethink their philosophy for awhile -so let me summarize i believe theres an evolved morality i think morality is much more than what ive been talking about but -it would be impossible without these ingredients that we find in other primates which are empathy and consolation pro social tendencies and reciprocity and a sense of fairness and so we work on these particular issues to see if we can create a morality from the bottom up so to speak without necessarily god and religion involved -and to see how we can get to an evolved morality and i thank you for your attention -nature and science and with that said id like to invite you for a short brief journey of life through time -matter condenses into spheres over time -and its been my passion as a photographer for national geographic ive portrayed it for many -fire gave way earth emerged -this was an alien planet -and -is the key to life -frozen form it is a latent -five years ago i went on a personal journey i wanted to visualize the story of life -it arises around cracks in -living structures -its the hardest thing ive ever attempted and there have been plenty of times when i felt like backing out but there were also revelations -grew as light and oxygen increased -life hardened and became defensive -it learned to move -and began to see -the first -vision was refined in horseshoe crabs -among the first to leave -still do what theyve done for -their enemies long gone scorpions follow prey out of -slugs became snails -fish tried amphibian -frogs adapted to deserts -as a co op fungi married algae clinging to -and one of those id like to share with you today i went down to a remote lagoon in australia -forms of ferns followed -that foreshadowed seeds -land life turned a corner -jaws formed first teeth came later -time for life to break away from -dragons that arose are still among -arose and -like -before the sky turned blue theres stromatolites down there the first living things to capture photosynthesis -birds witnessed the emergence of -plants began to diversify -turning into trees -a lily turned into a grass tree and in -that ancient continent broke up -sparking new -fungi -co evolution entwined insects and -are -so are these hawks trapped -sometimes -and its the only place they still occur today going down there was like entering a time capsule and i came out with a different sense of myself in time -an asteroid hits -world went down -but there were witnesses -when the skies cleared -new world -a world fit for mammals -getting faster and faster -growing big was another answer -size always comes -some mammals -are many ways -a horse runs in asia -evolves stilt legs in brazil -primates emerge -from jungles as tarsiers first -becoming lemurs -forests dried -water traces -fades as -their -you all -hope its a story that has some resonance for our time its a story about you and me -i experienced this firsthand as a high school student in uganda this was in the nineties during the peak of the -before there were any arvs in sub saharan africa and during that time i actually lost more relatives as well as the teachers who taught me to hiv aids -so this became one of the driving passions of my life to help find real solutions that could address these kinds of problems -the greatest irony in global health is that the poorest countries carry the largest disease burden if we re size the countries of the globe in proportion to the subject of interest -the good news is that the same technology that allowed miniaturization of electronics is now allowing us to miniaturize biological -so right now we can actually miniaturize biological and chemistry laboratories onto microfluidic chips -i was very lucky to come to the u s right after high school and was able to work on this technology and develop some devices -this is a microfluidic chip that i developed a close look at how the technology works these are channels that are about the size of a human hair -so you have integrated valves pumps mixers and injectors so you can fit entire diagnostic experiments onto a microfluidic system -so what i plan to do with this technology is actually take the current state of the technology and build an hiv kit in a microfluidic system so with one microfluidic chip which is the size of -you can actually diagnose one hundred patients at the same time for each patient we will be able to do up to one hundred different viral loads per patient and this is only done in four hours -fifty times faster than the current state of the art at a cost that will be five to five hundred times cheaper than the current options so this will allow us to create -in the third world at a cost that is actually achievable and make the world a safer place -as well as your involvement in driving this vision to a point of practical reality thank you very much -we see that sub saharan africa is the worst hit region by hiv aids this is the most devastating epidemic of our time -we also see that this region has the least capability in terms of dealing with the disease there are very few doctors and quite frankly these countries do not have the resources that are needed to cope with such epidemics -so what the western countries developed countries have generously done is they have proposed to provide free drugs to all people in third world countries who actually cant afford these medications -and this has already saved millions of lives and it has prevented entire economies from capsizing in sub saharan africa -but there is a fundamental problem that is killing the efforts in fighting this disease because -if you keep throwing drugs out at people who dont have diagnostic services you end up creating a problem of drug resistance this is already beginning to happen in sub saharan africa -the problem is that what begins as a tragedy in the third world could easily become a global problem and the last thing we want to see is drug resistant strains of -hiv popping up all over the world because it will make treatment more expensive and it could also restore the pre arv carnage of hiv aids -without having to wait for a collision and therell be advantages for spreading out long -what im saying is that we should follow the model that has been so successful with the -kelp like forest of vegetation i call these creatures sunflowers they look like maybe like sunflowers they have to be all the time pointing toward the sun -and they will be able to spread out in space because gravity on these objects is weak so they can collect sunlight from a big area -so they will in fact be quite easy for us to detect so i hope in the next ten years well find these creatures -and then of course our whole view of life in the universe will change if we dont find them then we can create them ourselves -thats another -wonderful opportunity thats opening we can as soon as we have a little bit more understanding of genetic engineering one of the things you can do with your -take it home do it yourself genetic engineering kit is to design a creature that can live on a cold satellite a place like europa -so we could colonize europa with our own creatures that would be a fun thing to do -in the long run of course it would also make it possible for us to move out there -whats going to happen in the end its not going to be just humans colonizing space its going to be life moving out from the earth -moving it into its kingdom and the kingdom of life of course is going to be the universe -and if life is already there it makes it much more exciting in the short run but in the long run if theres no life there -we create it ourselves we transform the universe into something much more rich and beautiful than it is today -so again we have a big and wonderful future to look forward thank you -as soon as computers became toys when kids could come home and play with them then the industry really took off and that has to happen with biotech theres a huge -a huge community of people in the world -who are practical biologists who are dog breeders pigeon breeders -will we be remembered in two hundred years i happen to live in a little town princeton in new jersey which every year celebrates the great event in princeton history the battle of princeton -people will be empowered with biotech and that will be an enormous -positive step to acceptance -of biotechnology that will blow away a lot of the opposition when people have this technology in their hands you have a do it yourself biotech kit grow your own -just buy the software you design -i wont say anymore you can take it on from there its going to happen and i think it has to happen -the technology becomes natural becomes part of the human condition something that everybodys familiar with and everybody accepts so -leave that aside i want to talk about something quite different which is what i know about and that is astronomy and im interested in searching for life in the universe -and its open to us to introduce a new way of doing that and thats what ill talk about for ten minutes or whatever the time remains -the important fact is that most of the real estate thats accessible to us im not talking about the stars im talking about the solar system the stuff thats within reach -within reach of our earthbound telescopes -most of the real estate is very cold and very far from the sun -if you look at the solar system as we know it today it has a few planets close to the sun thats where we live -which was in fact a very important battle it was the first battle that george washington won in fact and was pretty much of a turning point in the war of independence it happened two hundred and twenty five years ago -it has a fairly substantial number of asteroids between the orbit of the earth out through to -the orbit of jupiter the asteroids are a substantial amount of real estate but not very large and its not very promising for life since most of it consists of rock and metal mostly rock -its not only cold but very dry so the asteroids we dont have much hope -some interesting places a little further out the moons of jupiter and saturn particularly theres a place called europa which is europa is one of the moons of jupiter -where we see a very level ice surface which looks as if its floating on top of an ocean -so we believe that on europa there is in fact a deep ocean and that makes it extraordinarily interesting as a place to explore -probably the most likely place for life to originate just as it originated on the earth -so -we would love to explore europa to go down through the ice find out who is swimming around in the ocean whether there are fish -or seaweed or sea monsters whatever there may be thats exciting or cephalopods -so its very expensive and very difficult to go down there send down your submarine or whatever it is and explore thats something we dont yet know how to do -there are plans to do it -a bit further youll find that beyond the orbit of neptune way out far from the sun thats where the real estate really begins youll find -millions or trillions or billions of objects which in what we call the kuiper belt or the oort cloud these -it was actually a terrible disaster for princeton the town was burned down it was in the middle of winter -clouds of small objects which appear as comets when they fall close to the sun mostly they just live out there -in the cold of the outer solar system but they are biologically very interesting indeed because they consist primarily of ice -with other minerals which are just the right ones for developing life so if life could be established out there it would have all the essentials chemistry -and sunlight everything thats needed -so what im proposing is that there is where we should be looking for life rather than on mars although mars is of course also a very promising and interesting place -but we can look outside very cheaply and in a simple fashion and thats what im going to talk about -there is a imagine -out of the ocean onto the surface just as it did on the earth staying in the ocean and evolving in the ocean for two billion years finally came out onto the land and then of course it had great much greater freedom -and it was a very very severe winter and about a quarter of all the people in princeton died that winter from hunger and cold -and a much greater variety of creatures developed on the land than had ever been possible in the ocean and the step from the ocean to the land was not easy -but it happened -now if life had originated on europa in the ocean it could also have moved out onto the surface there wouldnt have been any air there its a vacuum it is out -in the cold -but it still could have come you can imagine that the plants growing up like kelp through cracks in the ice -so they would have to have something like a reptilian skin -but better what is more important is that they would have to concentrate sunlight the sunlight in jupiter on the satellites of jupiter is twenty five times fainter than it is here -since jupiter is five times as far from the sun so they would have to have these creatures which i call sunflowers which i imagine living on the surface of europa -would have to have either lenses or mirrors to concentrate sunlight so they could keep themselves warm on the surface -but nobody remembers that what they remember is of course the great triumph that the brits were beaten and we won and that the country was -but if they just simply could grow like leaves little lenses and mirrors to concentrate sunlight then they could keep warm on the surface they could enjoy all the benefits of the sunlight -and have roots going down into the ocean life then could flourish much more so -why not look of course its not very likely that theres life on the surface of europa none of these things is likely but my -my philosophy is look for whats detectable not for whats probable theres a long history in astronomy of unlikely things turning out to be there -and i mean the finest example of that was radio astronomy as a whole this was originally when radio astronomy began -the bell labs detected radio waves coming from the sky -and the regular astronomers were scornful about this they said its all right you can detect radio waves from the sun -but the sun is the only object in the universe thats close enough and bright enough actually to be detectable you can easily calculate that radio waves from the sun are fairly faint -and everything else in the universe is millions of times further away so it certainly will not be detectable -so theres no point in looking and that of course that set back the progress of radio astronomy by about twenty years -since there was nothing there you might as well not look well of course as soon as anybody did look which was after about twenty years when radio astronomy really took off -it turned out the universe is absolutely full of all kinds of wonderful things radiating in the radio spectrum much brighter than the sun -and so i agree very emphatically that the pain of childbirth is not remembered its the child thats remembered and thats what were going through at this time -so the same thing could be true for this kind of life which im talking about on cold objects that -it could in fact be very abundant all over the universe and its not been detected just because we havent taken the trouble to look so the last thing i want to talk about is how to detect it -canadian expression if you happen to want to hunt animals at night you take a miners lamp which is a pit lamp -you strap it onto your forehead so you can see the reflection in the eyes of the animal so if you go out at night you shine a flashlight -the animals are bright you see the red glow in their eyes which is the reflection of the flashlight and then if youre one of these unsporting characters -you shoot the animals and take them home and of course that spoils the game for the other hunters who hunt in the daytime so in canada thats -the rabbits compete with the sheep in new zealand so the farmers go out at night with heavily armed jeeps -and shine the headlights and anything that doesnt look like a sheep you shoot -so i have proposed to apply the same trick to looking for life in the universe that if these creatures who are living on cold surfaces either on europa -further out anywhere where you can live on a cold surface those creatures must be provided with reflectors -in order to concentrate sunlight they have to have lenses and mirrors in order to keep themselves warm and then when you shine sunlight at them -the sunlight will be reflected back just as it is in the eyes of an animal -i wanted to just talk for one minute about the future of biotechnology because i think i know very little about that im not a biologist so everything i know about it can be said in one minute -so these creatures will be bright against the cold surroundings and the further out you go in this away from the sun the more powerful this reflection will be so actually this method of hunting for life -in contrast against the dark background so as you go further away from the sun this becomes more and more powerful -so in fact you can look for these creatures with telescopes from the earth why arent we doing it simply because nobody thought of it yet but i hope that -we shall look and with any we probably wont find anything none of these speculations may have any basis in fact -but still its a good chance and of course if it happens it will transform our view of life altogether because it means that the way life can live out there -it has enormous advantages as compared with living on a planet its extremely hard to move from one planet to another were having great difficulties at the moment and -any creatures that live on a planet are pretty well stuck especially if you breath air its very hard to get from planet a to planet b because theres no air in between but if you breathe -dead -as youre off the planet unless you have a space ship but if you live in a vacuum if you live on the surface of one of these objects say in the kuiper belt -this an object like pluto or one of the smaller objects in the neighborhood of pluto -and you happened if youre living on the surface there and you get knocked off the surface by a collision then it doesnt change anything all that much you still are on a piece of ice you can still have sunlight and you can still survive -while youre traveling from one place to another and then if you run into another object you can stay there and colonize the other object -so life will spread then from one object to another so if it exists at all in the kuiper belt its likely to be very widespread and you will have then a great -and amazingly one week in church when i really didnt want to be there and i was in the back of the room being placated by doing math problems -i heard this man say this -if we can get the children -to participate in this peaceful demonstration here in birmingham -talking about the success of my campus the university of maryland baltimore county umbc in educating students of all types across the arts and humanities and the science and engineering areas -we can show america that even children know the difference between right and wrong and that children really do want to get the best possible education and i looked up and said who is that man and they said his name was dr martin luther king -and i said to my parents ive got to go i want to go i want to be a part of this and they said absolutely not -the man wants me to go and now you say no and they thought about it all night and they came into my room the next morning they had not slept they had been literally crying and praying and thinking will we let our twelve year old -participate in this march and probably have to go to jail and they decided to do it and when they came in to tell me i was at first elated and then -all of a sudden i began thinking about the dogs and the fire hoses and i got really scared i really did -and one of the points i make to people all the time is that sometimes when people do things that are courageous it doesnt really mean that theyre that courageous it simply means that they believe its important to do it i wanted a better education -i did not want to have to have hand me down books i wanted to know that the school i attended not only had good teachers but the resources we needed and as a result of that experience in the middle of the week while i was there in jail dr king came and said with our parents what you children do this day will have an impact -on children who have not been born -i recently realized that two thirds of americans today had not been born at the time of one thousand nine hundred and sixty three and so for them when they hear about the childrens crusade in birmingham in many ways if they see it on tv its like our looking at the one thousand eight hundred and sixty three lincoln movie its history -and the real question is what lessons did we learn well amazingly the most important for me was this that children can be empowered -to take ownership of their education -what makes our story especially important is that we have learned so much -maryland is the south as you know and quite frankly it was the first university in our state founded at a time when students of all races could go there -and so we had black and white students and others who began to attend and it has been for fifty years an experiment -the experiment is this is it possible to have institutions in our country universities where people from all backgrounds can come and learn and learn to work together and learn to become leaders and to support each other in that experience -now what is especially important about that experience for me is this -we found that we could do a lot in the arts and humanities and social sciences and so we began to work on that for years in the sixty s and we produced a number of people in law all the way to the humanities we produced great artists beckett is our muse a lot of our students get into theater its great work -from a group of students who are typically not at the top of the academic ladder students of color students underrepresented in selected areas -the problem that we faced was the same problem america continues to face that students in the sciences and engineering black students were not succeeding but when i looked at the data what i found was that quite frankly students in general large numbers were not making it -and as a result of that we decided to do something that would help first of all the group at the bottom -african american students and then hispanic students and robert and jane meyerhoff philanthropists said wed like to help robert meyerhoff said why is it that everything i see on tv about black boys if its not about basketball is not positive id like to make a difference to do something thats positive -we married those ideas and we created this meyerhoff scholars program -who begin with majors in those areas actually -succeed and graduate in those areas and only forty two percent of asian americans -and so the real question is what is the challenge well a part of it of course is k twelve we need to strengthen k twelve but the other part has to do with the culture of science and engineering on our campuses whether you know it or not large numbers of students with high sats and large numbers of a p credits who go to the -and what makes the story especially unique is that we have learned how to help african american students latino students students from low income backgrounds to become some of the best in the world in science and engineering -most prestigious universities in our country begin in pre med or pre engineering and engineering and they end up changing their majors -and the number one reason we find quite frankly is they did not do well in first year science courses in fact we call first year science and engineering -typically around america weed out courses or barrier courses how many of you in this audience know somebody who started off in pre med or engineering and changed their major within a year or two its an american challenge half of you in the room i know i know i know and what is interesting about that is that so many students are smart and can do it -we need to find ways of making it happen so what are the four things we did to help minority students that now are helping students in general number one high expectations it takes an understanding of the academic preparation of students -their grades the rigor of the course work their test taking skills their attitude the fire in their belly the passion for the work -to make it and so doing things to help students prepare to be in that position very important but equally important it takes an understanding that its hard work that makes the difference i dont care how smart you are or how smart you think you are smart simply means youre ready to learn -youre excited about learning and you want to ask good questions i i rabi a nobel laureate said that when he was growing up in new york all of his friends parents would ask them what did you learn in school at the end of a day and he said in contrast -his jewish mother would say izzy did you ask a good question today -and so high expectations have to do with curiosity and encouraging young people to be curious and as a result of those high expectations we began to find students we wanted to work with to see what could we do to help them not simply to survive in science and engineering but to become the very best -to excel interestingly enough an example one young man who earned a c in the first course and wanted to go on to med school we said we need to have you retake the course -and so i begin with a story about my childhood we all are products of our childhood experiences -secondly its not about test scores only test scores are important but theyre not the most important thing one young woman had great grades but test scores were not as high but she had a factor that was very important she never missed a day of school k twelve there was fire in that belly that young woman went on and she is today with an m d ph d from hopkins -in science and engineering we tend to think cutthroat students are not taught to work in groups and thats what we work to do with that group to get them to understand each other to build trust among them to support each other to learn how to ask good questions -its hard for me to believe that its been fifty years since i had the experience of being a ninth grade kid in birmingham alabama -but also to learn how to explain concepts with clarity as you know its one thing to earn an a yourself its another thing to help someone else do well and so to feel that sense of responsibility -makes all the difference in the world so building community among those students very important -third the idea of it takes researchers to produce researchers whether youre talking about artists producing artists or youre talking about people getting into the social sciences -whatever the discipline and especially in science and engineering as in art for example you need scientists to pull the students into the work and so our students are working in labs regularly and one great example that youll appreciate during a snowstorm in baltimore several years ago the guy on our campus with this howard hughes medical institute grant -literally came back to work in his lab after several days -and all these students had refused to leave the lab they had food they had -each one of them focused on that work and he said it doesnt get any better than that and then finally if youve got the community and youve got the high expectations and youve got researchers producing researchers you have to have people who are willing as faculty to get involved with those students even in the classroom ill never forget a faculty member calling the staff and saying -excited about the work hes not taking notes we need to talk to him what was significant was that the faculty member was observing every student -to understand who was really involved and who was not and was saying let me see how i can work with them let me get the staff to help me out it was that connecting that young man today is actually a faculty member m d ph d in neuroengineering at duke give him a big hand for that -because so many students are bored in class -do you know that many students k twelve and in universities dont want to just sit there and listen to somebody talk they need to be engaged and so we have done if you look at our website at the chemistry discovery center youll see people coming from all over the country to look at how we are redesigning courses -a kid who would say to the teacher when the teacher said here are ten problems to the class -having an emphasis on collaboration use of technology using problems out of our biotech companies on our campus and not giving students the theories but having them struggle with those theories -and its working so well that throughout our university system in maryland more and more courses are being redesigned its called academic innovation and what does all of that mean it means that now not just in science and engineering we now have programs in the arts in the humanities in the social sciences -in teacher education even particularly for women in i t if you dont know it -telling young women young minority students and students in general you can do this work and most important giving them a chance to build that community with faculty pulling them into the work and our assessing what works and what does not work most important if a student has a sense of self -this little fat kid would say give us ten more and the whole class would say shut up freeman -it is amazing how the dreams and the values can make all the difference in the world when i was a twelve year old child in the jail in birmingham i kept thinking i wonder what my future could be -i had no idea that it was possible for this little black boy in birmingham to one day be president of a university that has students from one hundred and fifty countries where students are not there just to survive where they love learning where they enjoy being the best where they will one day change the world -aristotle said excellence is never an accident it is the result of high intention sincere effort and intelligent execution it represents the wisest option among many alternatives and then he said something that gives me goosebumps he said choice -not chance determines your destiny choice not chance determines your destiny dreams -and there was a designated kicker every day and so i was always asking this question well how could we get more kids to really love to learn -some people reacted in terror -and some people hide from you so this was really interesting to me this idea of taking video off the screen and putting it in real life and also adding interactivity to sculpture so over the next year -i documented forty of my other friends and trapped them in jars as well and created a piece known as garden which is literally a garden of humanity -and what it does is it actually makes you implicit in the work of art you may never experience the entire thing yourself -you can walk away you can just watch as this character stands there in the blender and looks at you or you can actually choose to interact with it -so if you do choose to interact with the piece and you press the blender button it actually sends this character into this dizzying disarray of dishevelment -by doing that you are now part of my piece you like the people that are trapped in my work -and its up to you if you want to choose to punch that punch card clock you actually age me so i start as a baby -and then if you punch the clock youll actually transform the baby into a toddler -man and then from there into an elderly man and if you punch the punch card clock a hundred times in one day -the piece goes black and is not to be reset until the next day -now its no secret because i like collecting things that i love the natural history museum and the collections of animals at the natural history museum in dioramas these to me are like living sculptures right that you can go and look at and they memorialize a specific point of time in this animals life -so in doing so youre erasing time youre actually implicit in this work and youre erasing my life so i like this about interactive video sculpture that you can actually interact with it that all of you can actually touch an artwork and be part of the artwork yourselves and hopefully one day ill have each and every one of you trapped in one of my jars -so i was thinking about my own life and how id like to memorialize my life you know for the ages -and also laughter the lives of my friends -so this piece memorializes my friends in these jars -and they actually move around -because they thought that if you are having a telescope you are an astronomer so what you are doing is actually looking in a telescope and you might have seen the planet going into a star and i was saying no excuse me -i see is this one its just incredible because nobody understood -i bet that there were very few people who really understood what im talking about because this is the indication that the planet went into the star its amazing -the power of spectroscopy was actually realized by pink floyd already -a very difficult task im a spectroscopist i have to talk about -because they actually said that you can get any color -you like in a spectrum and all you need is time and money to make your spectrograph this is the number one high resolution most precise spectrograph on this planet called harps -which is actually used to detect extrasolar planets and sound waves in the atmospheres of stars how we get spectra -im sure most of you know from school physics that its basically splitting a white light -to colors and if you have a liquid hot mass it will produce something which we call a continuous spectrum a hot gas is producing emission lines only -no continuum and if you place a cool gas in front of a hot source you will see certain patterns which we call absorption lines -which is used actually to identify chemical elements in a cool matter which is absorbing exactly at those frequencies now what we can do with the spectra -showing you any single image of nebulae or galaxies etc because my job is spectroscopy i never deal with images -we can actually study line of sight velocities of cosmic objects and we can also study chemical compostion and physical parameters of stars galaxies -a star is the most simple object in the core we have thermonuclear reactions going on creating chemical elements and we have a cool atmosphere its cool for me cool in my terms is -cool for them but you know everything is relative so for me five thousand degrees is -this is the spectrum of the sun twenty four thousand spectral lines and about fifteen percent of these lines is not yet identified it is amazing so we are in the twenty one st century and we still can not properly -is the only spectral line in the spectrum of the sun and we use this weak feature to measure the composition of gold in the atmosphere of the sun -and now this is a work in progress we have been dealing with a similarly very weak feature which belongs to osmium its a heavy element produced in thermonuclear explosions of supernovae -but ill try to convince you that spectroscopy is actually something which can change this world -the only place where you can produce actually osmium just comparing the composition of osmium in one of the planet host stars -we want to understand why there is so much of this element perhaps we even think that maybe supernova explosions trigger formations of planets and stars it can be an indication -the other day my colleague from berkeley gibor basri emailed me a very interesting spectrum asking me can you have a look at this -and i couldnt sleep next two weeks when i saw the huge amount of oxygen and other elements in the spectrum of the stars i knew that there is nothing like that observed in the galaxy -it was incredible the only conclusion we could make from this is clear evidence that there was a supernova explosion in this system which polluted the atmosphere of this star and later a black hole was formed -in a binary system which is still there with a mass of about five solar masses this was considered as first evidence that actually black holes come from supernovae explosions -my colleagues comparing composition of chemical elements in different galactic stars actually discovered alien stars in our galaxy -one of the stars you see in the spectra is an alien it comes from a different galaxy there is interaction of galaxies we know this and sometimes they just capture stars -heard about solar flares we were very surprised to discover a super flare -a flare which is thousands of millions of times more powerful than those we see in the sun in one of the binary stars in our galaxy called -we discovered the super flare and later we went to study the spectral lines to see is there anything strange with these objects and we found that everything is normal -stars are normal like the sun age everything was normal so this is a mystery its one of the mysteries we still have super flares and there are six or seven similar cases -its not very fun to do spectroscopy one of my colleagues in bulgaria neviana markova spent about twenty years studying these profiles and she published forty two articles just dedicated to the subject -to go ahead with this we really need to understand chemical evolution of the universe its very complicated i dont really want you to try to understand what is here -but its to show you how -and doing this for fourteen billion years we end up with this picture which is a very important graph showing relative abundances of chemical elements in sun like stars and in the interstellar medium -so which means that its really impossible to find an object where you find about ten times more sulfur -five times more calcium than oxygen its just impossible and if you find one i will say that this is something related to seti because naturally you -doppler effect is something very important from fundamental physics and this is related to the change of the frequency of a moving source the doppler effect is used to discover extrasolar planets -the precision which we need to discover a jupiter like planet around a sun like star is something like twenty eight point four meters per second and we need nine centimeters per second to detect an earth like planet -this can be done with the future spectrographs i myself im actually involved in the team which is developing a codex high resolution future generation spectrograph for the forty -telescope and this is going to be an instrument to detect earth like planets around sun like stars it is an amazing tool called astroseismology where we can detect sound waves -in the atmospheres of stars -we can detect sound waves in the atmospheres of sun like stars those waves have frequencies in infrasound domain the -can you imagine day and night thinking observing the same star for twenty years is incredible but we are crazy we do these things -coming back to the most important question is there anybody out there this is closely related to tectonic and volcanic activity of planets -connection between life and radioactive nuclei is straightforward no life without tectonic activity without volcanic activity -and we know very well that geothermal energy is mostly produced by decay of uranium thorium and potassium -how to measure if we have planets where the amount of those elements is small so those planets are tectonically dead there can not be life -if there is too much uranium or potassium or thorium probably again there would be no life because can you imagine everything boiling its too much energy on a planet -now we have been measuring abundancy of or thorium in one of the stars with extrasolar planets its exactly the same game a very tiny -we are actually trying to measure this profile and to detect thorium its very tough its very tough and you have to first you have to convince yourself -then you have to convince your colleagues and then you have to convince the whole world that you have actually detected something like this in the atmosphere of an extrasolar planet host star -one hundred parsec away from here its really difficult but if you want to know about a life -and im not that far i spent about eight months working on these profiles because -on extrasolar planets you have to do this job because you have to know how much of radioactive element you have in those systems -the one way to discover about aliens is to tune your radio telescope and listen to the signals if you receive something interesting well thats what seti does actually what seti has been doing for many years -i think the most promising way is to go for biomarkers you can see the spectrum of the earth this earthshine spectrum -and that is a very clear signal the slope which is coming which we call a red edge is a detection of vegetated area -its amazing that we can detect vegetation from a spectrum now imagine doing this test for other planets -very recently very recently im talking about last six seven eight months water -carbon dioxide have been detected in the spectrum of a planet outside the solar system its amazing so this is the power of spectroscopy -you can actually go and detect and study a chemical composition of planets far far -far from solar system we have to detect oxygen or ozone to make sure that we have all necessary conditions to have life -a very small symmetry in the profile of one of the planet host stars and i thought well maybe there is lithium six in this star which is and indication that this star has swallowed a planet -something which can be related to seti now imagine an object amazing object or something which we can not explain when we just stand up and say look we give up -and with the known physics etc its something actually which has been pointed out by frank doctorake many years ago if you see in the spectrum of a planet host star if you see strange chemical elements -it can be a signal from a civilization which is there and they want to signal about it they want to actually signal their presence through these spectral lines in the spectrum of a star -in different ways there can be different ways doing this one is for instance technetium is a radioactive element with a decay time of about four point two million years -suddenly observe technetium in a sun like star you can be sure that somebody has put this element in the atmosphere because in a natural way it is impossible to do this -now we are reviewing the spectra of about three hundred stars with extrasolar planets and we are doing this job since two thousand -and its a very heavy project we have been working very hard and we have some interesting cases -things which we cant really explain and i hope in the near future we can confirm this -so the main question are we alone i think it will not come from ufos it will not come from radio signals -i think it will come from a spectrum like this it is the spectrum of a planet like -showing a presence of nitrogen oxide as a clear signal of life and oxygen and ozone if one day and i think it will be within fifteen years from now or twenty years -will take about five years and then we will need another ten fifteen years with space projects to get the spectra of earth like planets like the one i showed you -and if we see the nitrogen oxide and oxygen i think we have the perfect e t thank you very much -is to keep balance and perspective in life -tried the best i can to live a balanced life -i try to balance my life equally between physics love and surfing my own three charge directions -let you in on that secret -you may have noticed that these beautiful views are similar but in slightly different places -thats because this used to be my home and office on maui -ive chosen a very unusual life -living a nomadic existence has been hard at times but its allowed me to live in beautiful places and keep a balance in my life that -with hyper intelligent coral -two percent of that but i still absolutely loved it -so im going to sound dumb your -of everything garrett lisi im used to coral ca thats right the reason its got a few people at least excited is because if youre right it brings gravity and quantum theory together -so are you saying that we should think of the universe at its heart that the smallest things that there are are somehow -right now the pattern i showed you that corresponds to what we know about elementary particle physics that already corresponds to a very beautiful shape and thats the one that i said we knew for certain -and that shape has remarkable similarities and the way it fits into this e eight pattern could be the rest of the picture -and these patterns of points that ive shown for you actually represent symmetries of this high dimensional object -that would be warping and moving and dancing over the space time that we experience and that would be what explains all these elementary particles that we see -in relation to e eight -it would be one of the symmetries of this e eight shape -so whats happening is as the shape is moving over space time its twisting -and the direction its twisting as it moves is what particle we see so -the size of the e eight shape how does that relate to the electron i kind of feel like i need that for my picture is it bigger is -in this way the way that e eight comes in is it will be as a shape thats attached at each point in space time -as i said the way the shape twists the directional along which way the shape is twisting as it moves over this curved surface -is what the elementary particles are themselves so -it doesnt really matter its evoking a kind of sense of wonder and i certainly want to -these realities are experienced separately by each individual as far as either can tell the other one doesnt exist -the rest of physics is about describing what can happen and what can -and things can happen only if these interactions are perfectly balanced -now ill go ahead and describe how we know about these particles what they are and how this balance works -in this machine a beam of protons and anti protons are accelerated to near the speed of light and brought together in a collision producing a burst of pure energy -those killer equations sweet -we cant predict specifically what particles will be produced in any individual collision quantum mechanics tells us all possibilities are realized -any particles more massive than this energy limit arent produced and remain invisible to us -this is why this new particle accelerator is so exciting its going to push this energy limit seven times beyond whats ever been done before so were going to get to see some new particles very soon -theres a whole zoo of subatomic particles most of us are familiar with electrons a lot of people in this room make a good living pushing them around -the next eighteen minutes im going to do the best i can to describe the beauty of particle physics without equations -in contrast the up and down quarks have very large masses and combine in threes to make the protons and neutrons inside atoms -all of these matter particles come in left and right handed varieties and have anti particle partners that carry opposite charges -these familiar particles also have less familiar second and third generations which have the same charges as the first but have much higher masses -the strong force acts between quarks which carry a different kind of charge called color charge -finally theres the force of gravity which interacts with matter via its mass -the most important thing to understand here is that theres a different kind of charge associated with each of these forces these four different forces interact with matter according to the corresponding charges that each particle has -it turns out theres a lot we can learn from -a particle that hasnt been seen yet but were pretty sure exists is the higgs particle which gives masses to all these other particles the main purpose of the large hadron collider is to see this higgs particle and were almost certain it will -to show you one beautiful possibility towards the end of this talk -if we count up all these different particles using their various spins and charges there are two hundred and twenty six -coral is a very beautiful and unusual animal each coral head consists of thousand of individual polyps -but if we plot them out according to their charges some beautiful patterns emerge -most familiar charge is electric charge -now it turns out that electric charges actually have a combination of two other charges hyper charge and weak charge -if we spread out the hyper charge and weak charge -these polyps are continually budding and branching into genetically identical neighbors -the reason most of us are only familiar with electric charge and not both of these is because of the higgs particle -the higgs over here on the left has a large mass and breaks the symmetry of this electroweak pattern -it makes the weak force very weak by giving the weak particles a large mass since this massive higgs sits along the horizontal direction in this diagram the photons of electromagnetism remain massless and interact with electric charge along the vertical direction in this charge space -so the electromagnetic and weak forces are described by this pattern of particle charges in two dimensional space -and plotting the charges of the force particles in quarks along -the charges of all known particles can be plotted in a four dimensional charge space and projected down to two dimensions like this so we can see them whenever particles interact -nature keeps things in a perfect balance along all four of these charge directions -if we imagine this to be a hyper intelligent coral -these three still add to zero total charge nature always keeps a perfect balance -we can single out an individual and ask him a reasonable question we can ask how exactly he got to be in this particular location compared to his neighbors -these patterns of charges are not just pretty -they tell us what interactions are allowed to happen and we can rotate this charge space in four dimensions to get a better look at the strong interaction -to give a quark with a different color charge this red -and strong interactions are happening millions of times each second in every atom of our bodies holding the atomic nuclei together -and see that its quite pretty -right now this pattern matches our best current knowledge of how nature is built at the tiny scales of these elementary particles -we already know the particle physics of these tiny scales the way the universe works with these tiny scales -it was just chance or destiny or what -so theres an old idea in particle physics that this known pattern of charges -now after admonishing us for turning the temperature up too high -we need to introduce new forces with new charge directions -when we introduce a new direction we get to guess what charges the particles have along this direction and then we can rotate it in with the others -when we look at this new unified pattern we can see a couple of gaps where particles seem to be missing -this is the way theories of unification work -he would tell us that our question was completely stupid -a physicist looks for larger more symmetric patterns that include the established pattern as a subset -the larger pattern allows us to predict the existence of particles that have never been seen -this unification model predicts the existence of these two new force particles which should act a lot like the weak force only weaker -we can rotate this set of charges in seven dimensions and consider an odd fact about the matter particles -the second and third generations of matter have exactly the same charges in six dimensional charge space as the first generation -however if we work in eight dimensional charge space then we can assign unique new charges to each particle -this particular pattern of charges in eight dimensions -pattern of the largest exceptional lie group -one small part of this e eight shape can be used to describe the curved space time of einsteins general relativity explaining gravity -the pattern of this shape -living in eight dimensional charge space -with a particular rotation we can look down through this pattern in eight dimensions along a symmetry axis -and see all the particles at once -its a very beautiful object and as with any unification -we can see some holes where new particles are required by this pattern -twenty gaps where new particles should be two of which have been filled by the pati and salam particles from their location in this pattern -we know that these new particles should be scalar fields like the higgs particle but have color charge and interact with the strong force -filling in these new particles completes this pattern giving us the full e eight -this e eight pattern has very deep mathematical roots its considered by many to be the most beautiful structure in mathematics -for a coral branching into different copies is the most natural thing in the world -which stands continually open to our gaze is written in the language of mathematics -characters are triangles circles and other geometrical figures without which it is humanly impossible to understand a single word -i believe this to be true and ive tried to follow galileos guidance in describing the mathematics of particle physics using only triangles circles and other geometrical figures -of course when other physicists and i actually work on this stuff -its reassuring that at the heart of this mathematics is pure -with quantum mechanics this mathematics describes our universe as a growing e eight coral with particles interacting at every location in all possible ways according to a beautiful pattern -unlike us a hyper intelligent coral would be uniquely prepared to understand quantum mechanics -if the lhc finds particles that fit this e eight pattern that will be very very cool -if the lhc finds new particles but they dont fit this pattern well that will be very interesting but bad for this e eight theory and of course bad for me personally -now how bad would that be -but predicting how nature works is a very risky game -this theory and others like it are long shots -does a lot of hard work knowing that most of these ideas probably wont end up being true about nature thats what doing theoretical physics is like there are a lot of wipeouts -in this regard new physics theories are a lot like start up companies -as with any large investment it can be emotionally difficult to abandon a line of research when it isnt working out -now the only way to maintain sanity and achieve happiness in the midst of this uncertainty -in manitoba this is an image from the east side of lake winnipeg and this is the home of the newly designated unesco cultural heritage site -it could destroy the great bear rainforest the largest temperate rainforest in the world and it could have huge impacts on the future of the agricultural heartland of north america -and to say no to the tar sands and yes to a clean energy future for all thank you so much -in saskatchewan as across all of the boreal home to some of our most famous rivers an incredible network of rivers and lakes that every school age child learns about the peace the athabasca the churchill here the mackenzie and -these networks were the historical routes for the voyageur and the coureur des bois the first non aboriginal explorers of northern canada that -taking from the first nations people used canoes and paddled to explore for a trade route a northwest passage for the fur trade in the north the boreal is bordered by the tundra and just below that in yukon -worlds largest and most devastating environmental and industrial project is situated in the heart of the largest and most intact forest in the world canadas boreal forest it stretches right across northern canada -we have this incredible valley the tombstone valley and the tombstone valley is home to the porcupine caribou herd now youve probably heard about the porcupine caribou herd in the context of its breeding ground -in arctic national wildlife refuge well the wintering ground is also critical and it also is not protected and is potentially could be potentially exploited for gas and mineral rights -the western border of the boreal in british columbia is marked by the coast mountains and on the other side of those mountains is the greatest remaining temperate rainforest in the world the great bear rainforest and well discuss that in a few minutes in a bit more detail all across the boreal its home for a huge -incredible range of indigenous peoples and a rich and varied culture -and i think that one of the reasons why so many of these groups have retained a link to the past know their native languages -the songs the dances the traditions i think part of that reason is because of the remoteness the span and the wilderness of this almost ninety five percent intact ecosystem -and i think particularly now as we see ourselves in a time of environmental crisis we can learn so much from these people who have lived so sustainably in this ecosystem for over ten thousand years -in the heart of this ecosystem is the very antithesis of all of these values that weve been talking about and i think these are some of the core values that make us proud to be canadians this is the alberta tar sands -the largest oil reserves on the planet outside of saudi arabia -trapped underneath the boreal forest and wetlands of northern alberta are these vast reserves of this sticky tar like bitumen and the mining and the exploitation of that is creating devastation on a scale that the planet has never seen before -i want to try to convey some sort of a sense of the size of this -if you look at that truck there it is the largest truck of its kind of the planet it is a four hundred ton capacity dump truck and its dimensions are forty five feet long by thirty five feet wide and twenty five feet high if i stand beside that truck my head comes to around the bottom of the yellow part of that hubcap -within the dimensions of that truck you could build a three thousand square foot two story home quite easily i did the math -so instead of thinking of that as a truck think of that as a three thousand square foot home thats not a bad size home -in labrador its home to the largest remaining wild caribou herd in the world the george river caribou herd numbering approximately four hundred thousand animals unfortunately when i was there i couldnt find one of them but you have the antlers as proof -and line those trucks homes back and forth across there from the bottom -all the way to the top -and then think of how large that very small section of one mine is -now you can apply that same kind of thinking here as well now here you see of course as you go further on these trucks become like a pixel -again imagine those all back and forth there how large is that one portion of a mine -that would be a huge vast metropolitan area probably much larger than the city of victoria and this is just one of a number of mines ten mines -so far right now this is one section of one mining complex and there are about another forty or fifty in the approval process no tar sands mine has actually ever been denied approval so it is essentially a rubber stamp -the other method of extraction is whats called the in situ and here massive amounts of water are super heated and pumped through the ground through these vasts networks of pipelines seismic lines drill paths compressor stations and even though this looks maybe not quite as repugnant as the mines -its even more damaging in some ways it impacts and fragments a larger part of the wilderness where there is ninety percent reduction of key species like woodland caribou and grizzly bears -and it consumes even more energy more water and produces at least as much greenhouse gas so these in situ -developments are at least as ecologically damaging as the mines -the oil produced from either method -produces more greenhouse gas emissions than any other oil -this is one of the reasons why its called the worlds dirtiest oil -its also one of the reasons why it is the largest and fastest growing single source of carbon in canada and it is also a reason why canada is now number three in terms of producing carbon per person -all across the boreal were blessed with this incredible abundance of wetlands wetlands globally are one of the most endangered ecosystems -the tailings ponds are the largest toxic impoundments on the planet oil sands or rather i should say tar sands oil sands is a p r created term so that the oil companies wouldnt be trying to promote something that sounds like a sticky tar like substance thats the worlds dirtiest oil -so they decided to call it oil sands the tar sands consume more water than any other oil -process three to five barrels of water are taken polluted and then returned into tailings ponds the largest toxic impoundments on the planet semcrude just one of the licensees in just one of their tailings ponds dumps two hundred and fifty thousand tons of this toxic gunk every single day -thats creating the largest toxic impoundments in the history of the planet so far this is enough toxin to cover the face of lake eerie a foot deep -and the tailings ponds range in size up to nine thousand acres -thats two thirds the size of the entire island of manhattan -so this is an absolutely this is one of the larger tailings ponds this might be what i dont know half the size of manhattan -and you can see in the context its just a relatively small section of one of ten mining complexes and another forty to fifty on stream to be approved soon -and of course these tailings ponds well you cant see many ponds from outer space and you can see these so maybe we should stop calling them ponds -these massive toxic wastelands are built unlined and on the banks of the athabasca river -and the athabasca river drains downstream to a range of aboriginal communities in fort chippewa the eight hundred people there are finding toxins in the food chain this has been scientifically proven the tar sands toxins are in the food chain and this is causing cancer rates up to ten times what they are in the rest of canada -in spite of that people have to live have to eat this food in order to survive the incredibly high price of flying food into these remote northern aboriginal communities and the high rate of unemployment makes this an absolute necessity for survival -and not that many years ago i was lent a boat by a first nations man and he said when you go out on the river do not under any circumstances -what that does to your soul and thats what were doing -the boreal forest is also perhaps our best defense against global warming and climate change the boreal forest sequesters more carbon than any other terrestrial ecosystem and this is absolutely key -so what were doing is were taking the most concentrated -twice as much greenhouse gases are sequestered in the boreal per acre than the tropical rainforests and what were doing is were destroying this carbon sink turning it into a carbon bomb -and were replacing that with the largest industrial project in the history of the world which is producing the most high carbon greenhouse gas emitting oil in the world -in the boreal they are also the home where almost fifty percent of the eight hundred bird species found in north america migrate north to breed and raise their young -and were doing this on the second largest oil reserves on the planet -this is one of the reasons why canada originally a climate change hero we were one of the first signatories of the kyoto accord -now were the country that has full time lobbyists in the european union and washington d c -threatening trade wars when these countries talk about wanting to bring in positive legislation to limit the import of high carbon fuels of greenhouse gas emissions anything like this at international conferences -whether theyre in copenhagen or cancun international conferences on climate change were the country that gets the dinosaur award every single day as being the biggest obstacle to progress on this issue -just seventy miles downstream is the worlds largest freshwater delta the peace athabasca delta the only one at the juncture of all four migratory flyways this is a globally significant wetland perhaps the greatest on the planet -incredible habitat for half the bird species you find in north america migrating here -and also the last refuge for the largest herd of wild bison and also of course critical habitat for another whole range of other species but it too -is being threatened by the massive amount of water being drawn from the athabasca which feeds these wetlands and also the incredible toxic burden of the largest toxic unlined impoundments on the planet which are leaching in to the food chain for all the species downstream -so as bad as all that is things are going to get much worse much much worse this is the infrastructure as we see it about now -this is whats planned for two thousand and fifteen and you can see here the keystone pipeline -in ontario the boreal marches down south to the north shore of lake superior and these incredibly beautiful boreal forests were the inspiration for some of the most famous art in canadian history the group of seven -which would take tar sands raw down to the gulf coast punching a pipeline through the heart the agricultural heart of north america of the united states -and securing the contract with the dirtiest fuel in the world by consumption of the united states and promoting a huge disincentive to a sustainable clean energy future for america -here you see the -and building a pipeline with an industrial highway would change forever this incredible wilderness which is a true rarity on the planet today -so the great bear rainforest is just over the hill there within a few miles we go from these dry boreal forests of one hundred year old trees maybe ten inches across -and soon were in the coastal temperate rainforest rain drenched one thousand year old trees twenty feet across a completely different ecosystem and the great bear rainforest is generally considered to be the largest coastal temperate rainforest ecosystem in the world -some of the greatest densities of some of the most iconic and threatened species on the planet -and yet theres a proposal of course to build a pipeline -to take huge tankers ten times the size of the exxon valdez through some of the most difficult to navigate waters in the world where only just a few years ago a b c ferry ran aground -when one of these tar sands tankers carrying the dirtiest oil ten times as much as the exxon valdez eventually hits a rock and goes down were going to have one of the worst ecological disasters this planet has ever seen -and here we have the plan out to two thousand and thirty what theyre proposing is an almost four times increase in production and that would industrialize an area the size of florida -in doing so well be removing a large part of our greatest carbon sink and replacing it with the most high greenhouse gas emission oil in the future -were very inspired by this landscape and so the boreal is not just a really key part of our natural heritage -the world does not need any more tar mines the world does not need any more pipelines to wed our addiction to fossil fuels -and the world certainly does not need the largest toxic impoundments to grow and multiply and further threaten the downstream communities and lets face it we all live downstream in an era of global warming and climate change -what we need is we all need to act to ensure that canada respects the massive amounts of freshwater that we hold in this country -we need to ensure that these wetlands and forests that are our best and greatest and most critical defense against global warming are protected and we are not releasing that carbon bomb into the atmosphere -and we need to all gather together and say no to the tar sands and we can do that there is a huge network all over the world fighting to stop this project -and i quite simply think that this is not something that should be decided just in canada everyone in this room everyone across canada everyone listening to this presentation has a role to play and i think a responsibility because what we do here -is going to change our history its going to color our possibility to survive and for our children to survive and have a rich future -but also an important part of our cultural heritage -we have an incredible gift in the boreal an incredible opportunity to preserve our best defense against global warming -but we could let that slip away the tar sands could threaten not just a large section of the boreal it compromises the life and the health of some of our -if you take some heart cells from an animal and put it in a dish theyll just sit there and beat thats their job every cell has a mission in life and these cells the mission is to move blood around our body -thats a micron or a micrometer and we go all the way down to here to a nanometer and an angstrom now an angstrom is the size of the diameter of a hydrogen atom thats how small that is and microscopes that we have today can actually see individual -atoms so these are some pictures of individual atoms each bump here is an individual atom this is a ring of cobalt atoms so this whole world the nano world this area in here is called the nano world -and the nano world the whole micro world that we see theres a nano world that is wrapped up within that and the whole and that is the world of molecules and atoms but i want to talk about this larger world -the world of the micro world so if you were a little tiny bug living in a flower what would that flower look like if the flower was this big it wouldnt look or feel like anything that we see when we look at a flower so if you look at this flower here and youre a little bug if youre on that surface of that flower -thats what the terrain would look like the petal of that flower looks like that so the ant is kind of crawling over these objects and if you look a little bit closer at this stigma and the stamen here this is the style of that flower and you notice that its got these little these are like little jelly like -ive found after doing this for many many years that theres a magical world behind reality and that can be seen directly through a microscope -things that are what are called spurs these are nectar spurs so this little ant thats crawling here its like its in a little willy wonka land its like a little disneyland for them its not like what we see these are little bits of -individual grain of pollen there and there -and here is a what you see as one little yellow dot of pollen when you look in a microscope its actually made of thousands -the honey that we eat heres a close up -so thats thousands of little grains of pollen there and theres the pistil there and these are the little things called trichomes and thats what makes the flower give a fragrance and plants actually communicate with one another through their fragrances -i want to talk about something really ordinary just ordinary sand i became interested in sand about ten years ago when i first saw sand from maui and in fact this is a little bit of sand from maui so sand is about -a tenth of a millimeter in size each sand grain is about a tenth of a millimeter in size but when you look closer at this -an amazing array of incredible things exist in sand -and the reason that is is because in a place like this island a lot of the sand is made of biological material because the reefs provide a place where all these microscopic animals or macroscopic animals grow and when they die their shells and their teeth and their bones break up and they make grains of sand things like coral and so forth -so heres for example a picture of sand from maui this is from lahaina and when were walking along a beach were actually walking along millions of years of biological and geological history we dont realize it but its actually a record of that entire ecology -so here we see for example a sponge spicule two bits of coral here -thats a sea urchin spine really some amazing stuff so when i first looked at this i was i thought gee this is like a little treasure trove here i couldnt believe it and id go around dissecting the little bits out and making photographs of them heres what most of the sand in our world looks like these are quartz crystals -and feldspar so most sand in the world on the mainland is made of quartz crystal and feldspar its the erosion of granite rock -so mountains are built up and they erode away by water -and rain and ice and so forth and they become grains of sand -theres some sand thats really much more colorful these are sand from near the great lakes and you can see that its filled with minerals like pink garnet and green epidote all kinds of amazing stuff and if you look at different sands from different places every single beach every single place you look at sand its different -heres from big sur like theyre little jewels there are places in africa where they do the mining of jewels and you go to the sand where the rivers -but to really see the details of the bee and really appreciate what it is you have to look a little bit closer -so every grain of sand is unique every beach is different every single grain is different there are no two grains of sand alike in the world every grain of sand is coming somewhere and going somewhere theyre like a snapshot in time -now sand is not only on earth but sand is ubiquitous throughout the universe in fact outer space is filled with sand -and that sand comes together to make our planets and the moon and you can see those in micrometeorites this is some micrometeorites that the army gave me and they get these out of the drinking wells in the south pole -and theyre quite amazing looking and these are the tiny constituents that make up the world that we live in the planets and the moon -so nasa wanted me to take some pictures of moon sand so they sent me sand from all the different landings -so thats just the eye of the bee with a microscope and now all of a sudden you can see that the bee has thousands of individual eyes called ommatidia and they actually have sensory hairs in their eyes so they know when theyre right up close to something because they cant see in stereo -of the apollo missions that happened forty years ago and i started taking pictures with my three dimensional microscopes this was the first picture i took it was kind of amazing i thought it looked kind of a little bit like the moon -which is sort of interesting now the way my microscopes work is normally in a microscope you can see very little at one time so what you have to do is you have to refocus the microscope keep taking pictures and then i have a computer program that puts all those pictures together into one picture so you can see actually what it looks like -other sands when these micrometeorites come in -they vaporize and they make these fountains these microscopic fountains that go up into the i was going to say up into the air but there is no air goes sort of up and these microscopic glass beads are formed instantly and they harden and by the time they fall down back to the surface of the moon -as we go smaller here is a human hair a human hair is about the smallest thing that the eye can see its about a tenth of a millimeter -so what ive been trying to tell you today is things even as ordinary as a grain of sand can be truly extraordinary if you look closely and if you look from a different and a new point of view i think that this was best put by william blake when he said to see a world in a grain of sand -and a heaven in a wild flower hold infinity in the palm of your hand and eternity in an hour thank you -and as we go smaller again about ten times smaller than that is a cell so you could fit ten human cells across the diameter of a human hair -so when we would look at cells this is how i really got involved in biology and science is by looking at living cells in the microscope when i first saw living cells in a microscope i was absolutely enthralled and amazed at what they looked like so if you look at the cell like that from the immune system -i want some sites to understand my habits it helps them suggest books for me to read or movies for my family to watch or friends for us to connect with but when i dont know and when i havent been asked thats when the problem arises -its a phenomenon on the internet today called behavioral tracking and it is very big business in fact theres an entire industry formed around following us through the digital woods and compiling a profile on each of us -why but im continually amazed to think that two and a half billion of us around the world are connected to each other through the internet and that at any point in time more than thirty percent of the worlds population can go online to learn to create and to share -and when all of that data is held they can do almost whatever they want with it this is an area today that has very few regulations and even fewer rules except for some of the recent announcements here in the united states and in europe -its an area of consumer protection thats almost entirely naked -so let me expose this lurking industry a little bit further the visualization you see forming behind me is called collusion and its an experimental browser add on that you can install in your firefox browser that helps you see where your web data is going and whos tracking you the red dots you see up there are -all of them are connected as you can see to form a picture of me on the web and this is my profile so let me go from an example to something very specific and personal -i installed collusion in my own laptop two weeks ago and i let it follow me around for what was a pretty typical day now like most of you i actually start my day going online and checking email i then go to a news site look for some headlines -and in this particular case i happened to like one of them on the merits of music literacy in schools and i shared it over a social network our daughter then joined us at the breakfast table and i asked her -is there an emphasis on music literacy in your school and she of course naturally as a nine year old looked at me and said quizzically whats literacy so i sent her online of course to look it up -now let me stop here we are not even two bites into breakfast -and there are already nearly twenty five sites that are tracking me i have navigated to a total of four -so let me fast forward through the rest of my day i go to work i check email i log onto a few more social sites i blog i check more news reports i share some of those news reports i go look at some videos -pretty typical day in this case actually fairly pedantic and at the end of the day as my day winds down -look at my profile the red dots have exploded the gray dots have grown exponentially all in all theres over one hundred and fifty sites that are now tracking my personal information most all of them without my consent i look at this picture and it freaks me out -this is nothing i am being stalked across the web and why is this happening pretty simple its huge business the revenue of the top handful of companies in this space is over thirty nine billion dollars today and as adults were certainly not alone -at the same time i installed my own collusion profile i installed one for my daughter and on one single saturday morning over two hours on the internet heres her collusion profile -and the amount of time each of us is spending doing all of this is also continuing to go grow a recent study showed that the young generation alone is spending over eight hours a day online -this is a nine year old girl navigating to principally childrens sites i move from this from freaked out to enraged this is no longer me being a tech pioneer or a privacy advocate this is me being a parent -imagine in the physical world if somebody followed our children around with a camera and a notebook and recorded their every movement -i can tell you there isnt a person in this room that would sit idly by wed take action it may not be good action but we would take action laughter we cant sit idly by here either this is happening today privacy is not an option and it shouldnt be the price we accept for just getting on the internet -our voices matter and our actions matter even more today weve launched collusion you can download it install it in firefox to see who is tracking you across the web and following you through the digital woods -as the parent of a nine year old girl that number seems awfully low -today what many of us would love to believe is that the internet is a private place its not and with every click of the mouse and every touch of the screen we are like hansel and gretel leaving breadcrumbs of our personal information everywhere we travel through the digital woods -we are leaving our birthdays our places of residence -our interests and preferences our relationships our financial histories and on and on it goes now dont get me wrong im not for one minute suggesting that sharing data is a bad thing in fact -when i know the data thats being shared and im asked explicitly for my consent -so heres one theres another one which i studied cars rarely appear on that third road and so the question is what does that cost us that intersection i looked at had about three thousand cars per day in each direction and so thats two ounces of gas to accelerate out of thats five cents -ten seconds per three thousand cars thats eight point three hours per day the average wage in the u s is dollar twenty an hour that is -over two million dollars for a stop -sign in each direction now if you look at what that adjacent property is worth you could actually buy the property cut down the shrubbery to improve the sight line and then sell it off again and youd still come out ahead -so it makes one wonder why is it there i mean why is there that stop sign in each direction because it is saving lives so is there a better way to accomplish that goal -the answer is to enable cars to come in from that side road safely because there are a lot of people who might live up there and if theyre waiting forever a long queue could form because the cars arent slowing down on the main road -so why not use a yield sign well the meaning of yield is you must yield the right of way that means that if there are five cars waiting you have to wait till they all go then you go it lacks the notion of alternating or taking turns -and its always on the minor road allowing the major one to have primacy so its hard to create a new meaning for the existing sign you couldnt suddenly tell everyone okay remember what you used to do at yield signs now do something different that would not work so what the world needs now is a new type of sign -so -have a little instruction below it you know for those who didnt see the public service announcements and it merges the stop sign and yield signs its kind of shaped like a t as in taking turns and -and you can have more impact on the environment just getting your neighborhood to change these things than by changing your vehicle thank you very much -ive had some time to think it over and energy efficiency is more than just about the vehicle its also about the road road design makes a difference particularly intersections of which there are two types signalized and unsignalized which means stop signs -from when you convert a traffic light into a roundabout injury crashes have dropped seventy six percent fatal crashes down ninety percent -thats just safety what about time and gas so traffic keeps flowing so that means less braking which means less accelerating less gas and less pollution -less time wasted and that partly accounts for europes better efficiency than we have in the united states so unsignalized intersections meaning stop signs they save many lives but there is an excessive proliferation of them small roundabouts are starting to appear -this is one in my neighborhood and they are much better better than traffic lights better than four way stop signs theyre expensive to install -but they are more expensive not to so we should look at that but they are not applicable in all situtions so take for example the three way intersection so its logical that youd have one there on the minor road entering the major but the other two are somewhat questionable -the incredible detailed information that you can get from just one sensor like this this kind of sensor is in the -has just that sensor in it youre probably familiar with the nike plus system i just put it up because that little blue dot is the sensor -strap that people use to transmit heart rate data to their nike plus system this is a beautiful new -i got up this morning at six ten am after going to sleep at twelve forty five am i was awakened once during the night -the sensor is just a little strip of metal in that headband there the rest of it is the bedside console just for reference this is a sleep tracking system from just a few years ago i mean really -is a very small gps transceiver which gives you the date and location of an asthma incident giving you a new awareness of your vulnerability in relation to time and environmental factors -now we know that new tools are changing our sense of self in the world these tiny sensors that gather data in nature -the ubiquitous computing that allows that data to be understood and used and of course the social networks that allow people to collaborate and contribute -but we think of these tools as pointing outward as windows and id just like to invite you to think of them as also turning inward -and becoming mirrors so when we think about using them to get some systematic improvement we also think about how they can be useful for self improvement for self discovery self awareness self knowledge -heres a biometric device a pair of apple earbuds last year apple filed some patents to get blood oxygenation heart rate and body temperature via the earbuds -tell you that its also for self knowledge and the self isnt the only thing its not even most things the self is just our operation center -our consciousness our moral compass so if we want to act more effectively in the world we have to get to know ourselves better thank you -about six hundred milligrams of caffeine zero of alcohol and my score on the narcissism personality index or the npi sixteen is -a reassuring zero point three one we know that numbers are useful for us when we advertise manage govern search im going to talk about how theyre useful when we reflect learn remember -and want to improve a few year ago kevin kelly my partner and i noticed that people were subjecting themselves to regimes of quantitative measurement and self tracking that went far beyond the ordinary familiar habits such as stepping on a scale every day -people were tracking their food via twitter their kids diapers on their iphone they were making detailed journals of their spending their mood their symptoms their treatments -now we know some of the technological facts that are driving this change in our lifestyle the uptake and diffusion of mobile devices the exponential improvement in data storage and data processing -aristophanes the ancient greek playwright he described the clouds as the patron godesses of idle fellows -reluctant to allow ourselves the indulgence of just allowing our imaginations to drift along in the breeze and i think thats a pity i think we should perhaps do a bit more of it i think we should be a bit more willing perhaps to -they get a bad rap if you think about it the english language has written into it negative associations towards the clouds someone whos down or depressed -of existential angst you know youre thinking about your own mortality and there on the horizon its the grim reaper -what would that mean -but one thing i do know is this the bad press that clouds get is totally unfair i think we should stand up for them which is why a few years ago i started the cloud appreciation society -tens of thousands of members now in almost one hundred countries around the world and all these photographs that im showing they were sent in -by members and the society exists to remind people of this clouds are not something to moan about far from it they are in fact the most diverse evocative poetic aspect of nature -i think if you live with your head in the clouds every now and then it helps you keep your feet on the ground -and i want to show you why with the help of some of my favorite types of clouds lets start with this one its the cirrus cloud named after the latin for a lock of hair -its composed entirely of ice crystals cascading from the upper reaches of the troposphere and as these ice crystals fall they pass through different layers with different winds and they speed up and slow down giving the cloud these brush stroked appearances these brush stroke forms known -theyre under a cloud and when theres bad news in store theres a cloud on the horizon i saw an article the other day it was about problems with computer processing over the internet -as fall streaks and these winds up there can be very very fierce they can be two hundred miles an hour three hundred miles an hour these clouds are bombing along but from all the way down here they appear to be moving gracefully -slowly like most clouds and so to tune into the clouds is to slow down to calm down its like a bit of everyday meditation -tendrils down below rarer still the kelvin helmholtz cloud -not a very snappy name needs a rebrand -undulating of the air and if the difference in those speeds is just right the tops of the undulations curl over in these beautiful breaking wave like vortices -if you look up and you pay attention to the sky youll see them sooner or later maybe not quite as dramatic as these but youll see them and youll see them around where you live clouds are the most egalitarian of natures displays because we all have a good fantastic view of the sky -a cloud over the cloud -pay attention to whats so commonplace so everyday so mundane that everybody else misses it -one cloud that people rarely miss is this one the cumulonimbus storm cloud -they are the embodiment of the powerful elemental force and power that drives our atmosphere to be there is to be connected in the driving rain and the hail to feel connected to our atmosphere -its to be reminded that we are creatures that inhabit this ocean of air we dont live beneath the sky we live within it -and that connection that visceral connection to our atmosphere -but the one cloud that best expresses why cloudspotting is more valuable today than ever is this one the cumulus cloud -the sharp crisp outlines of this formation make it the best one for finding shapes in and it reminds us -you have to now contend with answering a mountain of unanswered emails updating a facebook page feeding your twitter feed -and cloudspotting legitimizes doing nothing -being in the present not thinking about what youve got to do and what you should have done but just being here letting your imagination lift from the everyday concerns down here and just being in the present its good for you and its good for the way you feel -the annoying frustrating obstructions and then they rush off and do some blue sky thinking -i want to introduce you to some of those entrepreneurs ive met and share with you some of what theyve taught me over the years -i went to afghanistan in two thousand and five to work on a financial times piece and there i met kamila a young women who told me she had just turned down a job with the international community that would have paid her nearly dollar two thousand a month -an astronomical sum in that context and she had turned it down she said because she was going to start her next business an entrepreneurship consultancy that would teach business skills to men and women all around afghanistan -business she said was critical to her countrys future because long after this round of internationals left business would help -keep her country peaceful and secure -and she said business was even more important for women -because earning an income earned respect and money was power for women -invest in victims -this is actually my third business my first business was a dressmaking business i started under the taliban and that was actually an excellent business because we provided jobs for women all around our neighborhood and thats really how i became an entrepreneur -we invest in survivors and in ways both big and small the narrative of the victim shapes -think about this here were girls who braved danger to become breadwinners during years in which they couldnt even be on their streets -and at a time of economic collapse when people sold baby dolls and shoe laces and windows and doors just to survive -these girls made the difference between survival and starvation for so many -i couldnt leave the story and i couldnt leave the topic either because everywhere i went i met more of these women who no one seemed to know about -or even wish to -she had started her business squatting in an abandoned garage sewing sheets and pillow cases she would take to markets all around the city so that she could support the twelve or thirteen family members who were counting on her for survival -by the time we met she had twenty employees most of them women who were sending their boys and their girls to school -and she was just the start i met women running essential oils businesses wineries and even the countrys largest advertising agency -and we dont invest in whats invisible to us but this is the face -think about this the imf official is hardly the only person to automatically file women under micro -most people think men why is that -because we aim low and we think small when it comes to women -of resilience -and eighteen in south korea and indonesia women own nearly half a million firms china women run twenty percent of all small businesses and in the developing world overall that figure is forty to fifty percent -and as the world bank recently noted women are stuck in a productivity trap -recently i was at the state department in washington and i met an incredibly passionate entrepreneur from ghana -she sells chocolates and she had come to washington not seeking a handout and not seeking a microloan she had come seeking serious investment dollars so that she could build the factory and buy the equipment she needs to export her chocolates to africa europe the middle east and far beyond -capital that would help her to employ more than the twenty people that she already has working for her -and capital that would fuel her own countrys economic climb -the great news is we already know what works -theory and empirical evidence have already taught us we dont need to invent solutions because we have them cash flow loans based in income rather than assets loans that use secure contracts rather than collateral because women often dont own land -and kiva org the microlender is actually now experimenting with crowdsourcing small and medium sized loans and thats just to start -because and i say this as somebody who worked in finance -five hundred billion dollars at least has gone into the emerging markets in the past decade because investors saw the potential for return at a time of slowing economic growth and so they created financial products and financial innovation tailored to the emerging markets -and that turned out to be women -how wonderful would it be if we were prepared to replace all of our lofty words with our wallets and invest five hundred billion dollars unleashing womens economic potential -just think of the benefits when it comes to jobs productivity employment child nutrition maternal mortality literacy and much much more -i had left abc news and a career i loved at the age of thirty for business school a path i knew almost nothing about none of the women i had grown up with in maryland had graduated from college let alone considered business school but they had hustled to feed their kids and pay their rent -because as the world economic forum noted smaller gender gaps are directly correlated with increased economic competitiveness and not one country in all the world has eliminated its economic participation gap -so you see -this is not about doing good this is about global growth -and global employment -it is about how we invest and its about how we see women and women can no longer be both half the population -and a special interest group -oftentimes i get into very interesting discussions with reporters who say to me gayle these are great stories but youre really writing about the exceptions now that makes me pause for just a couple reasons first of all for exceptions there are a lot of them and theyre important secondly -and finally there is no society anywhere in all the world that is not changed except by its most exceptional so why wouldnt we celebrate and elevate these change makers and job creators rather than overlook them -this topic of resilience is very personal to me and in many ways -we shopped double coupons and layaway and consignment stores and when she got sick with stage four breast cancer and could no longer work we even applied for food stamps -and when i would feel sorry for myself as nine or ten year old girls do she would say to me my dear on a scale of major world tragedies yours is not a three -and when i was applying to business school and felt certain i couldnt do it and nobody i knew had done it i went to my aunt who survived years of beatings at the hand of her husband and escaped -and i saw from a young age that having a decent job and earning a good living made the biggest difference for families who were struggling -it is time for us to aim higher when it comes to women to invest more and to deploy our dollars to benefit women all around the world -we can make a difference and make a difference not just for women but for a global economy that desperately needs their contributions together -we can make certain that the so called exceptions -begin to rule when we change the way we see ourselves others will follow -so if youre going to talk about jobs then you have to talk about entrepreneurs and if youre talking about entrepreneurs in conflict and post conflict settings then you must talk about women because they are the population you have left -rwanda in the immediate aftermath of the genocide was seventy seven percent female -thank you -very much that was whistling -thank -well actually ive been whistling since the age of four about four my dad was always whistling around the house and i just thought thats part of communication in my family so i whistled along with him and actually till i was thirty four i always annoyed and irritated people with whistling -because to be honest my whistling is a kind of deviant behavior -i whistled alone i whistled in the classroom i whistled on my bike i whistled everywhere and i also whistled at a christmas eve party with my family in law -so rudolph the red nosed reindeer you know it -she didnt expect me to go there and i would have lost my face i dont know if thats correct english but the dutch people here will understand what i mean -she thought he will never go there but actually i did so i went to louisburg north carolina southeast united states and i entered the world of whistling and i also entered the world championship and i won there in two thousand and four -then i couldnt participate for a few years and in two thousand and eight i entered again in japan tokyo and i won again so what happened now is im standing here in rotterdam in the beautiful city on a big stage and im talking about whistling and actually i earn my money whistling at the moment -so i quit my day job -i try to live my dream well actually it was never my dream but it sounds so good laughter okay im not the only one whistling here you say huh what do you mean well actually you are going to whistle along -you -this is very promising this is very promising ill ask the technicians to start the music and if its started i just point where you whistle along and we will see what happens -im so used to that i start it myself okay here it -thank -you -thank you -thank you -thank you -thank you -thank -and as that happens we will remember something very simple and obvious about capitalism which is that unlike what you read in economics textbooks its not a self sufficient system -it depends on other systems on ecology on family on community and if these arent replenished capitalism suffers too -and our human nature isnt just selfish its also compassionate its not just competitive its also caring -because of the depth of the crisis i think we are at a moment of choice the crisis is almost certainly deepening around us -ive been a civil servant and ive been in charge of policy for this guy as well but what i want to talk about begins when i was at this city this university as a student -be worse at the end of this year quite possibly worse in a years time than it is today but this is one of those very rare moments when we have to choose -just pedaling furiously to get back to where we were a year or two ago and a very narrow idea of what the economy is for or whether this is a moment to jump ahead -to reboot and to do some of the things we probably should have been doing anyway thank you -and then as now it was a beautiful place of balls and punts beautiful people many of whom took to heart ronald reagans comment that even if they say hard work doesnt do you any harm why risk it -but when i was here a lot of my fellow teenagers were in a very different situation leaving school at a time then of rapidly growing -youth unemployment and essentially hitting a brick wall in terms of their opportunities and i spent quite a lot of time with them rather than in punts -and they were people who were not short of wit or grace or energy but they had no hope no jobs no prospects and when people arent allowed to be useful they soon think that theyre useless -that was great for the music business at the time it wasnt much good for anything else and ever since then ive wondered why it is that capitalism -is so amazingly efficient at some things but so inefficient at others why its so innovative in some ways and so uninnovative in others -now since that time weve actually been through an extraordinary boom the longest boom ever in the history of this country -its hard to believe that its less than a year since the extraordinary moment when the finance the credit which drives our economies froze -but im not saying growth is wrong but its very striking throughout the years of growth many things didnt get better rates of depression carried on up right across -the western world if you look at america the proportion of americans with no one to talk to about important things went up from a tenth to a -we commuted longer to work but as you can see from this graph the longer you commute the less happy youre likely to be and it became ever clearer -that economic growth doesnt automatically translate into social growth or human growth -were now at another moment when another wave of teenagers are entering a cruel job market there will be a million unemployed young people here by the end of the year thousands losing their jobs everyday in america -weve got to do whatever we can to help them but weve also got to ask i think a more profound question of whether we use this crisis to jump forward -to a different kind of economy thats more suited to human needs to a better balance of economy and society -massive cardiac arrest the effect the payback perhaps for years of vampire predators like bernie madoff whom we saw earlier -and you saw that in the thirties when the great depression paved the way for bretton woods welfare states and so on -and i think you can see around us now some of the green shoots of a very different kind of economy and capitalism which could grow you can see it in daily life -when times are hard people have to do things for themselves and right across the world oxford omaha omsk you can see an extraordinary explosion of urban farming -a few of these this is atilla the hen and im a very small part of a very large movement which for some people is about survival but is also about values about a different kind of economy which isnt so much about consumption and credit -but about things which matter to us and everywhere too you can see a proliferation of time banks and parallel currencies people using smart technologies to link up all the resources freed up by the market -people buildings land and linking them to whoever has got the most compelling needs theres a similar story i think for governments ronald reagan -again said the two funniest sentences in the english language are im from the government and im here to help but i think last year when governments did step in people were quite glad that they were there that they did act -but now a few months on however good politicians are at swallowing frogs without pulling a face as someone once put it they cant hide their uncertainty -how much of the money is going into concrete and boosting consumption not into solving the really profound problems we have to solve and everywhere as people think about unprecedented sums which are being spent of our money and our childrens -now in the depth of this crisis theyre asking surely we should be using with a longer term vision to accelerate the shift to a green economy -to prepare for aging to deal with some of the inequalities which scar countries like this and the united states rather than just giving the money to the incumbents -the whole system afloat and were now in a very strange sort of twilight zone where no one quite knows whats worked -or the many cities like san francisco putting in infrastructures for electric cars you can see a bit of the same thing happening in -the business world some i think some of the bankers who have appear to have learned nothing and forgotten nothing -but ask yourselves what will be the biggest sectors of the economy in ten twenty thirty years time it wont be the ones lining up for handouts like cars and aerospace and so on -the biggest sector by far will be health already eighteen percent of the american economy predicted to grow to thirty even forty percent by mid century -elder care child care already much bigger employers than cars education six seven eight percent of the economy and growing environmental services energy services the myriad of green jobs -theyre all pointing to a very different kind of economy which isnt just about products but is using distributed networks -and its founded above all on care on relationships on what people do to other people often one to one rather than simply selling them a product -or what doesnt we dont have any very clear maps any compass to guide us we dont know which experts to believe anymore -we know our societies have to radically change we know we cant go back to where we were before the crisis but we also know its only through experiment -and heres the problem -in science we do experiments systematically our societies now spend two three four percent of gdp -to invest systematically in new discovery in science in technology to fuel the pipeline of brilliant inventions which illuminate gatherings -like this its not that our scientists are necessarily much smarter than they were a hundred years ago maybe they are but they have a hell of a lot more backing than they ever did -no systematic experiment in the things capitalism isnt very good at like compassion or empathy or relationships or care -now i didnt really understand that until i met this guy who was then an eighty year old slightly shambolic man who lived on tomato soup and thought ironing was very overrated -he had helped shape britains post war institutions its welfare state its economy but sort of reinvented himself as a social entrepreneur -what im going to try and do is to give some pointers to what i think is the landscape on the other side of the crisis what things we should be looking out for -became an inventor of many many different organizations some famous ones like the open university which has one hundred and ten thousand students the university of the third age which has nearly half a million older people teaching other older people -as well as strange things like diy garages and language lines and schools for social entrepreneurs and he ended his life selling companies to venture capitalists -he believed if you see a problem you shouldnt tell someone to act you should act on it yourself and he lived long enough and saw enough of his ideas first scorned and then succeed that he said you should always take no as a question and not as -and his life was a systematic experiment to find better social answers not from a theory but from experiment and experiment involving the people -with the best intelligence on social needs which were usually the people living with those needs and he believed we live with others -we share the world with others and therefore our innovation must be done with others too not doing things at people for them and so on -now what he did didnt used to have a name but i think its rapidly becoming quite mainstream its what we do in the organization -named after him where we try and invent create launch new ventures whether its schools web companies health organizations and so on -and we find ourselves part of a very rapidly growing global movement of institutions working on social innovation -and not through theory and theyre spreading from korea to brazil to india to the u s a and across europe -and how we can actually use the crisis theres a definition of leadership which says is the ability to use the smallest possible crisis for the biggest possible effect -and theyve been given new momentum by the crisis by the need for better answers to joblessness community breakdown and so on -some of the ideas are strange these are complaints choirs people come together to sing about the things that really bug them -others are much more pragmatic health coaches learning mentals job clubs and some are quite structural like social impact bonds where you raise money -to invest in diverting teenagers from crime or helping old people keep out of hospital and you get paid back according to how successful your projects -now the idea that all of this represents i think is rapidly becoming a common sense and part of how we respond to the crisis recognizing the need to invest in innovation for social progress as well as technological progress -what people are beginning to ask is surely just as we invest in in r and d two three four percent of our gdp of our economy what if we put lets say one percent of public spending into social innovation -into elder care no kinds of education new ways of helping the disabled perhaps wed achieve similar productivity gains in society to those weve had in the economy and in technology -and if a generation or two ago the big challenges were ones like getting a man on the moon perhaps the challenges we need to set ourselves now are ones like eliminating child malnutrition stopping trafficking -and i want to talk about how we ensure that this crisis which is by no means small really is used to the full i want to start just by saying a bit about where im coming from ive got a very confused background which -or one i think closer to home for america or europe why dont we set ourselves the goal of achieving a billion extra years of life for todays citizens now those are all goals which could be achieved -within a decade but only with radical and systematic experiment not just with technologies but also with lifestyles and culture and policies -and institutions too now i want to end by saying a little bit about what i think this means for capitalism -i think what this is all about this whole movement which is growing from the margins remains quite small nothing like the resources of a cern or a darpa or an ibm or a dupont what its telling us is that capitalism is going to become more social -its already immersed in social networks it will become become more involved in social investment and social care and in industries where the value -comes from what you do with others not just from what you sell to them and from relationships as well as from consumption -but interestingly too it implies a future where society learns a few tricks from capitalism about how you embed the dna of restless continual innovation -into society trying things out and then growing and scaling the ones that work -now i think this future will be quite surprising to many people in recent years a lot of intelligent people thought that capitalism had basically -history was over and society would inevitably have to take second place to economy -but ive been struck with a parallel in how people often talk about capitalism today and how they talked about the monarchy two hundred years ago -just after the french revolution and the restoration of the monarchy in france then people said monarchy dominated everywhere because it was rooted in human nature we were naturally deferential we needed hierarchy -just as today the enthusiasts of unrestrained capitalism say its rooted in human nature only now its individualism inquisitiveness and so on -then monarchy had seen off its big challenger mass democracy which was seen as well intentioned but doomed experiment just as capitalism has seen off socialism -even fidel castro now says that the only thing worse than being exploited by multinational capitalism is not being exploited by multinational capitalism -and whereas then monarchies palaces and forts dominated every city skyline and looked permanent and confident today its the gleaming towers of the banks which dominate every big city -im not suggesting the crowds are about to storm the barracades and string up every investment banker from the nearest lamppost though that might be quite tempting -but i do think were on the verge of a period when just as happened to the monarchy and interestingly the military too the central position of finance capital is going to come to an end -and we called it a studio school to go back to the original idea of a studio in the renaissance where work and learning are integrated you work by learning and you learn by working and the design we came up with had the following characteristics first of all we wanted small schools about three hundred four hundred pupils -fourteen to nineteen year olds and critically about eighty percent of the curriculum done not through sitting in classrooms but through real life practical projects working on commission to businesses ngos and others -that every pupil would have a coach as well as teachers who would have timetables much more like a work environment in a business and all of this will be done within the public system funded by public money but independently run -and all at no extra cost no selection and allowing the pupils the route into university even if many of them would want to become entrepreneurs and have manual jobs as well -underlying it was some very simple ideas that large numbers of teenagers learn best by doing things they learn best in teams and they learn best by doing things for real all the opposite of what mainstream schooling actually does -now that was a nice idea so we moved into the rapid prototyping phase -we tried it out first in luton famous for its airport and not much else i fear and in blackpool famous for its beaches and leisure and what we found and we got quite a lot of things wrong and then improved them but we found that the young people loved it they found it much more motivational much more exciting than traditional education -and perhaps most important of all two years later when the exam results came through the pupils who had been put on these field trials who were in the lowest performing groups had jumped right to the top in fact pretty much at the top decile of performance in terms of gcses which is the british marking system -now not surprisingly that influenced some people to think we were onto something -the minister of education down south in london described himself as a big fan and the business organizations thought we were onto something in terms of a way of preparing children much better for real life work today and indeed the head of the chambers of commerce is now the chairman of the studio schools trust -and helping it not just with big businesses but small businesses all over the country -we started with two schools thats grown this year to about ten and next year were expecting about thirty five schools open across england and another forty areas want to have their own schools opening a pretty rapid spread of this idea -interestingly its happened almost entirely without media coverage -its happened almost entirely without big money behind it it spread almost entirely through word of mouth virally across teachers parents people involved in education -and it spread because of the power of an idea so the very very simple idea about turning education on its head and putting the things which were marginal things like working in teams doing practical projects and putting them right at the heart of learning rather than on the edges -where it comes from is an organization called the young foundation which over many decades has come up with many innovations in education like the open university and things like extended schools schools for social entrepreneurs -now theres a whole set of new schools opening up this autumn this is one from yorkshire where in fact my nephew i hope will be able to attend it and this one is focused on creative and media industries other ones have a focus on health care tourism engineering and other fields -we think were onto something its not perfect yet but we think this is one idea which can transform the lives of thousands possibly millions of teenagers who are really bored by schooling -it doesnt animate them theyre not like all of you who can sit in rows and hear things said to you for hour after hour they want to do things they want to get their hands dirty they want education to be for real -and my hope is that some of you out there may be able to help us we feel were on the beginning of a journey of experiment and improvement -summer universities and the school of everything and about five years ago we asked what was the most important need for innovation in schooling here in the u k -and we felt the most important priority was to bring together two sets of problems one was -large numbers of bored teenagers who just didnt like school couldnt see any relationship between what they learned in school and future jobs and employers who kept complaining that the kids coming out of school werent actually ready for real work didnt have the right attitudes and experience and so we try to ask what kind of school would have the teenagers fighting to get in -not fighting to stay out -and after hundreds of conversations with teenagers and teachers and parents and employers and schools from paraguay to australia -and looking at some of the academic research which showed the importance of whats now called non cognitive skills the skills of motivation resilience and that these are as important as the cognitive skills formal academic skills we came up with an answer a very simple answer in a way which we called the studio school -i grew up in the inner city -and there were kids -and those schools are still lousy today -fifty six years later -and you know something about a lousy school its not like a bottle of wine -and they say well were going to do -what we did last year this year -what kind of business model is that -between ten and three -who created that business model -and they dont care whether or not geoff is upset he cant go to the bank go find another bank they all operate the same way -so i was a little slow and i did not trust technology and when they first came out with those new contraptions -when we were having folks being crippled by polio -the same way then that were doing right now -we should do something -for years i went to look i went the harvard ed school i thought i knew something they said it was the agrarian calendar and people had but let me tell you why that doesnt make sense -well it just turns out in the one thousand eight hundred and forty s we did have schools were open all year -so this is not something that is ordained from the education gods -to use science -my wife yvonne and i we have four kids three grown ones and a fifteen year old -we didnt know how critical those first three years were we didnt know what was happening in those young brains we didnt know the role that language a stimulus and response call and response how important that was in developing those children we know that -lots of places -you know we provide health services and people are always fussing at me about you know because im all into accountability and data and all of that good stuff but -we do health services and i have to raise a lot of money people used to say when theyd come fund us geoff why do you provide these health services i used to make stuff up -and youve never read a study from mit that says giving your kid -i mean youre educators you work you say you think youve got it great no and you find out they didnt get -july maybe june -so how much money did we just spend on all -because in my older years ive become somewhat of a clairvoyant -i can predict school scores -you take me to any school -im really good at inner city schools that are struggling and you tell me last year -forty eight percent of those kids were on grade level -and i say okay whats the plan what did we do from last year to this year you say were doing the same thing im going to make a prediction -teachers need real information right now about whats happening to their kids the high stakes is today because you can do something about it -and heres the rub some of its not going to work -you know people tell me yeah those charter schools a lot of them dont work -it is absolutely possible -out the science and things not working -the latest and greatest thing -that thing lasted all of three weeks -not a person not a soul -those of us in education -that shouldnt stop you from pushing the science forward -our job as educators theres some stuff we know that we can do -and weve got to do better the evaluation we have to start with kids earlier we have to make sure that we provide the support to young people -weve got to give them all of these opportunities so -innovating until we really nail this science down -is something that is absolutely critical and this is something by the way -that i think is going to be a challenge for our entire field -cannot wait another fifty years to get this right -we have run out of time -continue this foolishness -when the safety of america is threatened we will spend any amount of money -the real safety of our nation is preparing this next generation -so that they can take our place and be the leaders of the world when it comes to thinking and technology and democracy and all that stuff we care about i dare say its a pittance -what it would require for us to really begin to solve some of these problems -this years seniors will have one hundred percent graduating high school last i heard we had ninety three percent accepted to college wed better get that other seven percent -so thats just how this goes applause jl so how do you stick with them after they leave high school gc well you know one of the bad problems we have in this country -in many ways mimics what -a good parent does -however cities despite having this negative aspect to them are also the solution because cities are the vacuum cleaners and the magnets that have sucked up -creative people creating ideas innovation wealth and so on so we have this kind of dual nature and so theres an urgent need for -a scientific theory of cities now these are my comrades in arms this work has been done with an extraordinary group of people and theyve done all the work and im the great bullshitter that tries to bring it all together -having things like this doing things like this with economies that are growing like this not realizing that entropy produces things like this -this -and this and the question is is that what edinburgh and london and new york are going to look like in two thousand and fifty or is it going to be this thats the question i must say many of the indicators look like this is what its going to look like but lets talk about it so -so heres two questions that i have in my head when i think about this problem the first is are cities -is microsoft a great big anthill what do we learn from that we use them metaphorically the dna of a company the metabolism of a city and so on is that just bullshit metaphorical bullshit or is there serious substance to it and if that is the case -how come that its very hard to kill a city you could drop an atom bomb on a city and thirty years later its surviving very few cities fail all companies die all companies and if you have a serious theory you should be able to predict when google is going to go bust -well we understand this very well that is you ask any generic question about this how many trees of a given size how many branches of a given size does a tree have how many leaves what is the energy flowing through each branch what is the size of the canopy what is its growth what is its mortality we have a mathematical framework -based on generic universal principles that can answer those questions and the idea is can we do the same for this -the same principles the same dynamics the same organization is at work in all of these including us and it can scale over a range of one hundred million in size and that is one of the main reasons life is so resilient and robust -cities are the origins of global warming impact on the environment health pollution disease -and here it is for the growth of a rat and those points on there are data points this is just the weight versus the age and you see it stops growing very very good for biology also one of the reasons for its great resilience very very bad for economies and companies and cities in our present paradigm -this is what we believe this is what our whole economy is -thrusting upon us -particularly illustrated in that left hand corner hockey sticks this is a bunch of software companies and what it is is their revenue versus their age all zooming away and everybody making millions and billions of dollars okay so how do we understand this so lets first talk about biology this is -explicitly showing you how things scale and this is a truly remarkable graph what is plotted here is metabolic rate -how much energy you need per day to stay alive versus your weight your mass -for all of us bunch of organisms and its plotted in this funny way by going up by factors of ten otherwise you couldnt get everything on the graph and what you see if you plot it in this slightly curious way is that everybody lies on the same line despite the fact that this is the most complex and diverse system in the universe -finance economies -theres an extraordinary simplicity being expressed by this -its particularly astonishing because each one of these organisms each subsystem each cell type each gene has evolved in its own unique environmental niche with its own unique history -energy theyre all problems that are confronted by having cities thats where all these problems come from and the tsunami of problems that we feel were facing in terms of sustainability questions -before i talk about that ive written down at the bottom there the slope of this curve this straight line its three quarters roughly which is less than one and we call that sublinear and heres the point of that it says that -if it were linear the steepest slope then doubling the size you would require double the amount of energy -but its sublinear and what that translates into is that if you double the size of the organism you actually only need seventy five percent more energy so a wonderful thing about all of biology is that it expresses an extraordinary economy of scale the bigger you are systematically according to very well defined rules -less energy per capita now -any physiological variable you can think of any life history event you can think of if you plot it this way looks like this there is an extraordinary regularity so you tell me the size of a mammal i can tell you at the ninety percent level everything about it in terms of its physiology life history -thats a little thing that lives inside an elephant and heres the summary of what im saying if you take those networks this idea of networks and you apply universal principles mathematizable universal principles all of these scalings and all of these constraints -follow including the description of the forest the description of your circulatory system the description within cells one of the things i did not stress in that introduction was that systematically the pace of life decreases as you get bigger -heart rates are slower you live longer diffusion of oxygen and resources across membranes is slower etc the question is is any of this true for cities and companies -so is london a scaled up birmingham which is a scaled up brighton etc etc is new york a scaled up san francisco which is a scaled up santa fe dont know we will discuss that but they are networks and the most important network of cities is you -cities are just a physical manifestation of your interactions our interactions and the clustering and grouping of individuals heres just a symbolic picture of that and heres scaling of cities -this shows that in this very simple example which happens to be a mundane example of number of petrol stations as a function of size plotted in the same way as the biology you see exactly the same kind of thing there is a scaling -it scales in the same way everywhere -this is just european countries but you do it in japan or china or colombia -always the same with the same kind of -economy of scale to the same degree and any infrastructure you look at whether its the length of roads length of electrical lines anything you look at -has the same economy of scale scaling in the same way its an integrated system that has evolved despite all the planning and so on but even more surprising -two hundred years ago the united states was less than a few percent urbanized its now more than eighty two percent -is if you look at socio economic quantities quantities that have no analog in biology that have evolved when we started forming communities eight to ten thousand years ago the top one is wages as a function of size plotted in the same way and the bottom one is you lot super creatives plotted in the same way -and what you see is a scaling phenomenon -but most important in this the exponent the analog to that three quarters for the metabolic rate is bigger than one its about one point one five to one point two -here it is which says that the bigger you are the more you have per capita unlike biology higher wages more super creative people per capita as you get bigger more patents per capita more crime per capita and weve looked at everything more aids cases -flu etc and here theyre all plotted together -just to show you what we plotted here is income gdp gdp of the city crime and patents all on one graph and you can see they all follow the same line and heres the statement if you double the size of a city from one hundred thousand to two hundred thousand from a million to two million ten to twenty million it doesnt matter -the planet has crossed the halfway mark a few years ago chinas building three hundred new cities in the next twenty years now listen to this every week for the foreseeable future until two thousand and fifty every week more than a million people are being added to our cities -the infrastructure -what is the reason for this well i dont have time to tell you about all the mathematics but underlying this is the social networks because this is a universal phenomenon this fifteen percent rule -is true no matter where you are on the planet japan chile portugal -scotland doesnt matter always all the data shows its the same despite the fact that these cities have evolved independently something universal is going on the universality to repeat is us that we are the city and it is our interactions -you had the slowing of the pace of life as you get bigger if its social networks with super linear scaling more per capita -then the theory says that you increase the pace of life the bigger you are life gets faster on the left is the heart rate showing biology on the right is the speed of walking in a bunch of european cities showing that increase -this is what we had in biology just to repeat economies of scale gave rise to this sigmoidal behavior you grow fast and then stop -part of our resilience that would be bad for economies and cities and indeed one of the wonderful things about the theory is that if you have super linear scaling from wealth creation and innovation then indeed you get from the same theory a beautiful rising exponential curve lovely and in fact if you -and the catch is that -this system is destined to collapse -and its destined to collapse for many reasons kind of malthusian reasons that you run out of resources and how do you avoid that well weve done it before what we do is as we grow and we approach the collapse -a major innovation takes place and we start over again and we start over again as we approach the next one and so on so theres this continuous cycle of innovation that is necessary in order to sustain growth and avoid collapse -this is going to affect everything everybody in this room if you stay alive is going to be affected by whats happening in cities in this extraordinary phenomenon -the catch however to this is that you have to innovate faster and faster and faster so the image is that were not only on a treadmill thats going faster but we have to change the treadmill -faster and faster we have to accelerate on a continuous basis and the question is can we as socio economic beings avoid a heart attack -so lastly im going to finish up in this last minute or two asking about companies -they scale beautifully and weve looked at twenty three thousand companies in the united states may i say and im only showing you a little bit of this -what is astonishing about companies is that they scale sublinearly like biology indicating that theyre dominated not by super linear innovation -and ideas they become dominated by economies of scale in that interpretation by bureaucracy and administration and they do it beautifully may i say so if you tell me the size of some company some small company i could have predicted the size of walmart -if it has this sublinear scaling the theory says we should have -the traditional medicine area this is where we need to mobilize africans in the diaspora especially to invest in this we also need to mobilize africans in the diaspora not only to go into the traditional -sectors also but to go into agriculture and also to instigate change from within we were able to mobilize ghanaians in -with the cheetahs we can take africa back one village at a time thank you very much -one foot if you ask them to reform the economies theyre not going to reform it because they benefit from the rotten status -now there are a lot of africans who are very angry angry at the condition of africa now were talking about a continent which is not -it is rich in mineral resources natural mineral resources but -who want to help the people in africa they dont understand now were not saying dont help africa helping africa is noble -well first of all let me thank -but helping africa has been turned into a theater of the absurd its like the blind leading -out of africa thats what the world bank says look at africas begging bowl it leaks horribly -into this bowl which -what are -year yes put that aside capital flight out of africa eighty billion a year put that aside lets take food -ted global for putting this conference together this conference is going to rank as the most important in the beginning of the twenty one st century -every year africa spends twenty billion dollars to import food -just add that up all these leakages thats far more than the -fifty billion tony blair wants to raise for africa now back in the nineteen sixties africa not only fed itself it also exported food not anymore -we know that something has gone fundamentally wrong you know it i know it but lets not waste -our time talking about these mistakes because well spend all day here lets move on -and flip over to the next chapter and thats what this conference is all about the next chapter -the next chapter begins -asking ourselves this fundamental question -do we want to help in africa there is the people and then there is the government or -now -the speaker before me the previous speaker before me idris mohammed -indicated that -i belong to an internet discussion forum an african internet discussion forum -just twenty good leaders maybe you may want to take this leadership challenge yourself i asked them to name me just twenty -they couldnt go beyond fifteen -even if they had been able to name me twenty what does that tell you twenty out of two hundred and four -that the majority the vast majority of the african leaders failed their people and if you look at them the slate of the post colonial leaders -an assortment of military fufu heads swiss bank socialists crocodile liberators vampire elites quack revolutionaries -now this leadership is a far cry from the traditional leaders that africans have known for centuries -what you and i understand as a government doesnt exist in many african -what what we call our governments are vampire states vampires because they suck the economic vitality out of their people government is the problem in africa -a vampire state is the government which has been hijacked by a phalanx of bandits and crooks who use the instruments of state power to enrich themselves their cronies and tribesmen and exclude everybody else -the richest people in africa are heads of state and ministers and quite often the chief bandit is the head of state himself -where do they get -by creating wealth no by raking it off the backs of their suffering people thats not wealth creation its wealth redistribution -the third fundamental issue that we have to recognize is that if we want to help the african people we must know where the african people are -take any african economy an african economy can be broken up into three sectors there is the modern sector -there is the informal sector and the traditional sector the modern sector is the abode of the elites its the seat of government -to the ted fellows june -many african countries the modern sector is lost its dysfunctional it is a meretricious fandango of imported systems which the elites themselves dont understand -that is the source of many of africas problems where the struggles for political power emanate and then spill over -the informal and the traditional sector claiming innocent lives now the modern sector of course is -the development aid and resources went into -james shikwati andrew and the other ted fellows i call them the cheetah generation the -the other sectors the informal -what we did as a matter of fact we neglected the informal and -the traditional sectors now traditional sector is where africa produces its agriculture which is one of the reasons why africa cant feed itself -and you cant develop the informal and the traditional sectors without an operational understanding of how these two sectors -these two sectors let me describe to you have their own indigenous institutions first one is the political system -the first one belongs to those ethnic societies who believe that the state was necessarily tyrannous so they didnt want to have anything to do with any centralized authority -generation is a new breed of africans who brook no nonsense about corruption they understand what accountability and democracy is theyre not going to wait for government to do things for them -sure that they surrounded the chiefs with councils upon councils upon councils to prevent them from abusing their power -and if the chief doesnt govern according to the will of the people he will be removed if not the people will abandon the chief -set up a new settlement and even if you look in ancient african empires they were all organized around one particular -a great deal of devolution of authority decentralization of power now this is what i have described to you this is -part of africas indigenous political heritage now compare that to the modern systems the ruling elites established on africa it is a total far cry -the economic system in traditional africa the means of production -the american will say i am because i am and i can damn well do anything i want anytime the accent is on the -in africa the africans say i am because we are the we connotes community the extended family system -on marketplaces when they make a profit it is theirs to keep not for the chief to sequester it from -what we had in traditional africa was a free market system there were markets in africa before the colonialists stepped foot on the continent timbuktu was one great big market town kano salaga they were all there -the cheetah generation and africas salvation rests on the backs of these -to west africa you notice that market activity in west africa has always been dominated by women so its quite appropriate that this section is called a marketplace the market is not alien to africa -what africans practiced was a different form of capitalism but then after independence all of a sudden markets -and even then what kind of socialism did they practice the socialism that they practiced was a peculiar form of swiss bank socialism which allowed the heads of states and the ministers to rape and -to africas indigenous institutions and this is where we charge the cheetahs to go into the informal sectors the traditional sectors thats where you find the african people -in contrast of course we have the hippo generation -and id like to show you a quick little video about the informal sector about the boat building that i myself tried to mobilize africans in the -to invest in could you please show that -the hippo generation are the ruling elites they are stuck in their intellectual patch -also means that he will be able to generate -what economists -so that -the people who worked on it were a lot of los alamos people who had done the hydrogen bomb work it was the first project funded by arpa thats the contract where arpa gave the first million dollars to get this thing started -a historian steve told us about the future of little technology im going to show you some of the past of big technology this was -some of the sizes of the ships ranging all the way up to ship mass of eight million tons so that was the outer extreme here was the version two two thousand bombs these are -five kiloton yield bombs about the size of small volkswagens it would take eight hundred to get into orbit here we see a ten thousand -going to mars all this was done by hand with slide rules the little orion ship and what it would take to do what orion does with chemicals you have a ship the size of the empire state building -nasa had no interest they tried to kill the project the people who supported it were the air force which meant that it was all secret thats why when you get something declassified thats what it looks like -secret stuff how to get directed energy explosions so youre sending the energy of a nuclear explosion not like just a stick of dynamite but youre directing it at the ship and this is still a very active subject -its quite dangerous but i believe its better to have dangerous things in the open than think youre going to keep them secret this is what happened at six hundred microseconds the air force -a project to build a four thousand ton nuclear bomb propelled spaceship to go to saturn and jupiter this took place -this is ed day putting so each of these coffee cans has three pounds of c four in it theyre building a system that ejects these at quarter second intervals thats my dad in the sport coat there holding the briefcase -so they had a lot of fun doing this but no children were allowed my dad could tell me that he was building a spaceship and he was going to go to saturn but he could not say anything more about it so all my life i have wanted to find this stuff out and spent the last four years -system yield were looking at a twenty kiloton yield for an effect for us of ten million newtons well here we have a little problem the radiation doses at the crew station seven hundred rads per shot -fission yields during development they were hoping to get clean bombs they didnt eye burn this is what happens to the people in miami who are looking up -eight man version that would go to mars they liked it because the guys could kind of live there like living in a submarine this is crew compartment -it switches so whats upside down is right side up when you go to artificial gravity mode the scientists were still going to go along and they would take seven astronauts and seven scientists this is a twenty man version for going to jupiter -bunks storm cellars exercise room you know it was going to be a nice long trip the air force version here we have a military version -outside the vehicle and one part of nasa was interested but the headquarters in nasa they killed the project so -to a halt results -none this project is hereby terminated so thats the end all i can say in closing is we heard yesterday that one of the ten bad things that can happen to us -what are we going to do and orion is really one of the only if not the only off the shelf technologies that could do something -so im going to tell you the good news and the bad news the good news is that nasa has a small secret contingency plan division that is looking at this trying to keep -if all goes well next year ill be back and ill have a lot more to show you and if all doesnt go well ill be in jail like wen ho lee -the people that worked on it in the beginning was my father freeman there in the middle thats me and my sister esther whos a frequent ted -but all this time i was out there doing these strange kayak voyages in odd beautiful parts of this planet i always thought in the back of my mind about project orion and -in a very generous way the spirit that brought all these different people to the institute for advanced study in the forties to do this project and make it freely available with no patents no restrictions no intellectual property -julian bigelow who was running it until midnight when the machine was officially turned off and thats the end thank you very much -how arithmetic and logic are the same thing and if you want to do artificial thinking and artificial logic you can do it all with arithmetic he said you needed addition and subtraction -last year i told you the story in seven minutes of project orion which was this very implausible technology that -here we have all the binary arithmetic and logic that drove the computer revolution and leibniz was the first person to really talk about building such a machine -he talked about doing it with marbles having gates and what we now call shift registers where you shift the gates drop the marbles down the tracks and thats what all these machines are doing except instead of doing it with marbles theyre doing it with electrons -all the theory to actually build this thing which also goes back to turing who before that gave the idea that you could do all this with a very brainless little -finite state machine just reading a tape in and reading a tape out the other sort of genesis of what von neumann did was -difficulty of how you would predict the weather lewis richardson saw how you could do this with a cellular array of -really the simplest computer its basically why you need the qubit because it only has two ideas and you put lots of those together -you get the essentials of the modern computer the arithmetic unit the central control the memory the recording medium the input and the output -could have worked but it had this one year political window where it could have happened so it didnt happen it was a dream that did not happen this year -but theres one catch this is the fatal you know we saw it in -to the eniac here but actually the machine im going to tell you about the institute for advanced study machine which is way up there really should be down there so im trying to revise history -a whole new world and these people saw it the guy who was supposed to build this machine was the guy in the middle vladimir zworykin from -s offices rca started this whole thing off and said you know televisions are the future not computers the essentials were all there all the things that make -to tell you the story of the birth of digital computing this was a perfect introduction and its a story that did work it did happen and the machines are all around us and it was a technology that -oppenheimer who had built the bomb the machine was actually used mainly for doing bomb calculations and julian bigelow who took the workers place as the engineer to actually figure out using electronics how you would build this thing the whole gang of people -who came to work on this and women in front who actually did most of the coding were the first programmers these were the prototype geeks the nerds they didnt fit in at the institute -is a letter from the director concerned about especially unfair on the matter of sugar -you can read -this -is hackers getting in trouble for the first time -these -j six the common radio tube because they found they were more reliable than the more expensive tubes and what they did at the institute -was publish every step of the way reports were issued so that this machine was cloned at fifteen other places around the world -spots on the face of the tube very very sensitive to electromagnetic disturbances so theres forty of these tubes like a v forty engine running the memory -was inevitable if the people im going to tell you the story about if they hadnt done it somebody else would have so it was sort of the right idea at the right time this is -the input and the output was by teletype tape at first this is a wire drive using bicycle wheels this is the archetype of the hard disk thats in your machine now then they switched to a magnetic drum -this is modifying ibm equipment which is the origins of the whole data processing industry later at ibm and this is the beginning of -was already off in a theoretical cloud doing abstract sorts of studies of how you could build reliable machines out of unreliable components those guys drinking all the tea with sugar in it -seems ok so he had to focus each tube just to get the memory up and running let alone having you know software problems no use went home -the universe we live in now its the universe in which these machines are now -machine or human aha so they figured out its a code problem found trouble in code i hope code error machine not guilty dammit i can be just as stubborn as this thing -and the dawn came so they ran all night twenty four hours a day this thing was running mainly running bomb calculations everything up to this point is wasted time whats the use good night -master control off the hell with it way off somethings wrong with the air conditioner smell of burning v belts in the air a short do not turn the machine on ibm machine -putting a tar like substance on the cards the tar is from the roof so they really were working under tough conditions here -doing all these things including changing biology im starting the story with the first atomic bomb at trinity -a mouse has climbed into the blower behind the regulator rack set blower to vibrating result no more mouse -here lies mouse born -running at two kilocycles thats two thousand cycles per second yes im chicken so two kilocycles was slow speed the high speed was sixteen kilocycles -both results how will i know which is right assuming one result is correct this now is the third different output i know when im licked weve duplicated errors -before machine run fine code isnt only happens when the machine is running -and sometimes -okay machine a thing of beauty and a joy forever perfect running parting thought -fifty two that was designed on that machine in the woods behind the institute so von neumann invited a whole gang of weirdos from all over the world to work on -all these problems barricelli he came to do what we now call really artificial life trying to see if in this artificial universe -began his universe started march three rd fifty three so its almost exactly its fifty years ago next tuesday i guess -and he saw everything in terms of he could read the binary code straight off the machine he had a wonderful rapport other people couldnt get the machine running it always worked for him -even errors were duplicated doctor barricelli claims machine is wrong code is right so he designed this universe and ran it when the bomb people went home -he was allowed in there he would run that thing all night long running these things if anybody remembers stephen wolfram who reinvented this stuff -and he started doing that started giving these little numerical organisms things they could play with playing chess with other machines and so on and they did start to evolve -and he went around the country after that every time there was a new fast machine he started using it and saw -is doing running as a multi cellular organism on many machines he envisioned all that happening and he saw that evolution itself was an intelligent process -or a new kind of life it just was another version of the same thing happening and theres really no difference between what he was doing in the computer and what nature did billions of years ago -and could you do it again now so when i went into these archives looking at this stuff lo and behold the archivist came up one day saying i think we found another box that had been thrown out -and it was his universe on punch cards so there it is fifty years later sitting there sort of suspended animation -that you havent explained yet and i think thats really the truth we still dont understand how these very simple instructions -can lead to increasing complexity whats the dividing line between when that is lifelike and when it really is alive -these cards now thanks to me showing up are being saved and the question is should we run them or not you know could we get them running do you want to let it loose on the internet these machines would think they -ten thousand million times the size of the universe that they lived in when barricelli quit the project he was thinking far ahead to how this would really grow into a new kind of life and thats what happening when -what barricelli imagined that this digital code in these machines is actually starting to code -it already is coding from nucleic acids weve been doing that since you know since we started pcr and synthesizing -this was published after he died his sort of unfinished notes on self reproducing machines what it takes to get the machines sort of jump started to where they begin to reproduce -it took really three people barricelli had the concept of the code as a living thing von neumann saw how you could build the machines that now -ten days ago this is john markoffs obituary for him he was the important missing link the engineer who came in and knew how to put those vacuum tubes together -and make it work and all our computers have inside them the copies of the architecture that he had to just design -one day sort of on pencil and paper and we owe a tremendous credit to that and he explained -we have just encountered a new set of unmet needs weve privileged safety over experience and weve gained a lot in doing so but i think weve lost something too -and even though rewilding is a young word it already has several definitions but there are two in particular that fascinate me the first one is the mass restoration of ecosystems -one of the most exciting scientific findings of the past half century has been the discovery of widespread trophic cascades a trophic cascade is an ecological process which starts at the top of the food chain and tumbles all the way down to the bottom -i was as reckless and foolish as only young men can be this is why wars get fought but i also felt more alive than ive ever done since and when i came home i found the scope of my existence gradually diminishing until loading the dishwasher seemed like an interesting challenge -that they give life to many others -before the wolves turned up theyd been absent for seventy years the numbers of deer because there was nothing to hunt them had built up and built up in the yellowstone park and despite efforts by humans to control them theyd managed to reduce much of the vegetation there to almost nothing theyd just grazed it away -but as soon as the wolves arrived even though they were few in number they started to have the most remarkable effects -first of course they killed some of the deer but that wasnt the major thing -much more significantly they radically changed the behavior of the deer the deer started avoiding certain parts of the park the places where they could be trapped most easily particularly the valleys and the gorges -and immediately those places started to regenerate in some areas the height of the trees quintupled in just six years -bare valley sides quickly became forests of aspen and willow and cottonwood -and as soon as that happened the birds started moving -the wolves killed coyotes and -as a result of that the number of rabbits and mice began to rise which meant more hawks more weasels more foxes more badgers ravens and bald eagles came down to feed on the carrion that the wolves had left -bears fed on it too and their population began to rise as well partly also because there were more berries growing on the regenerating shrubs and the bears reinforced the impact of the wolves by killing some of the calves of the deer -but heres where it gets really interesting the wolves changed the behavior of the rivers -they began to meander less there was less erosion the channels narrowed more pools formed more riffle sections all of which were great for wildlife habitats the rivers changed -in response to the wolves and the reason was that the regenerating forests stabilized the banks so that they collapsed less often so that the rivers became more fixed in their course -similarly by driving the deer out of some places and the vegetation recovering on the valley sides there was less soil erosion because the vegetation stabilized that as well so the wolves small in number -and i found myself sort of scratching at the walls of life as if i was trying to find a way out into a wider space beyond i was i believe ecologically bored -but also its physical geography -whales in the southern oceans have similarly wide ranging effects one of the many post rational excuses made by the japanese government for killing whales is that they said well the number of fish and krill will rise and then therell be more for people to eat -but the opposite happened you take the whales away and the number of krill -huge explosions of poop right across the surface waters -up in the photic zone where theres enough light to allow photosynthesis to take place and those great plumes of fertilizer stimulate the growth of phytoplankton the plant plankton at the bottom of the food chain which stimulate the growth of zooplankton which feed the fish and the krill and all the rest of it -and eventually they filter down into the abyss and remove that carbon from the atmospheric system well it seems that when whales were at their historic populations they were probably responsible for sequestering some tens of millions of tons of carbon every year from the atmosphere -and when you look at it like that you think wait a minute here are the wolves changing the physical geography of the yellowstone national park here are the whales changing the composition of the atmosphere -now we evolved in rather more challenging times than these in a world of horns and tusks and -you begin to see that possibly the evidence supporting james lovelocks gaia hypothesis which conceives of the world as a coherent self regulating organism is beginning -at the ecosystem level to accumulate trophic cascades -tell us that the natural world is even more fascinating and complex than we thought it was -they tell us that when you take away the large animals you are left with a radically different ecosystem to one which retains its large animals and they make in my view a powerful case for the reintroduction of missing species -it has no view as to what a right ecosystem or a right assemblage of species looks like it doesnt try to produce a heath or a meadow or a rain forest or a kelp garden or a coral reef -it lets nature decide and nature by and large is pretty good at deciding -now i mentioned that there are two definitions of rewilding that interest me the other one is the rewilding of human life -fangs and claws and we still possess the fear and the courage and the aggression required to navigate those times but in our comfortable safe crowded lands we have few opportunities to exercise them without harming other people -and i dont see this as an alternative to civilization i believe we can enjoy the benefits of advanced technology as were doing now but -at the same time if we choose have access to a richer and wilder life of adventure when we want to because there would be wonderful rewilded habitats and the opportunities for this are developing more rapidly than you might think possible -perhaps we should also start thinking about the return of some of our lost megafauna -what megafauna you say well every continent -rhinos elephants hyenas lions yes ladies and gentlemen there were lions in trafalgar square long before nelsons column was built -all these species lived here -why are they so much tougher and harder to break than the canopy trees are -elephants -they are elephant adapted in europe for example they evolved to resist the straight tusked elephant elephas antiquus which was a great beast it was related to the asian elephant but it was a temperate animal a temperate forest creature it was a lot bigger than the asian elephant -and this was the sort of constraint that i found myself -but why is it that some of our common shrubs have spines which seem to be over engineered to resist browsing by deer -perhaps because they evolved to resist browsing by rhinoceros isnt it an amazing thought that -every time you wander into a park or down an avenue or through a leafy street you can see the shadows of these great beasts paleoecology the study of past ecosystems crucial to an understanding of our own -feels like a portal through which you may pass into an enchanted kingdom and if we really are looking at areas of land of the sort of sizes ive been talking about becoming available -bumping up against to conquer uncertainty to know what comes next thats almost been the dominant aim of industrialized societies and having got there or almost got there -why not reintroduce some of our lost megafauna or at least species closely related to those which have become -in motivating people to love and defend the natural world an ounce of hope is worth a ton of despair -that our silent spring could be replaced by a raucous summer thank you -everyone who participates in this global exchange of ideas whether its here in this room or just outside this room or online or locally where everybody lives everyone who stands up to injustice and inequality everybody who stands up to those who preach racism rather than empathy -dogma rather than critical thinking technocracy rather than democracy everyone who stands up to the unchecked power whether its authoritarian leaders plutocrats hiding their assets in tax havens -or powerful lobbies protecting the powerful few -it is in their interest that all of us are idiots lets not be thank you -and democracy was the political innovation -help us understand how you felt after the decision it was not a good decision clearly but how do you feel after that not as the prime minister but as george -me or others to make the types of decisions we would have wanted and obviously i had hoped that we would have the time to make the reforms which would have dealt with the deficit rather than trying to cut the deficit which was the symptom of the problem and that hurt that hurt because that first of all hurt the younger generation and not only -many of them are demonstrating outside but i think this is one of our problems when we face these crises -we have kept the potential the huge potential of our society out of this process and we are closing in on ourselves in politics and i think we need to change that to really find new participatory ways -which protected this freedom because we were liberated from fear so that our minds in fact whether they be despots or dogmas could be the protagonists -using the great capabilities that now exist even in technology but not only in technology the minds that we have and i think we can find solutions which are much better but we have to be open -the paradox is that because we have this blame game -we have less the potential to convince our citizens that we should work together -while now is the time when we really need to bring our powers together now more europe for me is not simply giving more power to brussels it is actually giving more power to the citizens of europe that is -really making europe a project of the people so that i think would be a way to answer some of the fears that we have in our society -democracy was the political innovation that allowed us to limit the power whether it was of tyrants or of high priests -their natural tendency to maximize power and wealth -well i first began to understand this when i was fourteen years old i used to to try to avoid homework sneak down to the living room and listen to my parents and their friends debate heatedly you see then greece was under control of a very powerful -you can see me here next to him im the younger one there to the side you may not recognize me because i used to part my hair differently there -the failure of leadership in global politics -then one night military trucks drive up to our house soldiers storm the door they find me up on the top terrace a sergeant comes up to me with a machine gun puts it to my head and says tell me where your father is or i will kill you -my father hiding nearby reveals himself and was summarily taken to prison well we survived but democracy did not seven brutal years of dictatorship which we spent in exile -and in our globalizing economy and i wont provide -brussels april two thousand and ten im sitting with my counterparts in the european union i had just been elected prime minister -but i had the unhappy privilege of revealing a truth that our deficit was not six percent as had been officially reported only a few days earlier before the elections by the previous government but actually fifteen point six percent -but the deficit was only the symptom of much deeper problems that greece was facing and i had been elected on a mandate a mission actually to tackle these problems whether it was lack of transparency and accountability in governance -the powerful tax avoidance abetted and aided by a global tax evasion system -politics and media captured by special interests -but despite our electoral mandate the markets mistrusted us -our borrowing costs were skyrocketing and we were facing possible default so i went to brussels on a mission -feel good ready made solutions but i will in the end urge you to rethink actually take risks and get involved in what i see as a global evolution of democracy -to make the case for a united european response one that would calm the markets and give us the time to make the necessary reforms but time we didnt get -picture yourselves around the table in brussels negotiations are difficult the tensions are high progress is slow and then ten minutes to two a prime minister shouts out we have to finish in ten minutes -no we have to have an agreement now because in ten minutes the markets are opening up in japan and there will be havoc in the global economy -we quickly came to a decision in those ten minutes this time it was not the military but the markets that put a gun to our collective heads -what followed were the most difficult decisions in my life -painful to me painful to my countrymen imposing cuts austerity often on those not to blame for the crisis -with these sacrifices greece did avoid bankruptcy and the eurozone avoided a collapse greece yes triggered the euro crisis and some people blame me for pulling the trigger -but i think today that most would agree that greece was only a symptom of much deeper structural problems in the eurozone vulnerabilities in the wider global economic system -vulnerabilities of our democracies our democracies are trapped by systems too big to fail or more accurately too big to control -our democracies are weakened in the global economy with players that can evade laws evade taxes evade environmental or labor standards our democracies are undermined -by the growing inequality and the growing concentration of power and wealth lobbies corruption -the speed of the markets or simply the fact that we sometimes fear an impending disaster have constrained our democracies and they have constrained our capacity to imagine and actually use the potential your potential in finding solutions -greece you see was only a preview of what is in store for us all i overly optimistically had hoped that this crisis was an opportunity for greece for europe for the world to make radical democratic transformations in our institutions -failure of leadership what is the failure of leadership today and why is our democracy not working -instead i had a very humbling experience -in brussels when we tried desperately again and again to find common solutions i realized that not one not one of us had ever dealt with a similar crisis but worse we were trapped by our collective ignorance we were led -by our fears and our fears led to a blind faith -in the orthodoxy of austerity instead of reaching out to the -common or the collective wisdom in our societies investing in it to find more creative solutions we reverted to political posturing -and then we were surprised when every ad hoc new measure didnt bring an end to the crisis and of course that made it very easy to look for a whipping boy for our collective european failure and of course -that was greece those profligate idle ouzo swilling zorba dancing greeks they are the problem punish them -well a convenient but unfounded stereotype that sometimes hurt even more than austerity itself -but let me warn you this is not just about greece this could be the pattern -that leaders follow again and again when we deal with these complex cross border problems whether its climate change whether its migration whether its the financial system -well i believe that the failure of leadership is the fact that we have taken -that is abandoning our collective power to imagine our potential falling victims to our fears our stereotypes our dogmas -taking our citizens out of the process rather than building the process around our citizens -and doing so will only test the faith of our citizens of our peoples even more in the democratic process its no wonder that many political leaders and i dont exclude myself -have lost the trust of our people when riot police have to protect parliaments a scene which is -you out of the process so let me from my personal experiences give you an insight so that you can step back and maybe understand why it is so difficult to cope with the challenges of today and why politics is going down a blind alley -increasingly common around the world then theres something deeply wrong with our democracies -thats why i called for a referendum to have the greek people own and decide on the terms of the rescue package my european counterparts some of them at least said you cant do this there will be havoc in the markets again -i said we need to before we restore confidence in the markets we need to restore confidence and trust amongst our people -since leaving office i have had time to reflect we have weathered the storm in greece and in europe -so far weve thrown economics at the problem actually mostly austerity -and certainly we could have designed alternatives a different strategy a green stimulus for green jobs or -mutualized debt eurobonds which would support countries in need from market pressures these would have been much more viable alternatives -again the ancient greeks with all their shortcomings believed in the wisdom of the crowd at their best moments in people we trust democracy could not work without the citizens deliberating debating taking on public responsibilities for public affairs -average citizens often were chosen for citizen juries to -decide on critical matters of the day -science theater research philosophy games of the mind and the body they were daily exercises actually they were an education for participation for the potential for growing the potential of our citizens and those who shunned politics well they were -idiots you see in ancient greece in ancient athens that term originated there idiot comes from the root idio oneself -a person who is self centered secluded excluded someone who doesnt participate or even examine public affairs -and participation took place in the agora the agora having two meanings both a marketplace and a place where there was political deliberation -you see markets and politics then were one unified accessible transparent because they gave power to the people they serve the demos democracy -above government above markets was the direct rule of the people today we have globalized the markets but we have not globalized our democratic institutions so our politicians are limited to local politics -lets start from the beginning -while our citizens even though they see a great potential are prey to forces beyond their control -so how then do we reunite the two halves of the agora how do we democratize globalization and im not talking about the necessary reforms of the united nations or the g twenty im talking about how do we secure the space the demos the platform of values so that we can tap into -lets start from democracy well if you go back to the ancient greeks it was a revelation a discovery that we had the potential together -all of your potential -well this is exactly where i think europe fits in europe despite its recent failures is the worlds most successful cross border peace experiment so lets see if it cant be an experiment in global democracy a new kind of democracy -come up with creative solutions lets imagine that european citizens actually have the power to vote directly for a european president or citizen juries -chosen by lottery which can deliberate on critical and controversial issues a european wide referendum where our citizens as the lawmakers vote on future treaties -and heres an idea -why not have the first truly european citizens by giving our immigrants not greek or german or swedish citizenship but a european citizenship -and make sure we actually empower the unemployed by giving them a voucher scholarship where they can choose to study anywhere in europe -where our common identity is -democracy where our education is through participation and where participation builds trust and solidarity rather than exclusion and xenophobia europe of and by the people a europe -an experiment in deepening and widening democracy beyond borders now some might accuse me of being naive -putting my faith in the power and the wisdom of the people -well after decades in politics i am also a pragmatist -believe me i have been i am part of todays political system and i know things must change -to be masters of our own fate to be able to examine to learn to imagine and then to design a better life -we must revive politics as the power to imagine reimagine and redesign for a better world -but i also know that this disruptive force of change wont be driven by the politics of today -the revival of democratic politics will come from you and i mean all of you -almost nothing that is something extremely tiny extremely small and -a lot like ours i wonder if theres an art design college conference going on and intelligent beings there are thinking about you know what designs they might do -stars and so forth so we have a model and we can calculate it and we can use it to make designs of what we think the universe really looks like -and that design is sort of way beyond what our original imagination of it was so this is what we started with fifteen years ago with the cosmic background explorer made the map on the upper right -which basically showed us that there were large scale fluctuations and actually fluctuations on several scales you can kind of see that since then weve had wmap which just gives us higher angular resolution -we see the same large scale structure but we see additional small scale structure and on the bottom right is -if the satellite had flipped upside down and mapped the earth what kind of a map we would have got of the earth you can see well you can kind of pick out all the major continents but thats about it -but what were hoping when we get to planck well have resolution about equivalent to the resolution you see of the earth there where you can really see the complicated pattern that exists on the earth and you can also tell because of the sharp edges -and the way things fit together there are some non linear processes geology has these effects which is moving the plates around and so forth you can see that just from the map alone -we want to get to the point in our maps of the early universe we can see whether there are any non linear effects that are starting to move to modify and are giving us a hint about how spacetime itself was actually created at the beginning moments -and there might be a few cosmologists trying to understand where the universe itself came from and there might even be some in that galaxy looking at ours trying to figure out whats going on over here -so thats where we are today and thats what i wanted to give you a flavor of give you a different view about what the design and what everything else looks like -thank you -this is only one thousand galaxies we think theres on the order visible to the hubble space telescope if you had the time to scan it around about one hundred billion galaxies -a very large number of galaxies and thats roughly how many stars there are in our own galaxy but when you look at -you know what kind of creative process and what kind of design produced the world like that and then im going to show you its actually a lot more complicated were going to try and follow it up we have a tool that actually helps us out in this study and thats the fact that the universe is so incredibly big -i would think about changing your perspective on the world a bit and showing you some of the designs that we have in nature and so -that its a time machine in a certain sense we draw this set of nested spheres cut away so you see it put the earth at the center of the nested spheres just because thats where were making observations and the moon is only two seconds away so if you take a picture of the moon using -its about ten years so if you take a picture of whats going on its ten years ago but you go and look to the center of the galaxy its thousands of years ago if you look at andromeda which is the nearest big galaxy and its two million years ago -if you took a picture of the earth two million years ago thered be no evidence of humans at all because we dont think there were humans yet i mean it just gives you the scale with the hubble space telescope were looking at hundreds of millions of years to a billion years but if we were capable -i have my first slide to talk about the dawning of the universe and what i call the cosmic scene investigation that is looking at the relics of creation -to come up with an idea of how to look even further theres some things even further and that was what i did in a lot of my work was to develop the techniques we could look out -back to even earlier epochs before there were stars and before there were galaxies back to when the universe was hot and dense and very different and so thats the sort of sequence and so i have a more artistic impression of this -and then theres a part of the universe we cant see because its so dense and so hot light cant escape its like you cant see to the center of the sun -you have to use other techniques to know whats going on inside the sun but you can see the edge of the sun and the universe gets that way and you can see that and then you see this sort of model area -were going to go from these tiny variations to these irregular galaxies and first stars to these more -then in two thousand the map satellite was launched the wmap and it made somewhat better pictures and later this year -this is the cool stealth version the one that actually has some beautiful design features to it and you should look the planck satellite will be launched and it will make very high resolution maps -both about the structure of spacetime and about the contents of the universe and about how the universe started in its original motions -so we have this picture which is quite a spectacular picture and ill come back to the beginning where were going to have some mysterious process that kicks the universe off at the beginning -turn on and they evolve into galaxies and then later they get to the more extensive galaxies and somewhere around this period is when our solar system started forming and its maturing up to the present time and theres some spectacular things and this wastebasket part -thats to represent what the structure of spacetime itself is doing during this period and so -this is a pretty weird model right what kind of evidence do we have for that so let me show you some of natures patterns that are the result of this i always think of -as being the real substance of space and the galaxies and the stars just like the foam on the ocean its a -where the interesting waves are and whatever went on so here is the sloan digital sky survey -showing the location of a million galaxies so theres a dot on here for every galaxy they go out and point a telescope at the sky take a picture identify what are stars and throw them away look at the galaxies estimate how far away they are -fade out because the telescope isnt sensitive enough to do it now im going to show you this in three d what happens is you take pictures as the earth rotates you get a fan across -the sky there are some places you cant look because of our own galaxy -or because there are no telescopes available to do it so the next picture shows you the three dimensional version of this rotating around do you see the fan like scans made across the sky remember every spot on here is a galaxy -and you see the galaxies you know -sort of in our neighborhood and you sort of see the structure and you see this thing we call the great wall -the work of people but what you actually see is a lot of material that was already here being reshaped in a certain form and so the question is how did that material get here -but whats going on theres another survey which is very similar to this called the two degree field of view galaxy redshift survey now -it at warp a million and every time theres a -so were going to go out and swing around and look back at -this and youll see -first the structure of the survey and then youll start seeing the structure of the galaxies that we see out there -so again you can see the extension of this great wall of galaxies showing up here but you can see the voids you can see -the complicated structure and you say well how did this happen suppose youre the cosmic designer how are you going to put galaxies out there in a pattern like that its not just throwing them out at random theres a more complicated process going on here -how are you going to end up doing that and so now were in for some serious play that is we have to seriously play god not just change peoples lives but make the universe right so if thats your responsibility how are you going to do that -how did it get into the form that it had before it got reshaped and so forth its a question of whats the continuity so one of the things i look at is -you start out with very simple ingredients and some simple rules but you have to have enough ingredients to make it complicated and then you -put in some randomness some fluctuations and some randomness and realize a whole bunch of different representations so what im going to do is show you the distribution of matter as a function of scales were going to zoom in but this is a plot of what it is and -on me or on the stage its transparent to light but in order for you to see it were going to make it white ok so the stuff thats in this picture thats white that is the dark matter it should be called invisible matter but the dark matter weve made visible -and the stuff that is in the yellow color that is the ordinary kind of matter thats turned into stars and galaxies so ill show you the next movie -so this were going to zoom in notice this pattern and pay attention to this pattern were going to zoom in and zoom in -how did the universe begin and shape what was the whole process in the creation and the evolution of the universe to getting to the point that we have these kinds of materials so thats -and youll see there are all these filaments and structures and voids and when a number of filaments come together in a knot that makes a supercluster of galaxies this one were zooming in on -the center of the cluster so were zooming in this is a region which probably has more than one hundred thousand -on the order of a million galaxies in that region were going to keep zooming in ok and so i forgot to tell you the scale -parsec is three point two six light years so a gigaparsec is three billion light years thats the scale so it takes light three billion years to travel over that distance -now were into a distance sort of between here and here thats the distance between us and andromeda right these little specks that youre seeing in here theyre -now were going to zoom back -and you can see this structure that when we get very far out looks very regular but its made up of a lot of irregular variations so theyre simple building blocks theres a very simple fluid to begin with -matter its got -ordinary matter its got photons and its got neutrinos which dont play much role in the later part of the universe and its just a simple fluid and it over time develops into this complicated structure and so -you know when you first saw this picture it didnt mean quite so much to you here youre looking across -one percent of the volume of the visible universe and youre seeing billions of galaxies right and nodes but you realize theyre not even the main structure theres a framework -the part and let me move on then and show you the hubble ultra deep field if you look at this picture what you will see is a lot of dark with some light objects in it -which is the dark matter the invisible matter thats out there thats actually holding it all together so lets fly through it and you can see how much harder it is when youre in the middle of something to figure this out -so heres that same end result -you see a filament you see the light is the invisible matter and the yellow is -the stars or the galaxies showing up -is how hard would it be to assemble this right how big a contractor team would you need to put this universe together -the issue right and -so here we are you see how the filament you see how several filaments are coming together therefore making this supercluster of galaxies -and you have to understand this is not how it would actually look if you first you cant travel this fast everything would be distorted but this is using simple rendering -graphic arts kind of stuff this is how if you took billions of years to go around it might look to you right and if you could see invisible matter too and so -the idea is you know how would you put together the universe in a very simple way were going to start and realize -that the entire visible universe everything we can see in every direction with the hubble space telescope plus our other instruments was once in a region that was smaller than an atom -are stars and you can see them there little pluses this is a star this is a star everything else is a galaxy ok so theres a couple of thousand galaxies you can see easily with your eye in here -it started with tiny quantum mechanical fluctuations but expanding at a tremendous rate and those fluctuations were stretched to astronomical sizes and those fluctuations eventually are the things we see in the cosmic microwave background -and then we needed some way to turn those fluctuations into galaxies and clusters of galaxies and make these kind of structures go on so im going to show you a smaller simulation this simulation -was run on one thousand processors for a month in order to make just this simple visible one so im going to show you one that can be run on a desktop -the next picture so you start out with teeny fluctuations when the universe was at this point now four times smaller and so forth and you start seeing these networks this cosmic web -of structure forming and this is a simple one because it doesnt have the ordinary matter and it just has the dark matter in it and you see how the dark matter lumps up -and the ordinary matter just trails along behind so there it is at the beginning its very uniform the fluctuations are a part in one hundred thousand -a few peaks that are a part in ten thousand and then over billions of years gravity just pulls in this is light over density pulls the material around in that pulls in more material and pulls in more material -but the distances on the universe are so large and the time scales are so large that it takes a long time for this to form and it keeps forming -only things that have started forming already are going to form and then from then on its going to go on so were able to do the simulation but this is two days on -and when i look out at particularly this galaxy which -in a table in a market i dont know what kind of healthcare is delivered there but its not really what is probably most efficient -what is our -approach -the way in which one typically approaches a problem of lowering cost starting from the perspective of the united states is to take our solution -and then to try to cut cost out of it no matter how you do that youre not going to start with one hundred thousand dollar instrument and bring it down to no cost it isnt going to work -so the approach that we took was the other way around to ask what is the cheapest possible stuff that you could make a diagnostic system out of and get useful information add function and what weve chosen is paper -what you see here is a prototypic device its about a centimeter on the side its about the size of a fingernail the lines around the edges are a polymer its made of paper -the -problem that i want to talk with you about is really the problem of how does one supply healthcare in a world in which cost is everything how do you do that -and paper of course wicks fluid as you know paper cloth drop wine on the table cloth and the wine wicks all over everything put it on your shirt it ruins the shirt thats what a hydrophilic surface does -so in this device the idea is that you drip the bottom end of it in a drop of in this case urine the fluid wicks its way into those chambers at the top the brown color indicates the amount of glucose in the urine -the blue color indicates the amount of protein in the urine and the combination of those two is a first order shot at a number of useful things that you -want so this is an example of a device made from a simple piece of paper now how simple can you make the production -why do we choose paper there is an example of the same thing on a finger showing you basically what it looks like one reason for using paper is that its everywhere -we have made these kinds of devices using napkins and toilet paper and wraps and all kinds of stuff so the production capability is -and then finally a point that you dont think of so much in developed world medicine it eliminates sharps and what sharps means in needles things that stick if youve taken a sample of someones blood -and the someone might have hepatitis c you dont want to make a mistake and stick it in you it just you dont want to do that so how do you dispose of that its a problem everywhere and here you simply burn it so its a sort of a practical approach to starting on things -now you say if paper is a good idea other people have surely though of it and the answer is of course yes those half of you roughly who are women -in that particular test urine either containing a hormone called hcg does or does not flow across -a piece of paper and there are two bars one bar indicates that the test is working and if the second bar shows up youre pregnant -the basic paradigm we want to suggest to you i want to suggest to you is one in which you say that in order to treat disease you have to first know what youre treating thats diagnostics and then you have to do something -this is a terrific kind of test in a binary world and the nice thing about pregnancy is either you are pregnant or youre not pregnant youre not partially pregnant or thinking about being pregnant or something of that sort -so it works very well there but it doesnt work very well when you need more quantitative information there are also dipsticks -but if you look at the dipsticks theyre for another kind of urine analysis there are an awful lot of colors and things like that what do you actually do about that in a difficult circumstance -so -the approach that we started with is to ask is it really practical to make things of this sort and -that problem is now in a purely engineering way solved and the procedure that we have is simply to start with paper you run it through a new kind of printer called a wax printer -the wax printer does what looks like printing it is printing you put that on you warm it a little bit the wax prints through so it absorbs into the paper and you end up with the device that you want the printers cost eight hundred bucks now -make we estimate that if you were to run them twenty four hours a day theyd make about ten million tests a year so its a solved problem that particular problem is solved -and there is an example of the kind of thing that you see thats on a piece of eight by twelve paper that takes about two seconds to make and so i regard that as done -a very important issue here which is that because its a printer a color printer it prints colors thats what color printers do ill show you in a moment thats actually quite useful -now the next question that you would like to ask is what would you like to measure what would you like to analyze and -the thing which youd most like to analyze were a fair distance from its whats called fever of undiagnosed origin someone comes into the clinic -they have a fever they feel bad what do they have do they have t b do they have aids do they have a common cold the triage problem thats a hard problem for reasons that i wont go through there are an awful lot of things that youd like to distinguish among -so the program that were involved in is something which we call diagnostics for all or zero cost diagnostics how do you provide -but then there are a series of things aids hepatitis malaria tb others and simpler ones such as guidance of treatment now even that is more complicated than you think -a friend of mine works in trans cultural psychiatry and he is interested in the question of why people do and dont take their meds -so dapsone or something like that you have to take it for a while there is a wonderful story of talking to a villager in india -the truth because in a different culture the dog is a surrogate for you you know today this month since the rainy season there are lots of opportunities for misunderstanding -and so an issue here is to in some cases to figure out how to deal with matters that seem uninteresting like compliance -now take a look at what a typical test looks like prick a finger you get some blood about fifty microliters thats about all youre going to get because you cant use the usual sort of systems -you cant manipulate it very well although ill show something about that in a moment so you take the drop of blood no further manipulations you put it on a little device -the device filters out the blood cells lets the serum go through and you get a series of colors down in the bottom there -and the colors indicate disease or normal but even that is complicated because to you to me colors might indicate normal but after all were all -suffering from probably an excess of education what you do about something which requires quantitative analysis and so the solution that we and many other people are thinking about -and at this point there is a dramatic flourish and out comes the universal solution to everything these days which is a cell phone in this particular case a camera phone -they are everywhere six billion a month in india and the idea is that what one does is to -take the device you dip it you develop the color you take a picture the picture goes to a central laboratory you dont have to send out a doctor you send out somebody who can just take the sample -the clinic either a doctor or ideally a computer in this case does the analysis turns out to work actually quite well particularly when your color printer has printed the color bars that indicate how things work -so my view of the health care worker of the future is not a doctor but an eighteen year old otherwise unemployed who has two things he has a backpack full of these tests and a lancet to occasionally take a blood sample and an ak forty seven and these are the things that get him through his day -the rigors of military medicine are not so dissimilar from the third world poor resources a rigorous environment -there is another very interesting connection here and that is that what one wants to do is to pass through useful information over what is generally a pretty awful telephone system -it turns out there is an enormous amount of information already available on that subject which is the mars rover problem how do you get back an accurate view of the color on mars if you have a really -terrible bandwidth to do it with and the answer is not complicated but its one which i dont want to go through here other than to say that the communication systems for doing this are really pretty well understood also a fact which you may not know -is that the compute capability of this thing is not so different from the compute capability of your desktop computer this is a fantastic device which is only beginning to be tapped -i dont know whether the idea of one computer one child makes any sense here is the computer of the future because this screen is already there and theyre ubiquitous -now let me show you just a little bit about advanced devices and well start by posing a little problem what you see here is another centimeter sized device -and the different colors are different colors of dye and you notice something which might strike you as a little bit interesting which is -a series of problems in light weight and things of this kind and also not so different from the home healthcare and diagnostic system world -and the answer is that what you do and the details are not terribly important here is to make something more elaborate you take several different layers of paper each one containing its own little fluid system -and you separate them by pieces of literally double sided carpet tape the stuff you use to stick the carpets onto the floor -and the fluid will flow from one layer into the next it distributes itself flows through further holes distributes itself -and what you see at the lower right hand side there is a sample in which a single sample of blood has been put on the top -and it has gone through and distributed itself into these sixteen holes on the bottom in a piece of paper basically it looks like a chip two pieces of paper -and in this particular case we were just interested in the replicability of that but that is in principle the way you solve the fever of unexplained origin problem -because each one of those spots then becomes a test for a particular set of markers of disease -and this will work in due course and here is an example of a slightly more complicated device there is the chip you dip in a corner the fluid goes into the center it distributes itself out into these various wells or holes and turns color -so the technology that i want to talk about is for the third world for the developing world but it has i think much broader application because information is so important in the healthcare system -and all done with paper and carpet tape so i think its as low cost as were likely to be able to come up and make things -now i have one last two last little stories to tell you in finishing off this business this is one one of the things that one does occasionally need to do is to separate blood cells from serum -and the question was here we do it by taking a sample we put it in a centrifuge -we spin it and you get blood cells out terrific what happens if you dont have an electricity and a centrifuge and whatever -and we thought for a while of how you might do this and the way in fact you do it is whats shown here you get an eggbeater -which is everywhere and you saw off a blade and then you take tubing and you stick it on that you put the blood in you spin it somebody -really really well and we said that we did the physics of eggbeaters and self aligning tubes and all the rest of that kind of thing sent it off to a journal we were very proud of this particularly the title which was eggbeater as centrifuge -and we sent it off and by return mail it came back i called up the editor and i said whats going on how is this possible -the editor said with enormous disdain i read this and were not going to publish it because we only publish science -and its an important issue because it means that we have to as a society think about what we value and if its just papers and phys rev letters weve got a problem -here is another example of something which is this is a little spectrophotometer it measures the absorption of light in a sample the neat thing about this is you have light source that flickers on and off at about one thousand hertz -another light source that detects that light at one thousand hertz and so you can run this system in broad daylight -it performs about equivalently to a system thats in the order of one hundred thousand dollars -so you see two examples here one is a lab that is actually a fairly high end laboratory in africa the second is basically an entrepreneur who is set up and doing who knows what -we thought about this as a kind of engineering problem and weve asked what is the scientific unifying idea here and weve decided that we should think about this not so much in terms of cost but in terms of simplicity -and i want to give you the answer of this deep scientific thought so in a sense you get what you pay for thank you very much -which is there is an intellectual merit to asking how do we make things as simple as we can as cheap as we can as functional as we can and as freely interconnectable as we can -if we make that kind of simplicity in our technology and then give it to you guys you can go off and do all kinds of fabulous things with it thank you very much -question so can you -picture that a science of simplicity might get to the point where you could look out at various systems say a financial system or -yes i think you could because if you look at the components from which the system is made and examine their fragility or their stability you can probably build a kind of risk assessment based on that basis -started to do that i mean with the health system you got a sort of radical solution on the cost side but in terms of the system itself -well -how do i put that simply no ca that was a simple powerful answer yes ca so in -so the coffee cup or the cup with a handle is one of the tools used by society to maintain public health -thats coming out soon i mean the systems work and we have to find out how to manufacture them and do things of this kind but the basic technology works -scissors are your clothes glasses enable you to see things and keep you from eaten by cheetahs or run down by automobiles and books are after all your education -and the two here are just examples one is the cellphone which we use every day and it rests on a complexity -which in a very simple way fundamentally changed the structure of society by changing the role of women in it by providing to them the opportunity to make reproductive choices -there are two ways of thinking about this word i think and here ive corrupted the potter stewart quotation -by saying that we can think about something which spans all the way from scissors to the cellphone internet and birth control pills by saying that theyre simple the functions are simple -most of the talks that youve heard in the last several fabulous days have been from people who have the characteristic that they have thought about something they are experts they know whats going on -and we recognize what that simplicity is when we see it -there may be another way of doing it which is to think about the problem in terms of what if you associate with -moral philosophers is called the teapot problem -the teapot problem ill pose this way suppose you see a teapot -you then ask the question why is the water hot -thats a simple question its like what is simplicity one answer would be because the kinetic energy of the water molecules is high and they bounce against things rapidly thats a kind of physical science argument -a second argument would be because it was sitting on a stove with the flame on thats an historical argument a third is that i wanted hot water for -thats an intentional argument and since this is coming from a moral philosopher the fourth would be that its part of gods plan for the universe -all of these are possibilities the point is that you get into trouble when you ask a single question with a single box for an answer -in which that single question is actually many questions with quite different meanings but with the same words -asking what is simplicity i think falls in that category what is the state of science and interestingly complexity -very highly evolved we have a lot of interesting information about what complexity is simplicity for reasons that are a little bit obscure -you can write papers about complexity and the nice thing about complexity is its fundamentally intractable in many ways so youre not responsible for outcomes -simplicity all of you really would like your waring blender in the morning to make whatever a waring blender does but not explode or play beethoven youre not interested in the limits of these things -all of you know about the topic that im supposed to talk about that is you know what simplicity is you know what complexity is the trouble is i dont and what im going to do is share with you my ignorance on this subject -so what one is interested in has a lot to do with the rewards of the system and theres a lot of rewards in thinking about complexity and emergence not so much in thinking about simplicity -one of the things i want to do is to help you with a very important task which you may not know that you have very often -which is to understand how to sit next to a physicist at a dinner party and have a conversation and -the words i would like you to focus on are complexity and emergence because these will enable you to start the conversation and then daydream about other things -all right what is complexity in this view of things and what is emergence we have actually a pretty good working definition of complexity it is a system like traffic which has components -the components interact with one another these are cars and drivers they dissipate energy it turns out that whenever you have that system weird stuff happens and you in los angeles probably know this better than anyone -heres another example which i put up because its an example of really important current science -you cant possibly read that its not intended that you read it but thats a tiny part of the chemical reactions going on in each of your cells at any given moment -and its like the traffic that you see the amazing thing about the cell is that it actually does maintain a fairly stable working relationship with other cells -and let me reduce this to the simplest level weve heard from bill gates recently all of us to some extent study this thing called a bill gates terrific you learn everything you can about -and then theres another kind of thing that you might study and you study that hard thats a bono -but then if you know everything you can know about those two things and you put them together what can you say about this combination the answer is not a lot and thats complexity now imagine building that up to a city -or to a society and youve got obviously an interesting problem all right so let me give you an example of simplicity of a particular kind -and then i want to introduce a word that i think is very useful which is stacking and im going to use stacking for a kind of simplicity that has the characteristic that it is so -i want you to read this because were going to come back to it in a moment -the internet starts with mathematics it starts with binary and if you look at the list of things on the bottom -we are familiar with the arabic numbers one to ten and so on in binary one is one seven is one -the question is why is binary simpler than arabic and the answer is simply that if i hold up three fingers you can count that easily but if i hold up this its sort of hard to say that i just did seven -the virtue is that its the simplest possible way of representing numbers anything else is more complicated -you can catch errors with it its unambiguous in its reading there are lots of good things about binary so it is very very simple once you know how to read -now if you like to represent this zero and one of binary you need a device and think of things in your life that are binary one of them is light switches they can be on and off thats binary -now wall switches we all know fail but our friends who are condensed matter physicists managed to come up some fifty years ago -with very nice device shown under that bell jar which is a transistor a transistor is nothing more than a wall switch it turns things on and off -but it does so without moving parts and it doesnt fail basically for a very long period of time so the second layer of simplicity was the transistor and the internet -so since the transistor is so simple you can put lots of them together and you put lots of them together and you come with something called integrated circuits -opinion on pornography -and a current integrated circuit might have in each one of these chips something like a billion transistors all of which have to work perfectly every time -so thats the next layer of simplicity and in fact integrated circuits are really simple in the sense that they in general work really well -with integrated circuits you can build cellphones -you all are accustomed to having your cellphones work the large majority of the time in boston boston is a little bit like namibia in its cellphone coverage so that were not accustomed to that all the time but some of the time -and let me just read it the important details here shorthand description hardcore pornography and perhaps i could never succeed in intelligibly defining it -but in fact if you have cellphones you can now go to this nice lady -whos somewhere like namibia and who is extremely happy with the fact that although she does not have an masters degree in electrical engineering from m i t shes nonetheless able to hack her cellphone to get power in some funny way -and from that comes the internet and this is a map of bitflows across the continent the two blobs that are light in the middle there are the united states and europe -and then back to simplicity again so here we have what i think is one of the great ideas which is google -which in this simple portal -makes the claim that it makes accessible all of the worlds information but the point is that extraordinary simple idea rests on layers of -simplicity each compounded into a complexity that is itself simple in the sense that it is completely reliable -and two aphorisms the characteristics which i think are useful to think about for simple things first they are predictable -their behavior is predictable now one of the nice characteristics of simple things is you know what its going to do in general so simplicity and predictability are characteristics of simple things -the second is and this is a real world statement theyre cheap if you have things that are cheap enough people will find uses for them even if they seem very primitive -i know it when i see it im going to come back to that in a moment so what is simplicity its good to start with some examples -so for example stones you can build cathedrals out of stones you just have to know what it does you carve them in blocks and then you pile them on top of one another and they support weight -so there has to be function the function has to be predictable and the cost has to be low -what that means is that you have to have a high performance or value for cost -and then i would propose as this last component -that they serve or have the potential to serve as building blocks that is you can stack them and stack can mean this way or it can mean this way or it can mean some arbitrary n dimensional space -but if you have something that has a function and its really cheap people will find new ways of putting it together to make new things cheap functional -reliable things unleash the creativity of people who then build stuff that you could not imagine theres no way of predicting the internet based on the first transistor it just is not possible -so these are the components now the example is something that i want to give you from the work that we ourselves do -we are very interested in delivering health care in the developing world and one of the things we wish to do in this particular business is to find a way of doing medical diagnosis -a coffee cup we dont think about coffee cups but its much more interesting than one might think a coffee cup is a device yes -at as close to zero cost as we can manage so how does one do that this is a world in which theres no electricity theres no money theres no medical competence -and i dont want to spend your time in going through the details but in the lower right hand corner you see an example of the kind of thing that we have its a little paper chip -it has a few things printed on it using the same technology that you use for making comic books which was the inspiration for this particular idea -and you put a drop in this case of urine at the bottom it wicks its way up into these little branches you know no power required it turns colors in this particular case youre reading -kidney function and since the health care worker of much of this part of the world is an eighteen year old with an ak forty seven who happens to be out of work and is willing to go around and do this sort of thing -he can take a picture of it with his cellphone send the picture back to where there is a doctor and the doctor can look at it so what youve done is to take a technology which is available everywhere -make a device which is extremely cheap and make it in such a fashion that it is very very reliable if we can pull this off if we can build more function it will be stackable -which has a container yes and a handle yes the handle enables you to hold it when the container is filled with hot liquid yeah -that is to say if we can make the basic technology of one or two things work it will be applicable to a very very large variety of human conditions -how do i put this politely change the way or maybe eviscerate the capital structure of the u s health care system which i think is fundamentally broken so let me close -let me close with my two aphorisms one of them is from mister einstein and he says everything should be made as simple as possible but not simpler -and i think thats a very good way of thinking about the problem if you take too much out of something thats simple you lose function you have to have low cost but you also have to have a function so you cant make it too simple -and the second is a design issue and its not directly relevant but its a nice statement this is by de saint exupery and he says you know youve achieved perfection in design -not when you have nothing more to add but when you have nothing more to take away and that certainly is going in the right direction -so what i think one can begin to do with this kind of -the word simplicity which doesnt cover rancuzzi it doesnt answer the question of why mondrian is better or worse or simpler or less simpler than -why is that important well it enables you to drink coffee but also by the way the coffee is hot the liquid is sterile youre not likely to get cholera that way -and certainly doesnt address the question of whether mozart is simpler than bach -but it does make a point which is one which in a sense differentiates the real world of people who make things and the world of people who think about things -this forming of the powerful attachment between child and parent provides the building blocks for physical social language cognitive and psychomotor development -it is the model for all future relationships with friends with partners and with their own children -it happens so naturally in most families that we dont even notice it most of us are unaware of its importance to human development and by extension to the development of a healthy society and its only when it goes wrong that we start to realize the importance of families to children -in august one thousand nine hundred and ninety three i had my first opportunity to witness on a massive scale the impact on children of institutionalization and the absence of parenting -housing five hundred and fifty babies this was ceausescus show orphanage and so id been told the conditions were much better -having worked with lots of young children i expected the institution to be a riot of noise -but it was as silent as a convent -yet i could see soiled nappies and i could see that some of the children were distressed but the only noise was a low continuous moan -over the next few days i began to realize that this quietness was not exceptional -within a few days they were listless lethargic and staring into space like all the others -most people imagine orphanages as a benign environment that care for children -the children must be woken at seven and fed at seven thirty at eight their nappies must be changed so a staff member may have only thirty minutes to feed ten or twenty children if a child soils its nappy at eight thirty he will have to wait several hours before it can be changed again -the childs daily contact with another human being is reduced to a few hurried minutes of feeding and changing and otherwise their only stimulation is the ceiling the walls or the bars of their cots -since my first visit to ceausescus institution ive seen hundreds of such places across eighteen countries from the czech republic to sudan -across all of these diverse lands and cultures the institutions and the childs journey through them is depressingly similar -lack of stimulation often leads to self stimulating behaviors like hand flapping rocking back and forth or aggression -and in some institutions psychiatric drugs are used to control the behavior of these children whilst in others children are tied up to prevent them from harming themselves or others -these children are quickly labeled as having disabilities and transferred to another institution for children with disabilities most of these children will never leave the institution again -for those without disabilities at age three theyre transferred to another institution and at age seven to yet another -segregated according to age and gender they are arbitrarily separated from their siblings often without even a chance to say goodbye -when they leave the institution they find it really difficult to cope and to integrate into society -after all where else would we put all of those children who dont have any parents -in moldova young women raised in institutions are ten times more likely to be trafficked than their peers -but why are there so many orphans in europe -when there hasnt been a great deal of war or disaster in recent years in fact more than ninety five percent of these children have living parents -and societies tend to blame these parents for abandoning these children but research shows that most parents want their children and that the primary drivers behind institutionalization are poverty disability and ethnicity -but sixty years of research has demonstrated that separating children from their families and placing them in large institutions seriously harms their health and development and this is particularly true for young babies -the institution may be hundreds of miles away from the family -if the familys poor they find it difficult to visit and gradually the relationship breaks down -behind each of the million children in institutions -there is usually a story of parents who are desperate and feel theyve run out of options -like natalia in moldova who only had enough money to feed her baby and so had to send her older son to the institution -or desi in bulgaria who looked after her four children at home until her husband died but then she had to go out to work full time and with no support felt she had no option but to place a child with disabilities in an institution -or the new parents the young couple who have just found -this state of affairs is neither necessary nor is it inevitable -its also much cheaper to provide support to families than it is to provide institutions one study suggests that a family support service costs ten percent of an institutional placement whilst good quality foster care costs usually about thirty percent -if we spend less on these children but on the right services we can take the savings and reinvest them in high quality residential care for those few children with extremely complex -across europe a movement is growing to shift the focus and transfer the resources from large institutions that provide poor quality care -to community based services that protect children from harm and allow them to develop to their full potential -as we know babies are born without their full muscle development and that includes the brain -when i first started to work in romania nearly twenty years ago there were two hundred thousand children living in institutions and more entering every day now there are less than ten thousand and family support services are provided across the country -in moldova despite extreme poverty and the terrible effects of the global financial crisis the numbers of children in institutions has reduced by more than fifty percent in the last five years -and the resources are being redistributed to family support services and inclusive schools many countries have developed national action plans for change -the european commission and other major donors are finding ways to divert money from institutions towards family support empowering communities to look after their own children -if we know people who are planning to support orphanages we should convince them to support family services instead -during the first three years of life the brain grows to its full size with most of that growth taking place in the first six months the brain develops in response to experience and to stimulation every time a young baby learns something new -to focus its eyes to mimic a movement or a facial expression to pick something up -new parents are astonished by the rapidity of this learning they are quite rightly amazed and delighted by their childrens cleverness they communicate their delight to their children who respond with smiles and a desire to achieve more and to learn more -some ideas in computer science and in artificial intelligence as to how this might be done but we still havent solved a single example -of how intelligent behavior springs from the physical interactions in living matter i think well get there in the not too distant future thank you -take a look at what brain activity might look like in this simulation each black dot is one nerve cell the dot is visible -a cell fires an electrical impulse theres ten thousand neurons here so youve looking at roughly one percent of the brain of a cockroach -your brains are about one hundred million times more complicated somewhere is a pattern like this is you -your perceptions your emotions your memories your plans for the future but we dont know where since we dont know how to read the -we dont understand the code used by the brain to make progress we need to break the code but how -will tell you that in order to figure out what the symbols in a code mean its essential to be able to play with them to -i have a -will so in this situation too to decode the information contained in patterns like this watching alone wont do we need to rearrange the -in other words instead of recording the activity of neurons we need to control it its not essential that we can control the activity of all neurons in the brain -just some the more targeted our interventions the better and ill show you in a moment how we can achieve the necessary precision and since im realistic rather than grandiose i dont claim -that the ability to control the function of the nervous system will at once unravel all its mysteries but well certainly learn -now im by no means the first person to realize how powerful a tool intervention is the history of attempts to tinker with the function of the nervous system is long and illustrious -doctor gero is a brilliant but slightly mad scientist in the doctoragonball z android saga -it dates back at least two hundred years to galvanis famous experiments in the late eighteenth century -galvani showed that a frogs legs twitched when he connected the lumbar nerve to a source of electrical current -this experiment revealed the first and perhaps most fundamental nugget of the neural code that information is written in the form of electrical impulses -sticking wires into the brain is obviously rather crude its hard to do in animals that run around and there is a physical limit to the number of wires that can be inserted simultaneously -so around the turn of the last century i started to think wouldnt it be wonderful if one could take this logic and turn it upside down -so instead of inserting a wire into one spot of the brain re engineer the brain itself -so that some of its neural elements become responsive to diffusely broadcast signals such as a flash of light -if you look very carefully you see that his skull has been replaced with a transparent plexiglas dome -such an approach would literally in a flash of light overcome many of the obstacles to discovery first its clearly a non invasive wireless form of communication -and second just as in a radio broadcast you can communicate with many receivers at once you dont need to know where these receivers are and it doesnt matter if these receivers move just think of the stereo in your car -it gets even better for it turns out that we can fabricate the receivers out of materials that are encoded in dna -each nerve cell with the right genetic makeup will spontaneously produce a receiver that allows us to control its function -i hope youll appreciate the beautiful simplicity of this concept theres no high tech gizmos here just biology revealed through biology -now lets take a look at these miraculous receivers up close as we zoom in on one of these purple neurons we see that its outer membrane is studded with microscopic pores -like these conduct electrical current and are responsible for all the communication in the nervous system but these pores here are special they are coupled to light receptors similar to the ones in your eyes -so that the workings of his brain can be observed and also controlled with light thats exactly what i do optical mind control -a flash of light hits the receptor the pore opens and electrical current is switched on and the neuron fires electrical impulses because the light activated pore is encoded in dna we can achieve incredible precision -this is because although each cell in our bodies contains the same set of genes different mixes of genes get turned on and off in different cells -you can exploit this to make sure that only some neurons contain our light activated pore and others dont so in this cartoon -the bluish white cell in the upper left corner does not respond to light because it lacks the light activated pore -the approach works so well that we can write purely artificial messages directly to the brain in this example each electrical impulse each deflection on the trace is caused by a brief pulse of light -and the approach also works in moving behaving animals this is the first ever such experiment sort of the optical equivalent of -it was done six or seven years ago by my then graduate student susana lima susana had engineered the fruit fly on the left -so that just two out of the two hundred thousand cells in its brain expressed the light activated pore youre familiar with these cells because they are the ones that frustrate you -when you try to swat the fly they trained the escape reflex that makes the fly jump into the air and fly away whenever you move your hand in position -and you can see here that the flash of light has exactly the same effect the animal jumps it spreads its wings it vibrates them but it cant actually take off because the fly is sandwiched between two glass plates -now to make sure that this was no reaction of the fly to a flash it could see susana did a simple but brutally effective experiment she cut the heads off of her flies -but in contrast to my evil twin who lusts after world domination my motives are not sinister i control the brain in order to understand how it works -stand around and groom excessively so it seems that the only trait that survives decapitation is -anyway as youll see in a moment -they didnt get very far obviously since we took these first steps the field of optogenetics has exploded and there is now hundreds of labs using these approaches -and weve come a long way since galvanis and susanas first successes in making animals -we can now actually interfere with their psychology in rather profound ways as ill show you in my last example which is directed at a familiar question -life is a string of choices creating a constant pressure to decide what to do next we cope with this pressure -having brains and within our brains decision making centers that ive called here the -now to put some neurobiological meat on this abstract model we constructed a simple one dimensional world for our favorite subject fruit flies -each chamber in these two vertical stacks contains one fly the left and the right halves of the chamber are filled with two different odors and a security camera watches as the flies pace up and down -now wait a minute you may say how can you go straight to controlling the brain without understanding it first isnt that putting the cart before the horse -heres some such cctv footage whenever a fly reaches the midpoint of the chamber where the two odor streams meet it has to make a decision -it has to decide whether to turn around and stay in the same odor or whether to cross the mid line and try something new -these decisions are clearly a reflection of the actors policy now for an intelligent being like our fly -this policy is not written in stone but rather changes as the animal learns from experience we can incorporate such an element of adaptive intelligence into our model -by assuming that the flys brain contains not only an actor but a different group of cells a critic that provides a running commentary -on the actors choices you can think of this nagging inner voice as sort of the brains equivalent of the catholic church -an austrian like me or the superego if youre freudian or your mother -now obviously -the logic of our experiment was simple we thought if we could use our optical remote control to activate the cells of the critic -so we bred flies whose brains were more or less randomly peppered with cells that were light addressable and then we took these flies and allowed them to make choices -many neuroscientists agree with this view and think that understanding will come from more detailed observation and analysis -they made one of the two choices chose one odor in this case the blue one over the orange one we switched on the lights -if the critic was among the optically activated cells the result of this intervention should be a change in policy the fly should learn to avoid the optically reinforced -heres what happened in two instances were comparing two strains of flies each of them having about one hundred light addressable cells in their brains -shown here in green on the left and on the right whats common among these groups of cells is that they all produce the neurotransmitter -but the identities of the individual dopamine producing neurons are clearly largely different on the left and on the right -if you look first at the behavior of the fly on the right you can see that whenever it reaches the midpoint of the chamber -it marches straight through as it did before its behavior is completely unchanged but the behavior of the fly on the left is very different -it comes up to the midpoint it pauses it carefully scans the odor interface as if it was sniffing out -they say if we could record the activity of our neurons we would understand the brain -and then it turns around this means that the policy that the actor implements now includes an instruction to avoid the odor thats in the right half of the chamber this means that the critic must have spoken in -through many such experiments we were able to narrow down the identity of the critic to just twelve cells -these twelve cells as shown here in green they send the output to a brain structure called the mushroom body which is here in -we know from our formal model that the brain structure at the receiving end of the critics commentary is the actor so this anatomy suggests that the mushroom bodies have something to do with action choice -but think for a moment what that means even if we could measure what every cell is doing at all times -are wired to sensors that detect the presence of odorous molecules in the air each odor activates a different combination of sensors -which in turn activates a different odor detector in the mushroom body so the pilot in the cockpit of the fly -can tell which odor is present simply by looking at which of the blue leds lights up what the actor does with this information depends on its policy -which is stored in the strengths of the connection between the odor detectors and the motors that power the flys evasive actions -if the connection is weak the motors will stay off and the fly will continue straight on its course if the connection is strong the motors will turn on -and the fly will initiate a turn now consider a situation in which the motors stay off the fly continues on its path -and it suffers some painful consequence such as getting zapped in a situation like this we would expect the critic to speak up and to tell the actor to change its policy -would still have to make sense of the recorded activity patterns and thats so difficult chances are well understand these patterns just as little as the brains that -we have created such a situation artificially by turning on the critic with a flash of light that caused a strengthening of the connections between the currently active odor detector and the -so the next time the fly finds itself facing the same odor again the connection is strong enough to turn on the motors and to trigger an evasive -i dont know about you but i find it exhilarating to see how vague psychological notions -and give rise to a physical mechanistic understanding of the mind even if its the mind of the fly this is one piece of good news -the other piece of good news for a scientist at least is that much remains to be discovered in the experiments i told you about we have lifted the identity of the critic -when we round every corner and eliminate every sharp object every pokey bit in the world then -the first time that kids come in contact with anything sharp or not made out of round plastic theyll hurt themselves with it so -as the boundaries of what we determine as the safety zone grow ever smaller we cut off our children from valuable opportunities to learn how to interact with the world around them -welcome to five dangerous things you should let your children do i dont have children i borrow my friends children so -and despite all of our best efforts and intentions kids are always going to figure out how to do the most dangerous thing they can in whatever environment they can -so despite the provocative title this presentation is really about safety and about some simple things that we can do to raise our kids to be -book is called fifty dangerous things this is five dangerous things -number one play with fire learning to control -one of the most elemental forces in nature is a pivotal moment in any childs personal history whether we remember it or not -its a its the first time we really get control of one of these mysterious things these mysteries are only revealed to those who get the opportunity to play with it -so playing with fire this is like one of the great things we ever discovered fire -from playing with it they learn some basic principles about fire about intake about combustion about exhaust these are the three working elements of fire that you have to have to have a good controlled fire and -you can think of the open pit fire as a laboratory you dont know what theyre going to learn from playing with it you know let them fool around with it on their own terms and -trust me theyre going to learn things that you cant get out of playing with dora the explorer toys -number two own a pocket knife pocket knives are kind of drifting out of our cultural consciousness which i think is a terrible thing -this advice with a grain of salt -your first your first pocket knife is like the first universal tool that youre given you know its a spatula its a pry bar its a screwdriver and its a blade and -its a powerful and empowering tool and in a lot of cultures they give knives like as soon as theyre toddlers they have knives these are inuit children cutting whale blubber -i first saw this in a canadian film board film when i was ten and it left a lasting impression to see babies playing with knives and it shows that kids can develop an extended sense of self through a tool at a very young age -you lay down a couple of very simple rules always cut away from your body keep the blade sharp never force it and these are things kids can understand and practice with and yeah theyre going to cut themselves i have some terrible scars on my legs from where i stabbed myself -but you know theyre young they heal fast -im a contract computer scientist by trade but im the founder of something called the tinkering school -but when you exercise them any given muscles adds strength to the whole system and that applies to your brain too so -three d understanding and structural problem solving so it gives a sense it helps develop their visualization skills and their predictive ability -and throwing is a combination of analytical and physical skill so its very good for that kind of whole body training -these kinds of target based practice also helps kids develop attention and concentration skills so those are great number -its a summer program which aims to help kids to learn how to build the things that they think of so we build a lot of things and -to my school and well take it apart with them even if you dont know what the parts are puzzling out what they might be for is a really good -practice for the kids to get sort of the sense that they can take things apart and no matter how complex they are -they can understand parts of them and that means that eventually they can understand all of them its a sense of knowability that something is knowable so -these black boxes that we live with and take for granted are actually complex things made by other people and you can understand them number five -parter break the digital millennium copyright act -there are laws beyond safety regulations that attempt to limit how we can interact with the things that we own in this case digital media -i do put power tools into the hands of second graders so if youre thinking about sending your kid to tinkering school they do come back bruised scraped and bloody so -get broken by accident and that laws have to be interpreted and its something we often talk about with the kids when -were fooling around with things and breaking them open and taking them apart and using them for other things and also when we go out and -drive a car doctoriving a car is a is a really empowering act for a young child so this is the -for those of you who arent comfortable actually breaking the law you can drive a car with your child -this is this is a great stage for a kid this happens about the same time that they get latched onto things like dinosaurs these big -things in the outside world that theyre trying to get a grip on a car is a similar object and they can get in a car and drive it and thats a really -like it gives them a handle on a world in a way that they wouldnt that they dont often have access to so -its perfectly legal find a big empty lot make sure theres nothing in it and its on private property and let them drive your car its very safe actually and its fun for the whole -so lets see i think thats it thats number five and a half ok -you know we live in a world thats subjected to ever more stringent child safety regulations there doesnt seem to be any limit on -how crazy child safety regulations can get we put suffocation warnings on all the on every piece of plastic film manufactured in the united states or for sale with an item in the united states -we put warnings on coffee cups to tell us that the contents may be hot and we seem to think that any item -sharper than a golf ball is too sharp for children under the age of ten so where does this trend stop -and become at ease with the idea that every step in a project is a step closer to sweet success -or gleeful calamity -we start from doodles and sketches and sometimes we make real plans and sometimes we just start building -building is at the heart of the experience hands on deeply immersed and fully committed to the problem at hand -this is the exact moment that i started creating something called tinkering school -is in the doing and failures are celebrated and analyzed problems become puzzles and obstacles disappear -when faced with particularly difficult setbacks or complexities a really interesting behavior emerges decoration -from these interludes come -deep insights and amazing new approaches to solving the problems that had them frustrated just moments before -all materials -are available for use even those mundane hateful plastic grocery bags -can become a bridge stronger than anyone imagined and the things that they build -even themselves -three -and be trusted trusted not to hurt themselves and trusted not to hurt others -when the kids arrive theyre confronted with lots of stuff wood and nails and rope and -and lots of tools real tools -its a six day immersive experience for the kids and within that context we can offer the kids time something that seems in short supply in their over scheduled lives -our goal -is to ensure that they leave with a better sense of how to make things than when they arrived and the deep internal realization that you can figure things out by fooling around -nothing ever turns out as planned ever -and the kids soon learn that all projects go awry -imagine spending seven years at mit and research laboratories only to find out that youre a performance artist -im also a software engineer and i make lots of different kinds of art with the computer and i think the main thing that im interested in is trying to find a way of making the computer into a personal mode of expression and -many of you out there are the heads of macromedia and microsoft and in a way those are my bane i think theres a great homogenizing force that software -in a way the computer makes possible much more than what most people think and my art has just been about trying to find a personal way of using the computer and so i end up writing software to do that -left id just like to show a clip from a most recent project i did a performance with two singers who specialize in making strange noises with their mouths -and this just came off last september at ars electronica we repeated it in england and the idea is to visualize their speech and song behind them with a large screen we used a computer vision tracking system in order to know where they were -like that but -as joy mountford once said the mouse is probably the narrowest straw you could try to suck all of human expression through and -the thing im really trying to do is enabling people to have more rich kinds of interactive experiences how can we get away from the mouse and use our full bodies as a way of exploring aesthetic experiences not necessarily utilitarian ones so -i write software and thats how i do it and a lot of my experiences resemble mirrors in some way because this is in some sense the first way that people discover -their own potential as actors and discover their own agency by saying who is that person in the mirror oh its actually me and so to give an example -this is a project from last year which is called the interstitial fragment processor and it allows people to explore the negative shapes that they create when theyre just going about their everyday business -so as people make shapes with their hands or their heads and so forth or with each other -shapes literally produce sounds and drop out of thin air basically taking whats often this kind of unseen space or this undetected space and making it something real that people then can appreciate and become creative -so again people discover their creative agency in this way and their own personalities come out in totally unique ways -so -people dont seem to understand me and i was looking around and i found this wonderful picture -top yeah so as he says here most people answer without any hesitation so what were really seeing here is a phenomenon called phonaesthesia which is a kind of synesthesia that all of you have -seventy years on theres been some research where cognitive psychologists have actually sussed out the extent to which you know l m and b are more associated with shapes that look like this and p t and k are perhaps more associated with shapes like this -here we suddenly begin to have a mapping between curvature that we can exploit numerically a relative mapping between curvature and -so it occurred to me what happens if we could run these backwards and thus was born the project called remark which is a collaboration with zachary lieberman and the ars electronica futurelab -and this is an interactive installation which presents the fiction that speech casts visible shadows so the idea is you step into a kind of a magic light -and as you do you see the shadows of your own speech and they sort of fly away out of your head if a computer speech recognition system is -able to recognize what youre saying then it spells it out and if it isnt then it produces a shape which is very phonaesthetically tightly coupled to the sounds you made so lets bring up a video of that -project weve developed a form of intelligent real time subtitles so these are our live subtitles that are being produced by a computer -that knows the text of the ursonate fortunately jaap does too very well and it is delivering that text at the same time -all the text youre going to see is real time generated by the computer -where is art i got productivity i got sports and somehow the idea that one would want to make art for the iphone which -see the set up where there is a screen with the subtitles -so -is someone making them afterwards and then a bunch of people who were like whats the big deal i see subtitles all the time on television -you know they dont imagine the person in the booth typing it all so in addition to the full body and in addition to the voice another thing that ive been really interested in most recently is the use of the eyes or the gaze in terms of how people relate to each other -my friends and i are doing now is still not reflected in our understanding of what computers are for so from both directions there is kind of i think a lack of understanding about what it could mean to be an artist who uses the materials of his own day or her own day -a fairly big distance away how these little tiny balls are actually pointing in one way or another to reveal what youre interested in and where your attention is directed so there is a lot of emotional communication that happens there and so ive been -beginning with a variety of different projects to understand how people can relate to machines with their eyes and basically to ask the questions what if -was aware that we were looking at it how could it respond in a way to acknowledge or subvert the fact that were looking at it and what could it do if it could look back at us -the trace left by the looking of the previous observer looks at the trace left by the looking of previous observer the idea is that its an image wholly constructed from its own history -of being viewed by different people in an installation so let me just switch over so we can do the live demo so -and you can see here that what its doing is its recording my eyes every time i blink -and i can -so each person is looking at the looking of everyone else before them and this exists in larger installations where there are thousands and thousands of eyes that people could be staring at as you see whos looking -at the people looking at the people looking before them so ill just add a couple more blink blink and you can see just once again how its sort of finding my eyes and doing its best -so thats this kind of recursive observation system -the last couple pieces im going to show are basically in the new realm of robotics for me new for me its called opto isolator and im going to show a video of the older version of it which is just a minute long -in this case the opto isolator is blinking in response to ones own blinks so it blinks one second after you do this is a device which is intended to reduce -the phenomenon of gaze down to the simplest possible materials just one eye looking at you and eliminating everything else about a face but just to consider gaze in an isolated way as a kind of -and at the same time it attempts to engage in what you might call familiar psycho social gaze behaviors like looking away if you look at it too long because it gets shy or things like that -snout with a googly eye -and inside its got an eight hundred pound robot arm that i borrowed -to have good friends im at carnegie mellon weve got a great robotics institute there id like to show you thing called snout which is the idea behind this project is to -the idea is that basically if its -other name is doubletaker taker of doubles its always kind of doing a double take what and the idea is basically can it look at you -and make you feel as if like what is it my shoes -something on my hair here we go -a lot of my work is about trying to get away from this this a photograph of the desktop of a student of mine and when i say desktop i dont just mean the actual desk where his mouse has worn away -there is the skeleton which is actually what its trying to do -really about trying to create a novel body language for a new creature hollywood does this all the time of course but also have the body language communicate something to the person who is looking at it this language is communicating that it is surprised to see you and its interested in looking at you -thank you very much thats all ive got for today and im really happy to be here thank you so much -the surface of the desk if you look carefully you can even see a hint of the apple menu up here in the upper left where the virtual world has literally punched through to the physical so -a -so my idea was born and i had the project set up and a hypothesis so what was my next step -well obviously i had to find a lab to work at because i didnt have the equipment in my school i thought this would be easy but i emailed about two hundred different people within a five hour radius of where i lived and i got one positive response that said that they could work with me most of the others either never responded back -going to a restaurant and wanted a healthier option which would you choose grilled or fried chicken now most people would answer grilled and its true that grilled chicken does contain less fat and fewer calories however grilled chicken poses a hidden danger -the second stage was completed at the penn state university main campus lab which is where i extracted the chemicals changed the ph so i could run it through the equipment and separated the compounds i needed from the rest of the chicken -the final stages when i ran the samples through a high pressure liquid chromatography mass spectrometer which separated the compounds and analyzed the chemicals and told me exactly how much carcinogens i had in my chicken -so when i went through the data i had very surprising results because i found that four out of the five marinating ingredients actually inhibited the carcinogen formation when compared with the unmarinated chicken which is what i used as my control i found that lemon juice worked by far the best which decreased the carcinogens by about ninety eight percent -and the soy sauce results were inconclusive because of the large data range but it seems like soy sauce actually increased the potential carcinogens another important factor that i didnt take into account initially was the time cooked and i found that if you increase the time cooked -not under cook but definitely dont over cook and char the chicken and marinate in either lemon juice brown sugar or saltwater -i want all of you to imagine a little girl holding a dead blue spinach plant and shes standing in front of you and shes explaining to you that little kids will eat their vegetables if theyre different colors -it got a bit more complicated -from there my older brother panaki bose spent hours of his time explaining atoms to me when i barely understood basic algebra -my parents suffered through many more of my science fair projects including a remote controlled garbage can -so armed with all the wisdom of freshman year biology -i decided i wanted to do cancer research at fifteen good plan so i started emailing -all of these professors in my area asking to work under their supervision in a lab got rejected by all except one and then went on my next summer to work under dr -one in one hundred will die from it -chemotherapy one of the most effective ways used to treat cancer today involves giving patients really high doses of chemicals to try and kill off cancer cells -they are also organic compounds in which one or more of the hydrogens in ammonia is replaced with a more complex group -so we wanted to figure out how these ovarian cancer cells are becoming resistant to this drug called cisplatin and we wanted to figure this out because if we could figure that out then we might be able to prevent that resistance from ever happening -so thats what we set out to do and we thought it had something to do with this protein called amp kinase an energy protein -so we ran all of these tests blocking the protein and we saw this huge shift i mean on the slide you can see that on our sensitive side these cells that are responding to the drug when we start blocking the protein -the number of dying cells those colored dots theyre going down -but then on this side with the same treatment -those are dots on a screen for you what exactly does that mean well basically that means that this protein is changing from the sensitive cell to the resistant cell and in fact it might be changing the cells themselves to make the cells resistant -in fact it means that if a patient comes in and theyre resistant to this drug then if we give them a chemical to block this protein then we can treat them again with the same drug and thats huge for chemotherapy effectiveness possibly for many different types of cancer -just about the research it was about finding my passion and it was about making my own opportunities when i didnt even know what i was doing it was about inspiration and determination -and never giving up on my interest for science and learning and growing after all my story begins with a dried withered spinach plant and its only getting better from there -these here are five different organizations that classify carcinogens -one point six million deaths worldwide one death every twenty seconds -people spend over ninety percent of their lives indoors and the economic burden of asthma exceeds that of hiv and tuberculosis combined now these statistics had a huge impact on me but what really sparked my interest in my research was watching both my dad and my brother suffer from chronic allergies year round -it confused me why did these allergy symptoms persist well past the pollen season -with this question in mind i started researching and i soon found that indoor air pollutants were the culprit as soon as i realized this i investigated the underlying relationship between four prevalent air pollutants and their affect on the lung health of asthmatic patients -at first i just wanted to figure out which of these four pollutants have the largest negative health impact on the lung health of asthmatic patients but soon after i developed a novel mathematical model that essentially quantifies the effect of these environmental pollutants on the lung health of asthmatic patients -and it surprises me that no model currently exists that quantifies the effect of environmental factors on human lung health because that relationship seems so important -so with that in mind i started researching more i started investigating more and i became very passionate because i realized that if we could find a way to target remediation we could also find a way to treat asthmatic patients more effectively -these chemical pollutants are currently not a criteria air pollutant as defined by the u s clean air -and the doctor has her sit down and he takes her peak expiratory flow rate which is essentially her exhalation rate or the amount of air that she can breathe out in one breath -so that peak expiratory flow rate ive entered it up into the interactive software model ive also entered in her age her gender and her height ive assumed that she lives in an average household with average air pollutant levels -between the physicians committee for responsible medicine and seven different fast food restaurants -so what it shows if you want to focus on that top graph in the right hand corner it shows julies actual peak expiratory flow rate in the yellow bar this is the measurement that she took in her doctors office in the blue bar at the bottom of the graph -it shows what her peak expiratory flow rate what her exhalation rate or lung health should be based on her age gender and height so the doctor sees this difference between the yellow bar and the blue bar and he says wow we need to give her steroids medication and inhalers -but i want everyone here to reimagine a world where instead of prescribing steroids inhalers and medication the doctor turns to julie and says why dont you go home and clean out your air filters clean out the air ducts in your home in your workplace in your school -they werent sued because there was carcinogens in the chicken but they were sued because of californias proposition sixty five which stated that if theres anything dangerous in the products then the companies had to give a clear warning -stop the use of incense and candles and if youre remodeling your house take out all the carpeting and put in hardwood flooring -because these solutions are natural these solutions are sustainable and these solutions are long term investments long term investments that were making for our generation and for future generations because these environmental solutions that -julie can make in her home her workplace and her school -are impacting everyone that lives around her so im very passionate about this research and i really want to continue it and expand it to more disorders besides asthma more respiratory disorders as well as more pollutants -but before i end my talk today i want to leave you with one saying and that saying is that genetics loads the gun but the environment pulls the trigger and that made a huge impact on me when i was doing this research because what i feel is a lot of us think that the environment is at a macro level -and air quality and air pollutants have a huge impact on the lung health -what they have in common is what we see unlocked and what we cannot see what we see unlocked -the invisible ties and bonds of sympathy that bring us together to become a human community -what these pictures demonstrate is that we do feel the pain of others however distantly what i think these pictures demonstrate -across all religions across all faiths across all continents a moral sense that not only do we share the pain of others and believe in something bigger than ourselves but we have a duty to act -when we see things that are wrong that need righted see injuries that need to be corrected see problems that need to be -reagan asked olof palme the social democratic prime minister of sweden -what do you believe in do you want to abolish the rich he said no i want to abolish the poor our responsibility is to let everyone have the chance to realize their potential to the -i believe there is a moral sense and a global ethic that commands attention from people of every religion and every faith and people of no faith -but i think whats new is that we now have the capacity to communicate instantaneously across frontiers right across the world -this is kim a nine year old vietnam girl -we now have the capacity to find common ground with people we will never meet but who we will meet through the internet -and through all the modern means of communication that we now have the capacity to organize and take collective action together -to deal with the problem or an injustice that we want to deal with and i believe that this makes this a unique age in human history and it is the start of what i would call the creation of a truly -global society go back two hundred years when the slave trade was under pressure from william wilberforce and all the protesters -they protested across britain they won public opinion over a long period of time but it took twenty four years for the campaign to be successful -what could they have done with the pictures they could have shown if they were able to use the modern means of communication to win people a s hearts and minds or if you take eglantyne jebb the woman who created save the children ninety years ago -she was so appalled by what was happening in austria as a result of the first world war and what was happening to children who were part of the defeated -ruined by napalm -and she awakened the conscience of the nation of america to begin to end the vietnam war -to create a sense that the injustice that people saw had to be acted upon immediately now look at what a s happened in the last ten years in philippines in two thousand and one president estrada -a million people texted each other about the corruption of that regime eventually brought it down and it was of course called -the -then you have in zimbabwe the first election under robert mugabe a year ago -or take burma and the monks that were blogging out a country that nobody knew anything that was happening until these blogs told the world -that there was a repression meaning that lives were being lost and people were being persecuted and aung san suu kyi who is one of the great prisoners of conscience of the world -this is -to be listened to then take iran itself and what people are doing today following what happened to -people who are preventing the security services of iran finding those people who are blogging out of iran changing their address to tehran iran and making it difficult for the security services -take therefore what modern technology is capable of the power of our moral sense allied to the power of communications and our ability to organize -who was the ethiopian girl who launched live aid in the nineteen eighties fifteen minutes away from death when she was rescued and that picture of her being rescued is one that went round the world -that in my view gives us the first opportunity as a community -to fundamentally change the world foreign policy can never be the same again it cannot be run by elites it a s got to be run by listening to the public opinions of peoples who are blogging who are communicating with each other around the world -two hundred years ago the problem we had to solve was slavery one hundred and fifty years ago i suppose the main problem in a country like ours -was how young people children had the right to education one hundred years ago in most countries in europe the pressure was for the right to vote -fifty years ago the pressure was for the right to social security and welfare in the last fifty sixty years we have seen fascism anti semitism -apartheid discrimination on the basis of sex and gender and sexuality -all these have come under pressure because of the campaigns by people to change the world i was with nelson mandela a year ago when he was in london -i was at a concert that he was attending to mark his birthday and for the creation of new resources for his foundation -i was sitting next to nelson mandela i was very privileged to do so when amy winehouse came onto the stage -said nelson mandela and i have a lot in common -my husband too has spent a long time in prison -he said in his lifetime he -the challenge of poverty of climate change global challenges that needed global solutions and needed the creation of a truly global society -we are the first generation that is in a position to do this combine the power of a global ethic -this is tiananmen square a man before a tank became a picture -with the power of our ability to communicate and organize globally with the challenges that we now face -most of which are global in their nature climate change cannot be solved in one country but has got to be solved by the world working together a financial crisis just as we have seen could not be solved by america alone or europe alone it needed the world to work together -take the problems of security and terrorism and equally the problem of human rights and development they cannot be solved by africa alone they cannot be solved by america or europe alone we cannot solve these problems -a truly global society built on that ethic but with institutions that can serve that global society and make for a different future -we have now and are the first generation with the power to do this take climate change is it not absolutely scandalous -when we want to create a global carbon market but there is no global institution that people have been able to agree upon to deal with this problem -one of the things that has to come out of copenhagen in the next few months is an agreement that there will be a global environmental institution that is able to deal with the problems of persuading the whole of the world to move along a climate change agenda one of -this next -if people in poorer countries can be hit by a crisis that starts in new york or starts in the sub prime market of the united states of america -if people can find that that sub prime product has been transferred across nations many many times until it ends up in banks in iceland or the rest in britain and peoples ordinary savings are affected by it -is the sudanese girl a few moments from death a vulture hovering in the background a picture that went round the world and shocked people into action on poverty -then you cannot rely on a system of national supervision you need in the long run for stability for economic growth for jobs as well as for financial stability global economic institutions that make sure that growth to be sustained has to be shared -and are built on the principle that the prosperity of this world is indivisible so another challenge for our generation is to create global institutions that reflect -our ideas of fairness and responsibility not the ideas that were the basis of the last stage of financial development over these recent years then take development -and take the partnership we need between our countries and the rest of the world the poorest part of the world we do not have the basis of a proper partnership for the future -sierra leone this is a country of six and a half million people but it has only eighty doctors it has two hundred nurses it has one hundred and twenty midwives -eleven years old her parents had both died from aids her mother and then her father she was an aids orphan being handed across different -extended families to be cared for she herself was suffering from hiv she was suffering from tuberculosis i met her in a field she was ragged she had no shoes -when you looked in her eyes any girl at the age of eleven is looking forward to the future but there was an unreachable sadness in that -and if i could have translated that to the rest of the world for that moment i believe that all the work that it had done for the global hiv aids fund -would be rewarded by people prepared to make donations we must then build a proper relationship between the richest and the poorest countries based on our desire -they are able to fend for themselves with the investment that is necessary in their agriculture so that africa is not a net importer of food but an exporter of food -take the problems of human rights and the problems of security in so many countries around the world burma is in chains zimbabwe -this is neda the iranian girl who was shot while at a demonstration with her father in iran only a few weeks ago and she is now the focus -is a human tragedy in sudan thousands of people have died unnecessarily for wars that we could prevent -in the rwanda childrens museum there is a photograph of a ten year old boy -and the childrens museum is commemorating the lives that were lost in the rwandan genocide where a million people died -there is a photograph of a boy called david beside that photograph there is the information about his life it said david age ten -david ambition to be a doctor favorite sport football what did he enjoy most making people laugh how did he die tortured to death -last words said to his mother who was also tortured to death dont worry the united nations are coming -and we never did and that young boy believed our promises that we would help people in difficulty in rwanda and we never did -so we have got to create in this world also institutions for peacekeeping and humanitarian aid but also for reconstruction and security for some of the conflict ridden states of the world -so my argument today is basically this we have the means by which we could create a truly global society the institutions of this global society can be created by our endeavors -that global ethic can infuse the fairness and responsibility that is necessary for these institutions to work but we should not lose the chance in this generation in this decade in particular -rightly so of the youtube generation and what do all these pictures and events have in common -with president obama in america with other people working with us around the world to create global institutions for the environment and for finance -and for security and for development that make sense of our responsibility to other peoples our desire to bind the world together and our need to tackle problems that everybody knows exist -that in ancient rome that when cicero spoke to his audiences people used to turn to each other and say -about cicero great speech but it is said that in ancient greece when demosthenes spoke to his audiences -to each other and didn a t say great speech they said lets march we should be marching towards a global society thank you -richard nixon goes to represent the united states government -at the celebrations for independence in ghana and its one of his first outings as vice president to an african country he doesnt quite know what to do so he starts going around the crowd and starts talking to people in the crowd and he says to people in this rather unique -civil rights in america were achieved in the one thousand nine hundred and sixty s but what is equally remarkable is socioeconomic rights in africa have not moved forward -very fast even since the age of colonialism and yet -america and africa have got a common interest -and we have got to realize that if we dont link up with those people who are sensible voices and democratic voices in africa to work together for common causes -then the danger of al qaeda and related groups making progress in africa is very big so i would say that what seems sometimes to be altruism in relation to africa or in relation to developing countries -do in the long run come together and whatever the short run price for taking action on climate change or taking action on security or taking action to provide opportunities for people for education these are prices that are worth paying so that you build a stronger global society where people feel able to feel comfortable with each other -and are able to communicate with each other in such a way that you can actually build stronger links between different countries -one end of the beach there is a house containing a family of five nigerians and at the other end of the beach there is a single brit you have time to -alert one house what do you do -global citizenship is that an idea that you believe in and how would you define that -i do agree that my responsibility is first of all to make sure that people in our country are safe and i wouldnt like anything that is said today to suggest that i am diminishing the importance of the responsibility that each individual leader has for their own country -but im trying to suggest that there is a huge opportunity open to us that was never open to us before -and i think look at the tsunami its a classic example where was the early warning systems -and when the world starts to work together with better early warning systems then you can deal with some of these problems in a far better way i just think were not seeing at the moment the huge opportunities open to us by the ability of people to cooperate -in a world where either there was isolationism before or there was limited alliances based on convenience which never actually took you to deal with some of the central problems -people have like people in the audience here where we love the kind of language that youre talking about it is inspiring a lot of us believe that that has to be the worlds future -and yet when the situation changes you suddenly hear politicians talking as if -you know for example the life of one american soldier is worth countless numbers of iraqi civilians when the pedal hits the metal the idealism can get moved away im just wondering how -the same global ethic is at the heart of each of these religions so i think youre dealing with something that people instinctively see as part of that moral sense so youre building on something that is not -but it is a set of values that cannot in my view be extinguished then the question is how do you make that change happen how do you persuade people that it is in their interest to build strong after the second world war -we built institutions the united nations the imf the world bank the world trade organization the marshall plan -and there is so much shared sense of what we need to do that it is vital that we all come together but we dont necessarily have the means to do so -there was a period in which people talked about an act of creation because these institutions were so new but they are now out of date they dont deal with the problems as i said you cant deal with the environmental problem through -existing institutions you cant deal with the security problem in the way that you need to you cant deal with the economic and financial problem so we have got to rebuild our global institutions build them in a way that is suitable to the challenges of this time -and i believe that if you look at the biggest challenge we face it is to persuade people to have the confidence that we can build a truly global society with the institutions that are founded on these rules so i come back to my initial point -by tackling the impossible you make the impossible possible -but surely a true global ethic -so there are challenges to be met i believe the concept of global citizenship will simply grow out of people talking to each other across continents but then of course the task is to create the institutions that make that global society work -since then the world has moved forward partly as a result of what happened with the holocaust -and peoples concern about the rights of individuals within territories where they need protection -partly because of what we saw in rwanda partly because of what we saw in bosnia the idea of the responsibility to protect all individuals who are in situations where they are at humanitarian risk is now being established as a principle which governs the world -so while i cant automatically say that britain will rush to the aid of any citizen of any country in danger i can say -and that comes back to what the future role of the united nations and what it can do actually is but the responsibility to protect is a new idea that is in a sense taken over from the idea of self determination as the principle governing the international community -the kind of full form global ethic global citizenship and basically saying that i believe that all people across the planet have equal consideration and if in power we will act in that way and we believe that the people of this country are also now global citizens and will support that -but i dont think we should underestimate the extent to which massive changes in technology make possible the linking up of people across the world -and you have a duty to help those countries that cannot afford to deal with the problems of climate change themselves -youre saying you want a deal with all the different countries of the world where were all bound together -and if you could then find a financing mechanism -i mean the great difficulty in europe is if youre at a meeting and twenty seven people speak it takes a very very long time but we did get an agreement on climate change america -japan has made an announcement china and india have signed up to the scientific evidence and now weve got to move them to accept a long term target and then short term targets -if we work together we can get that agreement to copenhagen i certainly have been putting forward proposals that would have allowed the poorest parts of the world to feel that we have taken into account their specific needs and we would help them adapt and we would help them make the transition to a low carbon economy -and god said not this year not in this decade perhaps not in your lifetime so barroso walked away crying and in tears -when will our international institutions work -love what you a re doing i admire the guts i admire the courage but your rockets are pointed in the wrong goddamn direction -it a s all a question of perspective let me try and tell you i don a t mean to insult you but -if i and i a m not doing this for real because it would be an insult so i a m going to pretend and it softens the blow i a m going to tell you what you a re thinking if i held up a square that was one foot square the color of -and i held up another square that was the root two square so it a s one point five times bigger and was the color of the oceans and i said -what is the relative value of these two things well it a s the relative importance you would say yeah yeah yeah we all know this water covers twice the area of the planet -stupidly called earth if you think that that a s the relative importance two to one you a re wrong by a factor of ten -now you a re not as thick as two short planks but you sound like it when you say earth because that demonstration if i turned around this way that earth -plane would be as thin as paper it a s a thin film two dimensional existence the ocean representation would have a depth to it -aquatic that means that us terrestrials occupy a minority the problem we have in believing that is you just have to give up this notion that this earth was created for us because -a problem we have if this is an ocean planet and we only have a small minority of this planet it just interferes with a lot of -latest film aliens of the deep it a s incredible it features two of these deep rovers and i can criticize them because these sweet things -this i think represents one of the most beautiful classic submersibles built if you look at that -we still have one foot in the dark ages and when you listen to some of the presentations here and -and this one actually carries two great manipulators it actually is a very good working sub that a s what it was designed for the problem with it is and the reason i -never build another one like it is this is a product of two dimensional thinking it a s what we humans do when we go in the ocean as engineers we take all our terrestrial hang ups all our -a seat works in a two dimensional world where gravity blasts down on that seat ok and in a two dimensional world -inner atmosphere it has two atmospheres a lesser outer gaseous atmosphere a lighter one most of life on earth is in that inner atmosphere -and that life enjoys a three dimensional existence which is alien to us fish do not sit -their mothers don a t say to little baby fish careful you don a t fall over they don a t fall over they don a t fall -the extraordinary range of human capability our understandings and then you contrast it with the fact we still call this planet earth -submersible or even remote that just takes advantage that this is a three dimensional space this is the way we should be going into the oceans this is a three dimensional machine -what we need to do is go down the ocean with the freedom of the animals and move in this three dimensional space ok this is good stuff this is man a s first attempt at flying underwater right now i a m just coming down on this gorgeous big -giant manta ray she has twice the wingspan that i do there i a m coming she sees me and just notice -and turns she doesn a t sit there and try and blow air into a tank and kind of flow up or sink down she just rolls and the craft -that i a m this hasn a t been shown before chris asked us to show stuff that hasn a t been shown before i wanted you to notice that she actually turned to come back -i am i see her coming back coming up underneath me i put reverse thrust and i try and pull gently down i a m trying to do everything very gently we spent about three hours and -this is the first flying machine this was the first prototype this was a fly by wire it has wings there a s no silly buoyancy tanks it a s permanently positively buoyant and -pretty extraordinary we have one foot in the dark ages just quickly aristotle his thing was -she just blew me away she just rolled -right away from underneath and really that a s the only -ever made in this machine it took ten years to build -this lady here -look that ugly but the camera a s so close that it a s just distorted -there she goes right overhead this is a wide angle camera she a s just a few inches off the top of my head -he just crossed over the top of my head -this is an incredible encounter with a manta i a m speechless -we a ve been just feet apart i a m going back down -trying to fly and keep up with that animal it wasn a t the lack of maneuverability that we had it was the fact she was going so slow i actually designed that to move faster through the water -not flat stupid it a s round galileo he had the inquisition so he had to be a little bit more polite he was it a s not in the middle you know -because i thought that was the thing that we needed to do to move fast and get range but after that encounter i really did want to go back with that animal and dance she wanted to dance and so what we needed to do was increase the wing area so that we just had more -grip develop higher forces so the sub that was outside last year this is the one you see the larger wing area here -also clearly it was such a powerful thing we wanted to try and bring other people and we could figure out how to do it so we opened the world a s first flight school the rational for the world a s first flight school goes something like when the coastguards come up to me and say -they used to leave us alone when we were diving these goofy little spherical things but when we started flying around in underwater jet fighters they got a little nervous and they would come up and say -you have a license for that and then i a d put my sunglasses on the beard that would all sprout out and i would say i don a t need no stinking license -i write these stinking license which i do so bob gelfons around here but -what comes next in thirty seconds i can a t tell you but -the patent for underwater flight karen and i we were looking at it some business partners wanted us to patent it we weren a t sure about that we a ve decided we a re just going to let that go it just seems wrong to try and -the freedom for underwater flight so anybody who wants to copy us and come and join us go for it the other thing is that -got much lower costs we developed some other technology called spider optics and craig ventner asked me to make an announcement here this morning -and -really said it for me and this should give you goose bumps we shall not cease from exploration and the end of our exploring shall be to return where we started -and know the place for the first time and the next lines are through the unknown remembered gate where the last of earth -so why was i stalling -i realized that what i was being pitched was a binary solution -it was either youre a meat eater or youre a vegetarian -and i guess i just wasnt quite ready -imagine your last hamburger -so my common sense my good intentions -so i wondered -i thought about it and i came up with one -the name says it all -a face monday through friday on the weekend your choice -if you want to take it to the next level remember the major culprits in terms of environmental damage -and health are red and processed meats so you want to swap those out with some good sustainably harvested fish -its structured so it ends up being simple to remember and its okay to break it here and there -after all cutting five days a week is cutting seventy percent of your meat intake -question knowing what i know why am i not a vegetarian -the program has been great weekday veg my footprints smaller -lessening pollution -i feel better about the animals im even saving money -best of all im healthier i know that im going to live longer -a little weight -so please ask yourselves for your health -whats stopping you from giving weekday veg a shot -if all of us ate half as much meat -after all im one of the green guys i grew up with hippie parents in a log cabin i started a site called treehugger -cruelty i knew that the ten billion animals we raise each year for meat are raised in factory farm conditions that we hypocritically wouldnt even consider for our own cats -dogs and other pets -causes more emissions than all of transportation combined cars trains planes buses boats all of it -and beef production uses one hundred times the water that most vegetables do -we as a society are eating twice as much meat as we -so im going to suggest that less stuff -and less space are going to equal a smaller footprint its actually a great way to save you some money and its going to give you a little more ease in your life so i started a project called life edited at lifeedited org to further this conversation and to find some great solutions in this area -first up crowd sourcing my four hundred and twenty sq ft apartment in manhattan with partners mutopo and jovoto com i wanted it all home office sit down dinner for ten room for guests and all my kite surfing gear -with over three hundred entries from around the world i got it my own little jewel box -by buying a space that was four hundred and twenty sq ft instead of six hundred immediately im saving two hundred grand -smaller space is going to make for smaller utilities save some more money there but also a smaller footprint and because its really designed around an edited set of possessions my favorite stuff and really designed for me im really excited to be there -so how can you live little three main approaches first of all you have to edit ruthlessly weve got to clear the arteries of our lives and that shirt that i hadnt worn in years -its time for me to let it go weve got to cut the extraneous out of our lives and weve got to learn to stem the inflow we need to think before we buy ask ourselves is that really going to make me happier truly -by all means we should buy and own some great stuff but we want stuff that were going to love for years not just stuff secondly our new mantra -small is sexy we want space efficiency we want things that are designed for how theyre used the vast majority of the time not that rare event why have a six burner stove when you rarely use three -whatever it is must be pretty important because ive traveled with it moved it from apartment to apartment to -so we want things that nest we want things that stack and we want it digitized you can take paperwork books movies -and you can make it disappear its magic finally we want multifunctional spaces and housewares a sink combined with a toilet a dining table becomes a bed same space a little side table stretches out to seat ten -in the winning life edited scheme in a render here we combine a moving wall with transformer furniture to get a lot out of the space look at the coffee table -it grows in height and width to seat ten -my office folds away easily hidden my bed just pops out of the wall with two fingers guests move the moving wall have some fold down guest beds and of course my own movie theater -so im not saying that we all need to live in four hundred and twenty sq ft but consider the benefits of an edited life -go from three thousand to two thousand from one thousand five hundred to one thousand most of us maybe all of us are here pretty happily for a bunch of days with a couple of bags maybe a small space a hotel room so when you go home and you walk through your front door take a second and ask yourselves -whats in the box it doesnt really matter i know i dont need it whats in yours -maybe just maybe less might equal more -familiar did you know that we americans have about three times the amount of space we did fifty years ago three times -so youd think with all this extra space wed have plenty of room for all our stuff -so where does this lead lots of credit card debt -huge environmental footprints and perhaps not coincidentally our happiness levels flat lined over the same fifty years well im here to suggest theres a better way that less might actually equal more i bet most of us have experienced at some point the joys of less -college in your dorm traveling in a hotel room camping rig up basically nothing maybe a boat whatever it was for you i bet that among other things this gave you a little more freedom a little more time -i thought i would talk about today is the transition from one mode of thinking about nature to another thats tracked by architecture whats interesting about architects is -we always have tried to justify beauty by looking to nature and arguably -was whether the number five or the number seven was a better proportion to think about architecture because the nose was one fifth of your head or because your head was one seventh of your body -and the reason that that was the model of beauty and of nature was because the decimal point had not been invented yet it was in the sixteenth century -and everybody had to dimension a building in terms of fractions so a room would be dimensioned as one fourth of a facade the structural dais of that might be dimensioned -ive just described to you the one story behind that rectangular area in the middle the phoenix islands but every other green patch on that has its own story -ten years ago was a seminal trip where we explored that big iceberg b fifteen the largest iceberg in history that broke off the ross ice shelf -and what we need to do now is look at the whole pacific ocean -and we developed techniques to dive inside and under the iceberg such as heating pads on our kidneys with a battery that we dragged around so that -as the blood flowed through our kidneys it would get a little boost of warmth before going back into our bodies but after three trips to antarctica i decided that it might be nicer to work in warmer water -and that same year ten years ago i headed north to the phoenix islands and im going to tell you that story here in a moment but before i do i just want you to ponder this graph for a moment -you may have see this in other forms but the top line is the amount of protected area on land globally and its about twelve percent and you can see that it kind of hockey sticks up around the nineteen sixties and seventies and its -a nice trajectory right now and thats probably because thats when everybody got aware of the environment and earth day -and all the stuff that happened in the sixties with the hippies and everything really did i think have an affect on global awareness but the ocean protected area is basically flat -about now it appears to be ticking up and i do believe that we are at the hockey stick point of the protected area in the ocean i think we would have gotten there a lot earlier if we could see what happens in the ocean -has to start maybe back in the the nineteen sixties when i was seven or eight years old watching jacques cousteau documentaries on the living room floor with my mask and flippers on -like we can see what happens on land but unfortunately the ocean is opaque and we cant see whats going on and therefore were way behind -on protection but scuba diving submersibles and all the work that were setting about to do here will help rectify that -so where are the phoenix islands they were the worlds largest marine protected area up until last week when the chagos archipelago was declared its in the mid pacific its about five days from anywhere if you want to get to the phoenix islands -its five days from fiji its five days from hawaii its five days from samoa its out in the middle of the pacific right around the equator -i had never heard of the islands ten years ago nor the country kiribati that owns them til two friends of mine who run a liveaboard dive boat in fiji said greg would you lead a scientific expedition up to these islands theyve never been dived -give you a little peek here of the phoenix islands protected area its a very deep water part of our planet the average depths are about twelve thousand ft theres lots of seamounts in the phoenix islands which are specifically part of the protected area -seamounts are important for biodiversity theres actually more mountains in the ocean than there are on land its an interesting fact and the phoenix islands is very rich in those seamounts -so its a deep think about it in a big three dimensional space very deep three dimensional space with herds of tuna whales -all kinds of deep sea marine life like weve seen here before thats the vessel that we took up there for these studies early on -and thats what the islands look like you can see in the background theyre very low to the water and theyre all uninhabited except one island has about thirty five caretakers -and theyve been uninhabited for most of time because even in the ancient days these islands were too far away from the bright lights of fiji and hawaii and -after every episode i had to go up to the bathtub and swim around the bathtub and look at the drain because thats all there was to look at and -the unique and wonderful scientific opportunity and personal opportunity to get to a place that had never been dived and just get to an island and go okay where are we going to -large fish everywhere manta rays -it was an ecosystem parrotfish spawning this is about five thousand longnose parrotfish spawning at the entrance to one of the phoenix islands you can see this fish are balled up and then theres a little cloudy area there where theyre exchanging the eggs and sperm for reproduction -by the time i turned sixteen i pursued a career in marine science in exploration and diving -thought the scenes of never ending wilderness would -go on forever but they did finally come to an end and we -surface of the islands as well very important bird nesting site some of the most important bird nesting sites in the pacific -in the world and we finished our -the area again you can see the islands theres eight islands that pop out of the water the -that dont come out of the water are the seamounts remember a seamount turns into an island when it hits the surface -and whats the context of the phoenix islands where do these exist well they exist in the republic of kiribati and kiribati is located in the central pacific in three island groups -in the west we have the gilbert islands in the center we have the phoenix islands which is the subject that im talking about and then over to the east we have the line islands its the largest atoll nation in the world -and they have about one hundred and ten thousand people -spread out over thirty three islands they control three point four million cubic miles of ocean and thats -and lived in underwater habitats like this one off the florida keys for thirty days total brian skerry took this shot thanks brian -between one and two percent of all the ocean water on the planet and when i was first going up there i barely knew the name of this country ten years ago and people would ask me -why are you going to this place called kiribati and it reminded me of that old joke where the bank robber comes out of the courthouse handcuffed and the reporter yells hey willy why do you rob banks and he says cause thats where all the money -and i would tell people why do i go to kiribati because thats where all the ocean is they basically are one nation that controls most of the equatorial waters of the central pacific ocean -also a country that is in dire danger -sea levels are rising -and kiribati along with forty two other nations in the world will be under water within fifty to one hundred years due to climate change and the associated sea level rise from thermal expansion and the melting of freshwater into the ocean -the islands rise only one to two meters above the surface some of the islands have already gone under water and these nations are faced with a real problem we as a world are faced with a problem what do we do with displaced fellow -and ive dived in deep sea submersibles around the world and this one is the deepest diving submarine in the world operated by the japanese government -earthlings that no longer have a home on the planet the president of the maldives conducted a mock cabinet meeting underwater recently -to highlight the dire straits of these countries so its something we need to focus on but back to the phoenix islands which is the subject of this talk -said okay this is amazing what we found id like to go back and share it with the government of kiribati -who are over in tarawa the westernmost group so i started contacting them because they had actually given me a permit to do this and -i said i want to come up and tell you what we found and for some reason they didnt want me to come or it was hard to find a time and a place and it took awhile but finally they said okay you can -if you come you have to buy lunch for everybody who comes to the seminar -so i said okay im happy to buy lunch just get whatever anybody wants so david obura a coral reef biologist and i went to tarawa and we presented for two hours on the amazing findings of the phoenix islands and -the country never knew this they never had any data from this area theyd never had any information from the phoenix islands after the talk the minister of fisheries -we often issue these permits to do research in our waters but usually we get a note two or three years later or a reprint but youre the first one thats ever come back and told us what you did and we really appreciate that and were buying you lunch today and are you free for dinner -and sylvia earle and i were on an expedition in this submarine twenty years ago in japan and on my dive i went down eighteen thousand -gains what revenue is has by selling access to foreign nations to take fish out of its waters because kiribati does not have the capacity to take the fish itself -and the deal that they strike is the extracting country gives kiribati five percent of the landed value -so if the united states removes a million dollars worth of -fifty thousand -and you know it didnt seem like a very good deal to me -so i asked the minister over dinner i said would you consider -a situation where you would still get paid we do the math and figure out what the value of the resource is but you leave fish and the sharks and the -he stopped and he said yes we would like to do that -to deal with our overfishing problem -and i think we would call it a reverse fishing license he coined the term reverse fishing license so i said yes a reverse fishing license so -we walked away from this dinner really not knowing where to go at that point i went back to the states and started looking around to see if i could find examples where -to an area that i thought would be pristine wilderness area on the sea floor but when i got there i found lots of plastic garbage and other debris -it had occurred on land in rainforests of south america and africa where landowners had been paid not to cut the trees -valuing the fishery resource -and we basically founded the park on the idea of an endowment that would pay the equivalent lost fishing license fees to this very poor country to keep the area intact -is remember im a politician so youve go out and work with my ministers and convince the people of kiribati that this is a good idea -i dont want to do something like this if its going to go away after im voted out of office -in two thousand and two when this was all going full swing -a coral bleaching event happened -heres this resource that were looking to save and -it turns out its the hottest heating event that we can find on record -the ocean heated up as it does sometimes and the hot spot formed and stalled right over the phoenix islands for six months -it was over thirty two degrees celsius for six months and it basically killed sixty percent of the coral -so suddenly we had this area that we were protecting but now it appeared to be dead at least in the coral areas of course the deep sea areas and the open ocean areas were fine but the coral which everybody likes to look at was in trouble well the good news is -keep the algae grazed down and keep the rest of the reef healthy the coral is booming is just booming back its almost like if a person has multiple diseases -its hard to get well you might die but if you only have one disease to deal with -you can get better and thats the story with climate change heating its the only threat the only influence that the reef had to deal with there was no fishing there was no pollution there was no coastal development and the reef is on a full bore recovery -now i remember that dinner i had with the minister of fisheries ten years ago when we first brought this up and i got quite animated during the dinner and said well i think that the conservation community might embrace this idea minister he paused and put his hands together and said yes greg -but the devil will be in the details -and it certainly was the last ten years have been detail after detail ranging from -creating legislation to multiple research expeditions to communication plans -as i said teams of lawyers -creating the phoenix islands trust board and we are now in the process of raising the full endowment kiribati has frozen extracting activities at its current state -while we raise the endowment we just had our first pipa trust board meeting three weeks ago so its a fully functional up and running entity that negotiates the reverse fishing license with the country -and the pipa trust board holds that license and pays the country for this so its a very solid very well thought out very well grounded system -and it was a bottom up system and that was very important with this work from the bottom up to secure this -so the conditions for success here are listed you can read them yourselves but i would say the most important one in my mind was working within the market forces of the situation -both the self interest of kiribati -as well as the self interest of the world and ill leave you with one final slide -that is how do we scale this up how do we realize sylvias dream where eventually do we take this heres the pacific -with large mpas and -large conservation zones on it -and as you can see we have a patchwork across this ocean -so one approach we a re taking is to try to design drugs that function like molecular scotch tape to hold the protein into its proper shape -do something to prevent it over the next forty years we a re facing an epidemic of neurologic diseases on a global scale -which suggest that the approach might be a general one and might be used to cure many neurologic diseases not just alzheimer a s disease there a s also a fascinating connection to cancer here -because people with neurologic diseases have a very low incidence of most cancers and this is a connection that most people aren a t pursuing right now but which we a re fascinated by -most of the important and all of the creative work in this area is being funded by private philanthropies and there a s tremendous scope for additional private help here because the government has dropped the ball on much of this i a m afraid -in the meantime while we a re waiting for all these things to happen here a s what you can do for yourself if you want to lower your risk of parkinson a s disease caffeine is protective to some extent nobody knows why -head injuries are bad for you they lead to parkinson a s disease and the avian flu is also not a good idea -as far as protecting yourself against alzheimer a s disease well it turns out that fish oil has the effect of reducing your risk for alzheimer a s disease -you should also keep your blood pressure down because chronic high blood pressure is the biggest single risk factor for alzheimer a s disease it a s also the biggest risk factor for glaucoma which is just alzheimer a s disease of the eye -and of course when it comes to cognitive effects use it or lose it applies so you want to stay mentally stimulated but hey you a re listening to me -a cheery thought -so you a ve got that covered and one final thing wish people like me luck okay because the clock is ticking for all of us thank -on this map every country that a s colored blue has more than twenty percent of its population over the age of sixty five this is the world we live in and this is the world your children will -this is why it a s happening -and this is why that a s not entirely a good thing -about thirty two million people in the united states over the age of eighty and unless we do something about it half of them will have alzheimer a s disease and three million more will have parkinson a s disease -right now those and other neurologic diseases for which we have no cure or prevention cost about a third of a trillion dollars a year it will be well over a trillion dollars by two thousand and fifty -and heart disease and cancer i think that shakespeare really put it very nicely and im actually going to use his words in the same order that he did -what is so difficult and challenging is that we are also the objects of these changes its our health its our lives its our future its our children -and that is why they are so very troubling to so many people who would pull back in fear -i think that our choice in the choice of life is not whether were going to go down this path we are definitely -its how we hold it in our hearts its how we look at it i think thucidites really spoke to us very clearly in four hundred and thirty b c he put it nicely again ill use the words in the same order he did -the bravest are surely those who have the clearest vision of what is before them -both glory and danger alike and yet notwithstanding they go out and they meet it thank you -he said and so from hour to hour we ripe and ripe and then from hour to hour we rot and -and thereby hangs a tale life is short you know and we need to think about planning a little bit -the future of life and where the unraveling of our biology and bring up the lights a little bit i dont have any slides im just going to talk about where thats likely to carry us -were all going to eventually even in the developed world have to lose everything that we love when youre beginning to rot a little bit -all of the videos crammed into your head all of the extensions that extend your various powers -are going to being to seem a little secondary and you know im getting a little bit gray so is ray kurzweil so -this is where its really central to our lives now i know theres been a whole lot of hype about our power to control biology you just have to look at the human genome project -it wasnt two years ago that everybody was talking about weve found the holy grail of biology were deciphering the code of codes were reading the book of life -you know its two thousand and three and there is no hal and there no odyssey to our own moon much less the moons of jupiter and were still picking up pieces of the challenger -so its not surprising that some people would wonder whether maybe thirty or forty years from now well look back at this instant in time -and all of the sort of talk about the human genome project and what all this is going to mean to us well it will really mean precious little -and i just want to say that that is absolutely not going to be the case because when we talk about our genetics and our biology -and modifying and altering and adjusting these things were talking about changing ourselves and this is very critical stuff -and you know i saw all the visons of the first couple of sessions it almost made me feel a little bit guilty about having an uplifting talk about the future -if you have any doubts about how technology affects our lives you just have to go to any major city this is not the stomping ground -of our pleisticine ancestors whats happening is were taking this technology its becoming more precise more potent and -were turning it back upon ourselves before its all done we are going to alter ourselves every bit as much as we have changed the world around us -its going to happen a lot sooner than people imagine on the way there its going to -to be a human being the larger context of this is that are two unprecedented -its changing our lives in so many ways and it will continue to do that what the essence of that is is that were taking the sand at our feet the inert silicon at our feet and were -a level of complexity into it that rivals that of life itself and may even surpass it as an outgrowth of that as a child of that revolution is the revolution in biology -the genomics revolution proteomics metabolomics all of these omics that sound so terrific on grants and on business plans -what were doing is we are seizing control of our evolutionary future i mean were essentially using technology to just jam evolution into fast forward its not at all clear where its going to take us -felt wrong to do that in some way and yet i dont really think it is because when it comes down to it its this larger trajectory that is really what is going to remain what people in the future are going to remember about this period -but in five to ten years were going to start see some very profound changes the most immediate changes that well see are things like in medicine -going to be a big shift towards preventative medicine as we start to be able to identify all of the risk factors that we have as individuals -but who is going to pay for all this and how are we going to understand all this complex information that is going to be -the it challenge of the next generation is communicating all this information theres pharmacogenomics a combination of pharmacology -and genetics -thats going to have amazing impacts and its going to be used for diet as well and nutritional supplements and such but its going to have a big impact because -have niche drugs and we arent going to be able to support the kinds of expenses that we have to create blockbuster drugs today the approval process is going to fall apart actually its too slow -its too risk averse and it is really not suited for the future that were moving into another thing is were just going to have to deal with this knowledge its really wonderful when we hear -oh ninety nine point nine percent of the letters in the code are the same were all identical to each other isnt it wonderful -and look around you and know that what we really care about is that little bit of difference we look the same to a visitor from another planet maybe but not to each other -because we compete with each other all time and were going to have to come to grips with the fact that there are differences between us as individuals that we will know about and between -of humans as well to deny that thats the case is not a very good start on that a generation or so away -like aging what if we could unravel aging and understand it begin to retard the process or even reverse it it would change absolutely everything -and its obvious to anyone that if we can do this we absolutely will do this whatever the consequences are -i want to talk to you a little bit about why the visions of jeremy rivkins -the second is modifying our emotions i mean ritalin viagra -things of that sort prozac you know this is just clumsy little baby steps what if you could take a little -that if it doesnt have any overt side effects probably not and if you dont who are you going to be why do you do what you do were sort of circumventing -the idea that were going to chose our childrens genes as we begin to understand what genes say about who we are -thats the focus of my book redesigning humans where i talk about the kinds of choices well make and the challenges its going to present to society there are three obvious ways of doing this the first is cloning it didnt happen -its a total media circus it will happen in five to ten years and when it does its not going to be that big a deal the birth of a delayed identical twin is not -who would like to ban these sorts of technologies or of the bill joys who would like to relinquish them are actually -going to shake western civilization but there are more important things that are already occurring embryo screening -you take a six to eight cell embryo you tease out one of the cells you run a genetic test on that cell and depending on the results of that test -you either implant that embryo or you discard it its already done to avoid rare diseases today and pretty soon its going to be possible to avoid -used by those who have infertility problems and are already doing in vitro fertilization to the wealthy who want to protect their children to just about everybody else -and in that process thats going to morph from being just for diseases to being for lesser vulnerabilities like risk of manic depression or something -to picking personalities temperaments traits these sorts of things of course there is going to be genetic engineering directly going in its a little bit further away but not that far away -going in and altering the genes in the first cell in an embryo -the way i suspect it will happen is using artificial chromosomes and extra chromosomes so we go from forty six to forty seven or forty eight and one that is not heritable because who would want to pass on to their children the archaic -to follow those paths would be such a tragedy for us im focusing on biology -and it wont be done but when something is feasible in thousands of laboratories all over the world which is going to be the case with these technologies -when there are large numbers of people who see them as beneficial which is already the case and when theyre almost impossible to police its not a question of if this is going to -its when and where and how its going to happen humanity is going to go down this path -the biological sciences the reason im doing that is because those are going to be the areas that are the most significant -in a big way the second is were human thats what we do we try to use our technology to improve our lives in one way or another -to imagine that were not going to use these technologies when they become available is as much a denial of who we are as to imagine that well use these technologies and not fret and worry about it -deal the lines are going to blur and they already are between therapy and enhancement between treatment and prevention between need and desire thats really the central one i believe -we need to make wise decisions about how to use these technologies so sure we need to debate these things and i think its wonderful that we do -but we shouldnt kid ourselves and think that were going to reach a consensus about these things that is simply not going to happen -they touch us too deeply and they depend too much upon history upon philosophy upon religion upon culture upon politics -some people are going to see this as an abomination as the worst thing as just awful other people are going to say this is great this is the flowering of human endeavor -the reason for that is really very simple its because were flesh and blood were biological creatures and what we can do with our biology is going to shape our future -the one thing though that is really dangerous about these sorts of technologies is that its easy to become -seduced by them and to focus too much on all the high technology possibilities that exist and to lose touch -with the basic rhythms of our biology and our health there are too many people that think that high technology medicine is going to keep them save them -from overeating from eating a lot of fast foods from not getting any exercise its not going to happen in the -midst of all this amazing technology and all these things that are occurring its really interesting because there is sort of a counter revolution that is going on a resurgence of interest -remedies from the past in nutraceuticals in all of these sorts of things that some people in the pharmaceutical industry particularly like to brand as non science -but this whole effort is generated is driven by it as well because that is how were gathering all this information and linking it and integrating it together -a lot in this rich biota that is going to serve us well and thats where about half of our drugs come so we shouldnt dismiss this because its an enormous opportunity -to use these sorts of results or these random lose trials from the last thousand years about what has impacts on our health -and to use our advanced technologies to pull out what is beneficial from this sea of noise basically in fact this isnt just abstract -i just formed a biotechnology company that is using this sort of an approach to develop theraputics for alzheimers and other diseases of aging -you look forward i mean future humans far before the end of this millennium in a few hundred years they are going to look back at this moment -and that of our children and that of their children whether we gain control over aging whether we learn to protect ourselves from alzheimers -and from the beginning of todays sessions youd think that theyre going to see this as this horrible difficult painful period that we struggled through and i dont think thats what is going to happen theyre going to do like everybody does -about all that stuff and they are actually going to romanticize this moment in time they are going to think about it as this glorious instant -when we laid down the very foundations of their lives of their society of their future -its a little bit like a birth where there is this bloody awful mess happens and -what comes out of it new life actually as was pointed out earlier we forget about all the struggle there was in getting there so to me -its clear that one of the foundations of that future is going to be the reworking of our biology its going to come gradually at first its going to pick up speed were going to make lots of errors -thats the way these things work to me its an incredible privilege to be alive -now and to be able to witness this thing it is something that is a unique instant in the history of all of life it will always be remembered -and whats extraordinary is that were not just observing this we are the architects of this i think that we should be proud of -other estimates put that number at roughly double that number of infections -and -or you might go to mexico you might go to latin america asia africa -flu like symptoms they could be quite mild -you could develop nausea headache -your muscles could feel like theyre contracting and you could actually feel like your bones are breaking and thats the nickname given to this disease its called breakbone fever because thats how you can feel -now the odd thing is is that once youve been bitten by this mosquito and youve had this disease your body develops antibodies -so if youre bitten again with that strain -so the next time you get dengue fever if its a different strain youre more susceptible youre likely to get worse symptoms and youre more likely to get the more severe forms hemorrhagic fever or shock syndrome -so you dont want dengue once and you certainly dont want it again -so why is it spreading so fast and the answer is this thing this is aedes aegypti now this is a mosquito that came like its name suggests out of north africa -a single mosquito will only travel about two hundred yards in its entire life they dont travel very far what theyre very good at doing is hitchhiking particularly the eggs they will lay their eggs in clear water any pool any puddle -any birdbath any flower pot anywhere theres clear water theyll lay their eggs and if that clear water is near freight its near a port if its anywhere near transport those eggs will then get transported around the world -and thats whats happened mankind has transported these eggs all the way around the world and these insects have infested over one hundred countries and theres now two point five billion people living in countries where this mosquito resides -but of course the most dangerous animal is the mosquito the mosquito has killed more humans than any other creature in human history in fact probably adding them all together the mosquito has killed more humans and the mosquito has killed more humans than wars and plague and you would think -and currently they spend about a billion dollars now a year trying to get rid of it trying to control it just one species of mosquito -two days ago or yesterday i cant remember which i saw a reuters report that said madeira had had their first cases of dengue about fifty two cases with about four hundred probable cases thats two days ago -anyone coming into that area with dengue mosquito will bite them mosquito will bite somewhere else somewhere else somewhere else and youll get -an epidemic -now in an urban environment thats extraordinarily difficult youve got to get your chemical into every puddle every birdbath every tree trunk its just not -you could do the same with a space spray this is really unpleasant stuff and if it was any good we wouldnt have this massive increase in mosquitos and we wouldnt have this massive increase in dengue fever so its not very effective but its probably the best thing weve got at the moment -having said that actually your best form of protection and my best form of protection is a long sleeve shirt -and a little bit of deet to go with it so lets -start again lets design a product right from the word go and decide what we want well we clearly need something that is effective at reducing the mosquito population theres no point in just killing the odd mosquito here and there we want something that gets that population right the way down so it cant get the disease transmission -maybe a better product comes along in twenty thirty years fine we dont want a lasting environmental impact we want something thats relatively cheap or cost effective because theres an awful lot of countries involved and some of them are emerging markets some of them emerging countries low income -would you not that with all our science with all our advances in society with better towns better civilizations better sanitation wealth -and finally you want something thats species specific you want to get rid of this mosquito that spreads dengue but you dont really want to get all the other insects some are quite beneficial some are important to your ecosystem this ones not its invaded you but you dont want to get all of the insects you just want to get this one -and most of the time youll find this insect lives in and around your home so this -whatever we do has got to get to that insect its got to get into peoples houses into the bedrooms into the kitchens now there are two -features of mosquito biology that really help us in this project and that is firstly males dont bite its only the female mosquito that will actually bite you the male cant bite you wont bite you doesnt have the mouth parts to bite you its just the female -and the second is a phenomenon that males are very very good at finding females -if theres a male mosquito that you release and if theres a female around that male will find the female -so basically weve used those two factors -so heres a typical situation male meets female lots of offspring a single female will lay about up to one hundred eggs at a time up to about five hundred in her lifetime now if that male is carrying a gene which causes the death of the offspring -then the offspring dont survive -and instead of having five hundred mosquitos running around you have none -and if you can put more ill call them sterile that the offspring will actually die at different stages but ill call them sterile for now if you put more sterile males out into the environment then the females are more likely to find a sterile male than a fertile one and you will bring that population down -so the males will go out theyll look for females theyll mate if they mate successfully -then no offspring if they dont find a female -so this is technology that was developed in oxford university a few years ago -the company itself oxitec weve been working for the last ten years very much on a sort of similar development pathway that youd get with a pharmaceutical company so about ten years of internal -evaluation testing to get this to a state where we think its actually ready -and then weve gone out into the big outdoors always with local community consent always with the necessary permits so weve done field trials now in the cayman islands a small one in malaysia and two more now in brazil and whats the result -well the result has been very good in about four months of release weve brought that population of mosquitos in most cases were dealing with villages here of about two thousand three thousand people that sort of size starting small -weve taken that mosquito population down by about eighty five percent in about four months and in fact the numbers after that get those get very difficult to count because there just arent any left -if it was the case we wouldnt have -so thats been what weve seen in cayman its been what weve seen in brazil in those trials -and now what were doing is were going through a process to scale up to a town of about fifty thousand so we can see this work at big scale -and weve got a production unit in oxford or just south of oxford where we actually produce these mosquitos we can produce them in a space a bit more than this red carpet i can produce about twenty million a week -between two hundred and three hundred million cases of malaria every year and we wouldnt have a million and a half deaths from malaria and we wouldnt have -we can transport them around the world its not very expensive because its a coffee cup something the size of a coffee cup will hold about three million eggs -so freight costs arent our biggest problem -for scaling up in brazil -and the truck is going down the road and they are releasing males as they go its actually a little bit more precise than that you want to release them so that you get good coverage of your area so you take a google map you divide it up work out how far they can fly and make sure youre releasing such that you get coverage of the area and then you go back -and within a very short space of time youre bringing that population right the way down weve also done this in agriculture weve got several different species of agriculture coming along and im hoping that soon well be able to get some funding together so we can get back -and start looking at malaria so thats where we stand at the moment and ive just got a few final thoughts which is that -this is another way in which biology is now coming in to supplement chemistry in some of our societal advances in this area -and these biological approaches are coming in in very different forms -and when you think about genetic engineering weve now got enzymes for industrial processing enzymes genetically engineered enzymes in food we have g m crops we have pharmaceuticals we have new vaccines all using roughly the same technology but with very different outcomes -and im in favor actually of course i am im in favor of particularly where the older technologies dont work well or have become unacceptable and -a disease that was relatively unknown fifty years ago now suddenly turned into the largest mosquito borne virus threat that we have and thats called dengue fever -although the techniques are similar the outcomes are very very different and if you take our approach for example and you compare it to say g m crops both techniques are trying to produce a massive benefit both have a side benefit which is that we reduce pesticide -use tremendously but whereas a g m crop is trying to protect the plant for example and give it an advantage what were actually doing is taking the mosquito and giving it the biggest disadvantage it can possibly have -so fifty years ago pretty much no one had heard of it no one certainly in the european environment but dengue fever now according to the world health organization infects between fifty and one hundred million people every year so thats equivalent to the whole of the population of the u k being infected every year -and that kind of lack of diversity and sameness leads to disastrous problems -into the world of finance raised quite a few eyebrows in iceland we werent known as the typical women women in iceland up until then so -the fact that we were women and that we believed that we had a set of values and a way of doing business that would be more sustainable than what we had experienced until then -used to be a lot easier to be from iceland because until a couple of years ago people knew hardly anything about us and i could basically come out here and say only good things about us but in the last couple of years weve become infamous for a couple of things first -and we got a great group of people to join us principled people with great skills and investors with a vision and values to match ours -and together we got through the eye of the financial storm in iceland without taking any direct losses to our equity or to the funds of our clients -and although i want to thank the talented people of our company foremost for that and also theres a factor of luck and timing we are absolutely convinced that we did this because of our values so let me share with you our values -we believe in risk awareness what does that mean we believe that you should always understand the risks that youre taking and we will not invest in things we dont understand -not a complicated thing but in two thousand and seven at the height of the sub prime and all the complicated financial structures it was quite opposite to the reckless risk taking behaviors that we saw on the market -we also believe in straight talking telling it as it is -using simple language that people -and although we do work in the financial sector where excel is king we believe in emotional capital and we believe -that doing emotional due diligence -is just as important as doing financial due diligence -it is actually people that make money and lose money not excel spreadsheets -positive social and environmental benefits when we invest -but it wasnt just about the values although we are convinced that they matter it was also about a business opportunity its the female trend and its the sustainability trend that are going to create some of the most interesting investment opportunities in the years to come -the whole thing about the female trend is not about women being better than men it is actually about women being different from men bringing different values and different ways to the table so what do you get you get better decision making -of course the economic meltdown it actually got so bad that somebody put our country up for sale on -and you get less herd behavior and both of those things hit your bottom line with very positive results -but one has to wonder now that weve had this financial sector collapse upon us in iceland and by the way europe looks pretty bad right now and many would say that you in america are heading for some more trouble as well -now that weve had all that happen and we have all this data out there telling us that its much better to have diversity around the decision making tables will we see business and finance change will government change -well ill give you my straight talk about this i have days that i believe but i have days that im full of doubt have you seen the incredible urge out there to rebuild the very things that failed us -hoping for a different outcome -so i guess the world is insane because i see entirely too much of doing the same things over and over again hoping that this time its not going to collapse upon us -i want to see more revolutionary thinking and i remain hopeful like ted i believe in people and i know that consumers are becoming more conscious and they are going to start voting with their wallets and they are going to change the face of business and finance from the outside if they dont do it from the inside -ninety nine pence was the starting price and no reserve -but im more of the revolutionary and i should be im from -they marched into the center of reykjavik and they put women -five years later iceland elected vigdis finnbogadottir as their president first female to become head of state single mom -a breast cancer survivor who had had one of her breasts removed -and at one of the campaign sessions she had one of her male contenders allude to the fact that she couldnt become president she was a woman and even half a woman -that night she won the election because she came back -not just because of his crappy behavior but she came back and said -well im actually not going to breastfeed the icelandic nation im going to lead it -absolutely convinced that it was just about the individual that women and men would have just the same opportunities but ive come to conclude lately that it isnt like that we are not the same and its great because -none of your media got it right -careers in investment banking in the corporate sector leave to found a financial services firm well let it suffice to say -that we felt a bit -overwhelmed with testosterone -and im not here to say that men are to blame for the crisis and what happened in my country but i can surely tell you that in my country much like on wall street and the city of london and elsewhere men were at the helm of the game of the financial sector -men were at the helm of the game of the financial sector and that kind of lack of diversity and sameness leads to disastrous problems -we decided a bit fed up with this world and also with the strong feeling in our stomach that this wasnt sustainable to found a -based on our values and we decided to incorporate feminine values into the world of finance -raised quite a few eyebrows in iceland we werent known as the typical women women in iceland up until then -it was almost like coming out of the closet to actually talk about the fact that we were -women and that we believed that we had a set of values and a way of doing business that would be more sustainable than what we had experienced until then -used to be a lot easier to be from iceland because until a couple of years ago people knew hardly anything about us -and we got a great group of people to join us principled people with great skills and investors with a vision and values to -and together we got through the eye of the financial storm in iceland without taking any direct losses to our equity or to the funds of our clients and although i want to thank the talented people of our company -foremost for that and also theres a factor of luck and timing we are absolutely convinced that we did this because of our values so let me share with you our values -we believe in risk awareness what does that mean we believe that you should always understand the risks that youre taking and we will not invest in things we dont understand -not a complicated thing but in two thousand and seven it was at the height of the sub prime and all the complicated financial structures -it was quite opposite to the reckless risk taking behaviors that we saw on the market -and i could basically come out here and say only good things about us but in the last couple of years weve become infamous for a couple of things first -we also believe in straight talking telling it as it is -using simple language that people understand -and although we do work in the financial -where excel is king we believe in emotional capital and we believe that doing emotional due diligence -is just as important as doing financial due diligence -we believe in profit with principles we care how we make our profit so while we want to make economic profit for ourselves and our -we are willing to do it with a long term view and we like to have a wider definition of profits than just the economic profit in the next quarter so we like to see profits plus -positive social and environmental benefits when we invest -but it wasnt just about the values although we are convinced that they matter it was also about a business opportunity its the female trend and its the sustainability trend that are going to create some of the most interesting investment opportunities in the years to come the whole thing about the female trend is not about women being better than men -of course the economic meltdown it actually got so bad that somebody put our country up for sale -it is actually about women being different from men bringing different values and different ways to the table so what do you get you get better decision making -and you get less herd behavior and both of those things hit your bottom line with very positive results -but one has to wonder now that weve had this financial sector collapse upon us in iceland and by the way europe looks pretty bad right now and many would say that you in america are heading for some more trouble as well -now that weve had all that happen and we have all this data out there telling us that its much better to have diversity around the decision making tables will we see business and finance change will government change -well ill give you my straight talk about this i have days that i believe but i have days that im full of doubt have you seen the incredible urge out there to rebuild the very things that failed us -einstein said that this was the definition of insanity -to do the same things over and over again -hoping for a different outcome -so i guess the world is insane because i see entirely too much of doing the same things over and over again hoping that this time -not going to collapse upon us -i want to see more revolutionary thinking and i remain hopeful like ted i believe in people and i know that consumers are becoming more conscious -and they are going to start voting with their wallets and they are going to change the face of business and finance from the outside if they dont do it from the inside -but im more of the revolutionary and i should be im from iceland we have a long history of strong courageous independent women ever since the viking -women in iceland took the day off from work or from home they took the day off and nothing worked in iceland -they marched into the center of reykjavik and they put women -the agenda and some say this was the start of a global movement for me it was the start of a long journey but i decided that day to -was the volcano that interrupted the travel plans of almost all of you and many of your friends including president obama by the way the pronunciation is -five years later iceland elected vigdis finnbogadottir as their president first female to become head of state single mom a breast cancer survivor who had had one of her breast removed -and at one of the campaign sessions one of her male contenders alluded to the fact that she couldnt become president she was a woman and even half a woman -that night she won the election because she came back -not just because of his crappy behavior but she came back and said -well im actually not going to breastfeed the icelandic nation im going to lead it -so ive had -role models that have influences who i am and where i am today but in spite of that i went through the first ten or fifteen years of my career mostly in denial of being a woman started in corporate america -and i was absolutely convinced that it was just about the individual that women and men would have just the same opportunities but ive come to conclude lately that it isnt like that we are not the same and its great because -we need to start embracing the beauty of balance so lets move away from thinking about business here and philanthropy there -lets start thinking about doing good business thats how we change the world thats the only sustainable future thank you -of your media got it right -but im not here to share these stories about these two things exactly im here to tell you the story of audur capital which is a financial firm founded by me and kristin who you see in the picture -in the spring of two thousand and seven just over a year before the economic collapse hit why would two women who were enjoying successful careers in investment banking in the corporate sector -leave to found a financial services firm well let it suffice to say -that we felt a bit -so we would like to stress that the performance you see in the horse is three guys who have studied horse behavior incredibly thoroughly -so it needed a very articulate front paw -but like all puppets it has other -puppets always have to try to be alive its their kind of ur story onstage that desperation -here today to talk about the evolution of a puppet horse -and it only lives because you make it an actor struggles to die onstage but a puppet has to struggle to live and in a way thats a metaphor for life -emotional engineering that uses up to the minute seventeenth century technology -with movement built into it to persuade you to believe that it has life bj okay so ak it has ears that move passively when the head goes -curiously similar in fact to the plywood canoes that adrians father used to make when he was a boy in their workshop -collaborated with a company from mali the sogolon marionette troupe of bamako where we made a piece about a tall giraffe it was just called tall horse which was a life sized giraffe -and he joins up to find his horse -and the prototype took a bit longer than we anticipated we had to throw out the plywood legs and make new cane ones and we had a crate built for it it had to be shipped to london we were going to test drive it on the street outside of our house in cape town and it got to midnight and we hadnt done that yet -and we posed the puppet in various galloping stances and we sent it off to the national theatre hoping that they believed that we created something that worked -of the prototype this is in the national theatre studio the place where they cook new ideas it had by no means got the green light -grew up into the big horse and nick starr the director of the national theatre saw that particular moment he was standing next to me he nearly wet himself and so the show was given the green light and we went back to cape town and redesigned the horse completely here is the plan -you can see quite a lot of skeletons in the background there -it -so here are some half finished horses ready to be worked in london and now we would like to introduce you to joey -joey boy -you there -joey come here stand here where people -here craig is working the head -he has bicycle brake cables going down to the head control in his hand each one of them operates either an ear separately or the head up and down but he also controls the head directly by using his hand -depending upon whats going on in front of him around him or when hes more relaxed the head comes down and the ears listen either side -horses hearing is very important its almost more important than their eyesight -over here tommys got what you call the heart position hes working the leg you see the string tendon from the hyena the hyenas front leg automatically pulls the hoop up -from left to right and up and down with the other hand and together theres quite a complex possibility -thought that he was going to have to split the chest of the puppet in two and make it breathe like that because thats how a horse would breathe with an expanded chest but we realized that if that were to be happening you wouldnt as an audience see the breath -so he made a channel in here -and -breathes with his knees -if i were to touch the horse here on -the heart puppeteer can shake the body from inside and get the skin to quiver youll notice of course that the puppet is made out of -but of course it was the cane is light the cane is flexible the cane is durable and the cane is moldable and so it was a very practical reason why it was made of cane the skin itself is made out of a see through nylon mesh which -if the lighting designer wants the horse to almost disappear she can light the background and the horse -the hyena is the ancestor of the horse because it was part of a production called faustus in africa a handspring production from one thousand nine hundred and ninety five where it had to play draughts with helen of troy this production was directed by south african artist and theater director william kentridge -the skeletal structure of it or if you light it from above it becomes more solid again that was a -practical consideration the guys inside the horse have to be able to see out they have to be able to act along with their fellow actors in the production and its very much an in the moment activity that theyre engaged in its three heads making one character -but now we would like you to put joey through some paces -you -all the way from sunny california we have zem joaquin whos going to ride the horse for us -seventy five percent of couples are requesting girls and not boys and in places where you wouldnt think such as south korea -india and china the very strict patriarchal societies are starting to break down a little and families are no longer strongly preferring first born sons -if you think about this if you just open your eyes to this possibility and start to connect the dots you can see the evidence everywhere you can see it in -college graduation patterns in job projections in our marriage statistics you can see it in the icelandic elections which youll hear about later and you can see it on south korean surveys on son preference that something amazing and unprecedented is happening with women -we are now going through an amazing and unprecedented moment where the power dynamics between men and women are shifting very rapidly -this time its not about passion and its not about any kind of movement this is really just about the facts of this economic moment that we live in -the two hundred thousand year period in which men have been top dog is truly coming to an end believe it or not and thats why i talk about the end of -now all you men out there this is not the moment where you tune out or throw some tomatoes because the point is that this is happening to all of us i myself have -first started thinking about this about a year and a half ago i was reading headlines about the recession just like anyone else and i started to notice a distinct pattern -called stiffed the betrayal of the american man in which she described how hard the recession had hit men and i started to think about whether it had gotten worse this time around in this recession and i realized that two things were different this time around -and in many of the places where it counts the most women are -the first was that these were no longer just temporary hits that the recession was giving men that this was reflecting a deeper underlying shift in our global economy and second that the story was no longer just about the crisis of men -and now look at this second set of slides these are headlines about whats been going on with women in the next few years these are things we never could have imagined a few years ago women a majority of the workplace and labor statistics women take up most managerial jobs -this second set of headlines you can see that families and marriages are starting to shift and look at that last headline young women earning more than young men -that particular headline comes to me from a market research firm they were basically asked by one of their clients who was going to buy houses in that neighborhood in the future -taking control of everything in my mothers day she didnt go to college not a lot of women did and now for every two men who get a college degree three women will do the same -major purchasers of houses in the neighborhood and so they decided because they were intrigued by this finding to do a nationwide survey -so they spread out all the census data and what they found the guy described to me as a shocker which is that in one thousand nine hundred and ninety seven out of two thousand communities -women young women were making more money than young men so here you have a generation of young women who grow up thinking of themselves as being more powerful earners than the young men around -now ive just laid out the picture for you but i still havent explained to you why this is happening and in a moment im going to show you a graph -and basically what youll see is what economists talk about as the polarization of the economy now what does that mean -it means that the economy is dividing into high skill high wage jobs and low skill low wage jobs and that the middle the middle skill jobs and the middle earning jobs are starting to drop out of the economy this has been going on for forty years now -women for the first time this year became the majority of the american workforce and theyre starting to dominate lots of professions doctors lawyers bankers accountants -so watch that you see them both drop out of the middle class watch what happens to the women watch what happens to the men the men sort of stagnate there while the women zoom up in those high skill jobs so whats that about -it looks like women got some power boost on a video game or like they snuck in some secret serum into their birth control pills that lets them shoot up high but of course its not about that what its about is that the economy has changed a lot we -have a manufacturing economy which was about building goods and products and now we have a service economy and an information and creative economy -those two economies require very different skills and as it happens women have been much better at acquiring the new set of skills than men have been -used to be that you were a guy who went to high school who didnt have a college degree but you had a specific set of skills and with the help of a union you could make yourself a pretty good middle class life -but that really isnt true anymore this new economy is pretty indifferent to size and strength which is whats helped men along all these years what the economy requires now is a whole -to be able to listen to people and to operate in a workplace that is much more fluid than it used to be and those are things that women do extremely well as were seeing -if you look at management theory these days it used to be that our ideal leader sounded something like gen patton right you would be issuing orders from above you would be very hierarchical you would tell everyone below you what to do -but thats not what an ideal leader is like now if you read management books now a leader is somebody who can foster creativity who can get his -get the employees see i still say his who can get the employees to talk to each other who can basically build teams and get them to be creative and those are all things that women do very well -over fifty percent of managers are women these days and in the fifteen professions projected to grow the most in the next decade -and then on top of that thats created a kind of cascading effect women enter the workplace at the top and then at the working class all the new jobs that are created are the kinds of jobs that wives used to do for free at home -so thats child care elder care and food preparation so those are all the jobs that are growing and those are jobs that women tend to do -now one day it might be that mothers will hire an out of work middle aged former steelworker guy to watch their children at home and that would be good for the men but that hasnt quite happened yet -to see whats going to happen you cant just look at the workforce that is now you have to look at our future workforce and here the story is fairly simple -women are getting college degrees at a faster rate than men -why this is a real mystery people have asked men why dont they just go back to college to community college say and retool themselves learn a new set of skills -well it turns out that theyre just very uncomfortable doing that theyre used to thinking of themselves as providers and they cant seem to build the social networks that allow them to get through college so for some reason men just dont end up going back to college -and whats even more disturbing is whats happening with younger boys theres been about a decade of research about what people are calling the boy crisis -now the boy crisis is this idea that very young boys for whatever reason are doing worse in school than very young girls -all but two of them are dominated by women so the global economy is becoming a place where women are more successful than men believe it or not and -and people have theories about that is it because we have an excessively verbal curriculum and little girls are better at that than little boys or that we require kids to sit still too much and so boys -ten year old daughter noah to talk to you about why the boys in her class -this whole thesis really came home to me when i went to visit a college in kansas city working class college certainly when i was in college i had certain expectations about my life that my husband and i would -both work and that we would equally raise the children but these college girls had a completely different view of their future -basically the way they said it to me is that they would be working eighteen hours a day that their husband would maybe have a job but that mostly he would be at home taking care of the kitties -and this was kind of a shocker to me and then heres my favorite quote from one of the girls men are the new -that quote has kind of a sting to it right and i think the reason it has a sting is because -of years of history dont reverse themselves without a lot of pain and thats why i talk about us all going through this together -the night after i talked to these college girls i also went to a mens group in kansas and these were exactly the kind of victims of the manufacturing economy which i spoke to you about earlier they were men who had been contractors or they had been building houses and they had lost their jobs -the housing boom and they were in this group because they were failing to pay their child support and the instructor was up there in the class explaining to them all the ways in which they had lost their identity in this new age -he was telling them they no longer had any moral authority that nobody needed them for emotional support anymore and they were not really the providers so who were -your salary so whos the man now he asked them whos the damn man shes the man now and that really sent a shudder through the room -women are learning english faster than their male counterparts in order to staff the new call centers that are growing in india in china a lot of the opening up -private entrepreneurship is happening because women are starting businesses small businesses faster than men and heres my favorite example which is in south korea over several decades south korea built one of the most patriarchal societies we know about -they basically enshrined the second class status of women in the civil code and if women failed to -birth male children they were basically treated like domestic servants and sometimes family would pray to the spirits to kill off a girl child so they could have a male child -now because we havent fully processed this information its kind of coming back to us in our pop culture in these kind of weird and exaggerated ways where you can see that the stereotypes are changing -and so we have on the male side what one of my colleagues likes to call the omega males popping up who are the males who are romantically challenged losers who cant find a job and they come up in lots of different forms so we have the perpetual adolescent -we have the charmless misanthrope -we have our bud light guy whos the happy couch potato and then heres a shocker even americas most sexiest man alive the sexiest man alive gets romantically played these days in a movie -and then on the female side you have the opposite in which you have these crazy superhero women youve got lady gaga -youve got our new james bond whos -and its not just for the young right even helen mirren can hold a gun these days and so it feels like we have to move from this place where weve got these -now ive never really liked this term for one thing it puts men and women in a really antagonistic relationship with one another because the men are these devious tricksters up there -who is a parody of american manhood and thats what we have in our commercials today -whove put up this glass ceiling and were always below the glass ceiling the women and we have a lot of skill and experience but its a trick so how are you supposed to prepare to get through that glass ceiling -and also shattering the glass ceiling is a terrible phrase what crazy person would pop their head through a glass ceiling so -the image i like to think of instead of glass ceiling is the high bridge -its definitely terrifying to stand at the foot of a high bridge but its also -the great thing is theres no trick like with the glass ceiling theres no man or woman standing in the middle about to cut the cables theres no hole in the middle that youre going to fall through -the phrase first born son is so deeply ingrained in our consciousness that this statistic alone shocked me in american fertility clinics -walk across the high bridge but you just have to make the decision to take the first step and do it -filled with the scriptings of ordinary people strangers writing letters to other strangers not because theyre ever going to meet and laugh over a cup of coffee but because they have found one another by way of letter writing -but you know the thing that always gets me about these letters is that most of them have been written -people that have never known themselves loved on a piece of paper -one of the only kids in college who had a reason to go to the p o box at the end of the day -we have learned to diary our pain onto facebook and we speak swiftly in one hundred and forty characters or less -but what if its not about efficiency this time i was on the subway yesterday with this mail crate which is a conversation starter let me tell you if you ever need one just carry one of these laughter and a man just stared at me and he was like well why dont you use the internet and i thought well sir -i am not a strategist nor am i specialist i am merely a storyteller -and so i could tell you about a woman whose husband has just come home from afghanistan and she is having a hard time unearthing this thing called conversation and so she tucks love letters throughout the house as a way to say come back to me find me when you can -or a girl who decides that she is going to leave love letters around her campus in dubuque iowa only to find her efforts ripple effected the next day when she walks out onto the quad and finds love letters hanging from the trees tucked in the bushes and the benches -and that was mainly because my mother has never believed in email in facebook in texting or cell phones in general and so while other kids were bbm ing their parents i was literally waiting by the mailbox to get a letter from home to see how the weekend had gone which was a little frustrating when grandma was in the hospital but -or the man who decides that he is going to take his life -uses facebook as a way to say goodbye to friends and family well tonight he sleeps safely with a stack of letters just like this one tucked beneath his pillow scripted by strangers who were there for him when -the mere fact that somebody would even just sit down pull out a piece of paper and think about someone the whole way through with an intention that is so much harder to unearth when the browser is up and the iphone is pinging and weve got six conversations rolling in at once that is an art form -that does not fall down to the goliath of get faster no matter how many social networks we might join we still clutch close these letters to our chest -to the words that speak louder than loud when we turn pages into palettes to say the things that we have needed to say the words that we have needed to write to sisters and brothers and even to strangers for far too long thank you -i was just looking for some sort of scribble some unkempt cursive from my mother -i blogged about those letters and the days when they were necessary and i posed a kind of crazy promise to the internet that if you asked me for a hand written letter i would write you one no questions asked -overnight my inbox morphed into this harbor of heartbreak a single mother in sacramento a girl being bullied in rural kansas all asking me a twenty two year old girl who barely even knew her own coffee order -to write them a love letter and give them a reason to wait by the mailbox well today i fuel a global organization that is fueled by those trips to the mailbox -but this is what we would like to see isnt it -the publicly funded data is down here and we would like flowers to grow out on the net and one of the crucial -good news that the present new head of u n statistics he doesnt say its impossible he only says we -that swedish top students know statistically significantly less about the world than the chimpanzees -so we can see a lot happening in data in the coming years we will be able to look at income distributions in completely new ways -is this that china is growing its not so equal any longer and its appearing here overlooking the united states almost like a ghost isnt it -but i think its very important to have all this information we need really to see it and instead of looking at this -i would like to end up by showing the internet users per one thousand in this software we access about five hundred variables from all the countries quite easily it takes some -time to change for this but on the axises you can quite easily get any variable you would like to have and the thing would be -to get up the databases free to get them searchable and with a second click to get them into the graphic formats where you can -because the chimpanzee would score -understand them now statisticians doesnt like it because they say that this will not show -the reality we have to have statistical analytical methods but this is hypothesis generating i end now with the world -there the internet is coming the number of internet users are going up like this this is the gdp per capita and its a new technology coming in but then amazingly how well it -if i gave them two bananas with sri lanka and turkey they would be right half of the cases but the students are not there the problem for me -to the economy of the countries thats why the one hundred dollar computer will be so important but its a nice tendency its as if the world is flattening off isnt it these countries are lifting more than the economy -and will be very interesting to follow this over the year as i would like you to be able to do with all the publicly funded data thank you very much -was not ignorance it was preconceived ideas i did also an unethical study of the professors of the karolinska institute that -hands out the nobel prize in medicine and they are on par with the chimpanzee there -this is where i realized that there was really a need to communicate because the data of whats happening in the world and the child health of every country is very well aware we did this -which displays it like this every bubble here is a country this country over here is china -ten years ago i took on the task to teach global development to swedish undergraduate students that was after having spent about twenty years together with african institutions studying hunger in africa so i was sort of -india the size of the bubble is the population and on this axis here i put fertility rate -because my students what they said when they looked upon the world and i asked them what do you really think about the world -i first discovered that the textbook was tintin mainly and they said the world is still we and them and we is western world and them is third world -and what do you mean with western world i said well thats long life and small family and third world is short life and large -so this is what i could display here i put fertility rate here number of children per woman one two three four up to about eight children per woman -or have these developing countries got smaller families and they live here or have they got longer lives and live up there lets see we stopped the world then this is all u n statistics that have been -here we go can you see there its china there moving against better health there improving there all the green -countries are moving towards smaller families your yellow ones here are the arabic countries and they get larger families but they no longer life but not larger families the africans are the green down here they still remain -this is india indonesias moving on pretty fast and in the eighties here you have bangladesh still among the african countries there but now bangladesh its a miracle that happens in the -the imams start to promote family planning they move up into that corner and in nineties we have the terrible hiv epidemic that takes down -the life expectancy of the african countries and all the rest of them move up into the corner where we have long lives and small family and we have a completely new world -during the war indicate -even with all the death there was an improvement of life expectancy by the end of the year the family planning started in vietnam and they went for smaller families -we have in vietnam the same life expectancy and the same family size -if we dont look in the data we underestimate the tremendous change in asia which was in social change before we saw the economical change lets move over to another way here in which we could -display the distribution in the world of the income this is the world distribution of income of people -one dollar ten dollars or one hundred dollars per day -gap between rich and poor any longer this is a myth -a little hump here -but when you get that opportunity you get a little nervous i thought these students coming to us actually have the highest grade you can get in swedish college systems so maybe they know everything im going to teach them about so i did a -but there are people all the way and if we look where the income ends up -the income this is one hundred percent the worlds annual income and the richest twenty percent they take out of that about seventy four percent -and the poorest twenty percent they take about two percent and this shows that the concept of developing countries is extremely doubtful -we think about aid like these people here giving aid to these people here but in the middle we have most the world population and they have now twenty four percent of the income we heard it in other forms -and who are these where are the different countries i can show you africa this is africa -ten percent the world population most in poverty this is -the rich country the country club of the u n and they are over here on this side quite an overlap between africa and -and this is latin america it has everything on this earth from the poorest to the richest in latin america and on top of that we can put east europe -and we have most who lived in absolute poverty were asians the problem in the world was the poverty in asia and if i now -let the world move forward you will see that while population increase there are hundreds of millions in asia getting out of poverty -and some others getting into poverty and this is the pattern we have today and the best projection from the world bank is that this will happen -and we will not have a divided world well have most people in the middle of course its a logarithmic scale here but our concept of economy is growth with percent -we look upon it as a possibility of percentile increase if i change -and i take gdp per capita instead of family income and i turn these individual data into regional data of gross domestic product -when they came and one of the questions from which i learnt a lot was this one which country has the highest child mortality of these five pairs -and i take the regions down here the size of the bubble is still the population and you have the oecd there and you have sub saharan africa there and we take off the arab states there coming both from africa and from asia -and we put them separately and we can expand this axis and i can give it a new dimension here by adding -the social values there child survival now i have money on that axis and i have the possibility of children to survive there in some countries ninety nine point seven percent of children survive to five years of age -others only seventy and here it seems there is a gap between oecd latin america east europe east asia arab states -south asia and sub saharan africa the linearity is very strong between child survival and money but let me split sub saharan africa -is there and better health is up there i can go here and i can split sub saharan africa -into its countries and when it burst the size of his country bubble is the size of the population sierra leone down there mauritius is up there -was the first country to get away with trade barriers and they could sell their sugar they could sell their textiles on equal terms as the people in europe and north america theres a huge difference between africa and -humanitarian aid here in uganda development aid here time to invest there you can go for -its a tremendous variation within africa which we rarely often make that its equal everything i can split south asia here indias the big bubble in the middle but a huge difference between afghanistan and -and i put them together so that in each pair of country one has twice the child mortality of the other and this means that its much bigger a difference than the uncertainty of the data -sri lanka i can split arab states how are they same climate same culture same religion huge difference even between neighbors yemen civil war united arab emirate money -which was quite equally and well used not as the myth is and that includes all the children of the foreign workers who are in the -often better than you think many people say data is bad there is an uncertainty margin but we can see the difference here cambodia singapore the differences are much bigger than the weakness of the data east europe -very very differently and there is latin america -today we dont have to go to cuba to find a healthy country in latin america chile will have a lower child mortality than cuba within some few years from now -and here we have high income countries in the oecd and we get the whole pattern here of the world which is more or less like -this and if we look at it how it looks the world -so its sort of difficult to get -south korea which is this one -with brazil which is this one -i wont put you at a test here but its turkey which is highest there poland russia pakistan and south africa and these were the results of the swedish students i did it so i got the confidence interval which is pretty narrow -and you can see how -south korea is making a very very fast advancement whereas brazil is much slower -and if we move back again here and we put on trails on them like this you can see again that -speed of development is very very different and the countries are moving more or less in the same rate -as money and health but it seems you can move much faster if you are healthy first than if you are wealthy first and to show that you can put on the way of united arab emirate they came from here -a mineral country they cached all the oil they got all the money but health cannot be bought at the supermarket you have to invest in health you have to get kids into schooling you have to train health staff -you have to educate the population and sheikh sayed did that in a fairly good way and in spite of falling oil prices he brought this country up here -so weve got a much more mainstream appearance of the world where all countries tend to use their money better than they used in the past -now this is more or less if you look at -they are like this now thats dangerous to use average data because there is such a lot of difference within countries -uganda these are the quintiles of uganda the richest twenty percent of ugandans are there the poorest are down there if i split south africa -its like this if i go down and look at niger where there was such a terrible famine -and i got happy of course a one point eight right answer out of five possible that means that there was a place for a professor of international health and for my -its like this the twenty percent poorest of niger is out here and the twenty percent richest of south africa is there and yet we tend to discuss on what solutions there should be in africa everything in this world exists in africa -you cant discuss universal access to hiv for that quintile up here with the same strategy as down here the improvement of the world must be highly contextualized and its not relevant -to have it on regional level we must be much more detailed we find that students get very excited when they can use this and even more policy makers and the corporate sectors would like to see how the world -changing now why doesnt this take place why are we not using the data we have we have data in the united nations in the national statistical agencies and in universities and other non governmental organizations -the data is hidden down in the databases and the public is there and the internet is there -they take some nourishment down from the databases but people put prices on them stupid passwords and boring statistics -and this wont work so -is needed we have the databases its not the new database you need we have wonderful design tools and more and more are added up here so we started a nonprofit venture -which we called -linking data to design we call it gapminder from the london underground where they warn you mind the gap so we thought gapminder was appropriate and we started to write software which could link the data like this -one late night when i was compiling the report i really realized my discovery i -and it wasnt that difficult it took some person years and we have produced animations you can take a data set and put it there we are liberating -some few u n organization some countries accept that their databases can go out on the world but what we really need is of course a search function -a search function where we can copy the data up to a searchable format and get it out in the world and what do we hear when we go around ive done anthropology on the main statistical units everyone says its impossible -so the seemingly impossible is possible even african countries can achieve this and -the seemingly impossible is possible and remember please remember my main message -is this the seemingly impossible is possible we can have a good -i showed you the shots i proved it in the powerpoint and i think i will convince you -by -india -and the hiv epidemic brought down the countries like this this is more or less what we saw last year and this is how it will go on into the future -you can hear -and im going to -take this blade of steel and push it down through my body of blood and flesh and prove to you -that the seemingly impossible is possible can i request a moment of absolute -and i will talk on is this possible because you see now i presented statistics that dont exist -because this is where we are -will it be possible that this will happen -i cover my lifetime here you know i expect to live one hundred years and this is where we are today now could we -look here at instead -the economic situation in the world -and i would like to show that against child survival well swap the axis here you have child mortality -that is survival four kids dying there two hundred dying there and this is gdp per capita on this axis and this was two thousand -and seven and if i go back in time ive added some historical statistics here we go -here we go here we go not so much statistics one hundred years ago some countries still had statistics we are looking down in the archive -and where we are down into one thousand eight hundred and twenty there is only austria and sweden that can produce numbers -had one thousand dollars per person per year and they lost one fifth of their kids before their first birthday so this is what happens in the world if we play the entire world -slowly richer and richer and they add statistics isnt it beautiful when they get statistics you see the importance of that and here children dont live longer -that more than ninety percent of the children survived their first year this is india coming up with the first data from india and this is the united states moving away here earning more money -and we will soon see china coming up in the very far end corner here and it moves up with mao tse tung getting health not getting so rich there he died then deng xiaoping brings money -this way over here and the bubbles keep moving up there and this is what the world looks like today -the united states we have a function here i can tell the world stay where you are and i take the united states we still want to see the background i put them up like this and now we go backwards and we can see -and that animated graphics can make a difference things are changing and today on the united nations statistic division home page it says by first of may full access to the -and look here compare to the philippines of today the philippines of today has almost the same economy as the united states during the first world war but we have to bring united states forward quite a -this world which many call globalized is that asia arabic countries latin america are much more ahead in being healthy educated having human resources than they are -a discrepancy in whats happening today in the emerging economies there now social benefits social progress are going ahead of economical progress -and how long do we have to bring united states to get the same health as chile has -i think we have to go there we have two thousand and one or two thousand and two the united states has the same -more or less thirty forty years difference on the health and behind the health is the educational level and theres a lot of infrastructure things and general human resources are there now -we can take away this and i would like to show you the rate of speed the rate of change -and i want to look at japan -and i want to look at sweden and the united states and im going to stage a race here between this sort of yellowish ford here and the red toyota down there and the brownish volvo -and here we go here we go the toyota has a very bad start down here you can see and the united states ford is going off road there and the volvo is doing quite fine this is the war the -and now we can see that -the rate of change was enormous in japan they really caught up and this changes gradually we have to look over generations to understand it and -let me show you my own sort of family history we made these graphs here and this is the same thing money down there and health you know and this is my family -if i could share the image with you -thats when i believe statistics when its grandma verified statistics -on the screen so three things had happened u n opened their statistic databases and we have a new version of the software up working as a beta on the net -i think its the best way of -was born in singapore now the healthiest country on this earth it bypassed sweden about two to three years ago with -but theyre very small you know theyre so close to the hospital we can never beat them out -to -this looks also like a very good story but its not really that easy that its all a good story because i have to show you one of the other facility we can also -make the color here represent the variable and what am i choosing here carbon dioxide emission metric -the cost of emission of carbon dioxide -there is no one who has done it so far and we dont have all the updated data any longer because this is really hot data today and there we are two thousand and one -and in the discussion i attended with global leaders you know many say now the problem is -the emerging economies they are getting out too much carbon dioxide the minister of the environment of india said well you were the one who caused the problem -so you dont have to download it any longer and let me repeat what you saw last year the bubbles are the countries here you have the fertility rate -you didnt know it but from now on we count per -and everyone is responsible for the per capita emission this really shows you we have not seen good economic and health progress anywhere in the world -destroying the climate and this is really what has to be changed ive been criticized for showing you a too positive image of the world -i dont think its like this the world is quite a messy place this we can call dollar street everyone lives on this street here -here what number they live on is how much they earn per day this family earns about one dollar per day we drive up the street here we find a family here -which earns about two to three dollars a day and we drive away here we find the first garden in the street and they earn ten to fifty dollars a day -and how do they live if we look at the bed here we can see that they sleep on a rug on the floor this is what poverty line is -eighty percent of the family income is just to cover the energy needs the food for the day this is -two to five dollars you have a bed and here its a much nicer bedroom you can see i lectured on this for ikea and they wanted to see the sofa immediately here -and this is the sofa how it will emerge from there and the interesting thing when you go around here in the photo panorama you see the family still sitting on the floor -the number of children per woman and there you have the length of life in years -is a sofa if you watch in the kitchen -you can see that the great difference for women does not come between one to ten dollar it comes beyond here when you really can get good working conditions in the family and if you really want to see the difference you look at the toilet over here -this can change this can change these are all pictures and images from africa and it can become much better -we can get out of poverty my own research has not been in it or anything like this i spent twenty years in interviews with african farmers who were on the verge of -and this is the result of the farmers needs research the nice thing here is that you cant see who are the researchers in this picture thats when research -must really live with the people -when youre in poverty -everything is about survival its about having food -and these two young farmers they are girls now because the parents are dead from hiv and aids they discuss with a trained agronomist this is one of the best agronomists in malawi junatambe -and hes discussing what sort of cassava they will plant the best converter of sunshine to food that man has found and they are very very eagerly interested to get advice -thats to survive in poverty thats -getting out of poverty the women told us one thing get us technology we hate this mortar to stand hours and hours get us a mill so that we can mill our flour then we will be able to pay for the rest -technology will bring you out of poverty but theres a need for a market to get away from -she wants her kid to be healthy so she can go to the market and doesnt have to stay home and she wants the infrastructure it is nice with -good with credit micro credits gave her the bicycle you know and information will tell her when to go to market with which -we have to know a little more about the world i have a neighbor who knows two hundred types of wine he knows everything he knows the name of the grape the temperature -i -but my neighbor only knows two types of countries industrialized and developing and i know two hundred i know about the small data -get serious and how do you get -homage to the office package -what is this what is this what -im telling you that there are many dimensions of development everyone wants your pet thing if you are in the corporate sector -all these things are important for development especially when you just get out of poverty and you should go towards welfare now what -we need to think about is what is a goal for development and what are the means for development let me first grade what are the most important means economic growth to me -as a public health professor is the most important thing for development because it explains eighty percent of survival governance -education human resources are important health is also important but not that much as a mean environment is important human rights is also important but it just gets one cross now what about goals -are we going toward we are not interested in money money is not a goal its the best mean but i give it zero as a goal -its nice to be healthy at my age especially you can stand here youre healthy and thats good it gets two plusses environment is very very crucial theres nothing for the grandkid if you dont save up but where are the important goals of course its human rights -how things really changed and its africa which stands out as the problem down here doesnt it large families -human rights is the goal but its not that strong of a mean for achieving development and -the most important thing i would say because thats what brings joy to life thats the value of -i have solidified the beam of the -first we have the -rise in uganda and zimbabwe they went upwards like this in asia the first country to be heavily infected was thailand -they reached one to two percent then uganda started to turn back whereas zimbabwe skyrocketed and some years later south africa had a terrible rise of hiv frequency -look india got many infected but had a low level and almost the same happens here see uganda coming down zimbabwe coming down russia went to one percent -in the last two to three years we have reached a steady state of hiv epidemic in the world -twenty five years it took but steady state doesnt mean that things are getting better its just that they have stopped getting worse and it has -now let me make a fast replay of botswana botswana upper middle income country in southern africa democratic government good economy and this is what happened -they started low they skyrocketed they peaked up there in two thousand and three -and now they are down but they are falling only slowly because in botswana with good economy and governance they can manage to treat people -and if people who are infected are treated they dont die of aids these percentages wont come down because people can survive ten to twenty years -so theres some problem with these metrics now but the poorer countries in africa the low income countries down here there -the rates fall faster of the percentage infected because people still die in spite of pepfar the generous pepfar -all people are not reached by treatment and of those who are reached by treatment in the poor countries only sixty percent are left on treatment -only by stopping the transmission that the world will be able to deal with it doctorugs is too costly had we had the vaccine or when we will get the vaccine -something more effective but the drugs are very costly for the poor not the drug in itself but the treatment and the care which is needed around it so -when we look at -one thing comes out very clearly you see the blue bubbles and people say hiv is very high in africa i would say hiv is very different in africa -the highest hiv rate in the world in african countries and yet youll find -down here the same rate as united states and youll find madagascar and youll find a lot of african countries about as low as the rest of the world -this terrible simplification that theres one -africa and things go on in one way in africa we have to stop that its not respectful and its not very clever to think that -i had the fortune to live and work for a time in the united states i found out that salt lake city and san francisco were different -and so it is in africa its a lot of difference so why is it so high is it war no its not look here war torn congo is down there two three four percent -what we are showing here is on this axis here im showing percent of infected adults and -and this is peaceful zambia neighboring country fifteen percent and theres good studies of the refugees coming out of congo they have two three percent infected and peaceful zambia much higher -now studies clearly showing that the wars are terrible that rapes are terrible but this is not the driving force for the high levels in africa -so -if you look at the macro level it seems more money more hiv -so this is the difference within tanzania and i cant avoid showing kenya look here at kenya ive split kenya in its provinces here it goes -see the difference within one african country it goes from very low level to very high level and most of the provinces in kenya is quite modest -so what is it -on this axis im showing dollars per person in income -the highly infected are four percent of all population and they hold fifty percent of the hiv infected hiv -all over the world look you have bubbles all over the world here brazil has many hiv infected arab countries not so much but iran is quite high they have heroin addiction and also prostitution in iran -india has many because they are many southeast asia and so on but there is one part of africa and the difficult thing is at the same time not to make a uniform statement about africa not to come to simple -and the size of these bubbles the size of the bubbles here that shows -ideas of why it is like this on one hand on the other hand because there is a scientific consensus -about this pattern now unaids have made good data available finally about the spread of hiv -it could be concurrency it could be some virus types it could be that there is -but and if you are in an unfavorable situation more sexually transmitted diseases it can be one in one hundred but -what we think is that it could be concurrency and what is concurrency in sweden we have no concurrency we have serial monogamy -vodka new years eve new partner for the spring vodka midsummers eve new partner for the fall vodka and it goes on like this you know and you collect a big number of exes and we have a terrible chlamydia -you can get this chart free we have uploaded unaids data on gapminder org and we hope that when we act on global problems in the future -we will not only have the heart we will not only have the money but we will also use the brain thank you very much -a sizable bubble there were quite many people infected in the united states and up there you see uganda they had almost five percent infected -and quite a big bubble in spite of being a small country then and they were probably the most infected country in the world now what -now you have understood the graph -and now in the next sixty seconds we will play the hiv epidemic in the world but first i have a new invention here -and i will now here onstage try to predict when that -its dominant position as the leading part of the world as it used to be over thousands of years -i will do that by trying to predict precisely at what year the average income -per person in india in china will reach that of the west and i dont mean the whole economy because to grow an economy of india to the size of u k thats a piece of cake with one billion people -but i want to see when will the average pay the money for each person per month in india and china when will that have reached that of u k and the united states but i -once upon a time at the age of twenty four i was a student at st johns medical college in bangalore -that was the year when queen victoria was able for the first time to communicate with president buchanan through the transatlantic telegraphic cable and they were the first to twitter -and ive been able through this wonderful google and internet to find the text of the telegram sent back from president buchanan to queen victoria and it ends like this -this telegraph is a fantastic instrument to diffuse religion civilization liberty and law throughout the world those are nice words but i got sort of curious of what he meant with liberty and liberty for whom -fifty eight was the year when the courageous uprising against the foreign occupation of india was defeated by the british forces -i was a guest student during one month of a public health course and that changed my mindset forever the course was good -fifty eight in japan was the year when japan had to sign the harris treaty and accept trade on favorable condition for the u s and they were threatened by those black ships there that had been in -tokyo harbor over the last year but japan in contrast to india and china maintained its national sovereignty and lets see how much difference that can make and i will do that -by bringing these bubbles back to a gapminder graph here where you can see each bubble is a country the size of the bubble here is the population on this axis as i used to have income per person in comparable dollar -and on that axis i have life expectancy the health of people and i also bring an innovation here i have transformed the -we will see you know -down here can you see how it starts to move there but really really natural sovereignty was good for japan and japan is trying to move up there and its the new century now health is getting better united kingdom united states -but careful now we are approaching the first world war and the first world war you know well see a lot of deaths and economical problems here united kingdom is going down and now -comes the spanish flu also and then after the first world war -they continue up still under foreign domination and without sovereignty india and china are down in the corner not much has happened they have grown their population but not much more -seven india finally gained its independence and they could raise the indian flag and become a sovereign nation -the indian students were better than me -we saw the emergence of the modern china in a way which surprised the world and what happened what happens in the after independence you can see that the health started to improve children started to go to school health services were -the great leap forward when china fell down it was central planning by mao tse tung china recovered then they said nevermore stupid central planning -went up here and india was trying to follow and they were catching up indeed and both countries had the better health but still a very low economy -if a cat is white or black as long as it catches mice because -i was a study nerd i loved statistics from a young age and i studied very much in sweden i used to be in the -is what the two cats wanted to do and you can see the two cats being here china and india wanting to catch the mices over there you know -and they decided to go not only for health and education but also starting to grow their economy and the market reformer -that the similarity with india and china in many ways are greater than the differences with them and here they march on and will they catch up this is the big question today there they are today -now what does it mean -but on the other hand guizhou one of the poorest inland provinces of china is there and if i split guizhou into urban and rural the rural part of guizhou goes down there -you see these enormous inequity in china in the midst of fast economic growth and if i would also look at india you have another type of inequity actually in india the geographical macrogeographical difference is not so big -quarter of all courses i attended but in st johns i was in the lower quarter and the -uttar pradesh the biggest of the states here is poorer and has a lower health than the rest of india kerala is flying on top there matching united states in health but not in economy -and here maharashtra with mumbai is forging forward now in india the big inequities are within the state rather than between the states -if it is in the same area where you have a growth center relatively close to where poor people are living no there is one more inequity look there united states -oh they broke my frame washington d c -my friends at gapminder wanted me to show this because there is a new leader in washington who is really concerned about the health system and i can understand -see a business opportunity for kerala helping fix the health system in the -and ahead of them is the whole emerging economies of the world which thomas friedman so correctly called the flat world -you can see that in health and education a large part of the world population is putting forward but in africa and other parts as in rural guizhou in china there is still people with low health and very low economy -we have an enormous disparity in the world but most of the world in the middle are pushing forwards very fast now back to my projections when will it catch up i have to go back to very conventional graph -you see china under foreign domination actually lowered their income and came down to the indian level here whereas u k and united states is getting richer and richer -them to be in two thousand and fourteen now the question is when will the catch up take place look at look at the united states can you see the -but the financial bubbles thats the dot com bubble this is -and it seems this is -so they doesnt seem to go this way these countries they seem to go in -more humble growth way you know and people interested in growth are turning their eyes towards asia i can compare to japan this is japan coming up -you see japan did it like that we add japan to it and there is no doubt that fast catch up can take place can you see here what japan did -japan did it like this until full catch up and then they follow with the other high income economies but the real projections -to me that personal experience was the first time in my life that the mindset i grew up with was -even more difficult to predict about the past i think im in a difficult -position here inequalities in china and india i consider really the big obstacle because to bring the entire population into growth and prosperity -is what will create a domestic market what will avoid social instability and which will make use of the entire capacity of the population -so social investments in health education and infrastructure and electricity is really what is needed in india and china -you know the climate we have great international experts within india telling us that the climate is changing and actions has to be taken otherwise china and india would be the countries -most to suffer from climate change and i consider india and china the best partners in the world in a good global climate policy -but they aint going to pay for what others who have more money have largely created and i can agree on that but what im really worried about is war -and will asia be able to handle that new position of being in charge of being the most mighty and the governors of the world so -avoid war because that always pushes human beings backward now if these inequalities climate and war can be avoided get ready for a world -and i realized that perhaps the western world will not continue to dominate the world forever -and it will happen precisely the year -two thousand and forty eight in the later part of the summer in july -july two thousand and forty eight is my one hundredth birthday -in the first session of the thirty ninth ted india get your bookings in time -i think many of you have the same sort of personal experience its that realization of someone you meet that really made you change your ideas about the world its not the statistics although i tried to make -because there with help from pepfar its working with treatment and people are not dying and you can see its not that -that it is war which caused this because here in congo there is war and here in zambia there is -and its not the economy richer country has a little higher and if i split tanzania in its income the richer twenty percent in tanzania has more hiv than the poorest one and its really different within country look at the provinces of -they are very different and this is the situation you see its not deep poverty its the special situation probably of concurrent sexual partnership among part of the heterosexual population in some -or some parts of countries in south and eastern africa dont make it africa dont make it a race issue make it a local issue and do -at each place in the way it can be done there so to just end up there are things -of suffering in the one billion poorest which we dont know those who live beyond the cellphone those who have yet to see a computer those who have no electricity at -this is the disease konzo i spent twenty years elucidating in africa its caused by fast processing of toxic cassava root in famine situation its similar to the pellagra epidemic in mississippi in the -its similar to other nutritional diseases it will never affect a rich person we have seen it here in mozambique this is the epidemic in mozambique -in northern tanzania you never heard about the disease but its much more than ebola that has been affected by this disease cause crippling throughout the world and over the last -the illegal diamond trade from the unita dominated area in angola that has now disappeared and they are now in great economical problem and one week ago for the first time there were four lines on the -dont get confused of the progress of the emerging economies and the great capacity of people in the middle income countries and in peaceful low income countries -there is still mystery in one billion and we have to have more concept than just developing countries and developing world we need a new mindset the world is converging -not the bottom billion they are still as poor as theyve ever been its not sustainable and it will not happen around one superpower -but -you will remain one of the most important superpower and the most hopeful superpower for the time to be and this institution will have a very crucial role not for united states but for the world -and you are going to see here the amazing thing that has happened in the world -so you have a very bad name state department this is not the state department its the world department and we have a high hope in you thank you very much -during my lifetime and then the developing countries applied soap and water vaccination and all the developing world start to apply family planning -and partly to usa who help to provide technical advice and investment and you see all the world moves over -to a two child family and a life with sixty to seventy years but some countries remain back in this area here and you can see we still have afghanistan down here -we have liberia we have congo so we have countries living there so the problem i had is that the worldview that my students -correspond to reality in the world the year their teachers were born -im going to talk about your mindset does your mindset correspond to my dataset -and we in fact when we have played this over the world i was at the global health conference here in washington last week and i could see that -the wrong concept even active people in the united states had that they didnt realize the improvement of mexico there -and china in relation to united states look here when i move them forward here we go -because they have this strange relationship to the united states you know but if i would change this axis here look and i would instead here i would put income per person -income per person i can put that here and we will then see a completely different picture by the way im teaching you how to use our website gapminder world while im correcting -if not one or the other needs upgrading isnt it when i talk to my students about global issues and i listen to them in the coffee break they always talk about we and -and now i have income per person on this axis and the united states only had someone two thousand dollar at that time and the life expectancy was thirty five to forty years on par with -and what has happened in the world -i will show now this is instead of studying history for one year at university you can watch me for one minute now and youll see -you can see how the brown bubbles which is west europe and the yellow one which is united states -they get richer and richer and also start to get healthier and healthier and this is now one hundred years ago where the as the rest of the world remains behind here we come and that was the influenza -and not until independence started look here you have china over there you have india over there and this is what has happened -you note there that we have mexico up there mexico is not at all on par with the united states but they are quite close and especially its interesting to see china and the united states during two hundred years -because i have my oldest son now working for google after google acquired this software because in fact this is child labor my son and his wife -who studied chinese in beijing so they come in with the two perspectives i have you know and my son youngest son who studied in beijing in china he got -and when they come back into the lecture room i ask them what do you mean with we and them oh its very easy its the western world and its the developing world they say we -when my oldest son who work in google he should develop by quarter -or by half year or google is quite generous so he can have one or two years to go but in china they look generation after generation because they remember the very embarrassing period for one hundred years where they went -health to china and then he died and then deng xiaoping started this amazing move forward isnt it strange to see that united states first grew the economy and then gradually got rich where as china could get healthy much -because they applied the knowledge of education nutrition and then also benefits of penicillin and vaccines and family planning and asia could have social development before they got the economic -so to me as a public health professor its not strange that all these countries grow so fast now because what you see here what you see here is the flat world of thomas friedman isnt it -its not really really flat but the middle income countries and this is where i suggest to my students -the last chapter is about the present and president obama and the other is about the past where you cover everything from washington to eisenhower -and what is the definition then the definition everyone knows they say but then you know i press them like this so one girl said very cleverly its very easy western world is a long life in a small family developing world is a short life in a large -because washington to eisenhower that is what we find in developing world we could actually go from mayflower -and that would be put together into a developing world which is rightly growing its cities in a very amazing way which have great entrepreneurs but also have -the collapsing countries so how could we make a better sense about this well one way of trying is to see whether we -look at income distribution this is the income distribution of peoples in the world from one dollar this is where you have food to eat these people go to bed hungry -and this is the number of people this is ten dollar whether you have a public or a private health service system this is where you can provide health service for your family -and school for your children and this is oecd countries green latin america east europe this is east asia and the light blue there -is south asia and this is how the world changed it changed like this -you see how its growing and how hundreds of millions and billions is coming out of poverty in asia and it goes over here and i come now into projections but i have to stop at the door of lehman brothers there you know because -the projections are not valid any longer probably the world will do this and then it will continue forward like this but more or less this is what will happen and we have a world which -can not be looked upon as divided we have the high income countries here with united states as a leading power -we have the emerging economies in the middle that provide a lot of the funding for the bailout and we have the low income countries -this is a fact that from where the money come they have been saving you know over the last decade and here we have the low income countries where entrepreneurs are and here we have the countries in collapse and war like -of congo darfur we have all this at the same time thats why its so problematic to describe what has happened in the developing world because its so different what has happened -and thats why i suggest a slightly different approach of what you would call it and you have huge difference within countries also i heard that your departments here were by regions here you have -and i like that definition because it enabled me to transfer their mindset into the dataset and here you have the dataset -africa south asia east asia arab states east europe latin america and oecd and on this axis gdp and on this heath child survival and it doesnt come as a surprise -that africa south of sahara is at the bottom but when i split it when i split it into country bubbles the size of the bubbles here is the population then you see -such a difference within sub saharan africa and i can split the others here the south asian arab world now all you different departments east europe latin america and oecd countries and here were are we have a -we can not put it into two parts it is mayflower down here it is washington here -building building countries its lincoln here advancing them its eisenhower bringing modernity into the -and then its united states today up here and we have countries all this way now this is the important thing of understanding how the world has changed -and it is my task on behalf of the rest of the world to convey -to the u s taxpayers -for demographic health survey many are not aware of no this is not a joke this is very serious it is due to usas continuous sponsoring during twenty five years -so you can see that what we have on this axis here is size of family one two three four five children per woman on this axis and here length of life life expectancy -of the very good methodology for measuring child mortality that we have a grasp of whats happening in the -and it is u s government at its best without advocacy providing facts that its useful for the society -and providing data free of charge on the internet for the world to use thank you very much quite in the opposite of the world bank who compiled -people doing that at the world bank are among the best in the world and they are highly skilled professionals its just that we would like to upgrade our international agencies -to deal with the world in a modern way as we do and when it comes to free data and transparency united states of america is one of the best and that doesnt come easy from the mouth of a swedish public health -and im not paid to come here no i would like to show you what happens with the data what we can show with this data look here this is -thirty forty fifty exactly what the students said was their concept about the world and really this is about the bedroom whether man and woman -as we have had always in history and thats the bottom billion where weve heard today about a completely new approach to do it and how -has this happened well mdg four united states have not been so eager to use mdg four but you have been the main sponsor that has enabled us to measure -five point five percent they are faster than millennium development goal and third chance for sweden against brazil here -decide to have small family and take care of their kids and how long they will live its about the bathroom and the kitchen if you have soap water and food you know you can live -than sweden this means that the world is converging the middle income countries the emerging -they are catching up they are moving to cities where they will also get better assistance for that what the swedish do is protest at this time they say this is not -these countries had vaccine and antibiotic that was not available for sweden we have to do real time competition okay i give you singapore -the year i was born singapore had twice the child mortality of sweden its the most tropical country in the world a marshland on the equator and here we go -it took a little time for them to get independent but then they started to grow their economy and they made the social investment they got away malaria they got a magnificent health system that beat -we never thought it would happen that they -these green countries are achieving millennium development goals these yellow are just about to doing this these red countries that doesnt do it and the policy has to be improved not simplistic extrapolation -we have to really find a way of supporting those countries in a better way we have to respect the middle income countries on what they are doing and we have to fact base the whole way we look at the world this is dollar per person this is -in the countries the blue is africa the size of the bubbles is how many are hiv affected you see the tragedy in south africa there -but you also see that there are african countries down here there is no such thing as an hiv epidemic in africa theres a number five to -in africa that has the same level as sweden and united states and there are others who are extremely high and i will show you that what has happened in -and the students were right it wasnt that the world consisted the world consisted here of one set of countries over here which had large families and short life -one of the best countries with the most vibrant economy in africa and a good governance is botswana they have a very high level its coming down but now its not -the aspiration of the average family there was to have food for the day -and they were saving -to be able to buy a pair of shoes -there was an enormous gap in the world when i grew up -and this gap between the west and the rest has created a mindset of the world which we still use linguistically when we talk about the west and the developing world -but the world has changed and its overdue to upgrade that mindset and that -up to two thousand and ten is that a staggering four billion people have been added to the world population just look how many -the world population has -since i went to school -and of course theres been economic growth -so the western population moved over to here and now their aspiration is not only to have a car now they want to have a holiday on a very remote destination and they want to fly -so this is where they are today and the most successful of the developing countries they have moved on you know and they have become emerging economies we call them and they are now buying cars -happened a month ago was that the chinese company geely they acquired the volvo company and then finally the swedes understood that something big had happened in the world -and the tragedy is that the two billion over here -for food and shoes they are still almost as poor as they were fifty years ago -the new thing is that we have the biggest pile of billions the three billions here which are also becoming emerging -because they are quite healthy relatively well educated and they already also have two or three children per woman -aspiration now is of course to buy a bicycle -and then later on they would like to have a motorbike -but this is the world we have today -no longer any gap -the distance from the poorest here the very poorest to the very richest over here is wider than ever -but there is a continuous world from walking biking driving to -this is the new world we have today in two thousand and ten -im going to project into two thousand and fifty -i was in shanghai recently -and i listened to whats happening in china and its pretty sure that they will catch up -im going to talk now about how world population has changed from that -we invest in the right green technology so that we can avoid severe climate change and energy can still be relatively cheap then they will move all the way -and they will start to buy electric cars -this is what we will find -so what about the poorest two billion -what about the poorest two billion -they move on -year and into the future -here population comes in because there we already have two to three children per woman family planning is widely used -so these two billion will in the next decades increase to three billion -and they -but i will not use digital technology as ive done during my first five tedtalks instead i -four billion there is nothing but a nuclear war -of a kind weve never seen that can stop this from -because we already have -and only if get out of poverty they get education they get improved child survival they can buy a bicycle and a cellphone and come here then population growth will stop in two thousand and -we cannot have people on this level looking for food and shoes because then we get continued population growth -and let me show you why by converting back to the old time -dark blue is africa brown is europe green is the middle east and this light blue is south asia thats india and this is china -the percentage of children surviving childhood up to starting school sixty percent seventy percent eighty percent ninety -and i am today launching a brand new analog teaching technology that i picked up from ikea this box this box contains one billion people -child survival small families and all the rest the rainbow of developing countries with very large families and poor child -what has happened i start the world here we go can you see as the years pass by child survival is increasing they get soap hygiene education vaccination and penicillin and then family planning -they get up to ninety percent child survival then families decrease and most of the arab countries in the middle east is falling down there look bangladesh catching up with india -world joins the western world with good child survival and small family size but we still have the poorest billion can you see the poorest billion those boxes i had over here -they are still up here and they still have a child survival of only seventy to eighty percent meaning that if you have six children -actually helping us to reach a sustainable population size of the world we can stop at nine billion if we do the right things child survival is the new green -its only by child survival that we will stop population growth -im not an optimist -neither am i a -a very serious possibilist its a new category where we take emotion apart and we just work analytically with the world it can be -and look at the position of the old west -box was all alone leading the world living its own life -the role of the old west in the new world is to become the foundation of the -nothing more nothing less -a very important role -do it well and get used to it thank you very much -and they lived away then there was a big gap between the one billion in the industrialized world and the two billion in the developing world -people were healthy -this was the economic level at which sweden was -but in contrast to this in the developing world far away -flying machines that can take them to remote destinations and yet in the world there are so many people who still heat the water on fire and they cook their food on fire sometimes they dont even have enough food -and they live below the poverty line there are two billion fellow human beings who live on less than two dollars a day -and the richest people over there -but the question is how many have washing machines -four years old when i saw my mother load a washing machine for the very first time in her life -ive done the scrutiny of market data and ive found that indeed the washing machine has penetrated below the air line and today theres an additional one billion people out there who live above the wash line -they wash like this by hand -its a hard time consuming -labor which they have to do for hours every week and sometimes they also have to bring water from far away to do the laundry at home or they have to bring the laundry away to a stream far off -and they want the washing machine they dont want to spend such a large part of their life doing this hard work with so relatively low productivity -that was a great day for my mother -and theres nothing different in their wish than it was for my grandma look here two generations ago in sweden picking water from the stream heating with firewood and washing like that they want the washing machine in exactly the same way but when i lecture to environmentally concerned students -they tell me no everybody in the world cannot have cars and washing machines -my mother and father had been saving money for years to be able to buy that machine and the first day it was going to be used even grandma was invited to see the machine and grandma was even more excited -how can we tell this woman that she aint going to have a washing machine -this group uses three one each and they also have electricity and over there they dont even use one each that makes twelve of them but the main concern for the environmentally interested students and they are right is about the future -what are the trends if we just prolong the trends without any real advanced analysis to two thousand and fifty there are two things that can increase the energy use first population growth second economic growth -the best of here in the emerging economies i call them the new east they will jump the air line wopp they will say and they will start to use as much as the old west are doing already -throughout her life she had been heating water with firewood and she had hand washed laundry for seven children and now she was going to watch electricity do that work my mother carefully opened the door -still the richest people use most of it -so what needs to be done because -the risk the high probability of climate change is real its real of course they must be more energy efficient -they must change behavior in some way they must also start to produce green energy much more green energy but until they have the same energy consumption per person they shouldnt give advice to others what to do and what not to do -more green energy all over this is what we hope may happen its a real challenge in the future -but i can assure you that this woman in the favela in rio she wants a washing machine shes very happy about her minister of energy that provided electricity to everyone so happy that she even voted for her and she -we have loaded the laundry the machine will make the work and now we can go to the library because this is the magic you load the laundry and what do you get out of the machine you get books -and she also got books for herself she managed to study english and learn that as a foreign language and she read so many novels so many different novels here -and what we said my mother and me thank you industrialization thank you steel mill -and she loaded the laundry into the machine like this and then when she closed the door grandma said no no no no let me let me push the button -and grandma pushed the button -today in sweden and other rich countries people are using so many different machines look the homes are full of machines i cant even name them all and they also when they want to travel they use -there is no progress in africa -and theres not even statistics on africa to know what is happening ill prove them wrong on both -come with me to the wonderful world of statistics i bring you to the webpage childmortality org where you can take deaths in children -below five years of age for all countries its done by u n specialists and i will take kenya as an example here you see the data dont panic dont panic now ill help you through this it looks nasty like in college when you didnt like -but first thing when you see dots like this you have to ask yourself from where do the -what is the origin of the data is it so that in kenya there are doctors and other specialists who write the death certificate at the death of the child and its sent to the statistical office no low income -we are here today because united nations -is not an incomplete system we have interviews we have surveys and this is highly professional female interviewers who sit down for one hour with a woman and ask her about birth history how many children did you have -they alive if they died at what age and what year -and then this is done in a representative sample of thousands of women in the -country and put together in what used to be called a demographic health survey report but these surveys are costly so they can only be done three to five year intervals but they have good quality -so this is a limitation and all these colored lines here are results each color is one survey but thats too complicated for today so ill simplify it for you and i give you one average point for each survey -goals for the progress of countries theyre called millennium development goals and the reason i really like these goals is that there are eight -and when the experts in the u n have got these surveys in place in their database then they use advanced mathematical formulas to produce a trend line and the trend line looks like this -the best fit they can get of this point but watch out they continue the line beyond the last point -into nothing -and they estimated that two thousand and eight kenya had per child mortality of one hundred and twenty -because we could see this reversal in kenya with an increased child mortality in the nineties it was so tragic -in june i got a mail in my inbox from demographic health surveys and it showed good news from kenya i was so happy this was -the new survey then it -we got the new trend line it -i was actually on friday sitting in front of my computer and i saw the death rate fall from one hundred and twenty eight to eighty four just that morning so we celebrated -thats unfair as a professor i think i have the right to propose something differently i would say at least do this ten years is enough to follow the trend its two surveys and you can see whats happening now they have two point four percent -and by specifying eight different goals the united nations has said that there are so many things needed to change in -had i been in the ministry of health in kenya i may have joined these two points so what im telling you is that we know the child mortality we have a decent trend -its coming into some tricky things then when we are measuring mdgs and the reason here for africa is especially important because nineties was a -bad decade not only in kenya but across africa the hiv epidemic peaked there was resistance for the old malaria drugs until we got the new drugs we got later the mosquito netting and there was socio economic problems which are now being solved -at a much better scale so look at the average here this is the average for all of sub saharan africa and u n says its a reduction with one point eight percent -now this sounds a little theoretical but its not so theoretical you know these economists they love money they want more and more of it they want it to grow so they calculate the percent annual growth rate of economy -we in public health we hate child death so we want less and less and less of child deaths so we calculate the percent reduction per year but its sort of the same percentage if your economy grows with four percent -to reduce child mortality four percent if its used well and people are really involved and can get the use of the resources in the way they -in order to get the good life for people look here you have to end poverty education gender child and maternal health control infections -so is this fair now to measure this over nineteen years an economist would never do that -i have just divided it into two periods in the nineties only one point two percent only one point two percent whereas now -second gear its like africa had first gear now they go into second gear but even this is not a fair representation of africa -because its an average its an average speed of reduction in africa and look here when i take you into my bubble graphs -here child death per one thousand on that axis here we have -and im now giving you a wider picture than the mdg i start fifty years ago when africa celebrated independence in most countries i give you congo which was high ghana lower and kenya even -and what has happened over the years since then here we go you can see with independence literacy improved and vaccinations started smallpox was -hygiene was improved and things got better but then in the eighties watch out here congo got into civil war and they leveled off here -ghana got very ahead fast this was the backlash in kenya and ghana bypassed but then kenya and ghana go down together still a standstill in congo thats where we are today -you can see it doesnt make sense to make an average of -and this very fast improvement -time has come to stop thinking about sub saharan africa as one place their countries are so different and they merit to be recognized in the same way as we dont -protect the environment and get the good global links between nations in every aspect from aid to trade -europe as one place i can tell you that the economy in greece and sweden are very different -everyone knows that and they are judged each country on how they are doing so -let me show the wider picture my country sweden one thousand eight hundred we were up there -what a strange personality disorder we must have counting the children so meticulously in spite of a high child death rate its very strange its sort of embarrassing but we had that habit in sweden you know that we counted all the child deaths even if we didnt do anything about -and then you see these were famine years these were bad years and people got fed up with sweden my ancestors moved to the united states -and eventually soon they started to get better and better here and here we got better education and we got health service and child mortality came down we never had -war sweden was in peace all this time but look the rate of lowering in sweden was not -sweden achieved a low child mortality because we started early we had -a second reason i like these development goals and that is because each and every one is measured take child mortality -they went down here and reached almost the same child mortality levels as sweden and ill give you another story egypt -and malaria and a lot of problems and then they got the aswan dam they got electricity in their homes they increased -education and they got primary health care and down they went you know and they got safer water they eradicated malaria and isnt it a success story -as egypt did at its fastest kenya is now speeding up here we have a problem we have a severe problem in countries which are at a standstill -now let me now bring you to a wider picture a wider picture of child mortality im going to show you -the color you can see a continent the dark blue here is sub saharan africa and the size of the bubble is the population -and these are the so called developing countries they had high or very high child mortality and family size six to eight -and the ones over there they were so called western countries they had low child mortality and small -i just want not to have any room for doubt you have to see that for yourself this is what happened now i start the world here we come down -of smallpox better education health service it got down there china comes into the western box -here brazil is in the western box india is approaching the first african countries coming into the western box and we get a lot a new neighbors welcome to a decent life come on we want everyone down there this is the vision we have isnt it and look now the first african countries here are coming in -there we are today there is no such thing as a western world and developing world this is the report from u n -which came out on friday its very good levels and trends in child mortality except this page this page is very bad -a categorization of countries it labels developing countries i can read from the list here developing countries republic of korea south korea -they get samsung how can they be developing country they have here singapore they have the lowest child mortality in the world singapore they bypassed sweden five years ago -and this with measuring thats what makes the difference between -have to have a modern concept which fits to the data and we have to realize that we are all going to into this down to here what is the importance now with the relations here look -even if we look in africa these are the african countries you can clearly see the relation with falling child mortality and decreasing family size even within africa its very clear that this is what -and a very important piece of research came out on friday from the institute of health metrics and evaluation in seattle showing that almost fifty percent of the fall in child mortality can be attributed to female education -that is when we get girls in school well get an impact fifteen to twenty years later which is a secular trend which is very strong thats why we must have that long term perspective but we must measure the impact over ten -its fully possible to get child mortality down in all of these countries and to get them down in the corner where we all would like to live -lowering child mortality is a matter of utmost importance from humanitarian aspects its a decent life for children -we are talking about but it is also a strategic investment in the future of all mankind because its about the environment -we will not be able to manage the environment and avoid the terrible climate crisis if we dont stabilize the world population lets be clear about that -what im so happy about with this is that we have already documented that there are many countries in asia in the middle east -and the way to do that that is to get child mortality down get access to family planning and behind that drive female education and that is fully possible lets do it thank you very much -in latin america and east europe that reducing with this rate and even mighty brazil is going down with five percent per year and turkey with seven percent per year so theres good news but then i hear people saying -do you think it will decrease to one billion will it remain the same and be two billion by the end of the century will the number of children increase each year up to fifteen years or will it continue in the same -fast rate and be four billion children up there i will tell you by the end of my speech but now what does religion have to do with it -so we went on and we looked in wikipedia we found this map but that subdivides christianity islam and buddhism into many subgroups which was too detailed therefore at gapminder we made our own map and it looks like this -its the religion where more than fifty percent of the people say that they belong its eastern religion in india and china and neighboring asian countries -islam is the majority religion all the way from the atlantic ocean across the middle east southern europe and through asia all the way to indonesia -but its a broad and very delicate -thats where we find islamic -and christian majority religions we see in these countries they are blue and that is most countries in america and europe many countries in africa and a few in asia -the white here are countries which cannot be classified because one religion does not reach fifty percent or there is doubt about the data or theres some other reason so we were careful with that -so bear with our simplicity now when i take you over to this shot this is in one thousand nine hundred and sixty and now i show the number of babies per woman here two four or six -subject so i have to limit myself and therefore i will limit myself to only talk about the links between religion and sexuality -many babies few babies and here the income per person in comparable dollars the reason for that is that many people say you have to get rich first before you get few babies -so low income here high income there and indeed in one thousand nine hundred and sixty you had to be a rich christian to have few babies the exception was japan japan here was regarded as an exception otherwise it was only christian countries but -and when we enter into this century youll find more than half of mankind down here and by two thousand and ten we are actually eighty percent of humans who live in countries with about two children per woman -its a quite amazing development which has happened -russia iran mexico turkey -i can tell you that the data on the number of children per woman is surprisingly good in all countries we get that from the census data its not one of these statistics which is very doubtful so what we can conclude is you dont have to get rich to have few children it has happened across the world -and then when we look at religions we can see that the eastern religions indeed theres not one single country with a majority of that religion that has more than three children whereas with -so i will talk of what i remember as the most wonderful its when the young couple whisper tonight we are going to make a baby -islam as a majority religion and christianity you see countries all the way but theres no major difference -like yemen and afghanistan many think that afghanistan here and congo -which have suffered severe conflicts that they dont have fast population growth its the other way around in the world today its the countries that have the highest mortality rates that have the fastest population growth -because the death of a child is compensated by one more child these countries have six children per woman they have a sad death rate of one to two children per woman but thirty years from now afghanistan will go from thirty million to sixty million congo will go from sixty to one hundred and twenty -thats where we have the fast population growth -my talk will be about the impact -of religions on the number of babies -but let me illustrate that fourth factor by looking at qatar here we have qatar today and there we have bangladesh today if i take these countries back to the years of their independence which is almost the same year seventy one seventy two -its a quite amazing development which had happened look at bangladesh and qatar with so different incomes its almost the same drop in number of babies per woman -and what is the reason in qatar well i do as i always do i went to the statistical authority of qatar to their webpage its a very good webpage i recommend it -and i looked up oh yeah you can have lots of fun here and provided -free of charge i found qatars social trends very interesting lots to read i found fertility at birth and i looked at total fertility rate per woman these are the scholars and experts in the government agency in qatar and they say the most important factors are increased age at first marriage -increased educational level of qatari woman and more women integrated in the labor force i couldnt agree more -science couldnt agree more this is a country that indeed has gone through -now look again at this the average number of children in the world is like in colombia its two point four today -we have reached peak child the number of children is not growing any longer in the world -we are still debating peak oil but we have definitely reached peak child and the world population will stop growing the united nations population division has said it will stop growing at ten billion but why do they grow if the number of children doesnt grow -and there are some people who say that the world population is growing like this three billion in one thousand nine hundred and sixty seven billion just last year and it will continue to grow because there are religions that stop women from having few babies and it may continue like this -and there are two billion children in the world there are two billion -young people between fifteen and thirty these are rounded numbers then there is one billion between thirty and forty five -almost one between forty five and sixty and then its my box this is me sixty plus -you can see that its like three billion missing here they are not missing because theyve died they were never born -because before one thousand nine hundred and eighty there were much fewer people born than there were during the last thirty years -so what will happen now is quite straightforward the old sadly we will die the rest of you you will grow older and you will get two billion children then the old will die -the rest will grow older and get two billion children and then again the old will die and you will get two billion children -religion -and adapt to this new world -and we will be just ten billion in this world if the poorest people get out of poverty their children survive they get access to family planning that is needed but its inevitable that we will be two to three billion more -so when you discuss and when you plan for the resources and the energy needed for the future for human beings on this planet you have to plan for ten billion thank you very much -to what extent are these people right -when i was born there was less than one billion children in the world and today two thousand theres almost two billion what has happened since -and what do the experts predict will happen with the number of children during this century this is a quiz what do you think -theres another problem that is efficiency these one point four million cellular radio masts or base stations consume a lot of energy and mind you most of the energy is not used to transmit the radio waves it is used to cool the base stations then the efficiency of such a base station is only at about five percent -and that creates a big problem -then theres another issue that youre all aware of you have to switch off your mobile phone during flights in hospitals they are security issues and security is another issue these radio waves penetrate through walls -they can be intercepted and somebody can make use of your network if he has bad intentions so these are the main four issues but on the other hand we have -fourteen billion of these light bulbs light -and light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum -so lets look at this in the context of the entire electromagnetic spectrum where we have gamma rays you dont want to get close to gamma rays it could be dangerous x rays useful when you go to hospitals -and multiply that by ten thousand then you end up at fourteen billion fourteen billion is the number of light bulbs installed already so we have the infrastructure there look at the ceiling you see all these light bulbs go to the main floor you see these light bulbs can we use them for communications -so lets show how we do that lets go to the closest neighbor to the visible light spectrum go to remote controls -you all know remote controls have an infrared led basically you switch on the led and if its off you switch it off and it creates a simple low speed data stream in ten thousand bits per second twenty thousand bits per second not usable for a youtube video -what we have done is we have developed a technology with which we can -furthermore replace the remote control of our light bulb we transmit with our technology not only a single data stream we transmit thousands of data streams in parallel at even higher speeds -and the technology we have developed its called sim ofdm and its spacial modulation these are the only technical terms im not going into details but this is how we enabled that -light source to transmit data you will say okay this is nice a slide created in ten minutes -developed a demonstrator and im showing for the first time in public this visible light demonstrator -and what we have here is no ordinary desk lamp we fit in an led light bulb worth three u s dollars put in our signal processing technology and then what we have here is a little hole -and the light goes through that hole theres a receiver -the receiver will convert these little subtle changes in the amplitude that we create there into an electrical signal -and that signal is then converted back to a high speed data stream in the future we hope -that we can integrate this little hole into these smart phones and not only integrate a photo detector here but maybe use the camera inside -so what happens when i switch on that light -as you would expect its a light a desk lamp -put your book beneath it and you can read its illuminating the space but at the same time you see this video coming up here and thats a video a high definition video that is transmitted through that light beam youre critical -you think ha ha ha this is a smart academic doing a little bit of tricks here but let me -it is this light -its serving the purpose of illumination but at the same time we are able to transmit this data and you see even light from the ceiling comes down here to the receiver -it can ignore that constant light because all the receivers interested in are subtle changes -you also -to have this working and the answer is yes but you can dim down the light to a level that it appears to be off and you are still able to transmit data -this is data through illumination its first of all an illumination device and if you do the energy budget the data transmission comes for free -so its everywhere in a day there is light look around everywhere look at your smart phone it has a flashlight -and then theres security -you would agree with me that -light doesnt penetrate through walls -so no one if i have a light here if i have secure data no one on the other side of this room through that wall would be able to read that data -and theres only data where there is light -so if i dont want that receiver to receive the data -then what i could do -so -for me the applications of it to me are beyond -imagination at the moment -we have had a century of very nice smart application developers -and you only have to notice where we have light there is a potential way to transmit data but i can give you a few examples well you may see the impact -deployed around the world and every street lamp could be a free access point we call it in fact a li fi light fidelity and then we have these aircraft cabins there are hundreds of lights in an aircraft cabin -each of these lights could be a potential transmitter of wireless data so you could enjoy your most favorite ted video on your long flight back home online life so that is a vision i think that is possible -because its so fundamental to our lives and one of the issues is capacity the way we transmit wireless data is by using electromagnetic waves in particular radio waves and radio waves are limited they are scarce they are expensive and we only have a certain range of it -and this would then combine two basic functionalities illumination and wireless data transmission and its this symbiosis that i personally believe could solve the four essential problems that face us in wireless communication these days and in the future you would not only have -and even a brighter future thank you -or you cant take it all over the world so thats what t twenty is doing hopefully itll make everyone richer hopefully itll make the game bigger and hopefully itll give cricket commentators more time in the business thank you very much -the mahabharata was like that as well wasnt it you fought by day then it was sunset so everyone went back home -and then you worked out your strategy and you came in for it the next day and you went back home again the only difference between the mahabharata and our cricket was that in cricket everybody was alive to come back and fight the next -the game not because the love the game but because it was a means of ingratiating themselves to the british rulers -what im going to is just give you the latest episode of indias maybe the worlds longest running soap opera -as you can see you can play anywhere but slowly the game moved on you know finally you dont always have five days so we moved on and we started playing fifty over cricket and then -and suddenly we fell in love with the fifty over game and we played in virtually every day there was more fifty over cricket than anywhere but there was another big -looked at per capita income and got very excited about the possibilities in india and were looking for a vehicle to reach every indian and there are only two vehicles in india one real one scripted -which is cricket and may it run forever because it gives people like me a living -the scripted one is what you see in the movies the real one was cricket and so one of my friends sitting right here in front of me ravi tarival from pepsi decided hes going to -all over the world and pepsi was this big revolution because they started taking cricket all over and so cricket started becoming big cricket started bringing riches in television started covering cricket for a long time television said we wont cover cricket unless you pay us to -then they said okay the next rights are sold for fifty five million dollars the next rights are sold for six hundred and twelve million dollars so its a bit of a curve that and then another big accident happened in our cricket -its got everything that youd want a normal soap opera to want its got love joy happiness sadness tears laughter -and so india had to go and play the t twenty world cup you see india didnt want to play the t twenty world cup but we were forced to play it by an eight one margin -and then something very dramatic happened we got to the final and then this moment that will remain enshrined forever for everybody take a look -and -india -have gone where it was meant to go but it didnt go and we suddenly discovered that we could be good at this game and -what it also did was it lead to a certain pride in the fact that india could be the best in the world it was a time when investment was coming in india was feeling a little more confident about itself and so there was a feeling that -great pride in what we can do and thankfully for all of us the english are very good at inventing things and then the gracious people that they are they let the world become very good at it -and -lots of deceit intrigue and like all good soaps it jumps twenty years when the audience interest changes and thats exactly what cricket has done its jumped twenty years into twenty over game -build some glitzy leagues here in india but was india ready for it because cricket for a long time in india was always organized it was never promoted -so it was a different india but it was also a slightly more orthodox india that was very happy to be modern but didnt want to say that to people and so they were aghast when the cheerleaders arrived everyone secretly watched them but everyone claimed not -to -and thats what im going to talk about how a small change leads to a very big revolution but it wasnt always like that cricket wasnt always this -new owners of indian cricket were not the old princes they were not bureaucrats who were forced into sport because the didnt actually love it these were people who ran serious companies -and then they had to appeal to their cities but they had to do it like the west right because we are setting up leagues but what they were very good at doing was -making it very localized so just to give you an example of how they did it not manchester united style promotion but very mumbai style promotion take a look -of course a lot of people said maybe they dance better than -what it did also is it changed the way we looked at cricket all along if you wanted a young cricketer you picked him up from the bylanes of your own little locality your own city -and you were very proud of the system that produced those cricketers now all of the sudden if you were to bowl a shot if mumbai were to bowl a shot for example they neednt go to kalbadevi or shivaji park or somewhere to source them they could go to trinidad -and all of the sudden indian sport had awakened to the reality that you can source the best product for the best price anywhere in the world so the mumbai indians flew in dwayne bravo from trinidad and tobago overnight -and when he had to go back to represent the west indies they asked him when do you have to reach he said i have to be there by a certain time so i have to leave today we said no no no its not about when you have to leave its about when do you have to -sat in a private corporate jet first refueling in portugal second refueling in brasil he was in west indies in time -never would india have thought on this scale before never would india have said i want a player to play one game for me and i will use a corporate jet to send him all the way back to kingston jamaica -to play a game and i just thought to myself wow weve arrived somewhere in the world you know we have arrived somewhere we are thinking big but what this also did was it started marrying the two most important things in indian cricket which is cricket and the movies in indian entertainment -that was the ultimate reason to do -and it only ended because the english cricketers had to go from durban to cape town which is a two hour train journey -i was playing -was criticism too because they said players are being bought and sold -to catch the ship that left on the seventeenth because the next ship wasnt around for a long time so the match was ended in between and one of the english batsmen said you know what another half an hour and -because we had this auction you see how do you fix a price for a player and so the auction that followed literally had people saying bang so many million dollars for so and so player there it is -thousand -thousand dollars -the best indian players who played every test match every one of the internationals the top of the line players standard contracts are two hundred and twenty thousand dollars in a whole year now they were getting five hundred thousand for six days work then andrew flintoff came by from england he got a one and a half million dollars and he went back and said -so at two point three billion dollars before the first ball was bowled what india was do though was benchmarking itself against the best in the world and it became a huge brand -our population which for a long time we thought was a problem suddenly became our biggest asset because there were more people watching the huge consuming class everybody came to watch the cricket -this last minute before i go theres a couple of side effects of all this for a long time india was this country of poverty dust -all over the world said you know we love india we love to play in india and that felt good you know we said the dollars quite powerful actually -days there were two sundays in between but of course sundays are church days -right so finally an english game that india usurped a little bit -t twenty is going to be the next missionary in the world if you want to take the game around the world its got to be the shortest form of the game you cant take a timeless test to china and sit through fourteen days with no result in the end -that we will have to face and most profoundly of all will we ever be able to develop the wisdom -to us thank you -who does not accept the evidence for biological evolution this would be a very good time to turn off your hearing aid take out your personal communications device i give you permission and perhaps take another look at kathryn schultzs book on being wrong because nothing in the rest of this talk is going to make any sense whatsoever -biological evolution consider this is it just about the past or is it about the future does it apply to others or does it apply to us this is another look at the tree of life in this picture -you like to be better than you are -ive put a bush with a center branching out in all directions because if you look at the edges of the tree of life every existing species at the tips of those branches has succeeded in evolutionary terms it has survived it has demonstrated -suppose i said that with just a few changes in your genes you could get a better memory more precise more accurate and quicker or maybe youd like to be more fit stronger with more stamina would you like to be more attractive and self confident -we branch off of a common ancestor to modern chimpanzees about six or eight million years ago in the interval there have been perhaps twenty or twenty five different species of hominids -some have come and gone we have been here for about one hundred and thirty thousand years it may seem like were quite remote from other parts of this tree of life but actually for the most part -the basic machinery of our cells is pretty much the same do you realize -that we can take advantage and commandeer the machinery of a common bacterium to produce the protein of human insulin used to treat diabetics this is not like human insulin this is the same protein that is chemically indistinguishable from what comes out of your pancreas -and speaking of bacteria do you realize that each of us carries in our gut more bacteria than there are cells in the rest of our body maybe ten times more i mean think of it when antonio damasio asks about your self image do you think about the bacteria -our gut is a wonderfully hospitable environment for those bacteria its warm its dark its moist its very cozy and youre going to provide all the nutrition that they could possibly want with no effort on their part its really like an easy street for bacteria with the occasional -interruption of the unintended forced rush to the exit but otherwise -you are a wonderful environment for those bacteria just as they are essential to your life they help in the digestion -but what will come in the future are we at some kind of evolutionary equipoise as a species or are we destined to become something different something perhaps even better adapted to the environment -now lets take a step back in time to the big bang fourteen billion years ago -the earth the solar system about four and a half billion years the first signs of proto life maybe three to four billion years ago on earth the first multi celled organisms perhaps as much as eight hundred or a billion years ago -and then the human species finally emerging -in the last one hundred and thirty thousand years in this vast unfinished symphony of the universe life on earth is like a brief measure the animal kingdom like a single measure -and human life -a small grace -fascinated by the elegance and beauty -how about living longer with good health -of biology i became enamored of the power of evolution and i realized something very fundamental in most -of the existence of life in single celled organisms each cell simply divides and all of the genetic energy of that cell is carried on in both daughter cells but at the time multi celled organisms come online -things start to change sexual reproduction enters the picture and very importantly with the introduction of sexual reproduction that passes on the genome the rest of the body becomes expendable in fact -or perhaps youre one of those whos always yearned for more creativity which one would you like the most -you could say -that the inevitability of the death of our bodies enters in evolutionary time at the same moment as sexual reproduction -now i have to confess when i was a college undergraduate i thought okay sex death sex death death for sex it seemed pretty reasonable at the time -as a physician that i was working toward a goal which was different from the goal of -evolution not necessarily contradictory just different i was trying to preserve the body i wanted to keep us healthy i wanted to restore health from disease i wanted us to live long and healthy lives evolution is all about passing on the genome -to the next generation adapting and surviving through generation after generation from an evolutionary point of view you and i are like the booster rockets designed to send the genetic payload into the next level of orbit and then drop off into the sea -i think we would all understand the sentiment that woody allen expressed when he said i dont -that is the sole test of survival and success at the bottom of the ocean bacteria that are thermophilic and can survive at the steam vent heat that would otherwise produce if fish were there sous vide cooked fish nevertheless have managed to make that a hospitable -environment for them -so what does this mean -as we look back at what has happened in evolution and as we think about the place again of humans in evolution and particularly as we look ahead to the next phase -i would say that there are a number of possibilities the first is that -we will not evolve we have reached a kind of equipoise and the reasoning behind that would be first we -have through medicine managed to preserve a lot of genes that would otherwise be selected out and be removed from the population and secondly we as a species have so configured our environment that we have managed to make it adapt to us as well as we adapt to it and by the way -immigrate and circulate and intermix so much that you cant any longer have the isolation -that is necessary for evolution to take place -and as far as isolation goes when we as a species do colonize distant planets there will be the isolation and the environmental changes that could produce evolution in the natural way but theres a third possibility -how many would opt for memory -an enticing intriguing and frightening possibility i call it neo evolution the new evolution that is not simply natural but guided and chosen by us -as individuals in the choices -how could it be possible that we would do this consider first the reality that people today in some cultures are making choices about their offspring -theyre in some cultures choosing to have more males than females its not necessarily good for the society but its what the individual and the family are choosing -quite a few more how about fitness -think also if it were possible -to make the genetic adjustments that would cure or prevent diseases what if you could make the genetic changes to eliminate diabetes or alzheimers or reduce the risk of cancer or eliminate stroke -wouldnt you want to make those changes in your genes if we look ahead these kind of changes are going to be increasingly possible -the human genome project started in one thousand nine hundred and ninety and it took thirteen years it cost two point seven billion dollars -the year after it was finished in two thousand and four you could do the same job for twenty million dollars in three to four months -today you can have a complete sequence of the three billion base pairs in the human genome at a cost of about twenty thousand dollars and in the space of about a week it wont be very long before the reality will be the one thousand dollar human genome and it will be increasingly available for everyone -just a week ago -the national academy of engineering awarded its draper prize to francis arnold and willem stemmer two scientists who independently developed techniques -to encourage the natural process of evolution to work faster and to lead to desirable proteins in a more efficient way what frances arnold calls directed evolution -a couple of years ago the lasker prize was awarded to the scientist shinya yamanaka for his research in which he took an adult -skin cell a fibroblast and by manipulating just four genes he induced that cell to revert to a pluripotential stem cell -a cell potentially capable of becoming any cell in your body these changes are coming the same technology that has -produced the human insulin in bacteria can make viruses that will not only protect you against themselves but induce immunity against other viruses believe it or not theres an experimental trial going on with vaccine against influenza that has been grown in the cells of a tobacco plant -can you imagine something good coming out of tobacco these are all reality today and in the future will be evermore possible imagine then just -two other little changes you can change the cells in your body but what if you could change the cells in your offspring what if you could change the sperm and the ova or change the newly fertilized egg and give your offspring a better chance at a healthier life -eliminate the diabetes eliminate the hemophilia reduce the risk of cancer who doesnt want healthier children -and then that same analytic technology that same engine of science that can produce -the changes to prevent disease -will also enable us to adopt super -why not have the quick twitch muscle that will enable you to run faster and longer why not live longer -these will be irresistible and when we are at a position where we can pass it on to the next generation and we can adopt the attributes we want -we will have converted old style evolution into neo evolution well take a process that normally might require one hundred thousand years and we can compress it down to a thousand years and maybe even in the next one hundred years these are choices -that your grandchildren or their grandchildren are going to have before them -will we use these choices to make a society that is better that is more successful that is kinder or will we selectively choose different attributes -that we want for some of us and not for others of us will we make a society that is -more boring and more uniform or more robust and more versatile these are the kinds of questions -and hes still a little confused but i think that anyone who talks to me for more than a couple of minutes realizes im not exactly a terrorist threat -and so were sitting there and eventually after about an hour hour and a half of just going back and forth he says okay i have enough information here im going to pass this onto the tampa office theyre the ones who initiated this theyll follow up with you and well take care of it i was like great so i got home and the phone rings and -this is the fbi offices in tampa where i spent six months of my life back and forth not six months continuously by the way you folks know that in the united states you cant take photographs of federal buildings but google can do it for you so to the folks from google thank you -and you also have to consider the state of mind youre in when youre doing this youre basically face to face with someone that -essentially decides life or death or questions such as actually during the polygraph which was how it finally ended after nine consecutive of them one of the polygraph questions was well the first one was is your name hasan yes are we in florida yes is today tuesday yes because you have to base it on a yes or no -then of course the next question is do you belong to any groups that wish to harm the united states -i was like i know thats what ive been trying to tell you guys all along i know everythings fine so theyre looking at me really odd and its like guys i travel a lot this is with the fbi and i was like all we need is alaska not to get the last memo and here we go all over again -and there was a sincere concern there and he was like you know if you get into trouble give us a call well take care of it so ever since then before i would go anywhere i would call the fbi i -a couple weeks later id call again let them know it wasnt that i had to but i chose to just wanted to say hey guys dont want to make it look like im making any sudden moves -and so i just kept doing this over and over and over and then the phone calls turned -emails and the emails got longer and longer and longer with pictures with travel -then i built this over here let me go back to it over here so -i actually designed this back in two thousand and three so this kind of tracks me at any given moment i wrote some code for my mobile phone basically what i decided is -well they probably have all my flight records so i decided to put all my flight records from birth -and i had a little bit of a problem a few years ago so let me show you a little of that so it started over here and this is the detroit airport in june nineteenth of two thousand and two i was flying back to the u s from an exhibition overseas and as i was coming back well i was taken by the fbi met by an fbi agent and -singapore you can see theyre kind of empty -at the time that this was going on the last thing on my mind was art project -i was certainly not thinking hey i got new work here but -after going through this after realizing well what just happened and after piecing together this this and this this way of actually trying to figure out what happened for myself eventually evolved into this and it actually became this project so -some of them because they need to know this is me buying some duck flavored paste at the ranch ninety nine in daly city on sunday november fifteenth at coreana supermarket buying my kimchi because i like kimchi and i bought some crabs too right around there and some chitlins at the safeway in emoryville -and laundry too laundry detergent at west oakland east oakland sorry and then my pickled jellyfish at the hong kong supermarket on route eighteen in east brunswick now if you go to my bank records itll actually show something from there so you know that on may ninth that i bought dollar fourteen point seven nine in fuel from safeway vallejo -so not only that im giving this information here and there but now theres a third party an independent third party my bank thats verifying that yes indeed i was there at this time so theres points and these points are actually being cross referenced and theres a verification taking place sometimes theyre really small purchases -so thirty four cents foreign transaction fee all of these are extracted directly from my bank accounts and everything pops up right away -and then sometimes you get this sometimes you just get this just an empty hallway in salt lake city january twenty second and i can tell you exactly who i was with where i was because this is what i had to do with the fbi i had to tell them every little detail of everything i spend a lot of time on the road this is a parking lot -and sometimes you get a lot of text information and no visual information so you get something like this this by the way is the location of my favorite sandwich shop in california vietnamese sandwich -they need to know where im doing my business because they want to know about my business so on december fourth i went here -and on sunday june fourteenth at two thousand and nine this was actually about two oclock in the afternoon in skowhegan maine this was my apartment there so what youre basically seeing here -is all bits and pieces and all this information if you go to my site theres tons of things and really its not the most user friendly interface its actually quite user unfriendly -and one of the reasons also being part of the user unfriendliness is that everything is there but you have to really work through it so by me putting all this information out there -but in this barrage of noise that im putting out -intelligence agencies and it doesnt matter who they are -they all operate in an industry where their commodity is information or restricted access to information and the reason their information has any value is well because no one else has access to it and by me -cutting out the middle man and giving it straight to you the information -so thus devaluing their currency and i understand that on an individual level its purely symbolic but if three hundred million people in the u s started doing this we would have to redesign the entire intelligence system from the ground up -and were getting to that when i first started this project -people were looking at me and saying why would you want to tell everybody what youre doing where youre at why are you posting these photos -im still doing this project but it is obsolete because youre all doing it this is something that we all are doing on a daily basis whether were aware of it or not so were creating our own archives and so on and you know -and i came up with these so these are some of my sample logs and just little bits and pieces and you can see some of the things there and i cleaned up the list a little bit so you can see so you can see that the homeland security likes to come by -department of homeland security you can see the national security agency likes to come by i actually moved very close to them i live right down the street from them now -central intelligence agency executive office of the president -not really sure why they show up but they do i think they kind of like to look at art and im glad that we have patrons of the arts in these fields so thank you very much -so its really just a matter of my phone clicking a couple of clicks send and then its done and everythings automated at the other end -from ten thirty a m to twelve zero p m i met with judith who was one of my graduate students at the time from twelve zero p m to three zero p m i taught my intro class three zero p m to six zero p m i taught my advanced class where were you the eleventh where were you the tenth where were you the twenty ninth the thirtieth where were you october fifth we read about six months of my calendar -and i dont think he was expecting me to have such detailed records -and we need to fight against that -so he was talking about the law in britain which is the communications data bill an absolutely outrageous piece of legislation in america you have the cyber intelligence -sharing and protection act youve got drones now being considered for domestic surveillance you have the national security agency building the worlds giantest spy center its just this colossal its five times bigger than the u s capitol in which theyre going to intercept and analyze communications traffic and personal data -to try and figure out whos the troublemaker in society -theyve kidded out the house with cctv cameras theyre watching all of us theyve dug a basement and theyve built a spy center to try and run algorithms and figure out which ones of us are troublesome -and if any of us complain about that -but the world isnt a fairy tale and it could be more brutal than we want to acknowledge -equally it could be better than weve been led to believe but either way we have to start seeing it exactly as it is with all of its problems because its only by seeing it with all of its problems that well be able to fix them -and live in a world in which we can all be happily ever after laughs thank you -so i fought for about five years doing this and it was one of many hundreds of requests that i made -not i didnt hey look i didnt set out honestly to revolutionize the british parliament that was not my intention i was just making these requests as part of research -for my first book but it ended up in this very long protracted legal battle and there i was after five years fighting against parliament in front of three of britains most eminent high court judges waiting for their ruling about whether or not parliament had to release this data -upon a time the world was a big dysfunctional family it was run by the great and powerful parents and the people were helpless and hopeless naughty children if any of the more rowdier children questioned the authority of the parents they were scolded -the transparency law theyd passed earlier that applied to everybody else they tried to keep it so it didnt apply to them -put it on a disk and then just saunter outside of parliament which they did and then they shopped that disk to the highest bidder which was the daily telegraph and then you all remember -there was weeks and weeks of revelations everything from porn movies and bath plugs and new kitchens and mortgages that had never been paid off -the end result was six ministers resigned the first speaker of the house in three hundred years was forced to resign -a new government was elected on a mandate of transparency one hundred and twenty mps stepped down at that election and so far four mps and two lords have done jail time for fraud -and not only not content with it now more often armed with official data itself -so -we are moving to this democratization of information and ive been in this field for quite a while slightly embarrassing admission even when i was a kid i used to have these little spy books and i would like see what everybody was doing in my neighborhood and log it down i think that was a pretty good indication about my future career as an investigative journalist -and what ive seen from being in this access to information field for so long is that it used to be quite a niche interest and its gone mainstream everybody increasingly around the world wants to know about what people in power are doing they want a say in decisions that are made in their name -and with their money its this democratization of information that i think is an information enlightenment and it has many of the same principles of the first enlightenment -its about searching for the truth not because somebody says its true because i say so no its about trying to find the truth based on what you can see and what can be tested -if they went exploring into the parents rooms or even into the secret filing cabinets they were punished and told that for their own good they must never go in there again -but what they hadnt counted on was technology and then they had the printing press which suddenly enabled these ideas to spread cheaply far and fast and people would come together in coffee houses discuss the ideas plot revolution -in our day we have digitization that strips all the physical mass out of information so now its almost zero cost to copy and share information our printing press is the internet our coffee houses are social networks were moving to what i would think of as a fully connected system -and we have global decisions to make in this system decisions about climate about finance systems about resources and think about it if we want to make an important decision about buying a house we dont just go off -i mean i dont know about you but i want to see a lot of houses before i put that much money into it and if were thinking about a finance system we need a lot of information to take in its just not possible -thats why were starting to see more disclosure laws come out so for example on the environment theres the aarhus convention which is a european directive that gives people -a very strong right to know so if your water company is dumping water into your river sewage water into your river you have a right to know about it in the finance industry -you now have more of a right to know about whats going on so we have different anti bribery laws money regulations increased corporate disclosure so you can now track assets across borders and its getting harder to hide -assets tax avoidance pay inequality so thats great were starting to find out more and more about these systems -and theyre all moving to this central system this fully connected system -then one day a man came to town with boxes and boxes of secret documents stolen from the parents rooms look what theyve been hiding from you he said -all of them except one can you guess which one -its the system which underpins all these other systems its the system by which we organize and exercise power and there im talking about politics because in politics were back to this system this top down hierarchy -and how is it possible that the volume of information can be processed that needs to in this system well it just cant -thats it and i think this is largely whats behind the crisis of legitimacy in our -and what it is its a freedom of information platform its open source with documentation and it allows you to make a freedom of information request -to ask your public body a question so it takes all the hassle out of it and i can tell you that there is a lot of hassle making these requests so it takes all of that hassle out and you just type in your question for example how many police officers have a criminal record -it zooms it off to the appropriate person it tells you when the time limit is coming to an end it keeps track of all the correspondence it posts it up there and it becomes an archive of public knowledge -so thats open source and it can be used in any country where there is some kind of freedom of information law so theres a list there of the different countries that have it and then theres a few more coming on board so if any of you out there like the sound of that -and have a law like that in your country i know that seb would love to hear from you about collaborating and getting that into your country -this is birgitta jonsdottir shes an icelandic mp and quite an unusual mp in iceland she was one of the protesters who was outside of parliament -when the countrys economy collapsed -and then she was elected on a reform mandate and shes now spearheading this project its the icelandic modern media initiative and theyve just got funding to make it an international modern media project -and this is taking all of the best laws around the world about freedom of expression protection of whistleblowers protection from libel source protection and trying to make iceland a publishing haven -its a place where your data can be free so when we think about increasingly how governments want to access user data what theyre trying to do in iceland is make this safe haven where it can happen -in my own field of investigative journalism were also having to start thinking globally so this is a site called investigative dashboard and if youre trying to track a dictators assets for example hosni mubarak -you know hes just funneling out cash from his country when he knows hes in trouble and what you want to do to investigate that is you need to have access to all of the worlds as many as you can companies house registrations databases so this is a website that tries to -agglomerate all of those databases into one place so you can start searching for you know his relatives his friends the head of his security services you can try and find out how hes moving out assets from that country -so when the guardian did this investigation about the afghan war you know they cant walk into the department of defense and ask for all the information you know theyre just not going to get it -they made mistakes too just like the children the only difference was their mistakes were in the secret filing cabinets -so this came from leaks of tens of thousands of dispatches that were written by american soldiers about the afghan war and leaked and then theyre able to do this investigation -another rather large investigation is around world diplomacy again this is all based around leaks two hundred and fifty one thousand u s diplomatic cables -and i was involved in this investigation because i got this leak through a leak from a disgruntled wikileaker and ended up going to work at the guardian so -very pompous politicians they were just like us they all bitched about each other i mean quite gossipy those cables okay but i thought it was a very important point for all of us to grasp these are human beings just like us they dont have special powers theyre not magic they are not our parents -beyond that what i found most -fascinating was the level of endemic corruption that i saw across all different countries and particularly centered around the heart of power around public officials who were embezzling the publics money for their own personal enrichment and allowed to do that because of official secrecy -because surely what could be more open than publishing all the material because that is what julian assange did he wasnt content with the way the newspapers published it to be safe and legal he threw it all out there -that did end up with vulnerable people in afghanistan being exposed it also meant that the belarussian dictator was given a handy list of all the pro democracy campaigners in that country who had spoken to the u s government -is that radical openness i say its not because for me what it means it doesnt mean abdicating power -power is incredibly seductive and you must have two real qualities -i think when you come to the table when youre dealing with power talking about power -because of its seductive capacity youve got to have skepticism and humility skepticism because you must always be challenging i want to see why do you you just say so thats not good enough i want to see the evidence behind why thats so and humility because we are all human we all make mistakes -and if you dont have skepticism and humility then its a really short journey to go from reformer to autocrat and i think you only have to read animal farm -to get that message about how power corrupts people -so what is the solution -it is i believe to embody within the rule of law rights to information -at the moment our rights are incredibly weak in a lot of countries we have official secrets acts including in britain here we have an official secrets act with no public interest test so that means its a crime people are punished quite severely in a lot of cases for -i would like us to work towards that so -its not all bad news i mean there definitely is progress on the line but i think what we find is that the closer that we get right into the heart of power -the more opaque closed it becomes so it was only just the other week that i heard londons metropolitan police commissioner -talking about why the police need access to all of our communications spying on us without any judicial oversight and he said it was a matter of life and death he actually said that it was a matter of life and death -so it can also learn from you about the quality of its jokes and cater things sort of like netflix style over longer term to different communities or audiences children versus adults different cultures you can learn something -from the robot about the community that youre in and also i can use each one of you as the acting coach to our future robot companions -like whats going on show the green if you dont like the subject or the performance you can hold the red now dont be shy its just a robot it doesnt have feelings -some of the greatest innovations and developments in the world often happen at the intersection of two fields so tonight id like to tell you about the intersection that im most excited about at this very moment which is entertainment and robotics -yet -its an honor to be here -heres the first one -right so a doctor says to his patient i have bad news and worse news -the bad news is that you only have twenty four hours -trying to contact you since yesterday -see that little swiss army knife they have to -right here -me the guy behind me has -he gasps to the operator my friend -what can i do -and the operator hears a shot the -anyone -because its neither -so if were trying to make robots that can be more expressive and that can connect better with us in society maybe we should look to some of the human professionals of artificial emotion and personality that occur in the -turns it on i go into the other room -this is actually the first time weve ever done live audience feedback to a performance so thank you all for being a part of it theres a lot more to come -and we hope to learn a lot about robot expression thank you very much -so were based in new york city and if youre a performer who wants to collaborate with an adorable robot or if you have a robot that needs entertainment representation please contact me the bot agent -the bot our rising celebrity also has his own twitter account at robotinthewild so id like to introduce you to one of our first robots data hes named after the star trek character i think hes going to be super popular -the education market not only in the developing countries but actually in the developed regions as well because there are parts of the united states where this can have also a huge impact -on the ability to make education more fun and more efficient we also have partnered with ted in this project with architecture for humanity and along with the ted prize winner cameron sinclair were -that we have issued to the architectural community to come up with the best design for a computer lab for an emerging region -and were really thrilled about the opportunity to be part of this and cant wait to see what comes out of this exciting exciting activity -so with that in mind first of all let me tell you im one of five children im the oldest the other four are women so i grew up in a family of women i learned a lot about how to deal with that part of the world -let me come back to the beginning to end this presentation ill tell you that one of the things that i feel is really critical for us in industry in business is to be able to be passionate about solving these problems -i dont think its enough to be able to put them on a spreadsheet and look at numbers and say yes thats a good business i really believe that you have to have a passion for it -and one of the things that i learned too from my parents and ill give you a little anecdote especially from my father and it took me a while to understand it -but he said to me when i went to college he said youre the first person in the family to go to college and its really important you understand that for civilization to make progress -each generation has to do better than the last one and therefore this is your opportunity to do better than my generation -but then i finished college i graduated i decided to get married and on my wedding day my father came to me again and said you know -im going to remind you again that each generation has to do better than the last one you have to be a better husband than i was -because thats how you make progress and now he began to make sense because i knew what a great husband he was and now he was once again beginning to put pressure on me like he did when i was a little kid -and then a few years later i had a child my first child and again my father comes to the hospital -and were looking at the glass and see all the children on the other side and he said ive got to remind you again that for each generation to do better youre going to have to be a better father than i was thats when it dawned on me -the tremendous challenge that he was placing on me because he was a great father but the key is that he instilled in me a passion to really get up every day in the morning and want to do better to really get up and think that -my role in life is not just to be the ceo of a fortune five hundred company its got to be that someday i can look back and this place is truly better through some small contribution that perhaps each of us could make thank you very much -and as you can imagine if you can picture this i was born in a very small village in mexico in unfortunately very poor surroundings -and my parents did not have a college education but i was fortunate to be able to have one and so were my four sisters that kind of tells you a little bit of an idea of -the emphasis that my parents placed on education my parents were fanatics about learning and ill come back to that a little bit later -you know one of the things that id like to say upfront is that im really here by accident and what i mean not at ted -but one of the things that exposed me early to learning and a tremendous curiosity that was instilled in me as a child -was through a technology which is on the screen is a victrola my father found that in a junkyard and was able to repair it and make it work -and somehow to this day i frankly dont know how he was so aware of what was going on in the world but by inviting me to sit down with him when i was only a few years old -and playing records in this victrola by mozart and he would tell me how mozart was the most romantic of all the classic composers ever -and how claire de lune which was one of his favorites was a real exposure to me to classical music -he explained to me about johann strauss and how he created the waltzes that became so famous in the world and would tell me a little bit about history too when -and even as a child he was able to instill in me a lot of curiosity and perhaps to you this product may not look like high tech but if you can imagine -the time when this occurred it was in the mid forties this was really in his view a pretty piece of high tech well -that im at this point in my life truly my set of circumstances i would truly consider an accident -one of the things that is really critical to try to -from that experience is that in addition to that people ask me and say well how did your parents treat you when you were a child -and i always said that they were really tough on me and not tough in the sense that most people think of where your parents yell at you or hit you or whatever -they were tough in the sense that as i grew up both my mother and father would always say to me its really important that you always remember two things -and that you did everything you could to do it the best way you could and the second thing they said -and we trust you that no matter where you are or where you go you will always do the right thing now i dont know how many of you have ever done that with your kids but if you do -one of the things that has happened with technology is that it can only be helpful if it is useful of course but it can only be helpful too if its accessible and it can only be helpful if -but what id like to talk to you about today is perhaps a way in which we could use technology to make those accidents happen often -and in todays world being useful affordable and accessible is not necessarily what happens in a lot of the technology that is done today -so one of our passions in our company and now one of my personal passions is to be able to really work hard at making the technology useful -a tremendous thing that people refer to as a killer app is called the internet although frankly speaking we dont believe the internet is the killer app what we believe is that the internet frankly is a connection of people and ideas -the internet happens to be just the medium in which those people and ideas get connected and the power of connecting people and ideas can be pretty awesome -and so we believe that through all the changes that have occurred that were faced today with a tremendous opportunity if we can connect people and ideas more -intensely and although youve seen a plethora and a myriad of products that have come to the market today -the key to me is how many of these products are able to provide people connectivity -in a useful way accessibility in an easy manner and also affordability that regardless of the economic status that a person could have -because i really think when i look back at how i actually ended up in this accident technology played a big role in -that they could have the opportunity to afford this technology so when you look at that we said well we would like to then enable that a little bit we would like to create an initiative -a couple of years ago at amd we came up with this idea of saying what if we create this initiative we call fifty by fifteen -where we are going to aim that by the year two thousand and fifteen half of the world will be connected to the internet so that people and ideas can get connected we knew we couldnt do it by ourselves and by no means did we ever intend -to imply that we at amd could do it alone we always felt that this was something that could be done through partnerships with governments industry educational institutions -a myriad of other companies and frankly even competitors so it is really a rather lofty initiative if you want to think that way -but we felt that we had to put a real stake up in the years ahead that was bold enough and courageous enough -and so when we gave ourselves this scorecard to say well where are we related to our goal towards two thousand and fifteen the thing that becomes apparent is three pieces one -is the western world defined mostly by western europe and the united states has made an awful lot of progress the connectivity in these parts of the world are really -truly phenomenal and continue to increase as a matter of fact we think reaching one hundred percent is very doable even before the -fifteen timeframe in other parts of emerging countries such as india and china the progress has been good has been solid has been good -the progress has been rather slow as a matter of fact i was just recently visiting south africa i had the opportunity to -have a discussion with president mbeki and one of the things that we talked about is what is it thats keeping this connectivity goal from moving ahead faster -and one of the reasons is in south africa it costs one hundred dollars a month to have a broadband connectivity it is impossible -even in the united states for that cost to be able to enable the connectivity that were all trying to reach so we talked about ways in which perhaps -one could partner to be able to bring the cost of this technology down so when you look at this chart you look at the very last its a logarithmic chart on a horizontal scale you look at the very end -phenomenal driver of things to force us to do things differently and we look forward to being able to actually working with so many partners around the world to be able to reach that goal -the two greatest passions in my life today are children and education and -now one of the things id like to explain by fifty x fifteen which i think is really critical is that it is not a charity -is actually a business venture lets take a small segment of this of this unconnected world and call it the education market when you look at elementary school children -we have hundreds and hundreds of millions of children around the world that could benefit tremendously from being able to be connected to the internet -therefore when we see that we see an opportunity to have a business that addresses the need of that segment and when we embarked in this initiative from the very beginning we said it very clearly -this is not a charity this is really a business venture one that addresses a very challenging segment of the market because what we have learned in the last three years -is that this segment of the market whether its education or under developed nations either way its a segment that demands incredibly high quality incredibly -and for twenty odd years it hasnt changed it is still in most places a grey or black box and it looks the same and frankly -and i know that sometimes i offend some of my customers when i say this but i truly mean it if you could take the name of the computer off the top of it -would be very difficult to judge who made it because theyre all highly commoditized but theyre all different so there has not been a human centric approach to addressing this segment of the market so we really believe it is critical -to think of it it reminded me a lot of the talk we heard this morning about this operating room machinery that was designed specifically for africa were talking about something very similar here -it has to be based on a geo sensitive approach what i mean by that is that in some parts of the world the government plays a key role in the development of technology in other parts it doesnt in other parts of the world you have -an infrastructure that allows for manufacturing to take place in other parts it doesnt and then we have to be sensitive about how this technology can be developed and put into action in those regions -and the last piece which is really important and this is an opinion that we have not shared by many this is one where we seem to stand alone on this one -is that we really believe that the greatest success of this initiative can come by fostering local integrated end to end ecosystems what i mean by that and let me -the country of south africa because i was just there therefore im a little bit familiar with some of the challenges they have its a country of forty five million people -then about the initiative that chris mentioned that we decided to launch at amd that we call fifty x fifteen and then ill come back to the beginning and tell you a little bit more hopefully -a software training environment in their universities what a place what an ideal place to create an ecosystem that could build the hardware and the software -needed for their schools and to my surprise i learned in south africa they have eighteen dialects i always thought they only had -english and afrikaans but it turns out they have eighteen dialects and to be able to meet the needs of this rather complex educational system -could only be done from inside i dont think this segment of the market can be addressed by companies parachuting from another place of the world -and just dumping product and selling into the markets so we believe that in those regions of the world where the population is large and theres an infrastructure that can provide it that a local integrated end to end system is really critical for its success -this is a picture of a classroom that we outfitted with computers in mexico in my home country -this particular classroom happens to be in the state of michoacan those of you that might be familiar with mexico michoacan is a very colorful state children dress -and it is incredible to see the power that this has in the hands of kids in a computer and i have to tell you that -its so easy to appreciate the impact that access to technology and connectivity can have in the lives and education of these kids we just recently opened a learning laboratory in a school in -and recently theyve written us letters telling us how excited they are about the impact that this has had on their lives on their educational dreams on their capabilities and its just phenomenal we have now -in an effort to continue to learn what this particular segment of the market needs and demands and i have to tell you that although millions doesnt sound like a lot in terms of the billions that need to be connected -one example of this has been the one laptop per child some of you are familiar with this this is a partnership between mit and a group of companies -google is involved red hat and amd is a key player the electronics behind the one laptop per child are based on amd technology its a microprocessor -would last at least eight hours and you wanted the child to have the ability to use the laptop for at least one full day without having to recharge it -the engineers have done a phenomenal amount of innovation on this part and battery life on this product is now fifteen hours just through a lot of innovative work people have done -because theyre passionate and motivated to be able to do this we expect this to be deployed towards the end of this year and were very excited at the opportunities that this is going to offer in the field of education its a highly focused product -they can go together by the way thats why casual sex isnt so casual with orgasm you get a spike of dopamine dopamines associated with romantic love and you can just fall in love with somebody who youre just having casual sex with -with orgasm then you get a real rush of oxytocin and vasopressin those are associated with attachment this is why you can feel such a sense of cosmic union with somebody after youve made love to them but these three brain systems -lust romantic love and attachment arent always connected to each other you can feel deep attachment to a long term partner while you feel -intense romantic love for somebody else while you feel the sex drive for people unrelated to these other partners in short were capable of loving more than one person -at a time in fact you can lie in bed at night and swing from deep feelings of attachment for one person to deep feelings of romantic love for somebody else its as if theres a committee meeting going on in your head -as you are trying to decide what to do so i dont think honestly were an animal that was built to be happy we are an animal that was built to reproduce i think the happiness we find we make and -i think however we can make good relationships with each other so i want to conclude with two things i want to conclude with a worry i have a worry and with a wonderful story -the worry is about antidepressants over one hundred million prescriptions of antidepressants are -and then you just focus on this person you can list what you dont like about them but then you sweep that aside and focus on what you do as chaucer said love is blind -written every year in the united states and these drugs are going generic they are seeping around the world -i know one girl whos been on these antidepressants serotonin enhancing ssri serotonin enhancing antidepressants since she was thirteen shes twenty three shes been on them ever since she was thirteen ive got nothing against people who -take them short term when theyre going through something perfectly horrible they want to commit suicide or kill somebody else i would recommend it but more and more people in the united states -are taking them long term and indeed what these drugs do is raise levels of serotonin -and by raising levels of serotonin you suppress the dopamine circuit everybody knows that dopamine is associated with romantic love -not only do they suppress the dopamine circuit but they kill the sex drive and when you kill the sex drive -you kill orgasm and when you kill orgasm you kill that flood of drugs associated with attachment -the things are connected in the brain and when you tamper with one brain system youre going to tamper with another im just simply saying that a world without love is a deadly place so now -thank you -with a story and then just a comment ive been studying romantic love and -sex and attachment for thirty years im an identical twin i am interested in why were all alike -why you and i are alike why the iraqis and the japanese and the australian aborigines and the people of the amazon river are all alike and about a year ago an internet dating service match com came to me and asked me -if i would design a new dating site for them i said i dont know anything about personality you know i dont know do you think youve got the right person they said yes it got me thinking -in trying to understand romantic love i decided i would read poetry from all over the world and i just want to give you one very short poem from -about why it is that you fall in love with one person rather than another thats my current project it will be my next book -theres all kinds of reasons that you fall in love with one person rather than another timing is important proximity is important -i also think that you become gravitate to certain people actually with somewhat complementary brain systems and thats what im now contributing to this but i want to tell you a story about -to illustrate ive been carrying on here about the biology of love i wanted to show you a little bit about the culture of it too the magic of it -its a story that was told to me by somebody who had heard it just from one of the probably a true story -eighth century china because its an almost perfect example of a man who is focused totally on a particular woman -it was a graduate student at im at rutgers and my two colleagues art aron is at suny stony brook thats where we put our people in the mri machine -and this graduate student was madly in love with another graduate student and she was not in love with him -and they were all at a conference in beijing and he knew from our work that -if you go and do something very novel with somebody you can drive up the dopamine in the brain and perhaps trigger this brain system for romantic love -so he decided hed put science to work and he invited this girl to go off on a rickshaw ride with -and sure enough ive never been in one but apparently they go all around the buses and the trucks and its crazy and its noisy and its exciting and -and having a wonderful time an hour later they get down off of the rickshaw and she throws her hands up and she says -wonderful and wasnt that rickshaw driver handsome -its a little bit like when you are madly in love with somebody and you walk into a parking lot their car is different from every other car in the parking lot -magic to love but i will -millions of years ago we evolved three basic drives the sex drive romantic love and attachment to a long term partner -these circuits are deeply embedded in the human brain theyre going to survive as long as our species survives on what shakespeare called this mortal coil thank you -their wine glass at dinner is different from every other wine glass at the dinner party and in this case a man got hooked on a bamboo sleeping mat -and it goes like this its by a guy called yuan chen i cannot bear to put away the bamboo sleeping mat the night i brought you home i watched you roll it out he became hooked on a sleeping mat -today about the two biggest social trends in the coming century and perhaps in the next ten thousand years -you focus your attention on them you aggrandize them but you have intense energy as one polynesian said he said i felt like jumping in the sky -up all night youre walking till dawn you feel intense elation when things are going well mood swings into horrible despair when things are going poorly -real dependence on this person as one businessman in new york said to me he said anything she liked i liked simple romantic love is very simple -you become extremely sexually possessive you know if youre just sleeping with somebody casually you dont really care if theyre sleeping with somebody else -but the moment you fall in love you become extremely sexually possessive of them i think that that is a darwinian theres a darwinian purpose to this the whole point of this is to pull two people together strongly enough to begin to rear babies as a team -but the main characteristics of romantic love are craving an intense craving to be with a particular person not just sexually but emotionally youd much rather -it would be nice to go to bed with them but you want them to call you on the telephone to invite you out et cetera to tell you that they love you -the other main characteristic is motivation the motor in your brain begins to crank and you want this person -but i want to start with my work on romantic love because thats my most recent work what i and my colleagues did was to put thirty two people who were madly in love into a functional mri brain scanner -and last but not least it is an obsession when i put these people in the machine before i put them in the mri machine i would ask them all kinds of questions -my most important question was always the same it was what percentage of the day and night do you think about this person and indeed they would say -my final question was always the same i would say would you die for him or her and indeed these people would say yes as if i had asked them to pass the salt i was just staggered by -so we scanned their brains looking at a photograph of their sweetheart and looking at a neutral photograph with a distraction task in between so we could find -look at the same brain when it was in that heightened state and when it was in a resting state and we found activity in a lot of brain regions -in fact one of the most important was a brain region that becomes active when you feel the rush of cocaine and indeed thats exactly what happens -i began to realize that romantic love is not an emotion in fact i had always thought it was a series of emotions from very high to very low but actually its a drive it comes from the motor of the mind -the wanting part of the mind the craving part of the mind the kind of mind part of the mind when youre reaching for that piece of chocolate when you want to win -that promotion at work the motor of the brain its a drive and in fact i think its more powerful than the sex drive -you know if you ask somebody to go to bed with you and they say no thank you you certainly dont kill yourself or slip into a clinical depression but certainly around the world -people who are rejected in love will kill for it people live for love they kill for love they die for love -they have songs poems novels sculptures paintings myths legends -in over one hundred and seventy five societies people have left their evidence of this powerful brain system i have come to think its one of the most powerful brain systems on earth for both great joy and great sorrow -ive also come to think that its one of three basically different brain systems that evolved from mating and reproduction one is the sex drive the craving for sexual gratification -h auden called it an intolerable neural itch and indeed thats what it is it keeps bothering you a little bit like being hungry -the second of these three brain systems is romantic love that elation obsession of early love and the third brain system is attachment that sense of calm and security you can feel for a long term partner -and i think that the sex drive evolved to get you out there looking for a whole range of partners you know you can feel it when youre just driving along in your car it can be focused on nobody -i think romantic love evolved to enable you to focus your mating energy on just one individual at a time thereby conserving mating time and energy -and i think that attachment the third brain system evolved to enable you to tolerate this human being at least long enough to raise a child together as a team -so with that preamble i want to go into discussing the two most profound social trends one of the last ten thousand years and the other certainly -the last twenty five years that are going to have an impact on these three different brain systems lust -ive looked at one hundred and fifty one hundred and thirty societies through the demographic yearbooks of the united nations and everywhere in the world -one hundred and twenty nine out of one hundred and thirty of them women are not only moving into the job market sometimes very very slowly -but they are moving into the job market and they are very slowly closing that gap between men and women in terms of economic power health and education -very slow for every trend in on this planet theres a counter trend we all know of them but nevertheless the old arab saying the arabs say -the dogs may bark but the caravan moves on and indeed that caravan is moving on women are moving back into the job market -and i say back into the job market because this is not new for millions of years on the grasslands of africa women commuted to work -tis to love shakespeare said i think our ancestors i think human beings have been wondering about this question since they sat around their campfires or lay and watched the stars a million years ago -womens worst invention was the plow with the beginning of plow agriculture mens roles became extremely powerful women lost their ancient -jobs as collectors but then with the industrial revolution and the post industrial revolution theyre moving back into the job market -in short they are acquiring the status that they had a million years ago ten thousand years ago one hundred thousand years ago -we are seeing now one of the most remarkable traditions in the history of the human animal -and its going to have an impact i generally give a whole lecture on the impact of women on the business community ill only just say a couple of things and then go on to sex and love -a lot of gender differences anybody who thinks men and women are alike simply never had a boy and a girl child i dont know why it is that they want to think that men and women are alike -much we have in common but theres a whole lot that we are not do not have in common we are in the words of ted hughes i think that we were built to be were like two feet we need each other to get ahead -we did not evolve to have the same brain and were finding more and more and more gender differences in the brain ill only just use a couple and then move on to sex and love one of them is womens verbal ability women can talk -womens ability to find the right word rapidly basic articulation goes up in the middle of the menstrual cycle when estrogen levels peak but even at menstruation theyre better than the average man -women can talk theyve been doing it for a million years words were womens tools they held that baby in front of their face cajoling it reprimanding it educating it -with words and indeed theyre becoming a very powerful force even in places like india and -japan where women are not moving rapidly into the regular job market theyre moving into journalism and i think that -the producers who call me who negotiate what were going to say is a woman in fact solzhenitsyn once said -i started out by trying to figure out what romantic love was by looking at the last forty five years of research on just the psychological research and as it turns out theres a very specific group of things that happen when you fall in love -one of many many characteristics that women have that they will bring into the job market theyve got incredible people skills negotiating skills theyre highly imaginative we now know the brain circuitry of imagination -of long term planning they tend to be web thinkers because the female parts of the brain are better connected they tend to collect more pieces of data when they think -put them into more complex patterns see more options and outcomes they tend to be contextual holistic thinkers what i call web thinkers men tend to and these are averages -thinking pattern theyre both perfectly good ways of thinking we need both of them to get ahead in fact theres many more male geniuses in the world when the and theres also many more male idiots in the world -when the male brain works well it works extremely well and i what i really think that were doing is were moving towards a collaborative society a society in which the -women moving into the job market is having a huge impact on sex and romance and family life foremost -women are starting to express their sexuality im always astonished when people come to me and say -why is it that men are so adulterous and i say why do you think more men are adulterous than women oh well men are more adulterous and i say who do you think these men are sleeping with -math anyway in the western world little girls start women start sooner at sex have more partners express less remorse for the partners that they do -marry later have fewer children leave bad marriages in order to get good ones we are seeing the rise of female sexual expression and indeed once again were moving forward to the kind of sexual expression -that we probably saw on the grasslands of africa a million years ago because this is the kind of sexual expression that we see in hunting and gathering societies today were also returning to an ancient form of marriage equality -the first thing that happens is what i call a person begins to take on what i call special meaning as a truck driver once said to me he said the world had a new center and that center was mary anne -theyre now saying that the twenty one st century is going to be the century of what they call the symmetrical marriage or the pure marriage -or the companionate marriage this is a marriage between equals moving forward to a pattern that is highly compatible with the ancient human spirit -were also seeing a rise of romantic love ninety one percent of american women and eighty six percent of american men would not marry somebody -who had every single quality they were looking for in a partner if they were not in love with that person people around the world in a study of thirty seven societies want to be in love -with the person that they marry indeed arranged marriages are on their way off this braid of human life -i even think that marriages might even become more stable because of the second great world trend the first one being women moving into the job market the second one being the aging world population theyre now saying that in america -that middle age should be regarded as up to age eighty five because in that highest age category of seventy six to eighty five only -as much as forty percent of people have nothing really wrong with them so were seeing theres a real extension of middle age and i looked -for one of my books i looked at divorce data in fifty eight societies and as it turns out the older you get the less likely you are to divorce -so the divorce rate right now is stable in america and its actually beginning to decline it may decline some more -i would even say that with viagra estrogen replacement hip replacements -and the incredibly interesting women women have never been as interesting as they are now not at any time on this planet have women been so educated so interesting so capable -and so i honestly think that if there really was ever a time in human evolution when we have the opportunity to make good marriages that time is now -however theres always kinds of complications in this in these three brain systems lust romantic love and attachment dont always go together -around the world people love they sing for love they dance for love they compose poems and stories about love -they tell myths and legends about love they pine for love they live for love they kill for love and they die for love as walt whitman once said he said oh i would stake all for you -but love isnt always a happy experience in one study of college students they asked a lot of questions about love but the two that stood out to me the most were have you ever been rejected by somebody who you really loved -and the second question was have you ever dumped somebody who really loved you and almost ninety five percent of both men and women said yes to both almost nobody gets out of love alive -so before i start telling you about the brain i want to read for you what i think is the most powerful love poem on earth theres other love poems that are of course just as good but i dont think this one can be -it was told by an anonymous kwakutl indian of southern alaska to -here it is ive never had the opportunity to say it before -fire runs through my body with the pain of loving you pain runs through my body with the fires of my love for you pain like a boil about to burst with my love for you -i and my colleagues art aron and lucy brown and others have put thirty seven people who are madly in love into a functional mri brain scanner -consumed by fire with my love for you i remember what you said to me i am thinking of your love for me i am torn by your love for me -pain and more pain where are you going with my love i am told you will go from here i am told you will leave me here my body is numb with grief remember what i said my love goodbye my love goodbye -how many people have suffered in all the millions of years of human evolution how many people around the world are dancing with elation at this very minute -and study this madness our first study of people who were happily in love has been widely publicized so im only going to say a very little about it -we found activity in a tiny little factory near the base of the brain called the ventral tegmental area we found activity in some cells called the a ten cells cells that actually make dopamine a natural stimulant and spray it to many brain regions -indeed this part the vta is part of the brains reward system its way below your cognitive thinking process its below your emotions its part of what we call the reptilian core of the brain -with wanting with motivation with focus and with craving in fact the same brain region where we found activity becomes active also when you feel the rush of cocaine -but romantic love is much more than a cocaine high at least you come down from cocaine romantic love is an obsession it possesses you -you lose your sense of self you cant stop thinking about another human being somebody is camping in your head as an eighth century japanese poet said my longing had no time when it ceases -wild is love and the obsession can get worse when youve been rejected so right now lucy brown and i the neuroscientist on our project -are looking at the data of the people who were put into the machine after they had just been dumped it was very difficult actually putting these people in the machine because they were in such bad shape -so anyway we found activity in three brain regions we found activity in the brain region in exactly the same brain region associated with intense romantic love -what a bad deal you know when youve been dumped the one thing you love to do is just forget about this human being and then go on with your life but no you just love them harder as the poet -after ten to twenty five years of marriage so this is the short story of that research in the jungles of guatemala in tikal stands a temple -that brain system the reward system for wanting for motivation for craving for focus becomes more active when you cant get what you want in this case lifes greatest prize an appropriate mating partner -we found activity in other brain regions also in a brain region associated with calculating gains and losses you know youre lying there youre looking at the picture and youre in this machine and youre calculating -you know what went wrong how you know what have i lost as a matter of fact lucy and i have a little joke about this it comes from a david mamet -two con artists in the play and the woman is conning the man and the man looks at the woman and says oh youre a bad pony im not going to bet -and indeed its this part of the brain the core of the nucleus accumbens that is becoming active as youre measuring your gains and losses -its also the brain region that becomes active when youre willing to take enormous risks for huge gains and huge losses last but not least we found activity in a brain region associated with deep attachment to another individual -no wonder people suffer around the world and we have so many crimes of passion when youve been rejected in love -not only are you engulfed with feelings of romantic love but youre feeling deep attachment to this individual moreover this brain circuit for reward is working -and youre feeling intense energy intense focus intense motivation and the willingness to risk it all to win lifes greatest prize -it was built by the grandest sun king of the grandest city state of the grandest civilization of the americas the -so what have i learned from this experiment that i would like to tell the world foremost i have come to think that romantic love is a drive a basic mating drive not the sex drive the sex drive gets you out there looking for a whole range of partners -i think of all the poetry that ive read about romantic love what sums it up best is something that is said by plato over two thousand years ago he said the god of love lives in a state of need -it is a need it is an urge it is a homeostatic imbalance like hunger and thirst its almost impossible to stamp out -ive also come to believe that romantic love is an addiction a perfectly wonderful addiction when its going well and a perfectly horrible addiction when its going poorly -and indeed it has all of the characteristics of addiction you focus on the person you obsessively think about them you crave them you distort reality your willingness to take enormous risks to win this person and its got the three main -terrible love affair its been about eight months shes beginning to feel better and she was driving along in her car the other day and suddenly she heard a song on the car radio -that reminded her of this man and she not only did the instant craving come back but she had to pull over from the side of the road and -his name was jasaw chan kawiil he stood over six feet tall he lived into his eighties and he was buried beneath this monument in seven hundred and twenty -so one thing i would like the medical community and the legal community and even the college community to see if they can understand -that indeed romantic love is one of the most addictive substances on earth i would also like to tell the world that animals love -not an animal on this planet that will copulate with anything that comes along too old too young too scruffy too stupid and they wont do it unless youre stuck in a laboratory cage -you know if you spend your entire life in a little box youre not going to be as picky about who you have sex with but ive looked in a hundred species -and everywhere in the wild animals have favorites as a matter of fact ethologists know this theres over eight words for what they call animal favoritism selective -choice female choice sexual choice and indeed there are three academic articles in which theyve looked at this attraction which may only last for a second but its a definite attraction -and either this same brain region this reward system or the chemicals of that reward system are involved -in fact i think animal attraction can be instant you can see an elephant instantly go for another elephant and i think that this is really the origins of what you and i call love at first sight -people have often asked me whether what i know about love has spoiled it for me and i just simply say hardly -you can know every single ingredient in a piece of chocolate cake and then when you sit down and eat that cake you can still feel that -and certainly i make all the same mistakes that everybody else does too but its really deepened my understanding and -and mayan inscriptions proclaim that he was deeply in love with his wife so he built a temple in her honor facing his -in fact sometimes i feel a little sorry for the chicken on my dinner plate when i think of how intense this brain system is our newest experiment -been hatched by my colleague art aron putting people who are reporting that they are still in love in a long term relationship into the functional mri weve put five people in so far -and indeed we found exactly the same thing theyre not lying the brain areas associated with intense romantic love -still become active twenty five years later there are still many questions to be answered and -asked about romantic love the question that im working on right this minute and im only going to say it for a second and then end is why do you fall in love with one person rather than another -i never would have even thought to think of this but match com the internet dating site came to me three years ago and asked me that question -and i said i dont know i know what happens in the brain when you do become in love but i dont know why you fall in love with one person rather than another -and every spring and autumn exactly at the equinox the sun rises behind his temple and perfectly -and so ive spent the last three years on this and theres many reasons that you fall in love with one person rather than another that psychologists can tell you -and thats about it thats all they know no theyve never found the way two personalities fit together to make a good relationship -so it began to occur to me that maybe your biology pulls you towards some people rather than another and i have concocted a questionnaire -to see to what degree you express dopamine serotonin estrogen and testosterone i think weve evolved four very broad personality types associated with the ratios of these -chemicals in the brain and on this dating site that i have created called chemistry com i ask you first -a series of questions to see to what degree you express these chemicals and im watching who chooses who to love and -three point seven million people have taken the questionnaire in america about six hundred thousand people have taken it in thirty three other countries im putting the data together now and at some point -will always be magic to love but i think i will come closer to understanding why it is you can walk into a room and everybody -bathes her temple with his shadow and as the sun sets behind her temple in the afternoon it perfectly bathes his temple -is from your background your same general level of intelligence your same general level of good looks and you dont feel pulled towards all of them -i think theres biology to that i think were going to end up in the next few years to understand all kinds of brain mechanisms that pull us to one person rather than another so i will close with this -these are my older people faulkner once said the past is not dead its not even the past -indeed we carry a lot of luggage from our yesteryear in the human brain and so theres one thing that makes -my understanding of human nature and this reminds me of it these are two women -women tend to get intimacy differently than men do women get intimacy from face to face talking we swivel towards each other -we do what we call the anchoring gaze and we talk this is intimacy to women i think it comes from millions of years of holding that baby in front of your face cajoling it reprimanding it educating it with words -men tend to get intimacy from side by side doing as soon as one guy looks up the other guy will look away -i think it comes from millions of years of standing behind that sitting behind the bush looking straight ahead trying to hit that buffalo on the head with a rock -i think for millions of years men faced their enemies they sat side by side with friends so my final statement is -love is in us its deeply embedded in the brain our challenge is to understand each other thank you -and as habitats changed and environments changed we actually like the elephants migrated out into europe and asia -so the first large mammoth that appears on the scene is meridionalis which was standing four meters tall weighing about ten tons and was a woodland adapted species and spread from western europe clear across central asia across the bering land bridge and into parts of north america -and then again as climate changed as it always does and new habitats opened up we had the arrival of a steppe adapted species called trogontherii in central asia pushing meridionalis out into western europe and the open grassland savannas of north america opened up leading to the columbian mammoth a large hairless species in north america -and over hundreds of thousands of years migrating back and forth across the bering land bridge during times of glacial peaks and coming into direct contact with the columbian relatives living in the south -and there they survive over hundreds of thousands of years during traumatic climatic shifts so theres a highly plastic animal dealing with great transitions in temperature and environment and doing very very well and there they survive on the mainland until about ten thousand years ago -and actually surprisingly on the small islands off of siberia and alaska until about three thousand years ago so egyptians are building pyramids and woollies are still living on islands -and then they disappear like ninety nine percent of all the animals that have once lived they go extinct likely due to a warming climate and fast encroaching dense forests that are migrating north -and also as the late great paul martin once put it probably pleistocene overkill so the large game hunters that took them down -fortunately we find millions of their remains strewn across the permafrost buried deep in siberia and alaska and we can actually go up there and actually take them out and the preservation is again like those insects in amber phenomenal -so you have teeth bones with blood which look like blood you have hair and you have intact carcasses or heads which still have brains in them -so the preservation and the survival of dna depends on many factors and i have to admit most of which we still dont quite understand but depending upon when an organism dies and how quickly hes buried -and we used to imagine that someday they would actually come to life and they would crawl out of the resin and if they could they would fly away -the depth of that burial the constancy of the temperature of that burial environment will ultimately dictate how long dna will survive over geologically meaningful time frames -so if we were to go deep now within the bones and the teeth that actually survived the fossilization process the dna which was once intact tightly wrapped around histone proteins is now under attack -by the bacteria that lived symbiotically with the mammoth for years during its lifetime so those bacteria along with the environmental bacteria -free water and oxygen actually break apart the dna into smaller and smaller and smaller dna fragments until all you have are fragments that range from ten base pairs to in the best case scenarios a few hundred base pairs in length -so most fossils out there in the fossil record are actually completely devoid of all organic signatures but a few of them actually have dna fragments that survive for thousands even a few millions of years in time -and using state of the art clean room technology weve devised ways that we can actually pull these dnas away from all the rest of the gunk in there and its not surprising to any of you sitting in the room that if i take a mammoth bone or a tooth and i extract its dna that ill get mammoth dna -if you had asked me ten years ago whether or not we would ever be able to sequence the genome of extinct animals i would have told you its unlikely -but ill also get all the bacteria that once lived with the mammoth and more complicated ill get all the dna that survived in that environment with it so the bacteria the fungi and so on and so forth -but weve come up with very clever ways that we can actually discriminate capture and discriminate the mammoth from the non mammoth dna and with the advances in high throughput sequencing we can actually pull out and bioinformatically re jig all these small mammoth fragments -and place them onto a backbone of an asian or african elephant chromosome -and so by doing that we can actually get all the little points that discriminate between a mammoth and an asian elephant -and what do we know then about a mammoth -well the mammoth genome is almost at full completion -and we know that its actually really big its mammoth -so a hominid genome is about three billion base pairs but an elephant and mammoth genome is about two billion base pairs larger and most of that is composed of small repetitive dnas that make it very difficult to actually re jig the entire structure of the genome -if you had asked whether or not we would actually be able to revive an extinct species i would have said pipe dream but im actually standing here today amazingly to tell you that not only is the sequencing of extinct genomes a possibility actually a modern day reality but the revival of an extinct species is actually within reach -so having this information allows us to answer one of the interesting relationship questions between mammoths and their living relatives the african and the asian elephant -all of which shared an ancestor seven million years ago but the genome of the mammoth shows it to share a most recent common ancestor with asian elephants about six million years ago so slightly closer to the asian elephant -with advances in ancient dna technology we can actually now start to begin to sequence the genomes of those other extinct mammoth forms that i mentioned -and i just wanted to talk about two of them the woolly and the columbian mammoth both of which were living very close to each other during glacial peaks so when the glaciers were massive in north america the woollies were pushed into these subglacial ecotones and came into contact with the relatives living to the south -and there they shared refugia and a little bit more than the refugia it turns out it looks like they were interbreeding -and that this is not an uncommon feature in proboscideans because it turns out that large savanna male elephants will outcompete the smaller forest elephants for their females so large hairless columbians outcompeting the smaller male woollies it reminds me a bit of high school unfortunately -we can put that into an enucleated cell differentiate that into a stem cell subsequently differentiate that maybe into a sperm artificially inseminate an asian elephant egg and over a long and arduous procedure actually bring back -something that looks like this now this wouldnt be an exact replica because the short dna fragments that i told you about will prevent us from building the exact structure but it would make something that looked and felt very much like a woolly mammoth did -theres no climates or habitats suitable well thats not actually the case it turns out that there are swaths of habitat in the north of siberia and yukon that actually could house a mammoth remember this was a highly plastic animal that lived over tremendous climate variation -so this landscape would be easily able to house it and i have to admit that there is a part of the child in me the boy in me that would love to see these majestic creatures walk across the permafrost of the north once again but i do have to admit that part of the adult in me sometimes wonders whether or not we should thank you very much -dont go away youve left us with a question im sure everyone is asking this when you say should we it feels like youre reticent there and yet youve given us a vision of it being so possible whats your reticence hendrik poinar i dont think its reticence i think its just that -maybe not from the insects in amber in fact this mosquito was actually used for the inspiration for jurassic park -but from woolly mammoths the well preserved remains of woolly mammoths in the permafrost woollies are a particularly interesting quintessential image of the ice age they were large they were hairy they had large tusks and we seem to have a very deep connection with them like we do with elephants maybe its because elephants -share many things in common with us they bury their dead they educate the next of kin they have social knits that are very close or maybe its actually because were bound by deep time because elephants like us share their origins in africa some seven million years ago -one theory of how the brain works -so this theory is that the brain creates builds a version of the universe and projects this version of the universe like a bubble all around us -now this is of course a topic of philosophical debate for centuries but for the first time we can actually address this with brain simulation and ask very systematic and rigorous questions whether this theory could possibly be true -the reason why the moon is huge on the horizon is simply because our perceptual bubble does not stretch out three hundred and eighty thousand kilometers it runs out of space and so what we do is we compare the buildings -within our perceptual bubble and we make a decision -mission is to build a detailed realistic computer model of the human brain and weve done in the past four years a proof of concept on a small part of the rodent brain and with this proof of concept we are now scaling the project up to reach -we make a decision its that big even though its not that big and what that illustrates is that decisions are the key things that support -our perceptual bubble it keeps it alive without decisions you cannot see you cannot think you cannot feel -and you may think that anesthetics work by sending you into some deep sleep -or by blocking your receptors so that you dont feel pain but in fact most anesthetics dont work that way what they do is they introduce a noise into the brain so that the neurons cannot understand each other they are confused and you cannot make a decision -so while youre trying to make up your mind what the doctor the surgeon is doing while hes hacking away at your body hes long gone hes at home having tea -thousands of decisions about the size of the room the walls the height the objects in this room ninety nine percent of what you see is not what comes in through the eyes -it is what you infer about that room -so i can say with some certainty i think therefore i -but i cannot say you think therefore you are because you are within my perceptual bubble -is it capable of doing it does it have the substance to do it and thats what im going to describe to you today -so it took the universe eleven billion years to build the brain it had to improve it a little bit it had to add to the frontal part so that you would have instincts because they had to cope on land but the real big step -was the neocortex its a new brain you needed it the mammals needed it because they had to cope with parenthood -social interactions complex cognitive functions so you can think of the neocortex actually as the ultimate solution today of the universe as we know it -its the pinnacle its the final product that the universe has produced -it was so successful in evolution that from mouse to man it expanded about a thousandfold in terms of the numbers of neurons to produce this almost frightening -organ structure and it has not stopped its evolutionary path in fact the neocortex in the human brain is evolving at an enormous speed -if you zoom into the surface of the neocortex you discover that its made up of little modules g five processors like in a computer but there are about a million of them -they were so successful in evolution that what we did was to duplicate them over and over and add more and more of them to the brain until we ran out of space in the skull and the brain started to fold in on itself and thats why the neocortex is so highly convoluted were just packing in columns -the human brain why are we doing this there are three important reasons the first is its essential for us to understand the human brain if we do want to get along in society and i think that it is a key step in evolution -so that wed have more neocortical columns to perform more complex functions -it it produces a symphony but its not just a symphony of perception its a symphony of your universe your reality now of course it takes years to learn how to master a grand piano with a million keys thats why you have to send your kids to good schools hopefully eventually to oxford -but its not only education its also -genetics you may be born lucky where you know how to master your neocortical column and you can play a fantastic symphony in fact there is a new theory of autism called the intense world theory which suggests that the neocortical columns are super columns -they are highly reactive and they are super plastic and so the autists are probably capable of building and learning a symphony which is unthinkable for us -but you can also understand that if you have a disease within one of these columns the note is going to be off the perception the symphony that you create is going to be corrupted and you will have symptoms of disease so the holy grail -for neuroscience is really to understand the design of the neocoritical column -and its not just for neuroscience its perhaps to understand perception to understand reality and perhaps to even also understand physical reality so what we did was -for the past fifteen years was to dissect out the neocortex systematically its a bit like going and cataloging a piece of the rainforest -but its a bit more than cataloging because you actually have to -describe and discover all the rules of communication the rules of connectivity because the neurons dont just like to connect with any neuron they choose very carefully who they connect with its also more than cataloging because you actually have to build three dimensional digital models of them -the second reason is we cannot keep doing animal experimentation forever -and we did that for tens of thousands of neurons built digital models of all the different types of neurons we came across and once you have -and here were coiling them up but as you do this what you see is that the branches intersect actually in millions of locations -and at each of these intersections they can form a synapse and a synapse is a chemical location where they communicate with each other -and these synapses together form the network or the circuit of the brain -now the circuit you could also think of as the fabric of the brain and when you think of the fabric of the brain the structure how is it built what is the pattern of the carpet -you realize that this poses a fundamental challenge to any theory of the brain and especially to a theory that says that there is some reality that emerges out of this carpet out of this particular carpet with a particular pattern the reason is because the most important design secret of the brain is diversity -and we have to embody all our data and all our knowledge into a working model its like a noahs ark its like an archive -every neuron is different its the same in the forest every pine tree is different you may have many different types of trees but every pine tree is different and in the brain its the same so there is no neuron in my brain that is the same as another and there is no neuron in my brain that is the same as in yours -and your neurons are not going to be oriented and positioned in exactly the same way and you may have more or less neurons so its very unlikely that you got the same fabric the same circuitry so how could we possibly create a reality that we can even understand each other -well we dont have to speculate we can look at all ten million synapses now we can look at the fabric and we can change neurons we can use different neurons with different variations we can position them in different places orient them in different places we can use less or more of them and when we do that -what we discovered is that the circuitry does change but the pattern of how the circuitry is designed does not so the fabric -of the brain even though your brain may be smaller bigger it may have different types of neurons different morphologies of neurons we actually do share -the same fabric and we think this is species specific which means that that could explain why we cant communicate across species so lets switch it on but to do it what you have to do is you have to make this come alive we make it come alive -with equations a lot of mathematics and in fact the equations that make neurons into electrical generators were discovered by two cambridge nobel laureates so we have the mathematics to make neurons come alive we also have the mathematics to describe how neurons collect information -and the third reason is that there are two billion people on the planet that are affected by mental disorder and the drugs that are used today are largely empirical i think that we can come up with very concrete solutions on how to treat disorders -but what you do need is a very big computer and in fact you need one laptop to do all the calculations just for one neuron so you need ten thousand laptops so where do you go you go to ibm and you get a supercomputer because they know how to take ten thousand laptops and put it into the size of a refrigerator -so now we have this blue gene supercomputer we can load up all the neurons each one on to its processor and fire it up and see what happens take the magic carpet for a ride -here we activate it and this gives the first glimpse of what is happening in your brain when there is a stimulation its the first view now when you look at that the first time you think my god how is reality coming out of that -but in fact -you can start even though we havent trained this neocortical column to create a specific reality but we can ask where is the rose -we can ask where is it inside if we stimulate it with a picture where is it inside the neocortex ultimately its got to be there if we stimulated it with it -so the way that we can look at that is to ignore the neurons ignore the synapses and look just at the raw electrical activity because that is what its creating its creating electrical patterns so when we did this we indeed for the first time saw these ghost like structures -electrical objects appearing within the neocortical column -and its these electrical objects that are holding all the information about whatever stimulated it and then when we zoomed into this its like a veritable universe -so the next step is just to take these brain coordinates and to project them into perceptual space and if you do that you will be able to step inside the reality that is created by this -machine by this piece of the brain -so in summary i think that the universe may have its possible evolved a brain to see itself which may be a first step in becoming aware of itself there is a lot more to do to test these theories and to test any other theories -its for cooked food -we carry in our face the proof -so i would suggest that we change how we classify ourselves we talk about ourselves as omnivores i would say we should call -we are the animals who eat cooked food -no no no no better to live of cooked food -so cooking is a very important technology its technology -i dont know how you feel but i like to cook for entertainment and you need some design to be successful so cooking is a very important technology because it allowed us -to acquire what brought you all here the big brain -this wonderful cerebral cortex we have because brains -so as we have to pay tuition fees -but its also metabolically speaking expensive -our brain is two to three percent of the body mass but actually it uses twenty five percent of the total energy we use its very expensive where does the energy come from -made a very important impact on us it changed the way our history developed -if we eat raw food we cannot release really the energy -so this ingenuity of our ancestors to invent this most marvelous technology invisible everyone of us does it every day so to speak -so if we think about this unleashing human potential which was possible -by cooking and food why do we talk so badly about food -why is it always do and donts and its good for you and its not good for you -i think the good news for me -if we could go back and talk about the unleashing the continuation of the unleashing of human potential now cooking allowed also that we became a migrant species we walked out of africa -but its a technology so pervasive so invisible that we for a long time forgot to take it into account -all the ecologies if you can cook -the brain and the gut which it actually affected the brain could grow but the gut actually shrunk okay its not obvious -it shrunk to sixty percent of -so because of having cooked food its easier to digest -now having a large brain as you know is a big advantage because you can actually influence your environment you can influence your own technologies you have invented -you can continue to innovate and invent now the big brain did this also with cooking but how did it actually run this show how did it actually interfere -what kind of criteria did it use and this is actually taste reward and energy you know we have up to five -three of them sustain -sweet energy umami this is a meaty taste you need proteins for muscles recovery -about human evolution but we see the results of this technology still so lets make a little test -poisonous and rotten material but of course -they are hard wired but we use them still in a sophisticated way think about bittersweet chocolate or think about the acidity of -mixed with strawberry fruits so we can make mixtures of all this kind of thing because we know -in cooking we can transform it to the form reward this is a more complex and especially integrative form of our brain with various different elements -the external states our internal states how do we feel and so on are put together -and the gut is a silent voice its going more for feelings i use the -the gut is concerned with if you get a stomach ache if you get a -so everyone of you turns to their neighbor please turn and face your neighbors please also on the balcony -so my story is a tale of two brains because it might surprise you our gut has a full fledged brain -but what it means to have -brain -that not only the big brain has to talk -with the food the food has to talk with the brain because -we have to learn actually how to talk to the brains now if theres a gut brain we should also learn to talk with this brain now one hundred and fifty years ago -and within this structure you see these two pinkish layers which are actually the muscle and between this muscle they found nervous tissues a lot of nervous tissues which penetrate actually the muscle -it penetrates the mucosa this is the layer which actually touches the food you are swallowing and you digest which is -now if you think about the gut the gut is if you could stretch it -could unroll it get out all the fold and so on it would have four hundred -and now this brain takes care over this to move it with the muscles and to do defend the surface and of course -so if we give you a specification this brain which is autonomous have five hundred million nerve cells one hundred million neurons -so around the size of a cat brain so there sleeps -for itself optimizes -it has twenty different -the same diversity you find actually in a pig brain where you have one hundred billion neurons -it has autonomous organized microcircuits has these programs which run it senses the food it knows exactly what to do -it senses it by chemical means and very importantly by mechanical means because it has to move the food it has to mix all the various elements which we need -of muscle is very very important because you know there can be reflexes if you dont like a food especially if youre a child you gag its this brain which makes this -any canine teeth -its called the subsumption architecture what it means is that we have a layered control system the lower layer our gut brain -its own goals digestion defense and we have the higher brain with the goal of integration and generating behaviors -now both look and this is the blue arrows both look to the same food which is in the lumen and in the area of your intestine the big brain integrates signals which come from the running programs of the lower brain -but subsumption means that the higher brain can interfere with the lower it can replace or it can inhibit actually signals -so if we take two types of signals a hunger signal for example if you have an empty stomach your stomach produces a hormone called ghrelin its a very big signal -its sent to the brain -the mouths of your neighbors of course not because our dental -they -what happens if the big brain in the integration overrides the -the big brain ignores it -and activates different programs in the -the more usual case -is overeating it actually takes the signal and changes it and we continue even our eight signals would say stop enough -we have transferred enough energy now the interesting thing is that along this lower layer this -the signal becomes stronger and stronger if -be very very high so now back to the cooking question and back to the design we have learned to talk to the big brain taste and reward as you know -what would be the language we have to talk to the gut brain that its signals are so strong that the big brain cannot ignore it then we would generate something all of us would like to have -actually made not for tearing down raw meat from bones -a balance between the hunger -and the satiation now i give you from our research a very short claim this -now everyone would expect that when the degradation of the oil happens when the constituents are liberated they disappear they go away because they -or chewing fibrous leaves for hours it is made for a diet which is soft -this whole system generates a huge surface to allow more enzymes to attack the remaining oil -and finally on your right side you see a bubbly cell like structure appearing from which the body -now if we could take this language and this is a language of structures and make it -lasting that it can go through the passage of the intestine it would generate stronger signals -so our research and i think the research also at the universities are now fixing on these points to say how can we actually and this might sound trivial now to you how can we change cooking how can -that we have this language developed so what we have actually its not an omnivores dilemma we have a coctivors opportunity because we have learned over the last two million years -which taste and reward quite sophisticated to cook to please ourselves to satisfy ourselves if we add the matrix if we add the structure language which we have to -when we learn it then we can put it back and around energy we could generate a balance which comes out from our really primordial operation cooking so -to make cooking really a very important element -which is reduced in fibers which is very easily chewable and -i would say even philosophers have to change and have to finally recognize that cooking is what made us so i would say coquo -i said honey youre my treasure and she said no the lego is -were lego rich -its just nuts whatever so then you realize there are these conventions and you go to one of these conventions and some dude built the titanic and youre like holy shit he had to come in like a -a semi with this thing and then built this this is the smith tower in seattle just beautiful and theres a dude selling these aftermarket -for lego because lego the danish no theyre not into guns but the americans oh well make some guns for lego no problem and -youre like whoa this is a really nerdy crowd and i mean like this is a nerdy crowd but thats like a couple of levels above furries -so these are the dark ages and the dark ages are the time between when you put away the lego for the last time as a kid and you decide as an adult that it is okay to play with -the nerds here they get laid except for the lady with the condoms in her pocket and you said to yourself at some point am i -of this group like am i into this and i was just like yeah i guess i am im coming out im kind of into this stuff and -and then some of the designs that people do they actually sell in the store the lego guys dont give you any royalties strangely but some user made this and then it sold and its pretty amazing actually -then you notice that if that lego provided cad program isnt enough theres an entire open source third party independent -lego cad program that lets you do three d modeling and three d rendering and make in fact movies -out of lego three d films of which there are thousands on youtube and some of them sort of mimicking famous films and some totally original -content just beautiful and people recreating all sorts of things i have to take a moment i love the guy whos like running -with his clasps his hooks okay anyway -i dont mean he made lego that looked like a slot machine i mean he made a slot machine out of lego the insides were lego theres people getting drunk building lego and youve got to finish the thing before you puke theres a whole gray market -for lego thousands of home based businesses and some people will fund their entire lego habit by selling the little guys but then you have no guys in your ships and then just some examples this stuff really is sculpture -this is amazing what you can do and dont kid yourself some architectural details incredible organic shapes and just again nature out of again little blocks -this is my house and this is my house i was afraid a car was going to come smash it as i was taking a picture for you guys anyway im out of time -just very quickly well just see if i can do this quick because there arent enough ted logos around here -started out with my then four year old oh should buy the kid some lego that stuffs cool walked into the lego store bought him this -its totally appropriate for a four year old -i think the box says lets see here eight to twelve on it i turn to my wife and said -who are we buying this for shes like oh us im like okay all right thats cool pretty soon it got a little bit out of control -the dining room looked like this you walk there and it hurts -so we took a room downstairs in the basement that had been used as sort of an abu ghraib annex -torture very funny wow you guys are great and we put down those little floor tiles and then i went onto ebay and bought one hundred and fifty pounds of lego -is insane my daughter the day we got it i was tucking her in and -of course i rejoice in the development and the growth and the rise of the noble land of india the great country of india -from the time i was very young onward i was given a lot of different responsibilities and it always seemed to me when i was young that everything was laid out before me all of the plans for me were already made -but at the same time i think as some of us have acknowledged we need to be aware that some aspects of this rise are -coming at the cost of the very ground on which we stand so as we are climbing the tree -some of the things that were doing in order to climb the tree are actually undermining the trees very root and so -i think it comes down to is a question of not only having information of whats going on but paying attention to that -letting that shift our motivation to become more sincere and genuinely positive -we have hear this week about the horrible sufferings for example that so many women of the world are enduring day -a shift in our hearts so i think the way forward for the world one that will bring the path of outer development in harmony with -the real root of happiness is that we allow the information that we have to really make a change in our -so i think that sincere motivation is very important for our future well being or deep sense of well being as humans -i was given the clothes that i needed to wear and told where i needed to be given these very precious and holy looking robes to wear with the understanding that it was something sacred or important -and i think that means sinking in to whatever it is youre doing now whatever work youre trying to do now to benefit the world sink into that get a full taste of that -so since weve been here this week weve taken millions of breaths collectively and perhaps -we havent witnessed any course changes happening in our lives but we often miss the very subtle changes and i think that -but that if we pay attention we can see that there are little symbols of happiness in every breath that we take -so every one of you who has come here is so talented and you have so much to offer to the world -i think it would be a good note to conclude on then to just take a moment to appreciate how fortunate we are -to have come together in this way and exchanged ideas and really form a strong aspiration and energy within ourselves that we will take the good -that has come from this conference the momentum the positivity and we will spread that and plant it in all of the corners of the world -the karmapa tomorrow is -and i was somewhat resistant at times and i was also very nervous throughout this week i was feeling under the weather and dizzy and so forth and people would ask me why -i would tell them its because i have to talk tomorrow and so lakshmi had to put up with -me through all of that but i very much appreciate the opportunity shes given me to be here -but before that kind of formal lifestyle happened for me i was living in eastern tibet with my family and when i was seven years old all of a sudden a search party arrived at my home -they were looking the next karmapa and i noticed they were talking to my mom and dad and the news came to me that they were telling me that i was the karmapa -and these days people ask me a lot how did that feel how did that feel when they came and whisked you away and your lifestyle completely changed -and what i mostly say is that at that time it was a pretty interesting idea to me i thought that things would be pretty fun and there would be more things to play with -the -but it didnt turn out to be so fun and entertaining as i thought it would have been i was placed in a pretty strictly controlled environment and -immediately a lot of different responsibilities in terms of my education and so forth were heaped upon me -way i feel right now is that all of the other speakers have said exactly what i wanted to say -i was separated largely from my family including my mother and father i didnt have have many personal friends to spend time with but i was expected to perform these -duties so it turned out that my fantasy about an entertaining life of being the karmapa wasnt going to come true -more felt to be the case to me that i was being treated like a statue and i was to sit in one place like a statue would -and it seems that the only thing left for me to say is to thank you all for your kindness -nevertheless i felt that even though ive been separated from my loved ones and of course now im even further away when i was fourteen i escaped from tibet and became even -further removed from my mother and father my relatives my friends and my homeland but -for these people i feel still a very strong connection of love for all of these people and for the land -and -i still do get to keep in touch with my mother and father albeit infrequently i talk to my mother once in a blue moon on the telephone -and my experience is that when im talking to her with every second that passes during our conversation the feeling of love that binds us is bringing us closer and closer together -so those were just a few remarks about my personal background and in terms of other things that i wanted to share with you in terms of ideas -i think its wonderful to have a situation like this where so many people from different backgrounds and places can come together exchange their ideas and form relationships of friendship with each other -and i think thats symbolic of what were seeing in the world in general that the world is becoming smaller and smaller and that all of the peoples in the world are enjoying more opportunities for connection -maybe in the spirit of appreciating the kindness of you all i could share with you a little story about myself -thats wonderful but we should also remember that we should have a similar process happening on the inside along with outward development and increase of opportunity -there should be inward development and deepening of our heart connections as well as our outward connections -so we spoke and we heard some about design this week i think that its important for us to remember that we need to keep pushing forward on the endeavor of the design of the heart -we heard a lot about technology this week and its important for us to remember to invest a lot of our energy in improving the technology of the heart -so even though im somewhat happy about the wonderful developments that are happening in the world still i feel a sense of impediment when it comes to -the ability that we have to connect with each other on a heart to heart or a mind to mind level i feel that there are some things that are getting in the way -my relationship to this concept of heart to heart connection or mind to mind connection is an interesting one because as a spiritual leader im always attempting to open my heart to others and -offer myself up for heart to heart and mind to mind connections in a genuine way with other people but at the same time ive always been advised that i need to emphasize intelligence over the heart to heart connections because -being someone in a position like mine if i dont rely primarily on intelligence then something dangerous may happen to me so its an interesting paradox at play there but -i had a really striking experience once when a group from afghanistan came to visit me and we had a really interesting conversation -so we ended up talking about the bamiyan buddhas which as you know were destroyed some years ago in afghanistan -but the basis of our conversation was the different approach to spirituality on the part of the muslim and buddhist traditions of course in muslim -because of the teachings around the concept of idolatry you dont find as many physical representations of divinity or of spiritual liberation as you do in the buddhist tradition where of course there are many statues of the buddha that are -highly revered so we were talking about the differences between the traditions and -what many people perceived as the tragedy of the destruction of the bamiyan buddhas but i offered the suggestion that perhaps we could look at this in a positive way -what we saw in the destruction of the bamiyan buddhas was the depletion of matter -some solid substance falling down and disintegrating maybe we could look at that to be more similar to the falling of the berlin wall -where a divide that had kept two types of people apart had collapsed and opened up a door for further communication -so i think that in this way its always possible for us to derive something positive that can help us understand one another better -so with regard to the development that weve been talking about here at this conference i really feel that -the development that we make shouldnt create a further burden for us as human beings but should be used -to improve our fundamental lifestyle of how we live in the world -you can see on the right that we actually made a couple of these things and they work in reality these are not very fantastic robots but they evolved to do exactly what we reward them for for moving forward -that was all done in simulation but we can also do that on a real machine heres a physical robot that we actually have a population of brains -so where are the robots weve been told for forty years already that theyre coming soon very soon -fast or how far they can make the machine move forward and you can see these robots are not ready to take over the world yet but they gradually learn how to move forward and they do this autonomously -so in these two examples we had basically -that learned how to walk in simulation and also machines that learned how to walk in reality but i want to show you a different approach and this is this robot over here -which -has four legs it has eight motors four on the knees and four on the hip it has also two tilt sensors that tell the machine which -and then it tries to figure out what it might look like and youre seeing a lot of things passing through its minds a lot -be doing everything for us theyll be cooking cleaning buying things shopping building but they arent here meanwhile we have -self models that try to explain the relationship between actuation and sensing and then tries to do a second action that creates the most disagreement -among predictions of these alternative models like a scientist in a lab then it does that and tries to explain that and prune out its self models this -last cycle and you can see its pretty much figured out what its self looks like and once it has a self model it can use that to -derive a pattern of locomotion so what youre seeing here are a couple of machines a pattern of locomotion we were hoping that its going to have a kind of evil spidery walk but instead it created -this pretty lame way of moving forward but when you look at that you have to remember that this machine did not do any physical trials on how to move forward -nor did it have a model of itself it kind of figured out what it looks like and how to move forward and then actually tried that -so -move forward to a different idea so that was what happened when we had -a couple of thats what happened when you had a couple of -illegal immigrants doing all the work but we dont have any robots so what can we do about that what can we say so i want to give a little bit of a different perspective of -they dont like each other so theres a different robot thats what -the robots actually are rewarded for doing something what happens if you dont reward them for anything you just throw them in so we have these cubes like the diagram showed here the cube can swivel or flip on its side and we just throw one thousand of these -cubes into a soup this is in simulation and dont reward them for anything we just let them flip we pump energy into this and see what happens in a couple of mutations so initially nothing happens theyre just flipping around there -but after a very short while you can see these blue things on the right there begin to take over they begin to self replicate so in absence of any reward the intrinsic reward -so youre feeding it with more material cubes in this case and more energy and it can make another robot so of course this is a very crude machine -but were working on a micro scale version of these and hopefully the cubes will be like a powder that you pour in ok so what can we learn these robots are of course -not very useful in themselves but they might teach us something about how we can build better robots and perhaps how humans animals create self models -things that i think is important is that we have to get away from this idea of designing the machines manually but actually let them evolve and learn like children and perhaps thats the way well get there thank you -how we can perhaps look at these things in a little bit of a different way and this is an x ray picture of a real beetle and a swiss watch back from eighty eight -you look at that what was true then is certainly true today we can still make the pieces we can make the right pieces we can make the circuitry of the right computational power but we cant actually put them together to make something -that will actually work and be as adaptive as these systems so lets try to look at it from a different perspective let -the best designer the mother of all designers lets see what evolution can do for us so we threw in we created a primordial soup -with lots of pieces of robots with bars with motors with neurons put them all together and put all this under kind of natural selection -so if you look you can see a lot of different machines come out of this they all move around they all crawl in different ways and -so we take these spices that go into the pork shoulder we fashion that into ash we take the sandwich and wrap it up in a collard green put an edible label that bears no similarity to a cohiba cigar label and we put it in a dollar ninety nine ashtray and charge you about twenty bucks for it -and im homaro -so the chips are candied the ground beef is made from chocolate and the cheese is made from a shredded mango sorbet that gets shredded into liquid nitrogen to look like cheese -all these different doors to creativity that we never knew were there began to open and so the experiments and the food and the dishes that we created they just kept going further and further out there -you see a cow with its tongue hanging out what i see is a cow about to eat something delicious -what is that cow eating and why is it delicious -so the cow basically eats three basic things in their feed corn beets and barley and so what i do is i actually challenge my staff with these crazy wild ideas can we take what the cow eats remove the cow and then make some hamburgers out of that -and basically the reaction tends to be kind of like this -but a lot of these ideas theyre hard to understand theyre hard to just get automatically theres a lot of research and a lot of failure trial and error i guess more error that goes into each and every dish so we dont always get it right and it takes a while for us to be able to explain that to people -and so it actually cooks up like hamburger meat looks and tastes like hamburger meat -and not only that but its basically removing the cow from the equation so replicating food taking it into that next level is where were going -certain taste receptors on your tongue so that primarily sour taste receptors so normally things that would taste very sour or tart somehow begin to taste very sweet -the idea with this is that were going to eliminate tons of food miles wasted energy and overfishing of tuna by creating tuna or any exotic produce or item from a very far away place -so if miracle berries take sour things and turn them into sweet things we have this other pixie dust that we put on the watermelon and it makes it go from sweet to savory so after we do that we put it into a vacuum bag add a little bit of seaweed some spices -tastes and behaves like the real thing -so this is all the ingredients all the flavor of you know a standard maki roll printed onto a little piece of paper -so heres the next challenge i told the staff lets just take a bunch of wild plants think of them as food ingredients as long as theyre non poisonous to the human body go out around chicago sidewalks take it blend it cook it and then have everybody flavor trip on it at moto lets charge them a boatload of cash for this and see what they think -ingredients you know plant life that were one unfamiliar with and two we have no reference for how to cook these things because people dont eat them so we really had to think about new creative ways to flavor new ways to cook and to change texture and that was the main issue with this challenge -into the future and we leapfrog ahead so developing nations and first world nations imagine if you could take -these wild plants and consume them food miles would basically turn into food feet this disruptive mentality of what food is would essentially open up the encyclopedia of what raw ingredients are even if we just swapped out say one of these for flour that would eliminate so much energy and so much waste -and to give you a simple example here as to what we actually fed these customers theres a bale of hay there and some crab apples -and basically we took hay and crab apples and made barbecue sauce out of those two ingredients people swore they were eating barbecue sauce -and this is free food -and then that went into a balloon frozen in liquid nitrogen to create this hollow shell of carrot cake ice cream i guess and it comes off looking like you know jupiters floating around your plate so yeah were transforming things into something that you have absolutely no reference for -this is the planet jupiter -so -radio astronomers study radio waves from space using sensitive antennas and receivers which give them precise information about what an astronomical object is and where it is in our night sky -and just like the signals that we send and receive here on earth we can convert these transmissions into sound using simple analog techniques -weve been surrounded by images of space our whole lives from the speculative images of science fiction to the inspirational visions of artists to the increasingly beautiful pictures made possible by complex technologies -now this story doesnt start with vast telescopes or futuristic spacecraft but a rather more humble technology and in fact the very medium which gave us the telecommunications revolution that were all part of today -the telephone -its one thousand eight hundred and seventy six its in boston and this is alexander graham bell who was working with thomas watson on the invention of the telephone a key part of their technical set up was a half mile long length of wire which was thrown across the rooftops of several houses in boston -the line carried the telephone signals that would later make bell a household name but like any long length of charged wire it also inadvertently became an antenna -thomas watson spent hours listening -so thomas watson wasnt listening to us we didnt have the technology to transmit -as he correctly guessed some of these sounds were caused by activity on the surface of the sun -it was a solar wind interacting with our ionosphere that he was listening to a phenomena which we can see at the extreme northern and southern latitudes of our planet as the aurora so -whilst inventing the technology that would usher in the telecommunications revolution watson had discovered that the star at the center of our solar system emitted powerful radio waves he had accidentally been the first person to tune in to them -but whilst we have an overwhelmingly vivid visual understanding of space we have no sense of what space sounds like -fast forward fifty years and bell and watsons technology has completely transformed global communications -but going from slinging some wire across rooftops in boston to laying thousands and thousands of miles of cable on the atlantic ocean seabed is no easy matter and so before long bell were looking to new technologies to optimize their revolution -radio could carry sound without wires but the medium is lossy its subject to a lot of noise and interference -so bell employed an engineer to study those noises to try and find out where they came from with a view towards building the perfect hardware codec which would get rid of them so they could think about using radio for the purposes of telephony -and it seemed to appear in his radio headset four minutes earlier each day -now any astronomer will tell you this is the telltale sign of something that doesnt originate from earth -jansky had made a historic discovery -that celestial objects could emit radio waves as well as light waves -and indeed most people associate space with silence but the story of how we came to understand the universe is just as much a story of listening as it is by looking -fifty years on from watsons accidental encounter with the sun janskys careful listening ushered in a new age of space exploration the radio astronomy age -over the next few years astronomers connected up their antennas to loudspeakers and learned about our radio sky about jupiter and the sun by listening -penzias and robert wilson were using the horn antenna at bells holmdel laboratory to study the milky way with extraordinary precision they were really listening to the galaxy in high fidelity -there was a glitch in their soundtrack a mysterious persistent noise was disrupting their research -it was in the microwave range and it appeared to be coming from all directions simultaneously now this didnt make any sense and like any reasonable engineer or scientist they assumed that the problem must be the technology itself it must be the dish -there were pigeons roosting in the dish and so perhaps once they cleaned up the pigeon droppings get the disk kind of operational again normal operations would resume but the noise didnt disappear -the mysterious noise that penzias and wilson were listening to turned out to be the oldest and most significant sound that anyone had ever heard it was cosmic radiation left over from the very birth of the universe -this was the first experimental evidence that the big bang existed and the universe was born at a precise moment some fourteen point seven billion years ago -and yet despite this hardly any of us have ever heard space how many of you here could describe the sound of a single planet or star well in case youve ever wondered this is what the sun sounds like -bittorrent turns every downloader into an uploader making the system more efficient the more it is used -millions of people have contributed their desktop computers when they are not using them to link together through the internet into supercomputing collectives -that help solve the protein folding problem for medical researchers thats folding at home at stanford to crack codes to search for life in outer space -i dont think we know enough yet i dont think weve even begun to discover what the basic principles are but i think we can begin to think about them and i dont have enough time to talk about all of them but think about self interest -this is all about self interest that adds up to more in el salvador both sides -that withdrew from their civil war took moves that had been proven to mirror a prisoners dilemma strategy in the us in the philippines in kenya -around the world citizens have self organized political protests and get out the vote campaigns using mobile devices and sms -is an apollo project of cooperation possible a transdisciplinary study of cooperation i believe -that the pay off would be very big i think we need to begin developing maps of this territory so that we can talk about it across disciplines -and i am not saying that understanding cooperation is going to cause us to be better people -and sometimes people cooperate to do bad things but i will remind you that a few hundred years ago people saw their loved ones die -that when i finished the book i kept thinking about it -from diseases they thought were caused by sin or foreigners or evil spirits -what forms of suffering could be alleviated what forms of wealth could be created if we knew a little bit more about cooperation -i dont think that this transdisciplinary discourse is automatically going to happen its going to require effort so i enlist you -in fact if you look back -human communication media and the ways in which we organize socially have been co evolving for quite a long time -humans have lived for much much longer than the approximately ten thousand years of settled agricultural civilization in small -here -family groups nomadic hunters bring down rabbits gathering food the form of wealth in those days was enough food to stay alive -to enlist you in helping reshape the story -but at some point they banded together to hunt bigger game -and we dont know exactly how they did this although -they must have solved some collective action problems it only makes sense that you cant hunt mastodons while youre fighting with the other groups -and again we have no way of knowing but its clear that a new form of wealth must have emerged more protein than a hunters family -could eat before it rotted so that raised a social question that i believe must have driven new social forms did the people who -that mastodon meat owe something to the hunters and their families and if so how did they make arrangements again we cant know but -we can be pretty sure that some form of symbolic communication must have been involved of course with agriculture came the first big civilizations the first cities built of mud -and brick the first empires and it was the administers of these empires who begin hiring people to keep track of the wheat -about how humans and other critters get things done here is the old story we have already heard a little bit about it -and sheep and wine that was owed and the taxes that was owed on them by making marks marks on clay at that time -not too much longer after that the alphabet was invented and this powerful tool was really reserved for thousands of years for the elite administrators -who kept track -of accounts for the empires -and then another communication technology enabled new media the printing press came along and within decades millions of people became -literate populations new forms of collective action emerged in the spheres of knowledge -and politics we saw scientific revolutions the protestant reformation constitutional democracies -possible where they had not been possible before not created by the printing press but enabled by the collective action that emerges from literacy -and again new forms of wealth emerged now commerce is ancient markets are as old as the crossroads -but capitalism as we know it is only a few hundred years old enabled by cooperative arrangements -and technologies such as the joint stock ownership company shared liability insurance double entry book keeping -now of course the enabling technologies -are based on the internet and in the many to many era every desktop is now a printing press a broadcasting station a community or a marketplace -evolution is speeding up more recently that power is untethering and leaping off the desktops -and very very quickly we are going to see a significant proportion if not the majority human race walking around holding -in which only the fiercest survive -carrying or wearing supercomputers linked at speeds greater than what we consider to be broadband today -now when i started looking into collective action the considerable literature on it is based on what sociologists call social dilemmas -there are a couple of mythic narratives of social dilemmas im going to talk about two of them the prisoners dilemma and the tragedy of the commons -now when i talked about this with kevin kelly he assured me that everybody in this audience pretty much knows the details of the prisoners dilemma -businesses and nations succeed only by defeating -so im just going to go over that very very quickly if you have more questions about it ask kevin kelly later -the prisoners dilemma is actually a story thats overlaid on a mathematical matrix that came out of the game theory in the early years of thinking about -nuclear war two players who couldnt trust each other let me just say that every unsecured transaction is a good example of the prisoners dilemma -person with the goods person with the money because they cant trust each other are not going to exchange neither one wants to be the first one -or theyre going to get the suckers payoff but both lose of course because they dont get what they want if they could only -agree if they could only turn a prisoners dilemma into a different payoff matrix called an assurance game they could proceed -if we are here because our ancestors were such fierce competitors how does cooperation exist at all he -the first tournament and even after everyone knew it won it won the second tournament thats known as tit for tat -another economic game that may not be -as well known as the prisoners dilemma is the ultimatum game and its also a very interesting probe of our assumptions about the way people make economic transactions heres how the game is played -there are two players theyve never played the game before they will not play the game again they dont know each other and they are in fact in separate rooms first player is offered a hundred dollars and is asked to propose a split -fifty fifty ninety ten whatever that player wants to propose the second player either accepts the -both players are paid and the game is over or rejects the split neither player is paid and the game is over -now the fundamental basis of neoclassical economics would tell you its irrational to reject a dollar because someone you dont know in another room is going to get ninety -is about your side winning -yet in thousands of trials with american and european and japanese students a significant percentage would reject any offer thats not close to fifty fifty and although -they were screened and didnt know about the game and had never played the game before proposers seemed to innately know this because the average proposal was surprisingly close to fifty fifty -at all costs but i think we can see the very beginnings of a new story beginning to emerge its a narrative -now the interesting part comes in more recently when anthropologists began taking this game to other cultures and discovered to their surprise that slash and burn agriculturalists in the amazon -or nomadic pasturalists in central asia or a dozen different cultures each had radically different ideas of what is fair which suggests that -can be influenced by -our social institutions whether we know that or not the other major narrative of social dilemmas is the tragedy of the commons -garrett hardin used it to talk about overpopulation in the late nineteen sixties he used the example of a common grazing area in which each person -by simply maximizing their own flock led to overgrazing and the depletion of the resource he had the rather gloomy conclusion that humans will -it really true that humans will always despoil commons so she went out and looked at what data she could find she looked at thousands of cases -of humans sharing watersheds forestry resources fisheries and discovered that yes in case after case humans destroyed the commons that they depended on -but she also found many instances in which people escaped the prisoners dilemma in fact the tragedy of the commons -spread across -is a multi player prisoners dilemma and she said that people are only prisoners if they consider themselves to be -they escape by creating institutions for collective action and she discovered i think most interestingly that among those institutions that worked -a number of different disciplines in which -there were a number of common design principles and those principles seem to be missing from those institutions that dont work -is really no longer any major debate over the fact that cooperative arrangements have moved from -to a central role in biology from the level of the cell to the level of the ecology -and again our notions of individuals as economic beings have been overturned rational self interest is not always the dominating factor in fact people -will act to punish cheaters even at a cost to themselves and most recently neurophysiological measures have shown that people who punish cheaters in economic games -the glue that holds societies together -and complex interdependencies play a more important role and the -now ive been talking about how new forms of communication and new media in the past have helped create new economic forms -commerce is ancient markets are very old capitalism is fairly recent socialism emerged as a reaction to that and yet we see very little talk about how the next form may be emerging -jim surowiecki briefly mentioned yochai benklers paper about open source pointing to a new form of production peer to peer production -i simply want you to keep in mind that if in the past new forms of cooperation enabled by new technologies create new forms of wealth -we may be moving into yet another economic form that is significantly different from previous ones -very briefly lets look at some businesses ibm as you know hp sun some of them most -fierce competitors in the it world are open sourcing their software are providing portfolios of patents for the commons -eli lilly in again the fiercely competitive pharmaceutical world has created a market for solutions for pharmaceutical problems toyota -now none of these companies are doing this out of altruism theyre doing it because theyre learning that a certain kind of sharing is in their self interest -open sourced production has shown us that world class software like linux and mozilla can be created -with neither the bureaucratic structure of the firm nor the incentives of the marketplace as weve know them -google enriches itself -by enriching thousands of bloggers through adsense amazon has opened its applications programming interface to sixty thousand developers -countless amazon shops theyre enriching others not out of altruism but as a way of enriching themselves -solved the prisoners dilemma and created a market where none would have existed by creating a feedback mechanism that turns a prisoners dilemma -into an assurance game instead of neither of us can trust each other so we have to make suboptimal moves its you prove to me that you are trustworthy and i will cooperate wikipedia -a million and a half articles in two hundred languages in just a couple of years we have seen that thinkcycle has enabled -in developing countries to put up problems to be solved by design students around the world -a lifeless woman was lying on the ground -because they were so focused on taking care of themselves and their families -as you can see the river can be very narrow at certain points -allowing north koreans to secretly cross -and i was very -that i would be separated from my family for a short time -i could have never imagined that it would take fourteen years to live together -as illegal migrants -so i was living in constant fear that my identity could be revealed and i would be repatriated to a horrible fate back in north korea -i was so scared -i thought my life was over -but many can be caught -even though i was really fortunate to get out many other north koreans have not been so lucky its tragic that north koreans have to hide their identities and struggle so hard just to survive -just as i was starting to get used to my new life -i received a shocking phone call the north korean authorities intercepted some money that i sent to my family and as a punishment my family was going to be forcibly removed to a desolate location in the countryside they had to get out quickly -so i started planning how to help them escape -and boarded by a chinese police officer -he took everyones i d cards and he started asking them questions since my family couldnt understand chinese -my family was not poor and myself i had never experienced hunger -i did everything -to get my family -the kind stranger symbolized new hope for me and the north korean people when we needed it most and he showed me the kindness of strangers and the support of the international community are truly the rays of hope we north korean people need -ive been so lucky received so much help and inspiration in my life so i want to help give aspiring north koreans a chance to prosper -because we havent eaten for the past -but lets not forget the hair youre looking at the image on your left hand side thats my son with his eyebrows present look how odd he looks with the eyebrows missing theres a definite difference and imagine if he had hair sprouting from the middle of his nose hed look even odder still -dysmorphophobia is an extreme version of the fact that we dont see ourselves as others see us its a shocking truth -dysmorphophobia is a perversion of this where people who may be very good looking regard themselves as hideously ugly and are constantly seeking surgery to correct their facial appearance -they dont need this they need psychiatric help max has kindly donated his photograph to me he doesnt have dysmorphophobia but im using his photograph to illustrate the fact that he looks exactly like a dysmorphophobic in other words he looks entirely normal -age is another thing when our attitude toward our appearance changes so children -judge themselves learn to judge themselves by the behavior of adults around them -heres a classic example rebecca has a benign blood vessel tumor thats growing out through her skull has obliterated her nose and shes having difficulty seeing as you can see its blocking her vision shes also in danger when she damages this of bleeding profusely our research has shown that the parents -and close loved ones of these children adore them theyve grown used to their face they think theyre special -actually sometimes the parents argue about whether these children should have the lesion removed and occasionally they suffer intense grief reactions because the child theyve grown to love has changed so dramatically and they dont recognize them but other adults -lets not forget its a functional entity we have strong skull bones that protect the most important organ in our body the brain its where our senses are located our special senses our vision our speech our hearing our smell our taste and -after surgery everything normalizes the adults behave more naturally and the children play more readily with other children as teenagers -just think back to your teenage years were going through a dramatic and often disproportionate change in our facial appearance -were trying to struggle to find our identity we crave the approval of our peers so our facial appearance is vital to us as were trying to project ourselves to the world just remember that single acne spot that crippled you for several days -how long did you spend looking in the mirror every day practicing your sardonic look practicing your serious look trying to look like sean connery as i did trying to raise one eyebrow -this bone is peppered as you can see with the light shining through the skull with cavities the sinuses which warm and moisten the air we breathe but also imagine if they were filled with solid bone our head would be dead weight we wouldnt be able to hold it erect we wouldnt be able to look at the world around us -this woman is slowly dying because the benign tumors in her facial bones have completely obliterated her mouth and her nose so she cant breathe and eat attached -to the facial bones that define our faces structure -which is a hugely complex three dimensional structure taking right angled bends here and there having thin areas like the eyelids thick areas like the cheek different colors and then we have the sensual factor of the face where do we like to kiss people on the lips -that nice and you go oh theres a good boy you bend down you pat him you reward him for jumping up -one mistake is hes a tibetan mastiff and a few months later he weighs you know eighty pounds -he jumps up he gets all sorts of abuse i mean it is really very very scary the abuse that dogs get so -this whole dominance issue number one what we get in dog training is this mickey mouse interpretation of a very complicated social system and they take this stuff seriously -and what you will find is a very very low ranking bitch will quite easily keep a bone away from a high ranking male -dogs have interests they have interests sniffing each other chasing squirrels and if we dont make that a reward in training that will be a distraction -so we get in dog training this notion of dominances or of the alpha dog im sure that youve heard this dogs get so abused dogs horses and humans these are the three species which are so abused in life and the reason is built into their behavior is -jumps up you open the dog book what does it say hold his front paws squeeze his front paws stamp on his hind feet squirt him in the face with lemon juice hit him on the head with a rolled up -knee him in the chest flip him over backwards because he grew and because hes performing a behavior youve trained him to do this is insanity i ask owners well how -and people say well i dont know to sit i guess i said lets teach him to sit and then we give him a reason for sitting -because the first stage is basically teaching a dog esl i could speak to you and say laytay -on something should happen now why arent you responding oh you dont speak swahili well ive got news for you the dog doesnt speak english -sit sit sit theyre making a hand signal in front of the dogs rectum for some reason like the dog has a third eye there its insane -no we go puppy sit boom its got it in six to ten trials then we phase out the food as a -phoenix come here take this go to and the name of my son jamie and the dog can take a note and ive got my own little search and rescue dog hell find jamie wherever he -its always sort of struck me as really a scary thought that if you see a dog in a park and the owner is calling it -not necessarily no as i said if hes in the park and theres a rear end to sniff why come to the owner the dog lives with you -the dog can get you any time the dog can sniff your butt if you like when he wants to at the moment hes in the park and you are competing with -and other dogs and squirrels so the second stage in training is to teach the dog to want to do what we want him to do -this is very easy we use the premack principle basically we follow a low frequency behavior one the dog doesnt want to do by a high frequency behavior commonly known as a behavior problem or a dog -hobby something the dog does like to do -that will then become a reward for the lower frequency behavior so we go sit on the couch sit tummy rub sit look i throw a tennis ball -say hello to that other dog yes we put sniff butt on queue sit sniff butt so now all of these distractions -worked against training now become rewards that work for training and what were doing in essence is were teaching the dog -kind of like were letting the dog think that the dog is training us and i can imagine this dog you know speaking through the fence to say an akita saying -they are so incredibly easy to train theyre like golden retrievers all i have to do is sit and they do everything they open doors -the owner says you know puppy come here come here and the dog thinks hmm interesting im sniffing this other dogs rear end -they drive my car they massage me they will throw tennis balls they will cook for me and serve the food -its like if i just sit thats my command then i have my own personal doorman chauffeur masseuse chef and waiter -and now the dogs really happy and this to me is always what training is so we really motivate the dog to want to do it such that the need for punishment seldom comes up -now we move to phase three when now theres times you know when daddy knows best and i have a little sign on my fridge and it says because im the daddy thats why sorry no more explanation im the daddy youre not sit -and theres times for example if my sons friends leave the door open the dogs have to know you dont step across this line -this is a life or death thing you leave this the sanctity of your house and you could be hit on the -so some things we have to let the dog know you mustnt do this and so we have to enforce but without -or scary or nasty it doesnt have to be theres several definitions of what a punishment is but one definition the most popular is -the owners calling its a difficult choice right rear end owner rear end wins i mean you lose you cannot compete -a stimulus that reduces the immediately preceding behavior such that its less likely to occur in the future -it does not have to be nasty scary or painful and i would say if it doesnt have to be then maybe it shouldnt be -i was working with a very dangerous dog about a year ago and this was a dog that put both his owners in hospital plus the brother in law plus the child and i only agreed to work with it if they promised it would stay in their house and they never took it outside -the dog is actually euthanized now but this was a dog i worked with for a while a lot of the aggression happened around the kitchen so while i was there this was on the fourth visit we did a four and a half hour down stay with the dog on his mat -and he was kept there by the owners calm insistence when the dog would try to leave the mat she would say -on the mat on the mat on the mat -the dog broke his down stay twenty two times in four and a half hours while she cooked dinner because we had a lot of aggression related towards food -the breaks got fewer and fewer you see the punishment was working the behavior problem was going away she never raised her voice if she did she would have got -with the environment if you have an adolescent dogs brain so when we train were always trying to take into account the dogs point of view -not a good dog you shout at -a lot of my friends train really neat animals grizzly bears if youve ever seen a grizzly bear on the telly or in film then its a friend of mine whos trained it killer whales i love it because it wires you up how are you going to reprimand a grizzly bear -bad bear bad bear voom your head now is one hundred yards away sailing through the air -this is crazy so -do we go from here we want a better way dogs deserve better but for me the reason for this actually -do with dogs it has to do with watching people train puppies and realizing they have -interaction skills horrendous relationship skills not just with their puppy but with the rest of the family at class -and theres the owner in the park and their dogs over here and they say rover come here rover come here rover come here you son of a bitch the dog says -that a dog would want to approach them when theyre screaming like that instead the dog says i know that tone i know that tone previously when ive approached ive got punished there -i was walking onto a plane this for me was a pivotal moment in my career and it really cemented what i wanted to do with this whole puppy training thing -the notion of how to teach puppies in a dog friendly way to want to do what we want to do so we dont have to force them -now im here largely because theres kind of a rift in dog training at the moment that on one side we have people who think that you train a dog number one by making up rules -i puppy train my child -five kicking the back of the chair johnny dont do that kick kick kick johnny dont do that -im standing right here with my bag the father leans over grabs him like this and gives him ugly face and ugly face is this when you go face to face with a puppy or a child -i went oh my god do i do something that child has lost everything that one of the two people he can trust in this world has absolutely pulled the rug from under his feet -kicked a dog i would have punched him out he kicked a child grabs the child like this and i let it go and this is what its all about -the husband wont clear up his clothes or the wifes always late for meetings whatever it is ok and it then starts -and we get into this thing and our personal feedback theres two things about it when you watch people interacting with animals or other people there is very little feedback its too infrequent and when it happens its bad its -human rules we dont take the dogs point of view into account so the human says youre going to act this way damn it were going to force you to act against your will to bend to our will then number two we keep these rules a secret from the dog -its as if theres some schadenfreude there that we actually take delight in people getting things wrong so that we can then moan and groan and bitch at them -and this i would say is the biggest human foible that we have it really is we take the good for granted and we moan and groan at the bad -and i think this whole notion of these skills should be taught you know calculus is wonderful when i was a kid i was a calculus whiz i dont understand a thing about it now but i could do it as a kid -geometry fantastic you know quantum mechanics these are cool things but they dont save marriages -and they dont raise children and my look to the future is and what i want to do with this doggy stuff is to teach people that you know your husbands just as easy to train -if its good say that was really neat thank you that is such a powerful training technique this should be taught in schools relationships how do you negotiate -you do negotiate with your friend who wants your toy you know how to prepare you for your first relationship how on earth about raising children we think how we do it one night in bed were pregnant and then were raising -the most important thing in life a child no this is what should be taught the good living the good habits which -just as hard to break as bad habits so that would be my wish to the future ah damn i wanted to end exactly on time but i got eight seven six five -four three two so thank you very much thats my -and then number three now we can punish the dog for breaking rules he didnt even know existed so you get a little puppy he comes his only crime is he grew when he was a little puppy he puts his paws on your leg -to the financial crisis weve seen it in the pandemic flu it will become virulent and its something we have to build resilience -our computers our systems will be as primitive as the apollos are for today our mobile phones are more powerful than the total apollo space engine our mobile phones are more powerful than some of the strongest computers of twenty years ago -so what will this do it will create huge opportunities in technology miniaturization as well there will be invisible capacity invisible capacity in our bodies in our brains and in the air this is a dust mite on -sort of ability to do everything in new ways unleashes potential not least in the area of medicine this is a stem cell that weve developed here in oxford -the future as we know it is very unpredictable the best minds in the best institutions generally get it wrong this is in technology -from an embryonic stem cell we can develop any part of the body increasingly over time this will be possible from our own skin able to replicate parts of the body fantastic potential for regenerative medicine -who will have it the other major development is going to be in the area of what can happen in genetics the capacity to create -as this mouse has been genetically modified something which goes three times faster lasts for three times longer we could reduce as this mouse can to the age of our equivalent of eighty years -the big question for us is how do we manage this technological change how do we ensure that it creates a more inclusive technology a technology -which means that not only as we grow older that we can also grow wiser and that were able to support the populations of the future one of the most dramatic manifestations of these improvements will be -these will be redundant concepts and this isnt only something of the west the most dramatic changes will be the skyscraper type of new -this is in the area of politics where pundits the cia mi six always get it wrong and its clearly in the area of finance with institutions established to think about the future the imf the bis the financial stability forum -that will take place in china and in many other countries so forget about retirements if youre young forget about pensions think about life and where its going to be going of course migration will become even more important the war on -the need to attract people at all skill ranges to push us around in our wheelchairs but also to drive our economies our innovation will be vital -the systemic risks we understand that these will become much more virulent that what we see today is this interweaving of societies of systems -by technologies and hastened by just in time management systems small levels of stock push resilience into other peoples responsibility -the collapse in biodiversity climate change pandemics financial crises these will be the currency that we will think about and so a new awareness will have to -of how we deal with these how we mobilize ourselves in a new way and come together as a community to manage systemic risk -its going to require innovation its going to require an understanding that the glory of globalization could also be its downfall this could be our best century ever because of the achievements or it could be our worst -through the creation for example of a biopathogen how do we begin to weave these tapestries together how do we think about complex systems in new ways that will be the challenge of the scholars and of all of us -in thinking about the future the rest of our lives will be in the future we need to prepare for it now we need to understand that the governance structure in the world is fossilized it can not begin to cope with the challenges that this will bring -we have to develop a new way of managing the planet collectively through collective wisdom we know and i know from my own experience that amazing things can happen when individuals and societies come together to change their future -i left south africa and fifteen years later after thinking i would never go back i had the privilege and the honor to work in the government of nelson mandela this was a miracle -we can create miracles collectively in our lifetime it is vital that we do so it is vital that the ideas that are nurtured in ted -that the ideas that we think about look forward and make sure that this will be the most glorious century and not one of eco disaster and eco collapse thank you -the last forty years have been extraordinary times life expectancy has gone up by about twenty five years it took from the stone age to achieve that -income has gone up for a majority of the worlds population despite the population going up by about two billion people over this period and illiteracy has gone down -two achilles heels of globalization there is the achilles heel of growing inequality those that are left out those that feel angry -those that are not participating globalization has not been inclusive the second achilles heel is complexity a growing -he built a system the system was designed to augment human intelligence it was called and in a premonition of todays world of cloud computing and softwares of service his system was called nls for on line system -and hes driving it all with this platform here with a five finger keyboard and the worlds first computer mouse which he specially designed in order to do this system so this is where the mouse came from as well -so this is doug engelbart -know the world wide web has absolutely transformed publishing broadcasting commerce and social connectivity but where did it all come from -the trouble with doug engelbarts system was that the computers in those days cost several million pounds so for a personal computer a few million pounds was like having a personal jet plane it wasnt really very practical -but spin on to the eighty s when personal computers did arrive then there was room for this kind of system on personal computers and my company owl built a system called guide for the apple macintosh and we delivered the worlds first hypertext system -and this began to get a head of steam apple introduced a thing called hypercard and they made a bit of a fuss about it they had a twelve page supplement in the wall street journal the day it launched -so i took this system to a trade show in versailles near paris in late november one thousand nine hundred and ninety and i was approached by a nice young man called tim berners lee who said are you ian ritchie and i said yeah and he said i need to talk to you -and he told me about his proposed system called the world wide web and i thought well thats got a pretentious name especially since the whole system ran on his computer in his office -and ill quote three people vannevar bush doug engelbart and tim berners lee so lets just run through these guys this is vannevar bush vannevar bush was the u s governments chief scientific adviser during the war and in one thousand nine hundred and forty five he published an article in a magazine called atlantic monthly and the article was called as we may think -but he was completely convinced that his world wide web would take over the world one day and he tried to persuade me to write the browser for it because his system didnt have any graphics or fonts or layout or anything it was just plain text i thought well you know interesting but -and the very next year in one thousand nine hundred and ninety four we had the conference here in edinburgh and i had no opposition in having tim berners lee as the keynote speaker so that puts me in pretty illustrious company there was a guy called dick rowe who was at decca records and turned down the beatles -and what vannevar bush was saying was the way we use information is broken -we dont work in terms of libraries and catalog systems and so forth the brain works by association with one item in its thought it snaps instantly to the next item and the way information is structured is totally incapable of keeping up with this process -whose mission and whose purpose in following the path of the prophet is to make ourselves as much like the prophet and the prophet in one of his sayings said adorn yourselves with the attributes of god -and because god himself said that the primary attribute of his is compassion -in fact the koran says that god decreed upon himself compassion or reigned himself in by compassion therefore our objective and our mission must be to be sources of compassion -activators of compassion actors of compassion and speakers of compassion and doers of compassion that is all well and good -but where do we go wrong and what is the source of the lack of compassion in the world for the answer to this we turn to our spiritual path -in every religious tradition -there is the outer path -the esoteric path of islam is more popularly known as sufism or tasawwuf in arabic and these doctors or these masters these spiritual masters of the sufi tradition refer to teachings and examples of our prophet -in one of the battles that the prophet waged he told his followers we are returning from the lesser war to the greater war to the greater battle -the sources of human problems have to do with egotism i -the famous sufi master rumi who is very well known to most of you -has a story in which he talks of a man who goes to the house of a friend and he knocks on the door -and a voice answers -whos there its me or more grammatically correctly it is i as we might say in english the voice says go away -after many years of training of disciplining of search and struggle he comes back with much greater humility he knocks again on the door -the truth of the matter is otherwise our holy book the koran consists of one hundred and fourteen chapters -the voice asks who is there he said it is you o heartbreaker the door swings open -and rumis stories are metaphors for the spiritual path -in the presence of god there is -no room for more than one -and that is the i of divinity -in a teaching called a hadith qudsi in our tradition god says that my servant or my creature my human creature does not approach me by anything -that is dearer to me than what i have asked them to do -and those of you who are employers know exactly what i mean -you want your employees to do what you ask them to do and if theyve done that then they can do extra but dont ignore what youve asked them to do -and god says my servant continues to get nearer to me by doing more of what ive asked them to do extra credit we might call it until i love him or love her and when i love -my servant god says i become the eyes by which he or she sees -the ears by which he or she -the saying of in the name of god the all compassionate the all merciful -walks and the heart -by which he or she understands it is this merging -muslims regard jesus as the master of sufism -when he says i am the spirit and i am the way and when the prophet muhammad said whoever has seen me has seen god -it is because they became so much an instrument -of god they became part of gods team so that gods will was manifest through them and they were not acting from their own selves and their own -or as sir richard burton -all we have to do is to get our egos out of the way get our egotism out of the way -im sure probably all of you here or certainly the very vast majority of you have had what you might call a spiritual experience a moment in your lives when for a few seconds a minute perhaps -not the richard burton who was married to elizabeth taylor -and at that minute you felt at one with the universe one -but the sir richard burton who lived a century before that and who was a worldwide traveler and translator of many works of literature translates it in the name of god the compassionating the compassionate -and instead like the person in rumis story we say oh this is all you -this is all you -and this is all us -o creator o the objective the source of our being and the end of our journey -you are also the breaker of our hearts -you are the one whom we should all be towards for whose purpose we live and for whose purpose we shall die and for whose purpose we shall be resurrected again to account -for the koran always urges us -to remember to remind each other because the knowledge of truth -is within every human being -we know it all we have access to it all jung may have called it the subconscious -state of sleep the lesser death -and we see wonderful things we travel beyond the limitations of space as we know it and beyond the limitations of time as we know it -the name of the creator -and in a saying of the koran which to muslims is god speaking to humanity -whose primary name is the compassionating the compassionate -through which you name or access -the presence of divinity -and absolute knowledge and wisdom what hindus call satchidananda the language differs -but the objective is the same -god says to his prophet muhammad whom we believe to be the last of a series of -reality in different languages theres only one absolute reality by definition -one absolute being by definition because absolute is by definition single -and absolute and singular -and these should also be the primary attributes of what it means to be human -prophets beginning with adam including noah including moses including abraham including jesus christ and ending with muhammad that we have not sent you o muhammad except as a rahmah except as a source of compassion to humanity -for what defines humanity perhaps biologically -is our physiology -but god defines humanity by our -spirituality -prostrate not before the human body -but before the human soul why because the soul the human soul embodies a piece of the divine breath -a piece of the divine soul -this is also expressed in biblical vocabulary when we are taught that we were -created in the divine image -what is the imagery of god -the imagery of god is absolute being absolute awareness and knowledge and wisdom and absolute compassion -and love and therefore for us to be human -in the greatest sense of what it means to be human in the most joyful sense of what it means to be human means that we too -have to be proper stewards -of the breath of divinity within us -and seek to perfect within ourselves the attribute of being -the attribute of wisdom of consciousness of awareness -and the attribute of being compassionate and loving beings this -is what i understand from my faith tradition -and this is what i understand from my studies of other faith -and this is the common platform -on which we must all stand and when we stand on this platform as such i am convinced -that we can make a wonderful world and i believe personally that were on the verge -and that with the presence and help of people like you here we can bring about -the prophecy of isaiah -for he foretold of a period when -their swords into plowshares -and will not learn war or make war anymore -we have reached a stage in human history that we have no option -control our egos whether it is individual ego personal ego family ego national ego -and let all be for the glorification of the one -but until they realized their situation worsens every day either because they are being killed -because somehow they are poorer than eight years ago -figure for that fifty four percent of the children under the age of five years suffer from malnutrition -yet there is hope -one day a man told me my future does not look brilliant but i want to have a brilliant future for my son -this is a picture i took in two thousand and five walking on fridays over the hills in kabul and for me its a symbolic picture of an open future for a young generation -so -by building schools and roads -to cope with it to get over it -so soon after my arrival i had confirmed something which i had already known that my instruments come from the heart of modern europe yes however -what can wound us and our reaction to those wounds they are universal and the big challenge was how to understand the meaning of the symptom -in this specific cultural context after a counseling session a woman said to me because you have felt me i can feel myself again and i want to participate again in my family -this was very important because the family is central in afghans -social system no one can survive alone and if people feel used worthless and ashamed because something horrible has happened to them -then they retreat and they fall into social isolation and they do not dare to tell this evil to other people or to their loved ones because they do not want to burden them and very often violence is a way to cope -and they cannot control it to compensate this loss of inner control -they try to control the outside very understandably mostly the family and unfortunately this fits very well -into the traditional side regressive side repressive side restrictive side of the cultural -so -they did not want to do this it just happened they lost control -the desperate try -and normality -and if we are not able to cut this circle of violence it will be transferred to the next generation without a doubt and partly this is already happening -so everybody needs a sense for the future and the afghan sense of the future -let me repeat the words of the woman because you have felt me i can feel myself again so the key here is empathy -everybody must be able -to know what -to cope with it and to learn from it and i want to engage myself in the bright future for my children and the children of my children and i will not marry off my thirteen year old daughter what happens too often in afghanistan -so something can be done even in such extreme environments as afghanistan and i started thinking about a counseling program but of course i needed help and funds and one evening i was sitting next to a very nice gentleman in kabul and -he asked what i thought would be good in afghanistan and i explained to him quickly i would train psycho social counselors i would open centers and i explained to him -this man gave me his contact details at the end of the evening and said if you want to do this call me -at that time it was the head of caritas germany so -i was able to launch a three year project with caritas germany and we trained thirty afghan women and men and we opened fifteen counseling centers in kabul -so i am a jungian psychoanalyst and i went to afghanistan in january two thousand and four by chance on an assignment -this was our sign its hand painted and we had forty five all over kabul eleven thousand people -been taking place the european union delegation in kabul came into this and hired me to work inside the ministry of public health to lobby this approach -revised the mental health component of the primary health care services by adding psycho social care and psycho social counselors to the system -means certainly to retrain all health staff but for that we already have the training manuals which are approved by the ministry and moreover this approach is now part of the mental health strategy in afghanistan -so we also have implemented it already in some selected clinics in three provinces and you are the first to see the results -we wanted to know if what is being done is effective and here you can see the patients all had symptoms of -the green line is treatment with psycho social counseling only without medication and you can see the symptoms -to cope with them so this makes us very happy because now we also have some evidence that this is working -so here you see this is a health facility in northern afghanistan and every morning it looks like this all over and doctors usually have three to six minutes for the patients but now this will change -they go to the clinics because they want to cure their immediate symptoms and they will find somebody to talk to and discuss these issues and talk about what is burdening them and find solutions develop their resources -is one of the poorest countries in the world and seventy percent of the people are illiterate war and malnutrition kills people together with hope you may know this from the media -learn tools to solve their family conflicts and gain some confidence in the future and i would like to share one short vignette one -to his pashtun counselor if we were to have met some years ago -then we would have killed each other and now you are helping me to regain some confidence in the future and another counselor said to me after the training you know i never knew why i survived the killings in my village -now i know because -i am part of a nucleus of a new peaceful society in afghanistan so i believe this kept me running and this is a really emancipatory and political contribution to peace and -and also i think without psycho social therapy and without considering this in all humanitarian projects we cannot build up civil societies -i thought it was an idea worth spreading and i think it must be can be could be replicated elsewhere i thank you for your attention -but what you may not know is that the average age of the afghan people is seventeen years old which means they grow up in such an environment and i repeat myself in thirty years -this translates into ongoing violence foreign interests bribery -ethnic conflicts bad health shame fear and cumulative traumatic experiences -local and foreign military are supposed to build peace together with the donors and the governmental and non governmental organizations and people had hope yes -in my mind there is something to learn from the history of europe i mean even here -ill just take you to bangladesh for -so my point is theres a lot of struggle has gone in europe where citizens were empowered by technologies and they demanded authorities from to come down from their high horses -and in the end theres better bargaining between the authorities and citizens and democracies capitalism everything else flourished -and so you can see the real process of and this is backed up by this five hundred page book that the authorities came down and citizens got -but if you look if you have that perspective then you can see what happened in the last sixty years aid actually did the opposite -it empowered authorities and as a result marginalized citizens the authorities did not have the reason -to make economic growth happen so that they could tax people and make more money for to run their business because they were getting it from abroad -and in fact if you see oil rich countries where citizens are not yet empowered the same thing goes nigeria saudi arabia all sorts of countries -because the aid and oil or mineral money acts the same way it empowers authorities without activating the citizens their hands legs brains what have you -and if you agree with that then i think the best way to improve these countries is to recognize that economic development is of the people by the people for the people -and that is the real network effect if citizens can network and make themselves more organized and productive so that their voices are heard so then things would improve -i can start my story of course how would you empower citizens there could be all sorts of technologies and one is cell phones -recently the economist recognized this but i stumbled upon the idea twelve years ago and thats what ive been working on -so twelve years ago i was trying to be an investment banker in new york we had quite a few our colleagues were connected by -and we got more productive because we didnt have to exchange floppy disks we could update each other more often -my family moved out of a urban place where we used to live to a remote rural area where -and one time my mother asked me to get some medicine for a younger sibling and i walked ten miles or so all morning -to get there to the medicine man and he wasnt there so i walked all afternoon back so i had another unproductive day so while i was sitting in a -tall building in new york i put those two experiences together side by side and basically concluded that connectivity is productivity whether its in a modern office or an underdeveloped village -so naturally i the implication of that is that the telephone is a weapon against poverty and if thats the case then the question is how many telephones did we have at that time -and it turns out that there was one telephone in bangladesh for every five hundred people and all those phones were in the few urban places -the vast rural areas where one hundred million people lived there were no telephones so just imagine how many man months or man years are wasted just like -if you just multiply by one hundred million people lets say losing one day a month whatever and you see a vast amount of resource wasted and after all poor countries -like rich countries one thing weve got equal is their days are same length twenty four hours so if you lose that precious resource where you are somewhat equal to the richer countries thats a huge waste -so i started looking for any evidence that does connectivity really increase productivity and -i couldnt find much really but i found this graph produced by the itu which is the international telecommunication union -based in geneva they show an interesting thing that you see the horizontal axis is where you place your country -so the united states or the uk would be here outside and so the impact of one new telephone which is on the vertical axis is very little -but if you come back to a poorer country where the gnp per capita is lets say five hundred dollars or three hundred dollars then the impact is huge six thousand dollars -five thousand dollars the question was how much did it cost to install a new telephone in bangladesh it turns out two thousand dollars so if you spend two thousand dollars -and lets say the telephone lasts ten years and if five thousand dollars every year so thats fifty thousand dollars so obviously this was a gadget to have -and of course if the cost of installing a telephone is going down because theres a digital revolution going on then it would be even more dramatic -and i knew a little economics by then it says adam smith taught us that specialization leads to productivity -but how would you specialize lets say im a fisherman and a farmer and chris is a fisherman farmer both are generalists so -the point is that we could only only way we could depend on each other if we can connect with each other -and if we are neighbors i could just walk over to his house but then we are limiting our economic sphere to something very small area -but in order to expand that you need a river or you need a highway or you need telephone lines but in any event its connectivity that leads to dependability and that leads to specialization that leads to productivity -so the question was i started looking at this issue and going back and forth between bangladesh and new york there were a lot of -reasons people told me why we dont have enough telephones and one of them is the lacking buying power poor people apparently dont have the power to buy but the point is if its a production tool why do we have to worry about that -that story we should ask ourselves the question why does poverty exist i mean there is plenty of knowledge and -i mean in america people buy cars and they put very little money down they get a car and they go to work the work pays them a salary -the salary allows them to pay for the car over time the car pays for itself so if the telephone is a production tool then we dont quite have to worry about the purchasing power -and of course even if thats true then what about initial buying power so then the question is why cant we have some kind of shared -in the united states we have everybody needs a banking service but very few of us are trying to buy a bank -so its a bank tends to serve a whole community so we could do that for telephones and also people told me that we have a lot of important primary needs to meet -food clothing shelter whatever but again its very paternalistic you should be raising income and let people decide what they want to do with their money -but the real problem is the lack of other infrastructures see you need some kind of infrastructure to bring a new thing for instance the internet was booming in the u s -because there were there were people had computers they had modems they had telephone lines so its very easy to bring in a new idea like the internet -but thats whats lacking in a poor country so for example we didnt have ways to have credit checks few banks to collect bills et cetera but thats why i noticed grameen bank which is a bank for poor people -and anyway to cut the time short so i started i first went to them and said you know perhaps i could connect all your branches and make you more efficient -but you know they have after all evolved in a country without telephones so they are decentralized i mean of course there might be other good reasons but this was one of the reasons they had to be -and so they were not that interested to connect all their branches and then to be and rock the boat so i started focusing what is it that they really do -so what happens is that somebody borrows money from the bank she typically buys a cow the cow gives milk and she sells the milk to the villagers and pays off the loan -and this is a business for her but its milk for everybody else and suddenly i realized that -because some way she could borrow two hundred dollars from the bank get a phone and have the phone for everybody and its a business for her so i wrote to the bank and they thought for a while and they said -so i want to throw a perspective that i have so that we can assess this project or any other project for that matter -little crazy but logical if you think it can be done come and make it happen so i quit my job i went back to bangladesh i created a company in america called gonofone which in bengali means -and angel investors in america put in money into that i flew around the world after about a million i mean i got rejected from lots of places -because i was not only trying to go to a poor country i was trying to go to the poor of the poor country after about a million miles and a meaningful a substantial loss of hair i eventually put together a -provided the infrastructure to spread the service to make the story short here is the coverage of the country you can see its pretty much covered -about that cow model i talked about there are about one hundred and fifteen thousand people -to see whether its contributing or contributing to poverty or trying to alleviate it rich countries have been sending aid -who are retailing telephone services in their neighborhoods and its serving fifty two thousand villages which represent about eighty million people and these phones -are generating about one hundred million dollars for the company and two dollars profit per entrepreneur per day which is like seven hundred dollars per year -and -of course its very beneficial in lot of ways it increases income improves welfare -and the result is right now this company is the largest telephone company with three point five million subscribers one hundred and fifteen thousand of these phones i talked about that produces about a third of the traffic in the network -and two thousand and four the net profit after taxes very serious taxes was one hundred and twenty million dollars and the company contributed about one hundred and ninety million dollars to the government coffers -and again here are some of the lessons the government needs to provide economically viable services actually this is an instance where private companies can -provide that governments need to subsidize private companies this is what some people think and actually private companies help governments with taxes -poor people are recipients poor people are a resource services cost too much for the poor their involvement reduces the cost the poor are uneducated and cannot do much -to poor countries for last sixty years and by and large this has failed and you can see this book -very eager learners and very capable survivors ive been very surprised most of them learn how to operate a telephone within a day -poor countries need aid businesses this one company has raised the if the ideal figures -percent true this one company is raising the gnp of the country much more -the country receives and as i was trying to show you as far as im concerned aid does damages because it removes the government from its citizens -two villages where cow manure is producing biogas which is running these generators and each of these generators -selling electricity to twenty houses each its just an experiment we dont know how far it will go but its going on thank you -although even that is not completely off the table theres still enough nuclear weapons in the arsenals of the superpowers to destroy the earth many many times over there are flash points in india and pakistan -in the middle east in north korea other places where the use of nuclear weapons while initially locally could -very rapidly go into a situation where wed be facing all out nuclear war very unsettling ok -back in my truck and we drove over the brooklyn bridge were coming down -and we bring that truck that you just saw somewhere in here in the financial -was an extraordinary time of a buildup of a nuclear arsenal that no one could possibly have imagined -this is a ten kiloton bomb slightly smaller than was used in hiroshima and i want to just -this by just giving you some information i think news you could use kind of concept here -so first of all this would be horrific beyond anything we can possibly imagine this is the ultimate and if youre in the half mile radius of where this bomb went off -you have a ninety percent chance of not making it if youre right where the bomb went off you will be vaporized and thats im just telling you this is not good you assume that -what im going to focus on as i come to conclusion here is that what happens to you if youre in here -well if were talking about the old days of an all out nuclear attack you up here are as dead as the people here so it was a moot point -my point now though is that there is a lot that we could do for you who are in here if youve survived the initial blast you have when the blast goes off and by the way if it ever comes up dont look at it -if you look at it youre going to be blind either temporarily or permanently so if theres any way that you can avoid like avert your eyes that would be a good thing -if you find yourself alive but youre in the vicinity of a nuclear weapon you have thats gone off you have ten to twenty minutes depending on the size and exactly where it went off to get out of the way -before a lethal amount of radiation comes straight down from the mushroom cloud that goes up in that ten to fifteen minutes all you have to do and i mean this seriously is go about a mile -away from the blast and what happens is this is im going to show you now some fallout plumes within twenty minutes it comes straight down within twenty four hours lethal radiation is going out -with prevailing winds and its mostly in this particular direction its going north east and if youre in this vicinity youve got to get away so youre feeling the -sixty five thousand nuclear warheads and seven members of something that came to be known as the nuclear club -able to see where the blast was in front of you youve got to get out of there if you dont get out of there youre going to be exposed to lethal radiation in very short order -if you cant get out of there we want you to go into a shelter and stay there now in a shelter in an urban area means you -have to be either in a basement as deep as possible or you have to be on a floor on a high floor if its a ground burst explosion which it would be higher than the ninth floor so you have to be tenth floor or higher or in the basement -the next few days to a week there will be a radiation cloud again going with the wind and settling down for another fifteen or twenty miles out in this case over long island -and if youre in the direct fallout zone here you really have to either be sheltered or you have to get out of there and thats clear but if you are sheltered you can actually survive the difference between knowing -so a big question that were facing now and have been for quite a number of years now are we at risk of a nuclear attack -but in two thousand and eight there isnt one single american city that has done effective plans to deal with a nuclear detonation disaster -and were trying to tell them its not futile we can change the survival rates by doing some commonsensical things so the goal here is to minimize fatalities and i just want to leave you with the personal points that i think you might be interested in the key to -a nuclear blast is getting out and not going into harms way -thats basically all were going to be talking about here and the farther you are away in distance the longer it is in time from the initial blast -and the more separation between you and the outside atmosphere the better so separation hopefully with dirt or concrete or being in a basement -distance and time is what will save you so heres what you do first of all as i said dont stare at the light flash if you can i dont know you could possibly resist doing that but lets assume theoretically you want to do that -and you want to get under something so that youre not injured or killed by objects if thats at all possible you want to get away from the initial fallout mushroom cloud i said in just a few minutes and shelter and place you want to move downwind -or crosswind for one point two miles you know if youre out there and you see buildings horribly destroyed and down in that direction -less destroyed here then you know that it was over there the blast and youre going this way as long as youre going crosswise to the wind -once youre out and evacuating you want to keep as much of your skin your mouth and nose covered as long as that covering doesnt impede you moving and getting out of there -and finally you want to get decontaminated as soon as possible and if youre wearing clothing youve taken off your clothing youre going to get showered down some place and remove the radiation that would be -that might be on you and then you want to stay in shelter for forty eight to seventy two hours minimum but youre going to wait hopefully youll have your little wind up -battery less radio and youll be waiting for people to tell you when its safe to go outside thats what you need to do in conclusion -nuclear war is less likely than before but by no means out of the question and its not survivable nuclear terrorism is possible it may be probable but is survivable and this is jack geiger whos one of the heroes of the u s public health -community and jack said the only way to deal with nuclear anything whether its war or terrorism is abolition of nuclear weapons and you want something to work on once youve fixed global warming -i urge you to think about the fact that we have to do something about this unacceptable inhumane reality of nuclear weapons in our world now this is my favorite civil defense slide and -sent to me by somebody who is an aficionado of civil defense procedures but the fact of the matter is that americas gone through a very hard time weve not been focused weve not done what we had to do -and now were facing the potential of -and we dropped the number of nuclear warheads in the world to about a total of twenty one thousand its a very difficult number to deal with because what weve done is weve quote unquote decommissioned some of the warheads -but we also in that period of time added two more members to the nuclear club pakistan and north korea -so we stand today with a still fully armed nuclear arsenal among many countries around the world but a very different set of circumstances so im going to talk about a nuclear threat story in two chapters -very fragile standoff and basically we lived for all those years and some might argue that we still do -a bigger question thats probably actually more important than that is the notion of permanently eliminating -in a situation of being on the brink literally of an apocalyptic planetary calamity its incredible that we actually lived through all that -we were totally dependent during those years on this amazing acronym which is mad it stands for mutually assured destruction so it meant if -if you attacked us we would attack you virtually simultaneously and the end result would be a destruction of your country and mine -so the threat of my own destruction kept me from launching a nuclear attack on you thats the way we lived and the danger of that of course is that a misreading of a radar screen -could actually cause a counter launch even though the first country had not actually launched anything during this chapter one there was a high level of public awareness about the potential of nuclear -catastrophe and an indelible image was implanted in our collective minds that in fact a nuclear holocaust would be -globally destructive and could in some ways mean the end of civilization as we know it so this was chapter one -now the odd thing is that even though we knew that there would be that kind of civilization obliteration we engaged in america in a series and in fact in the soviet union in a series of response planning -the possibility of a nuclear attack eliminating the threat altogether and i would like to make a case to you that over the years since we first developed atomic weaponry until this very moment -the -was basically an attempt to teach our schoolchildren that if we did get engaged in a nuclear confrontation and atomic war then -we wanted our school children to kind of basically duck and cover that was the principle you there would be a nuclear conflagration about to hit us and if you get under your desk things would be ok -i didnt do all that well in psychiatry in medical school but i was interested and i think this was seriously delusional -or as many teenagers found out a very very safe place for a little privacy with your girlfriend and actually so there are multiple uses of the bomb shelters or you could buy a prefabricated bomb shelter and you could simply bury in the ground -the bomb shelters at that point lets say you bought a prefab one it would be a few hundred dollars maybe up to five hundred if you got a fancy one yet what percentage of americans do you think ever had a bomb shelter in their house what percentage lived in a house -less than two percent about one point four percent of the population as far as anyone knows did anything either making a space in their basement or actually building a bomb shelter -weve actually lived in a dangerous nuclear world thats characterized by two phases which im going to go through with you right now -and one of the greatest governmental delusions of all time was something that happened in the early days of the federal emergency management agency -fema as we now know and are well aware of their behaviors from katrina here is their first big public -that the soviets were going to attack us so the goal was to evacuate the target cities we would move people out of the target cities into the countryside -take out sites where people were going this was what apparently as it turns out was behind all this it was just really really frightening -the main point here is we were dealing with a complete disconnect from reality the civil defense programs were disconnected from the reality of what wed seen in all out nuclear war so organizations like physicians for social responsibility -so no possibility of medical response to or meaningful preparedness for all out nuclear war so we had to prevent nuclear war if we expected to survive this disconnect was never actually resolved -through the present time emphasized by the attacks of two thousand and one the idea of an all out nuclear war has diminished and the idea of a single event act of nuclear terrorism is what we have instead -although the scenario has changed very considerably the fact is that we havent changed our mental image of what a nuclear war means so im going to tell you what the implications of that are in just a second -so what is a nuclear terror threat and theres four key ingredients to describing that first thing is that the global nuclear weapons in the stockpiles that i showed you in those original maps -we would use the power of the atom to end the atrocities and the horror of this unending world war ii that wed been involved in in europe and in the pacific -there are many many sites where warheads are stored and in fact lots of sites where fissionable materials like highly enriched uranium and plutonium are absolutely not safe -the international atomic energy agency documented one hundred and seventy five cases of nuclear theft eighteen of which involved highly enriched uranium or plutonium the key ingredients to make a nuclear weapon -russian facilities how much of that do you think it would take to actually build a ten kiloton bomb well you need about seventy five -pounds of it so what id like to show you -what it would take to hold seventy five pounds of highly -this is not a product placement its just in fact if i was coca cola id be pretty distressed about this -but -but basically this is it this is what you would need to steal or buy out of that one hundred metric ton stockpile thats relatively insecure to create the type of bomb that was used in hiroshima -now you might want to look at plutonium as another fissionable material that you might use in a bomb that youd need ten to thirteen pounds of plutonium now plutonium ten to thirteen pounds -this this is enough plutonium to create a nagasaki size atomic weapon now -this situation already i you know i dont really like thinking about this although somehow i got myself a job where i have to think about it so -the point is that were very very insecure in terms of developing this material the second thing is what about the know how and theres a lot of controversy about whether terror organizations have the know how to actually -make a nuclear weapon well theres a lot of know how out there theres an unbelievable amount of knowhow out there theres detailed information on how to assemble a nuclear weapon from parts theres books about how to build a nuclear bomb -there are plans for how to create a terror farm where you could actually manufacture and develop all the components and assemble it all of this information is relatively available if you have an undergraduate degree in physics i would suggest -although i dont so maybe its not even true but something close to that would allow you with the information thats currently available to actually build a nuclear weapon -the third element of the nuclear terror threat is that who would actually do such a thing well what were seeing now -is a level of terrorism that involves individuals who are highly organized they are very dedicated and committed they are stateless somebody once said -does not have a return address so if they attack us with a nuclear weapon whats the response and to whom is the response and theyre retaliation proof -since there is no real retribution possible that would make any difference since there are people willing to actually give up their lives -in order to do a lot of damage to us it becomes apparent that the whole notion of this mutually assured destruction would not work here is -and sulaiman was a key lieutenant of osama bin laden he wrote many many times statements to this effect we have the right to kill four million americans two million of whom should be children -and we dont have to go overseas to find people willing to do harm for whatever their reasons mcveigh and nichols and the oklahoma city attack in the nineteen nineties was a good example of homegrown terrorists what if they had gotten their hands on a nuclear weapon -the fourth element is that the high value u s targets are accessible soft and plentiful -is a very good indicator of how little prepared the united states is for any kind of major attack seven million -ship cargo containers come into the united states every year five to seven percent only are inspected five to seven percent -this is alexander lebed who was a general that worked with yeltsin who talked about and presented to congress -this idea that the russians had developed these suitcase bombs they were very low yield zero point one to one -hiroshima was around thirteen kilotons but enough to do an unbelievable amount of damage and lebed came to the united states -and told us that many many more than eighty of the suitcase bombs were actually not accountable and they look like this theyre basically very simple arrangements you put the elements into a suitcase it becomes very portable -and for fifty bucks or so you rent a truck thats got the right capacity and you take your bomb and you put it in the truck and youre ready to go it could happen but what it would mean and -a nuclear weapon being used by a terrorist is kidding themselves i think theres a lot of people in the intelligence community a lot of people who deal with this work in general think -almost inevitable unless we do certain things to really try to defuse the risk like better interdiction better prevention better fixing you know better -we actually could end up seeing a nuclear detonation in one of our cities i dont think we would see an all out nuclear war any time soon -and so id make the car stop and id get out of the car and walk and see that in fact there wasnt a hole but it was trick of my eye it was a shadow you know -or if there was a hole id think like oh damn there was actually someone thought of that thought already someone made that mistake already so i cant do it anymore i dont know where inspiration comes from it does not come -for me from research i dont get necessarily inspired by research as a matter of fact one of the most fun things ive ever ever done in my whole life was this christmas season at the guggenheim -in new york i read peter and the wolf with this beautiful band from juilliard and i did like you know the narrator and i read it -and i saw this really smart critic who i love this woman joan acocella whos a friend of mine and she came backstage and she said oh you know isaac did you know that talking about stalinism and talking about you know like the thirties in russia -a thing about sleeping i dont sleep that much and ive come to this thing about like not sleeping much as being a great virtue after years of kind of battling it as being a terrible -so i dont really know that i dont really actually i do my own kind of research you know if im commissioned to do the costumes for an eighteenth century opera or something like -i will do a lot of research because its interesting not because its because what im supposed to do im very very very inspired by movies the -of movies and the way light makes the colors light from behind the projection or light from the projection makes the colors look so impossible -and anyway roll this little clip ill just show you i sit up at night and i watch movies and i watch women in movies a lot -and i think about you know their roles and about you have to like watch what your daughters look at -because i look at the way women are portrayed all the time whether theyre kind of glorified in this way or whether theyre kind of you know -ironically glorified or whether theyre you know sort of denigrated or ironically denigrated -i go back to color all the time color is something -motivates me a lot its rarely color that i find in nature -although you know juxtaposed next to artificial color natural color is so beautiful so thats what i do i study color a lot but for the most part i think -like how can i ever make anything that is as beautiful as that image of natalie wood how can i ever make anything as beautiful as greta garbo i mean thats just not possible you know -and so thats what makes me lie awake at night i guess you know i want to show you im also like a big i -go to astrologers and tarot card readers often and thats another thing that motivates me a lot people say oh do that and astrologer tells me to do something so i do -when i was about -had this really interesting tarot reading a long time ago the last card he pulled which was representing my destiny was this guy on like a straw boater with a cane and you know sort of spats and this -you know a minstrel singer right i want to show you this clip because i do this kind of crazy thing where i do a cabaret act so actually check this out -i think that like my creativity is greatly motivated by this kind of insomnia i lie awake i think thoughts i walk aimlessly sometimes i used to walk more at night i walk during the day and i follow people who i think look interesting -the name of the show is based on this story that i have to tell you about my mother its sort of an excerpt from a quote of -i was dating this guy right and this has to do with being happy i swear i was dating this guy and -it was going on for about a year right and we were getting serious so we decided to invite them all to dinner our parents and we you know sort of introduced them to each other my mother was sort of -very sensitive to his mother who it seemed -was a little bit skeptical about whole alternative lifestyle thing you know homosexuality right so my mother was a little offended she turned to her and she said -are you kidding they have the greatest life together they eat out they see shows they eat out they see shows -thats the name of the show they eat out they thats on my tombstone when i die he ate out he saw shows right -so in editing these clips i didnt have the audacity to edit a clip of me singing at joes pub so youll have to like go check it out and come see me or something because its mortifying and yet -it feels i dont know how to put this i feel as -little comfort as possible is a good thing you know and at least you know in my case because -if i just do one thing all the time i dont know i get very very bored i bore very easily and you know -say that i do everything well i just say that i do a lot of things thats all and i kind of try not to look back -you know except i guess thats what staying up every night is about like looking back and thinking what a fool you made of yourself you know but i guess thats okay right -because if you do many things you get to feel lousy about everything and not just one you know you dont master feeling lousy about one thing yeah exactly -i will show you this next thing speaking of costumes for operas i do work with different choreographers i work with twyla tharp a lot -and i work with mark morris a lot who is one of my best friends and i designed three operas with him and the most recent one -king arthur id been very ingrained in the dance world since i was a teenager i went to performing arts high school where i was an actor and many of my friends were ballet dancers again i dont know where inspiration comes from i -dont know where it comes from i started making puppets when i was a kid maybe thats where the whole inspiration thing started from puppets right -and then performing arts high school there i was in high school meeting dancers and acting and somehow from there -and sometimes actually once it was on page six in the post that i was cruising this guy like sort of whatever but i was actually just following because he had these really great shoes on -i got interested in design i went to parsons school of design and then i began my career as a designer -i dont really think of myself as a designer i dont really think of myself necessarily as a fashion designer and frankly i dont really know what to call myself i think of myself as a i dont know what i think of myself as its just -i must say this whole thing about being slightly bored all the time that is what i think that is a very important thing for a fashion designer you always have to be slightly bored with everything and if youre not you have to pretend to be slightly -but i am really a little bored with everything i always say to my partner marissa gardini who books everything she books everything and she makes everything happen and she makes all the deals -and i always tell her that i find myself with a lot of time on the computer bridge program too much time on computer bridge which is you know like thats so -all of these things that i love all kind of in one place and if you ever get bored you can look at another thing and do another thing and talk about it right -get nervous ashleigh ashleigh doing what cutting hair a cutting hair never never i dont think there was ever a day where i cut hair i was nervous you look so cute already by the way you like -you read about all these people who have a lot of money and they have kids and the kids always end up somehow like really messed up you know what i mean and theres got to be some way to do that rosie -i -to -i think a lot of my design ideas come from mistakes and tricks of the eye because i feel like you know there are so many images out there so many clothes out there -so by the way of all the most unboring things in the world right i mean like making someone whos already cute look terrible like -actually i read this great quote the other day which was style makes you feel great because it takes your mind -ill tell you that i cook a lot also i love to cook and i often look at things as though theyre food like i say oh you know would you serve a rotten chicken then how could you serve you know -and so i think thats what it all boils down to everything boils down to that so check this out this is what ive been doing because i think its -the most fun thing in the world its like this website its got a lot of different things on it its a polymathematical website we actually shoot segments like tv -that whole that theres no such thing as whole buttermilk sorry -the deal let me tell you the deal in the old days when they used to make -the liquid is actually that clear liquid if youve ever overbeaten your whipped cream its actually buttermilk and thats what it was in the early days and thats what people used for baking and all sorts of things now the buttermilk that you get is actually low fat or -and the only ones that look interesting to me are the ones that look slightly mistaken of course -thank you very much happy ted its so wonderful here -or very very surprising and often im driving in a taxi and i see a hole in a shirt or something that looks very interesting or pretty or functional in some way that id never seen happen before -but for real change we need feminine energy in the management of the world we need a critical number of women in positions of power and we need to nurture the feminine energy in -im talking about men with young minds of course old guys are hopeless we have to wait for them to die off -that surely this was a case of mistaken identity because im as far as you can get from being an athlete -i would love to have sophia lorens long legs and legendary -but given a choice i would rather have the warrior heart of wangari maathai somaly mam jenny and -i want to make this world good -why not it is possible -look around in this room all this knowledge energy talent and technology -lets get off our fannies roll up our sleeves and get to work -in creating an almost perfect world -i was told that this was no laughing matter -this would be the first time that only women would carry the olympic flag -a uniform she said -i had a vision of myself in a fluffy anorak looking like the michelin man -thank you so much its really scary to be here among the smartest of the smart -those athletes had sacrificed everything to compete in the games they all deserved to win but theres the element of -a speck of snow an inch of ice the force of the wind can determine the result of a race or a game -what matters most more than training or luck is the heart -only a fearless and determined heart will get the gold medal -it is all about passion -the streets of turin were covered with red posters announcing the slogan of the olympics -heart is what drives us and determines our fate that is what i need for my characters in my books a passionate heart i need mavericks dissidents -bend the rules and take risks people like all of you in this room -people with common sense do not make interesting -they only make good former spouses -theres a jewish saying that i love -hearts wangari maathai the nobel prizewinner from kenya who has -million trees and by doing so she has changed the soil the weather in some places in africa and of course the economic conditions in many villages -and somaly mam a cambodian activist -what is truer than -she told us of little girls raped by men who believe that having sex with a very young virgin will cure them from aids -and of brothels where children are forced to receive five fifteen clients per day and if they rebel they are tortured with electricity -in the green room i received my -it was not the kind of outfit that i normally wear but it was far from the michelin man suit that i had anticipated -not bad really i looked like a refrigerator -i dont know when asked in a tv interview how could she look so good she replied -im a storyteller i want to convey something that is truer than truth about our common humanity -always straight and i dont make old peoples noises -so there you have some free advice -one of the most beautiful women on earth -no grunting no coughing no wheezing no talking to yourselves no -around midnight we were summoned to the wings of the stadium and the loudspeakers announced -a foot taller than i am not counting the poofy hair -she walked elegantly like a giraffe on the african savannah holding the flag on her shoulder -i jogged behind -although often between sophias legs -where most men would love to be -i say this although i have explained to him that what we do in private usually takes less than -forever the key word of the olympics -is a prison camp for tutsi refugees in congo -by the way eighty percent of all refugees and displaced people in the world are women and girls -we can call this place in congo a death camp because those who are not killed will die of disease or starvation -the protagonists of this story are a young woman rose mapendo and her children -themes keep coming -shes pregnant and a widow soldiers have forced her to watch as her husband was tortured and killed -justice loyalty violence death -she manages to keep her seven children alive and a few months later she gives birth to premature twins -tiny little boys she cuts the umbilical cord with a stick and ties it with her own hair -she names the twins after the -to gain their favor and feeds them with black tea because her milk cannot sustain them -when the soldiers burst in her cell to rape her oldest daughter she grabs hold of her and refuses to let go even when they hold a gun to her head -political and social issues freedom -of a young american man sasha chanoff who manages to put her -in swahili means great -im aware of the mystery around us so i write about coincidences premonitions emotions dreams the power of nature -i was born in ancient times at the end of the world -catholic and conservative family no wonder that by age five i was a raging feminist although the term had not reached chile yet so nobody knew what the heck was wrong with me -there was a high price to pay for my freedom -and for questioning the patriarchy but i was happy to pay it because for every blow that i received i was able to deliver two -once when my daughter paula was in her twenties she said to me that feminism was dated that i should move on -we had a memorable fight -for privileged women like my daughter and all of us here today but not for most of our sisters in the rest of the world who -forced into premature marriage prostitution forced labor they have children that they dont want or they cannot feed -they have no control over their bodies or their lives they have no education and no freedom they are raped beaten up and sometimes killed with impunity -for most western young women of today being called a feminist is an insult -by no means it has evolved if you dont like the term -or whatever you want -the place is a small womens clinic in a village in bangladesh the year is two thousand and -in the last twenty years -jenny is a young american dental hygienist who has gone to the clinic as a volunteer during her three week vacation -shes prepared to clean teeth but when she gets there she finds out that there are no doctors no dentists and the clinic is just a hut full of flies -a few books but i have lived in anonymity until february of two thousand and six when i carried the olympic flag in the winter olympics in italy -patient is in excruciating pain because she has several rotten molars jenny realizes that the only solution is to pull out the bad teeth -not licensed for that she has never done it she risks a lot and -jenny has a brave -that day the hygienist pulls out many more teeth -the next morning when she comes again to the so called clinic her first patient is waiting for her with her -the womans face looks like a watermelon it is so swollen that you cant even see the eyes -the husband furious threatens to kill the american -jenny is horrified at what she has done -but then the translator explains that the patients condition has nothing to do with the operation -the day before -up because she was not home in time to prepare dinner for him -they are the poorest of the poor -although women do two thirds of the worlds labor they own less than one percent of the worlds assets they are paid less than men for the same work if theyre paid at all -and they remain vulnerable because they have no economic independence and they are constantly threatened by exploitation violence and abuse -made me a celebrity now people recognize me in macys and my grandchildren think that im cool allow me to tell you about my four minutes of fame -that giving women education work the ability to control their own income inherit and own property benefits the society -if a woman is empowered her children and her family will be better off if families prosper the village prospers and eventually so does the whole -because they have cut and sold the trees she gets the women to plant new trees and water them drop by drop in a matter of five or six years they have a forest the soil is enriched and the village is -the poorest and most backward societies are always those that put women down -yet this obvious truth is ignored by governments and also by philanthropy for every dollar given to a womens program twenty dollars are given to mens programs -women are fifty one percent of humankind empowering them will change everything more than technology and design and entertainment i can promise you that -women working together linked informed and educated can bring peace and prosperity to this forsaken planet -in any war today most of the casualties are civilians mainly women and children -they are collateral damage -the world -what kind of world do we want -does it make sense to participate in the existing world -and the quality of life is enriched for everybody not only for the privileged -one of the organizers of the olympic ceremony of the opening ceremony called me and said that i had been selected to be one of the flag bearers -to show the paintings because the theme is the abu ghraib prison -they are huge paintings of torture and abuse of power in the voluminous botero style -what i fear most is power with impunity i fear abuse of power and the power to abuse in our species the alpha males define reality and force the -that reality and follow the rules the rules change all the time but they always benefit them -which does not work in economics works perfectly abuse trickles down from the top of the ladder to the bottom -women and children especially the poor are at the bottom -even the most destitute of men have someone they can abuse a woman or a child -with the power that a few exert over the many through gender income race -i think that the time is ripe to make fundamental changes -but unfortunately bonobos are the least understood of the great apes they live in the depths of the congolese jungle and it has been very difficult to study them the congo is a paradox a land of extraordinary biodiversity and beauty -but also the heart of darkness itself the scene of a violent conflict that has raged for decades and claimed nearly as many lives as the first world war -not surprisingly this destruction also endangers bonobo survival bushmeat trades and forest loss means we couldnt fill a small stadium with all the bonobos that are left in the world and were not even sure of that to be honest -play increases creativity and resilience and its all about the generation of diversity diversity of interactions diversity of behaviors diversity of connections -and ritual play is the glue that binds us together -now i dont know how you play but i want to show you a couple of unique clips fresh from the wild first its a ball game bonobo style and i do not mean football so here we have a young female and a male engaged in a chase game -i think that hes rather loving it here right -this videos really interesting because it shows the inventiveness of bringing unusual elements into play such as testicles and also how play both requires trust and fosters trust -so these are just small tasters into the insights that bonobo give us to our past and present -in order to adapt successfully to a changing world we need to play -but will we make the most of our playfulness play is not frivolous -that means we all share a common ancestor an evolutionary grandmother who lived around six million years ago -now chimpanzees are well known for their aggression -but bonobos show us the other side of the coin while chimpanzees are dominated by big scary guys bonobo society is run by empowered females -the level in which kleiber is in control is in a different level so control is no longer a zero sum game you have this control you have this control and all you put together in partnership brings about the best music -so kleiber is about process kleiber is about conditions in the world but you need to have process and content to create the meaning -lenny bernstein my own personal maestro since he was a great teacher lenny bernstein always started from the meaning look at this -the face of muti at the beginning well he had a wonderful expression but only one did you see lennys face you know why -because the meaning of the music is pain and youre playing a painful sound and you look at lenny and hes suffering but not in a way that you want to stop its suffering like enjoying himself in a jewish way -more baton now its about you the player telling the story now its a reversed thing youre telling the story and youre telling the story and even briefly -you become the storyteller to which the community the whole community listens to and bernstein enables that -now if you are doing all the things we talked about together and maybe some others you can get to this wonderful point of doing without doing -and for the last video i think this is simply the best title my friend peter says if you love something give it away so please -was that nice so that was a sort of -for the success i mean obviously the orchestra musicians playing beautifully -they dont often even look at the conductor then you have the clapping audience -yeah actually taking part in doing the music you know viennese audiences usually dont interfere with the music -this is the closest to an oriental bellydancing feast that -all the time you know arthur rubinstein the pianist used to say that anywhere in the world people that have the flu they go to the doctor in tel aviv they come to my -regular just to be part of that to become part of the orchestra and thats great you know audiences like you yeah make the event but what about the conductor what can you say the conductor was doing actually -he was happy and i often show this to senior management people get -you come to work how come youre so happy something must be wrong there yeah but hes spreading happiness and i think the happiness the important thing is this happiness does not come from only his own story and his joy of the music -the joy is about enabling other peoples stories to be heard at the same time you have the story of the orchestra as a professional body you have the story of the audience as a community -yeah you have the stories of the individuals in the orchestra and in the audience and then you have other stories unseen people who build this wonderful concert hall people who made those -i go on the podium you know this little office of the conductor or rather a cubicle an open space cubicle with a lot of space and in front of all that noise you do a very small gesture something like this not very pomp not -very short but you could see its a completely different figure right hes awesome hes so -so clear maybe a little bit over clear can we have a little demonstration would you be my orchestra for a second -and ill stop you okay ready -more redundant than i already feel so please wait for the conductor now look at me -is a vacancy for -so not only the instruction is clear but also the -to a certain point when muti is asked why do you conduct like this he says im responsible responsible in front of him no he doesnt really mean him he means mozart which is -from the -for mozart this is going to be the only story to be told its mozart as i riccardo muti understand it and you know what happened to -three years ago he got a letter signed by all seven hundred employees of la scala musical employees i mean the musicians saying youre a great conductor we dont want to work with you please resign -very sophisticated this and suddenly out of the chaos order noise becomes music -why because you dont let us develop youre using us as instruments not as partners and our joy of music etc etc so he had to resign isnt that nice -can you do it with less control or with a different kind of control lets -the -the whole idea is really to let it happen by itself do not interfere but how does it happen -you see him turning pages in the score now either he is senile and doesnt remember his own -music because he wrote the music or he is actually transferring a very strong -message to them saying come on guys you have to play by -so its not about my story its not about your story its only the execution of the written music no interpretation interpretation is the real story of the -so no he doesnt want that thats a different kind of control lets see another super conductor -all those great people here virtuosos they make noise they need me to do that not really if it were that i would just save you the talk and -whats different did you see the eyes closed did you see the hands did you see this kind of -do -concentrate close my eyes come -why -no cynicism this is a german orchestra -then they look at -what this guy wants and -that they really look at each other and the first players of the orchestra lead the whole ensemble in playing together and when karajan is asked about it he actually says yes the worst damage i can do -is to give them a clear instruction because that would prevent the -gesture so you could go out to the world and do this thing in whatever company or whatever you want and you have perfect harmony it doesnt work lets look at the first -the listening to each other that is needed for an orchestra now thats great what about the eyes why are the eyes closed -is a wonderful story about karajan conducting in london and he cues in a flute player like this the guy has no idea what to do -you know you have no authority to change anything its my music -the real music is only in karajans head and you have to guess my mind so you are under tremendous pressure because i dont give you instruction and yet you have to guess my mind so its a different kind of a very spiritual but yet very firm control -can we do it in another way of course we can lets go back to the first conductor weve seen -think its a good example of harmony and then speak a little bit about how it comes about -but isnt that controlling in the same way no its not because he is not telling them what to do when he does this its not take your stradivarius and like jimi hendrix -smash it on the floor its not that he says this is the gesture of the music im opening a space for you to put in another layer of interpretation that is another story -but how does it really work together if it doesnt give them instructions its like being on a rollercoaster yeah youre not really given any instructions but the forces of the process itself keep you in place thats what he does -the interesting thing is of course the rollercoaster does not really exist its not a physical thing its in the players heads and thats what make them into partners you have the plan in your head you know what to do -though kleiber is not conducting you but here and there and that you know what to do and you become a partner building the rollercoaster yeah with sound -as you actually take the ride this is very exciting for those players they do need to go to a sanatorium for two weeks later -is very tiring yeah but its the best music making like this but of course its not only about motivation and giving them a lot of physical energy you also have to be very professional -and look again at this kleiber can we have the next video quickly youll see what happens when -after the concert -when its needed the authority is there its very important but authority is not enough to make people -there -a kind of a compliment we all like to get its not feedback -the second thing is -not only creates a process but also creates the conditions in the world in which this process takes place -so again the oboe player is completely autonomous and therefore happy and proud of his work and creative and all of that and -people went to vote and when the votes had been counted three fourths of the people have voted with a blank ballot the government and the opposition they have been simply paralyzed because you know what to do about -so the government decided to have the elections once again and this time even a greater number eighty three percent of the people voted with blank ballots basically they went to the ballot boxes to tell that they have nobody to vote for -this is the opening of a beautiful novel by jose saramago called seeing but in my view it very well captures -part of the problem that we have with democracy in europe these days -on one level nobodys questioning that democracy is the best form of government democracy is the only game in town the problem is that many people start to believe that it is not a game worth playing -for the last thirty years political scientists have observed that there is a constant decline -in electoral turnout and the people who are least interested to vote are the people whom you expect are going to gain most out of voting i mean the unemployed the under privileged -was really destroyed according to the latest survey being done by the european commission eighty nine percent of the citizens of europe believe that there is a growing gap between the opinion of the policy makers and the opinion of the public -so basically i want to ask what went right and what went wrong in these fifty years when we talk about democracy -the way were living and deepened our democratic experience and the first was the cultural and social revolution of one thousand nine hundred and sixty eight and one thousand nine hundred and seventy s which put the individual at the center of politics it was the human rights moment basically this was also a major outbreak a culture of dissent a culture of -but after that you have the market revolution of the one thousand nine hundred and eighty s and nevertheless that many people on the left try to hate it the truth is that it was very much the market revolution that sent the message the government does not know better and you have more choice driven societies -and plus im not going to give you any answers im much more trying to add to some of the questions were talking about and one of the things that i want to question is this very popular hope these days that transparency and openness can restore the trust in democratic institutions -and of course you have one thousand nine hundred and eighty nine the end of communism the end of the cold war and it was the birth of the global world -which totally changed the way we understand how people are making decisions so this is what went right -but if were going to see what went wrong were going to end up with the same five revolutions -the very idea all these collective nouns that we have been taught about nation class -family we start to like divorcing if were married at all all this was very much under attack and it is so difficult to engage people in politics when they believe that what really matters is where they personally stand and you -remember until the one thousand nine hundred and seventy s the spread of democracy has always been accompanied by the decline of inequality the more democratic our societies have been the more equal they have been becoming -they needed the people because they feared them -and when we talk about the internet -you can stay with the political community you belong to and its becoming more and more difficult to understand the people who are not like you i know that many people here have been splendidly speaking about the digital world and the possibility for cooperation but have you seen what the digital world has done to american politics these days -there is one more reason for you to be suspicious about me you people the church of ted are a very optimistic community -dont talk to me about ideas anymore dont talk to me about policy programs what really matters is basically to manipulate the emotions of the people -and you have this very strongly to the extent that even if you see when we talk about revolutions these days these revolutions are not -named anymore around ideologies or ideas before revolutions used to have ideological names they could be communist they could be liberal they could be fascist or islamic now the revolutions are called under the medium which is most used -you have facebook revolutions twitter revolutions the content doesnt matter anymore the problem is the media im saying this because one of my major points is what went right is also what went wrong -and when were now trying to see how we can change the situation when basically were trying to see what can be done about democracy we should keep this ambiguity in mind because probably some of the things that we love most are going to be also the things that can hurt us most -that this push for transparency this kind of a combination between active citizens new technologies and much more transparency friendly legislation can restore trust in politics -you believe that when you have these new technologies and people who are ready to use this it can make it much more difficult for the governments to lie its going to be more difficult for them to steal and probably even going to be more difficult for them to kill -this is probably true but i do believe that we should be also very clear -that now when we put the transparency at the center of politics where the message is its transparency stupid transparency is not about restoring trust in institutions transparency is politics management of mistrust -as you have been told im bulgarian and according to the surveys -we are assuming that our societies are going to be based on mistrust -and by the way mistrust was always very important for democracy this is why you have checks and balances this is why basically you have all this creative mistrust between the representatives and those whom they represent -but when politics is only management of mistrust then im very glad that one thousand nine hundred and eighty four has been mentioned now were going to have one thousand nine hundred and eighty four in reverse -its not going to be the big brother watching you its going to be we being the big brother watching the political class -but is this the idea of a free society for example can you imagine that decent civic talented people are going to run for office if they really do believe that politics is also about managing mistrust -we are marked the most pessimistic people in the world laughter the economist magazine recently wrote an article covering one of the recent studies on happiness and the title was the happy the unhappy and the bulgarians -their positions even the very wrong positions because consistency is going to be more important than common sense and the americans who are in the room are you not afraid that your presidents are going to govern on the basis of what they said in the primary elections -to look also at this type of a story -because its going to be very difficult for them to dissent knowing that twenty four hours after this is going to be on the public space -and this is in a certain way going to be a political crisis so when we talk about transparency when we talk about openness i really do believe that what we should keep in mind is that what went right is what went wrong and this is goethe who is neither bulgarian nor a political scientist some centuries ago he said -there is a big shadow where there is much light thank you very much -lets give you the story and this is a rainy election day in a small country that can be my country but could be also your country and because of the rain until four oclock in the afternoon nobody went to the polling stations but then the rain stopped -we also refer to subclinical conditions theres subclinical atherosclerosis subclinical hardening of the arteries -obviously linked to heart attacks potentially if you look up subclinical acne you may find a website which i did which says that this is the easiest type of acne to treat -you -dont have the pustules or the redness and inflammation i have a name for all of these conditions its another precondition i call them preposterous -follows the pre season but with a lot of these conditions that actually isnt the case or at least it isnt the case all the time its as if theres a rain delay every single time in many cases we have pre cancerous lesions which often dont turn into cancer -you who have seen the film moneyball or have read the book by michael lewis will be familiar with the story of billy beane billy was supposed to be a tremendous ballplayer all the scouts told him so they told his parents that they predicted that he was going to be a star -and so is it any wonder given all of the costs and the side effects of the drugs that were using to treat these preconditions that every year were spending more than two trillion dollars on healthcare and yet one hundred thousand people a year and thats a conservative estimate are dying not because of the conditions they have -but because of the treatments that were giving them and the complications of those treatments -weve medicalized everything in this country -you now have something that happens to you once a month that has been medicalized its a condition it has to be treated strike two is if you get pregnant -you have to have a high tech experience of pregnancy otherwise something might go wrong strike three is menopause we all know what happened when millions of women were given hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms -for decades until all of a sudden we realized because a study came out a big one nih funded it said actually a lot of that hormone replacement therapy may be doing more harm than good for many of those women just in case i dont want to leave the men out i am one after all -so just take a moment its called pre death -but the problem is we have a system that is completely basically promoted this weve selected at every point in this system a condition in some cases -the indications expand the number of people who are eligible for a given treatment who want to make more and more people feel they are at risk or might have a condition so that they can raise more funds and raise visibility -said that i should do too and i did -and i didnt have a course called how to think skeptically or how not to order tests -we have this system where thats what you do and it actually took being a journalist to understand all these incentives you know economists like to say there are no bad people there are just bad incentives -but you can actually perversely -tell people to come convince them that they have to come it was when i became a journalist that i really realized how i was part of this problem and how we all are part of this problem i was medicalizing every risk factor i was writing stories commissioning stories -every day that were trying to not necessarily make people worried although that was what often happened -but you know there are ways out i saw my own internist last week -and he said to me you know and he told me something that i need to lose some weight -well hes right ive had honest to goodness high blood pressure for a dozen years now same age my father got it and its a real disease its not pre hypertension its actual hypertension high blood pressure well hes right -he learned from watching this kid who he eventually hired who was really successful for him like the sluggers do which is what all the expensive teams like the yankees like to they like to pick up those guys -this kid told him you know you gotta watch the guys and you gotta go out and find the guys who like to walk because getting on base by a walk we need to figure out is that really a good pitch or should we let it go by and not swing at everything thanks -and yet every day thousands of people in this country are diagnosed with preconditions we hear about pre hypertension we hear about pre dementia we hear about pre anxiety and im pretty sure that i diagnosed myself with that in the green room -he found that there were very few resources available to someone who has attempted to end their life in the way that he did -research shows that nineteen out of twenty people who attempt suicide will fail -but the people who fail are thirty seven times more likely to succeed the second time -this truly is an at risk population with very few resources to support them -i know johns story very well because im john -and this is today the first time in any sort of public setting ive ever acknowledged the journey that i have been on -but after having lost a beloved teacher in two thousand and six and a good friend last year to suicide -and sitting last year at tedactive i knew that i needed to step out of my silence and past my taboos to talk about an idea worth spreading and that is that people who have made the difficult choice to come back to life -need more resources and need our help -as the trevor project says it gets better it gets way better and im choosing to come out of a totally different kind of closet today to encourage you to urge you -the school where he graduated from with his masters had just offered him a teaching appointment which meant not only a salary but benefits for the first time in ages -and yet despite everything going really well for john he was struggling fighting addiction and a gripping depression -on the night of june eleventh two thousand and three he climbed up to the edge of the fence on the manhattan bridge -and he leaped to the treacherous waters below remarkably no miraculously he lived -the fall shattered his right arm broke every rib that he had punctured his lung and he drifted in and out of consciousness as he drifted down the east river -under the brooklyn bridge and out into the pathway of the staten island ferry where passengers on the ferry heard his cries of pain contacted the boats captain who contacted the coast guard who fished him out of the east river and took him to bellevue hospital -and thats actually where our story begins because once john committed himself to putting his life back together first physically then emotionally and then spiritually -and i realized that we had to do something cause it wasnt working just as it was and i literally like thought back to what i would have done using the super eight camera that my grandfather got me sitting in that room and i realized that hand didnt have to be eddie marsans it could be toms -ask for any more money so here -my grandfather was a kind of guy who would not only -take things apart but he got me interested in all sorts of different odd crafts like you know printing like the letter press im obsessed with printing im obsessed with silk screening and bookbinding and box making when i was a kid i was always like taking -you know kind of got me into all sorts of these things he would also supply me with tools he was this amazing encourager this patron sort of -he was so generous i couldnt believe it he wasnt doing it entirely without some manipulation i mean i would call him and id be like listen grandpa -i really need this camera you dont understand this is like you know i want to make movies ill get invited to ted one day this -should be doing she was fantastic so i found myself -getting this stuff thanks to her assist and suddenly you know i had a synthesizer when i was fourteen years old this kind of stuff and it let me make -things which to me was sort of the dream he sort of humored my obsession to other things too like magic -right which is good but now i cant move now i have to do this the rest of the thing like this im like oh wow look at my computer over there anyway -in terms of lost you know what the hells that island you know -buys you fifty dollars worth of magic -now i bought this decades ago and im not kidding if you look at this youll see its never been -it represents my grandfather -am i allowed to cry at ted -is that it represents infinite possibility -find myself drawn to -about mystery that i seem to be drawn to and i was thinking about this what to talk about at ted when i talked to the kind rep from ted and i said listen you know what should i talk about he said dont worry about it just be profound -that sense of possibility what could this thing be there was no time to develop it im sure youre all familiar with those people who tell you what you cant do and what you should change and there was no time for that which is kind of amazing -and so we did this show and for those of you who you know who havent seen it or dont know it i can show you this one little clip from the pilot just to show you some -ten years ago if we wanted to do that wed have to kill -it would be harder it would take take two would be a -we did and so part of the amazing thing for me is in the creative process technology is like mind blowingly inspiring to me i realize that that blank page is a magic box -you know it needs to be filled with something fantastic i used to have the ordinary people script that id flip through the romance of the script was amazing to me it would inspire me i wanted to try and fill pages with the same kind of -i feel this -and i often am like you know dude today im out i got nothing you know so theres that -in terms of the content of it you look at stories you think well what are stories but mystery boxes theres a fundamental question in tv the first act is called the teaser its literally the teaser its the big question so youre drawn into it then of course theres another question and it goes on -and i took enormous comfort in that so thank you if youre here -i was trying to think what do i talk about its a good question why do i do so much stuff that involves mystery and i started trying to figure it out and i started thinking about why do i do any of what i do and i started thinking about my grandfather -with mystery boxes that i started feeling like compelled then theres the thing of like mystery in terms of imagination -the withholding of information you know doing that intentionally -is much more engaging whether its like the shark in jaws if spielbergs mechanical shark bruce had worked it would not be remotely as scary you would have seen it too much in alien they never really showed the alien terrifying -even in a movie like a romantic comedy the graduate theyre having that date remember and theyre in the car and its loud and so they put the top up -this idea stretching the sort of paradigm a little bit but the idea of -right well its not e t is about divorce e t is about a heartbroken divorce crippled family and ultimately this kid who cant find his way die hard right crazy great fun action adventure movie in a building -its about a guy whos on the verge of divorce hes showing up to la tail between his legs there are great scenes maybe not the most amazing dramatic scenes in the history of time but -and -dealing with his place in the world -how hes going to you know make it work in this new town this is one of my favorite scenes ever and this is a scene that you wouldnt necessarily think of when you think of jaws but its an amazing -i loved -my grandfather harry kelvin -its why when people like do sequels or rip off movies you know of a genre theyre ripping off the wrong thing youre not supposed to rip off the shark or the monster you gotta rip off you know if you -you know you go to the theater youre just so excited to see anything the moment the lights go down is often the best part you know and youre full of that amazing -whether its a tv an ipod computer cell phone its funny im an as i said apple fanatic and one day about a year or so ago i was -signing on online in the morning to watch steve jobs keynote cause i always do and he came on he was presenting the video ipod and what was on the enormous ipod behind him lost -guys who had some visual effects experience but the point was that they were doing things that were using these mystery boxes that they had everyone has now what i realize is what my grandfather did for me when i was a kid -so he had this incredible curiosity as a kid i saw him come over to me with radios and telephones and all sorts of things and hed open them up hed unscrew them and reveal the inner workings which many of us im sure take for granted but -using infinity software they stopped making fifteen years ago hes doing stuff that looks as amazing as stuff ive seen released from hollywood -the most incredible sort of mystery i think is now the question of what comes next because it is now democratized so now the creation of media -is its everywhere the stuff that i was lucky and begging for to get when i was a kid is now ubiquitous and so theres an amazing sense -you know lectures and stuff that to someone who wants to write go write do your thing its free you know you dont need permission to go write but now i can say go make your movie theres nothing stopping you from going out there and getting the technology you can lease rent buy -off the shelf that is either as good or just as good as the stuff thats being used by the you know quote unquote -i did mission impossible iii we had amazing visual effects stuff ilm did the effects it was incredible and sort of like my dream to be involved and there are a couple of sequences in the movie like these couple of -so my favorite visual effect in the movie is the one im about to show you and its a scene in which toms character wakes up hes drowsy hes crazy out of it and the guy wakes up and he shoves this gun in his nose and shoots this little capsule into his brain that hes going to use later to kill him as bad guys -there are three things you dont want to do number two is dont hurt toms nose so eddie has this gun and hes the greatest guy hes like this really sweet english guy hes like sorry i dont want to hurt you im like you gotta we have to make this look -brought up in bengal -experimental robot which got electrocuted and found a life -and i love information -i started doing some research then and this was the twenty five year journey and started finding out that actually human beings as primates have far smaller -stomachs than should be the size for our body weight and far larger brains and as i went to research that even further i got to a point -i discovered something called the expensive tissue hypothesis that actually for a given body mass of -my children usually tell me that one of those passions is a little more apparent than the other -and what transpired was that people had put forward a hypothesis that was apparently coming up with some fabulous results by about one thousand nine hundred and ninety five its a lady named leslie aiello and the paper then suggested that you traded one for the other if you wanted your brain for a particular body mass to be large -you had to live with a smaller gut -that then set me off completely to say okay these two are connected -so i looked at the cultivation of information as if it were food and said so we were hunter gathers of information we moved from that to becoming farmers and cultivators of information -does that really explain what were seeing with the intellectual property battles nowadays -so there was always going to be a tension within that -and everything i saw in the cultivation said there were huge fights amongst the foodies between the cultivators and the hunter gatherers and this is happening here -when i moved to preparation this same thing was true expect that there were two schools one group of people said you can distill your information you can extract value separate it and serve it up -while another group turned around and said no no you can ferment it you bring it all together and mash it up and the value emerges that way -the same is again true with information -but consumption was where it started getting really enjoyable because what i began to see then was there were so many different ways people would consume this theyd buy it from the shop as raw ingredients do you cook it do you have it served to you do you go to a restaurant the same is true every time as i started thinking about information -the analogies were getting crazy that information had sell by dates that people had -misused information that wasnt dated properly and could really make an effect on the stock market on corporate values etc and by this time i was hooked and this is about twenty three years into this process -the journey of learning that took place from that point and one idea i want to leave you with today is what would would happen differently in your life if you saw information the way you saw food -which brings me to the final element of this clay shirky once stated that there is no such animal as information overload there is only filter failure -i put it to you that information if viewed from the point of food is never a production issue you never speak of food overload fundamentally its a consumption issue -and we have to start thinking about how we create -diets within ourselves exercise within ourselves to have the faculties to be able to deal with information to have the labeling to be able to do it responsibly in fact when i saw supersize me i starting thinking of saying what would happen if an individual had thirty one days nonstop fox news -diseases toxins a need to balance your diet -i was born in calcutta a family where my father and his father before him were journalists and they wrote magazines in the english language that was the family business and as a result of that -i grew up with books everywhere around the house and i mean books everywhere around the house -each project thats a film from women are heroes -each trip was an excursion was an adventure -and -the -it was like leaving our mark on society to say i was here on the top of a building -and -kept that dynamic after we left -for example we did books not for sale that all the community would get but to get it they would have -we did that in most of the places we go back -regularly and so in providencia for example in the favela we have a controlled center running there in kibera each year we cover more roofs because of course when we left the people who were just at the edge of the project said hey what about my roof so we decided to come the year after and keep doing the project -and whats interesting is that fine line that i have with images and advertising we just did some pasting in los angeles on another project in the last weeks and i was even invited to cover the moca museum -but yesterday the city called them and said look were going to have to tear it down because this can be taken for advertising and because of the law it has to be taken down but tell me advertising for what -the people i photograph were proud to participate in the project -my artwork anymore i use man ray helen levitt giacomelli other peoples artwork it doesnt matter today if its your photo or not the importance is what you do with the images -actually the fact that art cannot change -things makes it a neutral place for exchanges and discussions and then enables you to change the world -thats how at seventeen years old -i presume that you belong to the second category and thats good because -for that project im going to ask you to take the photos -i started pasting them and i did my first -i wish for you to stand up for what you care about -by participating in a global art project and together well turn the world inside out -and this starts right now yes -upload it ill give you all the details and ill send you back your poster join by groups -and reveal things to the world -i was in my studio in paris and the phone rang and i heard hey jr you won the ted prize two thousand and eleven you have to make a wish to save the world -thats on the champs elysees i was quite proud of that one because i was just eighteen and i was just up there on the top of the champs elysees then when the photo left the frame was still there -everyone was glued to the tv watching disturbing frightening images -i mean these kids without control -revealed by a burning car a pasting id done a year earlier an illegal one still there i mean these were the faces of my friends i know those guys all of them are not angels but theyre not monsters either -so it was kind of weird to see those images and those eyes stare back at me through a television so i went back there with a twenty eight mm lens it was the only one i had at that time but with that lens -you have to be as close as ten inches from the person so you can do it only with their trust -they were making scary faces to play the caricature of themselves -and then i pasted huge posters everywhere in the bourgeois area of paris with the name age even building number -own image thats where i realized the power of paper and glue -so could art change the world -a year later i was listening to all the noise -about the middle east conflict i mean at that time trust me they were only referring to the israeli and palestinian conflict so with my friend marco we decided to go there -and see who are the real palestinians and who are the real israelis are they so different -when we got there we just went in the street started talking with people -so we decided to take portraits of palestinians and israelis doing the same jobs -i decided to paste in eight israeli and palestinian cities and on both sides of the wall we launched the biggest illegal art exhibition ever we called the project face two face -the experts said no way -we said okay lets try and push as far as we can -i love the way that people will ask me how big will my photo be it will be as big as your house -down no wait im going to find you a solution so he went to the church of nativity and brought back an old ladder that was so old that it could have seen jesus being born -we had all sorts of help from all walks of life -okay for example thats palestine were in ramallah right now were pasting portraits so both portraits in the streets in a crowded market people come around us -and start asking what are you doing here oh were actually doing an art project and we are placing an israeli and a palestinian doing the same job and those ones are actually two taxi drivers and then there was always a silence -you mean youre pasting an israeli face doing a face right here well yeah yeah thats part of the project -face two face demonstrated that -in the middle east i experienced my work in places without many museums so this direction in the street were kind of interesting so i decided to go further in this direction and go in places where there were zero museums -told her look amy tell the ted guys i just wont show up i cant do anything to save the world she said hey jr your wish is not to save the world but to change the world oh all right -i called that project women are heroes -i just took their pictures -most of the places i went to i decided to go there because ive heard about it -they brought them to an enemy favela where they get chopped into pieces -so we just walked around -so i went out and i started with the kids -i just took a few photos of the kids and the next day i came with the posters and we pasted them -the day after i came back and they were already scratched -but thats okay i wanted them to feel that this art belongs to them -then the next day i held a meeting on the main square and some women came they were all linked to the three kids that got killed there was the mother the grandmother the best friend they all wanted to shout the story -after that day everyone in the favela gave me the green light i took more photos and we started the project -the drug lords were kind of worried about us filming in the place so i told them you know what im not interested in filming the violence and the weapons -so thats a really symbolic pasting because thats the first one we did that you couldnt see from the city and thats where the three kids got arrested -and thats the grandmother of one of them and on that stairs thats where the traffickers always stand and theres a lot of exchange of fire everyone there understood the project -not always in a good way but they do what about art -we just did a project and then left -so the media wouldnt know so how can we know about the project so they had to go and find the women and get an explanation from them -we kept traveling we went to africa sudan sierra leone liberia kenya -in war torn places like monrovia people come straight to you i mean they want to know what youre up to they kept asking me what is the purpose of your project are you an ngo are you the media -could art change the world -question why is it in black and white dont you have color in france -and to a man who did not understand i heard someone say you know youve been here for a few hours trying to understand discussing with your fellows -i started when i was fifteen years old and at that time -you might have seen images about the post election violence that happened there in two thousand and eight -i was not thinking about changing the world i was doing graffiti writing my name everywhere -paper doesnt prevent the rain from leaking inside the house -okay india before i start that just so you know each time we go to a place we dont have a tourist agent so we set up like commandos were a group of friends who arrive there and we try to paste on the walls but there are places where you just cant paste on a wall -using the city as a canvas -in india it was just impossible to paste i heard culturally and because of the law they would just arrest us at the first pasting -so we decided to paste white white on the walls so imagine white guys pasting white papers so people would come to us and ask us hey what are you up to oh you know were just doing art -i was going in the tunnels of paris on the rooftops with my friends -hundreds of people stood up and said they wanted to help us -but i say it has to be -no credit no logos no sponsoring -a week later a handful of people were there ready to rock and empower the people on the ground who wanted to change the world -these are the people i want to talk about to you today -and they pasted over every single portrait of the dictator with their own photos -boom -this is what happened slim and his friends went through the country and pasted hundreds of photos everywhere to show the diversity in the country -they really make inside out their own project -actually that photo was pasted in a police station and what you see on the ground are id cards of all the photos of people being tracked by the police -then i went to taking photos of people -they used inside out as a platform for protest -there and made all the unseen faces of the city on the walls -in her town and i want to thank her today -standing rock nation in this turtle island unclear name from the dakota lakota tribe -wanted to show that the native americans are still here -do you know what it takes to do this people -from the suburbs of paris -while in iran at the same time abololo of course a nickname -to show his resistance against the government -i dont have to explain to you what kind of risk he took for that action -to the wall of israel and palestine -twenty percent of the posters we are receiving comes from schools education is so essential -kids just make photos in a class -the teacher receives them they paste them on the school here they even got the help of the firemen -of course we wanted to go back -to israel and palestine -so we went there with a truck this is a photobooth truck you go on the back of that truck it takes your photo thirty seconds later take it from the side -the rooftops of kenya to the favelas of rio -and each of them signs up for a two state peace solution -and then walk in the street this is march the four hundred and fifty thousand march beginning of september they were all holding their photo as a statement on the other side people were wrapping up streets buildings its everywhere come on dont tell me that people arent ready for peace out there -these projects took thousands of actions in one year making hundreds of thousands of people participating creating millions of views -paper and glue as easy as that -this is the biggest -global art participatory project thats going on -maybe not in one year thats the beginning but maybe we should change the question -from what ive seen this year -i asked a question last year -can art change the world -well let me tell you in terms of changing the world there has been a lot of competition this year -because the arab spring is still spreading the eurozone has collapsed what else the occupy movement found a voice -and i still have to speak english constantly so -you are going to take the photos -youre going to send them to me -im going to print them and send them back to you -then youre going to paste them where it makes sense for you to place your own statement -those are the kind of posters let me show you -and we keep sending more every day this is the size just a regular piece of paper with a little bit of ink on it -this one was from haiti -and i had a revelation i thought these guys took some creepy run down entertainment and put it to the highest possible level of performance -oh my god maybe i can do the same with these boring newspapers and i did we started to redesign them one by one -the front page became our signature -soon it started to bring results -in poland our pages were named covers of the year three times in a row -can see here are from latvia lithuania estonia the -and music has a rythm has ups and downs -and design is responsible for this experience -two pages both spreads as a one page because thats how readers perceive it you can see some russian pages here which got many awards on biggest infographic competition in -the real award came from society for newspaper design -just a year after redesigning this newspaper in poland they name it the -isnt amazing -really makes it amazing that the circulation of these newspapers were growing too just some examples in russia plus eleven after one year plus twenty nine after three years of the -and we should save trees in the end so its enough to bury any industry so should we rather ask can anything save newspapers -same in poland plus thirteen up to thirty five percent -of circulation after three years -you can see on a graph after years of stagnation the paper started to grow just after redesign -but the real hit was -and that is really amazing -just a part of the process and the process we made was not about changing the look it was about improving the product completely -i took an architectural rule about function and form and translated it into newspaper content and design and i put a strategy at the top of it so first you ask a big question why we do it what is the goal then we adjust the content accordingly -and then usually after two months we start designing my bosses in the beginning were very surprised why am i asking all of these business questions instead of just showing them pages -they realized that this is the new role of designer to be in this process from the very beginning to the very end -so what is the lesson behind it the first lesson is about that design can change not just your product it can change your workflow actually it can change everything -in your company it can turn your company upside down it can even change you and whos responsible designers give power to designers -the second is even more important -you can have no budgets no people but still can put your work to the highest possible level -need to remember that to be good is not enough -should be opinion driven less news more views and wed rather read it during breakfast because later we listen to radio in a car check your mail at work and in the evening -so what can we do -let me tell you my story twenty years ago bonnier swedish publisher started to set newspapers in the former soviet bloc after a few years they had several newspapers in central and eastern europe -by an inexperienced staff -with no visual culture no budgets for visual arts -in many places there were no even art directors i decided to be to work for them as an art director -the sensor would have to be inexpensive rapid -now theres a reason why this test hasnt been updated in over six decades -and thats because when were looking for pancreatic cancer were looking at your bloodstream which is already abundant in all these tons and tons of protein and youre looking for this miniscule difference in this tiny amount of protein just this one protein thats next to impossible -you ever experienced a moment in your life -however undeterred due to my teenage optimism -and what i had found was an article that listed a database of over eight thousand different proteins that are found when you have pancreatic cancer -so i decided to go and make it my new mission to go through all these proteins and see which ones could serve as a biomarker for pancreatic cancer and to make it a bit simpler for myself -i decided to map out a scientific criteria and here it is essentially first the protein would have to be found in all pancreatic cancers at high levels in the bloodstream in the earliest stages but also only in cancer -and so im just plugging and chugging through this gargantuan task and finally on the four thousandth try when im close to losing my sanity i find the protein -and its just your ordinary run of the mill type protein unless of course you have pancreatic ovarian or lung cancer in which case its found at these very high levels in your bloodstream but also the key is that its found in the earliest stages of the disease when someone has close to one hundred percent chance of survival -i then shifted my focus to actually detecting that protein and thus pancreatic cancer -now my breakthrough came in a very unlikely place possibly the most unlikely place for innovation my high school biology class the absolute stifler of innovation -to make sense of it all -and i had snuck in this article on these things called carbon nanotubes and thats just a long thin pipe of carbon thats an atom thick and one fifty thousandth the diameter of your hair and despite their extremely small sizes they have these incredible properties theyre kind of like the superheroes of material science -when i was thirteen a close family friend -and while i was sneakily reading this article under my desk in my biology class we were supposed to be paying attention to these other kind of cool molecules called antibodies and these are pretty cool because they only react with one specific protein but theyre not nearly as interesting as carbon nanotubes -and so then i was sitting in class and suddenly it hit me i could combine what i was reading about carbon nanotubes with what i was supposed to be thinking about antibodies -who was like an uncle to me passed away from pancreatic cancer when the disease hit so close to home i knew i needed to learn more -essentially i could weave a bunch of these antibodies into a network of carbon nanotubes such that you have a network that only reacts with one protein but also due to the properties of these nanotubes -it would change its electrical properties based on the amount of protein present -however theres a catch these networks of carbon nanotubes are extremely flimsy and since theyre so delicate they need to be supported so thats why i chose to use paper making a cancer sensor out of paper is about as simple as making chocolate chip cookies which i love -i cant really do cancer research on my kitchen countertop my mom wouldnt really like that -so instead i decided to go for a lab so i typed up a budget a materials list a timeline and a procedure and i emailed it to two hundred different professors at johns hopkins university and the national institutes of health essentially anyone that had anything to do with pancreatic cancer -so i went online to find answers using the internet i found a variety of statistics on pancreatic cancer and what i had found shocked me over eighty five percent of all pancreatic cancers are diagnosed late -he went through and said why each and every step was like the worst mistake i could ever make -clearly the professors did not have as high of an opinion of my work as i did -however there was a silver lining one professor said maybe i might be able to help you kid so i went in that direction -and theyre just firing these questions at me and by the end i kind of felt like i was in a clown car there were twenty ph d s plus me and the professor crammed into this tiny office space with them firing these rapid fire questions at me trying to sink my procedure how unlikely is that i mean -this makes it one hundred and sixty eight times faster over twenty six thousand times less expensive and over four hundred times more sensitive than our current standard for pancreatic cancer detection -and so in the next two to five years this sensor could potentially lift for pancreatic cancer survival rates from a dismal five point five percent to close to one hundred percent and it would do similar for ovarian and lung cancer -when someone has less than a two percent chance of survival -but it wouldnt stop there -by switching out that antibody you can look at a different protein thus a different disease potentially any disease in the entire world so that ranges from heart disease to malaria hiv aids as well as other forms of cancer anything and so hopefully one day -we can all have that one extra uncle that one mother that one brother sister we can have that one more family member to love -and that our hearts will be rid of that one disease burden that comes from pancreatic ovarian and lung cancer and potentially any disease that through the internet anything is possible -why are we so bad at detecting pancreatic cancer -theories can be shared and you dont have to be a professor with multiple degrees to have your ideas valued -its a neutral space where what you look like age or gender it doesnt matter its just your ideas that count -for me its all about looking at the internet in an entirely new way to realize that theres so much more to it than just posting duck face pictures of yourself online -you could be changing the world -the reason todays current modern medicine is a sixty year old technique -could find a new way to detect pancreatic cancer -thats older than my dad -so i set up a scientific criteria as to what a sensor would have to look like in order to effectively diagnose pancreatic cancer -as you can see -so i cut right here -then its going to show inside -and i can change my cut -you can see some internal organs -so we call this the slicer mode -so if i want to see the back side i can flip -and see from behind -uncomfortable to you or disturbing to you -so instead of just butchering the body id like to do more clinically meaningful dissections what im going to do is im going to peel off all the skin muscles and bones just to see a few internal organs -but for a school it could be very difficult -you dont want to hear oops in real surgery -im going to make a cut right there -so let me show you im going to start with the skeletal structure -and i can add a few internal organs -and i can build muscles -another thing i can show you -and also if you want you can compare -and then its ready for another session -virtual dissection table -the dissection without a human cadaver -and the table form is important -so this is exactly the way students will see the real anatomy -and sure enough nanotyrannus has juvenile bone and -the bigger one has more mature bone -it looks like it could still get bigger and at the museum of the rockies where we work i have four t rexes so i can cut a whole bunch of them but i didnt have to cut any of them really because i just lined up their jaws -the title of my talk -and it turned out the biggest one had twelve teeth and the next smallest one had thirteen and the next smallest had fourteen -shape shifting dinosaurs the cause of a premature extinction now i assume that we remember dinosaurs and theres lots of different shapes lots of different kinds a long time ago -and of course nano has seventeen and we just went out and looked at other peoples collections and we found one that -has sort of fifteen teeth -so again -real easy to say that -when it comes down to our -end cretaceous we have seven left -and theyre not happy with -back in the early one thousand nine hundred s museums were out looking for dinosaurs they went out and gathered them up -every museum wanted a little bigger or better one than anybody else -so if the museum in toronto went out and collected -and a better one and that happened for all museums so everyone was out looking for all these bigger and better dinosaurs -i ask for a show of hands or a clapping -where are all the little ones -and they thought about it and they even wrote papers about it -where are the little dinosaurs -go to a museum youll see -see how many baby dinosaurs there are -people assumed and this was actually a problem people assumed that -if they had little dinosaurs if they had juvenile dinosaurs theyd be easy to identify -but all they had were big dinosaurs -and it comes down to a couple of things first off -scientists have egos -and scientists like to name dinosaurs -im interested in how many are three to twelve years old -and what happened of course is we ended up with a whole bunch of different dinosaurs -in one thousand nine hundred and seventy five -a light went on in somebodys head dr peter dodson at the university of pennsylvania actually realized that dinosaurs -grew kind of like birds do -which is different than the way reptiles grow -the cassowary as an example -and its kind of cool if you look at the cassowary or any of the birds that have crests on their heads they actually grow to about eighty percent adult size before the crest starts to grow -in what we call ontogeny so allometric cranial ontogeny -one that was eighty percent grown -and you didnt know that it was going to grow up to a cassowary you would think they were two different animals -so this was a problem and -peter dodson pointed this out using some duck billed dinosaurs -a baby and an adult and make an average of what it should look like if it grew in sort of a linear fashion -it would have a crest about half the size of the adult -taken that taken peter dodsons work and -gone on with that then we would have a lot less dinosaurs than we have -but scientists have egos they like to name things -now we have a way of actually testing to see whether a dinosaur or any animal is a young one or an older one and thats by actually cutting into their bones -but cutting into the bones of a dinosaur is hard to do as you can imagine because -theyre very well taken care of -they dont like it if you come in and want to saw them open and look inside -i have a museum and i collect dinosaurs -and i can saw mine open so thats what i do -if you cut open a little dinosaur -its very spongy inside like a and if you cut into an older dinosaur its very massive you can tell its mature bone so its real easy to tell them apart -theres this unit of rock called the hell creek formation that produces the last dinosaurs that lived on earth and there are twelve of them that everyone recognizes i mean the twelve primary dinosaurs that went extinct -and so we will evaluate -and thats sort of what ive been doing so my students my staff weve been -dinosaurs are kind of funny you know -cutting them open -dinosaurs skull do you -and the assumption is is that theyre related like cousins or whatever but no one ever considered that they might be more closely related -in other words people looked at them and they saw the differences -and you all know that if you are going to determine whether youre related to your brother or your sister you cant do it by looking at differences you can only determine relatedness by looking for similarities so -people were looking at these and they were talking about how different they are -and then stygimoloch another dinosaur from the same age lived at the same time -has spikes sticking out the back of its head its got a little tiny dome -and its got a bunch of gnarly stuff on its nose -heres a dinosaur that has spikes sticking out of its head no dome and gnarly stuff on its nose -nobody noticed the gnarly stuff sort of looked alike but they did look at these three and they said -these are three different dinosaurs and dracorex is probably the most primitive of them and the other one is -more primitive than the other its unclear to me how they actually sorted these three of them out but if you line them up if you just take those three skulls and just line them up -they line up like this dracorex is the littlest one -that should give me a clue -and look it was spongy inside -really spongy inside i mean it is a juvenile and its growing really fast -so it is going to get bigger if you cut open stygimoloch it is doing the same thing the dome that little dome is growing really fast its inflating very fast -whats interesting is the spike on the back of the dracorex was growing very fast as well the spikes on the back of the stygimoloch are actually resorbing which means theyre getting smaller -and its little bumps on the back of its head were also resorbing so -just with these three dinosaurs you can easily as a scientist we can easily hypothesize that it is just a growth series -of the same animal -so a colleague of mine at berkley he and i were looking at triceratops and -before the year two thousand now remember triceratops was first found in the one thousand eight hundred s before two thousand no one had ever seen a juvenile triceratops -theres a triceratops in every museum in the world -but no one had ever collected a juvenile -theyre all over the place -so we have a whole bunch of them at our museum -and then as they grow older the horns grow forward -and thats pretty cool if you look along the edge of the frill they have these little triangular bones that actually grow big as triangles and then they flatten against the frill pretty much like the -and then because the juveniles are in my collection i cut them open -the adult triceratops was also spongy and this is a skull that is two meters long -but theres another dinosaur that is found in this formation that looks like a triceratops except its bigger and its called torosaurus -so one of my graduate students john scannella -the hole starting to form in triceratops and -of course its open in torosaurus so he found the transitional ones between triceratops and torosaurus which was pretty cool so now we know that torosaurus -is actually a grownup triceratops -now when we name dinosaurs when we name anything the original name gets to stick and the second name is -thrown out so -torosaurus is extinct -triceratops if youve heard the news a lot of the newscasters got it all wrong they thought torosaurus should be kept and triceratops thrown out -we look at the bone histology the bone histology tells us that edmontosaurus is a juvenile or at least a sub adult and the other one is -thats sort of the theme big different and gone -so we can just keep doing this and the last one is -it must be true they must be different -and so at that time i was able to make some interesting hypotheses along with my colleagues we were able to actually say that dinosaurs based on the evidence we had that dinosaurs -and cared for their young brought food to their babies -and traveled in gigantic herds -i have gone on to find more things and discover that dinosaurs really were very social we have found -a lot of evidence that dinosaurs changed from when they were juveniles to when they were adults the appearance of them would have been different -which it is in all social animals in social groups of animals the juveniles always look different than the adults -the adults can recognize the juveniles the juveniles can recognize the adults -i had two dreams -michael crichton and in his book he talked about the social animals and then steven spielberg of course depicts these dinosaurs as being very social creatures -the theme of this story is building a dinosaur and so -we come to that part of jurassic park michael crichton really was one of the first people to talk about bringing dinosaurs back to life -i wanted to be a paleontologist a dinosaur paleontologist -you all know the story right i mean i assume everyone here has seen jurassic park if you want to make a dinosaur you go out you find yourself a piece of petrified tree sap -otherwise known as amber -sucked dinosaur dna out -and you take your dna back to the laboratory and you clone it and i guess you inject it into maybe an ostrich egg or something like that and then -and i wanted to have a pet dinosaur -you wait and lo and behold out pops -the dinosaurs being social -act out their socialness and they get together -and they conspire -and of course thats what makes steven spielbergs movie -conspiring dinosaurs -chasing people around so i assume everybody knows that if you actually had a piece of amber and it had an insect in it and you -drilled into it and you -got something out of that insect and you cloned it and you did it over and over and over again -youd have a room full of mosquitos -now if you want dinosaur dna i say go to the dinosaur -to attempt to extract dna from a dinosaur and we chose the dinosaur on the left a tyrannosaurus rex which was a very nice specimen and one of my former doctoral students dr mary schweitzer -i was very fortunate early in my career -actually had the background to do this sort of thing and so -she looked into the bone of this t rex one of the thigh bones -and she actually found some very interesting structures in there -they found these red circular looking objects -and they looked for all the world like red blood cells and theyre in what appear to be the blood channels that go through the bone and so she thought well what the heck -i was fortunate in finding things i wasnt very good at reading things in fact i dont read much of anything -find some dinosaurs that had more material in them -and out in eastern montana -you can go out there and find a lot of stuff and we did find a lot of stuff we found a lot of tyrannosaurs but we found one special tyrannosaur and we called it b rex -and b rex was found under a thousand cubic yards of rock -it wasnt a very complete t rex and it wasnt a very big t rex -but it was a very special b rex -and i and my colleagues cut into it and we were able to determine by looking at lines of arrested growth some lines in it that b rex had died at the age of sixteen -we dont really know how long dinosaurs lived because we havent found the oldest one yet -but this one died at the age of sixteen -we gave samples to mary schweitzer and she was actually able to determine that b rex was a female -i am extremely dyslexic and so -based on medullary tissue found on the inside of the bone medullary tissue is the calcium build up -the calcium storage basically when an animal is pregnant when a bird is pregnant -so here was the character that linked birds and dinosaurs -but mary went further she took the bone and she dumped it into acid -reading is the hardest thing i do -and so if you dump it into acid there shouldnt be anything left -but there was something left -there were blood vessels left -there were flexible clear blood vessels -and so here was the first soft tissue from a dinosaur -but she did find evidence of proteins -but we thought maybe well -and so we built a laboratory in the back of an eighteen wheeler trailer -where we could get better samples and we did we got -the vessels looked better -found the protein collagen i mean it was wonderful stuff -but its not dinosaur dna -birds are living dinosaurs -we actually classify them -as dinosaurs we now call them non avian dinosaurs and avian dinosaurs -so the non avian dinosaurs are the big clunky ones that went extinct -avian dinosaurs are our modern birds -so we dont have to make a dinosaur because we already have -the sixth graders look at it and they say -the chicken is a dinosaur -we actually have some evolutionary tools -and we know selection works we started out with a wolf like creature and we ended up with a maltese -i have been fortunate enough to find things like -or any of the other funny looking little dogs -the first eggs in the western hemisphere and -but theres another thing theres what we call atavism activation and atavism activation is -the first baby dinosaurs in nests -and its because -its an ancestral characteristic -and so there are a number of atavisms that can happen -snakes are occasionally born with legs -and heres an example this is a chicken -the first dinosaur embryos and massive accumulations of bones -now thats a good characteristic we can save that one we know we can use that -we can make a chicken with teeth -if you can find those i can just reverse them -and so he agreed and so -thats what were looking into if you look at dinosaur hands a velociraptor has that cool looking hand with the claws on it archaeopteryx which is a bird a primitive bird still has that very primitive hand but as you can see the pigeon or a chicken or anything else another bird -has kind of a weird looking hand because -people were just starting to begin to realize that dinosaurs werent the big -the hand actually -but a gene turns on that actually fuses those together -and the same goes for the tails -birds have basically -rudimentary tails -but a gene turns on and resorbs the tail -stupid green reptiles that people had thought for so many years people were starting to get an idea that dinosaurs were special -but its just the very basics -so that really is what were doing and people always say why do that why make this thing what good is -well thats a good question -actually i think its a great way to teach kids about evolutionary biology and developmental biology and all sorts of things and -colonel sanders was to -be careful how he worded it he could actually advertise an extra piece -it will be obviously the poster child or what you might call a poster chick -for technology entertainment and design -and we as taught within the torah that we are made in the image of god so we too have to be compassionate -but what does it mean how does it impact on our everyday life sometimes of course being compassionate can produce feelings within us that are very difficult to control -i know there are many times when ive gone and conducted a funeral or when i have been sitting with the bereaved or with people who are dying -and i am overwhelmed by the sadness by the -difficulty the challenge that is there for the family for the person and im touched so that tears come to my eyes -and yet if i just allowed myself to be overwhelmed by these feelings i wouldnt be doing my job -because i have to actually be there for them and make sure that rituals happen that practicalities are seen to -one of my favorite cartoon characters is snoopy i love the way he sits and lies on his kennel and contemplates the great things of life -and yet on the other hand if i didnt feel this compassion then i feel that it would be time for me to hang up my robe and give up being -and these same feelings are there for all of us as we face the world who can not be touched by compassion when we see the terrible -war -some people who say well you know theres just so much out there i cant do anything i not going to even begin to try -and there are some charity workers who call this compassion fatigue there are -who feel they cant confront compassion anymore and so they turn off the television and dont -in judaism though we tend to always say -has to be a middle way you have to of course be aware of the needs of others -of compassion has to be an understanding of what makes people tick -and of course you cant do that unless you understand yourself a bit more and theres a lovely rabbinic interpretation of the beginnings of creation which says that when god created the world -so when i thought about compassion my mind immediately went to one of the cartoon strips where hes lying there -god thought that it would be best to create the world only with the divine attribute of justice -thought -in fact if the world was just filled with compassion there would be anarchy and chaos there has to be limits to all things -the rabbis describe this as being like a king who has a beautiful fragile glass -and so god put both these possibilities into the world -and he says i really understand and i really appreciate how one should love ones neighbor as one loves oneself -there is something more though that has to be -like snoopy we cant just lie there and think great thoughts about our neighbors we actually have to do something about -and so there is also within judaism this notion of love and kindness that becomes very important -all these three things then have to be melded together the idea of justice -which gives boundaries to our lives and gives us a feeling of whats right about life whats right about living what should we be doing social justice -has to be a willingness to do good deeds but not of course at the expense of our own sanity -you know theres no way that you can do anything for anyone if you overdo things and balancing them all in the middle -is this notion of compassion which has to be there if you like at our very roots -this idea of compassion comes to us because were made in the image of god -who is ultimately the compassionate one what does this compassion entail it entails understanding the pain of the -but even more than that it means understanding -ones connection to the whole of creation -is the people next door i cant stand them this in a way is one of the challenges of how to -that understanding that one is part of that creation that there is a unity that underlies -all that we see all that we hear all that we feel -i call that unity god -and that that unity is something that connects all of creation and of course in the modern world with the environmental movement were becoming even more aware -the connectivity of things that something i do here actually does matter in africa that if i use too much of my carbon allowance it seems to be that we are causing -a great lack of rain in central and eastern africa -so there is a connectivity and i have to understand that as part of part of the creation as part of me being made in the image of god and i have to understand -that my needs sometimes have to be sublimated to other needs this eighteen minutes business -i find quite fascinating because in judaism the word the number eighteen in hebrew letters stands for life the word life -so in a sense the eighteen minutes is challenging me to say -is whats important in terms of compassion but something else as well actually eighteen minutes is important because at passover when we have to eat -what is the difference between dough that is made into bread and dough that is made into unleavened bread matzah and they say its eighteen minutes -a really good idea we all i think believe in compassion if you look at all the world religions all the main world religions -should revolve round us so we try and get rid of those and -try to get rid of the habits the emotions the ideas that enslave us that make -is a basis for having compassion for understanding our place in the world -now there is in judaism a gorgeous story of a rich man who sat in synagogue one day -many people do he was dozing off during the sermon and as he was dozing off they were reading from the book of leviticus in the torah -within them some teaching concerning compassion so in judaism we have from our torah that you should love you neighbor as you love yourself -which they used to place into a special table in the temple in jerusalem -the man was asleep but he heard the words bread temple god and -and he -and after the sabbath he made twelve loaves of bread -torah then he went home the cleaner came into the synagogue -such trouble ive got children to feed my wifes ill ive got no money what can i do -my -next week with raisins this went on for years every week the man would bring bread -and within jewish teachings the rabbinic teachings we have hillel who taught that you shouldnt do to others what you dont like being done to yourself -and saw what was going on and he called the two of them to his office and he said you know this is whats happening -and the rich man -of course what you are doing he said to the rich man is answering gods plea that we should be compassionate -and god he said to the poor man is answering your plea that people should be compassionate and -he looked at the rich man he held the rich mans hands and said dont you understand he said these are the hands of god -so that is the way -understanding that there is a connectivity that there is a unity in this world that i want to try and -that unity and that i can try and do that by understanding i hope trying to understand something of the pain of -and all the main religions have similar teachings and again within judaism we have -that i have to understand that there are limits to my energy to the giving i can give i have to reevaluate them try and -separate out the material things and my emotions that may be enslaving me -so that i can see the world clearly and then i have to try to see -in what ways i can make these the hands of god and so try to bring compassion to life -teaching about god who is called the compassionate one ha rachaman after all how could the world exist without god being compassionate -a lot of people when they hear the word sexual orientation think it means gay lesbian -theres so many men who care deeply about these issues but caring deeply is not enough -we need more men with the guts with the courage with the strength -with the moral integrity to break our complicit silence and challenge each other and stand with women and not against them -by the way we owe it to women theres no question about it but we also owe it to our sons we also owe it to young men who are growing up all over the world in situations where they didnt make the choice to be a man in a culture that tells them that manhood is a certain way they didnt make the choice we that have a choice -have an opportunity and a responsibility to them as well i hope that going forward men and women working together can begin the change and the transformation that will happen so that future generations wont have the level of tragedy that we deal with on a daily basis i know we can do it -bisexual and a lot of people when they hear the word gender think it means women in each case the dominant group doesnt get paid attention to right as if white people dont have some sort of racial identity or belong to some racial category or construct as if heterosexual people dont have a sexual orientation -m going to share with you a paradigm shifting perspective on the issues of gender violence sexual assault domestic violence relationship abuse sexual harassment sexual abuse of children that whole range of issues that ill refer to in shorthand as gender violence issues theyve been seen as womens issues that some good men help out with -as if men dont have a gender -this is one of the ways that dominant systems maintain and reproduce themselves which is to say the dominant group is rarely challenged to even think about its dominance because thats one of the key characteristics of power and privilege the ability to go unexamined lacking introspection -in fact being rendered invisible in large measure in the discourse about issues that are primarily about us and this is amazing how this works in domestic and sexual violence how men have been largely erased from so much of the conversation about a subject that is centrally about men -and im going to illustrate what im talking about by using the old tech im -conspires to keep our attention off of men this is about domestic violence in particular but you can plug in other analogues this comes from the work of the feminist linguist julia penelope it starts with a very basic english sentence john beat -mary was beaten by john -and now a whole lot has happened in one sentence weve gone from john beat mary to mary was beaten by john weve shifted our focus in one sentence from john -to mary and you can see john is very close to the end of the sentence well close to dropping off the map of our psychic plain the third sentence john is dropped and we have mary -was beaten and now its all about mary were not even thinking about john its totally focused on mary over the past generation the term weve used synonymous with beaten is battered so we have mary was battered -and the final sentence in this sequence flowing from the others is mary is a battered woman so now marys very identity mary is a battered -woman -is what was done to her by john in the first instance but weve demonstrated that john has long ago left the conversation now those of us who work in the domestic and sexual violence field know that victim blaming is pervasive in this realm which is to say blaming the person to whom something was done rather than the person who did it -and we say things like why do these women go out with these men why are they attracted to these men why do they keep going back what was she wearing at that party what a stupid thing to do why was she drinking with that group of guys in that hotel room -but i have a problem with that frame and i dont accept it i dont see these as womens issues that some good men help out with in fact im going to argue that these are mens issues first and foremost applause now obviously -not about mary theyre about john the questions include things like why does john beat mary -why is domestic violence still a big problem in the united states and all over the world whats going on why do so many men abuse physically emotionally verbally and other ways the women and girls and the men and boys that they claim to love whats going on with men -why do so many adult men sexually abuse little girls and little boys why is that a common problem in our society and all over the world today why do we hear over and over again about new -scandals erupting in major institutions like the catholic church or the penn state football program or the boy scouts of america on and on and on and then local communities all over the country and all over the world right we hear about it all the time the sexual abuse of children -whats going on with men why do so many men rape women in our society and around the world why do so many men rape other men what is going on with men and then what -is the role of the various institutions in our society that are helping to produce abusive men at pandemic rates because this isnt about individual perpetrators thats a naive way to understanding what is a much deeper and more systematic social problem you know the perpetrators arent these monsters who crawl out of the swamp and come into town and do their nasty -business and then retreat into the darkness -thats a very naive notion right -perpetrators are much more normal than that and everyday than that so the question is what are we doing here in our society and in the world what are the roles of various institutions in helping to produce -abusive men whats the role of religious belief systems the sports culture the pornography culture the family structure economics and how that intersects and race and ethnicity and how that intersects how does all this work -and then once we start making those kinds of connections and asking those important and big questions then we can talk about how we can be transformative in other words how can we do something differently how can we change the practices how can we change the socialization of boys and the definitions of manhood that lead to these current outcomes these are the kind of questions -that sometimes women cant say or better yet we can be heard saying some things that women often cant be heard saying -now i appreciate that thats a problem its sexism but its the truth and so one of the things that i say to men and my colleagues and i always say this is we need more men who have the courage and the strength to start standing up and saying some of this stuff -and standing with women and not against them and pretending that somehow this is a battle between the sexes and other kinds of nonsense we live in the world together and by the way one of the things that really bothers me about some of the rhetoric against feminists and others who have built the battered womens and rape crisis movements around the world -the first is that it gives men an excuse not to pay attention right a lot of men hear the term womens issues and we tend to tune it out and we think hey im a guy thats for the girls or thats for the women and a lot of men literally dont get beyond the first sentence -is that somehow like i said that theyre anti male what about all the boys who are profoundly affected in a negative way by what some adult man is doing against their mother -themselves their sisters -what about all those boys what about all the young men and boys who have been traumatized by adult mens violence you know what the same system that produces men who abuse women produces men who abuse other men and if we want to talk about male victims lets talk about male victims most male victims of violence are the victims of other mens violence so thats something that both women and men have in common -we are both victims of mens violence so we have it in our direct self interest not to mention the fact that most men that i know have women and girls that we care deeply about in our families and our friendship circles and every other way so theres so many reasons why we need men to speak out it seems obvious saying it out loud doesnt it now -the nature of the work that i do and my colleagues do in the sports culture and the u s military in schools we pioneered this approach called the bystander approach to gender violence prevention and i just want to give you the highlights of the bystander approach because its a big -women as perpetrators men as victims or any combination in there im using the gender binary i know theres more than men and women theres more than male and female -and there are women who are perpetrators and of course there are men who are victims theres a whole spectrum but instead of seeing it in the binary fashion we focus on all of us as what we call bystanders and a bystander is defined as anybody who is not -a perpetrator or a victim in a given situation -so in other words friends teammates colleagues coworkers family members those of us who are -not directly involved in a dyad of abuse but we are embedded in social family work school and other peer culture relationships with people who might be in that situation what do we do how do we speak up how do we challenge our friends how do we support our friends but how do we not -remain silent in the face of abuse now when it comes to men and male culture the goal is to get men who are not abusive to challenge men who are -as a result its almost like a chip in our brain is activated and the neural pathways take our attention in a different direction when we hear the term womens issues this is also true by the way of the word gender because a lot of people hear the word gender and they think it means women -and when i say abusive i dont mean just men who are beating women were not just saying a man whose friend is abusing his girlfriend needs to stop the guy at the moment of attack thats a naive way of creating a -social change its along a continuum were trying to get men to interrupt each other so for example if youre a guy and youre in a group of guys playing poker talking hanging out no women present and another guy says something sexist or degrading or harassing about women -instead of laughing along or pretending you didnt hear it we need men to say hey thats not funny you know that could be my sister youre talking about and could you joke about something else or could you talk about something else i dont appreciate that kind of talk just like if youre a white person and another white person makes a racist comment youd hope i hope -that white people would interrupt that racist enactment by a fellow white person just like with heterosexism if youre a heterosexual person and you -to interrupt that process and to speak up and to create a peer culture climate where the abusive behavior will be seen as unacceptable not just because its illegal but because its wrong and unacceptable in the peer culture -will lose status as a result of it guess what well see a radical -diminution of the abuse because the typical perpetrator is not sick and twisted hes a normal guy in every other way -isnt he now -among the many great things that martin luther king said in his short life was in the end what will hurt the most -is not the words of our enemies but the silence of our friends in the end what will hurt the most is not the words of our enemies but the silence of our friends theres been an awful lot of silence in male culture about this ongoing tragedy of mens violence against women and children hasnt there -now its easier said than done -so they think that gender issues is synonymous with womens issues theres some confusion about the term gender and actually let me illustrate that confusion by way of analogy -because im saying it now but im telling you its not easy in male culture for guys to challenge each other which is one of the reasons why -part of the paradigm shift that has to happen is not just understanding these issues as mens issues but theyre also leadership issues for men because ultimately the responsibility for taking a stand on these issues should not fall on the shoulders of little boys or teenage boys in high school or -he or she is being a leader really right but on a big scale we need more adult men with -power to start prioritizing these issues and we havent seen that yet have we now i was at a dinner a number of years ago -and i work extensively with the u s military all the services and i was at this dinner and this woman said to me -i think she thought she was a little clever she said so how long have you been doing sensitivity training with the marines -and i said with all due respect i dont do sensitivity training with the marines i run a leadership program in the marine corps now i know its a bit pompous my response but -its an important distinction because i dont believe that what we need is sensitivity training we need leadership training because for example when a professional coach or a manager of a baseball team or a football team and i work extensively in that realm as well -makes a sexist comment makes a homophobic statement makes a racist comment -so lets talk for a moment about race in the u s when we hear the word race a lot of people think that means african american -my argument is he doesnt need sensitivity training he needs leadership training because hes being a bad leader because in a society with gender diversity and sexual diversity -we know so much about how to prevent domestic and sexual violence right -theres no excuse for a college or university to not have domestic and sexual violence prevention training mandated for all student athletes coaches administrators as part of their educational process we know enough to know that we can easily do that -but you know whats missing the leadership but its not the leadership of student athletes its the leadership of the athletic director the president of the university the people in charge who make decisions about resources and who make decisions about priorities in the institutional settings thats a failure in most cases of mens leadership look at penn state penn state -is the mother of all teachable moments for the bystander approach you had so many situations in that realm where men in powerful positions failed to act to protect children in this case boys -its unbelievable really but when you get into it you realize there are pressures on men there are constraints within peer cultures on men which is why we need to encourage men -to break through those pressures and one of the ways to do that is to say theres an awful lot of men who care deeply about these issues i know this i work with men and ive been working with tens of thousands hundreds of thousands of men for many many decades now its scary when you think about it how many years but -and continues to serve as a metaphor to me about the level of connectedness that we all have on this earth we so often dont realize what our action and our inaction does to people we think we will never see and never -to start with a story a la seth godin from when i was twelve years old my uncle ed gave me a beautiful blue sweater at least i thought it was beautiful and it had fuzzy zebras walking across the stomach and -i also tell it because it tells a larger contextual story of what aid is and can be that this traveled into the goodwill in virginia -and moved its way into the larger industry which at that point was giving millions of tons of secondhand clothing to africa and asia which was a very good thing providing low cost clothing and at the same time certainly in rwanda it destroyed the local retailing industry -not to say that it shouldnt have but that we have to get better at answering the questions that need to be considered when we think about consequences and responses -unwed mothers we were called the bad news bears and our notion was we were going to corner the snack food business in kigali which was not hard because there were no snacks before us -and because we had a good business model we actually did it and i watched these women transform on a micro level but at the same time i started a micro finance bank and tomorrow iqbal quadir is going to talk about grameen which is -what we didnt understand what was happening all around us with the confluence of fear -ethnic strife and certainly an aid game if you will that was playing into this invisible but certainly palpable -the banking institution lasted in fact it became the largest rehabilitation lender in the country the bakery was completely wiped out but the lessons for me were that accountability counts -got to build things with people on the ground using business models where as steven levitt would say the incentives matter understand however complex we -incentives matter so when chris raised to me how wonderful everything that was happening in the world that we were seeing a shift in zeitgeist -on the one hand i absolutely agree with him and i was so thrilled to see what happened with the g eight that the world because of people like tony blair and bono and bob geldof -the world is talking about global poverty the world is talking about africa in ways i have never seen in my life its thrilling and at the same time what keeps me up at night is a fear that well look -as the victory as more than chapter one as our moral absolution and in fact what we need to do is see that as chapter one -and if you remember one thing from what i want to talk about today its that the only way to end poverty to make it history is to build -whole philosophy that encouraged me to start my current endeavor called acumen fund which is trying to build some mini blueprints for how we might do that in water health and housing in pakistan india -one day in ninth grade when i was standing with a number of the football players and my body had clearly changed and matt mussolina who was -kenya tanzania and egypt and i want to talk a little bit about that and some of the examples so you can see what it is that were doing -strong huge masses of people yearning to be free when in fact its quite an amazing story on a macro level -where we typically work theres people making between one and three dollars a day who are these people they are farmers and factory workers theyre working in government offices theyre drivers they -the poor also are willing to make and do make smart decisions if you give them that opportunity so two examples -one is in india where there are two hundred and forty million farmers most of whom make less than two dollars a day where we work in aurangabad the land is extraordinarily parched -undeniably my nemesis in high school said in a booming voice that we no longer had to go far away to go on ski trips but we could all ski on mount novogratz and -you see people on average making sixty cents to a dollar this guy in pink is a social entrepreneur named ami tabar what he did was see what was happening in israel larger approaches and figure out how to do a drip irrigation which is a way -of bringing water directly to the plant stock but previously its only been created for large scale farms so ami tabar took this and modularized it down to -a couple of principles build small make it infinitely expandable and affordable to the poor -this family sarita and her husband bought a fifteen dollar unit when they were living in a literally a three walled lean to with a corrugated iron -roof after one harvest they had increased their income enough to buy a second system to do their full quarter acre -i truly believe you cant talk about poverty today without talking about malaria bed nets and i again give jeffrey sachs of harvard huge kudos for bringing to the world this notion -of his rage for five dollars you can save a life malaria is a disease that kills one to three million people a year three hundred to five hundred million cases are reported its estimated that africa loses about thirteen billion dollars a year to the disease -the question though is not why cant we the question is how can we help africans do this for themselves a lot of hurdles one production is too low two price is too high three -this is a good road in right near where our factory is located distribution is a nightmare but not impossible we started by making a three hundred and fifty thousand dollar loan to the largest traditional bed net manufacturer in africa so that they could -so humiliated and mortified that i immediately ran home to my mother and chastised her for ever letting me wear the hideous sweater we drove to the goodwill and we threw the sweater away somewhat ceremoniously -transfer technology from japan and build these long lasting five year nets here are just some pictures of the factory today three years later the company has employed another thousand women -it contributes about six hundred thousand dollars in wages to the economy of tanzania its the largest company in tanzania -the throughput rate right now is one point five million nets three million by the end of the year we hope to have seven million at the end of next year -so the production side is working on the distribution side though as a world we have a lot of work to do right now ninety five percent of these nets are being bought by the u n and then given primarily to people -people their women and so i want you to meet jacqueline my namesake twenty one years old if she were born anywhere else but tanzania im telling you she could run wall street she runs two of the lines -and find a way for the women themselves to go out and sell these nets to others she quickly started calculating what she herself could make and signed up we -not coming in with our own notions because she didnt even talk about malaria until the very end first she talked about comfort status beauty -my idea being that i would never have to think about the sweater nor see it ever again fast forward eleven years later im a twenty five year old kid -these nets she said you put them on the floor bugs leave your house children can sleep through the night the house looks beautiful you hang them in the window and weve started making curtains -and not only is it beautiful but people can see status that you care about your children only then did she talk about saving your -childrens lives a lot of lessons to be learned in terms of how we sell goods and services to the poor -i want to end just by saying that theres enormous opportunity to make poverty history to do it right -we have to build business models that matter that are scaleable and that work with africans indians people all over the developing world who fit in this category -to do it themselves because at the end of the day its about engagement its about understanding that people really dont want handouts that they want to make their own decisions they want to solve their own problems and that by engaging with them -not only do we create much more dignity for them but for us as well and so i urge all of you to think next time as to how to engage with this notion -and this opportunity that we all have to make poverty history by really becoming part of the process and moving away from an us and them world and realizing that its about all of us and the kind of world that we together want to live in and share thank you -im working in kigali rwanda jogging through the steep slopes when i see ten feet in front of me a little boy eleven years old running toward me wearing my sweater -and im thinking no this is not possible but so curious i run up to the child of course scaring the living bejesus out of him -and i see teachers and musicians hedge fund managers designers one sister who makes other peoples wishes come true -and my wish when i see those women i meet those farmers and i think about all the people across this continent who are working hard every day -is that they have that sense of opportunity and possibility and that they also can -and get access to services so that their children too can live those lives of great purpose it shouldnt be that difficult but what it takes is a commitment from all of us to -it takes opening your arms both wide and expecting very little love in return but demanding accountability and bringing the accountability to the table as well -and most of all most of all it requires that all of us have the courage and the patience whether we are rich or poor -and it was really the beginning of my understanding the power of language and how what we call people so often distances us from them and makes them little -i also found out that the bakery was nothing like a business that in fact it was a classic charity run by a well intentioned person who -so i made a deal with the women i said look we get rid of the charity side and we run this as a business and ill help you they nervously agreed i nervously started -i really am honored to be here and as chris said its been over twenty years since i started working in africa my first introduction was at the abidjan airport on a sweaty ivory coast morning i had just left wall street cut my hair to look like margaret mead -and of course things are always harder than you think theyre going to be first of all i thought well we need a sales team and we clearly arent the a team here so -lets i did all this training and the epitome was when i literally marched into the streets of nyamirambo which is the popular quarter of kigali with a bucket and i sold -all these little doughnuts to people and i came back and i was like you see and the women said you know jacqueline who in nyamirambo is not going to buy doughnuts out of an orange bucket from a tall american woman and -i went the whole american way with competitions team and individual completely failed but over time the women learnt to sell -on their own way and they started listening to the marketplace and they came back with ideas for cassava chips and banana chips and sorghum bread and before you knew it we had cornered the kigali market and the women were earning three to four times the national average -that confidence surge i thought well its time to create a real bakery so lets paint it and the women said thats a really great idea -brought gaudence the recalcitrant one of all and we brought all this paint and fabric to make curtains and on painting day we all gathered in nyamirambo and -the idea was we would paint it white with blue as trim like a little french bakery but that was clearly not as satisfying as painting a wall of blue like a morning sky so blue blue everything became blue the walls were blue the windows were blue the sidewalk out front -was painted blue and aretha franklin was shouting r e s p e c t the womens hips were swaying and little kids were trying to grab the paintbrushes but it was their day and at the end of it we stood across the street -and we looked at what we had done and i said it is so beautiful and the women said it really is and i said and i think the color is perfect -and they all nodded their head except for gaudence and i said what and she said nothing and i said what and she said -well it is pretty but you know our color really it is green and and i learned then -that listening isnt just about patience but that when youve lived on charity and dependent your whole life long its really hard to say -and mostly because people never really ask you and when they do you dont really think they want to know the truth and so then i learned that listening is not only about waiting but its also learning how better to ask questions -and so i lived in kigali for about two and a half years doing these two things and it was an extraordinary time in my life and it taught me -three lessons that i think are so important for us today and certainly in the work that i do the first is that dignity is more important to the human spirit than wealth -as eleni has said when people gain income they gain choice and that is fundamental to dignity but as human beings we also want to see each other and we want to be heard by each other and we should never forget that -the second is that traditional charity and aid are never going to solve the problems of poverty i think andrew pretty well covered that so i will move to the third point -which is that markets alone also are not going to solve the problems of poverty yes we ran this as a business -but someone needed to pay the philanthropic support that came into the training and the management support the strategic advice and maybe most important of all -the access to new contacts networks and new markets and so on a micro level theres a real role for this combination of investment -and philanthropy and on a macro level some of the speakers have inferred that even health should be privatized but having had a father with heart disease and realizing that -what our family could afford was not what he should have gotten and having a good friend step in to help i really believe that all people deserve access to health -at prices they can afford i think the market can help us figure that out but theres got to be a charitable component or i dont think were going to create the kind of societies we want to live in -but literally within days of arriving i was told in no uncertain terms by a number of west african women that -it essentially raises charitable funds from individuals foundations and corporations and then we turn around and we invest equity and loans in both for profit and nonprofit entities -i want to tell you two stories both of them are in africa both of them are about investing in entrepreneurs who are committed to service and who really know the markets both of them live at the confluence of public health and enterprise -and both of them because theyre manufacturers create jobs directly and create incomes indirectly because theyre in the malaria sector and africa loses about thirteen billion dollars a year -because of malaria and so as people get healthier they also get wealthier -the first one is called advanced bio extracts limited its a company built in kenya about seven years ago by an incredible entrepreneur -is an artemisia plant its the basic component for artemisinin which is the best known treatment for malaria its indigenous to china and the far east -didnt want saving thank you very much least of all not by me i was too young unmarried i had no children didnt really know africa and besides my french was pitiful -but given that the prevalence of malaria is here in africa patrick and his colleagues said lets bring it here because its a high value add product the farmers get three to four times the yields that they would with maize -and so using patient capital money that they could raise early on that actually got below market returns and was willing to go the long haul and be combined -with management assistance strategic assistance theyve now created a company where they purchase from seven thousand five hundred farmers so thats about fifty thousand people affected and i think some of you may -working with abe for the past year year and a half both on looking at a new business plan and what does expansion look like -ten days away from proving that the product they produced was at the world quality level needed to make coartem when they were in the biggest cash crisis of their history -and we called all of the social investors we knew now some of these same social investors are really interested in africa and understand the importance of agriculture -it was an incredibly painful time in my life and yet it really started to give me the humility to start listening i think that failure can be an incredibly motivating force as well -we sometimes have this bifurcation between business and the social and its really time we start thinking more creatively about how they can be -this is samuel hes a farmer he was actually living in the kibera slums when his father called him and told him about artemisia and the value add potential so he moved back to the farm and long story short they now have seven acres under cultivation -kids are in private school and hes starting to help other farmers in the area also go into artemisia production dignity being more important than wealth -the next one many of you know i talked about it a little at oxford two years ago and some of you visited a to z manufacturing which is one of the great real companies in east africa its another one that lives at the confluence of -health and enterprise and this is really a story about a public private solution that has really worked it started in japan sumitomo had developed a -like artemisia it had been produced only in east asia and as part of its social responsibility sumitomo said why dont we experiment with whether we can produce it in africa for africans -came in with the patient capital and we also helped to identify the entrepreneur that we would all partner with here in africa and exxon -its a forty year old company it understands manufacturing its gone from socialist tanzania into capitalist tanzania and continued to flourish it had about one thousand employees when we first found it -and so anuj took the entrepreneurial risk here in africa to produce a public good that was purchased by the aid establishment to -work with malaria and long story short again theyve been so successful in our first year the first net went off the line in october of two thousand and three -we thought the hitting it out of the box number was one hundred and fifty thousand nets a year this year they are now producing eight million nets a year and they employ five thousand people ninety percent of whom are women mostly -in a joint venture with sumitomo and so from an enterprise perspective for africa and from a public health perspective these are real successes -and if avian flu hits or for any other reason the world decides that malaria is no longer as much of a priority everybody loses and so anuj and acumen have been talking about -and i did and we ended up naming it duterimbere meaning to go forward with enthusiasm and while we were doing it i -and so we came in with a second round of patient capital to a to z a loan as well as a grant so that a to z could play with pricing and listen to the marketplace -and found a number of things one that people will pay different prices but the overwhelming number of people will come forth at one dollar per net -and make a decision to buy it and when you listen to them theyll also have a lot to say about what they like and what they dont like and that -some of the channels we thought would work didnt work but because of this experimentation and iteration that was allowed because of the patient capital weve now found that it costs about a dollar in the private sector to distribute and a dollar to buy the net -so then from a policy perspective when you start with the market we have a choice we can continue going along at twelve dollars -the people the dignity of choice and have a distribution system that might over time start sustaining itself -whenever i go to visit a to z i think of my grandmother stella she -was very much like those women sitting behind the sewing machines she grew up on a farm in austria very poor didnt have very much education she moved to the united states where she met my grandfather who was a cement hauler and -they had nine children three of them died as babies my grandmother had tuberculosis and she worked in a sewing machine shop making shirts for about ten cents an hour -but because she had the opportunity of the marketplace and she lived in a society that provided the safety of having access to affordable health and education her children and their children -were able to live lives of real purpose and follow real dreams i look around at my siblings and my cousins and as i said there are a lot of us -a sense of integrity and perseverance and yet these are the very qualities for which men and women have been honored -rampant corruption they use mobutu as metaphor and their policy prescription is to -make government more accountable focus on the capital markets invest dont give anything away -on the other side as i said there are those who say the problem is that we need more money that when it comes to the rich well bail out and well hand a lot of aid but when it comes to our -little to do with it they point to the successes of aid the eradication of smallpox and the distribution of tens of millions of -malaria bed nets and antiretrovirals both sides are right and the problem is that neither side is listening to the other even more problematic theyre not listening to poor people themselves -were living in a moment of crisis arguably the financial markets have failed us and the aid system is failing us and yet i stand firmly -they must navigate markets daily making micro decisions dozens and dozens to move their way through society and yet if a single catastrophic health -problem impacts their family they could be put back into poverty sometimes for generations and so we need both the market and we need aid patient capital -works between and tries to take the best of both its money thats invested in entrepreneurs who know their communities and are building solutions to -healthcare water housing alternative energy thinking of low income people not as passive recipients of charity -but as individual customers consumers clients people who want to make decisions in their own lives patient capital requires that we have incredible tolerance for risk -a long time horizon in terms of allowing those entrepreneurs time to experiment to use the market as the best listening device that we have and the expectation of below market returns but outsized social impact -it recognizes that the market has its limitation and so patient capital also works with smart subsidy to extend the benefits of a global economy to include all people -now entrepreneurs need patient capital for three reasons first they tend to work in markets where people make one two three dollars a day and they are making all of their decisions within that income level -the optimists who believe that there has probably never been a more exciting moment to be alive because of some of technologies weve been talking about -second the geographies in which they work have terrible infrastructure no roads to speak of sporadic electricity and high levels of corruption -third they are often creating markets even if youre bringing clean water for the first time into rural villages it is something new -and so many low income people have seen so many failed promises broken and seen so many quacks and sporadic -offered to them that building trust takes a lot of time takes a lot of patience it also requires being connected to a lot of management assistance -not only to build the systems the business models that allow us to reach low income people in a sustainable way -but to connect those business to other markets to governments to corporations real partnerships if we want to get to scale -they were creating subsidies either for large farms or they were giving inputs to the farmers that they thought they should use rather than that the farmers wanted to use -at the same time amitabha was obsessed with this drip irrigation technology that had been invented in israel it was a way of bringing small amounts of water directly to the stalk of the plant and it could -of desert land into fields of emerald green but the market also had bypassed low income farmers -because these systems were both too expensive and they were constructed for fields that were too large the average small village farmer works on two acres or less -what he though that they should have and he used three fundamental principles the first one was miniaturization the drip irrigation system had to be small -in other words that risk on the quarter acre needed to be repaid in a single harvest or else they wouldnt take the risk and third it had to be what amitabha calls infinitely expandable -what i mean is with the profits from the first quarter acre the farmers could buy a second and a third and a fourth as of today ide india amitabhas organization has sold -over three hundred thousand farmers these systems and has seen their yields and incomes double or triple on average but this didnt happen overnight -in fact when you go back to the beginning there were no private investors who would be willing to take a risk on building a new technology for a market class that made under a dollar a day that were known to be some of the most risk averse people on the planet -and that were working in one of the riskiest sectors agriculture and so we needed grants and he used significant grants to research to experiment to fail to innovate and try again -and when he had a prototype and had a better understanding of how to market to farmers thats when patient capital could come in and we helped him build a company -for profit that would build on ides knowledge and start looking at sales and exports and be able to tap into other kinds of capital -pakistan and while again you needed patience to move a technology for the poor in india into pakistan just to get the permits -over time we were able to start a company with with doctor sono who runs a large community development organization -which is one of the remote and poorest areas of the country and though that company has just started our assumption is that there too well see the impact on millions -but drip irrigation isnt the only innovation were starting to see these happening all around the world in arusha tanzania a to z textile manufacturing -has worked in partnership with us with unicef with the global fund to create a factory that now employs seven thousand people mostly women and they produce twenty million lifesaving bednets for africans around the world -just won four government contracts to build off their one hundred ambulances and are one of the largest and most effective ambulance companies in india -you work on the front lines and youve seen the best and the worst that human beings can do for one another and to one another -and its where the idea of partnership becomes so important whether its by finding those innovations that can access the capital markets -that its time to consider a global innovation fund that would find these entrepreneurs around the world who really have innovations not only for their country but ones that we can use in the developed world as well invest -impact perspective when we think about new approaches to aid its impossible not to talk about -a rocky relationship with that country and in all fairness the united states has not always been a very -and no matter what country you live or work in youve also seen the extraordinary things that individuals are capable of even in their most ordinariness -we could use this time to invest not directly in government though we would have governments blessing nor in international experts -but in the many existing entrepreneurs and civil society leaders who already are building wonderful -where he has moved forty thousand slum dwellers into safe affordable community housing educational initiatives like dil and the citizen foundation that are building schools across the country -its not hyperbole to say that these civil society institutions and these social entrepreneurs are building real alternatives to the -president kennedy said that those who make peaceful revolution impossible make violent revolution inevitable i would say that the converse is true -today there is a raging debate as to how best we lift people out of poverty how best we release their energies on the one hand we have people that say the aid system is so broken we need to throw it out -that these social leaders who really are looking at innovation and extending opportunity to the seventy percent of pakistanis who make less than two dollars a day -provide real pathways to hope and as we think about how we construct aid for pakistan while we need to strengthen the judiciary -build greater stability we also need to think about lifting those leaders who can be role models for the rest of the world -on one of my last visits to pakistan i asked doctor sono if he would take me to see some of the drip irrigation in -and we left karachi one morning before dawn it was about one hundred and fifteen degrees and we drove for eight hours along this moonscape like landscape with -very little color lots of heat very little discussion because we were exhausted and finally at the end of the journey i could see this thin little yellow line across the horizon and as we got closer its significance became apparent -that there in the desert was a field of sunflowers growing seven feet tall because one of the poorest farmers on earth had gotten access to a technology that had allowed him -to change his own life his name was raja and he had -kind twinkly hazel eyes and warm expressive hands that reminded me of my father and he said it was the first dry season in his entire life -that he hadnt taken his twelve children and fifty grandchildren on a two day journey across the desert to work as day laborers at a commercial farm for about fifty cents a day -because i dont want them discriminated against anymore when we think about solutions to poverty -and whats exciting is to see so many entrepreneurs across sectors who are building innovations that recognize that what people want is freedom and choice and opportunity because that is where dignity really starts -and on the other we have people who say the problem is that we need more aid and what i want to talk about is something that compliments both systems we call it patient capital -martin luther king said that love without power is anemic and sentimental and that power without love is reckless and -our generation has seen both approaches tried and often fail but i think our generation also might be the first to have the courage to embrace both love -for that is what well need as we move forward to dream and imagine what it will really take -the time for us to begin innovating and looking for new solutions a cross sector is now i can only talk from my own experience -but in eight years of running acumen fund ive seen the power of patient capital not only to -i know it works but i know that many other kinds of innovation also work and so i urge you in whatever sector you work in whatever job you do to start thinking about how we might build solutions that start -from the perspective of those were trying to help rather than what we think that they might need i will take embracing the world with both arms and it will take living with the spirit of generosity and accountability -and i would see kids on the street corners and theyd say obama hes our brother and id say well obamas my brother so that makes you my brother too they would look quizzically and then be like high five -off by telling me her dream she said i had two my first dream was to be a doctor and the second was to marry a good man who would stay with me and my family because my mother was a single mom -and couldnt afford to pay for school fees so i had to give up the first dream and i focused on the second she got married when she was eighteen had a baby right away and when she turned twenty -found herself pregnant with a second child her mom died and her husband left her married another woman so she was again in -with no income no skill set no money and so she ultimately turned to prostitution it wasnt organized in the way we often think of it she would go into the city at night with about twenty girls -look for work and sometimes come back with a few shillings or sometimes with nothing she said you know the poverty wasnt so bad it was the humiliation and the embarrassment of it all in two thousand and one -her life changed she had a girlfriend who had heard about this organization jamii bora that would lend money to people no matter how poor you -as long as you provided a commensurate amount in savings and so she spent a year to save fifty dollars and started borrowing -and over time she was able to buy a sewing machine she started tailoring and that turned into what she does now -which is to go into the secondhand clothing markets and for about three dollars and twenty five cents she buys an old ball gown some of them might be ones you gave and -she repurposes them with frills and ribbons and makes these frothy confections that she sells to women for their daughters sweet sixteen or first holy communion -and i reflected as i was watching her sell the dresses and also the jewelery that she makes that now jane makes more than four dollars a day -and by many definitions she is no longer poor but she still lives in mathare valley and so she cant move out -she lives with all of that insecurity and in fact in january during the ethnic riots she was chased from her home and had to find a new shack in which she would live -go the long term with them they built a low cost housing development about an hour outside nairobi central and they designed it from the perspective of customers like jane herself -and in the next couple of weeks shes going to be among the first two hundred families to move into this development when i asked her if she feared anything or whether she would miss anything from -she said what would i fear that i havent confronted already im hiv positive ive dealt with it all and she said what would i miss -you think i will miss the violence or the drugs the lack of privacy do you think ill miss not knowing if my children are going to come home at the end of the day she said if you gave me ten minutes my bags would be packed i said well what about your dreams -i think about it i thought i wanted a husband but what i really wanted was a family that was loving and i fiercely love my children and they love me back -she said i thought that i wanted to be a doctor but what i really wanted to be was somebody who served and -and so i feel so blessed with everything that i have that two days a week i go and i counsel hiv patients and i say look at me -you are not dead you are still alive if you are still alive you have to serve and she said im not a doctor who gives out pills but maybe me i give out something better because i give them hope -and i had an experience that really deepened and elucidated for me the understanding that i have it was in kenya and i want to share it with you -and in the middle of this economic crisis where so many of us are inclined to pull in with fear -i think were well suited to take a cue from jane and reach out recognizing that being poor doesnt mean -i truly believe its where dignity starts we owe it to the janes of the world and just as important we owe it to ourselves thank you -i was with my friend susan meiselas the photographer in the mathare valley slums now mathare valley is one of the oldest slums in africa its about three miles out of nairobi and its a mile long and about two tenths of a mile wide -where over half a million people live crammed in these little tin shacks generation after generation renting them often eight or ten people to a room and its known for prostitution violence -sewage and the garbage alongside the little homes but at the same time it was also impossible not to see the human vitality the aspiration and the ambition of the people who live there women washing their babies washing their clothes hanging them out to -i met this woman mama rose who has rented that little tin shack for thirty two years where she lives with her seven children four sleep in one twin bed and three sleep on the mud and linoleum floor -robert kennedy once said that few of us have the greatness to bend history itself -and it is in the total of all those acts that the history of this -generation will be written -our lives are so short -and all we have is each other -so may each of you live lives of immersion -ive been so privileged in my life to know extraordinary leaders who have chosen to live lives of immersion one woman i knew who was a fellow at a program that i ran at the rockefeller foundation was named ingrid washinawatok she was a leader of the menominee tribe a native american peoples -and when we would gather as fellows she would push us to think about how the elders in native american culture make decisions and she said they would literally visualize the faces of children for seven generations into the future looking at them from the earth -spending a lot of time traveling around the world these days talking to groups of students and professionals -and they would look at them holding them as stewards for that future -ingrid understood that we are connected to each other not only as human beings but to every living thing on the planet -and tragically in one thousand nine hundred and ninety nine when she was in colombia working with the uwa people focused on preserving their culture and language -she and two colleagues were abducted and tortured and killed by the farc -the farc and whenever we would gather the fellows after that we would leave a chair empty for her spirit and more than a decade later -they all say that theyre trying to integrate her wisdom and her spirit -and really build on the unfulfilled work of her lifes mission and when we think about legacy -and everywhere im finding that i hear similar themes on the one hand people say the time for change is now -and they focused and targeted the elites and the intellectuals the artists the dancers -and at the end of the war there were only thirty of these classical dancers still living and the women who i was so privileged to meet when there were three survivors -they said they would try so hard to remember the fragments -and she talked about the reunion of the thirty after the war and how extraordinary it was and these big tears fell down her face but she never lifted her hands to move them and the women decided that they would train not the next generation of girls because they had grown too old already but the next generation -they want to be part of it -and i sat there in the studio watching these women clapping their hands beautiful rhythms as these little fairy pixies were dancing around them wearing these beautiful silk colors and i -they talk about wanting lives of purpose and greater meaning -after all this atrocity this is how human beings really pray -because theyre focused on honoring what is most beautiful -are those things that we cannot measure -i also have been touched by the dark side of power and leadership -and i have learned that power particularly in its absolute form is an equal opportunity provider -she was one of the first three women parliamentarians in rwanda and her legacy should have been -this idea of empowering women -but agnes cared more about the trappings of power than she did principle at the end and though she had been part of building -a liberal party a political party that was focused on diversity and tolerance -about three months before the genocide she switched parties and joined the extremist party hutu power and she became the minister of justice under the genocide regime and was known for inciting men to kill faster and stop behaving like women she was convicted of category one crimes of genocide -and i would visit her in the prisons -sitting side by side knees touching -and i would have to admit to myself that monsters exist in all of us -sadnesses secret shame -and to make us look at other beings human beings as lesser than ourselves -in the extreme to do terrible things -i dont want to disappoint my family or friends -and so in a gathering where were focused on women -while it is so critical that we invest in our girls and we even the playing field and we find ways to honor them we have to remember -that the girls and the women are most isolated and violated and victimized and made invisible in those very societies where our men and our boys feel disempowered -i work in global poverty and they say i want to work in global poverty but what will it mean about my career will i be marginalized will i not make enough money will i never get married or have children and as a woman who didnt get married until i was a lot older and im glad i waited -well then its easy to understand how the greatest source of status can come from a uniform and a gun -sometimes very small investments can release enormous infinite potential that exists in all of us -alex in some ways said it best he said we used to feel like nobodies but now we feel like somebodies and i think we have it all wrong when we think that income is the link -and they wanted to celebrate whats beautiful about kibera and mathare the photojournalists and the creatives the graffiti artists the teachers and the entrepreneurs -and theyre doing it and my hats off to you in kibera -weve invested more than fifty million dollars in fifty companies and those companies have brought another two hundred million dollars into these forgotten markets -this year alone theyve delivered forty million services like maternal health care and housing emergency services solar energy so that people can have more dignity in solving their problems -patient capital is uncomfortable for people searching for simple solutions easy categories -because we dont see profit as a blunt instrument but we find those entrepreneurs who put people and the planet -before profit -and ultimately we want to be part of a movement -that is about measuring impact measuring what is most important to us and my dream is well have a world one day where we dont just honor those who take money and make more money from it but we find those individuals who take our resources and convert it into changing the world in the most positive -and its only when we honor them and celebrate them and give them status that the world will really change -one based on violence and the other on transcendence i happened to be in lahore pakistan on the day that two mosques were attacked by suicide bombers and the reason these mosques were attacked is because the people praying inside were from a particular sect of islam who fundamentalists dont believe are fully muslim -and not only did those suicide bombers take a hundred lives -but they did more because they created more hatred more rage more fear and certainly despair -and he had a dream that he would build a housing community on this barren piece of land -using patient capital but he continued to pay a price he stood on moral ground and refused to pay bribes -it took almost two years just to register the land -but i saw how the level of moral standard can rise from one persons action -today two thousand people live in three hundred houses in this beautiful community and theres schools and clinics and shops -without a cost -but theres only one mosque -and we decided that we would elect the three most respected imams and those imams would take turns they would rotate who would say friday prayer but the whole community -these conversations really reflect whats happening at the national and international level -all the different sects including shia and sunni would sit together and pray -we need that kind of moral leadership and courage in our worlds -we face huge issues as a world the financial crisis -global warming and this growing sense of fear and otherness -a fear of each other distancing and blame or we can take the much more difficult path of transformation transcendence compassion and love but also accountability and justice -our leaders and ourselves want everything but we dont talk about the costs we dont talk about the sacrifice -i had the great honor of working with the child psychologist dr robert coles who stood up for change during the civil rights movement in the united states and he tells this incredible story about working with a little six year old girl named ruby bridges the first child to desegregate schools in the south in this case new -and he said that every day this six year old dressed in her beautiful dress would walk with real grace through a phalanx of white people screaming angrily calling her a monster threatening to poison her -distorted faces and every day he would watch her and it looked like she was talking to the people -and finally he said ruby i see that -and he said well what are you praying -and she said im praying father forgive them for they know not what they are doing -one of my favorite quotes from literature was written by tillie olsen the great american writer from the south -and he said to me at the end of his year jacqueline it was so humbling because i thought as a farmer and as an african i would understand how to transcend culture -but especially when i was talking to the african women i sometimes made these mistakes it was so hard for me to learn how to listen -and he said but right before the harvest it bends over with great gratitude and humility to touch the earth from where it came -we need leaders -we ourselves need to lead from a place -that has the audacity to believe we can ourselves extend the fundamental assumption that all men are created equal to every man woman and child on this planet and we need to have the humility to recognize that we cannot do it alone -and in a traditional american funeral a dead body is covered with fillers and cosmetics to make it look alive its then pumped with toxic formaldehyde to slow decomposition -so by trying to preserve our dead bodies we deny death poison the living and further harm the -green or natural burials which dont use embalming -i think theres a better solution im an artist so id like to offer a modest proposal at the intersection of art science and culture the infinity burial project an alternative burial system that uses mushrooms to decompose and clean toxins in bodies -the infinity burial project began a few years ago with a fantasy to create the infinity mushroom a new hybrid mushroom that would decompose bodies clean the toxins and deliver nutrients to plant roots leaving clean compost -but i learned its nearly impossible to create a new hybrid mushroom -i also learned that some of our tastiest mushrooms can clean environmental toxins in soil so i thought maybe i could train an army of -toxin cleaning edible mushrooms to eat my body -so today im collecting what i shed or slough off my hair skin and nails and im feeding these to edible mushrooms -so when i die the infinity mushrooms will recognize my body and be able to eat it -is not the kind of relationship that we usually aspire to have with our food we want to eat not be eaten by our food but as i watch the mushrooms grow and digest my body i imagine the -and the relationship between my body and the -its a step towards accepting the fact that someday i will die and decay -its also a step towards taking responsibility for my -the infinity mushroom is a subset of decompiculture im calling body decompiculture and toxin remediation the cultivation of organisms that decompose and clean toxins in bodies -and now about these ninja pajamas once its completed i plan to integrate the infinity mushrooms into a number of objects -first a burial suit infused with mushroom spores the mushroom death suit -the second prototype of this -the dendritic pattern you see mimics the growth of mushroom mycelia which are the equivalent of plant roots -a cocktail of capsules that contain infinity mushroom spores and other elements that speed decomposition and toxin remediation these capsules are embedded in a nutrient rich jelly a kind of second skin which dissolves quickly and becomes baby food for the growing mushrooms -so i plan to finish the mushroom and decompiculture kit in the next year or two and then id like to begin testing them first with expired meat from the market and then with human subjects -so bpa mimics the bodys own hormones and causes neurological and reproductive problems and its everywhere a recent study found bpa in ninety three percent of people six and older -and believe it or not a few people have offered to donate their bodies to the project to be eaten by mushrooms -ive learned from talking to these folks is that we share a common desire to understand and accept death and to minimize the impact of our death on -so i formed the decompiculture society a group of people called decompinauts who actively explore their postmortem options seek death acceptance and cultivate decomposing organisms like the infinity mushroom -accepting death means accepting that we are physical beings who are intimately connected to the environment as the research on environmental toxins confirms -we see that the survival of our species depends on the survival of the planet -i believe this is the beginning of true environmental responsibility thank you -dont become a cannibal -second we are both responsible for and the victims of our own pollution and third our bodies are filters and storehouses for environmental toxins -so what happens to all these toxins when we die the short answer is they return to the environment in one way or another -continuing the cycle of toxicity but our current funeral practices make the situation much worse if youre cremated all those toxins i mentioned are released into the atmosphere and this includes five thousand pounds of mercury from our dental fillings alone every year -has to have its own equation of co responsibility -and also -to start i want to introduce some characters -from a book i made for teenagers -the best example of quality of life -when you realize -that the casque of the turtle it looks like an urban -the casque off the -how sad shes going to be -and thats were doing in our cities -living here working here having leisure here -he is invited for a party he never wants to leave -my english in the mornings it is terrible -are on the tables and still drinking and he drinks a lot -only one or two people -and he asks always -for more infrastructure -freeways hes very demanding person -so and on the other hand -friendly bus he carries three hundred people two hundred and seventy five -sweden -three hundred brazilians -speaking about the design every city has its own design -and the afternoon is -my city -thousand people in the city itself -its like two birds kissing themselves -very easy market street van ness and the -and every city has its own design -but to make it happen sometimes you have to propose a scenario and to propose -a design an idea that everyone or the large majority theyll help you to make it happen -an example of living and working together -and this is -where we have more density its where we have more public transport -during many years -and so this -and it took -twenty five years until another city which is bogota and they did a very good job -i made some speeches starting with this -not for only your own city every city -besides its normal problems they have -role a very important role -being with the whole humanity -that means mostly two main issues mobility and sustainability are becoming very important for the cities and this is an articulated bus -double articulated -and we are very close to my house you can come when you are in curitiba and have a coffee -what in the design that made the difference is the boarding tubes the boarding -gives to the bus the same -im trying to say its like metro nizing the bus -and this is the design of the bus -and you can pay before entering the bus youre boarding -and for handicapped they can use this as a normal -but what im trying to say -the major contribution on -carbon emissions are from the cars more than fifty percent -when we depend only on -thats why when were talking about -more and more -and also how to teach the children -speak on this later on -our idea of mobility is trying -to make the connections between all the systems we started in eighty three proposing for the city of rio how to connect the subway with the bus -the subway was against of course -and twenty -they called us to develop were developing this idea and you can understand how different its going to be the image of rio with the system -one minute frequency -and its not shanghai its not being colored during the day only at night -its a solution -it will look this way -before you say its a norman foster design -we designed this in -for the problem of climate change but -what im trying to say -im not trying to prove -system of transport is better -to say we have to combine -to combine all the systems -never -if you have a -any kind of system -never compete in the same -and coming back to the car i always used to say -is like your mother in law -we have a very pessimistic approach about the cities im working in cities for almost forty years -you have to have good relationship with -but she cannot command your life -is your mother in law -the ideas about how to transform -design old quarries and open universities and botanic garden all of its related to how we teach the children -and the children we teach during six months how to seperate their garbage -and after the children they -teach their parents -and now we have seventy percent -since twenty years is the highest rate of separation of garbage in the -so teach the children -i would like to say if we want to have a sustainable -we have to work with -but dont forget the cities -because you cannot have empty places during eighteen hours a day -where every mayor is trying to tell me oh his city is so big or -to understand the sectors in the city that could play different roles during the twenty four hours -another issue is a citys like our family portrait we dont -our family portrait even if we dont like the nose of our -because this portrait -and this are the references -we have -city this is the main pedestrian mall we did it -in seventy two hours -yes you have to be -and this are the -references from -our ethnic contribution this is the italian portal the ukrainian park -the polish -we have people from -we have to stop the program -forget creativity -starts when you cut a zero -from your budget if you cut two zeros its much better -the other mayors say we dont have financial resources -and this is the wire opera theater we did it in two months -parks old quarries that they were -sometimes we took this and we -and every part -so in a city -you have to work fast -planning takes time and im proposing urban acupuncture that means -me with some focal ideas -would like to say -to help the normal process of planning and -this is -or -from the experience i had every city in the -thirty two meters -i want just to -you can always propose new materials -new sustainable materials but keep in mind -we have to work fast -creativity innovation is starting -and we cannot -all the -so when you start and we cannot be so prepotent on having all the answers its important starting and -having the contribution -i would like if you can help me -can be improved -the sustainable song -me just two minutes -you know youre going to make the music and -too -in less than three years -make this decision a a avoid carbon emission -your -its possible a a you can do it -theres no matter of scale its not question of scale its not question of financial resources every problem in a city -before we had leveled off our level off point was forty five thousand feet so before we had leveled off pedro began -so that he could be with us for this also -in the one thousand nine hundred and thirty s roosevelt put thousands and thousands of americans back to work by building bridges and infrastructure and tunnels but he also did something interesting which was to hire a few hundred writers to scour america to capture the stories of ordinary americans charley williams a poor sharecropper -so im going to share a mic with you right now debora wheres the right finger -and that motion of building an institution out of a moment of conversation and listening is actually a lot of what my firm local projects is doing with our engagements in general so were a media design firm and were working with a broad array of different institutions -building media installations for museums and public spaces our latest engagement is the cleveland museum of art which weve created an engagement called gallery one for -and gallery one is an interesting project because it started with this massive dollar three hundred and fifty million expansion for the cleveland museum of art and we actually brought in this piece specifically to grow new capacity new audiences at the same time that the museum itself is growing -glenn lowry the head of moma put it best when he said we want visitors to actually cease being visitors -visitors are transient we want people who live here people who have ownership -and so what were doing is making a broad array of different ways for people to actually engage with the material inside of these galleries so you can still have a traditional gallery experience but if youre interested you can actually engage with any individual artwork and see the original context from where its from or manipulate the work itself -so for example you can click on this individual lion head and this is where it originated from one thousand three hundred b c -or this individual piece here -you can see the actual bedroom it really changes the way you think about this type of a tempera painting -this is one of my favorites because you see the studio itself this is rodins bust you get the sense of this incredible factory for creativity and it makes you think about literally the hundreds or thousands of years of human creativity and how each individual artwork stands in for part of that story -this is picasso of course embodying so much of it from the twentieth century -and so our next interface which ill show you actually leverages that idea of this lineage of creativity its an algorithm that actually allows you to browse the actual museums collection using facial recognition so this persons making different faces and its actually drawing forth different objects from the collection that connect with exactly how shes looking -and so you can imagine that as people are -performing inside of the museum itself you get this sense of this emotional connection this way in which our face connects with the thousands and tens of thousands of years -this is an interface that actually allows you to draw and then draws forth -objects using those same shapes so more and more were trying to find ways for people to actually author things inside of the museums themselves to be creative even as theyre looking at other peoples creativity and understanding them -so in this wall the collections wall you can actually see all three thousand artworks all at the same time and you can actually author your own individual walking tours of the museum so you can share them -and someone can take a tour with the museum director or a tour with their little cousin -but all the while that weve been working on this engagement for cleveland -weve also been working in the background on really our largest engagement to date and thats the nine eleven memorial and museum so we started in two thousand and six as part of a team with thinc design to create the original master plan for the museum -and almost archaeological and of course the event itself is so recent somewhere between history and current events it was a huge challenge to imagine how do you actually live up to a space like this an event like this to actually tell that story -and so what we started with was really a new way of thinking about building an institution through a project called make history which we launched in two thousand and nine -so its estimated that a third of the world watched nine eleven live -of his life make up one of the crown jewels of histories of human lived experiences filled with ex slaves anna deavere smith famously said that theres a literature inside of each of us -and a third of the world heard about it within twenty four hours making it really by nature of when it happened this unprecedented moment of global awareness -and so we launched this to capture the stories from all around the world through video through photos through written history and so peoples experiences on that day which was in fact this huge risk for the institution to make its first move this open platform -but that was coupled together with this oral histories booth really the simplest weve ever made where you locate yourself on a map its in six languages and you can tell your own story about what happened to you on that day and when we started seeing the incredible images and stories that came forth from all around the world this is obviously part of the landing gear -shot from the brooklyn battery tunnel theres a firefighter thats stuck actually in traffic and so the firefighters themselves are running a mile and a half to the site itself with upwards of seventy pounds of gear on their back -and we got this amazing email that said while viewing the thousands of photos on the site i unexpectedly found a photo of my son -it was a shock emotionally yet a blessing to find this photo and he was writing because he said id like to personally thank the photographer for posting the photo as it meant more than words can describe to me to have access to what is probably the last photo ever taken of my son -and it really made us recognize -what this institution needed to be in order to actually tell that story we cant have just a historian or a curator narrating objectively in the third person about an event like that when you have the witnesses to history who are going to make their way through the actual museum itself -and so we started imagining the museum along with the creative team at the museum and the curators thinking about how the first voice that you would hear inside the museum would actually be of other visitors and so we created this idea of an opening gallery called we remember -and three generations later i was part of a project called storycorps which set out to capture the stories of ordinary americans -and you move from there into that open cavernous space this is the so called slurry wall its the original excavated wall at the base of the world trade center that withstood the actual pressure from the hudson river for a full year after the event itself -and so we thought about carrying that sense of authenticity of presence of that moment into the actual exhibition itself and we tell the stories of being inside the towers through that same audio collage so youre hearing people literally talking about seeing the planes as they make their way into the building or making their way down the stairwells -and so you can hear oral histories so people who were actually working the so called bucket brigades as youre seeing literally the thousands of experiences from that moment -we then turn the museum back into a moment of listening and actually talk to the individual visitors and ask them their own experiences about nine eleven and we ask them questions that are actually not really answerable the types of questions that nine eleven itself draws forth for all of us and so these are questions like how can a democracy balance freedom and security -already for years are then mixed together with interviews that were doing with people like -donald rumsfeld bill clinton rudy giuliani and you mix together these different players and these different experiences these different reflection points about nine eleven and suddenly the institution once again turns into a listening experience so ill play you just a short excerpt -of a mockup that we made of a couple of these voices but you really get a sense of the poetry of everyones reflection on the event -and we actually got involved in the memorial after wed done the museum for a few years the original designer of the memorial michael arad had this image in his mind of all the names appearing undifferentiated almost random -really a poetic reflection on top of the nature of a terrorism event itself but it was a huge challenge for the families for the foundation certainly for the first responders and there was a negotiation that went forth and a solution was found -to actually create not an order in terms of chronology or in terms of alphabetical but through whats called meaningful adjacency so these are groupings of the names themselves which appear undifferentiated but actually have an order -and we along with jer thorp created an algorithm to take massive amounts of data to actually start to connect together all these different names themselves -so this is an image of the actual algorithm itself with the names scrambled for privacy but you can see that these blocks of color are actually the four different flights the two different towers the first responders and you can actually see within that different floors and then the green lines are the interpersonal connections -that were requested by the families themselves -and you can search for an individual name or in this case an employer cantor fitzgerald and see the way in which all of those names those hundreds of names are actually organized onto the memorial itself -and use that to navigate the memorial and more importantly when youre actually at the site of the memorial you can see those connections you can see the relationships between the different names themselves so suddenly what is this undifferentiated anonymous group of names springs into reality as an individual life in this case -harry ramos who was the head trader at an investment bank -who stopped to aid victor wald on the fifty fifth floor of the south tower and ramos told wald according to witnesses -im not going to leave you and walds widow requested that they be listed next to each other -three generations ago we had to actually get people to go out and capture the stories for common people today of course theres an unprecedented amount of stories for all of us that are being captured for future generations and this is our hope thats theres poetry inside of each of our stories thank you very much -because when you think about it its actually not really about the stories that are being told its about listening and its about the questions that you get to ask questions that you may not have permission to on any other day im going to play you just a couple of quick excerpts from the project -today im going to try to convince you that what the world needs now is -you know this is the underdog of all instruments and ive always believed that its the instrument of peace -when one of our original members caused us to shift focus in the organization this is clay hunt -earlier this year in march clay took his own life -this was a tragedy but it really forced us -to refocus what it is that we were doing you know clay didnt kill himself because of what happened in iraq and afghanistan clay killed himself -because of what he lost when he came home he lost purpose he lost his community and perhaps most tragically he lost his self worth -and so as we evaluated and as the dust settled from this tragedy we realized that of those two problems -in the initial iteration of our organization we were a disaster response organization that was using veteran service we had a lot of success and we really felt like we were changing the disaster response paradigm -but after clay we shifted that focus and suddenly now moving forward we see ourselves as a veteran service organization thats using disaster response -after having served four years in the united states marine corps and deployments to both iraq and afghanistan i found myself in port au prince leading a team of veterans and medical professionals in some of the hardest hit areas of that city three days after the earthquake -because we think that we can give that purpose and that community and that self worth back to the veteran -and tornadoes in tuscaloosa and joplin and then later hurricane irene gave us an opportunity to look at that now i want you to imagine for a second an eighteen year old boy who graduates from high school in kansas city missouri he joins the army the army gives him a rifle they send him to iraq every day he leaves the wire with a mission -that mission is to defend the freedom of the family that he left at home its to keep the men around him alive its to pacify the village that he works in hes got a purpose but he comes home to kansas city missouri maybe he goes to college maybe hes got a job -but he doesnt have that same sense of purpose you give him a chainsaw you send him to joplin missouri after a tornado he regains that -going back that same eighteen year old boy graduates from high school in kansas city missouri joins the army the army gives him a rifle they send him to iraq -every day he looks into the same sets of eyes around him he leaves the wire he knows that those people have his back hes slept in the same sand theyve lived together theyve eaten together theyve bled together -he goes home to kansas city missouri he gets out of the military he takes his uniform off he doesnt have that community anymore but you drop twenty five of those veterans in joplin missouri they get that sense of community back -again you have an eighteen year old boy who graduates high school in kansas city he joins the army the army gives him a rifle they send him to iraq -they pin a medal on his chest he goes home to a ticker tape parade he takes the uniform off hes no longer sergeant jones in his community hes now dave from kansas city he doesnt have that same self worth -but you send him to joplin after a tornado and somebody once again is walking up to him and shaking their hand and thanking them for their service now they have self worth again -we were going to the places that nobody else wanted to go the places nobody else could go and after three weeks we realized something military veterans are very very good at disaster response -and we sat here and we looked at these two problems and finally we came to a realization these arent problems these are actually solutions and what do i mean by that well we can use disaster response as an opportunity for service for the veterans coming home -recent surveys show that ninety two percent of veterans want to continue their service when they take off their uniform and we can use veterans -to improve disaster response now on the surface this makes a lot of sense and in two thousand and ten we responded to the tsunami in chile the floods in pakistan we sent training teams to the thai burma border but it was earlier this year -working a lot with motion and animation and also im an old dj and a musician -so music videos are something that i always found interesting but they always seem to be so reactive so i was thinking can you remove -us as creators and try to make the music be the voice and have the animation following it so with two designers -my office we took a track many of you probably know it it a s about twenty five years old and its david byrne and brian eno and we did this little animation -and i think that its maybe interesting also that it deals with two problematic issues which is rising waters -and -a quick sampling really can barely scratch the surface but to give you a sense of what we cover tools for rapid disaster relief such as this inflatable concrete shelter -the future that we will create -ocean power other clean energy sources ultra ultra high efficiency vehicles of the future ultra high efficiency vehicles you can get right now and better urban design so you dont need to drive as much in the first place -approaches to design that take advantage of the efficiencies of natural models in both vehicles and buildings distributed computing projects that will help us model the future of the climate -can be a future that well be proud of -all too quickly to my fortieth birthday im naturally inclined to pessimism -i think about this every day -ive come to realize that focusing only on negative outcomes can really blind you to the very possibility of success as norwegian social scientist evelin lindner has observed pessimism -is a luxury of good times in difficult times pessimism is a self fulfilling self inflicted death sentence -the truth is we can build a better world and we can do so right now we have the tools we saw a hint of that a moment ago and were coming up with new ones all the time we have the knowledge and our understanding of the planet improves every day -co founder and senior columnist at worldchanging com -we have a world that needs fixing and nobodys going to do it for us -many of the solutions that i and my colleagues seek out and write up every day have some important aspects in common -the majority of models tools and ideas on worldchanging encompass combinations of these characteristics -we can see world changing values in the emergence of tools to make the invisible visible that is to make apparent the conditions of the world around us that would otherwise be largely imperceptible -alex steffen and i founded worldchanging in late two thousand and three and since then we and our growing global team of contributors have documented the ever expanding variety of solutions that are out there -we know that people often change their behavior when they can see and understand the impact of their actions as a small example -many of us have experienced the change in driving behavior that comes from having a realtime display of mileage showing precisely how ones driving habits affect the vehicles efficiency -the last few years have all seen the rise of innovations in how we measure and display aspects of the world that can be too big or too intangible or too slippery to grasp easily simple technologies like -data rich displays like maps of campaign contributions or maps of the disappearing polar ice caps allow us to better understand the context and the flow of processes that affect us all -we can see world changing values in research projects that seek to meet the worlds medical needs through open access to data and collaborative action -now some people emphasize the risks of knowledge enabled dangers but im convinced that the benefits of knowledge enabled solutions are far more -open access journals like the public library of science make cutting edge scientific research free to all everyone in the world and actually a growing number of science publishers are adopting this model -hundreds of volunteer biology and chemistry researchers around the world worked together to sequence the genome -of the parasite responsible for some of the developing worlds worst diseases african sleeping sickness leishmaniasis and chagas disease -that genome data can now be found on open access genetic data banks around the world and its an enormous boon to researchers trying to come up with treatments but my favorite example has to be -right now and on the near horizon -the global response to the sars epidemic in two thousand and three two thousand and four which relied on worldwide access to the full gene sequence of the sars virus -the us national research council in its follow up report on the outbreak specifically cited this open availability of the sequence as a key reason why the treatment for sars could be developed so quickly and we can see world changing values in something as humble -as a cellphone -i can probably count on my fingers the number of people in this room who do not use a mobile phone and where is aubrey -in a little over two years weve written up about four thousand items -for many of us cellphones have really become almost an extension of ourselves and were really now beginning to see the social changes that mobile phones can bring about -you may already know some of the big picture aspects globally more camera phones were sold last year than any other kind of camera and a growing number of people live lives mediated through the lens and over the network and sometimes enter history books -in the developing world mobile phones have become economic drivers a study last year showed a direct correlation -between the growth of mobile phone use and subsequent gdp increases across africa in kenya mobile phone minutes have actually become an alternative currency -the political aspects of mobile phones cant be ignored either from text message swarms in korea helping to bring down a government to the blairwatch project in the uk keeping tabs on politicians who try to avoid the press -long admired the witness project and peter gabriel told us more details about it on wednesday in his profoundly moving presentation -and im just incredibly happy to see the news that witness is going to be opening up a web portal to enable users of digital cameras and camera phones to send in their recordings over the internet rather than just hand carrying the videotape -it would highlight the changes that are underway but would more importantly give voice to the people who are willing to work to see a new world a better world -come about it would give everyday citizens a chance to play a role in the protection of the planet it would be in essence -earth witness project now just to be clear in this talk im using the name earth witness as part of the scenario simply as a shorthand for what this imaginary project could aspire to -not to piggyback on the wonderful work of the witness organization it could just as easily be called environmental transparency project -smart mobs for natural security -but earth witness is a lot easier to say -our emphasis on solutions is quite intentional there are tons of places to go online and off if what you want to find is the latest bit of news about -now many of the people who participate in earth witness would focus on ecological problems human caused or otherwise especially environmental crimes -and significant sources of greenhouse gases and emissions thats understandable and important we need better documentation of whats happening to the planet if were ever going to have a chance of repairing the damage -but the earth witness project wouldnt need to be limited to problems -in the best worldchanging tradition it might also serve as a showcase for good ideas successful projects and efforts to make a difference that deserve much more visibility -earth witness would show us two worlds the world were leaving behind and the world were building for generations to come -for a lot of us theyre as close as we have yet to always on widely available information tools -you could even imagine a version of this scenario in which people actually build their own phones over the course of last year open source hardware hackers -have come up with multiple models for usable linux based mobile phones and the earth phone could spin off from this kind of project -the other end of the network thered be a server for people to send photos and messages to accessible over the web combining a photo sharing service -just how quickly our hell bound handbasket is moving we want to offer people an idea of what they can do about it -i mean simply this the online part of the earth witness project would be created by the users working together -earth witness site could also serve as a collection spot for all sorts of data about conditions around the planet picked up by environmental sensors that attach to your cellphone -now you dont see these devices as add ons for phones yet but students and engineers around the world have attached atmospheric sensors to bicycles and handheld computers and cheap robots -and the backs of pigeons that being a project thats actually underway right now at uc irvine using bird mounted sensors as a way of measuring smog forming pollution its hardly a stretch to imagine putting the same thing on a phone carried by a person -now the idea of connecting a sensor to your phone is not new phone makers around the world offer phones that sniff for bad breath or tell you to worry about too much sun exposure -swedish firm uppsala biomedical more seriously makes a mobile phone add on that can process blood tests in the field uploading the -we focus primarily on the planets environment but we also address issues of global development -now theres an enormous variety of tiny inexpensive sensors on the market and you can easily imagine someone -a phone that could measure temperature co two or methane levels the presence of some biotoxins potentially in a few years -maybe even h five n one avian flu virus you could see that some kind of system like this would actually be a really good fit with larry brilliants instedd project -all of this data could be tagged with geographic information and mashed up with online maps for easy viewing and analysis -and thats worth noting in particular the impact of open access online maps over the last year or two has been simply phenomenal developers around the world have come up with an amazing variety of ways to layer useful data on top of the maps from bus routes -and crime statistics to the global progress of avian flu earth witness would take this further linking what you see with what thousands or millions of other people see -it would be a collaborative bottom up approach to environmental awareness and protection able to respond to emerging concerns in a smart mobs kind of way and if you need greater sensor density just have more people show up -most important you cant ignore how important mobile phones are to global youth -this is a system that could put the next generation at the front lines of gathering environmental data and as we work to figure out ways to mitigate the worst effects of climate disruption -every little bit of information matters -like earth witness -would be a tool for all of us to participate in the improvement of our knowledge and -as i suggested at the outset there are thousands upon thousands of good ideas out there so why have i spent the bulk of my time telling you about something that doesnt exist -because this is what tomorrow could look like -bottom up technology enabled global collaboration to handle the biggest crisis our civilization has ever faced we can save the planet but we cant do it alone -much much more the scope of solutions that we discuss is actually pretty broad but that reflects both the range of challenges that need to be met and the kinds of innovations that will allow us to do so -we have at our fingertips a cornucopia of compelling models powerful tools -and innovative ideas that can make a meaningful difference in our planets future we dont need to wait for a magic bullet to save us all -we already have an arsenal of solutions just waiting to be used theres a staggering array of wonders out there across diverse disciplines all telling us the same thing -success can be ours if were willing to try and as we say at worldchanging -but theres an intriguing solution which is coming from -what is known as the science of complexity to explain what this means and what this thing is please let me quickly take a couple of steps back -i ended up in physics by accident it was a random encounter when i was young and since then ive often wondered about the amazing success of physics -in describing the reality we wake up in every day in a nutshell you can think of physics as follows so you take a chunk of reality you want to understand and you translate it into mathematics -you encode it into equations then predictions can be made and tested -despite the success physics has its limits as dirk helbing pointed out in the last quote we dont really understand the complexity that relates to us that surrounds us -this paradox is what got me interested in complex systems so these are systems which are made up of many interconnected or interacting parts swarms of birds or fish -these are just a few examples -interestingly complex systems are very hard to map into mathematical equations so -the usual physics approach doesnt really work here so what do we know about complex systems well -it turns out that what looks like complex behavior from the outside is actually the result of a few simple rules of interaction -this means you can forget about the equations and just start to understand the system -by looking at the interactions so you can actually forget about the equations and you just start to look at the interactions and it gets even better because most complex systems have this amazing property called emergence so this means that the system as a whole suddenly starts to show a behavior which cannot be understood -immediately became apparent -or predicted by looking at the components of the system so the whole is literally more than the sum of its parts -and all of this also means that you can forget about the individual -there is also a strong belief -or a bird you just focus on the rules of interaction -as a result networks are ideal representations of complex systems -the nodes in the network are the systems components and the links are given by the interactions so what equations are for physics -complex networks are for the study of complex systems -this approach has been very successfully applied to many complex systems in physics biology computer science the social sciences but what about economics -where are economic networks this is a surprising and prominent gap -in the literature -the study we published last year called -the network of global corporate control -was the first extensive analysis of economic networks the study went viral on the internet and it attracted a lot of attention from the international media -this is quite remarkable because again why did no one look at this before similar data has been around for quite some time what we looked at in detail was ownership networks so -and overconfident economics -here the nodes are companies people governments foundations etc -and the links represent the shareholding relations so shareholder a has x percent of the shares in company b and we also assign a value to the company given by the operating revenue -so ownership networks reveal the patterns of shareholding relations -now you may think that no ones looked at this before because ownership networks are really really boring to study well as ownership is related to control as i shall explain later looking at ownership networks actually can give you answers to questions like -who are the key players how are they organized are they isolated are they interconnected and what is the overall distribution of control -a high degree of interconnectivity can be bad for stability because then the stress can spread through the system like an epidemic -scientists have sometimes criticized economists who believe ideas and concepts are more important than empirical data -because a foundational guideline in science is let the data speak okay lets do that so we started with a database containing thirteen million ownership relations from two thousand and seven this is a lot of data and because we wanted to find out -who rules the world -we decided to focus on transnational corporations -or tncs for short these are companies that operate in more than one country and we found forty three thousand -in the next step we built the network around these companies so we took all the tncs shareholders and the shareholders shareholders etc all the way upstream and we did the same downstream and ended up with a network containing six hundred thousand nodes and one million links this is the tnc network which we analyzed -the first quote is from jean claude trichet when he was governor of the european central bank -and it turns out to be structured as follows so you have a periphery and a center which contains about seventy five percent of all the players and in the center theres this tiny but dominant core -which is made up of highly interconnected companies to give you a better picture think about a metropolitan area so you have the suburbs and the periphery you have a center like -a financial district then the core will be something like the tallest high rise building in the center -and we already see signs of organization going on here -thirty six percent of the tncs -are in the core only but they make up ninety five percent of the total operating revenue of all tncs -okay so now we analyzed the structure so how does this relate to the control well -ownership gives voting rights to shareholders this is the normal notion of control -and there are different models which allow you to compute the control you get from ownership -the second quote is from the head of the u k financial services authority are these people implying that we dont understand the economic systems that drive our modern societies it gets worse we spend billions of dollars -if you have more than fifty percent of the shares in a company you get control -but usually it depends on the relative distribution of shares and the network really matters -about ten years ago mr tronchetti provera had ownership and control in a small company -which had ownership and control in a bigger company you get the idea this ended up giving him control in telecom italia with a leverage of twenty six -now what we actually computed -in our study was the control over the tncs value this allowed us to assign a degree of influence to each shareholder -this is very much in the sense of max webers idea of potential power -which is the probability of imposing ones own will despite the opposition of others -if you want to compute the flow -in an ownership network this is what you have to do its actually not that hard to understand let me explain by giving you this analogy so think about water flowing in pipes where the pipes have different thickness so similarly the control is flowing in the ownership networks -and is accumulating at the nodes -so what did we find after computing all this network control well it turns out that the seven hundred and thirty seven top shareholders have the potential to collectively control eighty percent of the tncs value -now remember we started out with six hundred thousand nodes so -these seven hundred and thirty seven top players make up a bit more than zero point one percent -theyre mostly financial institutions in the u s and the u k and it gets even more extreme there are one hundred and forty six top players in the core -and they together have the potential to collectively control forty percent of the tncs value -what should you take home from all of this -the high degree of interconnectivity of the top players in the core -could pose a significant systemic risk to the global economy -and we could easily reproduce the tnc network with a few simple rules -this means that its structure is probably the result of self organization its an emergent property which depends on the rules of interaction in the system so its probably not the result of a top down approach like a global conspiracy -trying to understand the origins of the universe -our study is an impression of the moons surface its not a street map so you should take the exact numbers in our study with a grain of salt yet -it gave us a tantalizing glimpse of a brave new world of finance we hope to have opened the door for more such research in this direction so the remaining unknown terrain will be charted in the future -while we still dont understand -and this is slowly starting were seeing the emergence of long term and highly funded programs -which aim at understanding our networked world -from a complexity point of view but this journey has only just begun so we will have to wait before we see the first results -the conditions -now there is still a big problem in my opinion -ideas relating to finance economics politics society -i really hope that this complexity perspective -for a stable society -allows for some common ground to be found it would be really great if it has the power to help end the gridlock -created by conflicting ideas -which appears to be paralyzing our globalized world -a functioning economy or peace -we need to move away from dogma but this is just my own personal ideology thank you -whats happening here -how can this be possible do we really understand more about the fabric of reality than we do about the fabric which emerges from our human interactions unfortunately the answer is yes -okay how big was that its hard to get it so an illustration again gives you a feeling for scale a mile of retreat in seventy five minutes across the calving face of that particular vent three miles wide -its the place where we can see and touch and hear and feel climate change in action climate change is a really abstract thing -you pack three thousand capitol buildings into that block it would be equivalent to how large that block was -seventy five minutes -the policy and the economics and the technology are serious enough issues but we actually can deal with them im certain that we can but what we have is a perception problem because not enough people really get it yet -youre an elite audience you get it -like the extreme ice survey can have a terrific impact on human perception and bring us along because i believe we have an opportunity right now -we are nearly on the edge of a crisis but we still have an opportunity to face the greatest challenge of our -very visible theyre photographable theyre measurable ninety five percent of the glaciers in the world are retreating or shrinking -most of the -its bomb proof information and the great irony and tragedy of our time is that a lot of the general public thinks that science is still arguing about that science is not arguing about that -time art and science stare at each other across a gulf of mutual incomprehension -these images we see ice from enormous glaciers ice sheets that are hundreds of thousands of years old breaking up into chunks and chunk by chunk by chunk -iceberg by iceberg turning into global sea level rise so having seen all this in the course of a thirty year career i was still a skeptic about climate change until about ten years ago because i thought -the story of climate change was based on computer models i hadnt realized it was based on concrete measurements -of what the paleo climates the ancient climates were as recorded in the ice sheets as recorded in deep ocean sediments as recorded in lake sediments tree rings and a lot of other -ways of measuring temperature when i realized that climate change was real and it was not based on computer models -i decided that one day i would do a project looking at trying to -great confusion when the two look at each other art of course looks at the world through -in time lapse photography that i should station a camera or two at a glacier and let it shoot every fifteen minutes or every hour or whatever and watch the progression of the landscape over time well within about three -weeks i incautiously turned that idea of a couple of time lapse cameras into twenty five time lapse cameras and the next six months of my life were the hardest -time in my career trying to design build and deploy out in the field these twenty five time lapse cameras they are -solar panels power them power goes into a battery there is a custom made computer that tells the camera when to fire -cameras out on the greenland ice sheet we actually drilled holes into the ice way deep down below the thawing level and left the cameras out there for the past month and a half or so actually theres still a camera out there right now -the psyche the emotions even the unconscious at times and of course the aesthetic science tends to look at the world through the rational the quantitative things that can be measured and described -in any case the cameras shoot roughly every hour every half hour every fifteen minutes every five minutes heres a time lapse of one of the time lapse units being made -i personally obsessed about every nut bolt and washer in these crazy things i spent half my life at our local hardware store during the months when we built these units originally -were working in most of the major glaciated regions of the northern hemisphere our time lapse units are in alaska -the rockies greenland and iceland and we have repeat photography positions that is places we just visit on an annual basis in british columbia the alps and bolivia -hour ago all across the northern hemisphere watching whats happened and weve spent a lot of time in the field its been a fantastic amount of work weve been out for two and a half years and weve got about another two and a half years yet to go -thats only half our job the other half of our job is to tell the story to the global public -you know scientists have collected this kind of information off and on over the years but a lot of it stays within the science community similarly -a lot of art projects stay in the art community and i feel very much a responsibility through mechanisms like ted -and like our relationship with the obama white house with the senate with john kerrys office to influence policy as much as possible with these pictures as well weve done films weve done books we have more coming -we have a site on google earth that google earth was generous enough to give us -because we feel very much the need to tell this story because it is such an immediate evidence of ongoing climate change right now -now one bit of science before we get into the visuals if everybody in the developed world understood this graph -but it gives art a terrific context for understanding in the extreme ice survey were dedicated to bringing those two -and emblazoned it on the inside of their foreheads there would be no further societal argument about climate change because this is the story that counts everything else you hear is just propaganda and confusion -key issues this is a four hundred thousand year record this -and several things are important number one temperature and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere go up and down basically in sync you can see that from the orange line and the blue line -right now if you look at the top right part of that graph were at three hundred and eighty five parts per million we are way way outside the normal natural variability -earth is having a fever in the past hundred years the temperature of the earth has gone up one point three degrees fahrenheit seventy five degrees celsius -and its going to keep going up because we keep dumping fossil fuels into the atmosphere at the rate of about two and a half parts per million per year its been a remorseless steady increase we have to turn that around -thats the crux and someday i hope to emblazon that across times square in new york and a lot of other places but anyway off to the world of ice -the columbia glacier in alaska this is a view of whats called the calving face this is what one of our cameras saw over the course of a few months you see see the glacier flowing in from the right -dropping off into the sea camera shooting every hour if you look in the middle background you can see the calving face bobbing up and down like a -parts of human understanding together merging art and science to the end of helping us understand nature and humanitys relationship with nature better -that means that glaciers floating and its unstable and youre about to see the consequences of that floating to give you a little bit of a sense of scale -that calving face in this picture is about three hundred and twenty five ft tall thats thirty two stories -this is not a little cliff this is like a major office building in an urban center the calving face is the wall where the visible ice breaks off but in fact it goes down below sea level -heres what columbias done this is in south central alaska -this was an aerial picture i did one day in june three years ago -this is an aerial picture we did this year -thats the retreat of this glacier the main stem the main flow of the glacier is coming from the right and its going very rapidly up that stem were going to be up there in just a few more weeks -and we expect that its probably retreated another half a mile but if i got there and discovered that it had collapsed and it was five miles further back i wouldnt be the least bit surprised -now its really hard to grasp the scale of these places because as the glaciers one of the things is that places like alaska and greenland are huge theyre not normal landscapes -but as the glaciers are retreating theyre also deflating like air being let out of a balloon -and so there are features on this landscape theres a ridge right in the middle of the picture up above where that arrow comes in that shows you that a little bit theres a marker line called the trim line above -little red illustration there this is something no self respecting photographer would ever do you put some cheesy illustration on his shot right and -higher than the eiffel tower higher than the empire state building a tremendous amount of ice has been let out of these valleys as its retreated and deflated gone back -these changes in the alpine world are accelerating its not static particularly in the world of sea ice the rate of natural change is outstripping predictions of just a few years ago and the processes -are accelerating or the predictions were too low to begin with but in any case there are big big changes happening as we speak so heres another time lapse shot of columbia -and you see where it ended in these various spring days june may then october now we turn on our time lapse this camera was shooting every hour -firmly of the belief that photography video and film have tremendous power to help us understand and shape -you can look at these pictures over and over again because theres such a strange bizarre fascination in seeing these things you dont normally get to see come alive -huge crevasses open up these great ice islands break off -huge collapse that happened in about a month the loss of all that ice -the way we think about nature and about ourselves in relationship to nature in this project were specifically interested of course in ice -on up to iceland -one of my favorite glaciers -and here if you watch you can see the terminus retreating you can see this river being formed you can see it deflating -so we wind time backwards now -go back a couple years in time -and on up to greenland the smaller the -ice mass the faster it responds to climate greenland took a little while to start reacting to the warming climate of the past century but it really started galloping along about twenty years ago -im fascinated by the beauty of it the mutability of it the malleability of it and the fabulous shapes in which it can -one glacier in greenland that puts more ice into the global ocean than all the other glaciers in the northern hemisphere combined the ilulissat glacier we have some cameras on the south edge of the -watching the calving face as it goes through this dramatic retreat heres a two year record of what that looks like the helicopter is in front of the calving face for scale -quickly dwarfed the calving face is four and a half miles across and in this shot as we pull back youre only seeing about a mile and a half of it so imagine how big this is and how much ice is charging out -the interior of greenland is to the right its flowing out to the atlantic ocean on the left icebergs many many many times the size of this building are roaring out to sea -we just downloaded these pictures a couple weeks ago as you can see june twenty fifth -okay we had a team out watching this glacier and we recorded the biggest calving event thats ever been put on film we had nine cameras going this is what a couple of the cameras saw -four hundred foot tall calving face breaking off -huge huge icebergs rolling over -they dont know the korean war from the war in vietnam they dont know who was an ally of america in world war ii think how different america would be if every american knew that this is the fifth time western armies have gone to afghanistan to put its house in order -or imagine how different things would be if most americans knew that we had been lied into four of our last six wars -you know the spanish didnt sink the battleship maine the lusitania was not an innocent vessel but was loaded with munitions the north vietnamese did not attack the seventh fleet -but i dont want to end on a pessimistic note -why did no one tell me what white bodies the lower orders have as if they were a reptile well dickens was right and he was wrong -now this has raised all sorts of questions were our immediate ancestors on the verge of mental retardation -because seventy is normally the score for mental retardation or are we on the verge of all being gifted because one hundred and thirty is the cutting line for giftedness now im going to try and argue for a third alternative thats much more illuminating than either of those -going to take a quick voyage over the cognitive history of the twentieth century -and to put this into perspective lets imagine that a martian came down to earth and found a ruined civilization -and this martian was an archaeologist and they found scores target scores that people had used for shooting -and initially that archaeologist would be baffled they would say look these tests were designed to find out how much people were steady of hand how keen their eyesight was whether they had control of their weapon -because during that century our minds have altered dramatically -and in other words it was the equipment that was in the hands of the average soldier that was responsible not greater keenness of eye or steadiness of -as you all know the cars that people drove in one thousand nine hundred have altered because the roads are better and because of technology and our minds have altered too weve gone from people who confronted a concrete world and analyzed that world primarily in terms of how much it would benefit them -luria looked at people just before they entered the scientific age and he found that these people were resistant to classifying the concrete world they wanted to break it up into little bits that they could use he found that they were resistant to -deducing the hypothetical to speculating about what might be and he found finally that they didnt deal well with abstractions or using logic on those abstractions now let me give you a sample of some of his interviews -and he was interested effectively in what he could do with those concrete objects and then luria went to another person -and he said to them -there are no camels in germany -hamburg is a city in germany -are there camels in hamburg -and the fellow said well if its large enough there ought to be camels there -a third interview -wherever there is always snow the bears are white -what color are the bears at the north pole -and the response was such a thing is to be settled by testimony -now you see again this person has rejected going beyond the concrete world and analyzing it through everyday experience and it was important to that person what color bears were that is they had to hunt bears -they werent willing to engage in this one of them said to luria how can we solve things that arent real problems -none of these problems are real how can we address them now these three -categories classification -to people who confront a very complex world and its a world where weve had to develop new mental habits new habits of mind and these include things like clothing that concrete world with classification -first almost all of us today get a high school diploma that is weve gone from four to eight years of education to twelve years of formal education and fifty two percent of americans have actually experienced some type of tertiary education -now not only do we have much more education and much of that education is scientific and you cant do science without classifying the world you cant do science without proposing hypotheses you cant do science without making it logically consistent -and even down in grade school things have changed -and you were supposed to think well the state legislature was rural controlled and they hated the big city -so rather than putting the capital in a big city they put it in a county seat they put it in albany rather than new york they put it in harrisburg rather than philadelphia and so forth -what about employment -well in one thousand nine hundred three percent of americans practiced professions that were cognitively demanding -only three percent were lawyers or doctors or teachers -today thirty five percent of americans practice cognitively demanding professions not only to the professions proper like lawyer or doctor or scientist or lecturer but many many sub professions having to do with being a technician a computer programmer -a whole range of professions now make cognitive demands -and we can only meet the terms of employment in the modern world by being cognitively far more flexible -introducing abstractions that we try to make logically consistent and also taking the hypothetical seriously that is wondering about what might have been rather than what is -compare the banker in one thousand nine hundred who really just needed a good accountant and to know who was trustworthy in the local community for paying back their mortgage -well the merchant bankers who brought the world to their knees may have been morally remiss but they were cognitively very agile they went far beyond that one thousand nine hundred banker they had to look at computer projections for the housing market -they had to get complicated cdo squared in order to bundle debt together and make debt look as if it were actually a profitable asset they had to prepare a case to get rating agencies to give it a aaa though in many cases they had virtually bribed the rating agencies -some of the habits of mind that we have developed over the twentieth century have paid off in unexpected areas im primarily a moral philosopher i merely have a holiday in psychology and what interests me in general is moral debate -now over the last century in developed nations like america moral debate has escalated because we take the hypothetical seriously and we also take universals seriously and look for logical connections -when i came home in one thousand nine hundred and fifty five from university at the time of martin luther king -now this dramatic change was drawn to my attention through massive i q gains over time -and when we said to our parents and grandparents how would you feel if tomorrow morning you woke up black -mores and attitudes they had inherited they would not take the hypothetical seriously and without the hypothetical its very difficult to get moral argument off the ground you have to say imagine you were -and these have been truly massive -and if someone of the older generation says well our government takes care of us and its up to their government to take care of them -that is we dont just get a few more questions right on i q tests we get far more questions right on i q tests than each succeeding generation back to the time that they were invented -well you today universalize your principles you state them as abstractions and you use logic on them if you have a principle such as people shouldnt suffer unless theyre guilty of something then to exclude black people youve got to make exceptions dont you you have to say well blackness of skin -you couldnt suffer just for that it must be that blacks are somehow tainted -because youre not treating moral principles as concrete entities youre treating them as universals to be rendered consistent by logic -now how did all of this arise out of i q tests thats what initially got me going on cognitive history if you look at the i q test you find the gains have been greatest in certain areas the similarities subtest of the wechsler is about classification -there are other parts of the i q test battery that are about using logic on abstractions some of you may have taken ravens progressive matrices and its all about analogies and in one thousand nine hundred people could do simple analogies -that is if you said to them cats are like wildcats what are dogs like they would say wolves -but by one thousand nine hundred and sixty people could attack ravens on a much more sophisticated level if you said weve got two squares followed by a triangle what follows two circles they could say a semicircle -just as a triangle is half of a square a semicircle is half of a circle by two thousand and ten college graduates if you said -indeed if you score the people a century ago against modern norms they would have an average i q of seventy if you score us against their norms we would have an average i q of one hundred and thirty -they would say eight because eight is half of sixteen that is they -now i should say one thing thats very disheartening we havent made progress on all fronts one of the ways in which we would like to deal with the sophistication of the modern world is through politics -weve noticed in a trend among young americans that they read less history and less literature and less material about foreign lands and theyre essentially ahistorical they live in the bubble of the present -things are beginning to happen please pardon me as a black man for celebrating that -the election of obama was an unusual sign of the fact that it is a year of favor -there is so much more that -needs to be done we need to bring health and food and education and respect -for all gods citizens all -children remembering mama eternal now let me close my comments by telling you that whenever i feel something very deeply -it usually takes the form of verse and so i want to close with a little song -i close with this song its a childrens song because we are all children at the table of mama eternal and if mama -has taught us correctly this song will make sense not only to those of us who are a part of this gathering but to all who sign the charter for compassion and this is why we do it the song says a i -made heaven so happy today a a receiving gods love and giving it away a a when i looked -me a a now im so happy cant -that is to make a fuss over the one who had been honored in some way for when one is honored -look at me -cant you see a a sharing makes me happy makes heaven happy too a a im happy look at me -cant you see a a let me share happy loving smile with you a thats compassion -all are honored also we had to make a report on our -extended visited -members that is extended members of the family sick -elderly shut in my task was at least once a week to visit mother lassiter who lived on east street -mother williamson who lived on bledsoe avenue mother lathers who lived on oberlin road why because they -and infirm and we needed to go by to see if they needed anything for mom said to be family is to care and share and to look -for one another they are our family and -to give me this was the nature of being at that table in fact she indicated that -if we would do that not only would we have the joy of receiving the gratitude from the members of the extended family but she said even -god will smile and when god smiles there is peace and justice and joy so at the table at nine hundred and fifteen i learned something about compassion -of course it was a ministers family so we had to add god into it and so i came to think that mama -eternal mama eternal is always wondering are all -the children in and if we had been faithful in caring and sharing we had -the sense that justice and peace would have a chance in the world now it was not always wonderful at that table let me explain a point at which we did not rise to the occasion -it was christmas and at our family oh what a morning christmas morning where we open up our gifts where we have special prayers and where we get to the old -upright piano and we would sing carols it was a very intimate moment in fact you could come down to the tree to get your gifts and get ready to sing and then get -and daddy brought elder revels to the christmas family celebration we thought he must be out of his mind this is -time this is intimate time this is when we can just be who we are and now we have this stuffy brother with his shirt and tie on -while we are still in our pjs why would daddy bring elder revels any other time but -if you come in you will see us evening time at table set for ten but not always all seats filled -not to the christmas celebration and mom overheard us as said well you know what if you really understand the nature of this celebration -it is that this is a time where you extend the circle of love thats what the celebration is all about its time to make space -to share the enjoyment of life in a beloved community so we sucked up -was not a word to be debated -it was a sensibility to how -we are together we are -sisters and brothers united together and like chief seattle said we did not spin the web of life were all strands in it and whatever we do to the web -we do to ourselves now thats compassion so let me tell you i kind of look at the world this way i see pictures and something says now thats compassion a harvested field of grain -with some grain -the corners reminding me of the hebrew tradition that you may indeed harvest but you must always leave some -on the edges just in case theres someone who has not had the share necessary for good nurture -at the point when dinner is ready to be served since mom had eight kids sometimes she said she couldnt tell who was who and where they were before we could eat she would -talk about a picture of compassion i see always it stirs my heart a picture of doctor martin luther king jr walking -young and rabbi heschel and maybe thich nhat hanh and some of -other saints assembled walking across the bridge and going into selma just a photograph arm in arm for struggle suffering -in a common hope that we can be brothers and sisters without the accidents of our birth or our ethnicity robbing us of a sense of unity -another picture here this one i really do like this picture when doctor martin luther king -was assassinated that day everybody in my community -was upset you heard about riots -all across the land bobby kennedy was scheduled to bring an inner city message -in indianapolis -this is the picture they said its going to be too volatile for you to go he insisted i must go so sitting on a flatbed truck -elders of the community and bobby stands up and says to the people i have bad news for you -almost wish to have the opportunity to enter now into activities of revenge but he said what i really want you to know is that i know how you feel -because i had someone dear to me snatched away i know how you feel -and he said i hope that you will have the strength to do what i did i allowed my anger my bitterness my grief to simmer -and then i made up my mind that i was going to make a different world and we can do that together thats a picture compassion i think i see it -all the children in and if someone happened to be missing -i saw it when the dalai lama came to the riverside church while i was a pastor and he invited representatives of faith traditions from all around the world -he asked them to give a message and they each read in their own language a central affirmation and that was some -version of the golden rule as you would that others would do unto you do also unto them -twelve in their ecclesiastical or cultural or tribal attire affirming one message -we are so connected that we must treat each other as if an action toward you is an action toward myself -one more picture while im stinking and thinking about the riverside church nine eleven last night -we say fix a plate for that person put it in the oven then we could say grace and we could eat -at chagrin fall a newspaper man and a television guy said that evening -when a service was held at the riverside church we carried it on our station in this city -it was he said one of the most powerful moments of life together we were all suffering -but you invited representatives of all of the traditions to come and you invited them find out what it is in your tradition that tells us what to do -when we have been humiliated when we have been despised and rejected and they all spoke out of their own tradition -a word about the healing power of solidarity one with the other -as a preacher i got a job i got to preach -the stuff but i got to do it too or as father divine in harlem used to say to folks some people preach the gospel -i have to tangibilitate the gospel so the real issue is how do you tangibilitate -compassion how do you make it real my faith has constantly lifted up the ideal and challenged me when i -beneath it in my tradition there is a gift that we have made to other traditions -also while we were at the table there was a ritual in our family -around the world who knows the story of the good samaritan many people think of it primarily in terms of charity -random acts of kindness but for those who really study that text a little more -thoroughly you will discover that a question has been raised that leads to this parable the question was -what is the greatest commandment and according to jesus the word comes forth you must love yourself you must love the lord your god with all your heart mind and soul and your neighbor as yourself -and then the person asked well what do you mean neighbor and he answered -when something significant had happened for any one of us whether mom had just been elected as the president of the -by telling the story of the man who fell among thieves and how religious authorities went the other way -and how their supporters in the congregation went the other way but an unsuspecting despised person -came along saw the man in need provided oil and wine for his wounds put him on his own -he said here this is the initial investment but if needs continue make sure that you provide them and whatever else is needed -i will provide it and pay for it when i return -this always seemed to me to be a deepening of the sense of what it means to be a good samaritan a good samaritan is not simply one whose heart is touched in an immediate act of care and charity -but one who provides a system of sustained care i like that a system -in the inn take care i think maybe its one time when the bible talks about a healthcare system and a commitment to do -is necessary that all gods children would have their needs cared for so that we could answer when mommy eternal asks in regards to -or whether dad had gotten an assignment at the college of our denomination or whether someone had won the jabberwocky contest for talent -and we could say yes oh what a joy it has been to be a person seeking to tangibilitate -compassion i recall that my work as a pastor has always involved -caring for their spiritual needs being concerned for housing for healthcare for the prisoners for the -for children even the foster care children for whom no one maybe can even keep a record where they started off where they are going -to be a pastor is to care for these individual needs but now to be a good samaritan and i always say and to be a good american for me -is not simply to congratulate myself for the individual acts of care compassion takes on a corporate dynamic i believe that whatever we did -that table at bloodworth street must be done around tables and rituals of faith -until we become that family that family together that understands the nature of our unity we are one people together -so let me explain to you what i mean when i think about compassion and why i think it is so important -that right at this point in history we would decide to establish this charter of compassion the reason its important -is because this is a very special time in history -the ritual at the family was once the announcement is made we must take five ten minutes to do what we call make over that person -it is the time which biblically we would speak of it as the day or the year of gods favor this is a season of grace -this is the mathematics of metaphor and fortunately its very simple x equals y -this formula works whereever metaphor is present elvis uses it but so does shakespeare in this famous line from romeo and juliet juliet is the sun -now here shakespeare gives the thing juliet a name that belongs to something else the -but whenever we give a thing a name that belongs to something else we give it a whole network of analogies too we mix and match what we know about the metaphors source in this case the sun -with what we know about its target juliet and metaphor gives us a much more vivid understanding of juliet than if shakespeare had literally described what she looks like -so how do we make and understand metaphors this might look familiar the first step is pattern recognition look at this image what do you see -lives a secret life all around us we utter about six metaphors a minute metaphorical thinking is essential to how we understand ourselves -now synesthesia is the experience of a stimulus in once sense organ in another sense organ as well such as colored hearing -people with colored hearing actually see colors when they hear the sounds of words or letters we all have synesthetic abilities -this is the bouba kiki test what you have to do is identify which of these shapes is called bouba and which is called kiki -if you are like ninety eight percent of other people you will identify the round amoebiod shape as bouba and the sharp spiky one -as kiki can we do a quick show of hands does that correspond okay i think ninety nine point nine would about cover it -why do we do that because we instinctively find or create a pattern between the round shape -and the round sound of bouba and the spiky shape and the spiky sound of kiki -and many of the metaphors we use everyday are synesthetic silence is sweet neckties are loud -third step is cognitive dissonance this is the stroop test what you need to do here is identify as quickly as possible the color of the ink in which these words are printed you can take the test now -and others how we communicate learn discover and invent but metaphor is a way of thought before it is a way with words -the test shows that we can not ignore the literal meaning of words even when the literal meaning gives the wrong answer stroop tests have been done with metaphor as well -participants had to identify as quickly as possible the literally false sentences they took longer to reject metaphors as false than they did to reject literally false sentences -why because we cannot ignore the metaphorical meaning of words either one of the sentences was some jobs are jails -now unless youre a prison guard the sentence some jobs are jails is literally false sadly its metaphorically true and the metaphorical truth interferes with our ability to identify it as literally false -agent metaphors describe price movements as the deliberate action of a living thing as in the nasdaq climbed higher -those expectations because agent metaphors imply the deliberate action of a living thing pursuing a goal -if for example house prices are routinely described as climbing and climbing higher and higher people might naturally assume that that rise is unstoppable -they may feel confident say in taking out mortgages they really cant afford thats a hypothetical example of course but this is how metaphor misleads -now to assist me in explaining this ive enlisted the help of one of our greatest philosophers the reigning king of the metaphorians -they were each then given one of three descriptions of this hypothetical crisis each of which was designed to trigger a different historical analogy -world war ii vietnam and the third was historically neutral those exposed to the world war ii scenario made more interventionist recommendations than the others -with what we dont know and the only way to find out about the latter is to investigate the ways it might be like the former -einstein described his scientific method as combinatory play he famously used thought experiments which are essentially elaborate analogies to come up with some of his greatest discoveries -by bringing together what we know and what we dont know through analogy metaphorical thinking strikes the spark that ignites discovery -a man whose contributions to the field are so great that he himself has become a metaphor i am of course referring to none other than elvis presley -ralph waldo emerson described language as fossil poetry but before it was fossil poetry language was fossil metaphor and these fossils still breathe -take the three most famous words in all of western philosophy cogito ergo sum it is routinely translated as i think therefore i am -and the proper translation of cogito ergo sum is i shake things up therefore i am -the mind is a plastic snow dome the most beautiful most interesting and most itself when as elvis put it -its all shook up and metaphor keeps the mind shaking rattling and rolling long after elvis has left the building thank you very much -in all shook up a touch is not a touch but a chill lips are not lips but volcanoes -she is not she but a buttercup and love is not love but being all shook up -in this elvis is following aristotles classic definition of metaphor as the process of giving the thing a name that belongs to something else -if we had started in two thousand and five it would have required emission reductions of three percent per year to restore planetary energy balance and stabilize climate this century if we start next year it is six percent per year -but while our instrument was being built -if we wait ten years it is fifteen percent per year extremely difficult and expensive -perhaps impossible but we arent even starting -so now you know what i know that is moving me to sound this alarm -clearly i havent gotten this message across the science is clear -i need your help to communicate the gravity and the urgency of this situation and its solutions -i became involved in calculations of the greenhouse effect here on earth -because we realized that our atmospheric composition was changing -eventually i resigned as principal investigator -on our venus experiment because a planet changing before our eyes is more interesting and important its changes will affect all of humanity the greenhouse effect had been well understood for more than a century -warming earths surface -i worked with other scientists to analyze earth climate observations -in one thousand nine hundred and eighty one we published an article in science magazine concluding that observed warming of zero point four degrees celsius in the prior century was consistent with the greenhouse effect of increasing co two -that would cause me a reticent midwestern scientist to get myself arrested in front of the white house protesting -that earth would likely warm in the one thousand nine hundred and eightys and warming would exceed the noise level of random weather by the end of the century -we also said that the twenty first century would see shifting climate zones creation of drought prone regions in north america and asia erosion of ice sheets rising sea levels and opening of the fabled northwest passage -global warming hoopla -became time consuming and distracted me from doing science partly because i had complained that the white house altered my testimony so i decided to go back to strictly doing science and leave the communication to others -and what would you do if you knew what i know -to the presidents climate task force but energy policies continued to focus on finding more fossil fuels -by then we had two grandchildren -sophie and connor i decided that i did not -so i decided to give a public talk criticizing the lack of an appropriate energy policy i gave the talk at the university of iowa in two thousand and four and at the two thousand and five meeting of the american geophysical union -this led to calls from the white house to nasa headquarters and i was told that i could not give any talks or speak with the media without prior explicit approval by nasa headquarters -lets start with how i got to this point -after i informed the new york times about these restrictions nasa was forced to end the censorship but there were consequences i had been using the first line of the nasa mission statement to understand and protect the home planet to justify my talks -soon the first line of the mission statement was deleted never to appear again over the next few years i was drawn more and more into trying to communicate the urgency -i was lucky to grow up at a time when it was not -to space so theres a temporary energy imbalance more energy is coming in than going out until earth warms up enough to again radiate to space as much energy as it absorbs from the sun -so the key quantity is earths energy imbalance is there more energy coming in -difficult for the child of a tenant farmer to make his way to the state university and i was really lucky to go to the university of iowa -now finally we can measure earths energy imbalance precisely -by measuring the heat content in earths heat reservoirs the biggest reservoir the ocean was the least well measured until more than three thousand argo floats were distributed around the worlds ocean -these floats reveal that the upper half of the ocean is gaining heat at a substantial rate -the deep ocean is also gaining heat at a smaller rate and energy is going into the net melting of ice all around the planet and the land to depths of tens of meters is also warming -the total energy imbalance now is about six tenths of a watt per square meter that may not sound like much -but when added up over the whole world its enormous its about twenty times greater than the rate of energy use by all of humanity -its equivalent to exploding four hundred thousand hiroshima atomic bombs per day three hundred and sixty five days per year thats how much extra energy earth is gaining each day -this imbalance if we want to stabilize climate means that we must reduce co two from three hundred and ninety one ppm parts per million back to three hundred and fifty ppm -where i could study under professor james van allen -that is the change needed to restore energy balance and prevent further warming -climate change deniers argue that the sun is the main cause of climate change but the measured energy imbalance occurred during the deepest solar minimum -in the record when the suns energy reaching earth was least -yet there was more energy coming in than going out this shows that the effect of the suns variations on climate is overwhelmed by the increasing greenhouse gasses mainly from burning fossil fuels now consider earths climate history -who built instruments for the first u s satellites -these curves for global temperature atmospheric co two and sea level were derived from ocean cores and antarctic ice cores from ocean sediments and snowflakes that piled up year after year over eight hundred thousand years forming a two mile thick ice sheet -as you see theres a high correlation between temperature co two and sea level careful examination shows that the temperature changes -slightly lead the co two changes by a few centuries -climate change deniers like to use this fact to confuse and trick the public by saying look the temperature causes co two to change not vice versa but that lag is exactly what is expected -professor van allen told me about observations of venus that there was intense microwave radiation did it mean that venus had an ionosphere or was venus extremely hot -small changes in earths orbit that occur over tens to hundreds of thousands of years alter the distribution -of sunlight on earth -when there is more sunlight at high latitudes in summer ice sheets melt shrinking ice sheets make the planet darker so it absorbs more sunlight and becomes warmer -a warmer ocean releases co two just as a warm coca cola does and more co two causes more warming -the important point is that these same amplifying feedbacks will occur today the physics does not change as earth warms now because of extra co two we put in the atmosphere ice will melt and co two and methane will be released by warming ocean -and melting permafrost while we cant say exactly how fast these -unless we stop the warming -there is evidence that feedbacks are already beginning -precise measurements by grace the gravity satellite reveal that both greenland and antarctica are now losing mass several hundred cubic kilometers per year -and the rate has accelerated since the measurements began nine years ago -methane is also beginning to escape from the permafrost what sea level rise can we look forward to the last time co two was three hundred and ninety ppm todays value sea level was higher by at least fifteen meters fifty feet -where you are sitting now would be under water -most estimates are that this century we will get at least one meter i think it will be more if we keep burning fossil fuels perhaps even five meters which is eighteen feet -the right answer confirmed by the soviet venera spacecraft was that venus was very hot -this century or shortly thereafter the important point is that we will have started a process that is out of humanitys control -ice sheets would continue to disintegrate for centuries there would be no stable shoreline the economic consequences are almost unthinkable hundreds of new orleans like devastations around the world -what may be more reprehensible if climate denial continues is extermination of species -the monarch butterfly could be one of the twenty to fifty percent of all -species that the intergovernmental panel on climate change -estimates will be ticketed for extinction by the end of the century if we stay on business as usual fossil fuel use global warming is already affecting people -the texas oklahoma mexico heatwave and drought last year moscow the year before and europe in two thousand and three were all exceptional events -more than three standard deviations outside the norm fifty years ago such anomalies covered only two to three tenths of one percent of the land area in recent years -because of global warming they now cover about ten percent an increase by a factor of twenty five to fifty so we can say with a high degree of confidence that the severe texas and moscow heatwaves were not natural they were caused by global warming -nine hundred degrees fahrenheit -an important impact if global warming continues will be on the breadbasket of our nation and the world the midwest and great plains which are expected to become prone to extreme droughts worse than the dust bowl within just a few decades if we let global warming continue -and it was kept hot by a thick carbon dioxide atmosphere -how did i get dragged deeper and deeper into an attempt to communicate giving talks in ten countries getting arrested burning up the vacation time that i had accumulated over thirty years -more grandchildren helped me along jake is a super positive enthusiastic boy here at age two and a half years he thinks he can protect his two and a half day old little sister -it would be immoral to leave these young people with a climate system spiraling out of control now the tragedy about climate change is that we can solve it -i was fortunate to join nasa and successfully propose an experiment to fly to venus our instrument took this image of the veil of venus which turned out to be a smog of sulfuric acid -with a simple honest approach of a gradually rising carbon fee collected from fossil fuel companies and distributed one hundred percent electronically every month to all legal residents on a per capita basis with the government not keeping one dime -most people would get more in the monthly dividend than theyd pay in increased prices -this fee and dividend would stimulate the economy and innovations creating millions of jobs it is the principal requirement for moving us rapidly to a clean energy future -several top economists are coauthors on this proposition -jim dipeso of republicans for environmental protection describes it thusly transparent market based does not enlarge government leaves energy decisions to individual choices sounds like a conservative climate plan -but instead of placing a rising fee on carbon emissions to make fossil fuels pay their true cost to society our governments are forcing the public -to subsidize fossil fuels by four hundred to five hundred billion dollars per year worldwide thus encouraging extraction of every fossil fuel mountaintop removal longwall mining fracking tar sands tar shale deep ocean arctic drilling -this path if continued guarantees that we will pass tipping points leading to ice sheet disintegration that will accelerate out of control of future generations a large fraction of species will be committed to extinction -and increasing intensity of droughts and floods will severely impact breadbaskets of the world causing massive famines and economic decline -imagine -a giant asteroid on a direct collision course with earth that is the equivalent of what we face now -yet we dither taking no action to divert the asteroid even though the longer we wait the more difficult and expensive it becomes -so that you know the residences make sense deployed in relation to the places of business of culture and of governance -have to re learn what the building blocks of these things are the street the block how to compose public space thats both large and small the courtyard the civic square -and how to really make use of this property we can see some of the first ideas for retro fitting some of the -the vocabularies grammars syntaxes rhythms and patterns of architecture in order to inform us who we are -were going to fix them by imposing back on them street and block systems and returning to the building lot as the normal increment of development -and if were lucky the result will be revivified town centers and neighborhood centers in our existing towns and cities and by the way -our towns and cities are where they are and grew where they were because they occupy all the important sites -and most of them are still going to be there although the scale of them is probably going to be diminished weve got a lot of work to do -were not going to be rescued by the hyper car were not going to be rescued by alternative fuels no amount or combination of alternative fuels is going to allow us -to continue running what were running the way were running it were going to have to do everything very differently and americas not prepared we are sleepwalking into the future were not ready for whats coming at us so i urge you -all to do what you can life in the mid twenty one st century is going to be about -be prepared to be good neighbors be prepared to find vocations that make you useful to your neighbors and to your fellow citizens one final thing -ok consumers are different than citizens consumers do not have obligations responsibilities and duties -the public realm -to their fellow human beings and as long as youre using that word consumer in the public discussion you will be degrading the quality of the discussion were having and were gonna continue being clueless going into this very difficult future -that we face so thank you very much please go out and do what you can to make this a land full of places that are worth caring about and a nation that will be worth -it is the dwelling place of our civilization and our civic life and it is the physical manifestation of the common good -the immersive ugliness of our everyday environments in america -and when you degrade the public realm you will automatically degrade the quality of your civic life and the character of all the enactments of your public life and communal life that take place there -the public realm comes mostly in the form of the street -your ability to define space and to create places that are worth caring about all comes from a body of culture that we call the -to inform us not only where we are geographically -but it has to inform us where we are in our culture where weve come from what kind of people we are and it needs to by doing that -is entropy made visible -it needs to afford us a glimpse to where were going in order to allow us to dwell in a hopeful present -and if there is one tremendous if there is one great catastrophe about the places that weve built the human environments weve made for ourselves -in the last fifty years it is that it has deprived us of the ability to live in a hopeful present -the environments we are living in more typically are like these -be the asteroid belt of architectural garbage two miles north of my town and remember to create a place of character and quality you have to be able to define space -so how is that being accomplished here if you stand on the apron of the wal mart over here and try to look at the target store over here -you cant see it because of the curvature of the earth -we cant overestimate the amount of despair that we are generating -we have about you know thirty eight thousand places that are not worth caring about in the united states today when we have enough of them were gonna have a nation thats not worth defending -and i want you to think about that when you think about those young men and women who are over in places like iraq spilling their blood in the sand -and ask yourself what is their last thought of home i hope its not the curb cut between the chuck e cheese and the target store because thats not good enough for americans -to be spilling their blood for we need better places in this country -with places like this -space its a place worth caring about -its well defined it is emphatically an outdoor public room it has something that is terribly important it has whats called an active and permeable membrane around the edge thats a fancy way of saying -its got shops bars bistros destinations things go in and out of it its permeable the beer -goes in and out the waitresses go in and out and that activates the center of this place and makes it a place that people want to hang out in you know in these places in other cultures -people just go because its pleasurable to be there -but this is how we do it in the united states probably the most significant public space failure in america designed by the leading architects of the day -harry cobb and i m pei boston city hall plaza a public place so dismal that the winos dont even want to go there -and we cant fix it because i m peis still alive and every year harvard and m i t have a joint committee to repair it and every year they fail to because they dont want to hurt i m peis feelings -if were going to continue the -to make people feel ok -about going down this block -this is the back of boston city hall the most important you know significant civic building in albany excuse me in boston -the vocabularies and grammars that are coming from this building and how is it informing us about who we are -this in fact would be a better building if we put mosaic portraits of josef stalin pol pot -saddam hussein and all the other great despots of the twentieth century on the side of the building because then wed honestly be saying what the building is really communicating to us you know that its a despotic building it wants us to feel like termites -this is it on a smaller scale the back of the civic center in my town saratoga springs new york -they shouted at me and said it was raining that day when you took that picture because this was perceived to be a weather problem -you know this is a building designed like a dvd player -power supply -you know these things are important architectural jobs for firms right you know we hire firms to design these things you can see exactly what went on three oclock in the morning at the design meeting you know eight hours before deadline -and i mean what was the conversation that was going on there -because you know what the last word was what the last sentence was of that meeting it was -a lot of ways you can describe this you know i like to call it the national automobile slum you can call it suburban sprawl -so i went back on the nicest day of the year just to you know just some reality testing and in fact he will not even go down there because -its not interesting enough for his clients you know the burglars the muggers -its not civically rich enough for them to go down there -ok the pattern of main street usa in fact this pattern of building downtown blocks all over the world is fairly universal its not that complicated buildings more than one story high -built out to the sidewalk edge so that people who are you know all kinds of people can get into the building other activities are allowed to -upstairs you know apartments offices and so on you make provision for this activity called shopping on the ground floor they havent learned that in monterey -you go out to the corner right at the main intersection right in front of this conference center youll see an intersection with four blank walls on every corner -really incredible anyway this is how you compose and assemble a downtown business building and this is what happened when in glens falls new york when we tried to do it again -i think its appropriate to call it the greatest misallocation of resources in the history of the world -ok that completely destroys the relationship between the business and the sidewalk where the theoretical pedestrians are -be there as long as this is in that condition then because the relationship between the retail is destroyed we pop a handicapped ramp on that and then to make ourselves feel better we put a nature band aid in front of it -and in fact the remedy for wounded and mutilated urbanism is good urbanism good buildings not just -flower beds not just cartoons of the sierra nevada mountains you know thats not good enough we have to do good buildings -the street trees have really four jobs to do and thats it to spatially denote the pedestrian realm to protect the pedestrians from the vehicles in the -to filter the sunlight onto the sidewalk and to soften the hardscape of the buildings and to create a ceiling a vaulted ceiling over the street at its best -you can call it a technosis externality clusterfuck -and thats it those are the four jobs of the street trees theyre not supposed to be a cartoon of the north woods theyre not supposed to be a -last of the mohicans you know one of the problems with the fiasco of suburbia is that it destroyed our -by dragging the country into the city which is what a lot of us are trying to do all the time here you see on a small scale the mothership has landed r two d two and c three -have stepped out to test the bark mulch to see if they can inhabit this planet -a lot of this comes from the fact that the industrial city in america -trauma that we developed this tremendous aversion for the whole idea of the city city life and everything connected with it -and so what you see fairly early in the mid nineteenth century is this idea that we now have to have an antidote to the industrial city which is going to be life in the country for everybody -and its a tremendous problem for us the outstanding the salient problem about this -which allows people to enjoy the amenity of the city but to return to the countryside every night and believe me there were no wal marts or convenience stores out there then -so it really was a form of country living but what happens is of course it mutates over the next eighty years and it turns into something rather insidious -it becomes a cartoon of a country house in a cartoon of the country and thats the great non articulated agony -of suburbia and one of the reasons that it lends itself to ridicule because it hasnt delivered what its been promising for half a century now and these are typically the kind of dwellings we find there you know basically a house with -on the side because this house wants to state emphatically im a little cabin in the woods theres nothing on either side of me i dont have any eyes on the side of my head i cant -for us is that these are places that are not worth caring about -nobodys gonna be using that this is really in fact a television broadcasting a show twenty four seven called were normal -were normal were normal were normal were normal were normal please respect us were normal were normal were normal -but we know whats going on in these houses you know we know that little skippy is loading his uzi down here -getting ready for -we know that heather his sister heather fourteen years old is turning tricks up here to support her drug habit -because these places these -are inducing immense -of anxiety and depression in children and they dont have a lot of experience with medication so they take the first one that comes along often -these are not good enough for americans these are the schools we are sending them to the hannibal lecter central school -talk about that some more -las vegas nevada -a real school you know but theres obviously a notion that if you let the inmates of this thing out that they would snatch a motorist off the street and eat his liver -every effort is made to keep them within the building notice that nature is present -a sense of place your ability to create places that are meaningful -have to change this behavior whether we like it or not we are entering an epochal period of change -in the world and certainly in america the period that will be characterized by the end of the cheap oil era it is going to change absolutely everything chris -asked me not to go on too long about this and i wont except to say theres not going to be a hydrogen economy forget it its not going to happen were going to have to do something else instead -were going to have to down scale re scale and re size virtually everything we do in this country and we cant start soon enough to do it -were going to have were going to have to live closer to where we work were going to have to live closer to each other were going have to grow more food closer to where we live the age of the three thousand mile caesar salad is coming to an end -and places of quality and character depends entirely on your ability to define space with buildings and to employ -going to have to we have a railroad system that the bulgarians would be ashamed of we gotta do better than that and we should have started two days before yesterday -we are fortunate that the new urbanists were there for the last ten years excavating all that information that was thrown in the garbage by our parents generation -so my ask is this go online find these simple best practices find out how to update and patch your computer get a secure password make sure you use a different password on each of your sites and services online find these resources -apply them the internet is a fantastic resource for business for political expression for art and for learning -help me and the security community make life much much more difficult for cybercriminals -thank you -you can go online and buy a hacking service to knock your business competitor offline check out this one i found -if you want your business competitors to go down well they can if you want your rivals to go offline well they will not only that we are providing a short term to long term ddos service or scheduled attack starting five dollars per hour for small personal websites to ten to fifty dollars per hour -which enables the cybercriminals to test the quality of their viruses before they release them on the world -for a small fee they can upload it and make sure everything is good but it goes further cybercriminals now have crime packs with business intelligence reporting dashboards to manage the distribution of their malicious code -this is the market leader in malware distribution the black hole exploit pack responsible for nearly one third of malware distribution in the last couple of quarters it comes with technical installation guides video setup routines and get this technical support -you can email the cybercriminals and theyll tell you how to set up your illegal hacking server -so let me show you what malicious code looks like today -what ive got here is two systems an attacker which ive made look all matrix y and scary and a victim which you might recognize from home or work now normally these would be on different sides of the planet or of the internet but ive put them side by side because it makes things much more interesting -now there are many ways you can get infected you will have come in contact with some of them maybe some of you have received an email that says something like hi im a nigerian banker and id like to give you fifty three billion dollars because i like your face -now how do you get a usb key to run in a business well you could try looking really cute -its a pretty accurate description this is what someone that specializes in malware and hacking looks like -so lets have a look here on my victim computer what im going to do is plug in the usb key -after a couple of seconds things start to happen on the computer on their own usually a bad sign -this would of course normally happen in a couple of seconds really really quickly but ive kind of slowed it down so you can actually see the attack occurring malware is very boring otherwise -so this is writing out the malicious code and a few seconds later on the left hand side youll see the attackers screen get some interesting new text -your documents your data you can turn on the webcam that can be very embarrassing or just to really prove a point we can launch programs like my personal favorite the windows calculator -so isnt it amazing how much control the attackers can get with such a simple operation let me show you how most malware is now distributed today -so today computer viruses and trojans designed to do everything from stealing data to watching you in your webcam to the theft of billions of dollars some malicious code today goes as far as targeting power utilities and infrastructure -many of you will have used something a bit like this before unfortunately when this was implemented the developer was slightly inebriated and managed to forget all of the secure coding practices he had learned so lets imagine that our attacker -this is a virus pretending to look like antivirus software -and it will go through and it will scan the system have a look at what its popping up here it creates some very serious alerts oh look a child porn proxy server we really should clean that up whats really insulting about this is not only does it provide the attackers with access to your data -but when the scan finishes they tell you in order to clean up the fake viruses you have to register the product now i liked it better when viruses were free -chasing two hundred and fifty thousand pieces of malware a day is a massive challenge and those numbers are only growing directly in proportion to the length of my stress line youll note here -so i want to talk to you briefly about a group of hackers we tracked for a year and actually found and this is a rare treat in our job -so here we have a couple of documents which our cybercriminals had uploaded to a cloud service kind of like dropbox or skydrive like many of you might use at the top youll notice a section of source code -what this would do is send the cybercriminals a text message every day telling them how much money theyd made that day so a kind of cybercriminal billings report if you will -if you look closely youll notice a series of what are russian telephone numbers -now thats obviously interesting because that gives us a way of finding our cybercriminals down below highlighted in red in the other section of source code is this bit leded leded thats a username kind of like you might have on twitter -let me give you a quick snapshot of what malicious code is capable of today right now every second eight new users are joining the internet -so lets take this a little further there are a few other interesting pieces the cybercriminals had uploaded -lots of you here will use smartphones to take photos and post them from the conference -an interesting feature of lots of modern smartphones is that when you take a photo it embeds gps data about where that photo was taken in fact ive been spending a lot of time on internet dating sites recently obviously for research purposes -and ive noticed that about sixty percent of the profile pictures on internet dating sites contain the gps coordinates of where the photo was taken -which is kind of scary because you wouldnt give out your home address to lots of strangers but were happy to give away our gps coordinates to plus or minus fifteen meters -and our cybercriminals had done the same thing -so heres a photo which resolves to st petersburg we then deploy the incredibly advanced hacking tool we used google using the email address the telephone number and the gps data on the left you see an advert for a bmw that one of our cybercriminals is selling -on the other side an advert for the sale of sphynx kittens one of these was more stereotypical for me a little more searching and heres our cybercriminal -today we will see two hundred and fifty thousand individual new computer viruses -imagine these are hardened cybercriminals sharing information scarcely imagine what you could find about each of the people in this room a bit more searching through the profile and theres a photo of their office they were working on the third floor -our friends our families and our colleagues can break our security even when we do the right things this is mobsoft one of the companies that this cybercriminal gang owned and an interesting thing about mobsoft is the fifty percent owner -of this posted a job advert and this job advert matched one of the telephone numbers from the code earlier this woman was maria -and maria is the wife of one of our cybercriminals and its kind of like she went into her social media settings and clicked on every option imaginable to make herself really really insecure -we will see thirty thousand new infected websites and just to kind of tear down a myth here lots of people think that when you get infected with a computer virus its because you went to a porn site right well actually statistically speaking if you only visit porn sites youre safer -by the end of the investigation where you can read the full twenty seven page report at that link we had photos of the cybercriminals even the office christmas party when they were out on an outing thats right cybercriminals do have christmas parties as it turns out -now youre probably wondering what happened to these guys let me come back to that -in just a minute i want to change pace to one last little demonstration a technique that is wonderfully simple and basic but is interesting in exposing how much information were all giving away and its relevant because it applies to us as a ted audience -this is normally when people start kind of shuffling in their pockets trying to turn their phones onto airplane mode desperately -but what you might not know is that youre also beaming out a list of networks youve previously connected to even when youre not using wireless actively so i ran a little scan -i was relatively inhibited compared to the cybercriminals who wouldnt be so concerned by law -and here you can see my mobile device okay so you can see a list of wireless networks tedattendees hyattlb where do you think im staying -we called it that at one of our conferences because we thought that would freak people out which is quite fun this is how geeks party -so lets make this a little bit more interesting lets talk about you -twenty three percent of you have been to starbucks recently and used the wireless network things get more interesting forty six percent of you i could link to a business xyz employee network this isnt an exact science but it gets pretty accurate -seven hundred and sixty one of you i could identify a hotel youd been to recently absolutely with pinpoint precision somewhere on the globe -two hundred and thirty four of you well i know where you live -your wireless network name is so unique that i was able to pinpoint it using data available openly on the internet with no hacking or clever clever tricks -and i should mention as well that some of you do use your names james lynes iphone for example and two percent of you have a tendency to extreme profanity -so something for you to think about as we adopt these new applications and mobile devices as we play with these shiny new toys how much are we trading off convenience for privacy and security -next time you install something look at the settings and ask yourself is this information that i want to share would someone be able to abuse it -people normally write that down by the way -we also need to think very carefully about how we develop our future talent pool you see technologys changing at a staggering rate and that two hundred and fifty thousand pieces of malware wont stay the same for long -theres a very concerning trend that whilst many people coming out of schools now are much more technology savvy they know how to use technology -fewer and fewer people are following the feeder subjects to know how that technology works under the covers in the u k a sixty percent reduction since two thousand and three and there are similar statistics all over the world we also need to think about the legal issues in this area -the cybercriminals i talked about despite theft of millions of dollars actually still havent been arrested and at this point possibly never will -most laws are national in their implementation despite cybercrime conventions where the internet is borderless and international by definition countries do not agree which makes this area exceptionally challenging from a legal perspective -but my biggest ask is this you see youre going to leave here and youre going to see some astonishing stories in the news youre going to read about malware doing incredible and terrifying scary things -todays cybercriminal what do they look like well many of you have the image dont you of the spotty teenager sitting in a basement hacking away for notoriety but actually today cybercriminals are wonderfully professional and organized in fact they have product adverts -however ninety nine percent of it works because people fail to do the basics -i didnt see either of the planes hit and when i glanced out my window i saw the first tower burning and i thought it might have been an accident -a few minutes later when i looked again and saw the second tower burning i knew we were -at the time i was photographing in these different places i thought i was covering separate stories but on nine eleven history crystallized and i understood id actually been covering a single story for more than twenty years and the attack on new york was its latest manifestation -the central commercial district of kabul afghanistan at the end of the civil war -shortly before the city fell to the taliban -a taliban fighter shot during a battle as the northern alliance entered the city of kunduz -when war with iraq was imminent i realized the american troops would be very well covered so i decided to cover the invasion from inside baghdad -a marketplace was hit by a mortar shell that killed several members of a single family -it puts a human face on issues which from afar can appear abstract or ideological or monumental in their global impact what happens at ground level -far from the halls of power -happens to ordinary citizens one by one and i understood that documentary photography has the ability to interpret events from their point of view -it gives a voice to those who otherwise would not have a voice and as a reaction it stimulates public opinion and gives impetus to public debate thereby preventing the interested parties from totally controlling the agenda -much as they would like to coming of age in those days made real the concept that the free flow of information is absolutely vital for a free and dynamic society to function properly -the press is certainly a business and in order to survive it must be a successful business but the right balance must be found between marketing considerations and journalistic responsibility -societys problems cant be solved until theyre identified on a higher plane the press is a service industry and the service it provides is awareness every story does not have to sell something -theres also a time to give that was a tradition i wanted to follow -standing in front of an audience is a cross between an out of body experience and a deer caught in the headlights -seeing the war created such incredibly high stakes for everyone involved and that visual journalism could actually become a factor in conflict resolution i wanted to be a photographer in order to be a war photographer -but i was driven by an inherent sense that a picture that revealed the true face of war would almost by definition be an anti war photograph -id like to take you on a visual journey through some of the events and issues ive been involved in over the past twenty five years -in one thousand nine hundred and eighty one i went to northern ireland ten ira prisoners were in the process of starving themselves to death in protest against conditions in jail -the reaction on the streets was violent confrontation i saw that the front lines of contemporary wars are not on isolated battlefields but right where people live -in guatemala the central government controlled by a oligarchy of european decent was waging a scorched earth campaign against an indigenous rebellion and i saw an image that reflected the history of latin america conquest through a combination of the bible and the sword -so please forgive me for violating one of the ted commandments by relying on words on paper and i only hope im not struck by lightning bolts before -an anti sandinista guerrilla was mortally wounded as commander zero attacked a town in southern nicaragua -and was transformed by the energy and spirit of a child -at the same time a civil war was taking place in el salvador and again the civilian population was caught up in the conflict -ive been covering the palestinian israeli conflict since one thousand nine hundred and eighty one this is a moment from the beginning of the second intifada in two thousand when it was still stones and molotovs against an army -in two thousand and one the uprising escalated into an armed conflict and one of the major incidents was the destruction of the palestinian refugee camp in the west bank town of jenin -without the political will to find common ground the continual friction of tactic and counter tactic only creates suspicion and hatred and vengeance and perpetuates the cycle of violence -a mosque in northern bosnia was destroyed by serbian artillery and was used as a makeshift -dead serbian soldiers were collected after a battle and used as barter for the return of prisoners or bosnian soldiers killed in action -at the same time in south africa after nelson mandela had been released from prison the black population commenced the final phase of liberation from apartheid -one of the things i had to learn as a journalist was what to do with my anger i had to use it channel its energy turn it into something that would clarify my vision instead of clouding it -i was a student in the sixty s a time of social upheaval and questioning and on a personal level an awakening sense of idealism the war in vietnam was raging the civil rights movement was under way and pictures had a powerful influence on me -it was a very old ritual that seemed symbolic of the political struggle that was changing the face of south africa -elsewhere in africa there was famine -in somalia the central government collapsed and clan warfare broke out farmers were driven off their land and crops and livestock were destroyed or stolen starvation was being used as a weapon of mass destruction primitive but extremely effective hundreds of thousands of -people were exterminated slowly and painfully -the international community responded with massive humanitarian relief and hundreds of thousands of more lives were saved american troops were sent to protect the relief shipments but they were eventually drawn into the conflict and after the tragic battle in mogadishu they were -im a witness and i want my testimony to be honest and uncensored -i also want it to be powerful and eloquent and to do as much justice as possible to the experience of the people im photographing this man was in an ngo feeding center being helped as much as he could be helped he literally had nothing -he was a virtual skeleton -yet he could still summon the courage and the will to move he had not given up and if he didnt give up how could anyone in the outside world ever dream of losing hope -and it was the most uplifting thing ive ever seen -this man had just been liberated from a hutu death -i think he knew what the scars on his face would say to the rest of the -this time maybe confused or discouraged by the military disaster in somalia the international community remained silent and somewhere around eight hundred thousand people were slaughtered by their own countrymen sometimes their own neighbors using farm implements as weapons -our political and military leaders were telling us one thing and photographers were telling us another i believed the photographers and so did millions of other americans -perhaps because a lesson had been learned by the weak response to the war in bosnia and the failure in rwanda -when serbia attacked kosovo international action was taken much more decisively nato forces went in and the serbian army withdrew -ethnic albanians had been murdered their farms destroyed and a huge number of people forcibly deported -they were received in refugee camps set up by ngos in albania and macedonia -the imprint of a man who had been burned inside his own home the image reminded me of a cave -i found a boy from the local orphanage wandering around the front line -my work has evolved from being concerned mainly with war to a focus on critical social issues as well -after the fall of ceausescu i went to romania and discovered a kind of gulag of children where thousands of orphans were being kept in medieval conditions -ceausescu had imposed a quota on the number of children to be produced by each family thereby making womens bodies an instrument of state economic policy -their images fueled resistance to the war and to racism they not only recorded history they helped change the course of history their pictures became part of our collective consciousness and as consciousness evolved into a shared sense of conscience change became not only possible but -an aluminum factory in czechoslovakia was filled with carcinogenic smoke and dust and four out of five workers came down with cancer after the fall of suharto in indonesia i began to explore conditions of poverty in a country that was on its way towards modernization -i spent a good deal of time with a man who lived with his family on a railway embankment and had lost an arm and a leg in a train accident -when the story was published unsolicited donations poured in a trust fund was established and the family now lives in a house in the countryside and all their basic necessities are taken care of it was a story that wasnt trying to sell anything -journalism had provided a channel for peoples natural sense of generosity and the readers responded -i met a band of homeless children whod come to jakarta from the countryside and ended up living in a train station by the age of twelve or fourteen theyd become beggars and drug addicts the rural poor had become the urban poor and in the process theyd become invisible -these heroin addicts in detox in pakistan reminded me of figures in a play by -isolated waiting in the dark but drawn to the light -i thought it was important to emphasize that people were being helped whether by international ngos or by local grassroots organizations so many children have been orphaned by the epidemic that grandmothers have taken the place of parents and a lot of children had been born with hiv -a hospital in zambia -i began documenting the close connection between hiv aids -and tuberculosis this is an msf hospital in cambodia -i saw that the free flow of information represented by journalism specifically visual journalism can bring into focus both the benefits and the cost of political policies -in the fall of two thousand and four i went to -an msf hospital in a camp for displaced people -ive been working on a long project on crime and punishment in america -this is a scene from -a prisoner on a chain gang in alabama was punished by being handcuffed to a post in the midday sun -this experience raised a lot of questions among them questions about race and equality and for whom in our country opportunities and options are available -they dont know how to evaluate their own so called powers the professionals never come near us except that case of sylvia browne -that i told you about a moment ago she did accept -and then backed away -im james randi -thank you -these are not glasses these are empty frames quite empty frames now why would a grown man appear before you wearing empty frames on his face -to fool you ladies and gentlemen to deceive you to show you too can make assumptions dont you ever forget -now i have to do something first of all switch to real glasses so i can actually see you which would probably be a convenience i dont know i havent had a good look well its not that great -to do something now which seems a little bit strange for a magician but im going to take some medication this is -a full bottle of calms forte -the -thirty two tablets of calms forte now that ive done that ill explain it in a moment i must tell you that -good morning happy to see so many fine folks out here and so many smiling faces i -im an actor who plays a specific part i play the part of a magician a wizard if you will a real wizard -an ancient prince of denmark -named hamlet you would be insulted -and rightly so why would a man assume that you would believe something bizarre like this but there exists out there -a very large population of people who will tell you that they have psychic magical powers that they can predict the future -that they can make contact with the deceased oh they also say they will sell you astrology or other fortunetelling methods -oh they gladly sell you that yes and they also say that they can give you perpetual motion machines and free energy systems -they claim to be psychics or sensitives whatever they can but the one thing that has made a big comeback just recently -is this business of speaking with the dead -now to my innocent mind dead implies -have a very peculiar background attitude and approach to the real world because i am a conjurer now i prefer that term over -these people they tend to tell you that not only can they communicate with -they can hear the dead as well and they can relay this information back to the living -i wonder if thats true -i dont think so because this subculture of people use exactly the same gimmicks that we magicians do exactly the same the same physical methods the same psychological methods and they have effectively -billions of dollars are spent every year all over the globe on these charlatans now i have two questions i would like to ask these people if i had the opportunity to do so first question -if i want to ask them to call up because they do hear them through the ear they listen to the spirits like this im going to ask you to call up the ghost of my grandmother because when she -died she had the family will and she secreted it someplace we dont know where it is so we ask granny where is the will granny what is granny say -she says im in heaven and its wonderful im here with all my old friends my deceased friends and my family and all the puppy dogs and the kittens i used to have when i was a little girl and i love you and ill always be with you -and she didnt answer the damn question -where is the will now she could easily have said oh it in the library on the second shelf behind the encyclopedia but she doesnt say that -no she doesnt she doesnt bring any useful information to us we paid a lot of money for that information be we didnt get -the second question that id like to ask -rather simple suppose i ask them to contact the spirit of my deceased father in law as an example why do they insist on saying remember they speak into his ear why do they say my name starts with j or -is this a hunting game hunting and fishing what is it is it twenty questions no its more like one hundred and twenty questions but it is a cruel vicious -absolutely conscienceless ill be all -game that these people play -and they take advantage of the innocent the naive the grieving the needy people out there now this is a process that is called cold reading -praagh is his name james van praagh hes one of the big practitioners of this sort of thing john edward sylvia browne and rosemary altea they are other operators there are hundreds of them all over the earth but in this country james van praagh is very big and what does he -to tell you how the deceased got deceased -the people hes talking to through his ear you see so what he says is very often is like this he says he tells me he tells me before he passed that he had trouble breathing -folks thats what dying is all about you stop breathing and then youre dead its that simple -and thats the kind of information theyre going to bring back to you i dont think so now these people will make guesses theyll say things like why am i getting -folks often ask us at the james randi educational foundation they call me they say why are you so concerned about this mister randi isnt it just a lot of fun -no it is not fun it is a cruel farce -now it may bring a certain amount of comfort but that comfort lasts only about twenty minutes or so and then the people look in the mirror and they say i just paid a lot of money for that reading and what did she say to me i love you -they always say that they dont get any information they dont get any value for what they spend now sylvia browne is the big operator we call her the talons -sylvia browne thank you -sylvia browne is the big operator in this field at this very moment now sylvia browne just to show you she actually gets seven hundred dollars for a twenty minute reading -will call you sometime in the next two years you can tell its her hello this is sylvia browne thats her you can tell right away now -how do we go about that sort of thing we depend on the fact that audiences such as yourselves will make assumptions -because the bottom line is the sponsors love it and he will expose her -to television publicity all the time now what does sylvia browne give you for that seven hundred dollars she gives you the names of your guardian angels thats first now without that how could we possibly function -she gives you the names of previous lives who you were in previous lives duh turns out that the women -nothing is ever said about -a fourteen year old bootblack in the streets of london who died of consumption he isnt worth bringing back obviously and the strange thing folks you may have noticed this too you see these folks on television -they never call anybody back from hell everyone comes back from heaven but never from hell -they call back any of my friends theyre not going to well you see the story -now sylvia browne is an exception -one way because the james randi educational foundation my foundation offers a one million dollar prize in negotiable bonds very simply -for example when i walked up here and i took the microphone from the stand and switched it on -all you have to do is prove any paranormal occult or supernatural event of any kind under proper observing conditions its very easy win the million dollars -she did this on the larry king live show on cnn six -and a half years ago and we havent heard from her since strange she said that first of all she didnt know how to contact me -a professional psychic who speaks to dead people -you may have noticed -well pretty well anyway she couldnt reach me now she says she doesnt want to reach me because im a godless person all the more reason to take the million dollars wouldnt you think sylvia -you assumed this is a microphone which it is not as a matter of fact this is something that about half of you more than half of you will not be -these people need to be stopped seriously now they need to be stopped because this is a cruel farce we get people coming to the foundation all the time theyre ruined financially and emotionally because theyve given their money and their faith to these people -now i popped some pills earlier i have to explain that -youve heard of it its an alternative form of healing right homeopathy actually consists and thats what this is -calms forte thirty two caplets of sleeping pills i forgot to tell you that i just ingested six and a half -days worth of sleeping pills -that certainly is a fatal dose it says right on the back here in case of overdose contact your poison control center immediately and it gives an eight hundred number keep you seats its going to be okay i dont really need it -because ive been doing this stunt for audiences all over the world -for the last eight or ten years -taking fatal doses of homeopathic sleeping pills why dont they effect me -may surprise you what is homeopathy its taking a medicine that really works and diluting it down well beyond avogadros limit diluting it down to the point where theres none -now folks this is not just a metaphor im going to give you now its true its exactly equivalent to taking one three hundred and twenty five milligram aspirin tablet -and waiting two years or so until the solution is homogeneous then when you get a headache you take a sip of this water and voila it is gone -it makes a very bad microphone ive tried it many times -now that is true that is what homeopathy is all about and another claim that they make youll love this one the more dilute the medicine is they say -the more powerful it is -now wait a minute we heard about a guy in florida the poor man he was on homeopathic medicine he died of an overdose he forgot to take his pill -work on -its a ridiculous thing it is absolutely ridiculous i dont know what were doing believing in all this nonsense over all these years now let me tell you the james randi educational foundation is waving this very big -the other assumption that you made and this little lesson is to show you that you will make assumptions not only that you can but that you will when they are properly suggested to you you believe im looking at you -but i must say the fact that nobody has taken us up on this offer doesnt mean the powers dont exist -out there maybe these people are just independently wealthy well with sylvia browne i would think so you know seven hundred dollars for a twenty minute reading over the telephone thats more than lawyers make -i mean thats a fabulous amount of money these people dont need the million dollars perhaps but wouldnt you think theyd like to take it just to make me look silly -just to get rid of this godless person out there that sylvia browne talks about all the time -i think that something needs to be done about this we really would love to have suggestions from you folks on how to contact federal state and local authorities to get them to do something -if you find out now i understand we see people even today speaking to us about aids epidemics and starving kids around the world and impure water supplies people have to suffer with those are very important -as arthur c clarke said you know the rotting of the human mind the business of believing in the paranormal and the occult and the supernatural -all of this total nonsense this medieval thinking i think something should be done about that and it all lies in education -because it pleases the sponsors its the bottom line the dollar line thats what theyre looking at -we really must do something about this im willing to take your suggestions and im willing to have you tune in to our webpage -its www -go in there and look at the archives and you will begin to understand much more of what ive been talking about today you will see the records that we have -wrong im not looking at you i cant see you i know youre out there they told me backstage its a full house and such i know youre there because i can hear you but i cant see you because i normally wear glasses -solved any of their problems yes there could be a rotting of the american mind and of the minds all the way around the earth if we dont start to think sensibly about these things -now weve offered this carrot as i say weve dangled the carrot were waiting for the psychics to come forth and snap at it oh we get lots of them hundreds of them every year come by these are your dowsers and people who think that they can talk to the dead as well but theyre amateurs -and it talks about how in that very troubled part of europe and the balkans over time theres been enormous building of walls more recently in the last -decade we begin to see these communities start hesitatingly to come together i would argue again -open source security is about connecting the international the interagency the private public and lashing it together with strategic communication -largely in social networks so let me talk a little bit about why we need to do that because our global commons is under attack in a variety of ways and none of the sources of threat to the global commons will be solved by building walls -now im a sailor obviously this is a ship a liner clipping through the indian ocean whats wrong with this picture -m gonna talk a little bit about open source security because weve got to get better at security in this twenty first century -its got concertina wire along the sides of it thats to prevent pirates from attacking it -piracy is a very active threat today around the world this is in the indian ocean -piracy is also very active in the strait of malacca its active in the gulf of guinea we see it in the caribbean its a dollar ten billion a year discontinuity in the global transport system -last year at this time there were twenty vessels five hundred mariners held hostage this is an attack on the global commons we need to think about how to address it -here are photographs of two young men at the moment theyre incarcerated they conducted a credit card fraud that netted them over ten billion dollars this is part of cybercrime which is a dollar two trillion a year -let me start by saying lets look back to the twentieth century and kind of get a sense of how that style of security worked for us this is verdun a battlefield in france just north of the nato headquarters in belgium -another thing i worry about in the global commons is the threat posed by trafficking -above all perhaps we worry about human trafficking and the awful cost of it trafficking moves largely at sea but in other parts of the global commons -this is a photograph and i wish i could tell you that this is a very high tech piece of us navy gear that were using to stop the trafficking -the bad news is this is a semi submersible run by drug cartels it was built in the jungles of south america we caught it with that low tech raft laughter and it was carrying six -tons of cocaine crew of four sophisticated communications sweep this kind of trafficking in narcotics in humans in weapons god forbid in weapons of mass destruction is part of the threat to the global commons -and lets pull it together in afghanistan today this is a field of poppies in afghanistan -we know our twentieth century tools are not going to work -what should we do -i would argue that we will not deliver security solely from the barrel of a gun we will not deliver security solely from the barrel of a gun we will need the application of military force when we do it we must do it well and competently -but my thesis is -open source security is about international interagency private public connection pulled together -on the internet let me give you a couple of examples of how this works in a positive way this is afghanistan these are afghan soldiers they are all holding books -at verdun in one thousand nine hundred and sixteen over a three hundred day period seven hundred thousand people were killed so about two thousand a day -you should say thats odd -i thought i read that this demographic young men and women in their twenty s and thirty s is largely illiterate in afghanistan you would be correct -eighty five percent cannot read when they enter the security forces of afghanistan why because the taliban withheld education during the period of time in which these men and women would have learned to read so the question is so why are they all standing there holding books -the answer is we are teaching them to read in literacy courses by nato in partnership with private sector entities in partnership with development agencies -weve taught well over two hundred thousand afghan security forces to read and write at a basic level -when you can read and write in afghanistan you will typically put a pen in your pocket -at the ceremonies when these young men and women graduate they take that pen with great pride and put it in their pocket -this is bringing together international there are fifty nations involved in this mission -interagency these development agencies and private public to take on this kind of security now we are also teaching them combat skills of course but i would argue open source security means connecting in ways that create longer lasting security effect -heres another example this is a us navy warship -its called the comfort theres a sister ship called the mercy -they are hospital ships this one the comfort operates throughout the caribbean and the coast of south america -if you roll it forward twentieth century security into the second world war you see the battle of stalingrad three hundred days two million people killed -conducting patient treatments on a typical cruise theyll do four hundred thousand patient treatments -it is crewed not strictly by military but by a combination of humanitarian organizations operation hope project smile -other organizations send volunteers interagency physicians come out theyre all part of this to give you one example of the impact this can have -this little boy eight years old walked with his mother two days to come to -multiply this by four hundred thousand patient treatments this private public collaboration with security forces and you begin to see the power of creating security in a very different way -here you see baseball players -can you pick out the two us army soldiers in this photograph -who are real soldiers with real skills but participate in this mission -and they put on clinics throughout latin america and the caribbean in honduras in nicaragua -in all of the central american and caribbean nations where baseball is so popular and it creates security it shows role models to young men and women about fitness and about life that i would argue help create security for us -another aspect of this partnership is in disaster relief -we go into the cold war and we continue to try and build walls we go from the trench warfare of the first world war to the maginot line of the second world war and then we go into the cold war the iron curtain the berlin wall -the kashmiri earthquake in pakistan -two thousand and five eighty five thousand dead the haitian earthquake -about three hundred thousand dead -more recently the awful earthquake tsunami combination which struck japan and its nuclear industry in all of these instances we see partnerships between international actors -interagency private public working with security forces to respond to this kind of natural disaster so these are examples of this idea of open source security -we tie it together increasingly by doing things like this now youre looking at this thinking ah admiral these must be sea lanes of communication or these might be fiber optic cables no this is a graphic of the world according to twitter -purple are tweets green are geolocation white is the synthesis its a perfect evocation of that great population survey the six largest nations in the world in descending order china india facebook the united states -twitter and indonesia laughter why do we want to get in these nets why do we want to be involved we talked earlier about the arab spring and the power of all this ill give you another example and its how you move this message -i gave a talk like this in london a while back about this point i said as i say to all of you im on facebook friend me -got a little laugh from the audience there was an article which was run by ap on the wire got picked up in two places in the world finland and indonesia -the headline was nato admiral needs friends -we laugh but this is how we move the message and moving that message is how we connect international interagency -now let me hit a somber note this is a photograph of a brave british soldier hes in the scots guards hes standing the watch in helmand in southern afghanistan -walls dont work -i put him here to remind us i would not want anyone to leave the room thinking that we do not need capable competent militaries who can create real military effect -but you know life is not an on and off switch you dont have to have a military that is either in hard combat or is in the barracks -you have to dial it in and as i think about how we create security in this twenty first century there will be times -when we will apply hard power in true war and crisis but there will be many instances as weve talked about today where our militaries can be part of creating twenty first century security international interagency private public -connected with competent -communication -i would close by saying that -we heard earlier today about wikipedia i use wikipedia all the time to look up facts and as all of you appreciate -wikipedia is not created by twelve brilliant people locked in a room writing articles wikipedia every day is tens of thousands of people inputting information -and every day millions of people withdrawing that information its a perfect image -for the fundamental point that no one of us is as smart as all of us thinking together no one person no one alliance no one nation no one of us is as smart as all of -us thinking together the vision statement of wikipedia is very simple a world in which every human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge -my thesis for you is that by combining international interagency private public strategic communication together -the slum built on the railroad reservation between the sea and the railroad tracks was completely swept away -since this was a high risk location the police had warned the residents and no one was there when the water rose but they had not had any time to evacuate any belongings -for hours afterwards the sea was strewn with bits of wood for miles around all of this was from the houses in the slum when the waters subsided it was as if it had never existed -this may seem hard to believe unless youve been reading lots and lots of news reports but in many places after the tsunami villagers were still terrified -when what was a tranquil sea swallows up people homes and long tail boats mercilessly without warning and no one can tell you anything reliable about whether another one is coming im not sure youd want to calm down either -one of the scariest things about the tsunami that ive not seen mentioned is the complete lack of information this may seem minor but it is terrifying to hear rumor after rumor after rumor -this was in an area called wellawatta a prime residential area in colombo we stood on the railroad tracks that ran between my friends house and the beach -another tidal wave bigger than the last will be coming at exactly one p m or perhaps tonight or perhaps you dont even know if it is safe to go back down to the water to catch a boat to the hospital -we think that phi phi hospital was destroyed we think this boat is going to phuket hospital but if its too dangerous to land at its pier then perhaps it will go to krabi instead which is more protected we dont think another wave is coming right away -having this news was comforting in some small way to understand what had just happened to us however the report focused on what had already occurred and offered no information on what to expect now -in general everything was merely hearsay and rumor and not a single person i spoke to for over thirty six hours knew anything with any certainty -the tracks are elevated about eight feet from the waterline normally but at that point the water had receded to a level three or four feet below normal id never seen the reef here before there were fish caught in rock pools left behind by the receding water -were both on this site -in the world of blogs theres going to be before the tsunami and after the tsunami because one of the things that happened in the wake of the tsunami was that although initially that is in that first day -there was actually a kind of dearth of live reporting there was a dearth of live video and some people complained about this they said sort of you know the blogsters let us down -what became very clear was that within a few days the outpouring of information was immense and we got a complete -and powerful picture of what had happened in a way that we never had been able to get before and what you had was a group of essentially unorganized -than the mainstream media could give us and so in some ways the tsunami can be seen as a sort of seminal moment a moment in which the blogosphere came to a certain degree of age -now im sort of going to move now from this kind of the sublime in the traditional sense of the word that is to say awe inspiring terrifying to the somewhat more mundane -because when we think about blogs i think for most of us who are concerned about them were primarily concerned with things like politics technology -some children jumped down and ran to the rock pools with bags they were trying to catch fish no one realized that this was a very bad idea -and i want to ask three questions in this talk in the ten minutes that remain about the blogosphere -the first one is what does it tell us about our ideas about what motivate people to do things the second is do blogs genuinely have the possibility of -accessing a kind of collective intelligence that has previously remained for the most part untapped and then the third part is what are the potential problems or the sort of dark side of blogs as we know them -ok the first question what do they tell us about why people do things one of the fascinating things about the blogosphere specifically and of course the internet more generally and its going to seem like a very obvious point but i think it is an important one to think about -is that the people who are generating this enormous reams of content every day who are spending enormous amounts of time organizing linking commenting on the substance of the internet are doing so primarily for free -they are not getting paid for it in any way other than in the attention and to some extent the reputational capital that they gain from doing a good job -and this is at least to a traditional economist somewhat remarkable because sort of the traditional account of economic man would say that you know basically you do things for a concrete reward primarily financial -but instead what were finding on the internet and one of the great geniuses of it is that people have found a way to work together without any money involved at all they have come up with in a sense a sort of different method for organizing activity -the people on the tracks just continued to watch them i turned around to check on my friends house then someone on the tracks screamed -the yale law professor yochai benkler in an essay called coases penguin talks about this sort of open source model which were familiar with from linux as being potentially applicable in a whole host of situations -you think about this with the tsunami what you have is essentially a kind of army of local journalists who are sort of producing enormous amounts of material -for no reason other than to tell their stories thats a very powerful idea and its a very powerful reality and its one that offers really interesting possibilities for organizing a whole host of activities -down the road so i think the first thing that the blogosphere tells us is that we need to expand our idea of what counts as rational and we need to expand our simple equation -value equals money or you have to pay for it to be good but that in fact you can end up with collectively really brilliant products without any money at all changing hands -there are a few bloggers somewhere maybe around twenty now who do in fact make some kind of money and a few who are actually trying to make a full time living out of it -but the vast majority of them are doing it because they love it or they love the attention or whatever it is so you know howard rheingold has written a lot about this and i think is writing about this more but this notion -and the premise of the wisdom of crowds is that under the right conditions groups can be remarkably intelligent and they can actually often be smarter than even the smartest person within them -the simplest example of this is that if you ask a group of people to do something like guess how many jelly beans are in a jar you know if i had a jar of jelly beans -and i asked you to guess how many jelly beans were in that jar your average guess would be remarkably good it would be somewhere probably within three and five percent of the number of -beans in the jar and it would be better than ninety to ninety five percent of you there may be one or two of you who are brilliant jelly bean guessers but -for the most part the groups guess would be better than just about all of you and whats fascinating is that you can see this phenomenon at work in many more complicated situations -so for instance if you look at the odds on horses at a racetrack they predict almost perfectly how likely a horse is to win -in a sense the group of betters at the racetrack is forecasting the future in probabilistic terms -if you think about something like google which essentially is relying on the collective intelligence of the web to seek out those sites that have the most valuable information -the children managed to run back onto the tracks no one was lost there but the water continued to climb -we know that google does an exceptionally good job of doing that and it does that because collectively this disorganized thing we call the world wide web actually has a remarkable order or a remarkable intelligence in it -and this i think is one of the real promises of the blogosphere dan gillmor whose book we the media which is included in the gift pack has talked about it as saying that as a writer hes recognized that his readers know more than he does -is a very challenging idea its a very challenging idea to mainstream media its a very challenging idea to anyone who has invested an enormous amount of time -expertise and who has a lot of energy invested in the notion that he or she knows better than everyone -what the blogosphere offers is the possibility of getting at the kind of collective distributive intelligence that is out there -and that we know is available to us if we can just figure out a way of accessing it each blog post each blog commentary may not in and of itself -be exactly what were looking for but collectively the judgment of those people posting those people linking more often than not is going to give you a very interesting and enormously valuable picture of whats going on -in about two minutes it had reached the level of the railroad tracks and was coming over it we had run about one hundred meters by this time i continued to rise i saw an old man standing at his gate -so thats the positive side of it thats the positive side of what is sometimes called participatory journalism or citizen -et cetera that in fact we are sort of giving people who have never been able to talk before a kind of voice and were able to access information that has always been there but has essentially gone untapped -but there is a dark side to this and thats what i want to spend the last part of my talk on one of the things that happens if you spend a lot of time on the internet and you spend a lot of time thinking about the internet -is very easy to think that networks are necessarily good things that being linked from one place to another that being tightly linked in a group is a very good thing -and much of the time it is but theres also a downside to this a kind of dark side in fact and that is that the more tightly linked we come to each other the harder it is for each of us to remain independent -one of the fundamental characteristics of a network is that once you are linked in the network the network starts to shape your views and starts to shape your interactions with everybody else -now this has all these benefits its very beneficial in terms of the efficiency of communicating information it gives you access to -a whole host of people it allows people to coordinate their activities in very good ways but the problem is that groups are only smart -knee deep in water refusing to move he said hed lived his whole life there by the beach and that he would rather die there than -when the people in them are as independent as possible this is sort of the paradox of the wisdom of crowds or the paradox of collective intelligence that what it requires is actually a form of independent thinking -and networks make it harder for people to do that because they drive attention to the things that the network values so one of the phenomenons thats very clear in the blogosphere -is that once a meme once an idea gets going it is very easy for people to just sort of pile on because other people -a link people have linked to it and so other people in turn link to it et cetera et cetera and that phenomenon that phenomenon of kind of piling on -the existing links is one that is characteristic of the blogosphere particularly of the political blogosphere and it is one that essentially sort of throws off -a lot of people talk about ants you know this is a conference inspired by nature when we talk about bottom up decentralized phenomenons the sort of ant colony is the classic metaphor -because you know no individual ant knows what its doing but collectively ants are able to reach incredibly intelligent decisions theyre able to -a boy broke away from his mother to run back into his house to get his dog who was apparently afraid an old lady crying was carried out of her house and up the road by her son -guide their traffic with remarkable speed so the ant colony is a great model you have all these little parts that collectively add up to a great thing but -we know that occasionally ants go astray and what happens is that if army ants are sort of wandering around and they get lost -and that i think is a sort of thing to watch out for thats the thing we have to fear is that were just going to keep marching around and around until we die -is that it really did represent a genuine bottom up phenomenon you saw sites that had never existed before getting huge amounts of traffic you saw people being able to offer uptheir independent points of view -in a way that they hadnt before and there you really did see the intelligence of the web manifest itself so thats the upside the circular mill is the downside and i think that the former is what we really need to strive for -cancer cells looked at normal cells and made a pretty sort of surprising observation which is all of us have about ten places in our genome where weve lost a gene or gained another one -so were sort of all imperfect and the question is well -around here you know these little losses or gains might not be too bad but if these deletions or amplifications occurred in the wrong gene maybe -going on birdwatching walks with my father so early on i heard of charles darwin -so the first disease he looked at for is autism and -reason we looked at autism is we had the money to do it looking at an individual is about three thousand dollars and the parent of a child with aspergers disease the high intelligence autism -thing to a conventional company they didnt do it couldnt do it by conventional genetics but just scanning it we began to find genes for autism and you can see here -there are a lot of them so a lot of autistic kids are autistic because they just lost a big piece of dna i mean big piece at the molecular level -we saw one autistic kid about five million bases just missing from one of his chromosomes we havent yet looked at the parents but the parents probably dont have that loss or they wouldnt be parents -so our autism study is just beginning we got three million dollars i think it will cost at least ten to twenty before -youd be in a position to help parents whove had an autistic child or think they may have an autistic child and can we spot the difference so this same technique should probably look at all -i guess you know he was the big hero and you know you understand life as it now exists through evolution -its a wonderful way to find genes and so ill conclude by saying weve looked at twenty people with schizophrenia -and we thought wed probably have to look at several hundred before we got the picture but as you can see theres seven out of twenty had a change which was -very high and yet in the controls there were three so whats the meaning of the controls were they crazy also and we didnt know it or you know were they -what we think in schizophrenia is there are genes of predisposure and -whether this is one that predisposes and then theres only a sub segment of the population thats capable of being schizophrenic now we dont have really any evidence of -but i think to give you a hypothesis the best guess -is that if youre left handed youre prone to schizophrenia thirty percent of schizophrenic people are left handed -and schizophrenia has a very funny genetics which means sixty percent of the people are genetically left handed but only half of it showed i dont have the time to say now some people who think theyre right handed are genetically left -ok im just saying that if you think oh i dont carry a left handed gene so therefore my you know children wont be at risk of schizophrenia you might -and at the university of chicago i was a zoology major and thought i would end up you know if i was bright enough maybe getting a phd from cornell -so -me an extraordinarily exciting time we ought to be able to find the gene for bipolar theres a relationship and -if i had enough money wed find them all this year -then -paper there was a review of a book called what is life by the great physicist schrodinger and that of course had been a question i wanted to know you know darwin explained life after it got started but what was the essence of life -and schrodinger said the essence was information present in our chromosomes and it had to be present -on a molecule id never really thought of molecules before you know chromosomes but this was a molecule and -somehow all the information was probably present in some digital form and there was the big question of how did you copy the information -so that was the book and so from that moment on i wanted to -chris asked me to tell again how we found the structure of dna and since you know i follow his orders ill do it but it slightly bores me and -be a geneticist understand the gene and through that understand life so i had you know a hero at a distance it wasnt a baseball player it was linus pauling -and so i applied to caltech and they turned me down -so i -to indiana which was actually as good as caltech in genetics and besides they had a really good basketball team so i had -really quite happy life at indiana and it was at indiana i got the impression that you know the gene was likely to be dna and so when i got my phd i should go -so i first went to copenhagen because i thought well maybe i could become a biochemist but i discovered biochemistry was very boring -it wasnt going anywhere toward you know saying what the gene was it was just nuclear science and oh thats the book little book you can read it in about two hours and but then i went to a meeting in italy and -there was an unexpected speaker who wasnt on the program and he talked about dna and this was maurice wilkins he was trained as a physicist and after the war he wanted to do biophysics and he picked dna because -dna had been determined at the rockefeller institute to possibly be the genetic molecules on the chromosomes -dna was the best bet and he showed this x ray photograph -so i wanted to work with him but he didnt want a former birdwatcher and i ended up in cambridge england so i went to cambridge because -in those days it was the domain of the physicists so the best place for x ray crystallography was at the cavendish laboratory at cambridge and -book so ill say something -there i met francis crick i went there without knowing him he was thirty five i was twenty three -within a day we had decided that maybe we could take a shortcut to finding the structure -solve it like you know in rigorous fashion but build a model an electro model using some coordinates of -you know length all that sort of stuff from x ray photographs but just ask what the molecule how should it fold up -say a little about you know how the discovery was made and why francis and i found it and then i hope maybe i have at least five minutes to say what -and the reason for doing so at the center of this photograph is linus pauling about six months before he proposed the alpha helical structure for proteins and in doing so he banished the man out on the right -who was the cavendish professor this is a photograph several years later when bragg had cause to smile he certainly wasnt smiling when i got there because he -was comparable with the helix so we built a three stranded model the people from london came up wilkins and this -and so we didnt build any models and francis sort of continued to work on proteins and basically i did nothing and -you know basically reading is a good thing you get facts and we kept telling the people in london that linus paulings going to move on to dna if dna is that important linus will know it hell build a model and then -in fact hed written the people in london could he see their x ray photograph and they had the wisdom to say no so he didnt have it but there was ones in the literature -fifteen months after i got to cambridge a rumor began to appear from linus paulings son who was in cambridge said his father was now working on dna -makes me tick now in back of me is a picture of me when i was seventeen i was at the university of chicago in my third year -i was scared because i thought you know we may be scooped i have nothing to do no qualifications for anything -and so there -was the paper and he proposed a three stranded structure and i read it and it was just it was -was you know unexpected from the worlds and so it was held together by hydrogen bonds between phosphate groups well -the peak ph that cells have is around seven those hydrogen bonds couldnt exist we rushed over to the chemistry department and said could pauling be right and alex hust said no so -we were happy and you know we were still in the game but we were frightened that somebody at caltech -tell linus that he was wrong and so bragg said build models and a month after we got the pauling manuscript -that they should immediately start building models but wilkins said no rosalind franklin was leaving in about two months and after she left -she really you know in one sense she was a chemist but really she would have been trained she didnt know any organic chemistry or -and i was in my third year because the university of chicago let you in after two years of high school so you -we werent the best chemists in the room i went in and showed them a pairing id done and jerry donohue he was a chemist he -wrong youve got the hydrogen atoms are in the wrong place i just put them down like they were in the books he said they were wrong -so the next day you know after i thought well he might be right so i changed the locations and then we found the base pairing and francis immediately said the chains run in absolute directions and we knew we were right -so it was a pretty you know it all happened in about two hours -from nothing to thing and we knew it was big because you know if you just put a next to t and g next to c you have a -so we saw how genetic information is carried its the order of the four bases so in a sense it is a sort of digital type information -and you copy it by going from strand separating so you know if it didnt work -you might as well believe it because you didnt have any other scheme -thats not the way most scientists think most scientists are really rather dull they said we wont think about it until we know its right -get away from high school because i was very small and i was no good in sports or anything like that but i should say that my background my father -but you know we thought well its at least ninety five percent right or ninety nine percent right so think about -the next five years there were essentially something like five references to our work in nature none and so we were left by ourselves and trying to do the last -part of the trio how do you what does this genetic information do it was pretty obvious that it provided the information to an rna molecule and then how do you go from -so theres a picture of francis and i before i met the girl so im still looking happy -there is what we did when we didnt know where to go forward we formed a club and called it the -physicist he designed the tie he was one of the members the question was how do you go from a four letter code to the twenty letter code -proteins feynman was a member and teller and friends -thats the only no we were only photographed twice and on both occasions you know one of us was missing the tie theres francis up on the upper right -of forced i think because the girl i had boy -raised to be an episcopalian and republican but after one year of college he became an atheist and a democrat -and so -i didnt really get happy until one thousand nine hundred and sixty because then we found out -and that let marshall nirenberg you know take rna synthetic rna put it in a system -so thats the first cracking of the genetic code and it was all -so there thats what chris wanted me to do it was so what happened since then well at that time -should go back when we found the structure of dna i gave my first talk at cold spring harbor the physicist leo szilard he looked at me and said are you going to patent -but he knew patent law and that we couldnt patent it because you couldnt no use for -and so -a useful molecule and the lawyers didnt enter into the equation until one thousand nine hundred and seventy three twenty years later when boyer and -and -you know could do useful things and then they learned how to read the letters for the code and boom weve you know had a biotech industry and -my mother was irish catholic and but she didnt take religion too seriously and by the age of eleven i was no longer going to sunday mass and -but we were still a long ways from you know answering a question which sort of dominated my childhood which is -how do you nature nurture and so ill go on im -out of time but this is michael wigler a very very clever mathematician turned physicist and he developed a technique which -way ahead of affymetrix and we use their technique and what you can -do is sort of compare dna of normal segs versus cancer and you can see -the top that cancers which are bad show insertions or deletions so the dna is really badly mucked up whereas if you have a chance of surviving the dna isnt so -so we think that this will eventually lead to what we call dna biopsies before you get treated for cancer you should really look at this technique and get a feeling of the face of the enemy its not -its only a partial look but its a i think its going to be very very useful so we started with breast cancer because theres lots of money for it no government money -and now i have a sort of vested interest i want to do it for prostate cancer so you know you -were approaching two thousand and fifteen so wed better assess how are we doing on these goals but weve also got to decide do we like such global goals some people dont and if we like them weve got to decide what we want to do on these goals going forward -what does the world want to do together weve got to decide a process by which we decide -well i definitely think these goals are worth building on and seeing through and heres just a few reasons why incredible partnerships between the private sector political leaders philanthropists and amazing grassroots activists across the developing world but also -two hundred and fifty thousand people marched in the streets of edinburgh outside this very building for make poverty history all together they achieved these results -vaccinated so many that five point four million lives will be saved and combined this is going to result in two million fewer children dying every year last year than in the year two thousand thats five thousand fewer kids dying every day ten times you lot not dead -every day because of all of these partnerships -so i think this is amazing living proof of progress that more people should know about but the challenge of communicating this kind of good news is probably the subject of a different tedtalk anyway for now anyone involved in getting these results thank you i think this proved these goals are worth it but theres still a lot of unfinished business -still seven point six million children die every year of preventable treatable diseases and one hundred and seventy eight million kids are malnourished to the point of stunting a horrible term which means physical and cognitive lifelong impairment so theres plainly a lot more to do on the goals weve got -but then a lot of people think there are things that should have been in the original package that werent agreed back then that should now be included like sustainable development targets natural resource governance targets access to opportunity to knowledge equity fighting corruption all of this is measurable and could be in the new goals -but the key thing here is what do you think should be in the new goals what do you want -but certainly the most anticipated year in all human history the year two thousand remember that y two k the dotcom bubble stressing about whose party youre going to go to as the clock strikes midnight before the champagne goes flat and then theres that -well as we gather here in edinburgh technocrats appointed by the u n and certain governments with the best intentions are busying themselves designing a new package of goals and currently theyre doing that through pretty much the same old late twentieth century top down elite closed process -but of course since then the web and mobile telephony along with ubiquitous reality tv formats have spread all around the world -so what wed like to propose is that we use them to involve people from all around the world in an historic first the worlds first truly global poll and consultation -where everyone everywhere has an equal voice for the very first time i mean wouldnt it be a huge historic missed opportunity not to do this given that we can -theres hundreds of billions of your aid dollars at stake tens of millions of lives or deaths at stake and id argue the security and future of you and your family is also at stake -so if youre with me id say theres three essential steps in this crowdsourcing campaign collecting connecting and committing -so first of all weve got to ground this campaign in core polling data lets go into every country that will let us in ask one thousand and one people what they want the new goals to be making special efforts to reach the poorest those without access to modern technology and lets make sure that their views are at the center of the goals going forward -then weve got to commission a baseline survey to make sure we can monitor and progress the goals going forward the original goals didnt really have good baseline survey data and were going to need the help of big data through all of this process to make sure we can really monitor the progress and then weve got to connect with the big crowd -now here we see the role for an unprecedented coalition of social media giants and upstarts telecoms companies reality tv show formats gaming companies telecoms all of them together in kind of their we are the world moment -could they come together and help the millennium development goals get rebranded into the millennial generations goals -and if just five percent of the five billion plus who are currently connected made a comment and that comment turned into a commitment we could crowdsource a force of three hundred million people around the world to help see these goals through if we have this collected data -and this connected crowd based upon our experience of campaigning and getting world leaders to commit i think world leaders will commit to most of the crowdsourced recommendations -but the question really is through this process will we all have become committed and if we are are we ready to iterate monitor and provide feedback make sure these promises are really delivering results -well theres some fantastic examples here to scale up -mostly piloted within africa actually theres open data kenya which geocodes and crowdsources information about where projects are are they delivering results often theyre not in the right place and ushahidi which means witness in swahili which geocodes and crowdsources information -in complex emergencies to help target responses this is some of the most exciting stuff in development and democracy -where citizens on the edge of a network are helping to force open the process to make sure that the big global aid promises and vague stuff up at the top really delivers for people at a grassroots level and inverts that pyramid -this openness this forcing openness is key and if it wasnt entirely transparent already i should be open ive got a completely transparent agenda -long term trends suggest that this century is going to be a tough place to live with population increases consumption patterns increasing and conflict over scarce natural resources -and look at the state of global politics today look at the rio earth summit that happened just last week or the mexican g twenty also last week both if were honest a bust our world leaders our global politics currently cant get it done -they need our help they need the cavalry and the cavalrys not going to come from mars its got to come from us -and i see this process of deciding democratically in a bottom up fashion what the world wants to work on together as one vital means by which we can crowdsource the force to really build that constituency thats going to reinvigorate global governance in the twenty first century i started -it was a naive thought in many peoples minds and its true it was just a t shirt slogan that worked for the moment but look the empirical condition of living under a dollar and twenty five is trending down and look where it gets to by two thousand and thirty its getting near zero -well amazingly for once our world leaders actually lived up to that millennium moment and back in two thousand agreed to some pretty extraordinary stuff -but recently also in africa poverty rates are being reduced it will get harder as we get towards zero as the poor will be increasingly located in post conflict fragile states or maybe in middle income states where they dont really care about the marginalized but im confident with the right kind of political -campaigning and creative and technological innovation combined working together more and more as one i think we can get this and other goals -five thousand is that the number jamie drummond fewer children every day ca five thousand fewer children dying every day i mean it dwarfs -this must drive you crazy -visionary measurable long term targets called the millennium development goals -creatively weve failed to communicate this success so far if those kinds of efforts just could multiply their voice and amplify it at the key moments i know for a fact wed get better policy the mexican g twenty need not have been a bust rio if anyone cares about the environment -need not have been a bust okay but these conferences are going on and i know people get skeptical and cynical about the big global summits and the promises and their never being kept but actually the bits that are are making a difference and what the politicians need is more permission from the public -now im sure you all keep a copy of the goals under your pillow or by the bedside table but just in case you dont and your memory needs some jogging the deal agreed then goes like this -all of our hopes and dreams what we want to accomplish is different and our paths will be different they are all stories but its a story until we convert it to data and so what we do -had was to take stevens status what is my status and go from -man on his icon -but the rest of them are really whats important here because steven despite the fact that he was paralyzed as he was in that pool he could not walk -a data point at that one moment in time its a data point of steven in a context here he is in the pool but here he is healthy as a builder taller stronger got all the women amazing guy -here he is walking down the isle but he can barely walk now so its impaired and he could still hold his wifes hand but he couldnt do buttons on his clothes cant feed -and here he is paralyzed completely unable to breathe and -over this time journey these stories of his life converted to data he renovated my carriage house -when he was completely paralyzed and unable to speak and unable to breathe and he won an award for a historic restoration -so here is steven alone sharing this story in the world and this is the insight the thing that we are excited about -because we have gone away from the community that we are the fact that we really do love each other and want to care for each other we need to give to others to be successful so steven is sharing this story -but he is not alone -there are so many other people sharing their stories and not stories in words but stories in data and words and we convert that information into this structure -this understanding this ability to convert those stories into something that is computable to which we can begin to change the way medicine is done -we did this for als we can do this for depression parkinsons disease hiv these are not simple they are not internet scalable they require -this hiv patient down here -two years of this disease all of the symptoms are -there but he is working to keep his cd four count high and his viral level low so he can make his life better but you can aggregate this and you can discover things about treatments -two thousand people almost on copaxone these are patients currently on drugs sharing -anyone want to run a comparative effectiveness study on prayer against something lets look at prayer what i love about this just sort of interesting design problems these are why people pray -or i want to look at anxiety because people are praying for anxiety and here is data on fifteen thousand peoples current anxiety right now -you go from being a healthy robust twenty nine year old male to someone that cannot breathe cannot move cannot speak -flash and you can see here as this animates over stevens actual data against the background of all other patients against this information the blue band is the fiftieth percentile steven is the seventy fifth percentile that he has non genetic -you scroll down in this profile and you can see all of his prescription drugs but more than that in the new version i can look at this interactively wait -a great stock program wouldnt it be great if the technology we used to take care of ourselves was as good as the technology we use to make money -drug integrated into that the stem cell transplant that he had the first in the world shared openly for anyone who wants to see it -i love here the cyberkinetics implant which was again the only patients data that was online and available you can adjust the time scale you can adjust the symptoms you can look at the interaction -but i want more i dont want to just look at this cool device i want to take this data and make something even better i want my brothers center of the universe and his symptoms -drugs -and all of the things that interact among those the side effects to be in this beautiful data galaxy that we can look at in any way we want to understand it so that we can take this information -this has actually been to me -and go beyond -just this simple model of -record is i dont even know what a medical record is i want to solve a problem i want an application so -years after hes had these drugs i learned that everything he did to manage his excess saliva including some positive side effects that came from other drugs -making his constipation worse and if anyones ever had severe constipation and you dont understand how much of an impact that has on your life yes that was -because we began a journey to learn a new way of thinking about life -so patients have this were for patients this is all about patient health care there was no doctors on our network this is about the patients so how can we take this and bring them a tool that they can go back and they can engage the medical system -and even though steven passed away three years ago -that is a drug used to treat bipolar disorder that a group in italy found slowed als down in sixteen patients and published it now well skip the critiques of the paper -but the short story is if youre a patient you want to be on the blue line you dont want to be on the red line you want to be on the blue line because the blue line is a better line the red line is way downhill the blue line is a good line -so you know we said we looked at this and what i love also is that people always accuse these internet sites of promoting bad medicine and having people do things irresponsibly so this is what happened when pnas published this -we had an amazing journey as a family we did not even -ten percent of the people in our system took lithium ten percent of the patients started taking lithium based on sixteen patients of data in a bad publication and they call the internet irresponsible -and here is the implication of what happens and there is this one guy named humberto from brazil who unfortunately passed away nine months ago -who said hey listen can you help us answer this question because i dont want to wait for the next trial its going to be years i want to know now can you help us so we launched some tools we let them track their blood levels we let them share the data and exchange it you know a data network -a time machine for patients except instead of going backwards we go -can we find out whats going to happen to you so that you can maybe change -so we did we took all the patients like humberto thats the apple background we stole that because we didnt have time to build our own this is a real app by the way this is not just graphics and you take those data and we find the patients like him and we bring their data together -and we bring their histories into it -how do we line them all up so we line them all up so they go together -an incredibly positive way -around the meaningful points integrated across everything we know about the patient full information the entire course of their disease and thats what is going to happen to humberto unless he does something -now the ones that it doesnt work are interesting but almost all the time it works -i want to talk today about one of the things that we decided to do which was to think about a new way -to take -these are all the patients that started lithium its the intent to treat curve and you can see here -you know a lot of people dropped out the trial there is too much drop out can we do the even harder thing can we go to the patients that actually -lithium because they were so convinced they were getting better and we asked our control algorithm are those sixty nine patients by the way youll notice thats four times the number of patients in the clinical trial -of approaching healthcare because as we all know here today it doesnt work very well i want to talk about it in the context of a story this is the story of my brother -can we look at those patients and say can we match them with our time machine to the other patients that are just like them -what happens and even the ones that believed they were getting better matched the controls exactly exactly -and those little lines thats the power so we i cant tell you lithium doesnt work i cant tell you that if you did it at a higher dose of if you run the study proper i can tell you that for those sixty nine people that took -they didnt do any better than the people that were just like them -my brothers stem cell transplant -i put one hundred million cells in his cisterna magna in his lumbar cord and filled out the irbs and did all this work and i never really -and how did i -its just a story and i want to go beyond the story and go to something more -this two days ago -it was that little outliers there you see that guy that lived a long time we have to go talk to him because id like to know what happened because something went different but -my brother went straight down the line -it only works about twelve months -its the first version of the time machine first time we ever tried it -i look at this and i get really emotional you look at the patients you can drill in all the controls you can look at them you can ask them and i found a woman that -we found her she was odd because she had data after she died and her husband had come in and entered her last functional scores because he knew how much -and i am thankful i cant believe that these people -years after my brother had died helped me answer the question about whether an operation i did and spent millions of dollars on years ago worked or not -when id done it the first time -and im really excited that its here now because -the lab that i founded has some data on a drug that might work -and id like to show it id like to show it in real time now -that for all of the diseases that we can do that for -the forty five thousand people that are doing this social experiment with us -to achieve and how do i get there is what we are here to do in medicine is what everyone should do and those questions all have variables to them all of our statuses are different -an amazing journey we are going on to become -human again to be part of community again to share -under the circumstances its profoundly important that every single american child leaves school knowing how to cook ten recipes that will save their life -that means that they can be -young parents and be able to sort of duck and dive around the basics of cooking no matter what recession hits them next time if you can cook -the workplace we hadnt really talked about it -now time for corporate responsibility to really look at what they feed or make available to their staff the staff are the moms and dads of americas children marissa -your child will live a life ten years younger than you because of the landscape of food that weve built around -father died in her hand i think shed be quite happy if corporate america could start feeding their staff properly definitely they shouldnt be left out lets go back to the home now -if we do all this stuff and we can its so achievable you can care and be commercial absolutely but the home needs to start passing on cooking again for sure for sure pass it on as a philosophy -and for me its quite romantic but its about if one person teaches three people how to cook something and now they teach three of their mates that only has to repeat itself twenty five times and thats the whole population of america romantic yes -but most importantly its about trying to get people to realize that every one of your individual efforts makes a difference weve got to put back whats been lost huntington kitchen -six and a half grand per school -five grand a month okay this can do five thousand people a year which is ten percent of their population and its people on people -you know its local cooks teaching local people its free cooking lessons guys free cooking lessons in the main street this is real tangible change real tangible change -around america if we just look back now there is plenty of wonderful things going on -this room today in america are statistically overweight or obese -farm to school set -garden set ups education there are amazing people doing this already the problem is they all want to roll out what their doing to the next school and the next but there is no cash -we need to recognize the experts and the angels quickly identify them and allow them to easily find the resource to keep rolling out -what theyre already doing and doing well businesses of america need to support misters obama to do the things that she wants to do -you lot youre all right but well get you eventually dont worry -i know its weird having an english person standing here before you talking about all this all i can say is i care im a father and i love this country -and i believe truly actually that if change can be made in this country -i though if i had a magic wand -what would i do and i thought you know what id just love to be put in front of some of the most amazing movers and shakers in america -the statistics of bad health are clear very clear -is for you to help a strong sustainable movement -to educate every child -to inspire families to cook again -and to empower people everywhere to fight obesity -every single one of those in the red -diet related disease any doctor any specialist will tell you that fact diet related disease is the biggest killer in the united states right now -this is a global problem -a catastrophe its sweeping the world england is right behind you as usual -i know they were close but not that -we need a revolution mexico australia germany india china all have massive problems of obesity and bad health think about smoking -in the next eighteen minutes when i do our chat four americans -less than obesity now -obesity costs you americans ten percent -set to double three hundred billion dollars a year and lets be honest guys you aint got -i came here to start a food revolution that i so profoundly believe in we need it the time is now -in a tipping point moment ive been doing this for seven years ive been trying in america for seven years now is the time when its -alive -i went to the eye of the storm i went to west virginia the most unhealthy state in america or it was last year weve got a new one this year but well work on that next -around the statistics that weve become -the food that -so used to i want to introduce you to some of the people that i care about your public your children i want to show a picture of my friend brittany -shes sixteen years old -shes got six years to live -of the food that shes eaten shes the third generation of americans that hasnt grown up within a food environment where theyve been taught to cook at home or in school or her mom -she has six years to live -shes eating her liver to death stacy the edwards family -this is a normal family guys -the familys obese justin here twelve years old hes three hundred and fifty pounds he gets bullied for gods sake the daughter there katie shes four years old shes obese before she even gets to primary school -four years old -and now -you see the thing is -im from essex in england and -an inspirational man one of my early allies in huntington west virginia -the sharp knife -edge of this problem -he has to bury the people ok and hes fed up with it hes fed up with burying his friends and his family his community -come winter three times as many people die -this is preventable disease waste of life by the way this is what they get buried -up to do this -i see it as a triangle ok this is our landscape of food i need you to understand it youve probably heard all this before but lets just go back over it over the last thirty years whats happened thats ripped the heart out of this country lets be frank and honest -the last seven years -well -modern day life lets start with the main street -fast food has taken over the whole country we know that the big brands are some of the most important powers powerful powers in this country supermarkets as well big companies big companies -thirty years ago most of the food was largely local and largely fresh now its largely processed and full of all sorts of additives extra ingredients and you know the rest of the story portion size is obviously a massive massive problem -to save lives in my own way im not a doctor im a chef i dont have expensive equipment -labeling is a massive problem -the labeling in this country is -self they want to self police themselves the industry wants to self police themselves -what in this kind of climate they dont deserve -how can you say something is low fat when its full of so much -happening anymore and you know as we go to work and as life changes and as life always evolves we kind of have to look at it holistically step back for a moment and re address the balance -is very normal right now the edwards family -this stuff goes through you -really sad and depressed right now -you know i want my kids to succeed in life -but im killing them jo yes you are you are but we can stop -something that im fairly much a specialist in ok school -school who invented it whats the purpose of school school was always invented to arm us with the tools to make us -do wonderful things make us earn a living etc etc etc you know its been kind of in this sort of tight box for a long long time ok -but we havent really evolved it to deal with the health catastrophes of america ok school -is something that most kids thirty one million a day actually have twice a day more than often breakfast and lunch -i profoundly believe that the power of food has a primal place in our homes -and eighty days of the year so you could say that school food is quite important really judging the circumstances -before i crack into my rant which im sure -i need to say one thing and its so important in hopefully the magic that happens and unfolds in the next three months -the lunch ladies the lunch cooks of america -offer myself as their ambassador -im not slacking them off theyre doing the best they can do -but theyre doing what theyre told and what theyre being told to do is wrong the system is -and dive and write different things around things if youre an accountant and a box ticker the only thing you can do in these circumstances is -that binds -now the reality is -the food that your kids get every day is fast food its highly processed theres not enough fresh food in there at all you know the amount of additives -to the best bits of life -and the way i look at it is if you dont have knives and forks in your school youre purely endorsing from a state level -ten percent of what we spend on healthcare as i said -obesity and its going to double -were not teaching our kids there is no statutory right to teach kids about food elementary or secondary school ok we dont teach kids about food right and this is a little clip from an elementary school which is very common -we have -good old -if the kids -america england and america guess what fixed that guess what fixed that two one hour sessions -weve got to start teaching our kids about food in schools period -tell you about something -i want to tell you about something that kind of epitomizes the trouble that were in guys ok i want to talk about something so basic as milk -every kid has the right to milk at school your kids will be having milk at school breakfast and lunch right theyll be having two bottles okay and most kids -but milk aint good enough anymore because someone at the milk board right and dont get me wrong i support milk but someone on the milk board probably paid a lot of money for some geezer to work out that if you put loads of flavorings and colorings and sugar in milk right more kids will drink it -and obviously now thats going to catch on the apple board is going to work out that if they make toffee apples theyll eat more apples as well do you know what i mean for me -no need to flavor the milk okay there is sugar in everything i know the ins and outs of those ingredients its in everything even the milk hasnt escaped -the kind of modern day problems theres our milk theres our carton in that is nearly as much sugar as one of your favorite cans of fizzy pop and they are having two a day so let me just show you weve got one -you know eight tablespoons of sugar -you -please just see a raise of hands for how many of you have children in this room today please put your hands up aunties uncles you can continue put your hands up aunties and uncles as well most of you -putting in just the five years of elementary school -just from milk -now i dont know about you guys but judging the circumstances right any judge in the whole world would look at the statistics and the evidence and they would find any government of old guilty of child abuse thats -now if i came up here and i wish i could come up here today and hang a cure for aids or -to get to -all this bad news is preventable -thats the good news its very very preventable -so lets just think about we got a problem here we need to reboot -okay so -in my world what do we need to do here is the thing right it can not just come from one source to reboot and make real tangible change real change so that i could look you in the white of the eyes and say in ten years time -the history of your childrens lives happiness and lets not forget youre clever if you eat well you know youre going to live longer all of that stuff it will look different -they need to help us shop they need to show us how to cook quick tasty seasonal meals for people that are busy this is not expensive it is done in some and it needs to be done across the board in america soon and quick -the big brands you know the food brands need to put food education at the heart of their businesses i know easier said than done -its the future its the only way fast food with the fast food industry you know its very competitive -right so these guys are going to be part of the solution but we need to get the government to work with all of the fast food purveyors and the restaurant industry -and over a five six seven year period wean of us off the extreme amounts of fat sugar fat and all the other non food -ok school -proper fresh food -from local growers on site ok there needs to be a new standard of fresh proper food for your children -its still going strong with positive press to die for also three guys working for years in los angeles an iranian a palestinian and an egyptian -comedy act and wherever they went -they killed -now i didnt start this fire but i did pour petrol on it i moved to dubai as the head of original content for a western tv network my job was to connect the brand with a middle eastern audience -the american head of programming -wanted new local arabic comedy -in a thick arabic accent my brain -now i had friends in the u s who had started a successful new tribe -and i had every intention of taking them from being outliers in the middle east and pushing them over the tipping point towards success -now as with any new idea it wasnt easy i had four phases to this plan first wed need to buy content from the west and air it then id bring my friends and wed show local amateurs how its done we would film that and air it -is about righting writing wrongs no the sounds not faulty righting writing wrongs -so i retreated back to my cave and continued to support and produce comedy and let my friends use my couch as a regional operations hub -now fast forward two years to early two thousand and seven -earth rotated as did our management -and as if by divine intervention things came -axis guys recorded a comedy central special that aired in the states -and it was getting great hits on -the middle east is huge -our new french ceo believed in the power of positive pr -and ideas du bon marche lets just say value for money -i produced in dubai a show for ahmed ahmed to showcase his new axis special to a packed room i invited our new ceo and as soon as he realized we had a room packed full of laughing infidels his reaction was very simple lets make this -and one more thing no dont f it up so i quickly went to work with a great team around me i happened to find a funny guy to present it in arabic who is originally korean -perfect fit for the axis of evil this is all true now while preparing for the tour i had to remind the guys to be culturally sensitive i used the three bs of stand up -donts as i call them in the middle east blue content keep it clean beliefs not religion and the third b bolitics -stay away from bolitics in the middle east oh course you might -the axis successful in five countries in just under a month we had thousands of fanatical fans come and see them live we had millions see them on tv and on tv news -in jordan we had his majesty the king come and see them in fact they were so successful that you could buy a pirated copy of their dvd even before it was -so -we auditioned amateurs we filmed that process and aired a documentary i called it three guys and -it really is his name -and all this tv and internet exposure has led to a great many recruits to our cause in dubai this year weve just had the first all womens homegrown stand up show and notice two of them are wearing headscarves and yes even they can laugh -dubai to me is like -twenty years ago no one had heard of it look at it now -with an inspirational leader i think this year the opening of the tallest tower in the world is like adding a finger to that hand that points at all those who spread fallacious stories about us -now -in three short years weve come a long way with stand up comedy shows happening even in saudi arabia these comics are now going to the new york festival -and the lebanese brilliant lebanese nemr abou nassar we featured in our first tour has just been performing in l a s legendary comedy clubs so clearly from the inside we are doing our best to change our image and its exploding -so as for the outsiders looking in watch the cnn report on the second anman comedy festival -the reporter did a great job and i thank her but somebody forgot to send the positive pr email to the person operating the automatic news ticker that appears at the bottom -for example when dean talks the ticker says u s suspect gave actionable intel well if youre used to listening to comedians -then im not surprised -sadly this leads me to another three bs that represents how the media in the west talks about us as bombers billionaires and -enough -here are three questions that i like to use to test the truthiness of our representation in any media story one -is the middle east being shown in a current time and correct context -do the middle eastern characters laugh or smile without showing the whites of their eyes -is the middle -being played by one -there are wrongs that need to be righted weve started in our region my challenge to the rest of the world -please start using positive middle eastern images in your stories for inspiration go to one of our festivals go online drop us a line lets change the narrative together -now is the time for us to laugh at ourselves before others can laugh with us this is the story of the rise and rise of stand up comedy in the middle east a stand up uprising if you will -and lets start righting writing wrongs id like to end before going back to the middle east with a quote from one of the greatest sheikhs -to put quill to parchment as my father likes to call him asheikh azubare as my mother would say shakespeare -and now we go in content to liberty and not to banishment thank you -working in london as tv maker and writer i quickly realized that comedy connects audiences -now the best breeding ground for good comic writing is the stand up comedy circuit where they just happen to say that you kill when you do well and you bomb when you do badly -an unfortunate connection for us maybe but it reminds me that -to thank one man for over the past decade working tirelessly to support comedians all around the world specifically -like my good friends dean and maysoon at the bottom of the screen who two years after nine eleven started a festival to change the way middle easterners are perceived in the world -of that stuff what do you actually use -so this is interesting to us because the conscious and subconscious -decision process implies that the stuff that you do take with you and end up using has some kind of spiritual emotional or functional value and to put it really bluntly you know people are willing to pay for stuff that has value right -so ive probably done about five years research looking at what people carry i go in peoples bags i look in peoples pockets purses i go in their homes and we do this worldwide -i live and work from tokyo japan and i specialize in human behavioral research -we follow them around town with video cameras its kind of like stalking with permission -we do all this -and to go back to the original question what do people carry -and it turns out that people carry a lot of stuff ok thats fair enough but if you ask people what the three most important things that they carry -across cultures and across gender and across contexts most people will say keys money and if they own one a mobile phone -it might seem like an obvious thing for someone who works for a mobile phone company to ask but really the question is why -so why are these things so important in our lives and it turns out -from our research that it boils down to survival survival for us and survival for our loved ones so -keys provide an access to shelter and warmth transport as well in the u s increasingly money is useful for buying food -sustenance among all its other uses and a mobile phone it turns out is a great recovery tool -and applying what we learn to think about the future in different ways and to design for that future -if you prefer this kind of maslows hierarchy of needs those three objects are very good at supporting the lowest rungs in maslows hierarchy of needs -yes they do a whole bunch of other stuff -and in particular its the mobile phones ability -to allow people to transcend space and time and what i mean by that is you know you can transcend space by simply making a voice call right -and this is fairly universally appreciated it turns out which is why we have three billion plus people who have been connected and they value that connectivity -but actually you can do this kind of stuff with pcs and you can do them with phone kiosks -and the mobile phone in addition -is both personal and so it also gives you a degree of privacy and its convenient -however for these things to help us survive -it depends on them being carried -we forget were human thats what we do its one of our features i think quite a nice feature -and you know to be honest ive been doing this for seven years and i havent got a clue what the future is going to be like -the next thing is most of you if you have a stable home life and what i mean is that you dont travel all the time and always in hotels but most people have what we call a center of gravity and a center of gravity is where -you keep these objects and these things dont stay in the center of gravity but over time they gravitate there its where you expect to find stuff and in fact when youre turning around and youre looking inside the house and youre looking for this stuff this is where you look -so when we did this research we found the absolutely one hundred percent guaranteed way to never forget anything ever ever again -and that is quite simply -to have nothing to remember -ok now that sounds like something you get on a chinese fortune cookie right but is in fact -the art of delegation -and what you can delegate to other people -and it turns out delegation if you want it to be can be the solution for pretty much everything -apart from things like bodily functions going to the toilet you cant ask someone to do that on your behalf and apart from things like entertainment -you wouldnt pay someone to go to the cinema for you and have fun -not yet maybe sometime in the future -this is my office -so let me give you an example of delegation in practice right so this is probably the thing im most passionate about is the research that weve been doing on illiteracy and how people who are illiterate communicate -its out there its not in the lab -one of the things we were looking at is if you cant read and write -be a phone number it could be an e mail address it could be a postal address simple question if you cant read and write how do you manage your contact information and the fact is that millions of people do it just from a design perspective we didnt really understand how they did it -and its increasingly in places like india china brazil africa -one small example of the kind of research that we were doing -and it turns out that illiterate people are masters of delegation so they delegate that part of the task process to other people the stuff that they cant do themselves -let me give you another example of delegation this ones a little bit more sophisticated and this is from a study that we did in uganda about how people who are sharing devices use those devices -is a word in uganda that means money it has a second meaning which is to send money as airtime -and it works like this so lets say june youre in a village rural village im in kampala -the wage earner im sending money back and it works like this so in your village theres one person in the village with a phone and thats the phone kiosk operator and its quite likely that theyd have a quite simple mobile phone at a -so what i do is i buy a prepaid card like this -and i read out that number to them and they use it to top up their phone so theyre topping up the value from kampala and its now being topped up in the village -you take a ten or twenty percent commission and then you the kiosk operator takes ten or twenty percent commission and passes the rest over to you in cash ok theres two things i like about this so the first is -it turns anyone who has access to a mobile phone anyone who has a mobile phone essentially into an atm machine it brings rudimentary banking services -to places where theres no banking infrastructure and even if they could have access to the banking infrastructure they wouldnt necessarily be considered viable customers because theyre not wealthy -second thing i like about this and that is that despite all the resources at my disposal and despite all our kind of apparent sophistication i know i could never have designed something as elegant and -totally in tune with the local conditions as -ok and yes there is things like grameen bank and micro lending but the difference between this and that is theres no central authority trying to control this this is just street up innovation -so it turns out the street is a never ending source of kind of inspiration for us and ok if you break one of these things here you return it to the carrier theyll give you a new one theyll probably give you three new ones right i mean thats buy three get one free -you go on the streets of india and china -you see this kind of stuff and this is where they take the stuff that breaks and they fix it and they put it back into circulation -this is from a workbench in jilin city in china and you can see people taking down a phone and putting it back together -take about another two years to connect the next billion -they reverse engineer manuals this is -and its written in chinese and english they also write them in hindi you can subscribe to these -there are training institutes where theyre churning out people for fixing these things as well -but what i like about this is it boils down to someone on the street with a small flat surface -a screwdriver a toothbrush for cleaning the contact heads because they often get dust on the contact heads and knowledge and its all about the social network of the knowledge floating around -i like this because it challenges the way that we design stuff and build stuff and potentially distribute stuff it challenges the norms -ok for me the streets just raises so many different questions like this is viagra that i bought from a backstreet sex shop in china -and i mention this because if we want to design for that future we need to figure out what those people are about and thats kind of where i see what my job is -ok but i look at something like this and i consider the implications of trust and confidence in the purchase process -and we look at this and we think well how does that apply for example for the design of the lessons from this apply to the design -future services in these markets -this is a pair of underpants from -from tibet and i look at something like this and honestly you know why would someone design underpants with a pocket right and i look at something like this and it makes me question -if we were to take all the functionality in things like this and redistribute them around the body in some kind of personal area network -how would we prioritize where to put stuff and yes this is quite trivial but actually the lessons from this can apply to that kind of personal area networks -and what you see here is a couple of phone numbers written above the shack in rural uganda this doesnt have house numbers this has phone numbers so what does it mean when -and then i go to this picture here which is the one that i started with and this is -this is from delhi its from a study we did into illiteracy -and hes a you know incredibly poor teashop worker on the lowest rungs in the society -and he somehow has the appreciation -of the values of livestrong -and its not necessarily the same values but some kind of values of livestrong to actually go out and purchase them -and actually display them for me this kind of personifies this connected world where everything is intertwined and the dots are its all about the dots joining together -title of this presentation is connections and consequences and its really a kind of summary of five years of trying to figure out what its going to be like -when everyone on the planet -has the ability to transcend space and time -in a personal and convenient manner right when everyones connected -and -so the first thing is the immediacy of ideas the speed at which ideas go around -if you want a big idea you need to embrace everyone on the planet -if you think of everything in your life that you -these things quite simply -move very quickly around the world -and so the speed of the adoption of things is just going to become that much more rapid in a way that we just totally cannot conceive when you get it to six point three billion and the growth in the worlds population -the next thing is that however we design this stuff carefully design this stuff the street will take it and will figure out ways to innovate as long as it meets base needs -when you walk out that door what do you consider to take with you -and it will innovate in ways that we cannot anticipate -in ways that despite our resources they can do it better than us thats my feeling and if were smart well look at this stuff -thats going on and well figure out a way to enable it to inform and infuse both what we design and how we design -the direction of the conversation -with another three billion people connected -they want to be part of the conversation -and i think our relevance and teds relevance -is really about -of that stuff what do you carry -ive seen this firsthand over and over again on one of my first trips to india i met this young woman sevitha who had just given birth to a tiny premature baby -she took her baby to the nearest village clinic and the doctor advised her to take rani a city hospital so she could be placed in an incubator but that hospital was over four hours away -and sevitha didnt have the means to get there so her baby died -we needed something that was portable something that could be sterilized and reused across multiple babies and something ultra low cost compared to the twenty thousand dollars that an incubator in the u s costs -so this is what we came up with what you see here looks nothing like an incubator it looks like a small sleeping bag for a baby you can open it up completely its waterproof there is no seams inside so you can sterilize it very easily -close your eyes and open your hands now imagine what you could place in your hands an apple maybe your wallet now open your eyes what about a life -but the magic is in this pouch of wax this is a phase change material its a wax like substance with a melting point of human body temperature thirty seven degrees celsius -you can melt this simply using hot water and then when it melts its able to maintain one constant temperature -for four to six hours at a time after which you simply reheat the pouch so you then place it into this little pocket back here -and it creates a warm micro environment for the baby looks simple but weve reiterated this dozens of times by going into the field to talk to doctors moms and clinicians -to ensure that this really meets the needs of the local communities we plan to launch this product in india in two thousand and ten -and the target price point will be twenty five dollars less than zero point one percent of the cost of a traditional incubator -over the next five years we hope to save the lives of almost a million babies but the longer term social impact is a reduction in population growth -this seems counter intuitive but turns out that as infant mortality is reduced population sizes also decrease because parents dont need to anticipate that their babies are going to die -we hope that the embrace infant warmer and other simple innovations like this represent a new trend for the future of technology -simple localized affordable solutions that have the potential to make huge social impact in designing this we followed a few basic principles we really tried to understand the end user in this case people like -in doing this i believe we can truly bring technology to the masses and we can save millions of lives through the simple warmth of an embrace -what you see here is a premature baby he looks like hes resting peacefully but in fact hes struggling to stay alive because he cant regulate his own body temperature this baby is so tiny he doesnt have enough fat on his body to stay warm -the reason is because in the first month of a babys life its only job is to grow if its battling hypothermia its organs cant develop normally resulting in a range of health problems from diabetes to heart disease to low i q -imagine many of these problems could be prevented if these babies were just kept warm that is the primary function of an incubator -as a result parents resort to local solutions like tying hot water bottles around their babies bodies or placing them under light bulbs like the ones you see here methods that are both ineffective and unsafe -the upward ascension of the human spirit bringing us into wisdom wholeness and authenticity age not at all as pathology age as potential and guess what this potential is not for the lucky few it turns out most people over fifty -feel better are less stressed are less hostile less anxious we tend to see commonalities more than differences some of the studies even say were happier -this is not what i expected trust me i come from a long line of depressives -as i was approaching my late forty s when i would wake up in the morning my first six thoughts would all be negative and i got scared i thought oh my gosh im going to become a crotchety old lady but now that i am actually smack dab in the middle of my own third act -i realize ive never been happier -i have such a powerful feeling of well being and ive discovered that when youre inside oldness as opposed to looking at it from the outside fear subsides you realize youre still yourself -maybe even more so picasso once said it takes a long time to become young -some of it is a matter of luck some of it obviously is genetic one third of it in fact is genetic and there isnt much we can do about that but that means that two thirds of how well we do in the third act we can do something about -were going to discuss what we can do to make these added years really successful and use them to make a difference now let me say something about the staircase which may seem like an odd metaphor for seniors given the fact that many seniors are challenged by stairs -entropy means that everything in the world everything is in a state of decline and decay the arch theres only one exception -to this universal law and that is the human spirit which can continue to evolve upwards the staircase bringing us into wholeness authenticity -and wisdom and heres an example of what i mean this upward ascension can happen even in the face of extreme physical challenges about three years ago i read an article in the new york times it was about a man named neil selinger fifty seven years old a retired lawyer -who had joined the writers group at sarah lawrence where he found his writers voice -two years later he was diagnosed with als commonly known as lou gehrigs disease its a terrible disease its fatal it wastes the body but the mind remains intact -in this article mr selinger wrote the following to describe what was happening to him and i quote as my muscles weakened my writing became stronger as i slowly lost my speech i gained my voice -thats an entire second adult lifetime thats been added to our lifespan and yet for the most part our culture has not come to terms with what this means were still living with the old paradigm of age -as i diminished i grew as i lost so much i finally started to find myself neil selinger to me is the embodiment of mounting the staircase in his third act -now were all born with spirit all of us but sometimes it gets tamped down beneath the challenges of life violence abuse neglect -perhaps our parents suffered from depression perhaps they werent able to love us beyond how we performed in the world -perhaps we still suffer from a psychic pain a wound perhaps we feel that many of our relationships have not had closure and so we can feel unfinished perhaps the task of the third act -is to finish up the task of finishing ourselves for me it began as i was approaching my third act my sixtieth birthday how was i supposed to live it what was i supposed to accomplish in this final act and i realized that in order to know where i was going -i had to know where id been and so i went back and i studied my first two acts -trying to see who i was then who i really was not who my parents or other people told me i was or treated me like i was but who was i who were my parents not as parents but as people -who were my grandparents how did they treat my parents these kinds of things -i discovered a couple of years later that this process that i had gone through is called by psychologists doing a life review and they say it can give new significance and clarity and meaning to a persons life -you may discover as i did that a lot of things that you used to think were your fault -a lot of things you used to think about yourself really had nothing to do with you it wasnt your fault youre just fine and youre able to go back and forgive them and forgive yourself youre able to free yourself -as an arch thats the metaphor the old metaphor youre born you peak at midlife and decline into decrepitude -from your past you can work to change your relationship to your past -now while i was writing about this i came upon a book called mans search for meaning by viktor frankl viktor frankl was a german psychiatrist whod spent five years in a nazi concentration camp and he wrote that while he was in the camp he could tell -should they ever be released which of the people would be okay and which would not and he wrote this -everything you have in life can be taken from you except one thing your freedom to choose how you will respond to the situation this is what determines the quality of the life weve lived -not whether weve been rich or poor famous or unknown healthy or suffering what determines our quality of life -is how we relate to these realities what kind of meaning we assign them what kind of attitude we cling to about them what state of mind we allow them to trigger -perhaps the central purpose of the third act is to go back -and to try if appropriate to change our relationship to the past -it turns out that cognitive research shows when we are able to do this it manifests neurologically -neural pathways are created in the brain you see if you have over time reacted negatively to past events and people neural pathways are laid down by chemical and electrical signals that are sent through the brain and over time these neural pathways become hardwired -they become the norm even if its bad for us because it causes us stress and anxiety if however we can go back -and alter our relationship re vision our relationship to past people and events neural pathways can change and if we can maintain the more positive feelings about the past that becomes the new norm its like resetting a thermostat -and we become the subjects and objects of other peoples lives but now in our third acts it may be possible for us to circle back to where we started -and know it for the first time and if we can do that it will not just be for ourselves older women are the largest demographic in the world if we can go back and redefine ourselves and become whole -this will create a cultural shift in the world and it will give an example to younger generations so that they can reconceive their own lifespan thank you very much -they realize that this is actually a developmental stage of life with its own significance -as different from midlife as adolescence is from childhood -and they are asking we should all be asking how do we use this time -how do we live it successfully what is the appropriate new metaphor for aging ive spent the last year researching and writing about this subject and i have come to find that a more appropriate metaphor for aging is a staircase -mother nature where i believe we need to spend time where theres trees and flowers and birds for our good psychological development and yet there are hundreds and hundreds of children in the developed world who never -could have light for i think it was about half an hour each evening and there is the chief in all his regal finery with a laptop computer -as i was traveling around the world you know i had to leave the forest thats where i love to be i had to leave these fascinating chimpanzees -my students and field staff to continue studying because finding they dwindled from about two million one hundred years ago to about one hundred and fifty thousand now -i knew i had to leave the forest to do what i could to raise awareness around the world and the more i talked about the chimpanzees plight -the more i realized the fact that everythings interconnected and the problems of the developing world so often stem -of the developed world and everything was joining together and making not sense hope lies in sense you said its making a nonsense how can we do it somebody said that yesterday -and as i was traveling around i kept meeting young people whod lost hope they were feeling -they were feeling well it doesnt matter what we do eat drink and be merry for tomorrow we die everything is hopeless were always being told so by the media -and then i met some who were angry and anger that can turn to violence and were all familiar with that and i -three little grandchildren and when some of these students would say to me at high school or university theyd say were angry or were filled with despair because we feel youve compromised our future and theres nothing we can do about it -and i looked in the eyes of my little grandchildren and think how much weve harmed this planet since i was their age i feel this deep shame -brochures all around outside and if any of you have anything to do with children and care about their future i beg that you pick up that brochure -this man he has been outside but hes gone back and he was saying you know we have suddenly jumped into a whole new era -and roots and shoots is a program for hope roots make a firm foundation shoots seem tiny -but to reach the sun they can break through brick walls see the brick walls as all the problems that weve inflicted on this planet then -you see it is a message of hope hundreds and thousands of young people around the world can break through and can make this a better world -and the most important message of roots and shoots is that every single individual makes a difference every individual has a role to -every one of us impacts the world around us every day and you scientists know that you cant actually even if you stay in bed all day youre breathing oxygen and giving -and probably going to the loo and things like that youre making a difference in the world so the roots and shoots program involves youth -in three kinds of projects and these are projects to make the world around them a better place one project to show care and concern for your own human community -one for animals including domestic animals and i have to say i learned everything i know about animal behavior even before i got to gombe and the chimps from my dog rusty who was my childhood companion -and the third kind of project something for the local environment so what the kids do depends first of all how old are they and we go now from pre school right through university -its going to depend whether theyre inner city or rural its going to depend if theyre wealthy or impoverished its going to depend which part say of america theyre in were in every state -and the problems in florida are different from the problems in new york its going to depend on which country theyre in and were already in sixty -and we didnt even know about the white man fifty years ago and now here we are with laptop computers and there are some things we want to learn from the modern world we want to know about health -because theyre buying into it and theyre the ones who get to decide what theyre going to do it isnt something that their parents tell them or their teachers tell them thats effective but if they decide themselves -we want to clean this river and put the fish back that used to be there we want to clear away the toxic -good morning everyone and i feel first of all its been fantastic being here over these past few days -from this area and have an organic garden we want to go and spend time with the old people and hear their stories -oral histories we want to go and work in a dog shelter we want to learn about animals we want you know it goes on and on and this is very hopeful for me -as i travel around the world three hundred days a year everywhere theres a group of roots and shoots of different ages everywhere there are children with shining eyes saying look at the difference weve made -and now comes the technology into it because with this new way of communicating electronically these kids can communicate with each other around the world -and if anyone is interested to help us weve got so many ideas but we need help we need help to create the right kind of -system that will help these young people to communicate their excitement but also and this is so important to -these kids who may be in america or maybe this is a group in israel saying yeah you did it a little bit wrong this is how you should do it the philosophy is very simple -we want to know about what other people do were interested in it and we want to learn other languages we want to know english and french and perhaps chinese and were good at languages -we do not believe in violence no violence no bombs no guns thats not the way to solve problems violence leads to violence at least in my view -so how do we solve the tools for solving the problems are knowledge and understanding know the facts but see how they fit in the big picture -hard work and persistence dont give up and love and compassion leading to respect for all life -minutes two one -anyway so basically roots and shoots is beginning to change young peoples lives its what im devoting most of my energy to -and -i believe that a group like this can have a very major impact not just because you can share technology with us but because so many of you have children -and if you take this program out and give it to your children they have such a good opportunity to go out and do good because theyve got parents like you -and its been so clear how much you all care about trying to make this world a better place its very encouraging -but the kids do ask me and this wont take more than two minutes i promise the kids say doctor jane do you really have hope for the future you travel you see all these horrible things happening -the human brain i dont need to say anything about that now that we know what the problems are around the world human brains like yours are rising to solve those problems and weve talked a lot about -so there he is with his little laptop computer but fighting against the might of the pressures because of the debt the foreign debt of ecuador fighting the pressure of world bank -a whole area desolated and it can be brought back to bloom again with time or a little help -and thirdly the last speaker talked about or the speaker before last talked about the indomitable human spirit we are surrounded by the most amazing people who -do things that seem to be absolutely impossible nelson mandela i take a little piece of limestone from robben island prison where he labored for twenty seven years and came out -so little bitterness he could lead his people from the horror of apartheid without a bloodbath even after the eleventh of september and i was in new york and i felt the fear -nevertheless there was so much human courage so much love and so much compassion and then as i went around the country after that and felt the fear the fear that was leading -to people feeling they couldnt worry about the environment any more in case they seemed not to be patriotic and i was trying to encourage them somebody came up with a little quotation from mahatma gandhi -if you look back through human history you see that every evil regime has been overcome by good and just after that a woman brought me this little bell and i want to end on this note she said if youre talking -this this bell is made from metal from a defused landmine from the killing fields of pol pot one of the most evil regimes in human history where people are now beginning to put their lives back together -the regime has -so yes there is hope and where is the hope is it out there with the politicians -its in our hands its in your hands and my hands and those of our children -its really up to us were the ones who can make a difference if we lead lives where we consciously leave the lightest possible -ecological footprints if we buy the things that are ethical for us to buy and dont buy the things that are not we can change the world overnight thank you -and of course the people who want to exploit the forests and take out the oil and so coming directly from -to here but of course my real field of expertise lies in an even different kind of civilization i cant really call it a civilization a different way of life -different being weve talked earlier this wonderful talk by wade davis about the different cultures of the humans around the world -not composed only of human beings there are also other animal beings and i propose to bring into this ted conference as i always do around the world the voice -and secondly i feel its a great honor to kind of wind up this extraordinary gathering of people these amazing talks that weve had -of the animal kingdom too often we just see a few slides or a bit of film but these beings have voices that mean something and so i want to give you a greeting as from a chimpanzee in the forests of tanzania -for example for the first time a few years ago by simply collecting little fecal samples we were able to have them -each individual infant because the chimps have a very promiscuous mating society so this opens up a whole new avenue of research and we use -geographic whatever it is gsi to determine the range of the chimps and were using -you can see that im not really into this kind of stuff but were using satellite imagery to look at the deforestation in the area -and of course theres developments in infrared so you can watch animals at night and equipment for recording by video and tape recording is getting lighter and better -i feel that ive fitted in in many ways to some of the things that ive heard i started off i came directly here -especially when chimpanzees and other animals with large brains are studied in captivity modern technology is helping us to search for the upper levels of cognition -in some of these non human animals so that we know today theyre capable of performances that would have been thought absolutely impossible by science when i began -i think the chimpanzee in captivity who is the most skilled in intellectual performance is one called ai in japan her name means love -and she has a wonderfully sensitive partner working with her she loves her computer shell leave her big group -running water and her trees and everything and shell come in to sit at this computer its like a video game for a kid shes hooked shes twenty eight by the way -and she does things with her computer screen and a touch pad that she can do faster than most humans she does very complex -tasks and i havent got time to go into them but the amazing thing about this female is she doesnt like making mistakes -if she has a bad run and her score isnt good shell come and reach up and tap on the glass because she cant see the experimenter which is asking to have another go and her concentration -from the deep deep tropical rainforest in ecuador where i was out you could only get there by -and the food is not important she does get a tiny reward like one raisin for a correct response but she will do it for nothing if you tell her beforehand -so here we are a chimpanzee using a computer chimpanzees gorillas orangutans also learn human sign language but -with my binoculars it was fortunately one adult male who id named david greybeard and by the way science at that time was telling me that i shouldnt name the chimps they should all have numbers that was more scientific -that he would sometimes pick a leafy twig and strip the leaves modifying an object to make it suitable for a specific purpose the beginning of tool making -indigenous people with paint on their faces and parrot feathers on their headdresses where these people -the reason this was so exciting and such a breakthrough is at that time it was thought that humans and only humans used and made tools when i was at school we were defined as man the tool maker -so that when louis leakey my mentor heard this news he said ah we must now redefine man redefine tool or accept chimpanzees as humans -we now know that at gombe alone there are nine different ways in which chimpanzees use different objects for different purposes -moreover we know that in different parts of africa wherever chimps have been studied there are completely different tool using behaviors -and because it seems that these patterns are passed from one generation to the next through observation imitation and practice that is a definition of human culture -what we find is that over these forty odd years that i and others have been studying chimpanzees and the other great apes and as i say other mammals with complex brains and social systems -we have found that after all there isnt a sharp line dividing humans from the rest of the animal kingdom its a very wuzzy line its getting -all the time as we find animals doing things that we in our arrogance used to think was just human -to try and keep the oil companies and keep the roads out of their forests theyre fighting to develop their own way of living within the forest in a world thats clean a world that isnt contaminated -the chimps theres no time to discuss their fascinating lives but they have this long childhood five years of suckling and sleeping with the mother -and then another three four or five years of emotional dependence on her even when the next child is born -the importance of learning in that time when behavior is flexible and theres an awful lot to learn in chimpanzee society -the long term affectionate supportive bonds that develop throughout this long childhood with the mother with -which can last through a lifetime which may be up to sixty years they can actually live longer than sixty in captivity so weve only done forty years in the wild so far and -we find chimps are capable of true compassion and altruism we find in their non verbal communication this is very rich they have a lot of sounds -what do they do they kiss they embrace they hold hands they pat one another on the back they swagger they shake their fist the kind of things that we do -and they do them in the same kind of context they have very sophisticated cooperation sometimes they hunt not that often but when they hunt they show sophisticated cooperation and they share the -we find that they show emotions similar to maybe sometimes the same as those that we describe in ourselves as happiness sadness fear despair -they know mental as well as physical suffering and i dont have time to go into the information that will prove some of these things to you save to say that there are -very bright students in the best universities studying emotions in animals studying personalities in animals we know that chimpanzees and some other creatures can recognize themselves in mirrors self as opposed to -they have a sense of humor and these are the kind of things which traditionally have been thought of as human prerogatives but -this teaches us a new respect and its a new respect not only for the chimpanzees i suggest but some of the other amazing animals with whom we share this planet once were prepared to admit that after all were not the only -world that isnt polluted and what was so amazing to me and what fits right in with what were all talking about here at ted -creatures on this planet it really gives cause for deep shame at least for me -so -the sad thing is that these chimpanzees whove perhaps taught us more than any other creature a little humility are in the wild disappearing very fast -theyre disappearing in the heart of their range in africa because the big multinational logging companies have come in -roads as they want to do in ecuador and other parts where the forests remain untouched to take out -oil or timber -this has led in congo basin and other parts of the world to what is known as the bush meat trade this means that -for hundreds perhaps thousands of years people have lived in those forests or whatever habitat it is in harmony with their world just killing the animals they need for themselves and their families -is that there right in the middle of this rainforest was some solar panels the first in that part of ecuador -now suddenly because of the roads the hunters can go in from the towns they shoot everything every single thing that moves -thats bigger than a small rat they sun dry it or smoke it and now theyve got transport they take it on the logging trucks or the mining trucks into the towns where they sell it and people will pay more -for bush meat as its called than for domestic meat its culturally preferred and its not sustainable -and the huge logging camps in the forest are now demanding meat so the pygmy hunters in the congo basin -with their wonderful way of living for so many hundreds of years are now corrupted theyre given weapons they shoot for the logging camps they get money -culture is being destroyed along with the animals upon whom they depend so when the logging camp moves theres nothing left -we talked already about the loss of human cultural diversity and ive seen it happening with my own eyes and the grim picture in africa i love africa -what do we see in africa we see deforestation we see the desert spreading we see massive hunger -and that was mainly to bring water up by pump so that the women wouldnt have to go down the water was cleaned but because they got a lot of batteries they were able to store a lot of electricity so every house and there were i think eight houses in this little community -we see disease and we see population growth in areas where there are more people living on a certain piece of land than the land can possibly support and theyre too poor to buy food from elsewhere -the people that we heard about yesterday on the easter island who cut down their last tree were they stupid didnt they know what was happening of course but if youve seen the crippling poverty -in some of these parts of the world it isnt a question of lets leave the tree for tomorrow how am i going to feed my family today maybe i can get just a few dollars -from this last tree which will keep us going a little bit longer and then well pray that something will happen to save us from the inevitable end so -this is a pretty grim picture the one thing we have which makes us so different from chimpanzees or other living creatures is this sophisticated spoken language -a language with which we can tell children about things that arent here we can talk about the distant past plan for the distant future discuss ideas with each other -so that the ideas can grow from the accumulated wisdom of a group we can do it by talking to each other we can do it through video we can do it through the -and we are abusing this great power we have to be wise stewards and were destroying the world -in the developed world in a way its worse because we have so much access to knowledge of the stupidity of what were doing do -bringing little babies into a world where in many places the water is poisoning them and the air is harming them -and the food thats grown from the contaminated land is poisoning them and thats not just in the far away developing world thats everywhere do you know we all have about fifty -certain kinds of cancers are on the increase around places where our filthy toxic waste is dumped -so one of their projects will be to help their own human community and then if theyre able they may raise money to help communities in other parts of the world -one of their projects will be to help animals not just wildlife domestic animals as well and one of their projects will be to help the environment that we all share and woven throughout all of this is -a message of learning to live in peace and harmony within ourselves in our families in our communities between nations between cultures between religions and -between us and the natural world we need the natural world we cannot go on destroying it at the rate we are we not do have more than this one -just picking one or two of the projects right here in africa that the roots and shoots groups are doing one or two projects only -in tanzania in uganda kenya south africa congo brazzaville sierra leone cameroon and other groups and as i say its in ninety seven countries around the world -thats what he wanted to know and of course behavior doesnt fossilize he argued and its now a fairly common theory that if we found -to ex child soldiers doing projects like this is bringing them out of themselves once again theyre a useful member of society we have this program in prisons as well -so theres no time for more roots and shoots now but oh theyre also working on hiv aids thats a very important component of roots and shoots with older kids talking to younger ones -deserts where once there was forest do you really have hope well yes you cant come to a conference like ted and not have hope can you -and of course theres hope one is this amazing human brain and i mean think of the technologies and ive just been so thrilled finally to come to people talking about -we as the elite around the world we can do something about it we can make choices as to how we live each day what we buy what we -behavior patterns similar or the same in our closest living relatives the great apes and humans today -and choose to make these choices with the question how will this affect the environment around me -how will it affect the life of my child when he or she grows up or my grandchild or whatever it is so -the human brain coupled with the human heart and we join hands around the world and thats what ted is helping so well with and google who help us and -and the next reason for hope nature is amazingly resilient you can take an area thats absolutely destroyed with time and perhaps some help -it can regenerate and an example is the take care program i told you where a seemingly dead tree stump if you stop hacking them for firewood which you dont need to because you have wood lots then in five years you can have a thirty foot tree -and animals almost on the brink of extinction can be given a second chance thats my next book its inspiring -and it brings me to my last category of hope and weve heard about this so much in the last two days this indomitable human spirit -then maybe those behaviors were present in the ape like human like ancestor some seven million years ago and therefore perhaps we had brought those characteristics with us from that ancient ancient past -this determination of people the resilience of the human spirit so that people who you would think would be battered by poverty or disease or whatever can pull themselves up out of it sometimes with a helping hand -take their part in society and take their part in changing the world and just to think of one or two people out of africa -really inspiring we could make a very long list but obviously nelson mandela emerging from seventeen years of hard physical -ken saro wiwa in nigeria who took on the giant oil companies and although people around the world tried their best was executed -people like this are so inspirational people like this are the role models we need for young africans and we need some environmental role models as well and ive been hearing some of them today -so im really grateful for this opportunity to share this message again with everyone at ted and i hope that some of us can -get together and talk about some of these things especially the roots and shoots program and just a last word on that the young woman whos running this entire conference center -i met her today she came up so excited with her certificate she was in roots and shoots she was in the leadership in dar es salaam she said its helped her to do what shes doing and it was very very exciting for me to meet -and see just one example of how young people when they are empowered given the opportunity to take action to make the world a better place truly are our hope for tomorrow thank you -they are more like us than any other living creature and weve heard about that during this ted conference so -it remains for me to comment on the ways in which chimpanzees are so like us in certain aspects of their behavior -good afternoon good evening whatever we can go jambo guten -the female has her first baby when shes eleven or twelve thereafter she has one baby only every five or six years -a long period of childhood dependency when the child is nursing sleeping with the mother at night and riding on her back -and we believe that this long period of childhood is important for chimpanzees just as it is for us in relation to learning -as the brain becomes ever more complex during evolution in different forms of animals so we find that learning plays an ever more important role in an individuals life history -and young chimpanzees spend a lot of time watching what their elders do we know now that theyre capable of imitating behaviors that they see -and we believe that its in this way that the different tool using behaviors that have now been seen in all the different chimpanzee populations studied in africa -how these are passed from one generation to the next through observation imitation and practice so that we can describe these tool using behaviors as primitive culture -greeting chimpanzees embracing they also kiss hold hands pat one another on the back and they swagger and they throw rocks -in chimpanzee society we find many many examples of compassion precursors to love and true altruism -and these really aggressive behaviors for the most part are directed against individuals of the neighboring social group they are very territorially -is no sharp line between humans and the rest of the animal kingdom its a very blurry line and its getting -is still continuing to this day and these chimpanzees living their complex social lives in the wild have -so its pretty sad to find that chimpanzees like so many other creatures around the world are losing their habitats this is just one photograph -that is the call that chimpanzees make before they go to sleep in the evening you hear it going from one side of the valley to the other from one group of nests to the next -from the air and it shows you the forested highlands of gombe and it was when i flew over the whole area about sixteen years ago -that a question came to my mind how can we even try to save these famous chimpanzees when the people living around the national park are struggling to survive -more people are living there than the land could possibly support the numbers increased by refugees pouring in from burundi and over the lake from congo -and -very poor people they couldnt afford to buy food from elsewhere this led to a program which we call take care its a very holistic -way of improving the lives of the people living in the villages around the park it started small with twelve villages its now in twenty four -there isnt time to go into it but its including things like tree nurseries methods of farming most suitable to this now very degraded almost desert like land up in these mountains -ways of controlling preventing soil erosion ways of reclaiming overused farmland so that within two years they can again be productive working to -help the villagers obtain fresh water from wells perhaps build some -loans and weve got as is the case around the world about ninety five percent of all loans returned -empowering women working with education providing scholarships for girls so they can finish secondary school in the -and i want to pick up with my talk this evening from where zeray left off yesterday -but when we began the take care program it was a tanzanian team going into the villages it was a tanzanian team -talking to the villagers asking what they were interested in were they interested in conservation absolutely not they were interested in health they were interested in education and as -time went on and as their situation began to improve they began to understand ever more about the need for conservation -as the upper levels of the hills were denuded of trees so youve got this terrible soil erosion and mudslides today -we are developing what we call the greater gombe ecosystem this is an area way outside the national park stretching out into all these various degraded lands -he was talking about this amazing three year old australopithecene child selam -and as these villages have a better standard of life they are actually agreeing to put between ten percent and twenty percent of their land in the highlands aside so that once again -as the trees grow back the chimpanzees will have leafy corridors through which they can travel to interact as they must for genetic viability with other remnant groups outside the national park so -take care is a success were replicating it in other parts of africa around other wilderness areas which are faced with extreme population pressure -and when you get large numbers of people living in land that is not that fertile particularly when you cut down trees and you leave the soil open to the wind for erosion -and weve also been hearing about the history the family tree of mankind through dna genetic profiling -as desperate populations cut down more and more trees so that they can try and grow food for themselves and their families -whats going to happen somethings got to give -other problems not only in africa but the rest of the developing world and indeed everywhere what are we doing to our planet -you know the famous scientist e o wilson said that if every person on this planet attains the standard of living of the average european or american -we need three new planets today they are saying four but we dont have them weve got one -whats happened i mean the question here is here we are arguably the most intelligent being thats ever walked planet earth -with this extraordinary brain capable of the kind of technology that is so well illustrated by these ted conferences and yet were destroying the only home we have -the indigenous people around the world before they made a major decision used to sit around and ask themselves how does this decision affect our people seven generations ahead -today major decisions and im not particularly talking about africa here but the developed world major decisions -and it was a paleontologist the late louis leakey who actually set me on the path for studying chimpanzees and it was pretty extraordinary way back then its kind of commonplace now -as i began traveling around africa talking about the problems faced by chimpanzees and their vanishing forests i realized more and more how so many of africas problems could be laid at the door of previous colonial exploitation -so i began traveling outside africa talking in europe talking in the united states going to asia and everywhere -these terrible problems and you know the kind im talking about im talking about pollution the air that we breathe that often poisons us the -is poisoning our foods the water water is perhaps one of the most crucial issues that were going to face in this century -and everywhere water is being polluted by agricultural industrial and household chemicals that still -being sprayed around the world seemingly with the inability to profit from past experience the -the reckless burning of fossil fuels along with other greenhouse gasses so called leading to climate change -finally all around the world people have begun to believe that there is something going on very wrong with our climate all around the world climates are mixed up -and its the poor people who are affected worse its africa that already is affected in many parts of sub saharan africa -the droughts are so much worse and when the rain does come it so often leads to flooding and added distress and the cycle of poverty and hunger and disease and the -wasnt surprising to me that as i was traveling around the world i met so many young people who seemed to have lost hope -but his argument was because hed been searching for the fossilized remains of early humans in africa -we seem to have lost wisdom -the wisdom of the indigenous people -i asked a question why well do you think there could be some kind of disconnect -between this extraordinarily clever brain the kind of brain that the ted technologies exemplify -and the human heart talking about it in the non scientific term in terms of love and compassion is there some disconnect -and these young people when i talk to them basically they were either depressed or apathetic or bitter and angry -and they said more or less the same thing we feel this way because we feel youve compromised our future and theres nothing we can do about it -we have compromised their future ive got three little grandchildren and every time i look at them and i think how weve harmed this beautiful planet since i was their age i feel this desperation -and that led to this program we call roots and shoots which began right here in tanzania and has now spread to ninety seven countries around the world -its symbolic roots make a firm foundation shoots seemed tiny to reach the sun they can break a brick wall see the brick wall as all these problems weve inflicted on the planet environmental and social -its a message of hope hundreds and thousands of young people around the world can break through and can make this a better world for all living things -and you can tell an awful lot about what those beings looked like from the fossils from the shape of the muscle attachments -every one of us in this room we have a choice as to what kind of difference we want to make the very poor have no choice its up to us to change things so that the poor have choice as well -the roots and shoots groups all choose three projects it depends on how old they are and which country whether theyre in a city or rural as to what kinds of projects -but basically we have programs now from preschool right through university with more and more adults starting -this idea is so pervasive that games are a waste of time that we will come to regret that i hear it literally everywhere i go for example true story just a few weeks ago this cab driver upon finding out that a friend and i were in town for a game developers conference turned around and said and i quote -i hate games waste of life imagine getting to the end of your life and regretting all that time -and thats what i want to share with you today -now as far as i know no one ever told one of the hospice workers i wish id spent more time playing video games -but when i hear these top five regrets of the dying i cant help but hear five deep human cravings that games actually help us fulfill for example -i wish i hadnt worked so hard for many people this means i wish id spent more time with my family with my kids when they were growing up well we know that playing games together has tremendous family benefits -a recent study from brigham young university school of family life reported that parents who spend more time playing video games with their kids have much stronger real life relationships with them -a recent study from university of michigan showed that these games are incredibly powerful relationship management tools they help us stay connected with people in our social network that we would otherwise grow distant from if we werent playing games together -i wish id let myself be happier well here i cant help but think of the groundbreaking clinical trials recently conducted at east carolina university that showed that online games can outperform pharmaceuticals for treating clinical anxiety and depression -just thirty minutes of online game play a day was enough to create dramatic boosts in mood and long term increases in happiness -id had the courage to express my true self well avatars are a way to express our true selves our most heroic idealized version of who we might become you can see that in this alter ego portrait by robbie cooper of a gamer with his -and stanford university has been doing research for five years now to document how playing a game with an idealized avatar -changes how we think and act in real life making us more courageous more ambitious more committed to our goals -i wish id led a life true to my dreams and not what others expected of me are games doing this yet im not sure so ive left a question mark a super mario question mark and were going to come back to this one -but recently i did spend three months in bed -it started two years ago when i hit my head and got a concussion now the concussion didnt heal properly and after thirty days i was left with symptoms like nonstop headaches nausea vertigo memory loss mental fog -my doctor told me that in order to heal my brain i had to rest it so i had to avoid everything that triggered my symptoms for me that meant no reading no writing no video games no work or email no running no alcohol no caffeine in other words and i think you see where this is going no reason to live -and it happened to me my brain started telling me -it said the pain will never end -and these voices became so persistent and so persuasive -that i started to legitimately fear for my life which -is the time that i said to myself after thirty four days and i will never forget this -i said i am either going to kill myself -so i created a role playing recovery game called jane the concussion slayer now this became my new secret identity and the first thing i did as a slayer was call my twin sister i have an identical twin sister named kelly and tell her -im playing a game to heal my brain and i want you to play with me -we also collected and activated power ups this was anything i could do on even my worst day to feel just a little bit good just a little bit productive -things like cuddling my dog for ten minutes or getting out of bed and walking around the block just once now the game was that simple adopt a secret identity recruit your allies battle the bad guys activate -went away it just vanished it felt like a miracle now it wasnt a miracle cure for the headaches or the cognitive symptoms that lasted for more than a year and it was the hardest year of my life by far but even when i still had the symptoms even while i was still in pain i stopped suffering -and i could tell from their messages and their videos that the game was helping them in the same ways that it helped me they talked about feeling stronger and braver they talked about feeling better understood by their friends and family and they even talked about feeling happier even though they were in pain -even though they were tackling the toughest challenge of their lives now at the time im thinking to myself -your mission is to figure out how you want to spend your extra -some people get stronger and happier after a traumatic event -and thats what was happening to us the game was helping us experience what scientists call post traumatic growth which is not something we usually hear about we usually hear about post traumatic stress disorder -because im a game designer you might be thinking to yourself i know what she wants us to do with those minutes -she wants us to spend them playing games now this is a totally reasonable assumption given that i have made quite a habit of encouraging people to spend more time playing games for example in my first tedtalk i did propose that we should spend twenty one billion hours a week as a -and so we decided that what it really is is that it is entirely materially closed that is nothing goes in or out at all no material and energetically open which is essentially -this is a chamber that was one four hundredth the size of biosphere two that we called our test module and the very first day that this fellow john allen walked in to spend a couple of days in there with all the plants and animals and bacteria that wed put in there to hopefully keep him alive -i -the doctors were incredibly concerned that he was going to succumb to some dreadful toxin or that his lungs were going to get choked with bacteria or something fungus but of course none of that happened -of living inside two biospheres of course we all here in this room live in biosphere one ive also lived in biosphere two -we wanted to know this both for being able to go somewhere else in the universe if we were going to go to mars for instance would we take a biosphere with us to live in it we also wanted to know -will something happen that we cant understand and we cant fix thereby negating the concept of man made biospheres so eight of us went in four men and four women -we lived in so on the top -we had these beautiful rainforests and an ocean and underneath we had all this technosphere we called it which is where all the pumps and the valves and the water tanks and the air handlers and all of that -this is the agriculture it was essentially an organic farm -that moment i became part of that biosphere -and i dont mean that in an abstract sense i mean it rather literally when i breathed out my co two fed the sweet potatoes that i was growing -and we ate an awful lot of the sweet potatoes -and those sweet potatoes became part of me in fact we ate so many sweet potatoes i became orange with sweet potato i -quite a lot of oxygen and we knew that we were losing co two and so we were working to sequester carbon good lord we know that term now -we were growing plants like crazy we were taking their biomass storing them in the basement growing plants going around around around trying to take all of that carbon out of the atmosphere -we were trying to stop carbon from going in to the atmosphere we stopped irrigating our soil as much as we could we stopped tilling so that we could prevent greenhouse gasses from going into the air -but our oxygen was going down faster than our co two was going up which was quite unexpected because we had seen them going in tandem in the test module -here i am inside biosphere two making a pizza so i am harvesting the wheat in order to make the dough and then of course i have to milk the goats and feed the goats in order to make the cheese it took me four months in biosphere two to make a pizza -and the doctor was in fact checking us to make sure we were in fact fine but in fact he was the person who was most susceptible to the oxygen and one day he couldnt add up a line -it was time for us to put oxygen in and you might think well boy your life support system was failing you -in a sense it was -it was the scientific gold of the project because we could really crank this baby up as a scientific tool and see if we could in fact find where those seven tons of oxygen had gone and -at the end of the two years when we came out we were elated because in fact although you might say we had discovered something that was quite -when your oxygen is going down stopped working essentially in your life support system thats a very bad failure except that we knew what it was and we knew how to fix it and nothing else emerged -that really was as serious as that and we proved the concept more or less people on the other hand was a different subject we were i dont know that we were fixable -we all went quite nuts i will say and the day i came out of biosphere two i was thrilled i was going to see all my family and my friends for two years id been seeing people through the glass and everybody ran up to me and i recoiled -people stink we stink of -and underarm deoderant and all kinds of stuff now we had stuff inside biosphere to keep ourselves clean but nothing with perfume and boy do we stink out here -here in biosphere one well it takes me about two minutes because i pick up the phone and i call and say hey can you deliver the pizza so biosphere two -not only that -lost touch of where my food came from i had been growing all my own food -for hours in the isles of shops reading all the names on all of the things people must have thought i was -it was really quite -lost track of where i was in this big biosphere in this big biosphere that we all live in in biosphere two i totally understood -that i had a huge impact on my biosphere everyday and it had an impact on me very viscerally very -and one of the things we did was try to figure out how small can you make these biospheres and what can you do with them -and so we sent one onto the mir space station we had one on the shuttle and one on the international space station for sixteen months where we managed to produce the first organisms to go through -and im also proud to announce that youre getting a sneak preview on friday were going to announce that were actually forming a team to -was essentially a three acre entirely sealed miniature world that i lived in for two years and twenty minutes -i ended up in all places in eritrea in the horn of africa eritrea formerly part of ethiopia is one of those places that is astonishingly beautiful -this is what i saw -but this is also what i saw i saw -that had taken seawater and sand and they were growing -a kind of crop that will grow on pure salt water without having to treat it and it will produce a food crop in this case it was oilseed -it was astonishing they were also producing mangroves in a plantation and the mangroves where providing wood and honey and leaves for the animals -so that they could produce milk and whatnot like we had in the biosphere and all of it was coming from this shrimp farms shrimp farms are a scourge on the earth frankly from an environmental point of view -they pour huge amounts of pollutants into the ocean they also pollute their next door neighbors so theyre all shitting each others ponds quite literally -what this project was doing was taking the effluent of these and turning them into all of this food -they were literally turning pollution into abundance for a desert people they had created an industrial ecosystem of a sense -the top it was sealed with steel and glass underneath it was sealed with a pan of steel essentially entirely sealed so we had our own miniature rainforest a private beach with a coral reef we had a -i was there because i was actually modeling the mangrove portion for a carbon credit program under the u n kyoto protocol system and -was modeling this mangrove swamp i was thinking to myself how do you put a box around this when im modeling -in a box literally i know where to draw the boundary in a mangrove forest like this i have no idea well of course you have to draw the boundary around the whole of the -call a biocidal species one that whether we intentionally or unintentionally have designed our systems to kill life -a lot of the time this is in fact this beautiful photograph is in fact over the amazon and here the light green -areas of massive deforestation and those beautiful wispy clouds are in fact fires human made -in the process of transforming from this to what i would call a biophilic society one where we learn to nurture society now it may not seem like it -but we are it is happening all across the world in every kind of walk of life and every kind of career and industry that you can think -and i think often times people get lost in that they go but how -this was my backyard -very early on when i bought my property and in arizona of course everybody puts gravel down and they like to keep everything beautifully raked and they keep all the leaves away and on sunday morning the neighbors leaf blower comes out and i want to -them its a certain type of aesthetic were very uncomfortable with untidiness and -i threw away my rake and i let all of the leaves fall from the trees that i have on my property and -we had our own half acre farm that we had to grow everything and of course we had our human habitat -over time essentially what have i been doing ive been building topsoil and so now all the birds come in and i have hawks and i have an oasis this -is what happens every spring for six weeks six to eight weeks i have this flush of green oasis this is actually in a riparian area -and all of tucson could be like this if everybody would just revolt and throw away the rake the small stuff counts the industrial revolution and -has given us this the ability to light up the world -it has also given us this the ability to look at the world from the outside now we may not all have another biosphere that we can run to and compare it to this biosphere -in the mid eighties when we were designing biosphere two we had to ask ourselves some pretty basic questions i mean what is a biosphere -and if you lose where you are in your biosphere or are perhaps having a difficulty connecting with where you are in the biosphere i would say -to you take a deep breath -the yogis had it right -connect us all in a very literal way -take a breath now -and as you breathe think about what is in your breath -perhaps is the co two from the person sitting next door to you -it also connects us in time -there may be -some carbon in your breath from the dinosaurs there could also be carbon that you are exhaling now -back then yes i guess we all know now that it is essentially the sphere of life around the earth right well you have to get a little more specific than that if youre going to build one -and so we decided that what it really is is that it is entirely materially closed that is nothing goes in or out at all no material -and energetically open which is essentially what planet earth is -the doctors were incredibly concerned that he was going to succumb to some dreadful toxin or that his lungs were going to get choked with bacteria or something fungus but of course none of that happened -and over the ensuing few years there were great sagas about designing biosphere two but by one thousand nine hundred and ninety one we finally had this thing built and it was time for us to go in and give it a go we needed to know -big questions -and we wanted to know this both for being able to go somewhere else in the universe if we were going to go to mars for instance would we take a biosphere with us to live in it we also wanted to know -of living inside two biospheres of course we all here in this room live in biosphere one -one of the biospherians called it garden of eden on top of an aircraft carrier and then also we had the human habitat of course with the laboratories and all of that -this is the agriculture it was essentially an organic farm -at that moment i became part of that biosphere and i dont mean that in an abstract sense i mean it rather literally when i breathed out my co two fed the sweet potatoes that i was growing -and we ate an awful lot of the sweet potatoes -when it came to our atmosphere however it wasnt that much of a joke over the long term because it turned out that we were losing oxygen -quite a lot of oxygen and we knew that we were losing co two and so we were working to sequester carbon good lord we know that term now we were growing plants like crazy we were taking their biomass storing them in the basement growing plants going around around around trying to take all of that carbon out of the atmosphere -we were trying to stop carbon from going into the atmosphere we stopped irrigating our soil as much as we could we stopped tilling so that we could prevent greenhouse gasses from going into the air -and i tell you when you lose a lot of oxygen and our oxygen went down quite far it went from twenty one percent down to fourteen point two percent my goodness do you feel dreadful -i mean we were dragging ourselves around the biosphere and we had sleep apnea at night so youd wake up gasping with breath -so what did i learn well here i am inside biosphere two making a pizza -so i am harvesting the wheat in order to make the dough and then of course i have to milk the goats and feed the goats in order to make the cheese it took me four months in biosphere two to make a pizza here in biosphere one well it takes me about two minutes because i pick up the phone and i call and say hey can you deliver the pizza -at the end of the two years when we came out we were elated because in fact -people on the other hand was a different subject we were -people stink we stink of -i had no idea what was in my food where it came from i didnt even recognize half the names in most of the food that i was eating in fact i would stand for hours in the aisles of shops reading all the names on all of the things people must have thought i was nuts it was really quite -of where i was in this big biosphere in this big biosphere that we all live in in biosphere two i totally understood that i had a huge impact on my biosphere everyday and it had an impact on me very viscerally very literally so i went about my business -and one of the things we did was try to figure out how small can you make these biospheres and what can you do with them and so we sent one onto the mir space station we had one on the shuttle and one on the international space station for sixteen months where we managed to produce the first organisms to go through -complete multiple life cycles in space really pushing the envelope of understanding how malleable our life systems are -and im also proud to announce that youre getting a sneak preview on friday were going to announce that were actually forming a team to develop a system to grow plants on the moon which is going to be pretty fun and the legacy of that is a system that we were designing an entirely sealed system to grow plants to grow on mars -so biosphere two -and part of that is that we had to model very rapid circulation of co two and oxygen and water through this plant system as a result of that modeling i ended up in all places -was essentially a three acre entirely sealed miniature world that i lived in for two years and twenty minutes -eritrea formerly part of ethiopia is one of those places that is astonishingly beautiful incredibly stark and i have no understanding of how people eke out a living there it is so dry this is what i saw -but this is also what i saw i saw a company that had taken seawater and sand and they were growing -it was astonishing they were also producing mangroves in a plantation -and the mangroves were providing wood and honey and leaves for the animals -so that they could produce milk and whatnot like we had in the biosphere and all of it was coming from this shrimp farms -they had created an industrial ecosystem of a sense i was there because i was actually modeling the mangrove portion for a carbon credit program under the u n kyoto protocol system -and understand its interactions with the entire earth and put your project in that context around the -were in the process of transforming from this to what i would call a biophilic society one where we learn to nurture society now it may not seem like it -so we had our own miniature rainforest a private beach with a coral reef we had -and i think often times people get lost in that they go but how -this was my backyard very early on when i bought my property and in arizona of course everybody puts gravel down and they like to keep everything beautifully raked and they keep all the leaves away and on sunday morning the neighbors leaf blower comes out and i want to throttle them -and i threw away my rake and -all of the leaves fall from the trees that i have on my property and over time essentially what have i been doing ive been building topsoil and so now all the birds come in and i have hawks and i have -an oasis -this is what happens every spring for six weeks six to eight weeks i have this flush of green oasis this is actually in a riparian area and all of tucson could be like this if everybody would just revolt and throw away the rake the small stuff counts -the industrial revolution and prometheus has given us this the ability to light up the world -it has also given us this the ability to look at the world from the outside now we may not all have another biosphere that we can run to and compare it to this biosphere -but we can look at the world and try to understand where we are in its context and how we choose to interact -to you take a deep breath -the yogis had it right -back in the mid eighty s when we were designing biosphere two we had to ask ourselves some pretty basic questions i mean what is a biosphere back then yes i guess we all know now that it is essentially the sphere of life around the earth right well you have to get a little more specific than that if youre going to build one -and as you breathe think about what is in your breath -there perhaps is the co two from the person sitting next door to you -maybe there is a little bit of oxygen from some algae on the beach not far from here -it also connects us in time -there may be some carbon in your breath from the dinosaurs -its a self portrait titled wide hips -i discovered their soft surfaces revealed every ripple of wind in constantly changing patterns i was mesmerized -i continued studying craft traditions and collaborating with artisans next in lithuania with lace makers i liked the fine detail it gave my work -is about taking imagination seriously -but i wanted to make them larger to shift from being an object you look at -to something you could get lost in returning to india to work with those fishermen we made a net of a million and a half hand tied knots -he asked if i could build this as a permanent piece for the city i didnt know if i could do that and preserve my art durable -fourteen years ago i first encountered this ordinary material fishnet used the same way for centuries today im using it to create permanent billowing voluptuous forms the scale of hard edged buildings in cities around the world -engineered permanent those are in opposition to idiosyncratic delicate and ephemeral -for two years i searched for a fiber that could survive ultraviolet rays salt air pollution and at the same time remain soft enough to move fluidly in the wind -we needed something to hold the net up out there in the middle of the traffic circle so we raised this forty five thousand pound steel ring -we had to engineer it to move gracefully in an average breeze and survive in hurricane winds but there was no engineering software to model something porous and moving -he helped me tackle the twin challenges of precise shape -and gentle movement -i couldnt build this the way i knew because hand tied knots werent going to withstand a hurricane so i developed a relationship with an industrial fishnet factory learned the variables of their machines and figured out a way to make lace with them -there was no language to translate this ancient idiosyncratic handcraft into something machine operators could produce so we had to create one -three years and two children later -we raised this fifty thousand square foot lace net -it was hard to believe that what i had imagined was now built -now it had a sense of place -i walked underneath it for the first time -as i watched the winds choreography unfold i felt sheltered and at the same time connected to limitless sky -my life was not going to be the same -i want to create these oases of sculpture in spaces of cities around the world -im going to share two directions that are new in my work -historic philadelphia city hall its plaza i felt needed a material for sculpture that was lighter than netting so we experimented with tiny atomized water particles to create a dry mist that is shaped by the wind -and in testing discovered that it can be shaped by people -who can interact and move through it without getting wet -i was an unlikely person to be doing this i never studied sculpture engineering or architecture -im using this sculpture material to trace the paths of subway trains above ground in real time -like an x ray of the citys circulatory system unfolding -next challenge the biennial of the americas in denver asked could i represent the thirty five nations of the western hemisphere and their interconnectedness in a sculpture -and the tsunami that rippled across the entire pacific ocean it shifted the earths tectonic plates sped up the planets rotation and literally shortened the length of the day -so i contacted noaa and i asked if theyd share their data on the tsunami and translated it into this -its title one point two six refers to the number of microseconds that the earths day was shortened i couldnt build this with a steel ring the way i knew its shape was too complex now -in fact after college i applied to seven art schools and was rejected by all seven i went off on my own to become an artist and i painted -so i replaced the metal armature with a soft fine mesh of a fiber fifteen times stronger than steel -the sculpture could now be entirely soft which made it so light it could tie in to existing buildings -literally becoming part of the fabric of the city there was no software that could extrude these complex net forms and model them with gravity -so we had to create it -then i got a call from new york city -asking if i could adapt these concepts -to times square -fourteen years ago -i searched for beauty -in the traditional things in craft forms -now i combine them with hi tech materials and engineering -to create voluptuous billowing forms the scale of buildings -my artistic horizons continue to grow ill leave you with this story -i got a call from a friend in phoenix -never visited the local art museum -for ten years when i was offered a fulbright to india promising to give exhibitions of paintings i shipped my paints and arrived in mahabalipuram the deadline for the show arrived -sharing the rediscovery of wonder -my paints didnt i had to do something this fishing village was famous for sculpture so i tried bronze casting -but to make large forms was too heavy and expensive -a new approach to sculpture a way to make volumetric form without heavy solid materials my first satisfying sculpture was made in collaboration with these fishermen -and the silk being formed from a spider isnt that beautiful -s recipe book -because life uses only a subset -even the toxic ones -to figure out the elegant recipes that would take the small subset -of the periodic table and create -the task of green chemistry -timed degradation -packaging that is good until you dont want it to be good any more and dissolves on cue -thats a mussel you can find in the waters out here -threads holding it to a rock are timed at exactly two years they begin to dissolve -that little guy over there -around the world not getting to patients and the reason is that -the refrigeration somehow gets broken whats called the cold chain gets broken a guy named bruce rosner -stays alive for -and months and months and is able to regenerate itself and he found a way to dry out vaccines -encase them in the same sort of sugar capsules as the tardigrade has within its cells -i almost i came this close to changing species at that moment -from organisms this is a session about water learning about organisms that can do without water -and lasts and lasts without refrigeration -not going to get to twelve -but what i am going to do is tell you that the most important thing besides all of these adaptations -is the fact that these organisms -have figured out a way -to do the amazing things they do -while taking care of the place -going to take care of their offspring -when theyre involved in foreplay -having their genetic material -and that means finding a way to do what they do without destroying the place thatll take care -there are millions and millions of geniuses -talk about -this thing ok great ok so thats the healing one sensing and responding -feedback is a huge thing this is a locust there can be eighty million of them in a square kilometer and yet they dont collide with one another and yet we have three point six million car collisions a year -theres a person at newcastle who has figured out that its a very large neuron and shes actually -that means you know net fertility farming we should be growing fertility and oh yes we get food too because we have to grow -has done the opposite so farming based on how a prairie builds soil ranching based on how a native ungulate herd -and in design whats happened since the book came out the book was mainly about research in biomimicry and whats happened since then -but creates incredibly sparkling productivity -this is the simple design brief i mean it looks simple because the system over three point eight billion years has worked this out that is -those organisms that have not been able to figure out how to enhance or sweeten their places -are not around to tell us about it -life and this is the secret trick this is the magic trick -life creates conditions conducive to life it builds soil it cleans air it cleans water it mixes the cocktail of gases that you and i need to live and it does -in the middle of having great foreplay -meeting their needs so its not mutually exclusive -making of this place -it is a thrill to be here at a conference thats devoted to inspired by nature you can imagine -the champion adapters in the natural world who might inspire us so this is a picture from a galapagos trip that we took with some wastewater treatment engineers they purify wastewater and some of them were very resistant actually to being there -they said to us at first was you know we already do biomimicry we use bacteria to clean our water -an organism to do your wastewater treatment is an old old technology called domestication this is -big problems give me a design challenge sustainability speed bump thats keeping you from being sustainable and they said scaling which is the build up of minerals inside of pipes -and they said you know what happens is mineral just like at your house mineral builds up and then the aperture closes and we have to flush the pipes with toxins or we have to dig them up -so if we had some way to stop this scaling and so i picked up some shells on the beach and i asked them what is scaling whats inside your pipes and they said calcium carbonate -and im also thrilled to be in the foreplay section did you notice this section is foreplay because i get to talk about -and i said thats what this is this is calcium carbonate -ok to create a shell so the same sort of a process without the proteins is happening on the inside of their pipes they didnt know -this is not for lack of information its a lack of integration you know its a silo people in silos they didnt know that the same thing was happening so one of them thought about it and said -well if this is just crystallization that happens automatically out of seawater self assembly then why arent shells infinite in size what stops the -why dont they just keep on going and i said well in the same way -that they let go of pro that they exude a protein and it starts the crystallization and then they all sort of leaned in -that protein that stop protein and its an environmentally friendly way to stop scaling in pipes -critters which is the western grebe you havent lived until youve seen these guys do their courtship dance i was on bowman lake in glacier national park which is a long skinny lake with sort of mountains upside down in it and my partner and i have a rowing shell and so we were rowing -that changed everything from then on you could not get these engineers back in the boat -first day they would take a hike and it was click click click click five minutes later they were back in the boat were done you know ive seen that island after this -about the natural world is one thing learning from the natural world thats the switch thats the profound switch -they realized was that the answers to their questions are everywhere they just needed to change the lenses with which they saw the world three point eight billion -years of field testing ten to thirty craig venter will probably tell you i think theres a lot more than thirty million well adapted -so its the conscious emulation of lifes genius its not slavishly mimicking although al is trying to get the hairdo going -its not a slavish mimicry its taking the design principles the genius of the natural world -and learning something from it now in a group with so many it people i do have to mention that one im not going to talk about and that is that your field is one that has learned an enormous amount from living things on the software side -so theres computers that protect themselves like an immune system and were learning from gene regulation and biological development -were learning from neural nets genetic algorithms evolutionary computing thats on the software -whats interesting to me is that we havent looked at this -as much i mean these machines are really not very high tech in my estimation in the sense that -is not at all up to snuff in terms of what life would call a success so what can we learn about making not just computers but everything -the plane you came in cars the seats that youre sitting on how do we redesign -the world that we make the human made world -me are key -how does life make things -this is the opposite this is how we make things its called heat beat and treat thats what material scientists call it and its carving things down from the top with ninety six percent waste left over -and one of these western grebes came along and what they do for their courtship dance is they go together the two of them -its shape is what gives it the function of being able to -in other words structure it gives it information by adding information to matter -and thirdly how does life -make things disappear into systems because life -doesnt really deal in things -things in the natural world divorced from their systems -im reading more and more now -at the same time im listening to a lot of businesses and finding what their sort of grand challenges are the two groups are not talking to each other at all -the two mates and they begin to run underwater they paddle faster and faster and faster until theyre going so fast that they literally lift up -try to go through twelve really quickly -ok one thats exciting to me is self assembly -heard about this in terms of nanotechnology back to that shell the shell is a self assembling material -on the lower left there is a picture of mother of pearl forming out of sea water its a layered structure thats mineral and then polymer -and it makes it very very tough its twice as tough as our high tech ceramics -but whats really interesting unlike our ceramics that are in kilns it happens in sea water -ok people are starting this is sandia national labs a guy named jeff brinker has found a way to have a self assembling coding process imagine being able to make ceramics at room temperature -by simply dipping something into a liquid -the molecules in the liquid together so that they jigsaw together in the same way as this crystallization works -precursors to a pv cell to a solar cell onto a roof and having it self assemble into a layered structure that harvests light -heres an interesting one for the it world -out of the water and theyre standing upright sort of paddling the top of the water -bio silicon -this is a diatom which is made of silicates and so silicon which we make right now its part of our carcinogenic problem in the manufacture of our chips this is a bio mineralization process thats now being mimicked -imagine being able to and again its a templated process and it solidifies out of a liquid -the people at lucent technologies have found have no distortion whatsoever its one of the most distortion free lenses we know of and theres many of them all over its entire body whats interesting again -is that it self assembles a woman named joanna aizenberg at lucent -and one of these grebes came along while we were rowing and so were in a skull and were moving really really quickly and this grebe i think sort of -now learning to do this in a low temperature process to create these sort of lenses shes also looking at fiber optics -thats a sea sponge that has a fiber optic down at the very base of it theres fiber optics that work better than ours actually to move light -but you can tie them in a knot theyre incredibly flexible heres another big idea co two as a feedstock -guy named geoff coates at cornell said to himself you know plants do not see co two as the biggest poison of our time we see it that way plants are busy making long chains of starches and glucose -out of co two hes found a way hes found a catalyst and hes found a way to take co two and make it into polycarbonates biodegradable plastics out of co two how plant like -solar transformations the most exciting one there are people who are mimicking the energy harvesting device inside of purple bacterium the people at asu even more interesting lately in the last couple of weeks people have seen that -in a fuel cell in the anode of a fuel cell and in a reversible fuel cell in our fuel cells we do it with platinum life does it with a very very common -a team has now just been able to mimic that hydrogen juggling -thats very exciting for fuel cells to be able to do that without platinum power of shape heres a -mistaked us for a prospect and started to run along the water next to us in a courtship dance for -weve seen that the fins of this whale have tubercles on them and those little bumps actually increase -in for instance the edge of an airplane increase efficiency by about thirty two percent -light comes through it bounces back off the layers its called thin film interference imagine being able to self assemble products with the last few layers -with just water thats what a leaf does see that up close picture its a ball of water and those are dirt particles and thats an up close picture of a lotus leaf -theres a company making a product called lotusan which mimics when the building facade paint dries it mimics -the bumps in a self cleaning leaf and rainwater cleans the -our big grand challenge quenching -here are two organisms that pull water the one on the left is the namibian beetle pulling water out of fog the one on the right is a pill bug pulls water out of -does not drink fresh water -pulling water out of monterey fog and out of -the sweaty air in atlanta before it gets into a building -key technologies separation technologies are going to be extremely important what if we were to say -no more hard rock mining -miles it would stop and then start and then stop and then start now that is foreplay -what if we were to separate out metals -from waste streams small amounts of metals in water thats what microbes do -and hopefully any inventor anywhere in the world will be able in the moment of creation to type in how does nature -remove salt from water and up will come mangroves and sea turtles and your own kidneys and well begin to -be able to do as cody does and actually be in touch with these incredible models these elders that have been here far far -than we have and hopefully with their help well learn how to live on this earth and on this home that is ours but not ours alone thank you very much -do imagine -the timing the coordination all without top down laws or policies or climate change protocols -this happens every year there is lots of -showing off there is lots of love in the air -that keeps me in touch with this because hes living usually on his back looking up at those grasses and -one time he came up to me he was about seven or eight years old he came up to me and there was a wasps nest that i had let grow in my yard right outside my door -i -and most people knock them down when theyre small but it was fascinating to me because i was looking at this sort of fine italian end papers and -he came up to me and he knocked he would come every day with something to show me and like knock like a woodpecker on my door until i opened it up -and he asked me how i had made the house for those -anything that is hidden from us at least in modern cultures it would be -and i could see why he thought you know it was so beautifully done it was so archetectural it was so precise -but it occurred to me how in his small life had he already believed the myth that if something was that well done that we must have done it -how did he not know its what weve all forgotten that were not the first ones to build -were not the first ones to process cellulose were not the first ones to make paper were not the first ones to try to optimize packing space or to waterproof or to try to heat and cool a structure were not -the first ones to build houses for our young whats happening now in this field called biomimicry is that people are beginning to remember that organisms -other organisms the rest of the natural world are doing things very similar to what we need to do -to reveal something that weve forgotten that we used to know as well as we knew our own names -but in fact they are doing them in a way that have allowed them to live gracefully on this planet for billions of years so -these people biomimics are natures apprentices and theyre focusing on function what id like to do is show you a few of the things that theyre learning -they have asked themselves what if every time i started to invent something i asked how would nature solve this -and here is what theyre learning this is an amazing picture from a czech photographer named jack hedley this is a story about an engineer at jr west theyre the people who make the bullet train it -he happened to be a birder he went to the equivalent of an audubon society meeting and he studied there was a film about king fishers and he thought to himself they go from one density of medium the air into another density of medium water -without a splash look at this picture without a splash so they can see the fish and he thought what if we do this -and that is that we live in a competent universe that we are part of a brilliant planet and that we are surrounded by genius -how does nature repel bacteria were not the first ones to have to protect ourselves from some bacteria turns out that this is a galapagos shark -it has no bacteria on its surface no fouling on its surface no barnacles and its not because it goes fast it actually basks its a slow moving shark so how does it keep its body free of bacteria build up -it doesnt do it with a chemical it does it it turns out with the same denticles that you had on speedo bathing suits that broke all those records in the olympics but its a particular kind of pattern -and that pattern the architecture of that pattern on its skin denticles keep bacteria from being able to land and -a company called sharklet technologies thats now putting this on the surfaces in hospitals to keep bacteria from landing which is -better than dousing it with anti bacterials or harsh cleansers that many many organisms are now becoming drug resistant -this is a little critter thats in the namibian desert it has no fresh water that its able to drink but it drinks water out of fog its got bumps on the back of its wing covers -and those bumps act like a magnet for water they have water loving tips and waxy sides and the fog comes in and it builds up on the tips and it goes down the sides and goes into the critters mouth -actually a scientist here at oxford who studied this andrew parker and now kinetic and architectural firms like grimshaw -are starting to look at this as a way of coating buildings so that they gather water from the fog ten times better than our fog catching nets -two as a building block organisms dont think of co two as a poison plants and organisms that make shells coral think of it as a building block there is now a cement manufacturing -cement in concrete instead of cement usually emits a ton of co two for every ton of cement now its reversing that equation and actually sequestering half -of co two thanks to the recipe from the coral none of these are using the organisms theyre really only using the blueprints or the recipes from the organisms -there are many many ways that nature filters water that takes salt out of water we take water and push it against a membrane -and then we wonder why the membrane clogs and why it takes so much electricity nature does something much more elegant and its in every cell -every red blood cell of your body right now has these hourglass shaped pores called aquaporins they actually export water molecules through its kind of a forward osmosis they export water molecules through -thats where i live and its my university as well im surrounded by genius i can not help but -and leave solutes on the other side a company called aquaporin is starting to make desalination membranes mimicking this technology -trees and bones are constantly reforming themselves along lines of stress this algorithm has been put into a software program -that skeleton you see in whats called their bionic car it lightweighted that skeleton using a minimum amount of material as an organism must for the maximum amount of strength -this beetle unlike this chip bag here this beetle uses one material -and it finds many many ways to put many functions into it its waterproof its strong and resilient its breathable it creates color through structure -is to find a way to minimize the amount of material the kind of material we use and to add design to it -we use five polymers in the natural world to do everything that you see in our world we use about three hundred and fifty polymers to make all -nature is nano -you hear a lot of worry about this loose nanoparticles what is really interesting to me -is that not many people have been asking how can we consult nature about how to make nanotechnology safe -but then right after that they emit a protein that actually gathers and aggregates those nanoparticles so that they fall out of solution -energy use organisms sip energy because they have to work or barter for every single bit that they -and one of the largest fields right now in the world of energy grids you hear about the smart grid -one of the largest consultants are the social insects swarm technology there is a company called regen they are looking at how -ants and bees find their food and their flowers in the most effective way as a whole hive -and theyre having appliances in your home talk to one another through that algorithm and determine how to minimize peak power use -this is what i would tell you to remember if you ever forget this again remember this -its capillary action and transpiration pulls water up a drop at a time pulling it releasing from a leaf and pulling it up through the roots and theyre creating -you can think of it as a kind of wallpaper theyre thinking about putting it on the insides of buildings to move water up without pumps -even more interesting to me is that six hundred volts doesnt fry it you know we use pvc -sheath wires with pvc for insulation these organisms how are they insulating against their own electric charge -these are some questions that weve yet to ask heres a wind turbine manufacturer that went to a whale humpback whale has -this is what happens every year this is what keeps its promise -has a new radio chip that uses far less power than our chips and its based on the cochlear -of you ear able to pick up internet wireless television signals and radio signals in the same chip finally on an ecosystem scale -at biomimicry guild which is my consulting company we work with hok architects were looking at -building whole cities in their planning department and what were saying is that shouldnt our cities do at least as well in terms of ecosystem services -as the native systems that they replace so were creating something called ecological performance standards that hold cities to this higher bar -the question is biomimicry is an incredibly powerful way to innovate the question i would ask is whats worth solving -doing bailouts this is what happened -if you havent seen this its pretty amazing doctor adam neiman this is a depiction -of all of the water on earth in relation to the volume of the earth all the ice all the fresh water all the sea water and all the atmosphere that we can breathe in relation to the volume of the earth and inside those balls -life over three point eight billion years has made a lush livable place for us -spring imagine designing spring -and we are in a long long line of organisms to come to this planet and ask ourselves how can we live here gracefully over the long haul how can we do what life -has learned to do which is to create conditions conducive to life now -in order to do this the design challenge of our century i think we need a way to remind ourselves of those geniuses and to somehow meet them again -one of the big ideas one of the big projects ive been honored to work on is a new website and i would encourage you all to please go to it its called asknature org -and what were trying to do in a tedesque way is to organize all biological information by design and engineering function -and were working with eol encyclopaedia of life ed wilsons ted wish and hes gathering all biological information on one website -but then i knew for certain that although my body might be limited -it was my spirit that was unstoppable -the philosopher lao tzu once said -when you let go of what you are you become what you might be -i now know that it wasnt until i let go of who i thought i was that i was able to create a completely new life it wasnt until i let go of -the life i thought i should have -i now know that my real strength never came from my body -and although my physical capabilities have changed dramatically -my whole right side was ripped open filled with gravel my head was cut open across the front lifted back exposing the skull underneath i had head injures i had internal injuries i had massive blood loss in fact i lost about five liters of blood which is all someone my size would actually hold -i know that im not my body -and i also know that youre not yours -and then it no longer matters what you look like -where you come from -all that matters is that we continue to fan the flame of humanity -by living our lives as the ultimate creative expression of who we really are because we are all connected by millions and millions of straws -and its time to join those up and to hang on -and if we are to move towards our collective bliss its time we shed our focus on the physical and instead embrace the virtues of the heart so raise your straws if youll join me -by the time the helicopter arrived at prince henry hospital in sydney my blood pressure was forty over nothing -i was having a really bad day -for over ten days i drifted between two dimensions i had an awareness -of being in my body but also being out of my body somewhere else watching from above as if it was happening to someone else why would i want to go back to a body that was so broken -but this voice kept calling me come on stay with me -i was at a crossroads -i knew if i didnt return to my body id have to leave this world forever -creating them and embracing them and for me that was the olympic dream thats what defined me that was my bliss -it was the fight of my life -after ten days i made the decision to return to my body -and the internal bleeding stopped -the next concern was whether i would walk again because i was paralyzed from the waist down -stepped on it smashed it into thousands of pieces theyd have to operate -they went in they put me on a beanbag they cut me literally cut me in half i have a scar that wraps around my entire body -they picked as much broken bone -as they could that had lodged in my spinal cord they took out two of my broken ribs and they rebuilt -my back l one they rebuilt it they took out another broken rib they fused t twelve l one and l two together then they stitched me up they took an entire hour to stitch me up i woke up in intensive care and the doctors were really excited that the operation had been a success because at that stage -i had a little bit of movement in one of my big toes and i thought great because im going to the olympics -but the damage is permanent the central nervous system nerves there is no cure -you have no feeling from the waist down and at most you might get ten or twenty percent return -youll have internal injuries for the rest of your life youll have to use a catheter for the rest of your life and if you walk again it will be with calipers and a walking frame and then she said janine youll have to rethink everything you do in your life because youre never going to be able to do the things you did before -i was an athlete thats all i knew thats all id done if i couldnt do that then what could i do and the question i asked myself is if i couldnt do that -they moved me from intensive care to acute spinal i was lying on a thin hard spinal bed i had no movement in my legs i had tight stockings on to protect from blood clots i had one arm in plaster one arm tied down by drips i had a neck brace and sandbags on either side of my head -and i saw my world through a mirror that was suspended above my head -i shared the ward with five other people and the amazing thing is that because we were all lying paralyzed in a spinal ward we didnt know what each other looked like -how amazing is that how often in life do you get to make friendships judgment free -purely based on spirit -and there were no superficial conversations as we shared our innermost thoughts our fears and our hopes for life after the spinal ward -i remember one night one of the nurses came in jonathan with a whole lot of plastic straws -he put a pile on top of each of us and he said start threading them together well there wasnt much -silently and he joined all of the straws up till it looped around the whole ward and then he said okay everybody hold on to your straws -and we did and he said right -now were all connected and as we held on -and even lying paralyzed in the spinal ward -there were moments of incredible depth and richness of authenticity and connection -that i had never experienced before -and each of us knew that when we left the spinal ward -we would never be the same -after six months it was time to go home -i remember dad pushing me outside in my wheelchair wrapped in a plaster body cast and feeling the sun on my face for the first time i soaked it up and i thought how could i ever have taken this for granted -i felt so incredibly grateful for my life -and a dream life was good -but before i left the hospital the head nurse had said to me janine i want you to be ready because -when you get home somethings going to happen and i said what and she said -youre going to get depressed -and i said not me not janine the machine which was my nickname she said you are because see it happens to everyone in the spinal ward -thats normal youre in a wheelchair thats normal but youre going to get home and realize -how different life is and i got home -and something happened -i realized sister sam was right -i did get depressed i was in my wheelchair i had no feeling from the waist down attached to a catheter bottle i couldnt walk -id lost so much weight in the hospital i now weighed about eighty pounds and i wanted to give up -and the question i asked was why me -i knew it would be challenging but it was actually a blessing because -she was always happy and even when she began to talk again albeit difficult to understand she never complained not once -and i wondered how had she ever found that level of acceptance and i realized -that this wasnt just my life it was life itself i realized that this wasnt just my pain it was everybodys pain -and then i knew just like before that i had a choice -but the circumstances of my life and then i stopped asking why me and i started to ask why not me -and then i thought to myself -maybe being at rock bottom is actually the perfect place to start -i had never before thought of myself as a creative person i was an athlete my body was a machine -but now -and even though i had absolutely no idea what i was going to do in that uncertainty came a sense of freedom -i was no longer tied to a set path i was free to explore lifes infinite possibilities -and that realization -was about to change my life -sitting at home -in my wheelchair and my plaster body cast an airplane flew overhead -and i looked up and i thought to myself that -my body was consumed by pain -it was beautiful they lifted me into the cockpit they had to slide me up on the wing put me in the cockpit they sat me down there -id been hit by a speeding utility truck with only ten minutes to go on the bike ride i was airlifted from the scene of the accident by a rescue helicopter to a large spinal unit in sydney i had extensive and life threatening injuries id broken my neck and my back in six places -and the wheels lifted up off the tarmac and we became airborne -i had the most incredible sense of freedom -and i said yeah and he said well you take the controls and you fly towards that mountain and as i looked up i realized -that he was pointing towards the blue mountains -and i took the controls -and i was flying -and i was a long long way from that spinal ward and i knew right then that i was going to be a pilot -but id worry about that later because right now i had a dream so i went home i got a training diary out and i had a plan -and i practiced my walking as much as i could and i went from the point of two people holding me up -to one person holding me up -so while the doctors continued to operate and put my body back -together again i went on with my theory study -and then eventually and amazingly -and then i learned to fly an airplane with two engines and i got my twin engine rating and then i -learned to fly in bad weather as well as fine weather and got my instrument rating -and then i got my commercial pilots license and then i got my instructor rating and then i found myself back at that same school where id gone for that very first flight -teaching other people how to fly -just under eighteen months after id left the spinal ward -i feel like alice in wonderland going down the rabbit hole down down down into chaos and my life will never be the same again -is how war starts one day youre living your ordinary life youre planning to go to a party youre taking your children to school youre making a dentist appointment -and she remembers struggling with her mother to the front crowds and crowds of people take my child take my child and passing her son to someone through a window -and she didnt see him for years -being one of those reporters that lived through that siege and i say i have the honor and the privilege of being there because its taught me everything not just about being a reporter but about being a human being -i learned about compassion i learned about ordinary people who could be heroes i learned about sharing i learned about camaraderie most of all i learned about love -even in the midst of terrible destruction and death and chaos -i learned how ordinary people could help their neighbors share food raise their children drag someone whos being sniped at from the middle of the road even though you yourself were endangering your life helping people get into taxis who were injured to try to take -martha gellhorn whos one of my heroes once said you can only love one war the rest is responsibility i went on to cover many many many wars after that so many that i lost count but there was nothing like sarajevo -last april i went back to a very strange -what i called a deranged high school reunion what it was was the twentieth anniversary of the siege the beginning of the siege of sarajevo -the next thing the telephones go out the tvs go out theres armed men on the street theres roadblocks your life as you know it goes into suspended animation it stops -and i dont like the word anniversary because it sounds like a party and this was not a party it was a very somber gathering of the reporters that worked there during the war humanitarian aid workers and of course the brave and courageous people of sarajevo themselves -and the thing that struck me the most that broke my heart was walking down the main street of sarajevo where my friend aida saw the tank coming twenty years ago -and in that road were more than twelve thousand red chairs -empty and every single one of them symbolized a person who had died during the siege -just in sarajevo not in all of bosnia and it stretched from one end of the city to a large part of it and the saddest for me were the tiny little chairs for the children -i now cover syria and i started reporting it -because i believed that it needs to be done i believe a story there has to be told i see again a template of the war in bosnia -and when i first arrived in damascus i saw this strange moment where people didnt seem to believe that war was going to descend and it was exactly the same in bosnia and nearly every other country ive seen -where war comes people dont want to believe its coming -so they dont leave they dont leave before they can they dont get their money out they stay because you want to stay in your home and then war and chaos descend rwanda is a place that haunts me a lot -in one thousand nine hundred and ninety four i briefly left sarajevo to go report the genocide in rwanda -between april and august one thousand nine hundred and ninety four one million people were slaughtered now if those twelve thousand chairs -freaked me out with the sheer number i want you just for a second to think of a million people and to give you some example i remember -standing and looking down a road as far as i could see at least a mile and there were bodies piled twice my height of the dead -and that was just a small percentage of the dead -and there were mothers holding their children who had been caught in their last death throes -so we learn a lot from war and i mention rwanda because it is one place like south africa where nearly twenty years on there is healing -im going to steal a story from a friend of mine a bosnian friend about what happened to her because i think it will illustrate for you exactly what it feels like -theres also within the national constitution now youre actually not allowed to say hutu or tutsi youre not allowed to identify anyone by ethnicity which is of course what started the slaughter in the first place -and an aid worker friend of mine told me the most beautiful story or i find it beautiful there was a group of children mixed hutus and tutsis and a group of women who were adopting them and they lined up and one was just given to the next -there was no kind of compensation for youre a tutsi youre a hutu you might have killed my mother you might have killed my father they were just brought together in this kind of reconciliation and i find this remarkable -so when people ask me how i continue to cover war and why i continue to do it -this is why when i go back to syria next week in fact what i see is incredibly heroic people some of them fighting for democracy for things we take for granted every single day -and thats pretty much why i do it in two thousand and four -i had a little baby boy and i call him my miracle child because after seeing so much death and destruction and chaos and darkness in my life -she was walking to work one day in april one thousand nine hundred and ninety two in a miniskirt and high heels she worked in a bank she was a young mother she was someone who liked to party great person -but im talking about him because when he was four months old my foreign editor -forced me to go back to baghdad where i had been reporting all throughout the saddam regime and during the fall of baghdad and afterwards -because if you miss his first tooth if you miss his first step youll never forgive yourself but there will always be another war -and there sadly will always be wars and i am deluding myself -if i think as a journalist as a reporter as a writer what i do can stop them i can -im not even a humanitarian aid doctor and i cant tell you the times of how helpless ive felt to have people dying in front of me and i couldnt save them all i am is a witness -my role is to bring a voice to people who are voiceless a colleague of mine described it as to shine a light in the darkest corners of the world -and thats what i try to do im not always successful and sometimes its incredibly frustrating because you feel like youre writing into a void or you feel like no one cares -and suddenly she sees a tank ambling down the main road of sarajevo knocking everything out of its path she thinks shes dreaming but shes not and she -is to bear witness and that is the crux the heart of the matter for us reporters who do this -and all i can really do is hope not to policymakers or politicians because as much as id like to have faith that they read my words and do something i dont delude myself -but what i do hope -is that if you remember anything i said or any of my stories tomorrow morning over breakfast if you can remember the story of sarajevo -runs as any of us would have done and takes cover and she hides behind a trash bin in her high heels and her miniskirt -and as shes hiding there shes feeling ridiculous but shes seeing this tank go by with soldiers and people all over the place and chaos and she thinks -not in our past not in our future but somehow fundamentally connected to us -so we have to wonder if there is a multiverse in some other patch of that multiverse are there creatures -heres my multiverse creatures are there other creatures in the multiverse wondering about us and wondering about their own origins and if they are i can imagine them as we are calculating writing computer code building instruments -trying to detect that faintest sound -the volume on whats going on out there so in this ambition to capture songs from the universe we turn our focus to black holes and the promise they have because black holes -can bang on space time like mallets on a drum and have a very characteristic song which id like to play for you some of our predictions for what that song will be like -now black holes are dark against a dark -but they wont come to us directly through light we might one day see a shadow a black hole can cast -on a very bright background but we havent yet -ask you all to consider for a second the very simple fact that by far most of what we know about the universe comes to us -now we owe the idea that space can ring like a drum to albert einstein to whom we owe so much einstein realized that if space were empty if the universe were empty -it would be like this picture except for maybe without the helpful grid drawn on it but if we were freely falling through the space even without this helpful grid we might be able to paint it ourselves because we would notice that we traveled along straight lines undeflected straight -through the universe einstein also realized and this is the real meat of the matter that if you put energy or mass in the universe it would curve space and a freely falling object would pass by lets say the sun -and it would be deflected along the natural curves in the space it was einsteins great general theory of relativity -now even light will be bent by those paths and you can be bent so much that youre caught in orbit around the sun as the earth is or the moon around the earth these are the natural curves in space -what einstein did not realize was that if you took our sun and you crushed it down to six kilometers so you took a million times the mass of the earth and you crushed it to six kilometers across you would make a black hole an object so dense -that if light veered too close it would never escape a dark shadow against the universe it wasnt einstein who realized this it was -from light we can stand on the earth and look up at the night sky and see stars with our bare eyes the sun burns our peripheral vision we see light reflected off the moon -and then in between calculating einsteins equations as you do in the trenches and he was reading einsteins recently published general theory of relativity -and he was thrilled by this theory and he quickly surmised an exact mathematical solution that described something very extraordinary curves so strong that space would rain down into them space -itself would curve like a waterfall flowing down the throat of a hole and even light could not escape this current light would be dragged down the hole as everything else would be and all that would be left would be a shadow now he wrote to einstein and he said as you will see the war has been kind to me enough -dedication of the scientist this is the hardworking scientist under harsh conditions and he took schwarzschilds idea to the prussian academy of sciences the next week -but einstein always thought black holes were a mathematical oddity he did not believe they existed in nature he thought nature would protect us from their formation it was decades before the term -black hole was coined and people realized that black holes are real astrophysical objects in fact theyre the death state of very massive stars that collapse catastrophically at the end of their lifetime -now our sun will not collapse to a black hole its actually not massive enough -but if we did a little thought experiment as einstein was very fond -and in the time since galileo pointed that rudimentary telescope at the celestial bodies the known universe has come to us through light -and you would realize you could put the earth in a happy orbit even thirty km outside of this crushed black hole this crushed black hole actually would fit inside manhattan more or less -it might spill off into the hudson a little bit before it destroyed the earth but basically thats what were talking about were talking about an object that you could crush down to half the square area of manhattan so we move this earth very close thirty kilometers outside and we notice its perfectly fine orbiting around the black hole theres a sort of myth -that black holes devour everything in the universe but you actually have to get very close to fall in -but whats very impressive is that from our vantage point -we can always see the earth it cannot hide behind the black hole the light from the earth some of it falls in but some of it gets lensed around and brought back to us so you cant hide anything behind a black hole if this were battlestar galactica and youre fighting the cylons dont hide behind the black hole -collapse to a black hole its not massive enough but there are tens of thousands of black holes in our galaxy -and if one were to eclipse the milky way this is what it would look like we would see a shadow of that black hole against the hundred billion stars in the milky way galaxy and its luminous dust lanes and if we were to fall towards this black hole we would see all of that light lensed around it and we could even -start to cross into that shadow and really not notice that anything dramatic had happened -it would be bad if we tried to fire our rockets and get out of there because we couldnt anymore than light can escape but even though the black hole is dark from the outside its not dark on the inside because all of the light from the galaxy can -fall in behind us and even though due to a relativistic effect known as time dilation our clocks would seem to slow down relative to galactic time it would look as though the evolution of the galaxy had been sped up and shot at us right -and theres no way of telling anybody about the light at the end of the tunnel now weve never -imagine two black holes that have lived a long life together maybe they started as stars and collapsed to two black holes each one ten times the mass of the sun so now were going to crush them down to sixty kilometers across -they can be spinning hundreds of times a second at the end of their lives theyre going around each other very near the speed of light so theyre crossing thousands of kilometers in a fraction of a second and as they do so they not only curve space -this stunning silent movie of the universe these series of snapshots that go all the way back to the big bang and yet the universe is not a silent movie because the universe isnt silent -but they leave behind in their wake a ringing of space an actual wave on space time space squeezes and stretches as it emanates out from these black holes banging on the universe -and they travel out into the cosmos at the speed of light this computer simulation is due to a relativity group at nasa goddard it took almost thirty years for anyone in the world to crack this problem this was one of the groups -it shows two black holes in orbit around each other again with these helpfully painted curves and if you can see its kind of faint but if you can see the red waves emanating out -those are the gravitational waves theyre literally the sounds of space ringing and they will travel out from these black holes at the speed of light as they ring down and coalesce -to one spinning quiet black hole at the end of the day if you were standing near enough your ear would resonate with the squeezing and stretching of space you would literally hear the sound -now of course your head would be squeezed -on space each time it gets close if it gets far away its a little too quiet -id like to convince you that the universe has a soundtrack -and that soundtrack is played on space itself because space can wobble like a drum it can ring out -but the sound is too quiet for any of us to ever hear -there are very industrious experiments being built on earth one called ligo which will detect deviations in the squeezing and stretching of space at less than the fraction of a nucleus of an atom over four kilometers its a remarkably ambitious experiment and its going to be at advanced -sensitivity within the next few years to pick this up theres also a mission proposed for space which hopefully will launch in the next ten years called lisa -and lisa will be able to see super massive black holes black holes millions or billions of times the mass of the sun in this hubble image we see two galaxies they look like theyre frozen in some embrace and each one probably harbors a super massive black hole at its core -but lisa could see the final stages of two super massive black holes earlier in the universes history the last fifteen minutes -before they fall together -and its not just black holes but its also any big disturbance in the universe and the biggest of them all is the big bang when that expression was coined it was derisive like oh who would believe in a big bang but now it actually might be more technically accurate because it might bang it might make a sound -this animation from my friends at proton studios shows looking at the big bang from the outside we dont ever want to do that actually we want to be inside the universe because theres no such thing as standing outside the universe so imagine youre inside the big bang its everywhere its all around you and the space is wobbling chaotically -fourteen billion years pass and this song is still ringing all around us -galaxies form and generations of stars form in those galaxies and around one star at least one star is a habitable planet and here we are -frantically building these experiments doing these calculations writing these computer codes -wed like to be able to add to a kind of glorious visual composition that we have of the universe a sonic composition and while weve never heard the sounds from space we really should in the next few years start to turn up -its a terrible sound its literally the definition of noise its white noise -everywhere presumably if it hasnt been wiped out by some other process in the universe and if we pick it up it will be music to our ears because it will be the quiet echo of that moment of our creation of our observable universe -so within the next few years well be able to turn up the soundtrack a little bit render the universe in audio but if we detect those earliest moments -itll bring us that much closer to an understanding of the big bang which brings us that much closer to asking some of the hardest most elusive questions if we run the movie of our universe backwards -we know that there was a big bang in our past -and we might even hear the cacophonous sound of it -is it possible that our universe is just a plume off of some greater history or is it possible that were just a branch off of a multiverse each branch with its own big bang in its past maybe some of them with black holes playing drums maybe some without maybe some with sentient life and maybe some without -the resolution is going to achieve either of two forms either we will resolve these non sustainable time fuses in pleasant ways of our own choice by taking remedial action -or else these conflicts are going to get settled in unpleasant ways not of our choice namely by war disease or starvation but whats for sure is that our non sustainable course -will get resolved in one way or another in a few decades in other words since the theme of this session is choices we have a choice -does that mean that we should get pessimistic and overwhelmed i draw the reverse conclusion the big problems facing the world today are not at all -things beyond our control our biggest threat is not an asteroid about to crash into us something we can do nothing about -all the major threats facing us today are problems entirely of our own making and since we made the problems we can also solve the problems -you know right away that theyre an idiot this is a complex subject but how can we make sense out of the complexities of this subject -then means that its entirely in our power to deal with these problems in particular what can all of us do for those of you who are interested in these choices there are lots of things you can do theres a lot that we dont -and that we need to understand and theres a lot that we already do understand but arent doing and that we need to be doing thank you -in analyzing societal collapses ive arrived at a five point framework a checklist of things that i go through and try to understand -all of us have been interested in at one time or another in the romantic mysteries of all those societies that collapsed -well in my five point framework the first item on the framework is to look for human impacts on the environment -and deforestation which was a particular problem for them because they required forests to make charcoal to make iron so they ended up an iron age european society virtually unable to make their own -a second item on my checklist is climate change climate can get warmer or colder or dryer or wetter -but a cold climate isnt necessarily fatal because the inuit the eskimos inhabiting greenland at the same time did better rather than worse with cold climates so why didnt the greenland norse as well -the third thing on my checklist is relations with neighboring friendly societies that may prop up a society and if that friendly support is pulled away that may make a society more likely to collapse -norway the fourth item on my checklist is relations with hostile societies -such as the classic maya and the yucatan the easter islanders the anasazi fertile crescent society angor wat great zimbabwe and so on -in the case of norse greenland the hostiles were the inuit the eskimos sharing greenland with whom the norse got off to bad relationships -then finally the fifth item on my checklist is the political economic social and cultural factors in the society that make it more or less likely that the society will perceive and solve its environmental problems -in the case of the greenland norse cultural factors that made it difficult for them to solve their problems were their commitments to a christian society investing heavily in cathedrals -being a competitive ranked chiefly society and their scorn for the inuit from whom they refused to learn so thats how the five part framework -five years ive been taking my wife and kids to southwestern montana where i worked as a teenager on the hay harvest and montana -at first sight seems like the most pristine environment in the united states but scratch the surface and montana suffers from serious problems -have caused damage of billions of dollars problems from weeds weed control caused montana nearly two hundred million dollars a year -and within the last decade or two archaeologists have shown us that there were environmental problems underlying many of these past collapses -second item on my checklist climate change yes the climate in montana is getting warmer and drier but montana agriculture depends especially on irrigation from the snow pack -and as the snow is melting for example as the glaciers in glacier national park are disappearing thats bad news for montana irrigation agriculture -third thing on my checklist relations with friendlies that can sustain the society in montana today more than half of the income of montana -is not earned within montana but its derived from out of state transfer payments from social security investments and so on -last item on my checklist question of how political economic social cultural attitudes play into this montanans have long held values -which today seem to be getting in the way of their solving their own problems long held devotion to logging and to -and for many present societies are there any general conclusions that arise in a way just like tolstoys statement about every unhappy marriage being different -that emerge from these comparisons of past societies that did or did not collapse and threatened societies today -one interesting common thread has to do with in many cases the rapidity of collapse after a society reaches its peak -there are many societies that dont wind down gradually but they build up get richer and more powerful and then within a short time within a few decades after their peak they collapse for example the -began to collapse in the early eighties literally a few decades after the maya were building their biggest monuments and maya population was greatest -or again the collapse of the soviet union took place within a couple of decades maybe within a decade of the time when the soviet union was at its greatest power an analogue would be the growth of bacteria in a petri dish -these rapid collapses are especially likely where theres a mismatch between available resources and resource consumption or a mismatch between economic outlays and economic potential in a petri dish bacteria grow -say they double every generation and five generations before the end the petri dish is fifteen sixteen ths empty and then the next generations three four ths empty and the next generation half empty -within one generation after the petri dish still being half empty it is full theres no more food and the bacteria have collapsed -so this is a frequent theme that societies collapse very soon after reaching their peak in power what it means to put it mathematically is that if youre concerned about a society today -so evidently societies in some areas are more fragile than in other areas how can we understand what makes some societies more fragile than other societies -you should be looking not at the value of the mathematical function the wealth itself but you should be looking at the first derivative and the second derivatives -of the function thats one general theme a second general theme is that there are many -often subtle environmental factors that make some societies more fragile than others and many of those factors are not well understood for example -why is it that in the pacific of those hundreds of pacific islands why did easter island end up as the most devastating case of complete deforestation -it turns out that there were about nine different environmental factors some rather subtle ones that were working against the easter islanders and they involve fallout of volcanic tephra latitude -so some societies for subtle environmental reasons are more fragile than others and then finally another generalization because im now teaching a -how could the easter islanders have deforested their environment what did they say when they were cutting down the last palm tree didnt they see what they were doing how could societies not perceive -the problem is obviously one relevant to our situation today because today as well there are some societies that have already collapsed such as somalia and rwanda and the former yugoslavia -people will be asking why on earth did these people today in the year two thousand and three not see the obvious things that they were doing and take corrective action -it seems incredible in the past in the future itll seem incredible what we are doing today and so ive been trying to develop a -set of considerations about why societies fail to solve their problems why they fail to perceive the problems or if they perceive them why they fail to tackle them or if they fail to tackle them why do they fail to succeed in solving them -just mention two generalizations in this area one blueprint for trouble making collapse likely is where there is a conflict of interest between the short term interest of the decision making elites -and the long term interest of the society as a whole especially if the elites are able to insulate themselves from the consequences of their actions -for example among the greenland norse a competitive rank society what the chiefs really wanted is more followers and more sheep and more resources to outcompete the neighboring chiefs -and that led the chiefs to do whats called flogging the land overstocking the land forcing tenant farmers into dependency -and that made the chiefs powerful in the short run but led to the societys collapse in the -those same issues of conflicts of interest are acute in the united states today especially because the decision makers in the united states -there are also societies today that may be close to collapse such as nepal indonesia and columbia what about ourselves what is -other businesses they are quite correct that these things are good for them in the short term although bad for society in the long term so thats one general conclusion about why societies make bad -when there is a conflict involving strongly held values -good in many circumstances but are poor in other circumstances for example the greenland norse in this difficult environment were held together for four and a half centuries by -shared commitment to religion and by their strong social cohesion but those two things commitment to religion and strong social cohesion -also made it difficult for them to change at the end and to learn from the inuit or today australia one of the things that enabled australia to survive in this remote outpost of european civilization -to change course when then the things that get you in trouble are the things that are also the source of your strength whats going to be the outcome today well all of us -the dozen sorts of ticking time bombs going on in the modern world time bombs that -we can learn from the past that would help us avoid declining or collapsing in the way that so many -have fuses of a few decades to all of them not more than fifty years and any one of which can do us in -the time bombs of water of soil of climate change invasive species the photosynthetic ceiling population problems toxics et cetera et cetera list about twelve -and while these time bombs none of them has a fuse beyond fifty years and most of them have fuses of a few decades some of them in some places have much shorter fuses -at the rate at which were going now the philippines will lose all its accessible loggable forest within five years -things any one of which could do us in and weve got to get them all right because if we solve eleven we fail to solve the twelfth were in -the fact is that our present course is a non sustainable course which means by definition that it can not be -and the outcome is going to get resolved within a few decades -that means that those of us in this room who are less than fifty or sixty years old will see how these paradoxes are resolved and those of us who are over the age of sixty may not see the resolution but our children and grandchildren certainly will -so every time we hit a resonant frequency we get a standing wave -and that emergent sine curve of fire so lets turn that off -i also have with me a flame table its very similar to a rubens tube and its also used for visualizing the physical properties of sound such as eigenmodes so lets fire it up and see what it does -while the table comes up to pressure let me note here that the sound is not traveling in perfect lines its actually traveling in all directions and the rubens tubes a little like bisecting those waves with a line and the flame tables a little like bisecting those waves with a plane -and it can show a little more subtle complexity which is why i like to use it to watch geoff farina play guitar -are music technology and making things -so its a delicate dance -if you watch closely -actually a lot of things are better with fire in my world but the fires just a foundation -it shows very well that eyes can hear and this is interesting to me because technology allows us to present sound to the eyes in ways that accentuate the strength of the eyes for seeing sound such as the removal of time so here im using a rendering algorithm to paint -and the technique will also show the strengths of the visual cortex for pattern recognition so if i show you another song off this album -and another your eyes will easily pick out -the use of repetition by the band nirvana and in the frequency distribution the colors you can see the clean dirty clean sound that they are famous for -and here is the entire album as a single visual impression and i think this impression is pretty powerful at least its powerful enough that if i show you these four songs and i remind you that this is smells like teen spirit -you can probably correctly guess without listening to any music at all that the song a die hard nirvana fan would enjoy is this song ill stick around by the foo fighters whose lead singer is dave grohl who was the drummer in nirvana -the songs are a little similar but mostly im just interested in the idea that someday maybe well buy a song because we like the way it looks -davis skate park in austin texas -and voices occupy very unique frequencies in the skate park so if we were to render these sounds visually we might end up -with something like this this is all forty minutes of the recording and right away the algorithm tells us a lot more tricks are missed than are made and also a trick on the rails is a lot more likely to produce a cheer and if you look really closely we can tease out traffic patterns you see the skaters often trick in this direction -the obstacles are easier and in the middle of the recording the mics pick this up but later in the recording this kid shows up -and he starts using a line at the top of the park to do some very advanced tricks on something called the tall rail and its fascinating at this moment in time all the rest of the skaters turn their lines ninety degrees to stay out of his way you see theres a subtle etiquette in the skate park and its led by key influencers and they tend to be the kids -so i wrote a steering algorithm it listens to the lecture and then it uses the amplitude of each word to move a point on the x axis and it uses the inflection of sentences to move a same point up and down on the y axis -and these trend lines you can see theres more questions than answers in the laws of physics and when we reach the end of a sentence we place a star at that location so theres a lot of sentences so a lot of stars and after rendering all of the audio this is what we get this is stephen hawkings universe -all eight hours of the cambridge lecture series taken in as a single visual impression and i really like this image but a lot of people think its fake so i made a more interactive version and the way i did that -i can walk right into the lecture im going to wave through the kinect here and take control and now im going to reach out -and im going to touch a star and when i do it will play the sentence that generated that star -let me close with a work in progress i think after thirty years the opportunity exists to create an enhanced version of closed captioning now weve all seen a lot of tedtalks online so lets watch one now with the sound turned off and the closed captioning turned on -theres no closed captioning for the ted theme song and were missing it but if youve watched enough of these you hear it in your minds ear and then applause starts -lets watch this clip again -this time im not going to talk at all theres still going to be no audio but what i am going to do is im going to render the sound visually in real time at the bottom of the screen so watch closely and see what your eyes can hear -so lets play a five hundred and fifty herz frequency and watch what happens -this is fairly amazing to me even on the first view your eyes will successfully pick out patterns -but on repeated views your brain actually gets better at turning these patterns into information you can get the tone and the timbre and the pace of the speech things that you cant get out of closed captioning -that famous scene in horror movies where someone is walking up -from behind is something you can see and i believe this information would be something that is useful at times when the audio is turned off or not heard at all and i speculate that deaf audiences might actually even be better at seeing sound than hearing audiences i dont know its a theory right now actually its all just an idea -i was always playing the exotic african i was playing the violent african -the african terrorist and i was thinking how many terrorists could i possibly play before turning into one myself -the african in me -and fortunately i decided in two thousand and eight to return to ghana after twenty eight years of absence i wanted to document on film the two thousand and eight presidential elections and there i started by searching for the footprints in my childhood -born in switzerland -and i realized that when id left the country free and fair elections in a democratic environment were a dream -and raised in ghana west africa -like i was looking for my identity was what was happening in ghana a metaphor for what was happening in me -even though we had been trying very hard now in one thousand nine hundred and fifty seven ghana was the first sub saharan country to gain its independence -in the late fifty s ghana and singapore had the same gdp i mean today singapore is a first world country and ghana is not -but maybe it was time -to prove to myself yes its important to understand the past it is -important to look at it in a different light but maybe we should look at the strengths in our own culture -and build on those foundations in the present -so here i was december seventh two thousand and eight -the polling stations opened to the voters at seven zero am -but voters eager to take their own political fate into their hands -were starting to line up at four zero am in the morning and they had traveled from near they had traveled from far because they wanted to make their voices heard and i asked one of the voters i said whom are you going to vote for and he said im sorry i cant tell you -he said that his vote was in his heart and i understood this was their election -and they werent going to let anyone take it away from them -now the first round of the voting didnt bring forth a clear winner so nobody had achieved the absolute majority so voting went into a second round three weeks later the candidates were back on the road they were campaigning the rhetoric of the candidates of course changed the heat was on and then -the cliche came to haunt us -of ballot boxes being stolen -inflated results started coming in -but then by the end of the decade the country had fallen back into political instability and mismanagement -and my heart sank because i thought here we are again here is another proof -that the african is not capable of governing himself -and not only that i am documenting it documenting my own cultural shortcomings -so when the echo of the gunshots had lingered -it was soon drowned by the chanting of the mob and i didnt believe what i was hearing they were chanting -we want peace -we want peace -and i realized it had to come from the people -the sounds of the voices were harmonious -it could be by the will of the masses who were now urgently pressing with all their heart and all their will for peace now heres an interesting -the values the golden light of democracy -that we are the shining example of how its done -but when it comes down to it -in which the u s election stalled in the two thousand presidential elections bush versus gore but instead of the unwillingness of the candidates to allow the system to proceed and the people to decide ghana honored democracy -my first military coup -declared with the consent of the parties to run an unprecedented -gave up power and made way for ghana to move into a new democratic cycle i mean at the absolute time for the absolute need of democracy they did not abuse their power -we the children had gathered at a friends house it was a dimly lit shack -the belief in true democracy -and in the people runs deep proving that the african is capable of governing himself -now the uphill battle for ghana and for africa is not over -but i have proof that the other side of democracy exists and that we must not take it for granted -now i have learned that my place is not just in the west or in africa and im still searching for my identity -to look at people differently and to look at myself differently -and tied to the pole -the firing squad aimed fired the general was dead now this was being broadcast live -and shortly after -we left the country and we returned to switzerland -now europe came as a shock to me and i think i started feeling the need to shed my skin in order to fit in i wanted to blend in like a chameleon i think it was a tactic of survival and it worked -or so i believed -so here i was in two thousand and eight wondering where i was in my life -and i felt i was being typecast as an actor -lunch ladies treat me really well -to see my name in lights because kids put my name in lights twice now the lunch lady series has won the childrens choice book of the year in the third or fourth grade category and those winners were displayed -on a jumbotron screen in times square -punk farm and lunch lady are in development to be movies so i am a movie producer and i really do think thanks to that video camera i was given in ninth grade ive seen people have punk farm birthday parties people have dressed up as punk farm for halloween -a punk farm baby room which makes me a little nervous for the childs well being in the long term and i get the most amazing fan mail and i get the most amazing projects and the biggest moment for me came last halloween the doorbell rang and it was a trick or treater dressed as my character -it was so cool now my grandparents -are no longer living so to honor them i started a scholarship at the worcester art museum -for kids who are in difficult situations but whose caretakers cant afford the classes and -you are alive and thats -two beautiful daughters and my goal is to surround them by inspiration by the books that are in every single room of our house to the murals i painted in their rooms -but they loved the hell out of me they loved me so much -and they supported my creative efforts because my grandfather was a self made man he ran and worked in a factory my grandmother was a homemaker -but here was this kid who loved transformers and snoopy and the ninja turtles and the characters that i read about i fell in love with -and they became my friends so my best friends in life were the characters i read about in books -i went to gates lane elementary school in worcester massachusetts and i had wonderful teachers there -most notably in first grade mrs alisch -and i just i can just remember the love that she offered us as her students when i was in the third grade -my name is jarrett krosoczka and i write and illustrate books for children -and afterwards we all went back to our classrooms and we drew our own renditions of his main character rotten ralph -and suddenly the author appeared in our doorway -two words that made a colossal difference in my life -when i was in the third grade i wrote a book for the first time the owl who thought he was the best flyer -our own creation story so i wrote a story about an owl who challenged hermes to a flying race and the owl cheated -and hermes being a greek god grew angry and bitter and turned the owl into a moon so the owl had to live the rest of his life as a moon while he watched his family and friends play at night -i was clearly worried about my intellectual property -it was a story that was told with words and pictures exactly what i do now for a living and i sometimes let the words have the stage on their own -but well before my imagination was my vocation -using my imagination and thats what writing is writing is using your imagination on paper and i do get so scared because i travel to so many schools now and that seems like such a foreign concept to kids that writing would be using your imagination on paper if theyre allowed to even write now within the school hours -so i loved writing so much that id come home from school -my imagination saved my life -and i would take out pieces of paper and i would staple them together and i would fill those blank pages with words and pictures just because i loved using my imagination and so these characters would become my friends there was an egg a tomato a head of lettuce and a pumpkin -and they all lived in this refrigerator city -and in one of their adventures they went to a haunted house that was filled with so many dangers like an evil blender -when i was a kid i loved to draw and the most talented artist i knew -and through pictures now when i was in sixth grade the public funding all but eliminated the arts budgets in the worcester public school system -i went from having art once a week to twice a month to once a month to not at all -i had art -was my mother -so he walked into my room one evening and he sat on the edge of my bed and he said jarrett its up to you but if youd like to wed like to send you to the classes at the worcester art museum and i was so thrilled -so from sixth through twelfth grade once twice sometimes three times a week i would take classes at the art museum and i was surrounded by other kids who loved to draw other kids who shared a similar passion -now my publishing career began when i designed the cover for my eighth grade yearbook -and if youre wondering about the style of dress i put our mascot in i was really into bell biv devoe and mc hammer and vanilla ice at the time -and to this day i still can do karaoke to ice ice baby without looking at the screen -dont tempt me because i will do it -so i get shipped off to private school k through eight public schools but for some reason my grandfather was upset that somebody at the local high school had been stabbed and killed -so he didnt want me to go there -he wanted me to go to a private school and he gave me an option -and when your parent is a drug addict its kind of like charlie brown trying to kick the football because as much as you want to love on that person as much as you want to receive love from that person every time you open your heart you end up on your back -you can go to holy name which is coed or st johns which is all boys -very wise man because he knew i would i felt like i was making the decision on my own and he knew i wouldnt choose st johns so i went to holy name high school which was a tough transition because like i said i didnt play sports and it was very focused on sports but i took solace in mr shilales art -i just couldnt wait to get to that classroom every day -so how did i make friends i drew funny pictures of my teachers -well -in english class in ninth grade my friend john who was sitting next to me laughed a little bit too hard -mr greenwood was not pleased -i was sent to the hall and i thought oh no im doomed my grandfathers just going to kill me and he came out to the hallway and he said let me see the paper and i thought oh no he thinks its a note and so i took this picture and i handed it to him -and he said to me youre really talented -youre really good you know the school newspaper needs a new cartoonist and you should be the cartoonist just stop drawing in my class -so my parents never found out about it i didnt get in trouble i was introduced to mrs casey -handling such heavy issues as -seniors are mean freshmen are nerds -the prom bill is so expensive -i cant believe how much it costs to go to the prom -and i took the headmaster to task -and then i also wrote an ongoing story about a boy named wesley who was unlucky in love and i just swore up and down that this wasnt about me -but all these years later it was totally -but it was so cool because i could write these stories i could come up with these ideas and theyd be published in the school paper -so throughout my childhood my mother was incarcerated and i didnt have my father because i didnt even learn his first name until i was in the sixth grade -on my fourteenth birthday my grandfather and my grandmother gave me the best birthday present ever -a drafting table that i have worked on ever since here i am twenty years later and i still work on this table every day on the evening of my fourteenth birthday -i was given this table and we had chinese food and this was my fortune you will be successful in your work i taped it to the top -left hand of my table and as you can see its still there -now i never really asked my grandparents for anything -well two things rusty who was a great hamster and lived a great long life when i was in fourth grade -i just wanted a video camera -and after begging and pleading for christmas i got a second hand video camera and i instantly started making my own animations on my own -and all throughout high school i made my own animations i convinced my tenth grade english teacher to allow me to do my book report on stephen kings misery as an animated short -and i kept making comics -i kept making comics and -at the worcester art museum i was given the greatest piece of advice by any educator i was ever given mark lynch hes an amazing teacher and hes still a dear friend of mine -and i was fourteen or fifteen and i walked into his comic book class halfway through the course -but i had my grandparents my maternal grandparents joseph and shirley who adopted me just before my third birthday and took me in as their own after they had already raised five children so two people who grew up in the great depression -from his face and he looked at me and he said forget everything you learned and i didnt understand he said you have a great style celebrate your own style dont draw the way youre being told to draw draw the way youre drawing and keep at it because youre really -now when i was a teenager i was angsty as any teenager was but after seventeen years of having a mother who was in and out of my life like a yo yo and a father who was faceless i was angry -and when i was seventeen i met my father for the first time upon which i learned i had a brother and sister i had never known about -and on the day i met my father for the first time i was rejected from the rhode island school of design -my one and only choice for college -but it was around this time i went to camp sunshine to volunteer a week and working with the most amazing kids kids with leukemia and this kid eric changed my life eric didnt live to see his sixth birthday -and eric lives with me every day so after this experience my art teacher mr shilale he brought in these picture books -and it was there that i wrote a story about a giant orange slug who wanted to be friends with this kid the kid had no patience for him and i sent this book out to a dozen publishers and it was rejected every single time -but i was also involved with the hole in the wall gang camp an amazing camp for kids with all sorts of critical illnesses and its those kids at the camp that read my stories and i read to them and i saw that they responded to my work -i graduated from risd my grandparents were very proud -and i moved to boston and i set up shop i set up a studio and i tried to get published i would send out my books i would send out hundreds of postcards -there in the very very early eighty s took on a new kid i was the cousin oliver of the sitcom of the krosoczka family the new kid who came out of nowhere -who was just this really hyper kid i started calling him monkey boy -and i went home and wrote a book called good night monkey boy and i sent out one last batch of postcards -and i received an email from an editor at random house with a subject line nice work exclamation point dear jarrett i received your postcard i liked your art so i went to your website and -for a contract for my first book good night monkey boy which was published -and my local paper celebrated the news the local bookstore made a big deal of it -my grandparents they were in the middle of it they were so happy they couldnt have been more proud mrs alisch was there mr shilale was there mrs casey was there mrs alisch cut in front of the line and said i taught him how to read -i got my first piece of significant fan mail where this kid loved monkey boy so much that he wanted to have a monkey boy birthday cake -and i would like to say that life was totally easy with them they each smoked two packs a day each nonfiltered and by the time i was six i could order a southern comfort manhattan dry with a twist rocks on the side the ice on the side so you could fit more liquor in the drink -for a two year old that is like a tattoo -and i got this picture and i thought this picture is going to live within his consciousness for his entire life he will forever have -this photo in his family photo albums so that photo since that moment is framed in front of me while ive worked on all of my books i have ten picture books out punk farm -baghead ollie the purple elephant i just finished the ninth book in the lunch lady series which is a graphic novel series about a lunch lady who fights crime -im expecting the release of a chapter -book called platypus police squad the frog who croaked -and i travel the country visiting countless schools letting lots of kids know that they draw great cats and i meet bagheads -what theyve realized is that if they can identify the traits on productivity and drought tolerance they can produce three hundred and twenty percent as much cocoa on forty percent of the -the rest of the land can be used for something else its more with less and less again thats what the future has got to be -now many people complain about -consumers are not paying for the true cost of food if you take a look just at water what we see is that -with four very common products you look at how much a farmer produced to make those products and then you look at how much water input was put into them -and then you look at what the farmer was paid if you divide the amount of water into what the farmer was paid -a lot on water but right now theyre entering into seventeen year contracts with growers in turkey to sell juice into europe and theyre doing that because they want to have a product thats closer to the european market -theres carbon thats being bought with sugar with coffee with beef this is called bundling its bringing those externalities back into the price of the commodity -we need to take what weve learned in private voluntary standards -of what the best producers in the world are doing and use that to inform government regulation so we can shift the entire performance curve we cant just focus on identifying the best weve got to move the rest -the issue isnt what to think its how to think these companies have begun to think differently theyre on a journey theres no turning back were all on that same journey with them -we have to really begin to change the way we think about everything whatever was sustainable on a planet of six billion is not going to be sustainable on a planet with nine thank you -he said what can i do to save the rainforests i said well ben what do you do i make ice cream so i said well youve got to make -it was a great success -we did our first million dollars worth of trade by buying on thirty days and selling on twenty one that gets your adrenaline going -then we had a four and a half million dollar line of credit because we were credit worthy at that point -in missouri we lived on less than a dollar a day for about fifteen years i got a scholarship went to university -fifty companies signed up two hundred products came out generated one hundred million in sales -it failed -because the people who were gathering brazil nuts werent the same people who were cutting the forests and the people who made money from brazil nuts were not the people who made money from cutting the forests -we were attacking the wrong driver we needed to be working on beef we needed to be working on lumber we needed to be working on soy things that we were not focused on -so lets go back to sudan -this farmer said to me one day something that was very profound he said you cant wake a person whos pretending to sleep -fast forward we live on a planet theres just one of them -got to wake up to the fact that we dont have any more -and that this is a finite planet -we know the limits of the resources we have -we may be able to use them differently we may have some innovative new ideas but in general this is what weve got theres no more of -theres a basic equation that we cant get away from -studied international agriculture studied anthropology and decided i was going to give back i was going to work with small farmers i was going to help alleviate poverty i was going to work on international development -line of being in a sustainable relationship to the planet now were at one point three if we were farmers wed be eating our seed -for bankers wed be living off the principal not the interest this is where we stand today -lot of people like to point to some place else as the cause of the problem its always population growth -weve got to think that consumption is an issue its not just about population and its not just about them its about us -theres very good evidence again we dont necessarily have a peer reviewed methodology thats bulletproof yet but theres very good evidence that the average cat in europe -has a larger environmental footprint in its lifetime than the average african -you think thats not an issue going forward you think thats not a question as to how we should be using the earths resources lets go back and visit our equation -in two thousand we had six billion people on the planet they were consuming what they were consuming lets say one unit of consumption each we have six billion units of consumption -five times what it is today on global average about so were going to have eighteen billion units of consumption -who have you heard talking lately thats said we have to triple production of goods and services but thats what the math says were not going to be able to do that -and then i took a turn -we can get productivity up -and then we need to use less again and then we need to consume less all of those things are part of that equation but it basically raises a fundamental question -and ended up here now if you get a ph d and you decide not to teach you dont always end up in a place like this its a choice you might end up driving a taxicab you could be in new york -should consumers have a choice about sustainability about sustainable products should you be able to buy a product thats sustainable sitting next to one that isnt or should all the products on the shelf be sustainable -the average consumer takes one point eight seconds in the u s okay so lets be generous lets say its three point five seconds in europe -how do you evaluate all the scientific data around a product the data thats changing on a weekly if not a daily basis -heres a little question -from a greenhouse gas perspective is lamb produced in the u k better than lamb produced in new zealand frozen and shipped to the u k -is a bad feeder lot operation for beef better or worse than a bad grazing operation for beef -do organic potatoes actually have fewer toxic chemicals used to produce them than conventional potatoes -in every single case the answer is it depends it depends on who produced it and how -in every single instance and there are many others how is a consumer going to walk through this mine field -theyre not they may have a lot of opinions about it but theyre not going to be terribly informed -its got to be something we all care about -and we need collusion -we need groups to work together that never have we need cargill to work with bunge we need coke to work with pepsi -we need oxford to work with cambridge we need greenpeace to work with wwf everybodys got to work together china and the u s -we need to begin to manage this planet as if our life depended on it because it does -it fundamentally does -so the where weve identified thirty five places globally that we need to work these are the places that are the richest in biodiversity and the most important from an ecosystem function point of view -what i found was i started working with refugees and famine victims small farmers all or nearly all who had been dispossessed and -we looked at the threats to these places these are the fifteen commodities that fundamentally pose the biggest threats to these places -because of deforestation soil loss water use pesticide use over fishing etc -so weve got thirty five places weve got fifteen priority commodities who do we work with to change the way those commodities are produced are we going to work with six point nine billion consumers -lets see thats about seven thousand languages three hundred and fifty major languages a lot of work there i dont see anybody actually being able to do that very effectively -are we going to work with one point five billion producers -again a daunting task there must be a better way -of the trade of each of the fifteen commodities that weve identified as the most significant if we work with those if we change those companies and the way they do business then the rest will happen automatically -so we went through our fifteen commodities this is nine of them we lined them up side by side and we put the names of the companies that work on each of those and if you go -through the first twenty five or thirty names of each of the commodities what you begin to see is gosh theres cargill here theres cargill there theres cargill everywhere -in fact these names start coming up over and over again so we did the analysis again a slightly different way -we said if we take the top hundred companies what percentage of all fifteen commodities do they touch buy or sell -and what we found is its twenty five percent -what id been trained to do was methodological research on such people -so one hundred companies -why is twenty five percent important -because if these companies demand sustainable products theyll pull forty to fifty percent of production -companies can push producers faster than consumers can -by companies asking for this we can leverage production so much faster than by waiting for consumers to do it -after forty years the global organic movement has achieved zero point seven of one percent of global food -we cant wait that long -we dont have that kind of time we need change thats going to accelerate -even working with individual companies is not probably going to get us there we need to begin to work with -so i did it i found out how many women had been raped en route to these camps i found out how many people had been put in jail -industries so weve started roundtables where we bring together the entire value chain from producers all the way to the retailers and brands -we bring in civil society we bring in ngos we bring in researchers and scientists to have an informed discussion sometimes a battle royale -and design standards around that its not all fun and games -in salmon aquaculture we kicked off a roundtable almost six years ago -eight entities came to the table -we eventually got i think sixty percent of global production at the table and twenty five percent of demand at the table three of the original eight entities were suing each other -and yet next week we launch globally verified vetted and certified standards for salmon -it can happen -so what brings -the different entities to the table -how many family members had been killed i assessed how long they were going to stay and how much it would take to feed them -for the big companies its reputational risk but more importantly they dont care what the price of commodities is if they dont have commodities they dont have a business they care about availability so the big risk for them is not having product at all -for the producers if a buyer wants to buy something produced a certain way thats what brings them to the table so its the demand that brings them to the table -the good news is we identified a hundred companies two years ago in the last eighteen months weve signed agreements with forty of those hundred companies to begin to work with them on their supply chain and in the next eighteen months -signed up to work with another forty and we think well get those signed as well now what were doing is bringing the ceos of these eighty companies together -to help twist the arms of the final twenty to bring them to the table because they dont like ngos theyve never worked with ngos theyre concerned about this theyre concerned about that -but we all need to be in this together so were pulling out all the stops were using whatever leverage we have to bring them to the table one company were working with thats begun in baby steps perhaps but has begun this journey on sustainability is cargill -and i got really good at predicting how many body bags you would need for the people who were going to die in these camps -funded research that shows -that we can double global palm oil production without cutting a single tree in the next twenty years and do it all in borneo alone by planting on land thats already degraded -the study shows that the highest net present value for palm oil is on land thats been degraded theyre also undertaking a study to look at all of their -why is cargill important because cargill has twenty to twenty five percent of global palm oil if cargill makes a decision -the entire palm oil industry moves or at least forty or fifty percent of it thats not insignificant more importantly -now this is gods work -but theyre doing some really interesting things around -and it all comes from the fact that mars wants to be in business in the future -and what they see is that they need to improve chocolate production on any given plantation -so mars is looking at the genome theyre sequencing the genome of the cocoa plant -if you ask people the question where do you really need to go when you need to get something done typically you get three different kinds of answers -one is kind of a place or a location or a room another one is a moving object and a third is a time so heres some examples -you almost never hear someone say the office but businesses are spending all this money on this place called the office and theyre making people go to it all the time yet people dont do work in the office what is that about -talk about work specifically why people cant seem to get work done at work which is a problem we all kind of have but lets sort of start at the beginning so -why is that why is that happening and what you find out is that if you dig a little bit deeper you find out that people -i mean weve all been through this we probably went through it yesterday or the day before or the day before that you look back on your day and youre like i got nothing done today i was at work i sat at my desk i used my expensive computer -i used the software they told my to use i went to these meetings i was asked to go to i did these conference calls i did all this stuff but i didnt actually do anything i just did tasks i didnt actually get meaningful work done -and what you find is that especially with creative people designers programmers writers engineers thinkers that people really need long stretches of uninterrupted time to get something done -you cannot ask somebody to be creative in fifteen minutes and really think about a problem you might have a quick idea but to be in deep thought about a problem and really consider a problem carefully you need long stretches of uninterrupted time -we have companies and non profits and charities and all these groups that have employees or volunteers of some sort -and even though the work day is typically eight hours how many people here have ever had eight hours to themselves at the office how about seven hours six five -at home or they might go to the office but they might go to the office really early in the day or late at night when no ones around or they stick around after everyones left or they go in on the weekends or they get work done on the plane -or they get work done in the car or in the train because there are no distractions now there are different kinds of distractions but there arent the really bad kinds of distractions that ill talk about in just a minute -i think sleep and work are very closely related and its not just that you can work while youre sleeping and you can sleep while youre working thats not really what i mean -im talking specifically about the fact that sleep and work are phased based or stage based events -and they expect these people who work for them to do great work i would hope at least at least good work hopefully at least its good work -theres a sound or whatever happens you dont just pick up where you left off if youre interrupted and woken up you have to start again -so you have to go back a few phases and start again and what ends up happening sometimes you might have days like this where you wake up at eight in the morning or seven in the morning or whenever you get up and youre like -i didnt really sleep very well i did the sleep thing i went to bed i laid down but i didnt really sleep -people say you go to sleep but you really dont go to sleep you go towards sleep it just takes a while youve got to go through these phases and stuff and if youre interrupted you dont sleep well -so how do we expect does anyone here expect someone to sleep well if theyre interrupted all night i dont think anyone would say yes why do we expect people to work well -so what are these interruptions that happen at the office that dont happen at other places because in other places you can have interruptions like you can have the tv -or you could go for a walk or theres a fridge downstairs or youve got your own couch or whatever you want to do and if you talk to certain managers theyll tell you that -they dont want their employees to work at home because of these distractions theyll also say -but oftentimes theyll cite distractions i cant let someone work at home theyll watch tv theyll do this other thing it turns out that those arent the things that are really distracting -at the office most of the interruptions and distractions that really cause people not to get work done are involuntary so lets go through a couple of those -now managers and bosses will often have you think that the real distractions at work are things like facebook and twitter and youtube -and other websites and in fact theyll go so far as to actually ban these sites at work some of you may work at places where you cant get to these certain sites -and todays facebook and twitter and youtube these things are just modern day smoke breaks no one cared about letting people take a smoke break for fifteen minutes ten years ago -so why does everyone care about someone going to facebook here and there or twitter here and there or youtube here and there those arent the real problems in the office -the real problems are what i like to call the m ms the managers and the meetings those are the real problems in the modern office today and this is why things dont get done at work its because of the -so a company or a charity or an organization of any kind they typically unless youre working in africa if youre really lucky to do that most people have to go to an office every day -you find a lot of other distractions but you dont find managers and meetings so these are the things that you dont find elsewhere but you do find at the office -and managers are basically people whose job it is to interrupt people thats pretty much what managers are for theyre for interrupting people they dont really do the work so they have to make sure everyone else is doing the work which is an interruption and -we have a lot of managers in the world now and theres a lot of people in the world now and theres a lot of interruptions in the world now because of these managers they have to check in hey hows it going show me whats up -we all know this to be true and you would never see a spontaneous meeting called by employees it doesnt work that way the manager calls the meeting so the employees can all come together and its an incredibly disruptive thing to do to people is to say hey look -and so these companies they build offices they go out and they buy a building or they rent a building or they lease some space and they fill the space with stuff -to bring ten people together right now and have a meeting i dont care what youre doing just youve got to stop doing what youre doing so you can have this meeting i mean what are the chances that all ten people are ready to stop -what if theyre thinking about something important what if theyre doing important work all of a sudden youre telling them that they have to stop doing that to do something else so they go into a meeting room they get together -and they talk about stuff that doesnt really matter usually because meetings arent work meetings are places to go to talk about things youre supposed to be doing later -but meetings also procreate so one meeting tends to lead to another meeting and tends to lead to another meeting theres often too many people in the meetings and theyre very very expensive to the organization -its ten hours of productivity taken from the rest of the organization to have this one one hour meeting which probably should have been handled by two or three people talking for a few minutes -but instead theres a long scheduled meeting because meetings are scheduled the way software works which is in increments of fifteen minutes or thirty minutes or an hour -so meetings and managers are two major problems in businesses today especially to offices these things dont exist outside of the office -so i have some suggestions to remedy the situation what can managers do enlightened managers hopefully -what can they do to make the office a better place for people to work so its not the last resort but its the first resort its that people start to say when i really want to get stuff done i go to the office -because the offices are well equipped everything should be there for them to do their work but they dont want to go there right now so how do we change that i have three suggestions ill share with you guys i have about three minutes so thatll fit perfectly -weve all heard of the casual friday thing i dont know if people still do that but how about no talk thursdays how about -they fill it with with tables or desks chairs computer equipment software internet access maybe a fridge maybe a few other things -one thursday just once a month and cut that day in half and just say the afternoon ill make it really easy for you so just the afternoon one thursday the first thursday of the month just the afternoon -the office can talk to each other just silence thats it and what youll find -is that a tremendous amount of work actually gets done when nobody talks to each other this is when people actually get stuff done is when no ones bothering them when no ones interrupting them and you can give someone giving someone four hours of uninterrupted time is the best gift you can give anybody at work -another thing you an try is switching from active communication and collaboration which is like face to face stuff tapping people on the shoulder saying hi to them -having meetings and replace that with more passive models of communication using things like email and instant messaging or collaboration products things like that -now some people might say email is really distracting and i m is really distracting and these other things are really distracting -but theyre distracting at a time of your own choice and your own choosing you can quit the email app you cant quit your boss you can quit i m you cant hide your manager -you can put these things away and then you can be interrupted on your own schedule at your own time when youre available when youre ready to go again because work like sleep happens in phases -and there are very very few things that are that urgent that need to happen that need to be answered right this second so if -and they expect their employees or their volunteers to come to that location every day to do great work it seems like its perfectly reasonable to ask that however if you actually talk to people -is that if you do have a meeting coming up if you have the power just cancel just cancel that next meeting todays friday so monday usually people have meetings on monday just dont have it -i dont mean move it i mean erase it from memory its gone and youll find out that everything will be just fine all these discussions and -so those are three quick suggestions i wanted to give you guys to think about this and i hope that some of these ideas were at least provocative enough for managers and bosses and business owners and organizers and -and even question yourself and you ask yourself where do you really want to go when you really need to get something done youll find out that people dont say what businesses think they would say -the role we could do right now is going away and looking at how we can support victims around the world to bring initiatives -we have to ask ourselves these questions however unpalatable have we been ignoring an injustice or a humanitarian struggle somewhere in the world what if actually engagement on poverty and injustice is exactly what the terrorists wanted us to do what if the bombs are just simply wake up calls for us -what happens if that bomb went off because we didnt have -any thoughts and things in place to allow dialogue to deal with these things and interaction -what is definitely uncontroversial is that as ive said weve got to stop being reactive and more proactive and i just want to leave you with one idea which is that -its a provocative question for you to think about and the answer will require sympathy with the devil its a question thats been tackled by many great thinkers and writers what if society actually needs crisis to change what if society actually needs terrorism -to change and adapt for the better its those bulgakov themes its that picture of jesus and the devil hand in hand in gethsemane walking into the moonlight -if you look at it as a brand in those ways what youll come to realize is its a pretty flawed product as weve said its pretty bad for your health its bad for those who it affects and its not actually good if youre a suicide bomber either it doesnt actually do what it says on the tin -what it would mean is that humans in order to survive in development quite darwinian spirit here inherently must dance with the devil -lot of people say that communism was defeated by the rolling stones its a good theory maybe the rolling stones has a place in this thank you -youre not really going to get seventy two virgins in heaven its not -the consumers it needs are the terrorist constituency theyre the people who buy into the brand support them facilitate them -and theyre the people weve got to reach out to weve got to attack that brand in front of them theres two essential ways of doing that if we carry on this brand theme one is reducing their market what i mean is its their brand against our brand -weve got to compete weve got to show were a better product if im trying to show were a better product i probably wouldnt do things like guantanamo bay -the brand myth as weve said you know theres nothing heroic about killing a young kid perhaps we need to focus on that and get that message back across -weve got to reveal the dangers in the product our target audience -its not just the producers of terrorism as ive said the terrorists -its not just the marketeers of terrorism which is those who finance those who facilitate it but its the consumers of terrorism weve got to get in to those homelands thats where they recruit from thats where they get their power and strength thats where their consumers come from -and we have to get our messaging in there -so the essentials are weve got to have interaction in those areas with the terrorists the facilitators etc weve got to engage -weve got to educate and weve got to have dialogue now -staying on this brand thing for just a few more seconds think about delivery mechanisms how are we going to do these attacks well reducing the market is really one for governments and civil society weve got to show were better weve got to show our values -weve got to practice what we preach but when it comes to knocking the brand if the terrorists are coca cola and were pepsi -i dont think being pepsi anything we say about coca cola anyones going to believe us so weve got to find a different mechanism and one of the best mechanisms ive ever come across is the victims of terrorism -they are somebody who can actually stand there and say this products crap i had it and i was sick for days it burnt my hand whatever you believe them you can see their scars you trust them -but whether its victims whether its governments ngos or even the queen yesterday in northern ireland -we have to interact and engage with those different layers of terrorism and in effect we do have to have a little dance with the devil -one of the big things about countering terrorism is -this is my favorite part of my speech i wanted to blow you all up to try and make a point -ted for health and safety reasons have told me ive got to do a countdown so i feel like a bit of an irish or jewish terrorist sort of a health and safety terrorist and i laughter ive got to count three two one and -lady in fifteen j was a suicide bomber amongst us all were all victims of terrorism theres six hundred and twenty five of us in this room were going to be scarred for life -how do you perceive it because perception leads to your response to it so if you have a traditional perception of terrorism -there was a father and a son who sat in that seat over there the sons dead the father lives the father will probably kick himself for years to come -off our government -were all here and all of those who watch it are going to be traumatized by this event -but all of you here who are victims are going to learn some hard truths -it would be that its one of criminality one of war so how are you going to respond to it naturally it would follow that you meet kind with kind you fight it -that is our society we sympathize but after a while we start to ignore we dont do enough as a society we do not look after our victims and we do not enable them and what im going to try and show is that actually victims are the best weapon we have -against more terrorism -how would the government at the turn of the millennium -approach today well we all know what theyd have done then is an invasion if the suicide bomber was from wales good luck to wales id say knee jerk legislation emergency provision legislation which hits at the very basis of our society as we all know -were going to drive prejudice throughout edinburgh throughout the u k for welsh people -but mistakes of the past are inevitable its human nature the fear and the pressure to do something on them is going to be immense they are going to make mistakes theyre not just going to be smart -so what we need to do is we have to effect it -weve got to start thinking about being more proactive we need to build an arsenal of noncombative weapons in this war on terrorism but of course its ideas is not something that governments do very well -if you have a more modernist approach and your perception of terrorism is almost cause and effect then naturally from that the responses that come out of it are much more asymmetrical -i want to go back just to before the bang to this idea of brand and i was talking about coke and pepsi etc we see it as terrorism versus democracy in that brand war theyll see it as freedom fighters and truth against injustice imperialism etc -we do have to see this as a deadly battlefield its not just our flesh and blood they want they actually want our cultural souls -and thats why the brand analogy is a very interesting way of looking at this if we look at al qaeda al qaeda was essentially a -nine eleven launched it it was its big marketing day and it was packaged for the twenty first century they knew what they were doing they were effectively doing something in this brand image of creating a brand which can be franchised around the world where theres poverty ignorance and injustice -we as ive said have got to hit that market but weve got to use our heads rather than our might if we perceive it in this way as a brand or other ways of thinking at it like this we will not resolve or counter terrorism -what id like to do is just briefly go through a few examples from -my work on areas where we try and approach these things differently the first one has been dubbed lawfare for want of a better word -when we originally looked at bringing civil actions against terrorists everyone thought we were a bit mad and mavericks and crackpots now its got a title everyones doing it theres a bomb people start suing but one of the first early cases on this was the omagh bombing -we live in a modern global world terrorists have actually adapted to it -that meant that the culprits couldnt really be prosecuted for lots of reasons mostly to do with the peace process and what was going on the greater good it also meant then if you can imagine this that the people who bombed your children and your husbands were walking around the supermarket -that you lived in some -of those victims said enough is enough we brought a private action and thank god ten years later we actually won it there is a slight appeal on at the moment so i have to be a bit careful but im fairly confident why was it effective it was effective not just because justice was seen to be done where there was a huge void -it was because the real ira and other terrorist groups their whole strength is from the fact that they are an underdog when we put the victims as the underdog and flipped it they didnt know what to do they were embarrassed their recruitment went down the bombs -actually stopped fact because of this action we became -that was allegedly from our point of view giving rewards to suicide bombers just by bringing the very action -that bank has stopped doing it and indeed the powers that be around the world which for real politic reasons before couldnt actually deal with this issue because there was lots of competing interests have actually closed down those loopholes in the banking system -and -sued and that action has led to amazing things for new libya new libya has been compassionate towards those victims and started taking it so it started a whole new dialogue there but the problem is we need more and more support for these ideas and cases -civil affairs -so what were trying to do is create security and employment by bringing a coastguard along with the fisheries industry and i can guarantee you as that builds al shabaab and such likes will not have the poverty and injustice any longer to prey on those people -these initiatives cost less than a missile and certainly less than any soldiers life but more importantly it takes the war to their homelands and not onto our shore and were looking at the causes the last one i wanted to talk about was dialogue -the advantages of dialogue are obvious it self educates both sides enables a better understanding reveals the strengths and weaknesses and yes like some of the speakers before the shared vulnerability does lead to trust -and it does then become that process part of normalization but its not an easy road -the bomb the victims -for my part what i wanted us to do was just to look at terrorism as though it was a global brand say coca cola both are fairly bad for your health -with saying if we follow reason -we need to foster more -modern and asymmetrical responses to it this isnt about being soft on terrorism its about fighting them on contemporary battlefields we must foster innovation as ive said governments are receptive it wont come from those dusty corridors the private sector has a role -why choose this as our goal -and they may well ask why climb the highest mountain why thirty five years ago fly the atlantic why does -we used to solve -big problems -they went because it was a big thing to do -landing on the moon occurred in the context of a long series of technological triumphs the first half of the twentieth century produced the assembly line and the airplane penicillin and a vaccine for tuberculosis in the middle years of the century polio was eradicated and smallpox eliminated -on july twenty first one thousand nine hundred and sixty nine buzz aldrin climbed out of apollo elevens lunar module and descended onto the sea of tranquility -technology itself seemed to possess what alvin toffler in one thousand nine hundred and seventy called accelerative thrust -for most of human history we could go no faster than a horse or a boat with a sail but in one thousand nine hundred and sixty nine the crew of apollo ten flew at twenty five thousand miles an hour -since one thousand nine hundred and seventy no human beings have been back to the moon no one has traveled faster than the crew of apollo ten -and blithe optimism about technologys powers has evaporated as big problems we had imagined technology would solve such as going to mars creating clean energy curing cancer or feeding the world have come to seem intractably hard -i remember watching the liftoff of apollo seventeen i was five years old and my mother told me not to stare at the fiery exhaust of a saturn v rocket -i vaguely knew this was to be the last of the moon missions but i was absolutely certain there would be mars colonies in my lifetime -so something happened to our capacity to solve big problems with technology has become a commonplace you hear it all the time weve heard it over the last two days here at ted -it feels as if technologists have diverted us and enriched themselves with trivial toys with things like iphones and apps and social media or algorithms -armstrong and aldrin were alone but their presence on the moons gray surface was the culmination of a convulsive -that speed automated trading theres nothing wrong with most of these things theyve expanded and enriched our lives but they dont solve humanitys big problems -silicon valley says the markets are to blame in particular the incentives that venture capitalists offer to entrepreneurs silicon valley says that venture investing shifted away from -funding transformational ideas and towards funding incremental problems or even fake problems but i dont think that explanation is good enough -it mostly explains whats wrong with silicon valley -even when venture capitalists were at their most risk happy they preferred small investments tiny investments that offered an exit within ten years -collective effort -and v c s have never never funded the development of technologies meant to solve big problems that possess no immediate commercial value -no the reasons we cant solve big problems are more complicated and more profound -sometimes we choose not to solve big problems we could go to mars if we want nasa even has the outline of a plan -but going to mars would follow a political decision with popular appeal and that will never happen we wont go to mars because everyone thinks there are more important things to do here on earth -the apollo program was the greatest peacetime mobilization in the history of the united states -sometimes we cant solve big problems because our political systems fail -today less than two percent of the worlds energy consumption derives from advanced renewable sources such as solar wind and biofuels -less than two percent and the reason is purely economic coal and natural gas are cheaper than solar and wind and petroleum is cheaper than biofuels we want alternative energy sources that can compete on price none exist now -technologists business leaders and economists all basically agree on what national policies and international treaties would spur the development of alternative energy mostly a significant increase in energy research and development and some kind of price on carbon -to get to the moon nasa spent around one hundred and eighty billion dollars in todays money or four percent of the federal budget apollo employed around four hundred thousand people and demanded the collaboration of twenty thousand companies universities and government agencies -but theres no hope in the present political climate that we will see u s energy policy or international treaties that reflect that consensus -sometimes big problems that had seemed technological turn out not to be so -famines were long understood to be caused by failures in food supply but thirty years of research have taught us that famines are political crises that catastrophically affect food distribution -technology can improve things like crop yields or systems for storing and transporting food -but there will be famines so long as there are bad governments -finally big problems sometimes elude solution because we dont really understand the problem president nixon declared war on cancer in one -its not true that we cant solve big problems through technology we can -we must but these four elements must all be present political leaders and the public must care to solve a problem institutions must support its solution -it must really be a technological problem and we must understand it the -apollo mission which has become a kind of metaphor for technologys capacity to solve big problems met these criteria but it is an irreproducible model for the future -it is not one thousand nine hundred and sixty one there is no galvanizing contest like the cold war no politician like john kennedy who can heroize the difficult and the dangerous and no popular science fictional mythology such as exploring the solar system -most of all going to the moon turned out to be easy -it was just three days away and arguably it wasnt even solving much of a problem -people died including the crew of apollo one -why did they go they didnt bring much back eight hundred and forty one pounds of old rocks and something all twenty four later emphasized -theres no ras no myc no p fifty three drug and you might fairly ask why is that -and the very unsatisfying yet scientific answer is its too hard -that for whatever reason these three proteins have entered a space in the language of our field thats called the undruggable genome which is like calling a computer unsurfable or the moon unwalkable its a horrible term of trade -but what it means is that we fail to identify a greasy pocket in these proteins into which we like molecular locksmiths can fashion an active small organic molecule or drug substance -now as i was training in clinical medicine and hematology and oncology and stem cell transplantation what we had instead -boston ten years ago from chicago -cascading through the regulatory network at the fda were these substances -arsenic thalidomide and this chemical derivative of nitrogen mustard gas and this is the twenty first century -and so i guess youd say dissatisfied with the performance and quality of these medicines i went back to school in chemistry with the idea -with an interest in cancer -please consider this a work in progress but id like to tell you today a story about a very rare cancer called midline carcinoma -about the protein target the undruggable protein target that causes this cancer called brd four -and in chemistry you might know that chemistry is the science of making molecules or to my taste new drugs for cancer and you might also know that -and about a molecule developed at my lab at dana farber cancer institute called jq one which we affectionately named for jun qi the chemist that made this molecule -now brd four is an interesting protein you might ask yourself with all the things cancers trying to do to kill our patient how does it remember its cancer when it winds up its genome divides into two cells and unwinds again -why does it not turn into an eye into a liver as it has all the genes necessary to do this it remembers that its cancer and the reason is that cancer -like every cell in the body places little molecular bookmarks little post it notes that remind the cell im cancer i should keep growing -and those post it notes involve -this and other proteins of its class so called bromodomains so we developed an idea a rationale that perhaps if we made a molecule -that prevented the post it note from sticking by entering into the little pocket at the base of this spinning protein then maybe we could convince cancer cells certainly those addicted to this brd four protein that theyre not cancer -and so we started to work on this problem -we developed libraries of compounds and eventually arrived at this and similar substances called jq one -now not being a drug company we could do certain things we had certain flexibilities that i respect that a pharmaceutical industry doesnt have we just started mailing it to our friends -for science and medicine boston -the cancer cells small round and rapidly dividing grew these arms and extensions they were changing shape -and becoming a normal cell this got us very excited -the next step would be to put this molecule into mice the only problem was theres no mouse model of this rare cancer -and so at the time that we were doing this research i was caring for a twenty nine year old firefighter from connecticut who was very much at the end of life with this incurable cancer -this brd four addicted cancer was growing throughout his left lung and he had a chest tube in that was draining little bits of debris and every nursing shift we would throw this material out -and so we approached this patient -and asked if he would collaborate with us -could we take this precious and rare cancerous material from this chest tube -and drive it across town and put it into mice and try to do a clinical trial and stage it with a prototype drug well that would be impossible and rightly illegal to do in humans and he obliged us -at the lurie family center for animal imaging my colleague andrew kung -grew this cancer successfully in mice without ever touching plastic -and you can see this pet scan of a mouse what we call a pet -and as we treat it with our compound -this addiction to sugar this rapid growth faded -and on the animal on the right you see that the cancer was responding -we published a paper that described this finding at the earliest prototype stage we gave the world the chemical identity of this molecule typically a secret in our discipline we told people exactly how to make it -and its fair to say that in these ten years weve witnessed absolutely the start of a scientific revolution that of genome medicine we know more about the patients that enter our clinic now than ever before and were able finally to answer the question thats been so pressing for so many years why do i have cancer -we gave them our email address suggesting that if they write us well send them a free molecule -we basically tried to create the most competitive environment for our lab as possible and this was unfortunately successful -many of them pharmaceutical companies seeking now to enter this space to target this rare cancer that thankfully right now is quite desirable to study in that industry -but the science thats coming back from all of these laboratories about the use of this molecule -has provided us insights that we might not have had on our own -leukemia cells treated with this compound turn into normal white blood cells mice with multiple myeloma an incurable malignancy of the bone marrow -respond dramatically to the treatment with this drug -you might know that fat has memory -and in fact this molecule prevents this -like the folks in my hometown of chicago -fail to develop fatty liver -which is a major medical problem what this research taught us not just my lab but our institute -and harvard medical school more generally is that we have unique resources in academia for drug discovery that our center that has tested perhaps more cancer molecules in a scientific way than any other never made one of its own -for all the reasons you see listed here we think theres a great opportunity for academic centers to participate in this earliest conceptually tricky and creative discipline of prototype drug discovery -so what next we have this molecule but its not a pill yet its not orally available we need to fix it so that we can deliver it to our patients and everyone in the lab especially following the interaction with these patients feels quite compelled to deliver a drug substance based on this molecule -its here where i have to say that we could use your help and your insights your collaborative participation unlike a drug company we dont have a pipeline that we can deposit these molecules into we dont have a team of salespeople and marketeers that can tell us how to position this drug against the other -motivated enthusiastic hopefully well funded people to carry these molecules forward into the clinic while preserving our ability to share the prototype drug worldwide -this molecule will soon leave our benches and go into a small startup company called tensha therapeutics and really this is the fourth of these molecules to kind of graduate from our little pipeline of drug discovery two of which a topical drug -for lymphoma of the skin an oral substance for the treatment of multiple myeloma -this information is also pretty staggering -the first is if anything is unique about this research its less the science than the strategy -that this for us was a social experiment -an experiment in what would happen if we were as open and honest at the earliest phase of discovery chemistry research as we could be this string of letters and numbers and symbols and parentheses -that can be texted i suppose or twittered worldwide -you might know that so far in just the dawn of this revolution we know that there are perhaps forty thousand unique mutations affecting more than ten thousand genes and that there are five hundred of these genes that are bona fide drivers causes of cancer -is the chemical identity of our pro compound -its the information that we most need from pharmaceutical companies the information on how -these early prototype drugs might work -yet this information is largely a secret -and so we seek -really to download from the amazing successes of the computer science industry two principles that of opensource and that of crowdsourcing -involves all of you this research is funded by the public its funded by foundations and one thing ive learned in boston is that you people will do anything for cancer and i love that -and so i want to thank you -yet comparatively we have about a dozen targeted medications and this inadequacy of cancer medicine really hit home when my father was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer -we didnt fly him to boston we didnt sequence his genome its been known for decades what causes this malignancy its three proteins -so i started right away i was at mit media lab and i was studying the maker movement and makers and creativity and i started in nature because i saw these guaymis doing it in nature and there just seems to be less barriers so i went -to vermont to not back to school camp where theres unschoolers who are just kind of hanging out and willing to try anything so i said lets go into the woods near this stream -and just put stuff together you know make something i dont care geometrical shapes just grab some junk from around you we wont bring anything with us and like within minutes this is very easy for adults and teens to do heres a triangle that was being formed underneath a flowing stream and the shape of an oak leaf being made by other small oak leaves being put together -a leaf tied to a stick with a blade of grass the materiality and fleshiness and meat of the mushroom being explored by how it can hold up different objects being stuck into it and after about forty five minutes you get really intricate projects like leaves sorted by hue so you get a color fade and put in a circle like a wreath -and the creator of this he said this is fire i call this fire and someone asked him how do you get those sticks to stay on that tree and hes like i dont know -especially when it comes to the human made human built world we think we already know how something works so we cant imagine how it could work we know how its supposed to work so we cant suppose all the things that could be possible -so kids dont have as hard of a time with this and i saw in my own son i gave him this book -and so hes like okay ill just mess around with this this is no different than the sticks are to the teens in the forest just going to try to put them in shapes and push on them and stuff and before long hes kind of got this mechanism where you can almost launch and catapult objects around and he enlists us in helping him -so that they can see the world as malleable so they see themselves as agents of change in their everyday lives -because the most advanced scientists are really just kind of pushing the way the world itself works pushing what matter can do the most advanced artists are just pushing the medium and any sufficiently complicated task whether youre a cook or a carpenter or youre raising a child anything thats complicated -comes up with problems that arent solved in the middle of it and you cant do a good job getting it done unless you can say okay well were just going to have to refigure this i dont care that pencils are supposed to be for writing im going to use them a different way so let me show you a little demo -this is a little piano circuit right in here and this is an ordinary paintbrush that i smashed it together with beeping and so with some ketchup -and you know it had a profound effect on me it sounds silly but i thought okay the way the world works can be changed and it can be changed by me in these small ways and my relationship to especially human made objects which someone else said they work like this well i can say they work a different way a little bit -and you can lay out wire on the page too and get electrical current to run -and the electricity runs through your body too and then you can take the little piano circuit off the pencil you can make one of these brushes just on the fly all you do is connect to the bristles and the bristles are wet so they conduct and -and you can even hook to the trees anything in the world is either conductive or not conductive and you can use those together so laughter i took this to those same teens because those teens are really awesome and theyll try things that i wont try i dont even have access -to a facial piercing if i wanted to and this young woman she made what she called a hula looper and as the hula hoop traveled around her body -she has a circuit taped to her shirt right there you can see her pointing to it in the picture and every time the hula hoop would smush against her body it would connect two little pieces of copper tape and it would make a sound and the next sound and it would loop the same sounds over and over again -i ran these workshops everywhere in taiwan at an art museum this twelve year old girl made a mushroom organ out of some mushrooms that were from taiwan and some electrical tape and hot glue and professional designers were making artifacts with this thing strapped onto it and big companies like -intel or smaller design firms like ideo or startups like bump were inviting me to give workshops just to practice this idea of smashing electronics and everyday objects together and then we came up with this idea -to not just use electronics but lets just smash computers with everyday objects and see how that goes over and so i just want to do a quick demo so this is the makey makey circuit and im just going to set it up from the beginning in front of you -and now its on by usb and ill just hook up the forward arrow you guys are facing that way so ill hook it to this one -and ill just hook up a little ground wire to it and now if i touch this piece of pizza the slides that i showed you before should go forward and now if i hook up this wire just by connecting it to the left arrow im kind of programming it by where i hook it up -now i have a left arrow and a right arrow so i should be able to go forwards and backwards and forwards and backwards -awesome and so were like we gotta put a video out about this because no one really believed that this was important or meaningful -and so about twenty years later i didnt realize the full effect of this but i went to costa rica -except me and like one other guy so we made a video to prove that theres lots of stuff you can do you can kind of sketch with play doh and just google for game controllers -but you can totally cut your toes so yeah just be careful -you know the happiness project where the experts are setting up the piano stairs and how cool that is well i think its cool but we should be doing that stuff ourselves -it shouldnt be a set of experts engineering the way the world works we should all be participating in changing the way the world works together aluminum foil everybody has a cat get a bowl of water this is just photo booth on your mac os hover the mouse over the take a photo button and youve got a little cat photo booth and so we needed hundreds of people to buy this if hundreds -and i stayed with these guaymi natives there -and we actually sent this guy materials were like were sponsoring you man youre like a pro maker -and they could pull leaves off of trees and make shingles out of them and they could make beds out of trees and they could i watched this woman for three days i was there she was peeling this palm frond apart these little threads off of it and shed roll the threads together -okay just wait for this one -and dads and daughters are completing circuits in special ways -and then this brother look at this diagram see where it says sister i love when people put -if youre drawing a technical diagram put a human in it and this kid is so sweet he made this trampoline slideshow adventure for his sister so that on her birthday she could be the star of the show jumping on the trampoline to advance the slides and this guy rounded up his dogs and he made a dog piano -and this is fun -and what could be more useful than feeling alive and fun but its also very serious because all this accessibility stuff started coming up where people cant use computers necessarily like this dad who wrote us his son has cerebral palsy and he cant use a normal keyboard -and so his dad couldnt necessarily afford to buy all these custom controllers and so with the makey makey he planned to make these gloves to allow him to navigate the web -and a huge eruption of discussion around -accessibility came and were really excited about that we didnt plan for that at all -and then all these -professional musicians started using it like at coachella just this weekend jurassic five was using this onstage -and this d j is just from brooklyn right around here and he put this up last month and i love the carrot on the turntable -most people cannot play them that way laughter and when this started -and as you start to mess around this way i think that in some small ways you do start to see the landscape of your everyday life a little bit more like something you could express yourself with and a little bit more like you could participate in designing the future of the way the world works and so next time youre on an escalator and -and make little thicker threads like strings and she would weave the strings together -and each kind of like a mosaic coming up and creating this world in their backyards and in their kitchens -and thats the world i really want to live in thank you -and as the materiality of this exact very bag formed before my eyes over those three days the materiality of the way the world works of reality kind of started to unravel in my mind because i realized that this bag -and these clothes and the trampoline you have at home and the pencil sharpener -everything you have is made out of either a tree or a rock or something we dug out of the ground and did some process to maybe a more complicated one but still everything was made that way and so i had to start studying who is it thats making these decisions whos making these things how did they make them what stops us from making them because this is how reality is created -five hundred and fifty years ago we are living at the age here at the end of the book where electronic paper will undoubtedly replace it but why is this so interesting here a s the quick story -it turns out that in the fourteen fifties the catholic church needed money and so they printed indulge they actually hand wrote these things called indulgences which were forgiveness a s on pieces of paper -that they traveled all around europe and sold by the hundreds or by the thousands they got you out of purgatory faster -to print out thousands and then hundreds of thousands and then ultimately millions of single small pieces of paper that got you out of middle hell and into heaven -that is why the printing press succeeded and that is why martin luther nailed his ninety theses to the door because he was complaining -that the catholic church had gone amok in printing out indulgences and selling them in every town and village and city -this is what i said i wanted to build this is the library of human imagination the room itself is three stories tall -in the glass panels is five thousand years of human imagination that are computer controlled the room is a theatre it changes colors and all throughout the library are different objects different spaces it a s designed like an escher print -here is some of the lower level of the library where the exhibits constantly change you can walk through you can touch you can see exactly how many of these types of items would fit in a room there a s my very own saturn v everybody should have one ok so -real meteorite and you can see all the melting of the iron from the speed and the heat when a meteorite hits the earth and just how much of it survives and melts -you can see here in the lower level of the library the books and the objects in the glass panels all along is sort of the history of imagination there is a glass bridge that you walk across that a s suspended in space so it a s a leap of imagination so -how do we create and part of the question that i have answered is we create by surrounding ourselves with stimuli with human achievement with history -with the things that drive us and make us human the passionate discovery the bones of dinosaurs long gone the maps of space that we a ve experienced and ultimately the hallways that stimulate our mind and our imagination -but thinking about them in ways that nobody has thought of them before and that a s really what discovery and imagination is all about for example we can look -at a dna molecule model here -none of us really have ever seen one but we know it exists because we a ve been taught to understand why this molecule but we can also look at an enigma machine from the nazis in world war -that was a coding and decoding machine now you might say what does this have to do with this well this is the code for life and this is a code for death -from a meteorite from space we a re over here with an original sputnik this is one of the seven surviving sputniks that was not launched into space this is not a copy -and a molecule but once you a ve seen them in a new way you realize that both of these things really are connected and they a re connected primarily because of this here -you see this is a human brain model -and once we create new patterns in this brain once we shape the brain in a new way it never returns to its original shape -i brought along here -right here one lump of coal and what does a lump of coal have to do with the internet you see it takes the energy in one lump of coal to move one megabyte of information across the net -so every time you download a file each megabyte is a lump of coal what that means is a two hundred megabyte file -looks like this ladies and gentlemen ok -the space age began fifty years ago in october and that a s exactly what sputnik looked like -and it wouldn a t be fun to talk about the space age without seeing a flag that was carried to the moon and back on apollo eleven -the astronauts each got to carry about ten silk flags in their personal kits they would bring them back and mount them so this has actually been carried to the moon and back -so that a s for fun the dawn of books is of course important and it wouldn a t be interesting to talk about the dawn of books -but what a s interesting about the guttenberg bible and the dawn of this technology is not the book you see the book was not driven -this is an original page of a guttenberg bible so you a re looking here at one of the first printed books using movable type in the history of man -how many people are trying to learn english worldwide two billion of them -in latin america in india in southeast asia and most of all in china if you are a chinese student you start learning english in the third grade -by law thats why this year china will become the worlds largest english speaking country -why english in a single word opportunity opportunity for a better life a job to be able to pay for school or put better food on the table -she studies twelve hours a day for three years to prepare twenty five percent of her grade -is based on english its called the gaokao and eighty million high school chinese students have already taken -this grueling test the intensity to learn english is almost unimaginable unless you witness it -talk about manias lets start with -so is english mania good or bad is english a tsunami washing away other languages not likely english is the worlds second language -your native language is your life but with english you can become part of a wider conversation a global conversation about global problems like climate change or poverty -or hunger or disease the world has other universal languages mathematics is the language of science -music is the language of emotions and now english is becoming the language of problem solving not because america is pushing it but because the world is pulling it -so english mania is a turning point like the harnessing of electricity in our cities or the fall of the berlin wall english represents hope -for a better future -a future where the world has a common language to solve its common problems thank you very much -hysterical teenagers crying screaming pandemonium -all for one idea -manias can be alarming -or manias can be deadly -the world has a new mania a mania for learning english listen as chinese students practice their english by screaming it -now in some cases math can even help explain or propose explanations for historical forces -so here steve pinker and i were considering the magnitude of wars during the last two centuries theres actually a well known regularity to them where the number of wars that are one hundred times deadlier is ten times smaller -so steve and i through mathematical analysis -for instance committing ten thousand soldiers to the next battle sounds like a lot its relatively enormous if youve already committed one thousand soldiers previously -but it doesnt sound so much its not relatively enough it wont make a difference if youve already committed one hundred thousand soldiers previously -so you see that because of the way we perceive quantities -as the war drags on the number of soldiers committed to it and the casualties will increase not linearly like ten thousand eleven thousand twelve thousand but exponentially ten thousand later twenty thousand later forty thousand -and so that explains this pattern that weve seen before so here mathematics is able to link a well known feature of the individual mind with a long term historical pattern that unfolds over centuries and across continents -so these types of examples today there are just a few of them but i think in the next decade they will become commonplace the reason for that is that the historical record is becoming digitized at a very fast pace so theres about one hundred and thirty million books that have been written since the dawn of time -companies like google have digitized many of them above twenty million actually and when the stuff of history is available in digital form it makes it possible for a mathematical analysis to very quickly and very conveniently review trends in our history and our culture -but not that much in the humanities and in history -i think theres a belief that its just impossible that you cannot quantify the doings of mankind that you cannot measure history -but i dont think thats right i want to show you a couple of examples why so my collaborator erez and i were considering the following fact that two kings separated by centuries will speak a very different language thats a powerful historical force -namely if a verb is one hundred times more frequent than another it regularizes ten times slower thats a piece of history but it comes in a mathematical wrapping -the eldorado of the united states of america the discovery of inexhaustible gold mines in california -about resilience and technology its actually much easier youre going to see some other speakers today i already know who are going to talk about breaking bones stuff and -on earth by not rushing to california and they start to decide they are these are community affairs by the way local communities on the east coast would get together and whole teams of -this guy on the left doctor richard beverley cole he lived in philadelphia and he took the panama route they would take a ship down to panama across the -then take another ship north this guy doctor toland went by covered wagon -this has its parallels too doctors leaving their practices these are both very successful a physician in one case a surgeon in the other -in the gold rush people literally jumped ship the san francisco harbor was clogged with -six hundred ships at the peak because ships would get there and the crews would abandon to go search for gold so there were literally six hundred captains and six hundred ships they turned the ships into hotels because they couldnt sail them anywhere -had dotcom fever and you had gold fever -of course with technology it never is so its very easy comparatively speaking to be resilient if we look at what -half of them deserted to go look for gold and they wouldnt let the other half out to go look for the first half because they were afraid they wouldnt come back -and one of the soldiers wrote home -this is the sentence that he put the struggle between right and dollar six a month and wrong and dollar seventy five a day is a rather severe one -burn rate in the gold rush a very bad burn rate this is actually from the klondike gold rush this is the white pass trail they loaded up their mules and their -the dead horse trail and the canadian minister of the interior wrote this at the time thousands of pack horses lie dead along the way -sometimes in bunches under the cliffs with pack saddles and packs where theyve fallen from the rock above sometimes in tangled masses filling the mud holes and furnishing the only footing for our poor pack animals on the march -often i regret to say exhausted but still alive a fact we were unaware of until after the miserable wretches turned beneath the hooves of our cavalcade -such an incredible last half a dozen years that its hard to even get the right analogy for it a lot of how we decide -eyeless sockets of the pack animals everywhere account for the myriads of ravens along the road the inhumanity which this trail has been witness to the heartbreak and suffering which so many have undergone cannot be imagined they certainly cannot be -and you know without the smell that would have accompanied that -we had the same thing on the internet very bad burn rate calculations ill just play one of these and youll remember it this is a commercial -very difficult to figure out what that ad is for -how were supposed to react to things and what were supposed to expect about the future depends on how we bucket things and how we categorize them and so i think the tempting analogy for the boom bust that we just went through with -with the gold rush starts to diverge and i think rather severely and that is in a gold rush when its over its over heres this guy there are many men -the entire american river region within two years every stone had been turned and after that only big companies who used more sophisticated mining technologies started to take gold out of -is the -electric industry and there are a lot of similarities between the internet and the electric industry with the electric industry you actually have to one of them is that theyre both -thin horizontal enabling layers that go across lots of different industries its not a specific thing -but electricity is also very very broad so you have to sort of narrow it down you know it can be used as an incredible means of transmitting power its an incredible means of -and the part of the electric revolution that i want to focus on is sort of the golden age of appliances the killer app that got the world ready for appliances was the -so the light bulb is what wired the world and they werent thinking about appliances when they wired the world they were really thinking about they -build out all the streets had to be torn up this is work going on down in lower -where they built some of the first electric power generating stations and theyre tearing up all the streets the edison electric company -gold rush its easy to think of this analogy as very different from some of the other things you might pick for one thing -which became edison general electric which became general electric paid for all of this digging up of the streets it was incredibly expensive -that is not the and thats not the part thats really most similar to the web because remember the web got to stand on top of all this heavy infrastructure that had been put in place because of the long distance phone network -and the electric fan was a big success the electric iron also very big by the way this is the beginning of the asbestos lawsuit -theres asbestos under that handle there -not all these things were highly successful this is the electric tie press which never really did catch on -not wrinkle their ties -these never really caught on either the electric shoe warmer and drier never a big seller -sometimes its just not the right time for an invention maybe its time to give this one another shot so i thought we could build a super bowl -really i thought that would really work -to give that another shot now the toaster was huge because they used to make toast on open fires and -it took a lot of time and attention i want to point out one thing -this is you guys know what this is they hadnt invented the electric socket yet -so this was remember they didnt wire the houses for electricity they wired them for lighting so your your appliances would plug in they would each room typically had -big deal huge boom huge boom huge bust huge bust you keep going -the next thing that really was a big big deal was the washing machine now this was an object of much envy and lust everybody wanted one of these -take the clothes out of here put them in here and then youd run the clothes through this electric ringer -and this was a big deal youd keep this on your porch it was a little bit messy and kind of a pain and youd run a long cord into the house where you could screw it into your -light socket and -actually kind of an important point in my presentation because they -off switch that was to come much later the off switch on appliances because it didnt make any sense -so the washing machine was a particularly dangerous device and there are when you research this there are gruesome -both things are lots of hype i dont have to remind you of all the hype that was involved with the internet like getrich com but you had the same thing with the gold rush gold gold gold sixty eight rich men on the steamer portland stacks of yellow metal -there was no off switch so it wasnt -very good and you might think that that was incredibly stupid of our ancestors to be plugging things into a light socket like this but you know before i get too far into condemning our ancestors i thought id show you this is -my conference room this is a total kludge if you ask me first of all this got installed upside down this light socket and so the cord keeps falling out so i taped it in -this is supposed dont even get me started but thats not the worst one -this is what it looks like under my desk i took this picture just two days ago so we really havent progressed that much since -i challenge you to try its very hard i know phds in computer science this process has brought them to tears absolute tears -get there and have to wait but then the engineers when they finally did get there -there so were not were pretty kludge y ourselves by the way dsl is a kludge i mean this is a twisted pair of copper that was never designed for the purpose its being put to you know its the whole thing were very very primitive -but the good thing is with innovation there isnt a last nugget every new thing creates two new questions and two new opportunities and if you believe -you believe that where we are this is what i think i believe that where we are with the incredible kludge and i havent even talked about user interfaces on the web -more a few bring out dollar one hundred thousand each people would get very excited about this when they read these articles -made but i think its true -now whats great about a multi touch sensor is that you know i could be doing this with as many fingers here but of course multi touch also inherently means multi user so chris could be out here interacting with another part of lava while i kind of play around with it here -can imagine a new kind of sculpting tool where im kind of warming something up making it malleable and then letting it cool down and solidifying in a certain state -show you something a little more of a concrete example here -thing loads -this is a photographers light box application again i can use both of my hands to interact and move photos around but whats even cooler is that if i have two fingers i can actually grab a photo and then stretch it out like that really easily -i can kind of do the same thing stretch it out i can do it simultaneously where im holding this down and gripping on another one stretching this out like this -to be able to see it in person because i really really think this is going to change really change the way we interact with machines from this point on now this is a rear projected drafting table its about thirty six inches wide and its equipped with a multi touch sensor now -i can bring up a keyboard -and i can bring that around put that up there now -we have so much technology nowadays that these interfaces should start conforming to us -so little -applied now to actually improving the way we interact with interfaces from this point on this keyboard is probably actually the really wrong direction to go you can imagine in the future -as we develop this kind of technology a keyboard that kind of automatically drifts as your hand moves away and really intelligently anticipates which key youre trying to stroke with your hands -in -you can just continuously make things in real multiple scales all at the same time i can create big things out here but i can go back and really quickly go back to where i started and make even smaller things here -now this is going to be really important as we start getting to things like data visualization for instance i think we all really enjoyed hans roslings talk and -he really emphasized the fact that ive been thinking about for a long time too we have all this great data but for some reason its just sitting there were not really accessing it and one of the reasons why i think that is -another app here this is something called worldwind its done by nasa its a kind of weve all seen google earth this is an open source version of that there are plug ins to be able to -load in different data sets that nasas collected over the years but as you can see i can use the same two fingered gestures to go down and go in really seamlessly theres no interface again it really allows anybody to kind of go -and it just does what youd expect you know again theres just no interface here the interface just disappears -i can switch to different data views thats whats neat about this app here there you go nasas really cool they have these hyper spectral images that are false colored so you can its really good for -go back to this -now the great thing about mapping applications its not really two d its kind of three d so again with a multi point interface you can do a gesture like this so you can be able to tilt around like -its not just simply relegated to a kind of two d panning and motion now this gesture that weve developed again is just putting two fingers down its defining an axis of tilt -and i can tilt up and down that way thats something we just came up with on the spot you know its probably not the right thing to do but theres such interesting things you can do with this kind of interface -just so much fun playing around -and so the last thing i want to show you is you know im sure we can all think of a lot of entertainment apps that you can do with this thing im a little more interested in the kind of creative applications we can do with this now heres a simple application here i can draw out a curve -but the neat thing about it is i can add control points and then what i can do is manipulate them with both of my fingers at the same time and you notice what it does -its kind of a puppeteering thing where i can use as many fingers as i have -to -now theres a lot of actual math going on under here for this to control this mesh and do the right thing -so multi touch interaction research is a very active field right now in hci im not the only one doing it there are a lot of other people getting into it -thank you -high resolution low cost and probably most importantly very scalable so the technology you know isnt the most exciting thing here right now other than probably its newfound accessibility whats really interesting here is what you can do with it -or i can pull it apart with two of my fingers its completely intuitive theres no instruction manual the interface just kind of disappears this started out as kind of a screensaver app that one of the ph d students in our lab ilya rosenberg -i write all the time but i never look at my record at my trace and i think were going to see a lot more of that where we can reflect on who we are by looking at what we wrote what we said what we did -now if we bring it back to deception theres a couple of take away things here first -lying online can be very dangerous right not only are you leaving a record for yourself on your machine but youre leaving a record on the person that you were lying to and youre also leaving them around for me to analyze with some computer algorithms so by all means go ahead and do that thats good -but when it comes to lying and what we want to do with our lives i think we can go back to -walked the walk or talked the talk but that you believed in what you were doing you believed in your principles -and i think this is really important now when you are about to say or do something we can think do i want this to be part of my legacy part of my personal record -because in the digital age we live in now in the networked age -now my first professional encounter with deception is a little bit later than these guys a couple thousand years i was a customs officer for canada back in the mid ninety s yeah i was defending canadas borders you may think thats a weapon right there -in fact thats -but even since just one thousand nine hundred and ninety five ninety six the way we communicate has been completely transformed we email we text we skype we facebook its insane almost every aspect of human communications been changed and of course thats had an impact on deception let me tell you a little bit about a couple of new deceptions weve been tracking -it has been a fantastic month for deception -and im not even talking about the american presidential race laughter we have a high profile journalist caught for plagiarism a young superstar writer whose book involves so many made up quotes that theyve pulled it from the shelves a new york times expose on fake book reviews its been fantastic -each of these is about a relationship and this is a twenty four seven connected world once you get my cell phone number you can literally be in touch with me twenty four hours a day -and so these lies are being used by people to create a buffer like the butler used to do between us and the connections to everybody else but theyre very special they use ambiguity that comes from using technology you dont know where i am or what im doing or who im with and theyre aimed at protecting the relationships these arent just people being jerks -these are people that are saying look i dont want to talk to you now or i didnt want to talk to you then but i still care about you our relationship is still important -now the sock puppet on the other hand is a totally different animal the sock puppet isnt about ambiguity per se its about identity let me give you a very recent example as in like last week -heres r j ellory best seller author in britain heres one of his bestselling books heres a reviewer online on amazon my favorite by nicodemus jones is whatever else it might do it will touch your soul and of course you might suspect -that nicodemus jones is r j ellory he wrote very very positive reviews about himself surprise surprise -now this sock puppet stuff isnt actually that new -that are paid small amounts of money to produce content it could be reviews it could be propaganda the government hires these people companies hire them all over the place in north america we call this astroturfing -and astroturfing is very common now theres a lot of concerns about it we see this especially with product reviews book reviews everything from hotels to whether that toaster is a good toaster or not -now looking at these three reviews or these three types of deception you might think -now lets put aside the online anonymous sex chatrooms which im sure none of you have been in i can assure you theres deception there and lets put aside the nigerian prince whos emailed you about getting the forty three million out of the country laughter lets forget about that guy too lets focus on the conversations between our friends and our family and our -coworkers and our loved ones those are the conversations that really matter what does technology do to deception with those folks -heres a couple of studies one of the studies we do are called diary studies in which we ask people to record all of their conversations and all of their lies for seven days -now of course not all deception hits the news -and what we can do then is calculate how many lies took place per conversation within a medium and the finding that we get that surprises people the most is that email is the most honest of those three media and it really throws people for a loop because we think well theres no nonverbal cues so why dont you lie more the phone -what about resumes we did a study in which we had people apply for a job and they could apply for a job either with a traditional paper resume or on linkedin which is a social networking site like facebook but for professionals involves the same information as a resume -much of the deception is everyday in fact a lot of research shows that we all lie once or twice a day as dave suggested -how about facebook itself -you know we always think that hey there are these idealized versions people are just showing the best things that happened in their lives ive thought that many times my friends no way they can be that cool and have good of a life well one study tested this by examining peoples personalities they had four good friends of a person -judge their personality then they had strangers many strangers judge the persons personality just from facebook and what they found was those judgments of the personality were pretty much identical highly correlated meaning that facebook profiles really do reflect our actual personality all right well what -online dating i mean thats a pretty deceptive space im sure you all have friends that have used online dating -so its about six thirty now suggests that most of us should have lied lets take a look at winnipeg how many of you in the last twenty four hours think back have told a little fib or a big one how many have told a little lie out there all right good these are all the liars make sure you pay attention to them -and what we found was very very interesting -heres an example of the men and the height -along the bottom is how tall they said they were in their profile along the y axis the vertical axis is how tall they actually were that diagonal line is the truth line if their dots on it they were telling exactly the truth now as you see most of the little dots are below the line -what it means is all the guys were lying about their height in fact they lied about their height about nine tenths of an inch what we say in the lab as strong rounding up -but whats really important here is look at all those dots they are clustering pretty close to the truth what we found was eighty percent of our participants did indeed lie on one of those dimensions but they always lied by a little bit -one of the reasons is pretty simple if you go to a date a coffee date and youre completely different than what you said game over right so people lied frequently but they lied subtly not too much they were constrained -well what explains all these studies what explains the fact -that despite our intuitions mine included -a lot of online communication technologically mediated communication is more honest than face to face that really is strange how do we explain this well to do that one thing is we can look at the deception detection literature -and theres some really compelling findings the first is were really bad at detecting deception really bad fifty four percent accuracy on average when you have to tell if somebody that just said a statement is lying or not -thats really bad why is it so bad well it has to do with pinocchios nose -if i were to ask you guys what do you rely on when youre looking at somebody and you want to find out if theyre lying what cue do you pay attention to -most of you would say that one of the cues you look at is the eyes the eyes are the window to the soul and youre not alone around the world almost every culture one of the top cues is eyes but the research over the last fifty years says theres actually no reliable cue to deception -which blew me away and its one of the hard lessons that i learned when i was customs officer the eyes do not tell us whether somebodys lying or not some situations yes high stakes maybe their pupils dilate their pitch goes up their body movements change a little bit but not all the time not for everybody its not reliable -strange the other -thing is that just because you cant see me doesnt mean im going to lie its common sense but one important finding is that we lie for a reason we lie to protect ourselves or for our own gain or for somebody elses gain -so there are some pathological liars but they make up a tiny portion of the population we lie for a reason just because people cant see us doesnt mean were going to necessarily lie -but i think theres actually something much more interesting and fundamental going on here the next big thing for me the next big idea -saber toothed tigers i dont know what they talked about but they were doing a lot of talking and like i said theres a lot of humans evolving speaking about one hundred billion people in fact -whats important though is that writing only emerged about five thousand years ago so what that means is that all the people before -there was any writing every word that they ever said every utterance disappeared no trace evanescent gone so weve been evolving to talk in a way in which there is no record -in fact even the next big change to writing was only five hundred years ago now with the printing press which is very recent in our past and literacy rates remained incredibly low right up until world war ii so even the people of the last two millennia most of the words -they ever said poof disappeared lets turn to now the networked age how many of you have recorded something today anybody do any writing today did anybody write a word -it looks like almost every single person here recorded something in this room right now weve probably recorded more than almost all of human pre ancient history -that is crazy were entering this amazing period of flux in human evolution where weve evolved to speak in a way in which our words disappear but were in an environment where were recording everything in fact i think in the very near future -what does that mean whats the next big idea from that well as a social scientist this is the most amazing thing i have ever even dreamed of now i can look at all those words that used to for millennia disappear i can look at lies that before were said and then gone -its this pervasiveness combined with the centrality to what it means to be a human the fact that we can tell the truth or make something up that has fascinated people throughout history here we have diogenes with his lantern does anybody know what he was looking for -well when they write a fake review they have to post it somewhere and its left behind for us so one thing that we did and ill give you an example of looking at the language is we paid people to write some fake reviews one of these reviews is fake the person never was at the james hotel the other review is real the person stayed there -now your task now is to decide -which review is fake ill give you a moment to read through them -all right how many of you believe that a is the fake -heres the answer b is a fake -well done second group you dominated the first -those cold hard winters i love it all right so why do i care about this well what i can do now with my colleagues in computer science -is we can create computer algorithms that can analyze the linguistic traces of deception let me highlight a couple of things here in the fake review the first is that liars tend to think about narrative they make up a story who and what happened and thats what happened here our fake reviewers talked about who they were with and what they were doing -they also used the first person singular i way more than the people that actually stayed there they were inserting themselves into the -now you guys did pretty well most people perform at chance at this task -our computer algorithm is very accurate much more accurate than humans can be and its not going to be accurate all the time this isnt a deception detection machine to tell if your girlfriends lying to you on text messaging -we believe that every lie now every type of lie fake hotel reviews fake shoe reviews your girlfriend cheating on you with text messaging those are all different lies theyre going to have different patterns of language -a single honest man and he died without finding one back in greece and we have confucius in the east who was really concerned with sincerity not only that you -but because everythings recorded now we can look at all of those kinds of lies -now as i said as a social scientist this is -wonderful its transformational were going to be able to learn so much more about human thought and expression about everything from love to attitudes because everything is being recorded now but what does it mean for the average citizen what does it mean for us in our lives -what is the recipe for brain theory first of all we have to have the right framework and the framework is a memory framework not a computation or behavior framework its a memory framework how do you store and recall these sequences or patterns -so what happened was when i was young and got out of engineering school cornell in seventy nine i decided i went to work for intel i was in the computer industry and three months into that -patterns then if in that framework you take a bunch of theoreticians now biologists generally are not good theoreticians its not always true -but in general theres not a good history of theory in biology so i found the best people to work with are physicists engineers and mathematicians who tend to think algorithmically -then they have to learn the anatomy and theyve got to learn the physiology you have to make these theories very realistic in anatomical -terms anyone who gets up and tells you their theory about how the brain works and doesnt tell you exactly how its working in the brain and how the wiring works in the brain it is not a theory -so what will brain theory look like first of all its going to be a theory about memory not like computer memory its not at all like computer memory its very very different -so one more slide here what is this going to result in are we going to really build intelligent machines absolutely and its going to be different than people think no doubt that its going to happen in my mind -first of all its going to be built up were going to build the stuff out of silicon the same techniques we use for building silicon computer memories we can use for here but theyre very different types of -i fell in love with something else and i said i made the wrong career choice here and i fell in love with brains -really hard the new brain is actually kind of easier than the old brain so the first thing were going to do are the things that dont require a lot of robotics so youre not going to see c three -and if you talk to them they knew what they were doing was really significant but they didnt really know what was going to happen they couldnt anticipate cell phones and the internet and all this kind of stuff they just knew like -i do two things i design mobile computers and i study brains and todays talk is about brains and yay somewhere i have a brain fan out there -and he wrote a story basically saying well this is all well and good but you know what we dont know diddley squat about brains and no one has a clue how these things work so dont believe what anyone tells you -this is a quote from that article he said what is conspicuously lacking hes a very proper british gentleman so -what is conspicuously lacking is a broad framework of ideas in which to interpret these different approaches i thought the word framework was great he didnt say we didnt even have a theory he says we dont even know how to begin to think about it we dont even have a framework -how hard can it be and this is something we can work on my lifetime i felt i could make a difference and so i tried to get out of the computer business into the brain business -first i went to mit the ai lab was there and i said well i want to build intelligent machines too but the way i want to do it is to study how brains work first and they said oh you dont need to do that -but i was a little disappointed -i can have my first slide up here and youll see the title of my talk and my two affiliations so what im going to talk about is why we dont have a good brain theory why it is important that we should develop one and what we can do about it -so i said oh my gosh i was very depressed i said but i can make a difference in this field so what i did is i went back in the computer industry and said well ill have to work here for a while do something thats when i designed all those computer products and -i said i want to do this for four years make some money like i was having a family and i would mature a bit and maybe the business of neuroscience would mature a bit -well it took longer than four years its been about sixteen years but im doing it now and im going to tell you about it so why should we have a good brain theory -well theres lots of reasons people do science one is the most basic one is people like to know things were curious and we just go out and get knowledge you know why do we study ants well its interesting maybe well learn something really useful about it but its interesting and fascinating -but sometimes a science has some other attributes which makes it really really interesting sometimes a science will tell something about ourselves itll tell us who we are rarely you know evolution did this and copernicus did this where we have a new understanding of who we are -were going to be able to build intelligent machines and i think thats actually a good thing on the whole and its going to have tremendous benefits to society just like a fundamental technology so why dont we have a good theory of brains and -hundred years well lets first take a look at what normal science looks like this is normal science normal science is a nice balance between theory and -which is anatomy physiology and behavior you cant imagine how much detail we know about brains there were twenty eight thousand people who went to the neuroscience conference this year and every one of them is doing research -a lot of data but theres no theory theres a little wimpy box on top there and theory has not played a role in any sort of grand way -in the neurosciences and its a real shame now why has this come about if you ask neuroscientists why is this the state of affair theyll first of all admit it -but if you ask them theyll say well theres various reasons we dont have a good brain theory some people say well we dont still have enough data we need to get more information theres all these things we dont know -be lucky and discover some magic thing but i dont think so this is actually a symptom of the fact that we just dont have a theory we dont need more data we need a good theory about -youre more complicated than your brain youve got a brain and its also although the brain looks very complicated things look complicated until you understand them -it looks like its the same thing repeated over and over and over again its not as complex as it looks thats not the issue some people say brains cant understand brains very zen like -sounds good but why i mean whats the point its just a bunch of cells you understand your liver its got a lot of cells in it too right so you know i dont think theres anything to that and -say well you know i dont feel like a bunch of cells you know im conscious ive got this experience im in the world -be just a bunch of cells well you know people used to believe there was a life force to be living and we now know thats really not true at all -and theres really no evidence that says well other than people just have disbelief that cells can do what they do and so if some people have fallen into the pit of metaphysical dualism some really smart people too but we can reject -tell you theres something else and its really fundamental and this is what it is theres another reason why we dont have a good brain theory and its because we have an intuitive strongly held but incorrect assumption -i have one slide on my other life the computer life and thats the slide here these are some of the products ive worked on over the last twenty years starting back from the very original laptop to some of the first tablet computers and so on and ending up most recently with the -all have a lot in common with brain science first of all they had a lot of unexplained data a lot of it but it got more manageable once they had a theory the best minds were stumped really really smart people were not smarter now than they were then -and now its not that hard you know heres the apple heres the orange you know the earth goes around that kind of stuff finally another thing is the answer was there all along but we kind of ignored it because of this obvious thing and -it was an intuitive strong held belief that was wrong in the case of the solar system the idea that the earth is spinning and the surface of the earth is going like a thousand miles an hour and the earth is going through the solar system about a million miles an hour -floating around on top of the earth you know its like it doesnt make any sense so -the intuitive but obvious thing is that somehow intelligence is defined by behavior that we are intelligent because of the way that we do things and the way we behave intelligently and im going to tell you thats wrong -system engineers like to look at systems like this scientists like to look at systems like this they say well we have a thing in a box and we have its inputs and its outputs the ai people said well the thing in the box is a programmable computer because thats equivalent to a brain and well feed it some inputs and well get it to do something -to do this and ive done this because i really believe that mobile computing is the future of personal computing and im trying to make the world a little bit better by working on these things -store them and we recall them and when we recall them we match them up against reality and were making predictions all the time -theres an eternal metric about us sort of saying do we understand the world am i making predictions and so on youre all being intelligent right now but youre not doing anything maybe youre scratching yourself or picking your nose i dont know but -youre not doing anything right now but youre being intelligent youre understanding what im saying because youre intelligent and you speak english you know what word is at the end of this -the word came into you and youre making these predictions all the time and then what im saying is is that the eternal prediction is the output in the neocortex and that somehow prediction leads to intelligent behavior and heres how that happens -lets start with a non intelligent brain well ill argue a non intelligent brain we got hold of an old brain and were going to say its like a non mammal like a reptile so ill say an alligator we have an alligator and -some very sophisticated senses its got good eyes and ears and touch senses and so on a mouth and a nose it has very complex behavior -it can run and hide it has fears and emotions it can eat you you know it can attack it can do all kinds of stuff -but this was i have to admit all an accident i really didnt want to do any of these products and very early in my career -but we dont consider the alligator very intelligent not like in a human sort of way but it has all this complex behavior already now in evolution what happened -its your emotional brain its all those things and all those gut reactions you have and on top of it we have this memory system called the neocortex and the memory system is sitting over -the sensory part of the brain and so as the sensory input comes in and feeds from the old brain it also goes up into the neocortex and the neocortex is just memorizing its sitting there saying -to memorize all the things that are going on where ive been people ive seen things ive heard and so on and in the future when it sees something similar to that again -i decided i was not going to be in the computer industry and before i tell you about that i just have to tell you this one little picture of graffiti there i picked off the web the other day i was looking for a picture of graffiti -so in a similar environment or the exact same environment itll play it back itll start playing it back oh ive been here before and when youve been here before this happened next it allows you to predict the future -it allows you to literally it feeds back the signals into your brain theyll let you see whats going to happen next will let you hear the word sentence before i said -it and its this feeding back into the old brain thatll allow you to make very more intelligent decisions this is the most important slide of my talk so ill dwell on it a little bit -and so all the time you say oh i can predict the things and if youre a rat and you go through a maze and then you learn the maze the next time youre in a maze you have the same behavior -in humans we actually developed the front part of the neocortex called the anterior part of the neocortex and nature did a little trick it copied the posterior part the back part which is sensory and put it in the front part and humans uniquely have the same mechanism on the front but we use it for -when she sings them the next note pops into your head already you anticipate it as youre going if it was an album of music the end of one -i could make it a lever i can change your door put colors on i can put windows in i can change a thousand things about your door and in the two seconds you take to open your door youre going to notice that something has changed now the engineering approach to this the ai approach to this is to build a door database -vision here briefly this is a picture of a woman and when you look at people your eyes are caught over at two to three times a second youre not aware of this but your eyes are always moving -know theres something wrong about this person -people dont pay taxpayers dont pay for your life when youre in prison youve got to pay for your own life youve got to pay for your soap your deodorant toothbrush toothpaste all of it -for dollar five point two five not an hour but per month -so how do you survive well you learn to hustle -theres sort of illegal hustles like you run a barbershop out of your cell -theres pretty illegal hustles you run a tattoo parlor out of your own cell and theres very illegal hustles which you smuggle in you get smuggled in drugs pornography cell phones and just as in the outer world -was one of many fellow inmates who had big plans for the future -theres a risk reward tradeoff so the riskier the enterprise the more profitable it can potentially be you want a cigarette in prison -three to five dollars -you want an old fashioned cell phone that you flip open and is about as big as your head three hundred bucks you want a dirty magazine well it can be as much as one thousand dollars -so as you can probably tell one of the defining aspects of prison life is ingenuity -whether it was concocting delicious meals from stolen scraps from the warehouse -sculpting peoples hair with toenail clippers or constructing weights from boulders in laundry bags tied on to tree limbs prisoners learn how to make do with less and many of them want to take this ingenuity that theyve learned to the outside -he had a vision when he got out he was going to leave the dope game for good and fly straight and he was actually working on merging his two passions into one vision -and start restaurants barber shops personal training businesses but theres no training nothing to prepare them for that no rehabilitation at all in prison no one to help them write a business plan -figure out a way to translate the business concepts they intuitively grasp into legal enterprises no access to the internet even and then when they come out most states dont even have a law prohibiting employers from discriminating against people with a background -so none of us should be surprised that two out of three ex offenders re offend within five years -look i lied to the feds i lost a year of my life from it but when i came out i vowed -so i hope that youll think about helping in some way the best thing we can do is figure out ways to nurture the entrepreneurial spirit and the tremendous untapped potential in our prisons because if we dont theyre not going to learn any new skills thats going to help them and theyll be right back -hed spent ten thousand dollars to buy a website that exclusively featured women having sex on top of or inside of luxury sports cars -and i was learning quickly that it wasnt what you see on tv in fact it was teeming with smart ambitious men whose business instincts were in many cases as sharp as those of the ceos who had wined and dined me six months earlier when i was a rising star in the missouri senate -now ninety five percent of the guys that i was locked up with had been drug dealers on the outside but when they talked about what they did -they talked about it in a different jargon but the business concepts that they talked about werent unlike those that youd learn in a first year mba class at wharton promotional incentives you never charge a first time user focus grouping new product launches -territorial expansion but they didnt spend a lot of time reliving the glory days for the most part everyone was just trying to survive -its a lot harder than you might think contrary to what most people think -and what really drives me is is a vision of the future that i think we all share its a world of peace and prosperity and sustainability -and when we when we heard a lot of the presentations over the last couple of days ed wilson and -the pictures of james nachtwey i think we all realized how far we have to go to get to this new version of humanity that i like to call humanity two point -ive actually been waiting by the phone for a call from ted for years -and its also something that resides in each of us to close what i think are the are the two -big calamities in the world today one is the gap in opportunity this gap that president clinton last night called -unfair and unsustainable and out of that comes poverty and illiteracy and disease and all these evils that we see around us -but perhaps the other bigger gap is what we call the hope gap and someone at some point came up with this very bad idea that an ordinary individual couldnt make a difference in the world and i think thats just a horrible thing -and so chapter one really begins today with all of us because within each of us is the power to -equal those opportunity gaps and to close the hope gaps and if the men and women of ted cant make a difference in the world i dont know who can -and in fact in two thousand i was ready to talk about ebay but no call -and for me a lot of this started when i was younger and my family used to go camping in upstate new york and there really wasnt much to do there for the summer except get beaten up by my sister or read books -and so i used to read authors like james michener and james clavell and ayn rand and their stories made the world seem a very small and interconnected place -and it struck me that if i could write stories that were about this world as being small and interconnected that maybe i could get people interested in the issues that affected us all and maybe engage them to make a difference -i didnt think that was necessarily the best way to make a living so i decided to go on a path to become financially independent so i could write these stories as quickly as i could -i then had a bit of a wake up call when i was fourteen and my dad came home one day and announced that he had cancer and it looked pretty bad and what he said was -in two thousand and three i was ready to do a talk about the skoll foundation and social entrepreneurship -he wasnt so much afraid that he might die but that he hadnt done the things that he wanted to with his life -and knock on wood hes still alive today many years later but for a young man that made a real impression on me that one never knows how much time one really has so i set out in a hurry -i studied engineering i started a couple of businesses that i thought would be the ticket to financial freedom one of those businesses was a computer rental business called micros on the move which is very well named because people kept stealing the computers -so i figured -i needed to learn a little bit more about business so i went to stanford business school and studied there and while i was there i made friends with a fellow named pierre omidyar who is here today and pierre i apologize for this this is a photo from the old days -and just after id graduated pierre came to me and with this idea to help people buy and sell things online with each other and with the wisdom of my stanford degree i said pierre what a stupid idea -and needless to say i was right but right after that -in ninety six pierre and i left our full time jobs to build ebay as a company and the rest of that story you know the company went public two years later and -today one of the best known companies in the world hundreds of millions of people use it in hundreds of countries and so on -but for me personally it was a real change i went from living in a house with five guys in palo alto and living off their leftovers -to all of a sudden having all kinds of resources and i wanted to figure out how i could take the blessing of these resources and share it with the world -in two thousand and four i started participant productions and we had a really good first year and no call -and around that time i met john gardner who is a remarkable man he was the architect of the great society programs under lyndon johnson in the nineteen sixties -and i asked him what he felt was the best thing i could do or anyone could do to make a difference in the long term issues facing humanity and john said -bet on good people doing good things bet on good people doing good things and that really resonated with me i started a foundation -to bet on these good people doing good things these leading innovative nonprofit folks who are using business skills in a very leveraged way to solve social problems people today we call social entrepreneurs -and to put a face on it people like mohammed yunus who started the grameen bank has lifted one hundred million people plus out of poverty around the world -the nobel peace prize but theres also a lot of people that you dont know folks like ann cotton who started a group called camfed in africa -because she felt girls education was lagging and she started it about ten years ago and today she educates over a quarter of a million african girls -and somebody like doctor victoria hale who started the worlds first nonprofit pharmaceutical company and whose first -will be fighting visceral leishmaniasis also known as black fever and by two thousand and ten she hopes to eliminate this disease which is really a scourge in the developing world -and so this this is one way to bet on good people doing good things and a lot of this comes together in a philosophy of change that i find really is powerful -its what we call invest connect and celebrate and invest if you see good people doing good things invest in them invest in their organizations or in business invest in these folks -and celebrate them tell their stories because not only are there good people doing good work but their stories can help close these gaps of hope -and it was this last part of the mission the celebrate part that really got me back to thinking when i was a kid and wanted to tell stories to get people involved in the issues that affect us all -youve got a cruel sense of humor ted -and a light bulb went off which was first that i didnt actually have to do the writing myself i could find writers and then the next light bulb was better than just writing what about film and tv to get out to people in a big way -and i thought about the films that inspired me films like gandhi and schindlers list and i wondered who was doing these kind of films today and there really wasnt a specific company that was focused on the public interest -when i first moved to hollywood from silicon valley i had some misgivings but i found that there were some advantages to being in hollywood -so in two thousand and three i started to make my way around los angeles to talk about the idea of a pro social media company -and i was met with a lot of encouragement -one of the lines of encouragement that i heard over and over was the streets of hollywood are littered with carcasses of people like you -who think youre going to come to this town and make movies and then of course there was the other adage the surest way to become a millionaire is to start by being a billionaire and go into the movie business -undeterred in january of two thousand and four i started participant productions with the vision to be a global media company focused on the public interest -and our mission is to produce entertainment that creates and inspires social change and we dont just want people to see our movies and say that was fun and forget about it we want them to actually get involved in the issues -in two thousand and five we launched our our first slate of films murder ball north country syriana and good night and good -and much to my surprise they were noticed we ended up with eleven oscar nominations for these films and it turned out to be a pretty good year for this guy -and we had an online component of that our community sect called participate net but with our social sector partners like the aclu and pbs and the sierra club and the nrdc once people saw the film there was actually something they could do to make a difference -one of these films in particular -and in fact some advantages to owning your own media company -and we released the film at the same time that the congress was debating the renewal of the violence against women act -and with screenings on the hill and discussions and with our social sector partners like the national organization of women -the film was widely credited with influencing the successful renewal of the act -and that to me spoke volumes because its the the film started about a true life story about a woman who was harassed sued her employer -led to a landmark case that led to the equal opportunity act and the violence against women act and others and then the movie about this person doing these things -then led to this greater renewal and so again it goes back to betting on good people doing good things -speaking of which our fellow tedster al i first saw al do his slide show presentation on global warming in may of two thousand and five -and i also found that hollywood and silicon valley have a lot more in common than i would have dreamed hollywood has its sex symbols -at that point i thought i knew something about global warming i thought it was a thirty to fifty year problem and after we saw his slide show it became clear that it was much more urgent -having al go around the world speaking to audiences of one hundred or two hundred at a time and you know theres another adage in hollywood that nobody knows nothing about anything -and i really thought this was going to be a straight to pbs charitable initiative and so it was a great shock to all of us when the film really captured the public interest -and today is mandatory viewing in schools in england and scotland and most of scandinavia weve sent fifty thousand dvds to -high school teachers in the us and its really changed the debate on global warming -and the valley has its sex symbols -and for participant this is just the start everything we do looks at the major issues in the world and we have ten films in production right now and dozens others in development -quickly talk about a few coming up one is charlie wilsons war with tom hanks and julia roberts and its the true story of congressman charlie wilson and how he funded the taliban to fight the russians in afghanistan -and were also doing a movie called the kite runner based on the book the kite runner -about afghanistan and we think once people see these films theyll have a much better understanding of that part of the world and the middle east in general -and again a story about a small group of individuals who did make change in the world -and a documentary that were doing on jimmy carter and his mid east peace efforts over the years and in particular weve been following him on his recent book tour which as many of you know has been very non controversial -which is really bad for getting people to come see a movie -in closing id like to say that everybody has the opportunity to make change in their own way -and all of the people in this room have done so through their business lives or their philanthropic work or their other -and one thing that ive learned is that theres never one right way to make change one can do it as a tech person or as a finance person or a nonprofit person or as an entertainment person but every one of us is all of those things and more -and i believe if we do these things we can close the opportunity gaps we can close the hope gaps and i can imagine if we do this the headlines in ten years might read something like -new aids cases in africa fall to zero -than i than i would have -us imports its last barrel of oil -this one snow has returned to kilimanjaro -but im actually here today to tell a story -and finally an ebay listing for one -well traveled slide show now obsolete museum piece -and i believe that -and part of it is a personal story when chris invited me to speak he said people think of you as a a bit of an enigma and they want to know what drives you -because you cant travel all over the world at the same time and a long time ago well about forty years ago -about -them and -the -song is something that we communicated with people who otherwise would not -my mom had an exchange student and im going to show you slides of the exchange student this is donna this is donna at the statue of liberty -have understood where were coming from you could give them a long political speech they would still not understand -tell you when you finish that song people -the -think everybodys had that feeling of sitting in a theater in a dark room with other strangers watching a very powerful film and they felt that feeling of transformation -and what im talking about is what id like to talk about is how can we use that feeling to actually create a movement through film -been listening to the talks in some of the conference and robert wright said yesterday that if we have an appreciation for another persons humanity -then they will have an appreciation for ours and thats what this is about its about connecting people through film getting these independent voices out there -now josh rushing actually ended up leaving the military and taking a job with al jazeera so his -feeling is that hes on al jazeera international because he feels like he can actually use media to bridge the gap between east and west -this is my mother and aunt teaching donna how to ride a bike -and thats an amazing thing but ive been trying to think about ways to give power to these independent voices to give power to the filmmakers to give power to people -who are trying to use film for change and there are incredible organizations that are out there doing this already theres witness that you heard from earlier -theres just vision that are working with palestinians and israelis who are working together for peace and documenting that process and getting interviews out there and using this film to take to congress to show that -its a powerful tool to show that this is a woman whos had her daughter killed in an attack and she believes that there are peaceful ways to solve this theres -this is donna eating ice cream -its amazing i watched it and im just im blown away by it and its potential to bring voices from around the world independent voices from around the world and create a truly democratic global television -and this is donna teaching my aunt how to do a filipino dance -so what can we do to create a platform for these organizations to create some momentum to get everybody in the world involved in this movement -id like for us to imagine for a second -imagine a day -when you have everyone coming together from around the world -you have towns and villages and theaters -all from around the world getting together and sitting in the dark and sharing a communal experience of watching a film or a couple of films together -watching a film which maybe highlights a character that is fighting to live -or just a character that defies stereotypes makes a joke sings a song comedies documentaries shorts this amazing power can be used to change people and to bond people -to cross borders and have people feel like theyre having a communal experience so if you imagine this day when all around the world you have -now i really think as the world is getting smaller it becomes more and more important that we learn each others dance moves that we meet each other we get to know each other -theaters from around the world and places where we project films if you imagine from projecting from times square to tahir square in cairo -the same film in ramallah the same film in jerusalem you know we could even use weve been talking to a friend of mine about using the side of the great pyramid and the great wall of china -its endless what you can imagine in terms of where you can project films and where you can have this communal experience -and i believe that this one day if we can create it this one day can create momentum for all of these independent voices -there isnt a place there isnt an organization which is connecting the independent voices of the world to get out there and yet im hearing throughout this conference that the biggest danger in our future is understanding the other and having -this could be an incredible day so weve already made a partnership actually set up through a ted somebody from the ted community -john camen introduced me to steven apkon from the jacob burns film center and we started calling up everybody and in the last week there have been so many people that have responded to us from -we are able to figure out a way to cross borders to understand each other to understand peoples hopes and dreams what makes them laugh and cry and i know that we cant all -as close as palo alto to mongolia and to india there are people that want to be a part of this global day of film -to be able to provide a platform for independent voices and independent films to get out there -now weve thought about a name for this day -and id like to share this with you now the most amazing part of this whole process has been sharing ideas and wishes and -so i invite you to give brainstorms onto how do the how does this day echo into the future how do we use technology -to make this day echo into the future so that we can build community and have these communities working together through the internet -so what wed like to call this day of film is pangea cinema day and if you just -all of these people in these towns would be watching then i think that we can actually really make a movement -heart and soul all across the world is by showing them a film and i know that there are independent filmmakers and films out there that can really make this happen -and thats my wish so i guess im supposed to give you my -do exchange programs and i cant force everybody to travel ive already talked about that to chris and amy and they said that theres a problem with this you cant force people of free will and i totally -one sentence wish but were way out of time -wish to think about when youre a little kid and you all your friends ask you if a genie could ask give you one wish in the world what would it be -that so were not forcing people to travel but id like to talk about another way to travel that doesnt require a ship -an airplane and just requires a movie camera a projector and a screen and -thats what im going to talk to you about today i was asked that i speak a little bit about where i personally come from and cameron i dont know how you managed to get out of that one but -i think that building bridges is important to me because of where i come from im the daughter of an american mother and -with a persian name the middle east peace crisis so maybe me starting to take pictures was some kind of way -bring both sides of my family together a way to take the worlds with me a way to tell stories visually -it all kind of started that way but i think that i really realized the power of the image when i first went to the -and i always answered well id want the wish to know have the wisdom to know exactly what to wish for well then youd be screwed because -center there where they were teaching people how to read and write and get vaccinations against the many diseases you can get from sorting through garbage and i began to start teaching there i taught english and i met some incredible women there i met -people that live seven people to a room barely can afford their evening meal yet -with this strength of spirit and sense of humor and just incredible qualities i got drawn into this community and i began to take pictures there -i took pictures of weddings and older family members things that they wanted memories of -about two years after i started taking these pictures the cairo conference on un conference on population and development asked me to show them -at the conference so i was eighteen i was very excited it was my first exhibit of photographs and they were all put up there and after about -two days they all came down except for three people were very upset very angry that i was showing these dirty sides of cairo and why didnt i cut the dead donkey out of the frame -and as i sat there i got very depressed i looked at this big empty wall with you know three lonely photographs that were -youd know what to wish for and youd use up your wish and now since we only have one wish unlike last year they had three wishes im not going to wish for that so -you know very pretty photographs and i was like i failed at this but i was looking at this -intense emotion and intense feeling that had come out of people just seeing these photographs i mean here i was this eighteen year old pipsqueak that nobody listened to and all of a sudden i put these photographs on the wall and there were arguments and they had to be taken down and -i just saw the power of the image and it was incredible and i think the most important reaction that i saw there was actually people that would never have gone to the garbage village themselves that would never -have seen that the human spirit could thrive in such difficult circumstances and i think it was at that point that i decided that -i wanted to use photography and film to somehow bridge gaps to bridge cultures bring people together cross borders -and so thats what really kind of started me off did a stint at mtv made a film called startup com -and then in about two thousand and ive done a couple of music films but in two thousand and three when the war in iraq was about to start i felt -it was a very surreal -feeling for me because before the war started there was kind of this media war that was going on and i was watching television in new york and there seemed to be just one point of view that was coming across and it went from -the coverage went from the u s state department to embedded troops and what people were what was coming across on the news was that -and i knew that there was a completely other story that was taking place in the middle east where my parents were i knew that -there was a completely other story being told and i was thinking how are people supposed to communicate with each other when theyre getting completely different messages and nobody knows what the others being told -how are people supposed to have any kind of common understanding or know how to move together into the future so i knew that i had to go there i just wanted to be in the center i had no plan i had no funding -i didnt even have a camera at the time i had somebody bring it there because i wanted to get access to al jazeera george bushs favorite channel -a place which i was very curious about because its -disliked by many governments across the arab world and also called the mouthpiece of osama bin laden by some people in the u s government so i was thinking you know -this station thats hated by so many people has to be doing something right ive got to go see what this is all about -and i also wanted to go see central command which was ten minutes away and that way i could get access to how this news was being created -on the arab side reaching the arab world and on the u s and western side reaching the u s and when i went there and sat there and met these people that were in the center of it and -sat with these characters i met some surprising very complex people and id like to share with you a little bit of -the ted prize -that experience of when you sit with somebody and you film them and you listen to them and you allow them more than a five second sound bite -the amazing complexity of people emerge -and -that -maybe i will never be able to do it but -have plans for -when they finish their high school i will send them to america to study there i will pay for their study -a floor a cold tile floor and it was -it was absolutely revolting it made me sick to my stomach and then what hit me was the night before there had been some kind of bombing -world peace is for people to meet each other ive met a lot of different people over the years and ive filmed some of them from a dot com executive in -al jazeera had shown -images of the people and they were equally if not more horrifying than the images were and i remember having seen it in the al jazeera office and thought to myself -gross thats bad and then going away and probably eating dinner or something and it didnt affect me as much so -impact it had on me me realizing that i just saw people on the other side and those people in the al jazeera office must have felt the way i was feeling that night -it upset me on a profound level that i wasnt bothered as much the night before -it makes me hate war -doesnt make me believe that were in world that can live without war yet -and when we showed the film in both the united states and the arab world -we had such incredible reactions it was amazing to see how people were moved by this film in the arab world and its not really by the film its by the characters i mean josh rushing was this -and sameer you know on the other hand was also quite an interesting character for the arab world to see because it brought out the complexities of this love hate relationship that the arab world has with the west -in the united states i was blown away by the motivations the positive motivations of the american people when -see this film you know were criticized abroad for feeling like were believing were the saviors of the world in some way but the flip side of it is that -power that we need to we feel like we have to get the power to change things and i saw this with audiences this woman came up to me after the screening and said -you know i know this is crazy i saw the bombs being loaded on the planes i saw the military going out to war but you dont understand peoples anger towards us until you see -the people in the hospitals and the victims of the war and how do we get out of this bubble how do we understand what the other person -thinking now i dont know whether a film can change the world but i know that it starts i know the power that i know that it starts people thinking about how to change the world -now im not a philosopher so i feel like i shouldnt go into great depth on this but show you let film speak for itself and take you to this other world because i believe that film has the ability to take you across borders id like you to just sit back -one -so basically -what id like to talk about today is a way for people to travel to meet people in a different way than -a -on -on -even though we know statistically half of them will be divorced -within a decade -and debating which way the toilet paper should come off of the roll -i mean look it doesnt take a double blind placebo controlled study to figure out what makes a marriage not work -year in the united states alone -disrespect -boredom too much -time on facebook having sex with other people but you can have the exact opposite of all of those things respect excitement -what do the folks who make it all the -two thousand and seventy seven zero hundred couples make a legal and spiritual decision to spend the rest of their lives together -solo why should you stop what youre doing and make it your lifes -well researchers spend billions of your tax dollars trying to figure that out they stalk blissful -couples and they study their every move and mannerism and they try to pinpoint what it is that sets them apart from their miserable neighbors and friends and it turns out the success stories share a few similarities -actually beyond they dont have sex with other people for instance in the happiest marriages the wife is thinner and better looking than the husband -to marital bliss because women we care a great deal about being thin and good looking whereas men mostly care about sex -ideally with women who are thinner and better looking than they are -she might say wow honey thank you for going out of your way to make me relatively thinner -these are couples who can -find good in any situation yeah -it was devastating when we lost everything in that fire but its kind of nice sleeping out here under the stars -and its a good thing youve got all that body fat to keep us warm one of my favorite studies found that the more willing a husband is to do house work the more attractive his wife will find him -because we needed a study to tell us this -but heres whats going on here the more attractive -they live happily ever after in other words men you might want to pick it up a notch in the domestic department heres an interesting one -one study found that people who smile in childhood photographs -are less likely to get a divorce this is an actual study and let me clarify the researchers were not looking at -he buys a ring she buys a dress -documented self reports of childhood happiness or even studying old journals the data were based entirely on whether people -looked happy in these early pictures now i dont know how old all of you are -but when i was a kid your parents took pictures with a special kind of camera that held something called film -they go shopping for all sorts of things she takes him to arthur murray for ballroom dancing lessons and the big day comes and theyll stand before god and family and some guy her dad once did business with and theyll vow that nothing -so what else can you do to safeguard your marriage -and its not just successfully starring in films thats dangerous it turns out merely watching a romantic comedy causes relationship satisfaction to plummet -maybe it could happen to us but it obviously hasnt and it probably never will makes our lives seem unbearably grim in comparison and theoretically i suppose -dies in a fiery car crash -drinking alcohol it seems -i cant tell you anymore about that one because i stopped reading it at the headline but heres a scary one divorce -is contagious thats right when you have a close couple friend split up it increases your chances of getting a divorce by seventy five -and viagra and eharmony and im thinking theyve done more for my marriage than a lifetime of therapy ever -physically and emotionally we produce happier more stable and more successful kids -we have more sex than our supposedly swinging single friends believe it or not we even live longer which is a pretty compelling argument for marrying someone you like a lot in the first place -now if youre not currently experiencing the joy of the joint tax return i cant tell you how to find -a chore loving person of the approximately ideal size and attractiveness who prefers horror movies and doesnt have a lot of friends hovering on the brink of divorce but i can only encourage you to try because the benefits as ive pointed out -line is whether youre in it or youre searching for it i believe marriage is an institution worth pursuing and protecting so i hope youll use the information ive given you today to weigh your personal strengths against your own risk factors for instance in my marriage -and we do like a cocktail -also my husband does a lot around the house and would happily never see another romantic comedy as long as he lives so ive got all those things going for me but just in case i plan to work extra hard to not win an oscar anytime soon -and for the good of your relationships i would -until that far off -is finally able to rest in peace -you know because they cant hear the snoring anymore -and then theyll get stupid drunk and smash cake in each others faces and do the macarena and well be there showering them with towels and toasters and drinking their free booze and throwing birdseed at them every single time -i -where are they from the short answer is actually theyre from japan and in kyoto outside there are still small family run bakeries that make fortune cookies as they did over one hundred years ago thirty years before fortune cookies -were introduced in the united states if you see them side by side theres yellow and brown theirs are actually flavored with miso and sesame paste so theyre not as sweet -as our version so how did they get to the united states well the short answer is the japanese immigrants came over and a bunch -more chinese restaurants in this country than mcdonalds burger king kentucky fried chicken and wendys combined forty thousand actually chinese restaurants have played an important role in american history as a matter of fact the cuban missile crisis was resolved in a chinese restaurant called -answer is we locked up all the japanese during world war ii including those that made fortune cookies so thats the time when the chinese moved in kind of saw a market opportunity and -so fortune cookies invented by the japanese popularized by the chinese but ultimately consumed by americans they are more american than anything else another one of my favorite dishes general tsos chicken which by the way in the us naval academy is called admiral tsos chicken -i love this dish the original name in my book was actually called the long march of general tso and he has marched very far indeed because he is sweet he is fried and he is chicken all things that americans love -so far actually that the chef who originally invented the dish doesnt recognize -s in taiwan right now hes retired deaf and plays a lot of mahjong so he after this i showed him he got up and hes like mominqimiao which means this is all nonsense and goes back to play his mahjong game -are importing it as a sort of exotic delicacy i guarantee you general tso never saw a stalk of broccoli in his life and indeed that actually was a picture of general tso i went to his -find chicken believe it or not these guys were actually crossing the road -actually found a whole bunch of general tsos relatives who are still in the little town this guy is now five generations removed from the general this guy is about seven showed them all the pictures of general tso chicken that i showed you and theyre like -we dont know this dish and then theyre like is this chinese food because it doesnt look like chinese food to them but they werent kind -i traveled around the world to visit them because in their eyes he is after all a famous qing dynasty military hero he played an important role in the taiping rebellion which was a war started by a guy who thought he was the son of god and the baby brother of jesus christ -and caused the war that killed twenty million people still the deadliest civil war in the world to this day so you know i realized when i was there general tso is kind of a lot like colonel sanders in america in that hes -for chicken and not war but in china this guys actually known for war and not chicken -thirty years before the americans realized that whoa chop suey is actually not known in china and as this article points out the average native of any city in china knows nothing of chop suey -i like to say chop sueys the biggest culinary joke that one culture has ever played on another because chop suey if you translate into chinese means tsap sui which if you translate back means odds and ends -so these people are going around china asking for chop suey which is sort of like a japanese guy coming here and saying i understand you have a very popular dish in your country called leftovers and -not only that this dish is particularly popular after that holiday you call thanksgiving -eighteen hundreds when the chinese first came to america now back then -shores as alien these people werent eating dogs they were eating cats and they werent eating cats they were eating rats -and not the most pc question to be asked today but if you kind of look at the popular imagery of the time not so outlandish this is actually a real -for rat poison from the late eighteen hundreds and if you see under the word clears very small -which refers not only to the rats but to the chinese in their midst because the way that the food was perceived was -and its not completely gratuitous because wok and roll chinese food and japanese foods so it kind of works out and -for chinese exclusion meat versus rice american manhood against asiatic coolieism which shall survive and it basically made the argument that chinese -men who ate rice would necessarily bring down the standard of living for american men who ate meat and as a matter of fact then this is one of the reasons why we must exclude them from this country so -a group was specifically excluded for its national origin or ethnicity so in a way because the chinese were attacked and chop suey was created as a -chinese guy named lem sen shows up in chinatown new york city and says i want you guys all to stop making chop suey because i am the original creator -and sole proprietor of the dish known as chop suey and the way that he tells it there was a guy there was a famous chinese diplomat that showed up -and he was told to make a dish that looked very popular and could quote pass as chinese and as he said we would never print this today but basically the american man -in america in fact if you think about it chinese food is the most pervasive food on the planet served on all seven continents even antarctica -for example serves thermal stabilized sweet and sour pork on its shuttle menu for its astronauts -there is italian chinese food where they dont have fortune cookies so they serve fried gelato my downstairs neighbor alessandra was completely shocked when i told her dude fried gelato is not chinese shes like its not but they serve it in all the chinese -and even the brits have their own version this is a dish called crispy shredded beef which has a lot of crisp a lot of shred and not a lot of beef -there is west indian chinese food theres jamaican chinese food there is middle eastern chinese food theres mauritian chinese food this is a dish called magic bowl that i discovered -so let me present the question to you if our benchmark for americanness is apple pie -so theres peruvian chinese food which should not be mixed with mexican chinese food where they basically take things and make it look like fajitas -one thing they have things like risotto chop suey my personal favorite of all the restaurants ive encountered around the world was this one in brazil called kung food -has sort of garnered a lot of attention a lot of respect for basically standardizing -you should ask yourself how often do you eat apple pie versus how often do you eat chinese food -i got it from a fortune cookie this actually is a slip that one of the winners had because the -like this cant be true but it was true and basically of those one hundred and ten people and one hundred and four of them or so had gotten their number from the fortune cookie -i went and started looking i went across the country looking for these restaurants where these people had gotten their fortune cookies from -china in omaha which is actually run by koreans but thats another point -and if you think about it -all these people had a very similar experience that converged at a fortune cookie and at a chinese restaurant and all these chinese restaurants were serving fortune cookies which of course we know arent even chinese to begin with -a lot of the foods that you think of or we think of or americans think of as chinese food are barely recognizable to chinese for example beef with broccoli egg rolls -level so a good sort of contrast is -ten years coming out with a chicken like product they did chicken pot pie they did fried chicken and then they finally introduced chicken -ten years and then within a couple of months it was such a hit they just introduced it and rolled it across the entire system of mcdonalds in the country in contrast we have general tsos chicken which actually started in new york city in the early nineteen seventies as i was also starting in the university in new york city in the early nineteen -ideas from one person can be copied and propagated across the entire system that there can be specialized versions of chinese food -you know depending on the region for example you know in new orleans we have cajun chinese food where they serve sichuan alligator and sweet and sour crawfish right and in philadelphia you -which looks like an egg roll on the outside but a cheesesteak on the inside i was really surprised to discover that not only in philadelphia but also in atlanta because what had happened was that a chinese family had moved from atlanta to sorry from philadelphia to atlanta and brought that -our historical lore because of the way we like narratives are full of vast characters such as you know howard schultz of starbucks and ray kroc with mcdonalds and asa chandler with -coca cola but you know its very easy to overlook the smaller characters oops for example like lem sen who introduced chop suey chef peng who introduced -and all the japanese bakers who introduced fortune cookies -so the point of my presentation is to make you think twice -that those whose names are forgotten in history can often have had as much if not more -for example i took a whole bunch of fortune cookies back to china gave them to chinese to see how they would react -what we eat today so thank you very much -im the new governor we can fix this were going to go to greenville with my whole cabinet and we will just make electrolux an offer they cant refuse -so i brought my whole cabinet and we met with all of the pooh bahs of little greenville the mayor the city manager the head of the community college and we basically emptied our -pockets and put all of our chips on the table incentives you name it to convince electrolux to stay and as we made our pile of chips we slid them across the table to the management of electrolux and in the pile were things like zero taxes for twenty years or -they would offer unprecedented concessions sacrifices to just keep those jobs in greenville -so the management of electrolux took our pile our list of incentives and they went outside the room for -seventeen minutes -and they came back in and they said wow this is the most generous any community has ever been to try to keep jobs here -and when they did it was like a nuclear bomb went off in little greenville in fact they did implode the factory thats a guy that is walking on his last day of work -and on the month that the last refrigerator rolled off the assembly line the employees of electrolux in greenville michigan had a gathering for themselves that they called the last supper -it was in a big pavilion in greenville an indoor pavilion and i went to it because i was so frustrated as governor that i couldnt stop the outflow of these jobs -and i wanted to grieve with them and as i went into the room theres thousands of people there it was a just big thing people were eating boxed lunches on roundtop tables and there was a sad band playing music or a band playing sad music probably both -this guy comes up to me and hes got tattoos and his ponytail and his baseball cap on and he had his two daughters with him and he said gov these are my two daughters -he said im forty eight years old and i have worked at this factory -for thirty years i went from high school to factory -my father worked at this factory he said my grandfather worked at this factory -all i know is how to make refrigerators and he looked at his daughters and he puts his hand on his chest and he says so gov tell me -is ever going to hire me -who is ever going to hire me -and that was asked -not just by that guy -but by everyone in the pavilion -and frankly by every worker at one of the fifty thousand factories that closed in the first decade -of this century -enigma number one how do you create jobs in america in a global economy -number two very quickly -lice nickelback the band -so it got me thinking what is it what in the laboratory that i see out there the laboratories of democracy what has happened what policy prescriptions have happened that actually cause changes to occur and that have been accepted in a bipartisan way -so if i asked you for example what was the obama administration policy that caused massive changes across the country what would you say you might say obamacare except for those were not voluntary changes as we know only half the states have opted in we might say the recovery act but those didnt require policy changes -three problems three enigmas that i could not solve and i want to share with you those problems but most importantly -the thing that caused massive policy changes to occur -was race to the top for education why the government put a dollar four point five billion pot and said to the governors across the country compete for it -forty eight governors competed convincing forty eight state legislatures to essentially raise standards for high schoolers so that they all take a college prep curriculum -forty eight states opted in creating a national education policy from the bottom up so i thought well why cant we do something like that and create a clean energy jobs -race to the top because after all if you look at the context -one point six trillion dollars has been invested in the past eight years from the private sector globally -and every dollar represents a job and where are those jobs going well theyre going to places that have policy like china in fact i was in china to see what they were doing and they were putting on a dog and pony show for the group that i was with and i was standing in the back -he says take your time -because they see our passivity as their opportunity so what if we decided to create a challenge to the governors of the country -and the price to entry into this competition used the same amount that -the bipartisan group approved in congress for the race to the top for education four point five billion which sounds like a lot but actually its less than one tenth of one percent of federal spending its a rounding error on the federal side but price to entry into that competition -i think i figured out a proposal for a solution the first problem -would be you could just say use the presidents goal he wants congress to adopt a clean energy standard of eighty percent by two thousand and thirty in other words that youd have to get eighty percent of your energy from clean sources -by the year two thousand and thirty why not ask all of the states -to do that instead and imagine what might happen because every region has something to offer you might take -states like iowa and ohio two very important political states by the way those two governors and they would say were going to lead the nation in producing the wind turbines and the wind energy you might say the solar states the sun belt were going to be the states that produce -solar energy for the country and maybe jerry brown says well im going to create an industry cluster in california to be able to produce the solar panels so that were not buying them -that not just michigan but every state faces is how do you create good jobs in america in a global economy so let me share with you some empirical data from my lab -from china but were buying them from the u s in fact -every region of the country could do this you see youve got solar and wind opportunity all across the nation in fact -if you look just at the upper and northern states in the west they could do geothermal or you could look at texas and say we could lead the nation in the solutions to smart grid -in the middle eastern states which have access to forests and to agricultural waste they might say were going to lead the nation in biofuels in the -region has something to offer and if you created a competition -it respects the states and it respects federalism its opt in you might even get texas and south carolina who didnt opt into the education race to the top you might even get them to opt in why because republican and democratic governors love to cut ribbons we want to bring jobs -im just saying and it fosters innovation at the state level in these laboratories of democracy now any of you who are -watching anything about politics lately might say okay great idea but really congress putting four and a half billion dollars on the table they cant agree to anything so you could wait -and go through congress although you should be very impatient -or you renegades -we could go around congress -go around congress what if -i was elected in two thousand and two and at the end of my first year in office in two thousand and three i got a call from one of my staff members who said gov we have a big problem we have a little tiny community called greenville michigan population eight thousand -we created a private sector challenge to the governors what if several of the high net worth companies and individuals who are here at ted -decided that they would create band together just a couple of them and create a national competition to the governors to have a race to the top and see how the governors -what if you were here -how to crack the code to create good paying jobs in america -and we created a national energy strategy -from the bottom up -because -if you are impatient like i am -you know that our economic competitors our other nations are in the game and are eating us for lunch -and we can -get in the game or not we can be at the table -or we can be on the table -and they are about to lose their major employer which is a refrigerator factory thats operated by electrolux -and i said well how many people work at electrolux and he said -three thousand of the eight thousand people in greenville so it is a one company town and electrolux was going to go to mexico so i said forget that -you cant really directly sense the world around you -driving is dangerous its one of the things that we dont like to think about -way to drive why do we do this because we have to we have to make a choice do i look here or do i look here whats more important and usually we do a fantastic job picking and choosing what we attend to on the road -but occasionally we miss something occasionally we sense something wrong or too late -in countless accidents the driver says i didnt see it coming and i believe that i believe that -we can only watch so much -but the technology exists now that can help us improve that -but the fact that religious icons and good luck charms show up on dashboards around the world betrays the fact that we know this to be true car accidents are the leading cause of death -that have a fixed position and velocity they travel down roads often they travel on pre published routes its really not that hard to make reasonable predictions about where a cars going to be in the near future even if when youre in your car -we can start with something as simple as sharing our position data between cars just sharing gps -if i have a gps and a camera in my car i have a pretty precise idea of where i am and how fast im going with computer vision i can estimate where the cars around me are sort of -i can tell you exactly what happens both models improve -professor bob wang and his team have done computer simulations of what happens when fuzzy estimates combine even in light traffic when cars just share gps data -and weve moved this research out of the computer simulation and into robot test beds that have the actual sensors that are in cars now on these robots stereo cameras gps and the two dimensional laser range finders that are common in backup systems -in people ages sixteen to nineteen in the united states leading cause of death and seventy five percent of these accidents have nothing to do with drugs or alcohol -we also attach a discrete short range communication radio and the robots talk to each other when these robots come at each other they track each others position precisely and they can avoid each other -were now adding more and more robots into the mix and we encountered some problems one of the problems when you get too much chatter its hard to process all the packets -and you can predict the new trajectory so you dont only know that hes going off course you know how and you know which drivers you need to alert to get out of the way and we wanted to do how can we best alert everyone how can these cars whisper you need to get out of the way well it depends on two things one the ability of the car -theyre not probably in the best position to react in an emergency so we started a separate line of research doing driver state modeling and now using a series of three cameras we can detect if a driver is looking forward looking away looking down on the phone or having a cup of coffee -we can predict the accident -and we can predict who which cars are in the best position to move out of the way to calculate the safest route for everyone fundamentally these technologies exist today -by sharing our data willingly we can do whats best for everyone so let your car gossip about you its going to make the roads a lot safer -come up here and choose five and then i can make it into some sort of melody and ill improvise it -yes five cards any five cards -ok -d and f too familiar -would you mind reading them out in the order that you chose them gh ok -you very much gh youre welcome and what about these -now she chose c g b a e im going to try to put that in some sort of order -ok thats nice so im going to have a moment to think and ill try to make something out of it -thank you very much like the speaker before me i am thats the ted virgin i guess im also the first time here and -i have another piece that id like to play for you its called abegg variations by robert schumann a german nineteenth century composer -the name abegg abegg is actually a b e g g and thats the main theme in the melody -that comes from the last name of one of schumanns female friends -but he wrote that for his wife -now comes the part that -because mister anderson told me that this session is called sync and flow i was wondering what do i know that these geniuses don -so ill talk about musical composition even though i dont know where to start how do i compose i think yamaha does a really good job of teaching us how to compose -what i do first is i make a lot of little musical ideas you can just improvise here at the piano and i choose one of those to become my main theme my main melody like the abegg that you just heard -and once i choose my main theme i have to decide out of all the styles in music what kind of style do i -and this year i composed a romantic style so for inspiration i listened to liszt and tchaikovsky and all the great romantic composers -next i make the structure of the entire piece with my teachers they help me plan out the whole piece and then the hard part is filling it in with musical ideas because then you have to think -and then when the piece takes somewhat of a solified form solidified excuse me solidified form youre supposed to -and another thing that i enjoy doing is drawing drawing because i like to draw you know japanese anime art i think thats a craze among teens right now -and once i realized it theres a parallel between creating music and creating art because for your motive or your -like am i going to use one page am i going to draw it on the computer am i going to use a two page spread like a comic book for more grandiose effect i guess -and then you have to do the initial sketch of the character which is like your structure of a piece and then you add pen and pencil and whatever details that you need thats polishing the drawing -and another thing that both of these have in common is your state of mind because i dont im one of those teenagers that are really easily distracted so -im trying to do homework -im trying to do homework and i dont feel like it ill try to draw or you know waste my time -and sometimes if you manage to use your time wisely and work on it youll get something out of it but it doesnt come naturally -what happens is if something magical happens if something natural happens to you youre able to produce all this beautiful stuff instantly -and then thats what i consider flow because thats when everything clicks and youre able to do anything you feel like youre on top of your game and you can do anything you want -im not going to play my own composition today because although i did finish it its way too long instead id like to try something called improvisation -i have here seven note cards one with each note of the musical alphabet and id like someone to come up here and choose five -and if you dont someone can steal it from you so its got cute little game dynamics on it -this is a modest little app its probably the smallest of the twenty one apps that the fellows wrote last year but its doing something that no other government technology does -s a guy in the i t department of the city of honolulu who saw this app and realized that he could use it not for snow but to get citizens to adopt tsunami -so we now know of nine cities that are planning to use this and this has spread just frictionlessly organically naturally -procuring software usually takes a couple of years -ago i started a program to try to get the rockstar tech and design people to take a year off and work in the one environment that represents pretty much everything theyre supposed to hate -we had a team that worked on a project in boston last year that took three people about two and a half months it was a way that parents could figure out which were the right public schools for their kids -we were told afterward that if that had gone through normal channels it would have taken at least two years and it would have cost about two million dollars -and thats nothing there is one project in the california court system right now that so far cost taxpayers two billion dollars and it doesnt work -and there are projects like this at every level of government -so an app that takes -but more like the internet itself -and that means permissionless -it means open it means generative -and thats important but whats more important about this app is that it represents how a new generation is tackling the problem of government not as the problem of an ossified institution but as a problem of collective action -now theres a very large community of people that are building the tools that we need to do things together effectively -its not just code for america fellows there are hundreds of people all over the country that are standing and writing civic -every day in their own communities -they havent given up on government -they are frustrated as hell with it but theyre not complaining about it theyre fixing it -government is at its core in the words of tim oreilly -we have them work in government -what we do together that we cant do alone -now a lot of people have given up on government and if youre one of those people i would ask that you reconsider -because things are changing -politics is not changing government is changing -and because government ultimately derives its power from us remember we the people -how we think about it is going to effect how that change happens -now i didnt know very much about government when i started this program and like a lot of people i thought government was basically about getting people elected to office -the program is called code for america and its a little bit like a peace corps for geeks we select a few fellows every year and we have them work with city governments -if you should ever have the chance to staff your citys call center as our fellow scott silverman did as part of the program in fact they all do that you will find -that people call government with a very wide range of issues including having an opossum stuck in your house so scott gets this call he types opossum into this official knowledge base he doesnt really come up with anything he starts with animal control and finally he says look can you just open all the doors to your house and play music really loud and see if the thing leaves -but that wasnt the end of the opossums boston doesnt just have a call center it has an app a web and mobile app called citizens connect now we didnt write this app this is the work of the very smart people at the office of new urban mechanics in boston so one day this is an actual report this came in opossum in my trashcan cant tell if -instead of sending them off into the third world we send them into the wilds of city hall and there they make great apps they work with city staffers but really what theyre doing is theyre showing whats possible with technology today -and i dont mean necessarily a technological definition of platform here im just talking about a platform for people to help themselves -and it could have connected them with government services if theyd been needed but a neighbor is a far better and cheaper alternative to government services when one neighbor helps another we strengthen our communities -we call animal control it just costs a lot of money -now one of the important things we need to think about government is that its not the same thing as politics and most people get that -but they think that one is the input to the other that our input to the system of government is voting -now how many times have we elected a political leader and sometimes we spend a lot of energy getting a new political leader elected -and then we sit back and we expect government to reflect our values and meet our needs -and then not that much changes -thats because government is like a vast ocean and politics is the six inch layer on top -and whats under that is what we call bureaucracy -and we say that word with such contempt but its that contempt that keeps this thing that we own and we pay for -as something thats working against us this other thing -and then were disempowering ourselves -people seem to think politics is sexy if we want this institution to work for us -were going to have to make bureaucracy sexy because thats where the real work of government happens -we have to engage with the machinery of government so thats occupythesec movement has done have you seen these guys its a group of concerned citizens that have written a very detailed three hundred and twenty five page report -now for those of us whove given up on government its time that we asked ourselves about the world that we want to leave for our children -you have to see the enormous challenges that theyre going to face -do we really think were going to get where we need to go -without fixing the one institution that can act on behalf of all of us -we cant do without government but we do need it to be more effective -the good news is that technology is making it possible to fundamentally reframe the function of government in a way that can actually scale -here it kind of looks like hes looking for a date but what hes really looking for is for someone to shovel him out when he gets snowed in because he knows hes not very good at fighting fires when hes covered in four feet of snow now -by strengthening civil society and theres a generation out there thats grown up on the internet and they know that its not that hard to do things together you just have to architect the systems the right way -now the average age of our fellows is twenty eight so i am begrudgingly almost a generation older than most of them this is a generation thats grown up taking their voices pretty much for granted -theyre not fighting that battle that were all fighting about who gets to speak they all get to speak they can express their opinion on any channel at any time and they do -so when theyre faced with the problem of government they dont care as much about using their voices -theyre using their hands -theyre using their hands to write applications that make government work better -and those applications let us use our hands to make our communities better -and certainly we could have been shoveling out those fire hydrants all along and many people do but these apps are like little digital reminders that were not just consumers -and were not just consumers of government putting in our taxes and getting back services -so the question i have for all of you here -when it comes to the big important things that we need to do together -all of us together -are we just going to be a crowd of voices -or are we also going to be a crowd of hands -now how did he come to be looking for help in this very unique manner -we had a team of fellows in boston last year through the code for america program they were there in february and it snowed a lot in february last year and they noticed that the city never gets to digging out these fire hydrants -but one fellow in particular a guy named erik michaels ober noticed something else and thats that citizens are shoveling out sidewalks right in front of these things -so he did what any good developer would do he wrote an app -we dont know this dish and then theyre like is this chinese food because it doesnt look like chinese food to them but they werent kind of -and caused the war that killed twenty million people still the deadliest civil war in the world to this day so you know i realized when i was there general tso is kind of a lot like colonel sanders in america in that -but the granddaddy of all the chinese american dishes we probably ought to talk about is chop suey which was introduced around the turn of the twentieth century -and according to new york times in one thousand nine hundred and four there was an outbreak of chinese restaurants all over town and the city has gone chop suey -chop suey is actually not known in china and as this article points out the average native of any city in china knows nothing of chop suey you know back then it was a way to show that you were sophisticated and cosmopolitan if you were a guy and you wanted to impress a girl you could take her out on a chop suey date -and not the most pc question to be asked today but if you kind of look at the popular imagery of the time not so outlandish this is actually a real -in their midst because the way that the food was perceived was -that these people who ate foods different from us must be different from us and another way that you saw sort of this sort of this antipathy towards the chinese is through documents like this this is actually in the library of congress it is a pamphlet published by samuel gompers hero of our american labor movement and its called some reason -for chinese exclusion meat versus rice american manhood against asiatic coolieism which shall survive and it basically made the argument that chinese men who ate rice would necessarily bring down the standard of living for american men who ate meat -and as a matter of fact then this is one of the reasons why we must exclude them from this country so with sentiments like these the chinese exclusion act was sort of -a group was specifically excluded for its national origin or ethnicity so in a way because the chinese were attacked chop suey was created as a -americans love their chinese food so much theyve actually brought it into space -because monday night is chinese food night at mcmurdo station which is the main scientific station in antarctica -so you see different varieties of chinese food for example there is french chinese food where they serve salt and pepper frog legs -there is west indian chinese food theres jamaican chinese food there is middle eastern chinese food theres mauritian chinese food this is a dish called magic bowl that i discovered theres indian chinese food korean chinese food japanese chinese food where they take the bao the little buns and they make them into pizza versions -and if you think about it -you know there are a bunch of them including -is that their stories were similar but they were different it was lunch it was take out it was sit down it was buffet it was three weeks ago it was three months ago but at some point all these people had a very similar experience that converged at a fortune cookie and at a chinese restaurant -a lot of the foods that you think of or we think of or americans think of as chinese food -and all these chinese restaurants were serving fortune cookies which of course we know arent even chinese to begin with so it -like in ant colonies where little decisions made by on the micro level actually have a big impact -chicken mcnuggets mcdonalds actually spent ten years coming out with a chicken -are barely recognizable to chinese for example beef with broccoli egg rolls -you know in new orleans we have cajun chinese food where they serve sichuan alligator and sweet and sour crawfish right and in philadelphia you have -philadelphia cheesesteak roll which looks like an egg roll on the outside but a cheesesteak on the inside i was really surprised to discover that not only in philadelphia but also in atlanta because what had happened was that a chinese family had moved from atlanta to sorry from philadelphia to atlanta and brought -so the point of my presentation is to make you think twice -that those -whose names are forgotten in history can often have had as much if not more impact on what we eat today so thank you very much -and it then made me think about a glass of water which is clear if you put one drop -one drop of something in that water itll change it forever by working together we can create peace one day thank you ted -so i was thinking about peace and then i was thinking well wheres the starting point for peace and that was when i had the idea there was no starting point for peace there was no day of global unity there was no day of intercultural cooperation there was no day when humanity came together separate in all of those things and just shared it together that were in this together -and that if we united and we interculturally cooperated then that might be the key to humanitys survival that might shift the level of consciousness around the fundamental issues that humanity faces if we did it just for a day -so obviously we didnt have any money i was living at my moms place and we started writing letters to everybody you very quickly work out what is it that youve got to do -basically concerned about what was going on in the world i couldnt understand the starvation the destruction the killing of innocent people making sense of those things is a very difficult thing to do and when i was twelve i became an actor i was bottom of the class i havent got any qualifications -he was a prisoner of war he saw the bomb go off at nagasaki it poisoned his blood he died when i was eleven so he was like my hero and the reason why twenty one was the number is seven hundred men left -and actually let me go back to that slide because -when we launched it in one thousand nine hundred and ninety nine this idea to create the first ever day of ceasefire and non violence we invited thousands of people well not thousands hundreds of people lots of people all the press because we were going to try and create the first ever world peace day a peace day -the oau at the time led by salim ahmed salim said i must get the african countries involved dr oscar arias nobel peace laureate president now of costa rica said ill do everything that i can so i went and saw amr moussa at the league of arab states i met mandela at the arusha peace talks and so on and so on and so on while i was building the case to prove -and ive always spoken to women and children wherever ive gone -i was told i was dyslexic in fact i have -and it was this stuff this -where i actually was in the beginning kind of thinking no matter what happened it didnt actually matter it didnt matter if it didnt create a day of peace the fact is that if i tried and it didnt work then i could make a statement about how unwilling the global community is to unite -until it was in somalia picking up that young girl and this young child whod taken about an inch and a half out of her leg with no antiseptic and that young boy who was a child soldier who told me hed killed people he was about twelve these things made me realize that this was not a film that i could just stop -and that actually at that moment something happened to me which obviously made me go im going to document if this is the only film that i ever make im going to document until this becomes a reality -because weve got to stop weve got to do something where we unite separate from all the politics and religion that as a young person is confusing me i dont know how to get involved in that process -and then on the seventh of september -i was invited to new york the costa rican government and the british government had put forward to the united nations general assembly with fifty four co sponsors the idea of the first ever ceasefire nonviolence day the twenty first of september as a fixed calendar date and it was unanimously adopted by every head of state in the world -and then being an actor i was doing these different kinds of things and i felt the content of the work that i was involved in really wasnt cutting it that there surely had to be more and at that point i read a book by frank barnaby this wonderful nuclear physicist and he said that media had a responsibility that all sectors of society -and it was eight zero am when i stood there and i was waiting for him to come down and i knew that he was on his way -and obviously he never came down the statement was never made the world was never told there was a day of global ceasefire and nonviolence and it was obviously a tragic moment for the thousands of people who lost their lives there and then subsequently all over the world -it never happened and i remember thinking this is exactly why actually we have to work even harder -and we have to make this day work its been created nobody knows but we have to continue this journey -and we have to tell people and we have to prove it can work and i left new york -children can lead their projects they can unite they can come together if people would stop lives will be saved thats what id heard and id heard that -from the people who really understood what conflict was about -and so i went back to the united nations i decided that id continue filming and make another movie and i went back to the u n for another couple of years we started moving around the corridors of the u n system governments -god bless them they said okay well have a go and then unama became involved in afghanistan -and so i went back to london and i went and saw this chap jude law -and i saw him because he was an actor i was an actor i had a connection to him because we needed to get to the press we needed this attraction -we needed the media to be involved because if we start pumping it up a bit maybe more people would listen and -you want to come with me itd be really interesting if you came it would help and bring attention and that attention would help leverage the situation -and we found ourselves in afghanistan -it was a really incredible thing that when we landed there i was talking to various people and they were saying to me youve got to get everybody involved here you cant just expect it to work you have to get out and work and we did and we traveled around and we spoke to elders we spoke to doctors we spoke to nurses -we held press conferences we went out with soldiers we sat down with isaf we sat down with nato we sat down with the u k government i mean we basically sat down with everybody in and out of schools with ministers of education -and then i thought well maybe i could do something maybe i could become a filmmaker maybe i can use the form of film constructively to in some way make a difference maybe theres a little change i can get involved in so i started thinking about peace -absolutely instrumental in what went on as she was the spokesperson for the resistance against the russians and her afghan network was just absolutely everywhere and she was really crucial in getting the message in -and then we went home wed sort of done it we had to wait now and see what happened and i got home and i remember one of the team bringing in a letter to me from the taliban and that letter basically said well observe this day we will observe this day we see it as a window of opportunity -and we will not engage were not going to engage and that meant that humanitarian workers wouldnt be kidnapped or killed and then suddenly i obviously knew at this point there was a chance and days later one point six million children were vaccinated against polio as a consequence of everybody stopping -because these people in afghanistan were the heroes -they were the people who believed -in peace and the possibilities of it etc etc and they made it real and we wanted to go back and show them the film and say look you guys made this possible and thank you very much and we gave the film over obviously -it was shown and it was amazing and then that year that year two thousand and eight this isaf statement from kabul afghanistan september seventeenth general stanley mcchrystal commander of international security assistance forces in afghanistan announced today isaf will not conduct offensive military operations on the twenty first of september -seventy percent reduction in violence on this day at least and that completely blew my mind almost more than anything and i remember being stuck in new york this time because of the volcano which was obviously much less harmful and i was there thinking about what was going on and i kept thinking about this seventy percent -and i was obviously as i said to you very much moved by these images trying to make sense of that could i go and speak to older and wiser people who would tell me how they made sense of the things that are going on -seventy percent reduction in violence in what everyone said was completely impossible and you couldnt do and that made me think that if we can get seventy percent in afghanistan then surely we can get seventy percent reduction everywhere we have to go for a global truce -we have to utilize this day of ceasefire and nonviolence and go for a global truce go for the largest recorded cessation of hostilities both domestically and internationally ever recorded thats exactly what we must do -and on the twenty first of september this year were going to launch that campaign at the o two arena to go for that process to try and create the largest recorded cessation of hostilities and we will utilize all kinds of things have a dance and social media and visiting on facebook and visit the website sign the petition and its in the six official languages of the united nations -and well globally link with government inter government non government education unions sports -of the largest ever global truce well make a new film about this process well utilize sport and football on the day of peace theres thousands of football matches all played from the favelas of brazil to wherever it might be so utilizing all of these ways to inspire individual action -and ultimately we have to try that we have -because its obviously incredibly frightening but i realized that having been messing around with structure as an actor that a series of sound bites in itself wasnt enough -brought about by individuals i was with brahimi ambassador brahimi i think hes one of the most incredible men in relation to international politics in afghanistan in iraq hes an amazing man and i sat with him a few weeks ago and i said to him mr brahimi is this nuts -i said what would you do would you go to governments and lobby and use the system he said no -id talk to the individuals its all about the individuals its all about you and me its all about partnerships its about your constituencies its about your businesses -the really scary things though are the physical chemical oceanographic things that are happening as the surface of the ocean gets warmer -water is lighter when its warmer it becomes harder and harder to turn the ocean over we say it becomes more strongly stratified -the consequence of that is that all those nutrients that fuel the great anchoveta fisheries of the sardines of california or in -or whatever those slow down and those fisheries collapse and at the same time water from the surface which is rich in oxygen doesnt make it down and -ocean turns into a desert so the question is how are we all going to respond to this and we can do all sorts of things to fix it -but in the final analysis the thing we really need to fix is ourselves its not about the fish its not about the pollution its not about the climate change its about us -and our greed and our need for growth and our inability to imagine a world which is different from the selfish world we live in today -so the question is will we respond to this or not i would say that the future of life and the dignity of human beings depends on our doing that thank you -twenty five to fifty feet high and the reefs disappeared and new islands formed and we thought well -real smart we know that hurricanes have always happened in the past and we -died and within a few months after that sea urchin dying the seaweed started to grow and that is the same -im an ecologist mostly a coral reef ecologist i started out in chesapeake bay and went diving in the winter and became a tropical ecologist -thats the same reef fifteen years ago thats the same reef today the coral reefs of the north coast of jamaica have a few percent live coral cover -and a lot of seaweed and slime and thats more or less the story of the coral reefs of the caribbean and increasingly tragically -the coral reefs worldwide now thats my little depressing story all of us in our sixties and seventies have comparable depressing stories there are tens of thousands -of those stories out there and its really hard to conjure up much of a sense of well being because it just keeps getting worse and the reason it keeps getting worse is that after -a natural catastrophe like a -it used to be that there was some kind of successional sequence of recovery but whats going on now is that overfishing and pollution and climate change -are all interacting in a way that prevents that and so im going to sort of go through and talk about those three -kinds of things we hear a lot about the collapse of cod its difficult to imagine that two or some historians would say three world wars -were fought during the colonial era for the control of cod cod fed most of the people of western europe it fed the slaves brought -to the antilles the song jamaica farewell aki rice salt fish are nice is an emblem of the importance of salt cod -from northeastern canada it all collapsed in the eighties and the nineties thirty five thousand people lost their jobs and that was the beginning of a kind of serial depletion -and it was really a lot of fun for about ten years i mean -from bigger and tastier species to smaller and not so tasty species from species that were near to home to species that were all around the world -and what have you its a little hard to understand that because you can go to a costco in the united states and buy cheap fish you ought to read the label to find out where it came from but its still cheap and everybody thinks its -and its hard to communicate this and so one way that i think is really interesting is to talk about sport fish -because people like to go out and catch fish its one of those things this picture here shows the trophy fish -the biggest fish caught by people who pay a lot of money to get on a boat go to a place off of key west in florida drink a lot of beer throw a lot of hooks and lines into the water -come back with the biggest and the best fish and the champion trophy fish are put on this board where people take a picture and this guy is obviously really excited about that fish -somebody pays you to go around and travel and look at some of the most beautiful places on the planet and that was what i did -well thats what its like now but this is what it was like in the nineteen fifties from the same boat in the same place on the same board on the same dock -and the trophy fish were so big that you couldnt put any of those small fish up on it and the average size trophy fish weighed two hundred and fifty to three hundred -goliath groper and if you wanted to go out and kill something you could pretty much count on being able to catch one of those fish and they tasted really good -and thats everywhere its not just the fish though that are disappearing industrial fishing uses big stuff big machinery -we use nets that are twenty miles long we use long lines that have one million or two million -and we trawl which means to take something the size of a tractor trailer truck that weighs thousands and thousands of pounds -put it on a big chain and drag it across the sea floor to stir up the bottom and catch the fish -and think of it as being kind of the bulldozing of a city or of a forest because it clears it away and the habitat destruction is unbelievable -this is photograph a typical photograph of what the continental shelves of the world look like -and i ended up in jamaica in the west indies where the coral reefs were really among the most extraordinary structurally that i ever saw in my life and this picture here -you can see the rows in the bottom the way you can see the rows in a field that has just been plowed to plant corn what that was -was a forest of sponges and coral which is a critical habitat for the development of fish what it is now is mud -and the area of the ocean floor that has been transformed from forest to level mud to parking lot is equivalent -to the entire area of all the forests that have ever been cut down on all of the earth in the history of humanity and weve managed to do that in the last one hundred to one hundred and fifty years -we tend to think of oil spills and mercury and we hear a lot about plastic these days and all of that stuff is really disgusting but whats really insidious is the biological pollution that happens -because of the magnitude of the shifts that it causes to entire ecosystems and -just talk very briefly about two kinds of biological pollution one is introduced species and the other is what comes from nutrients -so this is the infamous caulerpa taxifolia the so called killer algae a book was written about it -its a bit of an embarrassment it was accidentally released from the aquarium in monaco it was -to be cold tolerant to have in peoples aquaria its very pretty and it has rapidly started to overgrow -very rich biodiversity of the northwestern mediterranean i dont know how many of you remember the movie the little shop of horrors but this is the plant of the little -shop of horrors but instead of devouring the people in the shop what its doing is overgrowing and smothering virtually all of the bottom dwelling life -of the entire northwestern mediterranean sea we dont know anything that eats it were trying to do all sorts of genetics -its really interesting it shows two things first of all its in black and white because the water was so clear and you could see so far and film was so slow -and figure out something that could be done but as it stands its the monster from hell about which nobody knows what to do -now another form of pollution thats biological pollution is what happens from excess nutrients the green revolution all of this artificial nitrogen fertilizer we used too much of it its subsidized which is one of the reasons -we used too much of it it runs down the rivers and it feeds the plankton the little microscopic plant cells in the coastal water but since we ate all the oysters and we ate all the fish that would eat the plankton theres nothing -the plankton and theres more and more of it so it dies of old age which is unheard of for plankton and when it dies it falls to the bottom and then it rots which means that bacteria break it down and in the -process they use up all the oxygen and in using up all the oxygen they make the environment utterly lethal for anything that cant swim away and so what we end up with -a microbial zoo dominated by bacteria and jellyfish as you see on the left in front of you and the only fishery left and it is a commercial fishery -is the jellyfish fishery you see on the right where there used to be prawns even in newfoundland where we used to catch cod we now have a jellyfish fishery -and another version of this sort of thing is what is often called red tides or toxic blooms that picture is just staggering to me i have talked about it a million times -in the nineteen sixties and the early seventies you took pictures in black and white the other thing it shows you is that although theres this beautiful forest of coral there are no fish in that picture -its unbelievable in the upper right of that picture on the left is almost the mississippi delta and the lower left -of that picture is the texas mexico border youre looking at the entire northwestern gulf of mexico your looking at one toxic dinoflagellate bloom that can kill fish made by that beautiful little creature -on the lower right and in the upper right you see this black sort of cloud moving to shore thats the same species -and as it comes to shore and the wind blows and little droplets of the water get into the air the emergency rooms of all the hospitals fill up with people with acute respiratory distress -and thats retirement homes on the west coast of florida a friend and i did this thing in hollywood we called hollywood ocean night and i was trying to figure out how to explain to actors -whats going and i said so imagine youre in a movie called escape from malibu because all the beautiful people have moved to north dakota where its clean and safe -and then this is amazing it was when i was on holiday last early autumn in france this is from the coast of brittany which is being enveloped in this green algal slime -the reason that it attracted so much attention besides the fact that its disgusting is that sea birds flying over it -by the smell and die and a farmer died of it and you can imagine the scandal that happened -and so theres this war between the farmers and the fishermen about it all and the net result is that the beaches of brittany have to be bulldozed of this stuff on a regular basis -and then of course theres climate change and we all know about climate change and i guess the iconic figure of it is the melting of the ice in the arctic sea -think about the thousands and thousands of people who died trying to find the northwest passage well the northwest is already there i think its sort of funny its on the siberian coast maybe the russians will charge tolls -those reefs at discovery bay jamaica were the most studied coral reefs in the world for twenty years -the governments of the world are taking this really seriously the military of the arctic nations is taking it really seriously for all the denial of climate change by government leaders -the c i a and the navies of norway and the u s and canada whatever are busily -thinking about how they will secure their territory in this inevitability from their point of view and of course arctic communities are toast -the other kinds of effects of climate change this is coral bleaching its a beautiful picture right all that white coral except its supposed to be brown and what happens is that the corals are a symbiosis and they have these little -algal cells that live inside them and the algae give the corals sugar and the corals give the algae nutrients and protection -we were the best and the brightest people came to study our reefs from australia which is sort of funny because now we go to theirs and -but when it gets too hot the algae cant make the sugar the corals say you cheated you didnt pay your rent they kick them out and then -not all of them die some of them survive some more are surviving but its really bad news to try and give you a sense of this imagine you go camping in july somewhere in europe or in north america -and you wake up the next morning and you look around you and you see that eighty percent of the trees as far as you can see have dropped their leaves and are standing there naked -and you come home and you discover that eighty percent of all the trees in north america and in europe have dropped their leaves and then you read in the paper a few weeks later oh by the way a quarter of those died -and then the really scary thing about all of this the overfishing the pollution and the climate change is that each thing doesnt happen in a vacuum -but there are these what we call positive feedbacks the synergies among them that make the whole vastly greater than the sum of the parts and the great scientific challenge -for people like me in thinking about all this is do we know how to put humpty dumpty back together again i mean because we at this point we can protect it but what does that mean we -really dont know so what are the oceans going to be like in twenty or fifty years -the view of scientists about how coral reefs work how they ought to be was based on these reefs without any fish -and dead zones will get bigger and bigger and theyll start to merge and we can imagine something like the dead zonification of the global -coastal ocean then you sure wont want to eat fish that were raised in it because would be a kind of gastronomic russian roulette sometimes you have a toxic bloom sometimes you dont that doesnt -so fine we have a body clock and it turns out that its incredibly important in our lives its a huge driver for culture -and i think that its the most underrated force on our behavior -we evolved as a species near the equator and so were very well equipped to deal with twelve hours of daylight and twelve hours of darkness -but of course weve spread to every corner of the globe and in arctic canada where i live -we have perpetual daylight in summer and twenty four hours of darkness in winter so the culture the northern aboriginal culture traditionally has been highly seasonal in winter -theres a lot of sleeping going on you enjoy your family life inside and in summer its almost manic hunting and working activity very long hours -start with day and night -in the sort of ideal sense -life evolved under conditions of light and darkness light and then darkness and so plants and animals developed their own internal clocks so that they would be ready for these changes in light -and during this time theres a surge of prolactin the likes of which a modern day never sees -the people in these studies -report feeling so awake during the daytime that they realize -theyre experiencing true wakefulness for the first time -shift work -and you know our modern ways of doing things have their advantages -but i believe we should understand the costs thank you -these are chemical clocks and theyre found in every known being that has two or more cells and in some that only have one cell -ill give you an example if you take a horseshoe crab off the beach and you fly it all the way across the continent and you drop it into a sloped cage -it will scramble up the floor of the cage as the tide is rising on its home shores and itll skitter down again right as the water is receding thousands of miles away -and its incredible to watch but theres nothing psychic or paranormal going on its simply that these crabs have internal cycles that correspond usually with whats going on around it -so no matter how atypical these subjects would have to be they all show the same thing they get up just a little bit later every day say fifteen minutes or so and they kind of drift all the way around the clock like this over the course of the weeks and so in this way we know that they are working on their own internal clocks rather than somehow sensing the day outside -and they kind of drift all the way around the clock like this over the course of the weeks and so in this way we know that they are working on their own internal clocks rather than somehow sensing the day outside -so fine we have a body clock and it turns out that its incredibly important in our lives its a huge driver for culture and i think that its the most underrated force on our behavior -we evolved as a species near the equator and so were very well equipped to deal with twelve hours of daylight and twelve hours of darkness -but of course weve spread to every corner of the globe and in arctic canada where i live we have perpetual daylight in summer and twenty four hours of darkness in winter -so the culture the northern aboriginal culture traditionally has been highly seasonal in winter -so what would our natural rhythm look like what would our sleeping patterns be -again they sleep from about two zero am until sunrise and in between they have a couple of hours of sort of meditative quiet in bed -life evolved under conditions of light and darkness light and then darkness and so plants and animals developed their own internal clocks so that they would be ready for these changes in -and during this time theres a surge of prolactin the likes of which a modern day never sees -the people in these studies -so cut to the modern day were living in a culture of jet lag global travel twenty four hour business -shift work -you know our modern ways of doing things have their advantages -but i believe we should -ill give you an example if you take a horseshoe crab off the beach and you fly it all the way across the continent and you drop it into a sloped cage -it will scramble up the floor of the cage -as the tide is rising on its home shores and itll skitter down again right as the water is receding thousands of miles away -do this for weeks until it kind of gradually loses the -and its incredible to watch but theres nothing psychic or paranormal going on its simply that these crabs have internal cycles that correspond usually with whats going on around it -so -we have this ability as well and in humans we call it the body clock -you can see this most clearly when you take away someones watch and you shut them into a bunker deep underground for a couple of months people actually volunteer for this and they usually come out kind of raving about their productive time in the -so no matter how atypical these subjects would have to be they all show the same thing they get up just a little bit later every day say fifteen minutes or so -exactly one weeks worth of undies is all i put in my suitcase i was betting that id be able to find everything else i could possible want to wear once i got here to palm springs and since you dont know me as the woman walking around ted in her underwear -monday color is powerful it is almost physiologically impossible to be in a bad mood when youre wearing bright red pants -people to you tuesday fitting -ive spent a whole lot of my life trying to be myself and at the same time fit in just be who you are if you are surrounding yourself with the right people they will not only get it -they will appreciate it -wednesday embrace your inner child sometimes people tell me that i look like im playing dress up or that i remind them of their seven year old i like to smile and say thank you thursday confidence -is key if you think -you look good in something -you almost certainly do and if you dont think you look good in something youre also probably right i grew up with a mom who taught me this day in and day out but it wasnt until i turned thirty that i really got what this meant and im going to break it down for you for just a second -if you believe youre a beautiful person inside and out there is no look that you cant pull off so there is no excuse for any of us here in this audience we should be able to rock anything we want to rock -everything -developing your own unique personal style is a really great way to tell the world something about you without having to say a word -its been proven to me time and time again as people have walked up to me this week simply because of what im wearing and weve had great conversations so obviously this is not all going to fit back in my tiny suitcase so before i go home to brooklyn im going to donate everything back because the lesson im trying to learn myself this week -and on my wallet i get to meet all kinds of great people my dollars usually go to a good cause i look pretty unique -i want to get back to my suitcase and tell you what -we looked at rooms that were naturally ventilated where the hospital let us turn off the mechanical ventilation in a wing of the building and pry open the windows that were no longer operable but they made them operable for our study and we also sampled the outdoor air if you look at the x axis of this graph -youll see that what we commonly want to do which is keeping the outdoors out we accomplished that with mechanical ventilation so if you look at the green data points which is air thats outside youll see that theres a large amount of microbial diversity or variety of microbial types -but if you look at the blue data points which is mechanically ventilated air its not as diverse -but being less diverse is not necessarily good for our health if you look at the y axis of this graph youll see that in the mechanically ventilated air you have a higher probability of encountering a potential pathogen or germ -that tells you something about how related the microbial communities are in the different samples the data points that are closer together have microbial communities that are more similar than data points that are far apart and the first things that you can see from this graph is if you look at the blue data points which are the mechanically ventilated air -theyre not simply a subset of the green data points which are the outdoor air what weve found is that mechanically ventilated air looks like humans it has microbes on it that are commonly associated -with our skin and with our mouth our spit and this is because were all constantly shedding microbes so all of you right now are sharing your microbes with one another -and when youre outdoors that type of air has microbes that are commonly associated with plant leaves and with dirt -with trillions of life forms invisible to the naked eye microorganisms buildings are complex ecosystems that are an important source of microbes that are good for us and some that are bad for us -why does this matter it matters because the health care industry is the second most energy intensive industry in the united states -hospitals use two and a half times the amount of energy as office buildings and the model that were working with in hospitals and also with many many different buildings is to keep the outdoors out and this model may not necessarily be the best for our health -and given the extraordinary amount of nosocomial infections or hospital acquired infections -thinking about buildings using an ecosystem framework where we can promote the kinds of microbes that we want to have indoors -ive heard somebody say that youre as healthy as your gut and for this reason many people eat probiotic yogurt so they can promote a healthy gut flora -what determines the types and distributions of microbes indoors -buildings are colonized by airborne microbes that enter through windows and through mechanical ventilation systems and they are brought inside by humans and other creatures -the fate of microbes indoors depends on complex interactions with humans and with the human built environment and today architects and biologists are working together to explore smart building design that will create healthy buildings for us -we spend an extraordinary amount of time in buildings that are extremely controlled environments like this building here -environments that have mechanical ventilation systems that include filtering heating and air conditioning given the amount of time that we spend indoors its important to understand how this affects our health -at the biology and the built environment center we carried out a study in a hospital where we sampled air and pulled the dna out of microbes in the air and we looked at three different types of rooms we looked at rooms that were mechanically ventilated which are the data points in the blue -this is the lillis business complex at the university of oregon and i worked with a team of architects and biologists to sample over three hundred rooms in this building we wanted to get something like a fossil record of the building and to do this we sampled dust -from the dust we pulled out bacterial cells broke them open and compared their gene sequences this means -so im going to show you now first what we found in the offices and were going to look at the data through a visualization tool that ive been working on in partnership with autodesk -the way that you look at this data is first -look around the outside of the circle youll see broad bacterial groups and if you look at the shape of this pink lobe it tells you something about the relative abundance of each group so at twelve oclock youll see that offices have a lot of alphaproteobacteria and at one oclock youll see that bacilli are relatively rare -lets take a look at whats going on in different space types in this building if you look inside the restrooms they all have really similar ecosystems -and if you were to look inside the classrooms those also have similar ecosystems but if you look across these space types you can see that theyre fundamentally different from one another -i like to think of bathrooms like a tropical rainforest i told tim if you could just see the microbes its kind of like being in costa rica kind of and i also like to think of offices as being a temperate grassland -this perspective is a really powerful one for designers -because you can bring on principles of ecology and a really important principle of ecology is dispersal the way organisms move around we know that microbes are dispersed around by people and by air so the very first thing we wanted to do in this building was look at the air system -mechanical engineers design air handling units to make sure that people are comfortable that the air flow and temperature is just right -they do this using principles of physics and chemistry but they could also be using biology -if you look at the microbes in one of the air handling units in this building youll see that theyre all very similar to one another and if you compare this to the microbes in a different air handling unit youll see that theyre fundamentally different -the rooms in this building are like islands in an archipelago and what that means is that mechanical engineers are like eco engineers and they have the ability to structure biomes in this building the way that they want to -as we design these things we could be thinking about designing these invisible worlds and also thinking about how they interact with our personal ecosystems -facet of how microbes get around is by people and designers often cluster rooms together to facilitate interactions among people or the sharing of ideas like in labs and in offices -given that microbes travel around with people you might expect to see rooms that are close together have really similar biomes and that is exactly what we found -if you look at classrooms right adjacent to one another they have very similar ecosystems but if you go to an office that is a farther walking distance away the ecosystem is fundamentally different -and when i see the power that dispersal has on these biogeographic patterns it makes me think that its possible to tackle really challenging -problems like hospital acquired infections i believe this has got to be in part a building ecology problem -i am collaborating with charlie brown hes an architect -and charlie is deeply concerned about global climate change hes dedicated his life to sustainable design when he met me and realized that it was possible for him to study in a quantitative way how his design choices impacted -the ecology and biology of this building he got really excited because it added a new dimension to what he did he went from thinking just about energy to also starting to think about human health -our bodies are home to trillions of microbes and these creatures define who we are the microbes in your gut can influence your weight and your moods the microbes on your skin can help boost your immune system the microbes in your mouth can freshen your breath or not -he helped design some of the air handling systems in this building and the way it was ventilated so what im first going to show you is air that we sampled outside of the building -what youre looking at is a signature of bacterial communities in the outdoor air and how they vary over time -next im going to show you what happened when we experimentally manipulated classrooms we blocked them off at night so that they got no ventilation a lot of buildings are operated this way probably where you work and companies do this to save money on their energy bill -what we found is that these rooms remained relatively stagnant until saturday when we opened the vents up again -contrast this to rooms that were designed using a sustainable passive design strategy where air came in from the outside through louvers -in these rooms the air tracked the outdoor air relatively well and when charlie saw this he got really excited he felt like he had made a good choice with the design process because it was both energy efficient and it washed away the buildings resident microbial landscape -and the key thing is that our personal ecosystems interact with ecosystems on everything we touch so for example when you touch a pencil microbial exchange happens -if we can design the invisible ecosystems in our surroundings this opens a path to influencing our health in unprecedented ways -i get asked all of the time from people is it possible to really design microbial ecosystems and i believe the answer is yes i think were doing it right now but were doing it unconsciously -im going to share data with you from one aspect of my research focused on architecture that demonstrates how through both conscious and unconscious design were impacting these invisible worlds -me the best way to be inspired to try is to stop and to listen to someone elses story and im grateful that ive gotten to do that here at ted -and im grateful that whenever i do that guaranteed i am inspired i am inspired by the person i am listening to and i believe more and more every time i listen in that that persons potential -to do great things in the world and in my own potential to maybe help and that forget the tools forget the moving around of resources that -that is what can make our stories into love stories and our collective story into one that continually perpetuates hope -and good things for all of us so that this belief in each other knowing that without a doubt -that every day in whatever you do thats what i believe will change the world and make tomorrow better than today -me to help them and give them things which i was excited to do but i didnt know how it was going to work and i didnt know what would happen when i ran out of things to give -i saw pictures and images frequently of sadness and suffering i heard about things that were going wrong in the lives of the poor i heard about disease i heard about war -the stories we tell about each other -because i wasnt doing more apparently to make things better and i even felt a sense of shame because of that and so -now i still gave on the outside it looked like i was still quite involved i gave of my time and my money i gave when solutions were on sale the cost of a cup of coffee can save a childs life right i mean who can argue with that i gave when i was -matter very much the stories we tell ourselves about our own lives matter -was difficult to avoid and i gave in general when the negative emotions built up enough that i gave to relieve my own suffering not someone elses the truth be told -i was giving out of that place not out of a genuine place of hope and excitement to help and of generosity it became a transaction for me became sort of a trade i was purchasing something i was -buying my right to go on with my day and not necessarily be bothered by this bad news and i think the way that we go through that sometimes can -i think that exchange can actually get in the way of the very thing that we want most it can get in the way of our desire to really be meaningful and useful in another persons life and in short to love -and most of all i think the way that we participate in each others stories is of deep importance i was six years old -this is new to you as well think of that as financial services -tiny loan that could help someone start or grow a business now when i heard him speak it was exciting for a number of reasons first and foremost i learned about this new method of change in the world -that for once showed me maybe a way to interact with someone and to give to share of a resource in a way that wasnt weird and didnt make me feel bad that was exciting but -more importantly he told stories about the poor that were different than any stories i had heard before in fact those individuals he talked about who were poor was sort of a side note he was talking about strong smart -i first heard stories about the poor now i didnt hear those stories from the poor themselves i heard them from my sunday school teacher and jesus kind of via my sunday school teacher -it was an amazing sort of insight for me and i in fact was so deeply moved by this its hard to express now how much that affected me but i was so moved that i actually quit my job a few weeks later -the first time i was starting to get to be friends with some of those people in that big amorphous group out there that was supposed to be far away -did hear stories of life change and amazing little details of change so i would hear from goat herders who had used that money that they had received -and they would make really interesting little adjustments in their lives like they would start to send their children to school they might be able to buy mosquito nets -these beautiful details of life change that were meaningful to them that was another thing that really touched me it was really humbling to see for the first time to really understand that -i remember learning that people who were poor needed something material food clothing shelter that they didnt have -another interesting thing happened while i was there i never once was asked for a donation which had kind of been my mode right theres poverty you give money to help -no one asked me for a donation in fact no one wanted me to feel bad for them at all if anything they just wanted to be able to do more of what they were doing already and to build on their own capabilities so what i did hear once in a while was that people wanted -i thought that sounded very reasonable and really exciting and by the way i was a philosophy and poetry major in school so i didnt know the difference between profit and revenue when i went to east africa i just got this impression that -so this idea that these new stories of business and hope might be shared with my friends and family and through that maybe we could get some of the money that they needed -to be able to continue their businesses as loans thats this little idea that turned into kiva a few months later i went back to uganda with a digital camera and a basic website that my partner matthew and i had kind of built -pictures of seven -their stories these stories of entrepreneurship up on the website spammed friends and family and said we think this is legal havent heard back yet from sec on all the details but do you say -they were paid and their businesses in fact grew and they were able to support themselves and change the trajectory of their lives in october of five -the second year it was a total of fifteen million the third year the total was up to around forty the fourth year we were just short of one hundred and today less than five years in kivas facilitated more than one hundred and fifty million dollars in little twenty five dollar bits -from lenders and entrepreneurs more than a million of those collectively in two hundred countries so thats where kiva is today just to bring you right up to the present and while those numbers and those statistics are really fun to talk about and theyre interesting -to me kivas really about stories its about retelling the story of the poor and its about giving ourselves an opportunity to engage -jesus asked of us and then he said what you do for the least of these you do for me now i was pretty -that validates their dignity validates a partnership relationship not a relationship thats based on the traditional sort of donor beneficiary -because as that happens i think we can feel free to interact in a way thats more open more just and more creative to engage with each other and to help each other -imagine how you feel when you see somebody on street who is begging and youre about to approach them imagine how you feel -s using their talents to do something productive somebody whos built their own business -not empty hands asking for you to give them something imagine if you could hear a story -these individuals and to participate in their story by lending a little bit of money i think that can change the way we believe in each other and each others potential -now for me kiva is just the beginning and as i look forward to what is next its been helpful to reflect on the things ive learned so far -the first one is as i mentioned entrepreneurship was a new idea to me kiva borrowers as i interviewed them and got to know them over the last few years have taught me what entrepreneurship is and i think at its core -but i also learned very soon there after that jesus also said and im paraphrasing the poor would always be with us this frustrated and confused me i felt like i had been just given a homework assignment that i had to do -and they slowly pay you back over time you have this excuse to have an ongoing dialogue this continued attention this ongoing attention is a really big deal to build different kinds of relationships among us -from what ive heard from the entrepreneurs ive gotten to know when all else is equal given the option to have just money to do what you need to do or money plus the support and encouragement of a global community people choose -the community plus the money thats a much more meaningful combination a more powerful combination so with that in mind this particular incident has led to -the things that im working on now i see entrepreneurs everywhere now now that im tuned into this and one thing that ive seen is there are a lot of supportive communities that already exist in the world with social networks its an amazing way -ideas and to catalyze all of us to make tomorrow better than today as ive researched whats going on in the united states a few interesting little insights have come up so one is that of course as we all might expect -close by another thing is it turns out those resources dont usually come from the places you might expect banks venture capitalists other organizations -to harness the power of these supportive communities in a new way and to allow entrepreneurs to decide for themselves exactly what that financial exchange should look like exactly what fits them and the people around them -excited to do but no matter what i would do i would fail so i felt confused a little bit frustrated and angry like maybe id misunderstood something here and i felt overwhelmed -this week actually were quietly doing a launch of profounder which is a crowd funding platform for small businesses to raise what they need through investments from their friends and family and its investments not -to gather them to make this happen so -what we need are for people to care to actually go use it just like theyve cared enough to use kiva to make those connections but the good news is i dont think i need to stand here and convince you to care im not even going to try i dont think -i think we know so much and its such a reality that we care so deeply that in fact what usually stops us is that were afraid -and for the first time i began to fear this group of people and to feel negative emotion towards a whole group of people i imagined in my head a kind of long line of individuals that were never going away that would always be with us -to try and to mess up because we care so very much about helping each other and being meaningful in each others lives so -what i think i can do today that best thing i can give you ive given you my story which is the best i can do and i think i can remind us that -we do care i think we all already know that and i think we know that love is resilient enough for us to get out there and try -thank you -when i was just about to give -i started to rediscover -the true power of music -use my music to reach people -you tedsters play your life and -so who are we we are the life force power -with manual dexterity and two cognitive minds -and we have the power to choose moment by moment who and how we want to be in the world -the life force power of the fifty trillion beautiful molecular geniuses that make up my form at one with all that -i can choose to step into the consciousness of my left hemisphere -from the flow separate from you i am doctor jill bolte taylor intellectual neuroanatomist -these are the we inside of me -i believe that the more time we spend choosing to run the deep inner peace circuitry of our right hemispheres -the more peace we will project into the world and the more peaceful our planet will be -and i thought that was an idea worth spreading -a blood vessel exploded in the left half of my brain and in the course of four hours i watched my brain completely deteriorate -walk talk read write or recall -any of my life i essentially became an infant in a womans body -so this is a real human brain -this is the front of the brain the back of brain with the spinal cord hanging down and this is how it would be positioned inside of my head -and when you look at the brain its obvious that the two cerebral cortices are completely separate from one another -for those of you who understand computers our right hemisphere functions like a parallel processor while our left hemisphere functions like a serial processor -that the two hemispheres are completely separate because -its been -our right hemisphere is all about this present moment its all about right here -right now our right hemisphere it thinks in pictures and it learns kinesthetically through the movement of our bodies -what this present moment smells like and tastes like what it feels like -and what it sounds like -i am an energy being connected to the energy all around me through the consciousness of my right hemisphere -we are energy beings connected to one another through the consciousness of our right hemispheres as one human family -and right here right now we are brothers and sisters on this planet here to make the world a better place and in this moment we are perfect -and we are beautiful -our left hemisphere is all about the past -and its all about the future -it then categorizes and organizes all that information associates it with everything in the past weve ever learned and projects into the future all of our possibilities -and our left hemisphere thinks in language its that ongoing brain chatter that connects me and my internal world to my external world -its that little voice that says to me hey you gotta remember to pick up bananas on your way home -i need them in the morning its that calculating intelligence that reminds me when i have to do my laundry but perhaps most important its that little voice that says to me -what is it about my brothers brain and his schizophrenia that he cannot connect his dreams to a common and shared reality -i am -and as soon as my left hemisphere says to me i am i become separate i become a single solid individual separate from the energy flow around me -and separate from you and this was the portion of my brain that i lost on the morning of my stroke -on the -i woke up to a pounding pain behind my left eye and it was the kind of pain caustic pain that you get when you bite into ice cream -and it just gripped me and then it released me and then it just gripped me and then -where im the person on the machine having the experience to some esoteric space where im witnessing myself having this experience -so they instead become delusion so i dedicated my career to research into the severe mental -was all very peculiar and my headache was just getting worse so i get off the machine and im walking across my living room floor and i realize that everything inside of my body has slowed way -you muscles you gotta contract you muscles you relax and then i lost my balance and im propped up against the wall and i look down at my arm -and where i end because the atoms and the molecules of my arm blended with the atoms and molecules of the wall -and all i could detect was this energy energy and im asking myself what is wrong with me what is going on and in that moment my brain chatter my left hemisphere brain chatter went totally silent -and i moved from my home state of indiana to boston where i was working in the lab of doctor francine benes in the harvard department of psychiatry and -total silence -and at first i was shocked to find myself inside of a silent mind -but then i was immediately captivated by the magnificence of the energy around me and because i could no longer identify the boundaries of my body i felt -enormous and expansive i felt at one with all the energy that was and it was beautiful there -my left hemisphere comes back online and it says to me hey we got a problem we got a problem we gotta get some help and -so its like ok ok i got a problem but then i immediately drifted right back out into the consciousness and i affectionately refer to this space as la la land but it was beautiful there -my job and any stress related to my job it was gone and i felt lighter in my body -and imagine all of the relationships in the external world and any stressors related to any of those they were gone and i felt this sense of -i felt euphoria -was beautiful and then again my left hemisphere comes online and it says hey youve got to pay attention weve got to get help and im thinking i got to get help i gotta focus so i get out of the shower and i mechanically dress and im walking around my -get to work i gotta get to work -can i drive can i drive and in that moment my right arm went totally paralyzed by my side then i realized -we were asking the question what are the biological differences between the brains of individuals who would be diagnosed as normal control -the next thing my brain says to me -this is -and then it crosses my mind -get back to my routine ok so i gotta call help i gotta call work i couldnt remember the number at work so i remembered in my office i had a business card with my number on it -so i go into my business room i pull out a three inch stack of business cards and im looking at the card on top and even though i could see clearly in my mind -my business card looked like i -if this was my card or not because all i could see were pixels and the pixels of the words blended with the pixels of the background and the pixels of the symbols and i just couldnt tell and then i would wait for what i call a wave of clarity -and in that moment i would be able to reattach to normal reality and i could tell thats not the card thats not the card thats not the card it took me forty five minutes to get one inch down inside of that stack of cards in the -as compared with the brains of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia schizoaffective or bipolar disorder -for forty five minutes the hemorrhage is getting bigger in my left hemisphere i do not understand numbers i do not understand the telephone but its the only plan -i have so i take the phone pad and i put it right here i take the business card i put it right here and im matching the shape of the squiggles on the card to the shape of the squiggles on the phone pad but then i would drift back -and not remember when i came back if id already dialed those numbers so i had to wield my paralyzed arm like a -the numbers as i went along and pushed them so that as i would come back to normal reality id be able to tell yes ive already dialed that number -and im listening to the phone and my colleague picks up the phone and he says to me -he sounds like a -and so i say to him clear in my mind i say to him this is jill i need help and what comes out of my -i -so we were essentially mapping the microcircuitry of the brain which cells are communicating with which cells with which chemicals and then in what quantities of those chemicals -and i curl up into a little fetal ball -just like a balloon with the last -bit of air just just right out of the balloon i just -felt my energy lift and just i felt my spirit surrender -and in that moment i knew that i was no longer the choreographer of my life -and either the doctors rescue my body and give me a second chance at life or this was perhaps my moment of transition -when i woke later that afternoon i was shocked to discover that i was still alive -when i felt my spirit surrender i said goodbye to my life and my mind was now suspended between two -very opposite planes of reality stimulation coming in through my sensory systems felt like pure pain -and chaotic that i could not pick a voice out from the background noise and i just wanted to escape -because i could not identify the position of my body in space -i felt enormous and expansive -like a genie just liberated from her bottle -so there was a lot of meaning in my life because i was performing this type of research during the day but then in the evenings and on the weekends i traveled as an advocate for nami the national alliance -way i would ever be able to squeeze the enormousness of myself back inside this tiny little body -but then i realized but im still alive -im still alive and i have found nirvana and if i have found nirvana and im still alive then everyone who is alive can find nirvana -i pictured a world filled with beautiful peaceful compassionate loving people who knew that they could come to this space at any time -and that they could purposely -to step to the right of their left hemispheres -and find this -and it motivated me to recover -two and a half weeks after the hemorrhage -the surgeons went in and they removed a blood clot the size of a golf ball that was pushing on my language centers here i am with my mama who is a true angel in my life -it took me eight years to completely recover -my -and so -and i -the -and -brought the iced tea a a did you bring the bug spray a a the flies are the size of -next to the -and -over and over and over and over again and i cant believe that youre here and im meeting you here at ted and also i cant believe that were eating sushi in front of the fish tank which personally i think is really inappropriate -one year later a wed be doing this -and -and -lewis carroll -to -oprah was never necessarily a big hero of mine i mean i watch oprah mostly when im home in spokane visiting my mother and to my mother oprah is a greater moral authority than the pope which is actually saying something because -soon yi moment it is the moment when i cannot continue supporting someone -is so horrible it promotes such awful pseudo science and the -on a scientific basis its more than just power of positive thinking it has a horrible horrible dark side like if you get ill its because youve just been thinking negative thoughts -is in fact not a -you see i was a little paranoid because i might have been high -thats another -shows -one year later wed be doing this show -sometimes it works a together the jill and julia -next to the big big jellyfish -when i went through that big horrible breakup with carl and i -and i cant believe youre here and that im meeting you here at ted and also i cant believe that were eating sushi in front of the fish tank which personally i think is really inappropriate -that the law of attraction is in fact not a law -us residents of -our cosmic origins and our place in the universe and in two thousand and nine change has come to washington -a promise to put science in its rightful position so what would change everything -well this is the question the edge foundation asked this year and four of the respondents said seti why well -the discovery of intelligent life beyond earth would eradicate the loneliness and solipsism that has plagued our species since its inception and it wouldnt simply change everything it would change everything all at once -so if thats right why did we only capture four out of those one hundred and fifty one minds i think its a problem -so we have a fulfillment problem we need bigger glasses and more hands in the water -and then working together maybe we can all live to see -the detection of the first extraterrestrial signal -that brings me to my wish -is a very powerful thing -i wish that you would empower -earthlings everywhere -to become active participants in the ultimate search for cosmic company the first step would be to tap into the global brain trust -to build an environment where raw data could be stored and where -perspectives can change perspectives can be altered -perspective of people who worked on it -like to augment -the -get them out to students everywhere students that cant come and visit us at the ata wed like to tell our story better and engage young people and thereby change their perspective -im sorry seth godin but over the millennia weve seen where tribalism leads weve seen what happens when we divide an already small planet -into smaller islands and ultimately we actually all belong to only -earthlings and seti is a mirror a mirror that can show us ourselves from an extraordinary perspective -it will be one of the most profound endeavors in history so in the opening days of two thousand and nine -a visionary president stood on the steps of the u s capitol and said -we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass -that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve that as the world grows smaller -our common humanity -shall reveal itself so i look forward to working with the ted community to hear about your ideas about how to fulfill this -wish and in collaborating with you -questions about naturalism and transcendence about who we are and why we are and of course who else might be out there -are we alone in this vast universe of energy and matter and chemistry and physics well -its an awful waste of space -but what if were not what -there others are -would the discovery of an older -us -were born in san francisco or sudan or close to the heart of the milky way galaxy we are the products of -are we alone the story of humans is the story of ideas scientific ideas that shine light -billion year lineage of wandering star dust we all of us -years ago -the journey to find answers -took a different path and seti the search for extra terrestrial intelligence began -so what exactly is -seti uses the tools of astronomy to try and find evidence of someone elses technology out there -our own technologies are visible over interstellar distances and theirs might be as well -it might be that some massive network of communications or some shield against asteroidal impact or some huge -that a determined program of searching might detect for millennia weve actually turned to the priests and the philosophers -for guidance and instruction on this question of whether theres intelligent life out there now we can use the tools of the twenty one st century -to try and observe what is rather than ask what should be believed -seti doesnt presume the existence of extra terrestrial intelligence it merely notes the possibility if not the probability in this vast universe -the numbers suggest a universe of possibilities our sun is one -of four hundred billion stars in our galaxy and we know that many other stars have planetary systems weve discovered -has a radius just twice the size of the earth -and -if even all of the planetary systems in our galaxy were devoid of life theres still one hundred billion other galaxies out there altogether ten to the twenty two stars -one billion stars now up there twenty feet above the stage -ten trillion well what about ten to the twenty two wheres the line that marks that -times farther away than the moon or four percent of the distance to the sun so there are many possibilities -and much of this vast universe much more may be habitable than we once thought as we study extremophiles on earth organisms that can live in conditions -totally inhospitable for us in the hot high pressure -thermal vents at the bottom of the ocean frozen in ice in boiling battery -takes a full eight minutes for its radiation to reach us and the nearest star is four point two light years away which means its light takes four point two -in history and ideas that have been set in dogma -a long time -a signal would give us a glimpse of their past not their present which is why phil morrison calls seti -the archaeology of the future it tells us about their past but detection of a signal tells us its possible -for us to have a long future i think this is what david deutsch meant in two thousand and five when he ended his oxford tedtalk -by saying he had two principles hed like to share for living and he would like to carve them on stone tablets the first is -the second is that problems are soluble -so ultimately whats going to determine the success or failure of seti is the longevity of technologies -and the mean distance between technologies in the cosmos distance over space and distance over time -if technologies dont last and persist we will not succeed and were a very young technology in an old galaxy -up until now ive been talking to you about really large numbers let me talk about a relatively small number and thats the length of time that the earth -taken from the jack hills of western australia tell us that within a few hundred million years of the origin of the planet there was abundant water -and perhaps even life so our planet has spent the vast majority of -life not anticipating its emergence life happened very quickly and that -bodes well for the potential of life elsewhere in the -the other thing that one should take away from this chart -is the very narrow range of time over which humans can claim to be the dominant intelligence on the planet -and of conflicts among them -the -we are not the determined product of -billions of years of evolutionary plotting and planning we are -one outcome of -are residents of one small planet in a corner of the milky way galaxy -and homo sapiens are one small leaf on a very extensive tree of life thats densely populated by organisms -millions of years we misuse language and talk about the ascent of man -we understand the scientific basis for the interrelatedness of life but our ego -that one does not meet oneself until one catches the reflection from an eye other than human -one day that eye may be that of an intelligent alien and the sooner we eschew our narrow view of evolution the sooner we can -are a small part -we are going to be -the earth out of the center and putting the sun in the center of the solar system he opened our eyes to a much larger universe -of which we are just a small part and that copernican revolution continues today to influence science and philosophy and technology and theology -carried out every book -conducted the first seti observation looking at two stars tau ceti and epsilon eridani for about one hundred and fifty hours now doctorake did not discover extraterrestrial intelligence -but he learned a very valuable lesson from a passing aircraft and thats that terrestrial technology can interfere with the search for extraterrestrial technology -bigger glasses much bigger glasses in northern california were beginning to take observations with the first forty two telescopes of the allen telescope array and ive got to take a moment right -every laugh every tear theyve all happened here -paul allen and nathan myhrvold and all the teamseti members in the ted community who have so generously supported this research -is the first telescope built from a large number of small dishes and hooked together with computers its making silicon as important as aluminum -our signal detection algorithms can find very simple artifacts and noise if you look very hard here you can see the signal from -voyager one spacecraft the most distant human object in the universe one hundred and six times as far away from us as the sun is and -over those long distances its signal is very faint when it reaches us it may be hard for your eye to see it but its easily found with our efficient algorithms -here here -but this is a simple signal and tomorrow we want to be able to find more complex signals this is a very good year -the fiftieth anniversary of seti as a science the twenty fifth anniversary of the incorporation of the seti institute as a non profit and of course -the twenty fifth anniversary of ted and next month the kepler spacecraft will launch and will begin to tell us just how frequent earth like planets are -and also the interior part of the temporal lobe so there is the pattern that every one of them had but they all were a little different too they had other sorts of brain damage a key thing is -the major violence genes like the mao a gene and there is a variant of this gene that -is in the normal population some of you have this and its sex linked its on the x chromosome and so in this way you can only get it from your mother -and in fact this is probably why mostly men are psychopathic killers or are very aggressive -daughter can get one x from the father one x from the mother its kind of diluted out but for a son he can only get -utero your brain is bathed in this so your whole brain becomes insensitive to serotonin so it doesnt work later on -and id given this one talk in israel just this past year and it does have some consequences theoretically what this means is that in order to express this gene in a violent way -very early on before puberty you have to be involved in something that is really traumatic not a little stress not being spanked or something but really seeing violence or being involved in it in three d right thats how the mirror neuron system works and so -if you have that gene and you see a lot of violence in a certain situation this is the recipe for disaster absolute disaster -and what i think might happen in these areas of the world where we have constant violence you end up having generations of kids -that are seeing all this violence and if i was a young girl somewhere in a violent area you know a fourteen year old and i want to find a mate id find some tough guy right to protect me well what the problem is this tends to concentrate these genes -and now the boys and the girls get them so i think after several generations and here is the idea we really have a tinder box so that was the idea but then -my mother said to me i hear youve been going around talking about psychopathic killers and youre talking as if you come from a normal family i said what the hell are you talking about -she then told me about our own family tree now she blamed this on my fathers side of course this was one of these cases because she has no violence in her background -now i said okay so what we have -okay so thats the first case of matricide and that book is very interesting because its about witch trials and how people thought back then but it doesnt stop there -seven more men on my fathers side starting then cornells that were all murderers okay now this -my father himself -my three uncles in world war ii were all conscientious objectors all pussycats but every once in a while like lizzie borden like three times a century and were kind of due so -the moral of the story is people in glass houses shouldnt throw stones but -more likely is this -and they all seemed to be ok but our grandkids are going to be kind of concerned here so what weve done is ive started to do pet scans of everybody in the family -pet scans eegs and genetic analysis to see where the bad news is now the only person it turns out one son and one -i got into something else just recently and it all grew out of one of my colleagues asking me to analyze a bunch of brains of psychopathic killers -and so this would be the typical talk i would give and the question is how do you end up with a psychopathic killer what i mean by psychopathic killer are these people these types of people -so we look at these sorts of things theoretically on the basis of genetics and brain damage and interaction with environment and exactly how that machine works so were interested in exactly where in the brain and whats the most important -part of the brain so weve been looking at this the interaction of genes whats called epigenetic effects brain damage and environment and how these are tied -and how you end up with a psychopath and a killer depends on exactly when the damage occurs its really a very precisely timed thing you get different kinds of psychopaths so were going along with this and heres just to give you the -that day i flew low over the islands it was a family trip to the caribbean and i flew in a small plane low over the islands this is what i saw i saw hills and valleys -so from that day on i was an ordinary kid walking around on dry land but my head was down there underwater -up until that day these were the animals that were most common in my life these were the ones id like to draw all variations of four legs and -the differences in scale between this tiny sea dragon and this enormous humpback whale was like something out of a science fiction movie -so if you ever fantasize about going back in time and seeing what a dinosaur looked like thats what a dinosaur looks like so you have living dinosaurs -space aliens animals that evolved in zero gravity in harsh conditions its just incredible no hollywood designer could come up with something more interesting than that -or this fangtooth the particles in the water make it look like its floating in outer space could you image if we looked through the hubble telescope and we saw that -i love to draw the deep sea fish because they are so ugly but beautiful in their own way -not all of them have happy endings so how did i get started cartooning i doodled a lot as a kid and if you spend enough time doodling sooner or later something happens all your career options run out so you have -little bioluminescence here give him a headlight maybe a brake light -but its easy to see why these animals make such great cartoon characters their shapes and sizes -take these sea turtles -they kind of have a sixth sense like supermans x ray vision they can sense the magnetic fields of the earth -my turtle hands just to make them an easier cartoon character to work with -or take this sea cucumber its not an animal we draw cartoons of or draw at all hes like an underwater spiderman he shoots out these sticky webs -enemy of course sea cucumbers shoot them out their rears which in my opinion makes them much more interesting a superhero -web anytime hes got to pull his pants down -he can inflate himself when he wants to be intimidating or take this swordfish -or this lionfish for instance imagine trying to make friends covered with razor sharp poisonous barbs -its not something you want to put on your facebook page right -my characters are my lead characters a shark named sherman hes a great white shark and i kind of broke the mold with sherman i didnt want to go with this ruthless predator -image hes kind of just out there making a living hes sort of a homer simpson with fins and then his -is a sea turtle as i mentioned before named filmore he uses his wonderful skills at navigation to wander the oceans looking for a mate -and he does manage to find them but great navigation skills lousy pick up lines he never seems to settle on any particular girl -i have a hermit crab named hawthorne who doesnt get a lot of respect as a hermit crab so he kind of wishes he were a great white shark -and then ill introduce you to one more character this guy ernest who is basically a juvenile delinquent in a fish body -so with characters you can make stories sometimes making a story is as easy as putting two characters in a room and seeing what happens so imagine a great white shark and a giant squid in the same bathroom -or sometimes i take them to places that people have never heard of because theyre underwater for instance i took them skiing in the mid atlantic range which is this -then he meets the yeti crab the famous vampire squid elusive hard to find and the dumbo octopus which looks so much like a cartoon in real life that really didnt have to change a thing when i drew it -i did another story on marine debris i was speaking to a lot of my friends in the conservation business and they -so what i did was i made an adventure strip basically this bottle travels a long way what im trying to tell readers is that plastic doesnt really go away it just continues to wash downstream -and its become the foundation of my work because i feel like if in a day i can see the ocean differently then i can evoke that same kind of change in others especially kids -two so i sent them to boise idaho -where they dropped a plastic bottle into the boise sewer system and it ended up in the boise river and then on to the columbia river -and then to the mouth of the columbia and to the pacific ocean and then on to this place called the great pacific garbage patch which is this giant pacific gyre in the north pacific where a lot of this plastic ends up floating around -and then back onto the lagoon so that was basically a buddy story with a plastic bottle following along so a lot of people remember the plastic bottle anyway but we -and i felt like since my main character was a shark the comic strip was a perfect vehicle for telling the public about this now finning is the act of taking a shark -cutting the valuable fins off and throwing the live animal back in the water its cruel its wasteful theres nothing funny or entertaining about it but i really wanted to take this issue -dies he gets finned and then he gets thrown overboard ostensibly hes dead now and so i killed a character thats been in the newspaper for fifteen years so i got a lot of reader feedback on -meanwhile the other characters are talking about shark fin soup i do three or four strips after that where we explore the finning issue and the shark fin soup issue -shark heaven this is what i love about comic strips you know you really dont have to worry about the audience suspending its sense of disbelief because -if you start with a talking shark readers pretty much check their disbelief at the door you can kind of do anything it becomes a near death experience for sherman -that and he clicks the buy now button -and voila next day air they show up and they surgically reattach them i ended that series with a kind of a -that encouraged our national marine fishery service to force other countries to have a stronger stance with shark management -and its as dark as a cave and you can have anything in that room anything you want but you cant see anything youve been given one tool a hammer -each of us explorer scientist cartoonist singer chef -turn up the lights in their own way and thats what i hope my comic strip does in a small way thats why i like what i do thanks for listening -the land but when you get to the waters edge the ocean looks like one giant puddle of blue paint and this is the way i saw the ocean at school -as if to say all geography and science lessons stop at waters edge this parts not going to be on the test but -we have forty thousand members and were going to send them over and theyre all going to vote and get these pages deleted well they managed to get eighteen people to show up thats neo nazi math for you -they always think theyve got forty thousand members when theyve got eighteen but they managed to get eighteen people to come and vote in a fairly absurd way to delete a perfectly valid article -of course the vote ended up being about eighty five to eighteen so there was no real danger to our democratic -on the other hand people said but what are we going to do i mean this could happen and what if some group gets really seriously organized and comes in and wants to vote -then i said well fuck it well just change the rules thats my job in the community to say we wont allow our openness and freedom -to undermine the quality of the content and so as long as people trust me in my role -then thats a valid place for me of course because of the free licensing if i do a bad job the volunteers are more than happy to take and leave i cant tell anyone what to do -thank you -much of the textbooks that are used to educate our children are inherently biased have you found wikipedia being used by teachers and how do you see wikipedia changing education -yeah so a lot of teachers are beginning to use wikipedia another theres a media storyline about wikipedia which i think is false it builds on the storyline of bloggers versus newspapers -the last time i got an e mail from a journalist saying why do academics hate wikipedia i sent it from my harvard email address because i was recently appointed a fellow there and i said well they dont all hate it -but i think theres going to be huge impacts and we actually have a project that im personally really excited about which is the wiki books project which is an effort to create textbooks -in all the languages and thats a much bigger project its going to take twenty years or so to come to fruition -but part of that is to fulfill our mission of giving an encyclopedia to every single person on the planet we dont mean were going to spam them with aol style cds we mean were going to give them a tool that they can use and for a lot of people in the world -if i give you an encyclopedia thats written at a university level it doesnt do you any good without a whole host of literacy materials to build you up to the point where you can actually use it -you can do it commercially or non commercially so theres a lot of opportunities that are going to arise around wikipedia all over the world -were funded by donations from the public and one of the more interesting things about that is how little money it actually takes to run wikipedia -so yochai showed you the graph of what the cost of a printing press was and im going to tell you what the cost of wikipedia is but first ill show you how big it is so weve got -over six hundred thousand articles in english weve got two million total articles across many many different languages the biggest languages are german japanese french all the western european languages are quite -but only around one third of all of our traffic to our web clusters to the english wikipedia which is surprising to a lot of people a lot of people think in a very english centric way on the internet but for us were truly global were in many many languages -how popular weve gotten to be were a top fifty website and were more popular than the new york times so this is where we get to -discussion this shows the growth of wikipedia were the blue line there and then this is the new york times over there -and whats interesting about this is the new york times website is a huge enormous corporate operation with i have no idea how many hundreds of employees -we have exactly one employee and that employee is our lead software developer and hes only been our employee since january two thousand and five all the other growth before that -so the servers are managed by a rag tag band of volunteers all the editing is done by volunteers and the way that were organized is not like any traditional organization you can imagine people are always asking -well whos in charge of this or who does that and the answer is anybody who wants to pitch in its a very unusual and chaotic -got over ninety servers now in three locations these are managed by volunteer system administrators who are online i can go online any time of the day or night and see -eight to ten people waiting for me to ask a question or something anything about the servers -you could never afford to do this in a company you could never afford to have a standby crew of people twenty four hours a day and do what were doing at wikipedia -so were doing around one point four billion page views monthly so its really gotten to be a huge thing -and everything is managed by the volunteers and the total monthly cost for our bandwidth is about five thousand dollars and thats essentially our main cost we could actually do without the employee -we actually we hired brian because he was working part time for two years and full time at wikipedia so we actually hired him so he could get a life and go to the movies sometimes -so the big question when youve got this really chaotic organization is why isnt it all rubbish why is the website as good as it is first of all how good is it well its pretty good -it isnt perfect but its much much better than you would expect given our completely chaotic model so when you saw him make a ridiculous edit to the page about me -you think oh this is obviously just going to degenerate into rubbish but when weve seen quality tests and there havent been enough of these yet and im really encouraging people to do more -so a lot of people have heard about the wikipedia bush kerry controversy this is a the media has covered this somewhat extensively it started out with -an article in red herring the reporters called me up and they i mean i have to say they spelled my name right -but they really wanted to say the bush kerry election is so contentious its tearing apart the wikipedia community -and so they quote me as saying theyre the most contentious in the history of wikipedia what i actually said is theyre not contentious at all so its a slight misquote -the articles were edited quite heavily and it is true that we did have to lock the articles on a couple of occasions time magazine recently reported that -this came after i told the reporter that we had to lock it for occasionally a little bit here and there so -the truth in general is that the kinds of controversies that you would probably think we have within the wikipedia community are not really controversies at all -real struggle is not between the right and the left thats where most people assume but its between the party of the thoughtful and the party of the jerks and no side of the political spectrum has a monopoly on either of those qualities -the actual truth about the specific bush kerry incident is that the bush kerry articles were locked less than one percent of the time in two thousand -so wikipedia you just saw the little demonstration of it its a freely licensed encyclopedia its written by thousands of volunteers all over the world in many many languages -it wasnt because they were contentious it was just because there was routine vandalism which happens sometimes even on stage people -a good thing so how do we do this what how do we manage the quality control what makes a how does it work -so theres a few elements mostly social policies and some elements of the software so the biggest and the most important thing -is our neutral point of view policy this is something that i set down from the very beginning as a core principle of the community thats completely not debatable -its a social concept of cooperation so we dont talk a lot about truth and objectivity the reason for this is if we say -were only going to write the truth about some topic that doesnt do us a damn bit of good of figuring out what to write because i dont agree with you about whats the truth but we have this jargon term of neutrality -which has its own long history within the community which basically says any time theres a controversial issue wikipedia itself should not take a stand on the issue we should merely report on what reputable parties have said about it so this neutrality policy -is really important for us because it empowers a community that is very diverse to come together and actually get some work done so we have very diverse contributors in terms of political religious cultural backgrounds -by having this firm neutrality policy which is non negotiable from the beginning we ensure that people can work together and that the entries dont become simply a war back and forth between the left and the right if you engage in that type of behavior youll be asked to leave the community -so real time peer review every single change on the site goes to the recent changes page so as soon as he made his change it went to the recent changes page -its written using wiki software which is the type of software he just demonstrated so anyone can quickly edit and save and it goes live on the internet immediately -and people can get rss feeds they can get e mail notifications of changes and then users can set up their own personal watch list so my page is on quite a few volunteers watch lists because it is sometimes vandalized and -so we do have edits by anonymous users which is one of the most controversial and intriguing things about wikipedia so -and made a change but it turns out that only about eighteen percent of all the edits to the website are done by anonymous users and thats a really important thing to understand -is that the vast majority of the edits that go on on the website are from a very close knit community of maybe six hundred to one thousand people who are in constant communication and we have over forty irc channels forty mailing -all these people know each other they communicate we have offline meetings these are the people who are doing the bulk of the site and they are in a sense semi professionals at what theyre doing -and everything about wikipedia is managed by virtually an all volunteer staff so when yochai is talking about new -that the standards we set for ourselves are equal to or higher than professional standards of quality we dont always meet those standards but thats what were striving for -and so that tight community is who really cares for the site and these are some of the smartest people ive ever met of course its my job to say that but its actually true the type of people who were drawn to writing an encyclopedia for fun tend to be pretty smart people -the tools and the software theres lots of tools that allow us allow us meaning the community to self monitor and to monitor all the work this is an example of a page history -on flat earth and you can see some changes that were made whats nice about this page is you can immediately take a look at this and see oh ok i understand now when somebody goes and looks at -they see that someone an anonymous ip number made an edit to my page that sounds suspicious who is this person somebody looks at it they can immediately see highlighted in red all of the changes that took place -to see ok well these words have changed things like this so thats one tool that we can use to very quickly monitor the history of a page another thing that we do within the community is we leave everything very open ended -most of the social rules and the methods of work are left completely open ended in the software all of that stuff is just on wiki pages and so theres nothing in the software that enforces the rules the example ive got up here is a votes for deletion page -so i mentioned earlier people type asdfasdf it needs to be deleted cases like that the administrators just delete it theres no reason to have a big argument about it -so we needed a social method for figuring out the answer to this and so the method that arose organically within the community is the votes for deletion page and in the particular example we have here its a film twisted issues and the first person says now this is supposedly a film -it fails the google test miserably the google test is you look in google and see if its there because if somethings not even in google it probably doesnt exist at all its not a perfect rule but its a nice starting point for a quick research -the twenty underground films you must see oh ok so the next persons says clean it up somebody says ive found it on imdb keep keep keep -whats interesting about this is that the software is these votes are just theyre just text typed into a page this is not really a vote so much as it is a dialogue now it is true that at the end of the day -an administrator can go through here and take a look at this and say ok eighteen deletes two keeps well delete it but in other cases this could be -so wikipedias owned by the wikimedia foundation which i founded a nonprofit organization and our goal the core aim of the wikimedia foundation -eighteen deletes and two keeps and we would keep it because if those last two keeps say wait a minute wait a minute nobody else saw this but i found it in a book and i found a link to a page that describes it and im going to clean it up tomorrow so please dont delete it -then it would survive and it also matters who the people are who are voting like i say its a tight knit community down here at the bottom keep real movie rick kay rick kay is a very famous wikipedian -does an enormous amount of work with vandalism hoaxes and votes for deletion his voice carries a lot of weight within the community because he knows what hes doing -so hows all this governed people really want to know about ok administrators things like that so the wikipedia governance model the governance of the community is a very confusing but a workable mix -of consensus meaning we try not to vote on the content of articles because the majority view is not necessarily neutral -some amount of democracy all of the administrators these are the people who have the ability to delete pages that doesnt mean that they have the right to delete pages they still have to follow all the rules -but theyre elected theyre elected by the community sometimes people random trolls on the internet like to accuse me of hand picking the administrators to bias the content of the encyclopedia i always laugh at this because i have no idea how theyre elected actually -theres a certain amount of aristocracy and so youve got a hint of that when i mentioned like rick kays voice would carry a lot more weight than someone we dont know -i give this talk sometimes with angela who was just re elected to the board from the community to the board of the foundation with -more than twice the votes of the person who didnt make it and i always embarrass her because i say well angela for example could get away with doing absolutely anything within wikipedia -is to get a free encyclopedia to every single person on the planet and so if you think about what that means it means a lot more than just building a cool website were really interested in all the issues of the digital divide poverty worldwide -because shes so admired and so powerful but the irony is of course that angela can do this because shes the one person who you know would never ever ever break any rules of wikipedia -and i also like to say shes the only person who actually knows all the rules of wikipedia so and then theres monarchy and thats my role on the community so -i was describing this in berlin once and the next day in the newspaper the headline said i am the queen of england and thats not exactly what i said but -the point is my role in the community within the free software world there is long theres been a longstanding tradition of -the benevolent dictator model so if you look at most of the major free software projects they have one single person in charge who everyone agrees is the -but there is a need still for a certain amount of monarchy a certain amount of sometimes we have to make a decision and we dont want to get bogged down too heavily in -oh well this is horrible this jewish conspiracy of a website and were going to get certain articles deleted that we dont like and we see they have a voting process -now you can lift up your hands from the keyboard and reach inside this three d space -and grab pixels with your bare hands -while highlighting the lines words on the virtual touch pad below each floating window architects can stretch or rotate the models with their two hands directly so in these examples we are reaching into the digital world -im sure many of us have had the experience of buying and returning items online but now you dont have to worry about it what i got here is an online augmented fitting room this is a view that you get from head mounted or see through display when the system understands the geometry of your body -taking this idea further i started to think instead of just seeing these pixels in our space how can we make it physical so that we can touch and feel it -what would such a future look like -at mit media lab along with my advisor hiroshi ishii and my collaborator rehmi post -we created this one physical pixel -which means that both computers and people can move this object to anywhere within this little three d space what we did was essentially canceling gravity -and controlling the movement by combining magnetic levitation and mechanical actuation and sensing technologies and by digitally programming the object we are liberating the object from constraints of time and space which means that now human motions can be recorded and played back -and left permanently in the physical world -so choreography can be taught physically over distance and michael jordans famous shooting can be replicated over and over as a physical reality -students can use this as a tool to learn about the complex concepts such as planetary motion -and unlike computer screens or textbooks this is a real tangible experience that you can touch and feel and its very powerful -and whats more exciting -and this gap has become shorter shorter and even shorter and now this gap is shortened down to less than a millimeter the thickness of a touch screen glass and the power of computing has become accessible to everyone -as you can see the digital information will not just show us something but it will start directly acting upon us as a part of our physical surroundings without disconnecting ourselves from our world -but i wondered what if there could be no boundary at all i started to imagine what this would look like first -i created this tool which penetrates into the digital space so when you press it hard on the screen it transfers its physical body into pixels -you can see why i hate chris i thought my idea was pretty good but his idea is genius and at the time i knew his idea was better than mine but i just couldnt explain why one thing you have to know about me is i hate to lose this problems been bugging me for well over a decade -so i decided to evaluate different experiences i had in my life from the point of view of the five senses to do this i devised something called the five senses graph -along the y axis you have a scale from zero to ten and along the x axis you have of course the five senses anytime i had a memorable experience in my life i would record it on this graph like a five senses diary heres a quick video to show you how it works -why is sex so damn good -this -and thats how the five senses graph works -now for a period of three years i gathered data not just me but also some of my friends and i used to teach in university so i forced my i mean i asked my students to do this as well so here are some other results the first is for instant noodles now obviously taste and smell are quite high but -notice sound is at three -many people told me a big part of the noodle eating experience is the slurping noise you know -its because of the taste of drinks but also in some cases kissing is a big part of the clubbing experience these people i still do hang out with -one of the reasons is that smokers told me the sensation of holding a cigarette and bringing it up to your lips is a big part of the smoking experience which shows -its kind of scary to think -how well cigarettes are designed by the manufacturers okay now what would the perfect experience look like on the five senses graph -now you can see not even as intense an experience as riding a motorbike comes close in fact in the years that i gathered data only one experience came close to being the perfect one that is of course sex -great sex respondents said that great sex hits all of the five senses at an extreme level -so the five senses theory does help explain why sex is so good -now in the middle of all this five senses work i suddenly remembered the solar powered clocks project from my youth and i realized this theory also explains why chris clock is so much better than mine -you see my clock only focuses on sight and a little bit of touch -heres chris clock -its the first clock ever that uses smell to tell the time -heres my clock it uses something called the dwarf sunflower which grows to about twelve inches in height now as you know sunflowers track the sun during the course of the day so in the morning you see which direction the sunflower is facing and you mark it -and thats what this theory taught me about my field you see up till now us designers weve mainly focused on making things look very pretty and a little bit of touch which means weve ignored the other three senses -chris clock shows us that even raising just one of those other senses can make for a brilliant product -so what if we started using the five senses theory in all of our designs heres three quick ideas i came up with -this is an iron you know for your clothes to which -i added a spraying mechanism so you fill up the vial with your favorite scent and your clothes will smell nicer but hopefully it should also make the ironing experience more enjoyable we could call this the perfumator all right next so i brush my teeth twice a day -and what if we had a toothbrush that tastes like candy -its not just the way they look but i love the way they feel when you press down on them -now i dont play the flute or the clarinet so i decided to combine these keys with an instrument i do play the television remote control -so in conclusion -ive found the five senses theory to be a very useful tool in evaluating different experiences in my life and then taking those best experiences and hopefully incorporating them into my designs now i realize the five senses isnt the only thing that makes life interesting theres also the six emotions and -that elusive x factor -maybe that could be the topic of my next talk -and the best way to do that is with -on the blank area in the base at noon you mark the changed position of the sunflower and in the evening again and thats your clock -now i know my clock doesnt tell you the exact time but it does give you a general idea using a flower so in my completely unbiased subjective opinion its brilliant -however heres chris clock its five magnifying glasses with a shot glass under each one in each shot glass is a different scented oil in the morning the sunlight will shine down on the first magnifying glass focusing a beam of light on the shot glass underneath -this will warm up the scented oil inside and a particular smell will be emitted a couple of hours later the sun will shine on the next magnifying glass and a different smell will be emitted so during the course of the day five different smells are dispersed throughout that environment anyone living in that house can tell the time just by the smell -down to electron spin this first project is called the allobrain and its our attempt to quantify beauty by finding which regions of the brain -are interactive while witnessing something beautiful youre flying through the cortex of my colleagues brain -our narrative here is real fmri data thats mapped visually and sonically the brain now a world that we can fly through and interact with -you see twelve intelligent computer agents the little rectangles that are flying in the brain with you theyre mining blood density levels and theyre reporting them back to you sonically higher -higher densities were now going to move from real biological data to biogenerative algorithms that create artificial -in our next artistic and scientific installation -in this artistic and scientific installation biogenerative algorithms are helping us to understand self generation and growth very important for simulation in the -for artists were making new worlds that we can uncover and explore as these generative algorithms grow over time they interact and communicate as a swarm of insects -our researchers are interacting with this data by injecting bacterial code which are computer programs that allow these creatures to grow over time -were going to move now from the biological and the macroscopic world down into the atomic world as we fly into a lattice of atoms this is real afm atomic force microscope -data from my colleagues in the solid state lighting and energy center theyve discovered a new bond a new material for transparent solar cells -were flying through two thousand lattice of atoms oxygen hydrogen and zinc you view the bond in the triangle -its four blue zinc atoms bonding with one white hydrogen atom you see the electron flow with the streamlines we as artists have generated for the scientists -this is allowing them to find the bonding nodes in any lattice of atoms we think it makes a beautiful structural art -the sound that youre hearing are the actual emission spectrums of these atoms weve mapped them into the audio domain so theyre singing to you -oxygen hydrogen and zinc have their own signature were going to actually move even further down as we go -from this lattice of atoms to one single hydrogen atom were working with our physicist colleagues that have given us the mathematical calculations of the -what youre seeing here right now is a superposition of an electron in the lower three orbitals of a hydrogen atom youre actually hearing and seeing the electron flow with the lines -the white dots are the probability wave that will show you where the electron is in any given point of time and space in this particular three orbital configuration in a minute were going to move to a two orbital configuration -and youre going to notice a pulsing and youre going to hear an undulation between the sound this is actually a light emitter as the sound starts to pulse and contract our physicists can tell when a photon is going to be emitted -theyre starting to find new mathematical structures in these calculations and theyre understanding more about quantum mathematics -were going to move even further down and go to one single electron spin this will be the final project that i show you -our colleagues in the center for quantum computation and spintronics are actually measuring with their lasers decoherence in a single electron spin -weve taken this information and weve made a mathematical model out of it youre actually seeing and hearing quantum information flow this is very important for the next step in simulating quantum computers and information technology -so these brief examples that ive shown you give you an idea of the kind of work that were doing at the university of california santa barbara -to bring together arts science and engineering into a new age of -science and art we hope that all of you will come to see the allosphere inspire us to think of new ways that we can use this unique instrument that weve created at santa barbara -if a team of physicists could stand inside of an atom and watch and hear electrons spin -if a group of sculptors could be inside of a lattice of atoms and sculpt with their material imagine if a team of surgeons could fly into the brain as though it was a world -and see tissues as landscapes and hear blood density levels as music this is some of the research that youre going to see that were undertaking at the allosphere -but first a little bit about this group of artists scientists and engineers that are working together im a composer orchestrally trained and the inventor of the allosphere -with my visual artist colleagues we map complex mathematical algorithms that unfold in time and space visually and sonically -our scientist colleagues are finding new patterns in the information and our engineering colleagues are making one of the largest dynamically varying computers in the world for this kind of data exploration -im going to fly you into five research projects in the allosphere that are going to take you from biological macroscopic data all the way -they would walk around they would play with their skirts and pants that child already at four understood the most important principle for success -which is the ability to delay gratification -self discipline the most important factor for success fifteen years later fourteen or fifteen years later follow -what did they find they went to look for these kids who were now eighteen and nineteen and they found that one hundred percent of the children that had not eaten the marshmallow were successful -they had good grades they were doing wonderful they were happy they had their plans they had good relationships with the teachers students they were doing fine a great percentage of the kids that ate the marshmallow -i had a question in my mind would hispanic kids react the same way as the american kids so i went to colombia and i reproduced the experiment and it was very funny i used four five and six years old kids and -im here because i have a very important message i think we have found the most important factor for success and it was found -close to here stanford psychology professor took kids that were four years old and put them in a room all by themselves and he would tell the child a four year old kid johnny -to think that -she ate it so we know shell be successful but we have to watch her she should not go into banking for example or work at a cash register but she will be successful -if the sales person says wait a second let me ask you a few questions to see if this is a good choice then you sell a lot more so this has applications in all walks of life -i end with the koreans did this you know what this is so good that we want a marshmallow book for children we did one for children and now it is all over korea they are teaching these kids -you will get another one so you will have -to tell a four year old kid to wait fifteen minutes for something that they like is equivalent to telling us well bring you -what happened when -the professor left the room -three ate the marshmallow -five seconds ten seconds forty seconds fifty seconds two minutes four minutes eight minutes some lasted fourteen and -whats interesting is that one out of three would look at the marshmallow and go like this -a line from the mahabharata the great indian epic -and yudhisthira replied the most wondrous thing in the world is that all around us people can be dying and we dont realize it can happen to us -i looked into the face of one of these women and i saw in her face the strength that arises when natural compassion is really present i watched her hands as she bathed an old man -my gaze went to another young woman -as she wiped the face -of another dying person and it reminded me of something that i had just been present for every year or so i have the privilege of taking clinicians into the himalayas and the tibetan plateau -compassion has many faces some of them are fierce some of them are wrathful some of them are tender some of them are wise a line that the dalai lama once said he said love and compassion -and we looked into the rags and there was this pair of eyes -the rags were unwrapped -from a little girl whose body was massively burned -who cleaned the wounds of this baby and dressed the wounds -i know those hands and eyes -they touched me as well they touched me at that time they have touched me throughout my sixty eight years -they touched me when i was four and i lost my eyesight and was partially paralyzed and my family brought in a woman whose mother had been a slave to take care of me -she had phenomenal strength and it was really her strength i believe that became the kind of mudra and imprimatur that has been a guiding light in my life -and there are various facets and theres referential and non referential compassion -it is that ability to really stand strong and to recognize also that im not separate from this suffering but that is not enough because compassion which activates the motor cortex means that we aspire -we actually aspire to transform suffering and if were so blessed we engage in activities that transform suffering -that component is that we cannot be attached to outcome -now i worked with dying people for over forty years -i had the privilege of working -on death row in a maximum security prison for six years and i realized so clearly in bringing my own life experience from working with dying people and training caregivers -that any attachment to outcome -would distort deeply my own capacity to be fully present to the whole catastrophe -without them humanity cannot survive -and when i worked in the prison system it was so clear to me this -are particular conditions i had that condition to a certain extent from my own childhood illness eve ensler whom youll hear later has had that condition activated amazingly in her through the various waters of suffering that she has been through -and i would suggest it is not only humanity that wont survive but it is all species on the planet as weve heard today -and those enemies are things like pity -moral outrage -the very word terror -of our entire globe -now we know from neuroscience that compassion has some very extraordinary qualities for example -a person who is cultivating compassion when they are in the presence of suffering -they feel that suffering a lot more than many other people do -this is called resilience -it is the big cats and its the plankton -another thing about compassion is that it really enhances whats called neural integration it hooks up all parts of the brain -another which has been discovered by various researchers at emory and at davis and so on is that compassion enhances our immune system -in the face of psycho social and physical poisons of the toxins of our world but compassion the generation of compassion actually mobilizes -why dont we train our children in compassion -two weeks ago i was in bangalore in india i was so privileged to be able to teach in -people in our -and the archetype of this in buddhism is avalokiteshvara kuan yin its a female archetype -she who perceives the cries of suffering in the -i say that for thousands of years women have -met in intimacy the archetype -she who perceives the cries of suffering in the world -women have manifested for thousands of years the strength arising from compassion in an unfiltered unmediated way in perceiving suffering as it is -they have infused societies with kindness and we have really felt that as woman after woman has stood on this stage in the past day and a half -and they have actualized compassion through direct action -in that hospice there were thirty one men and women who were actively dying -jody williams called it its good to meditate im sorry youve got to do a little bit of that jody step back give your mother a break okay -he sees something in the path -he looks its a dog he drops to his knees he sees that the dog has this big wound on its leg -the wound is just filled with maggots -so as not to harm them -i believe that women and girls today -and i walked up to the bedside of an old woman who was breathing very rapidly fragile obviously in the latter phase of active dying -have to partner in a powerful way with men -with their fathers -the women in this room are lotuses in a sea of fire -may we actualize that capacity for women everywhere thank you -i looked into -a nice word because i promised my mom id stop using the f bomb in public and im trying harder and harder mom im really -we need a little bit of police -we need a little bit of military but for -we need to redefine what makes us secure in this world it is not arming our country to -it is not getting other countries to arm themselves to the teeth with the weapons that we produce and we sell them -it is using that money more rationally to make the countries -of the world secure to make the people of the world secure -the president is offering eight point four billion -to try to get the start vote i certainly support the start vote -but hes offering eighty four billion dollars for the modernizing -here to make a challenge to people i know there have been many challenges made to people the one im going to make is that it is time for us to -of nuclear weapons -is eighty billion dollars -just that little bit of money which to me i wish it was in my bank account its not but in global terms its a little bit of money -but its going to modernize weapons we do not need and will not be gotten rid of in our lifetime unless we get up off our -and take action to make it happen -it is saving the tigers it is stopping the tar sands it is -having access to medical equipment that can actually tell who does have cancer it is all of those things it is using our money for all of those things -it is about action -i was in hiroshima -a couple of weeks ago and his holiness -sitting there in front of thousands of people in the city and there were about eight of us nobel -what peace really means -good thats good we need that in the world i dont follow that but thats cool and he says but i have become skeptical -i do not believe that meditation and prayer will change this world -i think what we need is action -his holiness in his robes is my new action hero i spoke with aung sun suu kyi a couple of days ago -peace is not kumbaya my lord peace is not -the last twenty years imprisoned for her efforts to bring about democracy she was just released a couple of weeks ago and were very -to see how long she will be free because she is already out in the streets in rangoon agitating for change she is already out in the streets working with the party to try to rebuild it but i talked to her for a range of -but one thing that i want to say because its -the dove and the rainbow as lovely as they are -she said you know we have a long road to go to finally get democracy in my country -but i dont believe in hope -without endeavor -i dont believe in the hope of change unless we take action to make it so -heres another woman hero of mine shes my friend -where she lives where does she live in exile she says the airports of the world -when i see the symbols of the rainbow and the dove i think of personal serenity -she is traveling because she was out of the country at the time of the elections and instead going home she conferred with all the other women that she works with who said to her stay out we need you out we need to be able to talk to you -out there so that you can give the message of whats happening here -a year and a half shes out speaking on behalf of the other women in her country -wangari maathai -two thousand and four peace laureate -they call her the tree lady but shes more than the tree lady -working for peace -is very creative -its hard work every day -she was planting those trees i dont think most people understand that at the same time she was using the -of getting people together to plant those trees to talk about how to overcome the authoritarian government in her country -people could not gather without getting busted and taken to jail but if they were together planting -trees for the environment -it was okay creativity -i think of meditation i do not think about what i -but its not just iconic women -to change this world the womens league of burma eleven individual organizations of burmese women came together because theres strength -in numbers working together is what changes our world the million signatures campaign of women inside burma working together -to change human rights to bring democracy to that country when one is arrested and taken to prison another one comes out and joins the movement recognizing that if -they work together they will ultimately bring change in their own country -to be peace which is sustainable peace -there was a mother and three children the children were killed on the spot it was maireads sister -instead of giving in to grief depression defeat -in the face of that violence mairead hooked up with betty a staunch protestant and a staunch catholic and they took to the streets to say no more violence -and they were able to get tens of thousands of primarily women some men in the streets -to bring about change -and they have been part of what brought peace to northern ireland and theyre still working on it -with justice and equality it is a sustainable peace in which the majority of people on this planet -now running for president she is educating the indigenous people of her country about what it means to be about a democracy about how you bring democracy to the country about educating about how to vote but that democracy is not just -about voting its about being an active citizen -thats what i got stuck doing the landmine campaign one of the things that made this campaign work is because we grew from two ngos -to thousands in ninety countries around the world working together in common cause to ban landmines -some of the people who worked in our campaign could only work maybe an hour a month they could maybe volunteer that much there were others like myself who were full time -but it was the actions together of all of us that brought about that -change in my view what we need today is people getting up and taking action to reclaim the meaning of peace its not -a dirty word its hard work every single day and if each of us who cares about the different things we care about got up off our butts and volunteered -as much time as we could -we would change this world we would save this world and we cant wait for the other guy we have to do it ourselves thank you -have access to enough -resources to live dignified lives -where these people have enough access to -and health care -so that they can live in freedom from want and freedom from fear -this is called human security -and i am not a complete pacifist like some of my really really heavy duty non violent friends like mairead mcguire -i understand that humans are so -and im coloring these small windows blue if another virus shares an identical sequence in its genome to that virus -these sequences right up here which dont even code for protein by the way are almost absolutely identical across all of these so i could use this sequence as a marker to detect a wide spectrum of viruses -how is it how can we investigate this flora of viruses that surround us and aid medicine how can we -without having to make something individual now over here theres great diversity thats where things are evolving fast down here you can see slower evolution less diversity -now by the time we get out here to lets say acute bee paralysis virus probably a bad one to have if youre a bee this virus shares almost no similarity to coxsackievirus -but i can guarantee you that the sequences that are most conserved among these viruses on the right hand of the screen are in identical regions right up here -and so we can encapsulate these regions of ultra conservation through evolution how these viruses evolved by just choosing dna elements or rna elements in these regions to represent on our chip as detection reagents -ok so thats what we did but how are we going to do that well for a long time since i was in graduate school ive been messing around making -dna chips that is printing dna on glass and thats what you see here these little salt spots are just dna tacked onto glass and so i can put thousands of these on our glass chip and use them as a detection reagent -we took our chip over to hewlett packard and used their atomic force microscope on one of these spots and this is what you see you can actually see the strands of dna lying flat on the glass here -so what were doing is just printing dna on glass little flat things and these are going to be markers for pathogens -ok i make little robots in lab to make these chips and im really big on disseminating technology if youve got enough money to buy just a camry you can build one of these too and so we put a deep how to guide on the web -totally free with basically order off the shelf parts you can build a dna array machine in your garage heres the section on the all important emergency stop switch -every important machines got to have a big red button but really its pretty robust you can actually be making dna chips in your garage and decoding some genetic programs pretty rapidly its a lot of fun -into a simple hand held single diagnostic assay i want to turn everything we know right now about detecting viruses and the spectrum of viruses that are out there -and so what we did and this is a really cool project we just started by making a respiratory virus chip -i talked about that you know that situation where you go into the clinic and you dont get diagnosed well we just put basically all the human respiratory viruses -and infected them with various viruses and we take the stuff and fluorescently label the nucleic acid the genetic material that comes out of these tissue culture cells -we can look at spots and if spots light up we know theres a certain virus in there thats what one of these chips really looks like and these red spots are in fact signal coming from the virus -and each spot represents a different family of virus or species of virus and so thats a hard way to look at things so im just going to encode things as a little barcode grouped by family so you can see the results in a very intuitive way -what we did is we took tissue culture cells and infected them with adenovirus and you can see this little yellow barcode next to -you can see you can see that this barcode is the same family but its distinct from parainfluenza three which gives you a very bad cold and so were getting unique signatures a fingerprint for each virus -into lets say a small chip when we started thinking about this project how we would make a single diagnostic assay to screen for all pathogens simultaneously -polio and rhino theyre in the same family very close to each other rhinos the common cold and you all know what polio is and you can see that these signatures are distinct and kaposis sarcoma associated herpes virus -right i can see a rhinovirus and heres the blow up of the rhinoviruss little barcode but what about different rhinoviruses how do i know which rhinovirus i have theres one hundred and two known variants of the common cold and theres only one hundred and two because people got bored collecting them -this is kind of a cheap shot because i know what the genetic sequence of all these rhinoviruses is and i in fact designed the chip expressly to be able to tell them apart but what about rhinoviruses that have never seen a genetic sequencer we dont know what the sequence is just pull them out of the field -so here are four rhinoviruses for which we never knew anything about no ones ever sequenced them and you can also see that you get unique and distinguishable patterns you can imagine building up some library whether real or virtual of fingerprints of essentially every virus but -again shooting fish in a barrel you know right you have tissue culture cells theres a ton of virus what about real people you cant control real people as you probably know you have no idea what someones going to cough into a -and its probably really complex right it could have lots of bacteria it could have more than one virus and it certainly has host genetic material so how do we deal with this and how do we do the positive control here well its pretty simple -thats me getting a nasal lavage and the idea is lets experimentally inoculate people with virus so we this is all irb approved by the way -theyre healthy theyre clean its amazing actually we thought the nasal tract might be full of viruses even when youre walking around healthy its pretty clean if youre healthy youre pretty healthy -we get a very robust rhinovirus pattern and its very similar to what we get in the lab doing our tissue culture experiment so thats great but again cheap shot right we put a ton of virus up this guys nose so -we sequenced part of their viruses theyre new rhinoviruses no ones actually even seen remember our evolutionary conserved sequences were using on this array allow us to detect even novel or uncharacterized viruses -because we pick what is conserved throughout evolution heres another guy you can play the diagnosis game yourself here these different blocks represent the different viruses -in this paramyxovirus family so you can kind of go down the blocks and see where the signal is you know well doesnt have canine distemper thats probably good -thats great heres another individual sampled on two separate days repeat visits to the clinic this individual has parainfluenza one and you can see that theres a little stripe over here for sendai virus thats mouse parainfluenza -the genetic relationships are very close there thats a lot of fun so we built out the chip we made a chip that has every known virus ever discovered on it -we can get virtual patterns and compare them to our observed result which is a very complex mixture and come up with some sort of score of how likely it is this is a rhinovirus or something -and our algorithm says its probably papilloma type eighteen and that is in fact what these particular cell cultures are chronically infected with so lets do something a little bit harder -we put the beeper in the clinic when somebody shows up and the hospital doesnt know what to do because they cant diagnose it they call us thats the idea and were setting this up in the bay area and so this case report happened three weeks ago -we have a twenty eight year old healthy woman no travel history doesnt smoke doesnt drink ten day history of fevers night sweats bloody sputum shes coughing up blood muscle pain she went to the clinic and they gave her -right and then sent her home she came back after ten days of fever right still has the fever and shes hypoxic she doesnt have much oxygen -so the patient was treated then with a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic and doxycycline and on day three didnt help she progressed to acute failure -not evolving very fast when people think about making pan viral detection reagents usually its the fast evolving problem thats an issue because how can we detect things if theyre always changing -they had to intubate her so they put a tube down her throat and they began to mechanically ventilate her she could no longer breathe for herself -what to do next dont know switch antibiotics so they switched to another antibiotic and tamiflu which its not clear why they thought she had the flu but they switched to -and so basically and what do they learn from it youre looking at her open lung biopsy and im no pathologist but you cant tell much from this all you can tell is theres a lot of swelling bronchiolitis it was unrevealing thats the pathologists report -and so what did they test her for they have their own tests of course and so they tested her for over seventy different assays for every sort of bacteria and fungus -and viral assay you can buy off the shelf sars metapneumovirus hiv rsv all these everything came back negative over one hundred thousand dollars worth of tests -i mean they went to the max for this woman and basically on hospital day eight thats when they called us they gave us endotracheal aspirate you know a little fluid from the throat from this tube that they got down there and they gave us this we put it on the chip -its not even really sequenced that much theres just a little bit of it sequenced theres almost no epidemiology or studies on it no one would even consider it because no one had a clue that it could cause respiratory failure and why is that -just lore theres no data no data to support whether it causes severe or mild disease clearly we have a case of a healthy person thats going down -but evolution is a balance where you have fast change you also have ultra conservation things that almost never change -dont need to give you many statistics about prostate cancer most of you already know it third leading cause of cancer deaths -lots of risk factors but there is a genetic predisposition to prostate cancer for maybe about ten percent of prostate cancer -there are folks that are predisposed to it and the first gene that was mapped in association studies for this early onset prostate cancer -was this gene called rnasel what is that its an antiviral defense enzyme so were sitting around thinking why would men who have the mutation -a defect in an antiviral defense system get prostate cancer it doesnt make sense unless maybe theres a virus so -we put tumors and now we have over one hundred tumors on our array and we know whos got defects in rnasel and who doesnt and im showing you the signal from the chip here -and im showing you for the block of retroviral oligos and what im telling you here from the signal is that men who have a mutation in this antiviral defense enzyme and who have a tumor -often have forty percent of the time a signature which reveals a new retrovirus -and so we looked into this a little more carefully and im going to show you data now this is just some stuff you can do on the computer from the desktop i took a bunch of these small picornaviruses like the common cold like polio and so on -ok thats pretty wild -its closest relative is in fact from mice and so we would call this a xenotropic retrovirus because its infecting a species other than mice -and this is a little phylogenetic tree to see how its related to other viruses and then weve done it for many patients now -is it really in the tissue and ill end up with this yes we take slices of these biopsies of tumor tissue and use material to actually locate the virus and we find cells here -with viral particles in them these guys really do have this virus does this virus cause prostate cancer nothing im saying here implies causality -i dont know is it a link to oncogenesis i dont know is it the case that these guys are just more susceptible to viruses -could be and it might have nothing to do with cancer but now its a door we have a strong association between the presence of this virus and a genetic mutation -been linked to cancer thats where were at so it opens up more questions than it answers im afraid but thats what you know science is really good at -and i just broke them down into small segments and so took this first example which is called coxsackievirus and just break it into small windows -meggendorfers spirit when they moved -and things got a lot more fun when the internet came around -one taiwanese production studio would -and one man would tell the stories of his father by using a platform called twitter to communicate the excrement his father would gesticulate -and after all this everyone paused they took a step -theyve gone from depicting hunting on cave walls to depicting -the art of storytelling has remained unchanged and for the most part the stories are recycled -but the way that humans tell the stories has always evolved with pure consistent novelty -and they remembered a man -one amazing german -every time a new storytelling device -once upon a time in nineteenth century germany there was the book -the lovely beautiful audience -now during this time the book was the king of storytelling it was venerable it was ubiquitous but it was a little bit boring because in its four hundred years of existence storytellers never evolved the book as a storytelling device -but then one author arrived and he changed the game -he grabbed his pen he snatched his scissors this man refused to fold to the conventions of normalcy and just decided to fold -as who else -the worlds first true inventor of the childrens pop up book -if you think this isnt as good -its way too big a towel let me tell you a secret if youre really quick if youre really quick and i can prove this -this is half a towel from the dispenser in this building how as soon as it starts you just tear it off its smart enough to stop and you get half a towel -you will for the rest of your life -are used by americans every year -if we could correction wrong figure -thirteen billion used every year if we could reduce the usage of paper towels one paper towel per person per day five hundred and seventy one thousand two hundred and thirty zero hundred pounds of paper not used we can do that -this is the first photograph taken from the surface of any planet this is a viking lander photograph of the surface of mars and yes the red planet -mars is half the size of the earth but because two three of the earth is covered by water the land area on mars is comparable to the land area on earth so mars is a pretty big place even though its half the size -we have obtained topographic measurements of the surface of mars we understand the elevation differences we know a lot about mars mars has the largest volcano in the solar system -mars has the largest impact crater in the solar system hellas basin this is two thousand miles across if you happened to be on mars when this impactor hit it was a really bad day on mars -about four point six billion years of history in eighteen minutes thats three hundred million -this is olympus mons this is bigger than the state of arizona volcanos are important -map of the united states three thousand miles across one of the most intriguing features about mars the national academy of science says one of the ten major mysteries of the -space age is why certain areas of mars are so highly magnetized we call this crustal magnetism -there are regions on mars where for some reason we dont understand why at this point the surface is very very highly magnetized -is there water on mars the answer is no there is no liquid water on the surface of mars today but -there is intriguing evidence that suggests that the early history of mars there may have been rivers and fast flowing water -today mars is very very dry we believe there is some water -in the polar caps there are polar caps of north pole and south pole here are some recent images this is from spirit and opportunity -water is important because if you want life you have to have water water is the key ingredient in the evolution the origin of life on a planet -here is some picture of antarctica and a picture of olympus mons very similar features glaciers so this is frozen water this is ice water on mars -this is my favorite picture this was just taken a few weeks ago it has not been seen publicly this is european space agency -mars express image of a crater on mars and in the middle of the crater we have liquid water we have ice very intriguing photograph -we now believe that in the early history of mars which is four point six billion years ago four point six billion years ago -mars was very earth like mars had rivers mars had lakes but more important mars had planetary scale oceans -we believe that the oceans were in the northern hemisphere and this area in blue which shows a depression of about four miles was the ancient -ocean area on the surface of mars where did the oceans worth of water on mars go well we have an idea -this is a measurement we obtained a few years ago from a mars orbiting satellite called odyssey sub surface water on mars -frozen in the form of ice and this shows the percent if its a blue ish color it means sixteen percent by weight -sixteen percent by weight of the interior contains frozen water or ice so there is a lot of water below the surface -the most intriguing and puzzling measurement in my opinion weve obtained of mars was released earlier this year -in the magazine science and what were looking at is the presence of the gas methane ch four -in the atmosphere of mars and you can see there are three distinct regions of methane why is methane important because on earth -almost all ninety nine point nine percent of the methane is produced by living systems not little green men -well known scientific journal the new york times wrote in its editorial mars is uninteresting its a dead world nasa should not spend any time or effort studying mars anymore -but microscopic life below the surface or at the surface we now have evidence that methane is in the atmosphere of mars a gas that on earth is biogenic in origin produced by living systems -these are the three plumes a b one b two and this is the terrain it appears over -and we know from geological studies that these regions are the oldest regions on mars in fact the earth and mars are both four point six billion years old -the oldest rock on earth is only three point six billion the reason there is a billion year gap in our geological understanding -is because of plate tectonics the crust of the earth has been recycled we have no geological record prior for the first billion years -that record exists on mars and this terrain that were looking at dates back to four point six billion years when earth and mars were -it was a tuesday -this is a map that shows where weve put our spacecraft on the surface of mars here is viking i viking -this is opportunity this is spirit this is mars pathfinder this is phoenix we just put two years ago -notice all of our rovers and all of our landers have gone to the northern hemisphere thats because the northern hemisphere is the region of the ancient -ocean basin there arent many craters and thats because the water protected the basin from being impacted by asteroids -a very very different place geologically look where the methane is the methane is in a very rough terrain area -what is the best way to unravel the mysteries on mars -we asked this question -ten years ago we invited ten of the top mars scientists to the langley research center for two days we addressed on the board the major questions that have not been -and we spent two days deciding how to best answer this question and the result of our meeting was a -rocket powered airplane we call ares its -aerial regional scale environmental surveyor there is a model of ares here this is a twenty percent scale model this airplane -was designed at the langley research center if any place in the world can build an airplane to fly on mars its the langley research center for almost one hundred years a leading center of aeronautics in the world -we fly about a mile above the surface we cover hundreds of miles and we fly about four hundred and fifty miles an hour -we can do things that rovers cant do and landers cant do we can fly above mountains volcanoes impact craters we fly over valleys we can fly over surface magnetism the polar caps subsurface water -and we can search for life on mars but of equal importance as we fly through the atmosphere of mars -we transmit that journey the first flight of an airplane outside of the earth we transmit those images back to earth -and our goal is to inspire the american public who is paying for this mission through tax dollars but more important -we will inspire the next generation of scientists technologists engineers and mathematicians and thats a critical area -one of the key questions in all of science is there life outside of -national security and economic vitality to make sure -we produce the next generation of scientists engineers mathematicians and technologists -this is what ares looks like as it flies over mars we preprogram it we will fly where the methane is we will have instruments aboard the plane -will sample every three minutes the atmosphere of mars we will look for methane as well as other gasses produced by living systems -we will pinpoint where these gases emanate from because we can measure the gradient where it comes from -words very carefully -the problem is we dont fly it to mars we put it in a spacecraft and we send it to mars the problem is the spacecrafts largest diameter -i believe that mars is the most likely target for life outside the earth im going to show you in a few minutes some amazing measurements that suggest there may be life on mars -is nine feet ares is twenty one foot wingspan seventeen feet long how do we get it to mars -we fold it and we transport it in a spacecraft and we have it in something called an -this is how we do it and we have a little video that -four three -taking nine months to get to mars it enters the atmosphere of mars a lot -opens up to slow it down the thermal tiles fall off the airplane is exposed to the atmosphere for the first time -we believe that in one hour flight we can rewrite the textbook on mars by making high resolution measurements of the atmosphere looking for gases of biogenic origin looking for -how do we know we can do it because we have tested ares model several models in a half a dozen wind tunnels in the nasa langley research center for eight years under mars -and of equal importance is we test ares in the earths atmosphere -at one hundred thousand feet which is comparable to the density and pressure on the atmosphere on mars where well fly -show you one of our tests this is a half scale model this is a high altitude helium balloon this is -we put the folded airplane on the balloon it took about three hours to get up there and then we released it on command at one hundred and three thousand feet -and we deploy the airplane and everything works perfectly and weve done high altitude and low altitude tests just to perfect this technique -were ready to go i have a scale model here but we have a full scale model in storage at the nasa langley research center were ready to go all we need is a check from nasa headquarters -to cover the costs im prepared to donate my honorarium for todays talk for this mission -is actually no honorarium for anyone for this thing this is the ares team we have about one hundred and fifty scientists engineers where -with jet propulsion laboratory goddard space flight center ames research center and half a dozen major universities and corporations in developing this -its a large effort its all at nasa langley research center -and let me conclude by saying not too far from here right down the road in kittyhawk north carolina -a little more than one hundred years ago history was made when we had the first powered flight of an airplane on earth we are on the verge right now -to make the first flight of an airplane outside the earths atmosphere we are prepared to fly this on mars rewrite the textbook about mars -if youre interested in more information we have a website that describes this exciting and intriguing mission and why we want to do it thank you very much -we dont know and this is really amazing to me we dont know how many children were born or how many children there are in bolivia or botswana or bhutan -we dont know how many kids died last week in any of those countries we dont know the needs of the elderly the mentally ill for all of these different critically important problems or critically important areas that we want to solve problems in we basically know nothing at all -and part of the reason why we dont know anything at all is that the information technology systems that we use in global health -to find the data to solve these problems is what you see here and this is about a five thousand year old technology some of you may have used it before its kind of on its way out now but we still use it for ninety nine percent of our stuff this is a paper form -and what youre looking at is a paper form in the hand of a ministry of health nurse in indonesia who is tramping out across the countryside in indonesia on im sure a very hot and humid day and she is going to be knocking on thousands of doors over a period of weeks or months -knocking on the doors and saying excuse me -wed like to ask you some questions -do you have any children were your children vaccinated -because the only way we can actually find out how many children were vaccinated in the country of indonesia what percentage were vaccinated is actually not on the internet but by going out and knocking on doors -sometimes tens of thousands of doors sometimes it takes months to even years to do something like this you know a census of indonesia would probably take two years to accomplish and the problem of course with all of this is that -with all those paper forms and im telling you we have paper forms for every possible thing we have paper forms for vaccination surveys we have paper forms to track people who come into clinics we have paper forms to track drug supplies blood supplies all these different paper forms -for many different topics they all have a single common endpoint and the common endpoint looks something like this -and what were looking at here is a truckful o data -this is the data from a single vaccination coverage survey -in a single district in the country of zambia from a few years ago that i participated in -the only thing anyone was trying to find out is what percentage of zambian children are vaccinated and this is the data collected on paper over weeks from a single district which is something like a county in the united states you can imagine that for the entire country of zambia answering just that single question -into a computer when i was a graduate student i actually was that unfortunate person sometimes i can tell you i often wasnt really paying attention -i probably made a lot of mistakes when i did it that no one ever discovered so data quality goes down -but eventually that data hopefully gets typed into a computer and someone can begin to analyze it and once they have an analysis and a report hopefully then you can take the results of that data collection and use it to vaccinate children better because if theres anything worse in the field of global public health -i dont know whats worse than allowing children on this planet to die of vaccine preventable diseases -no keys the cop says are you sure hey buddy are you sure you lost your keys here and the guy says no no actually i lost them down at the other end of the street but the light is better here -diseases for which the vaccine costs a dollar and millions of children die of these diseases every year and the fact is millions is a gross estimate because we dont really know how many kids die each year of this -what makes it even more frustrating is that the data entry part the part that i used to do as a grad student can take sometimes six months sometimes it can take two years to type that information into a computer and sometimes actually not infrequently it actually never happens now try and wrap your head around that for a second -you just had teams of hundreds of people they went out into the field to answer a particular question you probably spent hundreds of thousands of dollars on fuel and photocopying and per diem -and then for some reason momentum is lost or theres no money left and all of that comes to nothing because no one actually types it into the computer at all the process just stops happens all the time this is what we base our decisions on in global health -little data old data no data -so back in one thousand nine hundred and ninety five i began to think about ways in which we could improve this process now one thousand nine hundred and ninety five obviously that was quite a long time ago it kind of frightens me to think of how long ago that was the top movie of the year was die hard with a vengeance as you can see bruce willis had a lot more hair back then i was working in the centers for disease control -i had a lot more hair back then as well -but to me the most significant thing that i saw in one thousand nine hundred and ninety five was this -hard for us to imagine but in one thousand nine hundred and ninety five this was the ultimate elite mobile device right it wasnt an iphone it wasnt a galaxy phone it was a palm pilot and when i saw the palm pilot for the first time i thought -of typing of having somebody type that stuff into the computer we can skip straight to the analysis and then straight to the use of the data to actually save lives so thats actually what i began to do working at cdc i began to travel to different programs around the world and to train them in using -theres a concept that people talk about nowadays called big data and what theyre talking about is all of the information that were generating through our interaction with and over the internet everything from facebook and twitter to music downloads movies streaming all this kind of stuff the live streaming of ted -while i was doing it my business partner rose whos here with her husband matthew here in the audience rose was out doing similar stuff for the american red cross the problem was after a few years of doing that i realized i had done i had been to maybe six or seven programs -and i thought you know if i keep this up at this pace over my whole career maybe im going to go to maybe twenty or thirty programs -but the problem is twenty or thirty programs -like training twenty or thirty programs to use this technology -that is a tiny drop in the bucket the demand for this the need for data to run better programs just within health not to mention all of the other fields in developing countries is enormous there are millions and millions and millions of programs millions of clinics that need to track drugs -millions of vaccine programs there are schools that need to track attendance there are all these different things -for us to get the data that we need to do and i realized -if i kept up the way that i was doing i was basically hardly going to make any impact by the end of my career -and so i began to wrack my brain trying to think about you know what was the process that i was doing how was i training folks and what were the bottlenecks and what were the obstacles to doing it faster and to doing it more efficiently and unfortunately after thinking about this for some time i realized i identified the main obstacle -and the main obstacle it turned out and this is a sad realization the main obstacle was me -so what do i mean by that -i had developed a process whereby i was the center of the universe of this technology -if you wanted to use this technology you had to get in touch with me that means you had to know i existed then you had to find the money to pay for me to fly out to your country and the money to pay for my hotel and my per diem and my daily rate so you could be talking about ten thousand or twenty thousand or thirty thousand dollars if i actually had the time or it fit my schedule and i wasnt on vacation -and this is a problem for which we need to scale this technology and we need to scale it now and so i began to think of ways in which i could basically take myself out of the picture -and -you know i was thinking how could i take myself out of the picture for quite some time -and the folks who work with big data for them they talk about that their biggest problem is we have so much information the biggest problem is how do we organize all that information -and you go out there and you spend money on airfare and you spend time and you spend per diem and you spend on a hotel and you spend all that stuff as far as i knew that was the only way you could distribute technology and i couldnt figure out a way around it but the miracle that happened -im going to call it hotmail for short now you may not think of hotmail as being miraculous but for me it was miraculous because i noticed just as i was wrestling with this problem i was working in sub saharan africa mostly at the time i noticed that every sub saharan african health worker that i was working with -so these guys are distributing technology theyre getting software capacity out there but theyre not actually flying around the world -i need to think about this some more while i was thinking about it people started using even more things just like this just as we were they started using linkedin and flickr and gmail and google maps all these things of course all of these things are cloud based -and dont require any training they dont require any programmers they dont require any consultants because the business model for all these businesses -requires that something be so simple we can use it ourselves with little or no training you just have to hear about it and go to the website -and so i thought what would happen if we built software to do what id been consulting in instead of training people how to put -forms onto mobile devices lets create software that lets them do it themselves -i can tell you that working in global health that is not our biggest problem -software called magpi which has an online form creator no one has to speak to me you just have to hear about it and go to the website -you can create forms and once youve created the forms you push them to a variety of common mobile phones obviously nowadays weve moved past palm pilots to mobile phones and it doesnt have to be a smartphone it can be a basic phone like the phone on the right there you know the basic kind of symbian phone thats very common in developing countries -and the great part about this -is its just like hotmail its cloud based and it doesnt require any training programming consultants but there are some additional benefits as well now we knew when we built this system the whole point of it just like with the palm pilots was that youd have to youd be able to collect the data and immediately upload the data and get your data set -because for us even though the light is better on the internet -but what we found of course since its already on a computer we can deliver instant maps and analysis and graphing we can take a process that took two years and compress that down to the space of five minutes -unbelievable improvements in efficiency -cloud based no training no consultants no me -and i told you that in the first few years of trying to do this the old fashioned way going out to each country we reached about -i dont know probably trained about one thousand people what happened after we did this in the second three years we had fourteen thousand people find the website sign up and start using it to collect data data for disaster response canadian pig farmers tracking pig disease and pig herds people tracking drug supplies -the data that would help us solve the problems were trying to solve is not actually present on the internet -have a program where semi literate midwives using dollar ten mobile phones send a text message using our software once a week with the number of births and the number of deaths which gives irc something that no one in global health has ever had a near real time -system of counting babies of knowing how many kids are born of knowing how many children there are in sierra leone which is the country where this is happening and knowing how many children die -physicians for human rights this is moving a little bit outside the health field they are gathering theyre basically training people to do rape exams in congo where this is an epidemic a horrible epidemic and theyre using our software to document the evidence they find including photographically -so that they can bring the perpetrators to justice -camfed another charity based out of the u k camfed pays girls families to keep them in school -so we dont know for example how many people right now are being affected by disasters -the attendance the grades on paper the turnaround time between a teacher writing down grades or attendance and getting that into a report was about two to three years now its real time and because this is such a low cost system and based in the cloud -it costs for the entire five countries that camfed runs this in with tens of thousands of girls the whole cost combined is ten thousand dollars a year -thats less than i used to get just traveling out for two weeks to do a consultation -so i told you before that when we were doing it the old fashioned way i realized all of our work was really adding up to just a drop in the bucket ten twenty thirty different programs -weve made a lot of progress but i recognize that right now even the work that weve done with fourteen thousand people using this -is still a drop in the bucket but somethings changed and i think it should be obvious whats changed now is instead of having a program in which were scaling at such a slow rate that we can never reach all the people who need us weve made it unnecessary for people to get reached by us weve created a tool that lets programs -or by conflict situations we dont know for really basically any of the clinics in the developing world which ones have medicines and which ones dont we have no idea of what the supply chain is for those clinics -keep kids in school track the number of babies that are born and the number of babies that die to catch criminals and successfully prosecute them to do all these different things to learn more about whats going on to understand more to see more and to save lives and improve lives -so there is no doubt opportunity here and we can list -our future and we say what is the playing field on the planet what are the planetary boundaries within which we can safely operate and then backtrack innovations within that but of course the drama is it clearly shows that incremental change is not an option so there is scientific evidence -it was a jumpy ride eighty thousand years back in a crisis we leave africa we colonize australia in another crisis sixty thousand years back we leave asia for europe in another crisis forty thousand years back and then we enter the remarkably stable holocene phase -the only period in the whole history of the planet that we know of that can support human development a thousand years into this period we abandon our -hunting and gathering patterns we go from a couple of million people to the seven billion people we are today the mesopotamian culture we invent agriculture we domesticate animals and plants you have the roman the greek and the story as you know it the only phase as we know it that can support humanity the trouble is -were putting a quadruple sqeeze on this poor planet a quadruple sqeeze which as its first squeeze has -population growth of course now this is not only about numbers this is not only about the fact that were seven billion people committed to nine billion people its an equity issue as well -on a human dominated planet putting unprecedented pressure on the systems on earth -the majority of the environmental impacts on the planet have been caused by the rich minority the twenty percent that jumped onto the industrial bandwagon in the mid eighteenth century the majority of the planet aspiring for development having the right for development are in large aspiring for an unsustainable lifestyle a momentous pressure -the second pressure on the planet is of course the climate agenda the big issue where the policy interpretation of science is that it would be enough to stabilize greenhouse gases at four hundred and fifty ppm to avoid -average temperatures exceeding two degrees to avoid -the risk that we may be destabilizing the west antarctic ice sheet holding six meters level rising the risk of destabilizing the greenland ice sheet holding another seven meters sea level rising now you would have wished the climate pressure to hit a strong planet a resilient planet but unfortunately the third pressure is the ecosystem decline -never have we seen in the past fifty years such a sharp -this is bad news but perhaps surprising to you its also part of the good news were the first generation thanks to science to be informed that we may be undermining the stability and the ability of planet earth to support human development as we know it its also good news because the planetary risks were facing are so large -decline of ecosystem functions and services on the planet -one of them being the ability to regulate climate on the long term in our forests land and biodiversity the forth pressure is surprise -the notion and the evidence that we need to abandon our old paradigm that ecosystems behave linearly predictably controllably in our so to say linear systems and that in fact surprise is universal as systems tip over very rapidly abruptly and often irreversibly -this dear friends poses a human pressure on the planet of momentous scale we may in fact have entered a new geological era the anthropocene where humans are the predominant driver of change -its not only carbon dioxide that has this hockey stick pattern of accelerated change -you can take virtually any parameter that matters for human well being nitrous oxide methane deforestation overfishing land degredation loss of species they all show the same pattern over the past two hundred years -simultaneously they branch off in the mid fifty s ten years after the second world war showing very clearly that the great acceleration of the human enterprise starts in the mid fifty s you see for the first time an imprint on the global level -and i can tell you you enter the disciplinary research in each of these -you find something remarkably important the conclusion that we may have come to the point where we have to bend the curves that we may have entered the most challenging and exciting decade in the history humanity on the planet the decade when we have to bend the curves -now as if this was not enough to just bend the curves and understanding the accelerated pressure on the planet we also have to recognize the fact that systems do have multiple stable states separated by thresholds illustrated here by this ball and cup diagram where the depth of the cup is the resilience of the system -now the system may gradually under pressure of -climate change erosion biodiversity loss lose the depth of the cup the resilience but appear to be healthy and appear to suddenly under a threshold be tipping over -where new biophysical logic takes over -new species take over and the system gets locked do we have evidence of this yes coral reef systems -biodiverse low nutrient hard coral systems under multiple pressures of overfishing unsustainable tourism climate change a trigger and the system tips over loses its resilience soft corals take over and we get undesired systems that cannot support economic and social development the arctic -a beautiful system a regulating biome at the planetary level taking the knock after knock on climate change appearing to be in a good state no scientist could predict that in two thousand and seven -suddenly what could be crossing a threshold the system suddenly very surprisingly loses thirty to forty percent of its summer ice cover and the drama is of course that when the system does this the logic may change it may get locked in an undesired state because it changes color -that business as usual is not an option -absorbs more energy and the system may get stuck -in my mind the largest red flag warning for humanity that we are in a precarious situation -as a sideline you know that the only red flag that popped up here was a submarine from an unnamed country that planted a red flag at the bottom of the arctic -to be able to control the oil resources -now -if we have evidence which we now have that wetlands forests unclear monsoon system the rainforests behave in this nonlinear way -in fact were in a phase where transformative change is necessary which opens the window for innovation for new ideas and new paradigms this is a scientific journey on the challenges facing humanity in the global phase of sustainability on this journey id like to bring apart from yourselves a good friend -thirty or so scientists around the world gathered and asked a question for the first time do we have to put the planet into the the pot -you know you dont want to stand there in fact youre not even allowed to stand where this gentleman is standing at the foaming slippery waters at the threshold in fact theres a fence quite upstream of this threshold beyond which you are in a danger zone and this is the new paradigm -which we gathered two three years back recognizing that our old paradigm of just analyzing and pushing and predicting parameters into the future aiming at minimalizing environmental impacts is of the past now we to ask ourselves which are the large environmental processes -define a planetary boundary a fence -within which we then have a safe operating space for humanity this work which was published in nature late two thousand and nine after a number of years of analysis led to the final proposition -that we can only find nine planetary boundaries -with which under active stewardship would allow ourselves to have a safe operating space these include of course climate it may surprise you that its not only climate but it shows that we are interconnected among many systems on the planet -record of the history of the planet -but we also include what we call the slow variables the systems that under the hood regulate and buffer the capacity of the resilience of the planet -air pollution including warming gases and air polluting sulfates and nitrates but also chemical pollution -together these form an integrated whole for guiding human development in the anthropocene understanding that the planet is a complex self regulating system in fact most evidence indicates that these nine may behave as three musketeers -one for all all for one you degrade forests you go beyond the boundary on land you undermine the ability of the climate system to stay stable the drama here is in fact that it may show that the climate challenge is the easy one -if you consider the whole challenge of sustainable development now this is the big bang equivalent then of human development within the safe operating space of the planetary boundaries what you see here in black line is the safe operating space the quantified -a stakeholder whos always absent when we deal with the negotiations on environmental issues a stakeholder who refuses to compromise -boundaries as suggested by this analysis the yellow dot in the middle here is our starting point the pre industrial point where were very safely in the safe operating space in the fifty s we start branching out -in the sixty s already through the green revolution and the haber bosch process of fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere you know humans today take out more nitrogen from the atmosphere than the whole biosphere does naturally as a whole -we dont transgress the climate boundary until the early ninety s actually right after rio and today we are in a situation where we estimate that weve transgressed three boundaries the rate of biodiversity loss which is the sixth extinction period in the history of humanity one of them being the extinctions of the dinosaurs -nitrogen and climate change but we still have some degrees of freedom on the others but we are approaching fast on land water phosphorus and oceans but this gives a new paradigm to guide humanity to put the light -on our so far overpowered industrial vehicle which -operates as if were only on a dark straight highway now the question then is how gloomy is this is then sustainable development utopia well theres no science to suggest in fact there is -ample science to indicate that we can do this transformative change -planet earth so i thought id bring her with me today on stage -but it changes fundamentally our governance and management paradigm from the current -linear command and control thinking looking at efficiencies and optimization towards a much more flexible a much more adaptive approach where we recognize that redundancy both in social and environmental systems is key to be able to deal with a turbulent era of global change -to have her as a witness of a remarkable journey which humbly reminds us of the period of grace weve had over the past ten thousand years this is the living conditions on the planet over the last one hundred thousand years -we have to invest in persistence in the ability of social systems and ecological systems to withstand shocks and still remain in that desired cup -we have to invest in transformations capability moving from crisis into innovation and the ability to rise after a crisis and of course to adapt to unavoidable change this is a new paradigm were not -doing that at any scale on governance but is it happening anywhere do we have any examples of success on this mind shift being applied at the local level well yes in fact we do and the list can start becoming longer and longer theres good news here for example from latin america where plow based -leading to innovation and entrepreneurship among farmers in partnership with scientists into an agricultural revolution of zero tillage systems combined with mulch farming with locally adapted -technologies which today for example -the australian great barrier reef is another success story -under the realization from tourist operators fishermen the australian great barrier reef authority and scientists that the great barrier reef is doomed under the current governance regime -global change beautification rack culture overfishing and unsustainable tourism all together placing this system in the realization of crisis but the window of opportunity was innovation and new mindset which today has led to a completely new governance strategy to build resilience -and then allow for much more redundancy in the system sweden the country i come from has other examples where wetlands in southern sweden were seen as as in many countries as flood prone polluted nuisance in the peri urban regions but again -a crisis new partnerships actors locally transforming these into a key component of sustainable urban planning -so crisis leading into opportunities -its a very important period its roughly half the period when weve been fully modern humans on the planet weve had the same roughly abilities that developed civilizations as we know it this is the environmental conditions on the planet here used as a proxy temperature variability -we cannot continue consuming water as we do today with twenty five percent of world rivers not even reaching the ocean -and we need a transformation well interestingly and based on -my work and others in africa for example weve shown that even the most vulnerable small scale rainfall farming systems with innovations and supplementary irrigation to bridge dry spells and droughts sustainable sanitation systems to close the loop on nutrients from toilets back to farmers fields and innovations in tillage systems -we can triple quadruple yield levels on current land -local action based partnerships and cross scale institutional innovations -where local -actors together can deal with the global commons at a large scale but even on the hard policy area we have innovations we know that we have to move from our fossil dependence very quickly into a low carbon economy in record time -and what shall we do everybody talks about carbon taxes it wont work emission schemes but for example one -policy measure feed in tariffs on the energy system which is already applied from china -doing it on offshore wind systems all the way to the u s where you give the guaranteed price for investment in renewable energy but you can subsidize electricity to poor people you get people out of poverty you solve the climate issue with regards to the energy sector while at the same time stimulating innovation examples of things that can be out scaled quickly at the planetary level -this is the environmental conditions on the planet here used as a proxy temperature variability it was a jumpy ride eighty thousand years back in a crisis we leave africa -many many examples of transformative opportunities around the planet the key though in all of these the red thread is -the shift in mindset moving away from a situation where we are simply are pushing ourselves into a dark future where we -our future and we say what is the playing field on the planet what are the planetary boundaries within which we can safely operate and then backtrack -innovations within that but of course the drama is it clearly shows that incremental change is not an option so there is scientific evidence -say the harsh news that we are facing the largest transformative development since the industrialization in fact what we have to do over the next forty years -is much more dramatic and more exciting than what we did when we moved into the situation were in today -now science indicates that yes we can achieve a prosperous future within the safe operating space if we move simultaneously -we colonize australia in another crisis sixty thousand years back we leave asia for europe in another crisis forty thousand years back and then we enter the remarkably stable holocene phase -the only period in the whole history of the planet that we know of that can support human development a thousand years into this period we abandon our -the roman the greek and the story as you know it the only phase as we know it that can support -the trouble is were putting a quadruple sqeeze on this poor planet a quadruple sqeeze which as its first squeeze has -on a human dominated planet putting unprecedented pressure on the systems on earth this is bad news but perhaps surprising to you its also part of the good news were the first generation -the majority of the planet aspiring for development having the right for development are in large aspiring for an unsustainable lifestyle a momentous pressure -to avoid the risk that we may be destabilizing the west antarctic ice sheet holding six meters level rising the risk of destabilizing the greenland ice sheet holding another seven meters sea level -now you would have wished the climate pressure to hit a strong planet a resilient planet but unfortunately the third pressure is the ecosystem decline never have we seen in the past fifty years -such a sharp decline of ecosystem functions and services on the planet one of them being the ability to regulate climate on the long term in our forests land and biodiversity the forth pressure is -the notion and the evidence that we need to abandon our old paradigm that ecosystems behave linearly predictably controllably -in our so to say linear systems and that in fact surprise is universal as systems tip over very rapidly abruptly and often irreversibly this dear friends poses -human pressure on the planet of momentous scale we may in fact have entered a new geological era the anthropocene where humans are the predominant driver of change at a planetary level -now as a scientist whats the evidence for this well the evidence is -you can take virtually any parameter that matters for human well being nitrous oxide methane deforestation overfishing land degredation loss of species they all show -the same pattern over the past two hundred years simultaneously they branch off in the mid fifties ten years after the second world war -showing very clearly that the great acceleration of the human enterprise starts in the mid fifties you see for the first time an imprint on the global level -and i can tell you you enter the disciplinary research in each of these you find something remarkably important the conclusion that we may have come to the point where we have to bend the curves -we may have entered the most challenging and exciting decade in the history humanity on the planet the decade when we have to bend the curves -now as if this was not enough to just bend the curves and understanding the accelerated pressure on the planet we also have to recognize the fact that systems do have multiple stable states separated by thresholds illustrated here by this ball and cup diagram -the depth of the cup is the resilience of the system now the system may gradually under pressure of climate change erosion biodiversity loss -lose the depth of the cup the resilience but appear to be healthy and appear to suddenly under a threshold be tipping over -changing state and literally ending up in an undesired situation -where new biophysical logic takes over new species take over and the system gets locked do we have evidence of this yes coral reef systems -loses its resilience soft corals take over and we get undesired systems that cannot support economic and social development the arctic -a beautiful system a regulating biome at the planetary level taking the knock after knock on climate change appearing to be in a good state no scientist could predict -in two thousand and seven suddenly what could be crossing a threshold the system suddenly very surprisingly loses thirty to forty percent of its summer ice cover -and the drama is of course that when the system does this the logic may change it may get locked in an undesired state because it changes color absorbs more energy -and the system may get stuck in my mind the largest red flag warning for humanity that we are in a precarious situation -as a sideline you know that the only red flag that popped up here was a submarine from an unnamed country that planted a red flag at the bottom of the arctic to be able to control the oil resources -now -if we have evidence which we now have that wetlands forests the rainforests behave in this nonlinear way -in fact were in a phase where transformative change is necessary which opens the window for innovation for new ideas and new paradigms this is a scientific journey on the challenges facing humanity in the global phase of sustainability -thirty or so scientists around the world gathered and asked a question for the first time do we have to put the planet into the the pot so we have to ask ourselves are we threatening this extraordinarily stable holocene state -are we in fact putting ourselves in a situation where were coming too close to thresholds that could lead to deleterious and very undesired if now catastrophic change for human development -you know you dont want to stand there in fact youre not even allowed to stand where this gentleman is standing at the foaming slippery waters at the threshold in fact theres a fence -to keep ourselves safe in the holocene and could we even thanks to major advancements in earth systems science identify the thresholds the points where we may expect nonlinear change and could we even -this work which was published in nature late two thousand and nine after a number of years of analysis led to the final proposition -that we can only find nine planetary boundaries with which under active stewardship would allow ourselves to have a safe operating space these include of course climate it may surprise you that its not only climate -and ocean acidification being the three big systems where the scientific evidence of large scale thresholds in the paleo record of the history of the planet -big nitrogen and phosphorus cycles on the planet land use change rate of biodiversity loss freshwater use functions which regulate -biomass on the planet carbon sequestration diversity and then we have two parameters which we were not able to quantify air pollution including warming gases and air polluting sulfates and nitrates but also chemical pollution -on this journey id like to bring apart from yourselves a good friend a stakeholder whos always absent when we deal with the negotiations on environmental issues a stakeholder who refuses -in fact most evidence indicates that these nine may behave as three musketeers one for all all for one you degrade forests you go beyond the boundary on land you undermine the ability of the climate system -to stay stable the drama here is in fact that it may show that the climate challenge is the easy one if you consider the whole challenge of sustainable development -this is the big bang equivalent then of human development within the safe operating space of the planetary boundaries what you see here in black line is the safe operating space the quantified -boundaries as suggested by this analysis the yellow dot in the middle here is our starting point the pre industrial point where were very safely in the safe operating space in the fifties we start branching out -the rate of biodiversity loss which is the sixth extinction period in the history of humanity one of them being the extinctions of the dinosaurs -to guide humanity to put the light on our so far overpowered industrial vehicle which operates as if were only on a dark straight highway -now the question then is how gloomy is this is then sustainable development utopia well theres no science to suggest in fact there is ample science to indicate that we can do this transformative change that we have the ability -to compromise planet earth -to now move into a new innovative a transformative gear across scales the drama is of course is that two hundred countries on this planet have to simultaneously start moving in the same direction -so i thought id bring her with me today on stage to have her as a witness of a remarkable journey which humbly reminds us -towards a much more flexible a much more adaptive approach where we recognize that redundancy both in social and environmental systems is key to be able to deal with a turbulent era -of global change we have to invest in persistence in the ability of social systems and ecological systems to withstand shocks and still remain in that desired cup -we have to invest in transformations capability moving from crisis into innovation and the ability to rise after -and of course to adapt to unavoidable change this is a new paradigm were not doing that at any scale on governance but is it happening anywhere do we have any examples of success on this mindshift being applied at the local level -well yes in fact we do and the list can start becoming longer and longer theres good news here for example from latin america where plow based farming systems of the fifties and sixties -led farming basically to a dead end with lower and lower yields degrading the organic matter and fundamental problems at the livelihood levels in paraguay uruguay and a number of countries brazil -leading to innovation and entrepreneurship among farmers in partnership with scientists into an agricultural revolution of zero tillage systems combined with mulch farming with locally adapted technologies which today for example -the australian great barrier reef is another success story under the realization from tourist operators fishermen -period of grace weve had over the past ten thousand years this is the living conditions on the planet over the last one hundred thousand years -the australian great barrier reef authority and scientists that the great barrier reef is doomed under the current governance regime -but the window of opportunity was innovation and new mindset which today has led to a completely new governance strategy to build resilience -a crisis new partnerships actors locally transforming these into a key component of sustainable urban planning so crisis leading into opportunities -now what about the future well the future of course has one massive challenge which is feeding a world of nine billion people we need nothing less than a new green revolution and the planet boundaries shows that -its a very important period its roughly half the period when weve been fully modern humans on the planet weve had the same roughly abilities that developed civilizations as we know it -has to go from a source of greenhouse gases to a sink it has to basically do this on current land we cannot expand anymore because it erodes the planetary boundaries we cannot continue consuming water -as we do today with twenty five percent of world rivers not even reaching the ocean and we need a transformation well interestingly and based on -my work and others in africa for example weve shown that even the most vulnerable small scale rainfall farming systems with innovations and supplementary irrigation to bridge dry spells and droughts -local action based partnerships and cross scale institutional innovations -where local actors together can deal with the global commons at a large scale but even on the -doing it on offshore wind systems all the way to the u s where you give the guaranteed price for investment in renewable energy but you can subsidize electricity to poor people -you get people out of poverty you solve the climate issue with regards to the energy sector while at the same time stimulating innovation -but if you go to santee alley yeah -is vivienne westwood no we think of it as maybe too silly too unnecessary now -i heard this amazing story about miuccia prada shes an italian fashion designer she goes to this vintage store in paris with a friend of hers shes rooting around she finds this one jacket -argue today is that because there is no copyright protection in the fashion industry -fashion designers have actually been able to elevate utilitarian design things to cover our naked bodies into something we consider art -because theres no copyright protection in this industry theres a very open and creative ecology of creativity -they can take any element from any garment from the history of fashion and incorporate it into their own design theyre also notorious for you know riffing off of the zeitgeist and here i -cant copyright a costume either -now fashion designers have the broadest palette imaginable in this creative industry this wedding dress here is actually made of sporks and this dress is actually made of aluminum -ive heard this dress actually sort of sounds like wind chimes as they walk through so one of the magical side effects -of having a culture of copying which is really what it is is the establishment of trends people think this is a magical thing how does it happen well its because its legal for people to copy one another -some people believe that there are a few people at the top of the fashion food chain who sort of dictate to us what were all going to wear -but if you talk to any designer at any level including these high end designers they always say their main inspiration comes from the street where people like you and me remix and match our own fashion looks -and thats where they really get a lot of their creative inspiration -fashion giants have probably benefited the most from the lack of copyright protection in the fashion industry they are notorious for knocking off high end designs and selling them at very low prices and theyve been faced with a lot of -but those lawsuits are usually not won by fashion designers the courts have said over and over again you dont need any more intellectual property protection -when you look at copies like this its like you wonder how do the luxury high end brands remain in business if you can get it for two hundred bucks why pay a thousand -turning it inside out shes looking at the seams shes looking at the construction her friend says buy it already -and we asked him exactly this question heres what he had to say he had just come off a successful stint as the lead designer at gucci in -the people on santee alley are not the ones who -you know a knock off is never the same -as an original high end design at least in terms of the materials theyre always made of cheaper materials but even sometimes a cheaper version can actually have some -palette of design choices to choose from than we ever have before and this is mainly because of the fast fashion industry actually -but im also going to replicate it -now the academics in this audience may think well that sounds like plagiarism -fashionable every season these designers have to struggle to come up with the new fabulous idea that everybodys going to love and this let me tell you is very good for the bottom line -now of course theres a bunch of effects that this culture of copying has on the creative process and stuart weitzman is a very successful shoe designer he has complained a lot about people copying him but in one interview i read -he said you know its really forced him to up his game he had to come up with new ideas new things that would be hard to copy he came up with this bowden wedge heel -heard this anecdote but i have -but to a fashionista what it really is is a sign pradas genius that she can root through the history of fashion and pick the one jacket that doesnt need to be changed by one iota and to be current and to be now -this is not unlike the world of comedy i dont know if you know that jokes also cant be copyright -so when one liners were really popular -funny now the other thing that fashion designers have done to survive in this culture of copying is theyve learned how to copy themselves -now some fashion designers will say its only in the united states that we dont have any respect in other countries there is protection for our artful designs but if you take a look at the two other biggest markets in the world it turns out that the -in japan for instance which i think is the third largest market they have a design law it protects apparel -but the novelty standard is so high you have to prove that your garment -its totally unique and thats sort of like the novelty standard for a u s patent which fashion designers never get rarely get here in the states in the european union they went in the other direction -very low novelty standard anybody can register anything but even though its the home of the fast fashion industry and you have a lot of luxury designers there -you might also be asking whether its possible -they dont register their garments generally and theres not a lot of litigation -it turns out its because the novelty standard is too low a person can come in and take somebody -cut off three inches from the bottom go to the e u and register it as a new original design -so that does not stop the knock off artists if you look at the registry actually a lot of the registered things in the e u are nike t shirts that are almost identical to one another -that this is illegal for her to do this -the retailers have kind of quashed this notion though i dont think the legislation is going anywhere because they realize it is so hard to tell the difference between a pirated design -and something thats just part of a global trend -who owns a look -very difficult question to answer it takes lots of lawyers and lots of court time and the retailers decided that would be way too expensive -you know its not just the fashion industry that doesnt have copyright protection -other industries that dont have copyright protection including the food industry you cannot copyright a recipe because its a set of instructions its fact and you cannot copyright the look and feel of even the most unique -same with automobiles it doesnt matter how wacky they look or how cool they look you cannot copyright the sculptural design -its a utilitarian article thats why -same with furniture its too utilitarian -open source software these guys decided they didnt want copyright protection -be more innovative without it -jokes no copyright protection fireworks displays the rules of games -and some of these industries may seem sort of marginal to you -they have trademark protection -but these are the gross sales for low i p industries industries with very little copyright protection and -it aint pretty -you talk to people in the fashion industry and theyre like -anybody we can actually steal from each others -but you know what its revolutionary and its a model that a lot of other industries like the ones we just saw with the really small bars -they might have to think about this because right now those industries with a lot of copyright protection are operating in an atmosphere where its as if they dont have any protection and they dont know what to do -when i found out that there are a whole bunch of industries that didnt have copyright protection -is the underlying logic i want a picture and the lawyers do not provide a picture so i made one -these are the two main sort of binary oppositions within the logic of copyright law it is more complex than this but this will do first is something an artistic object then it deserves protection -is it a utilitarian object then no it does not deserve protection this is a difficult unstable binary the other one is is it an idea is it something that needs to freely circulate in a free society -and so it means that anybody could copy any garment on any person in this room -or is it a physically fixed expression of an idea something that somebody made and they deserve to own it for a while and make money from it -that digital technology has completely subverted the logic of this physically fixed expression versus idea -nowadays we -now the conceptual issues are -when you talk about creativity and ownership -and let me tell you we dont want to leave this just to lawyers to figure out theyre smart -and sell it as their own design -in a digital world thats going to lead to the most innovation and my suggestion is that fashion might be a really good place to start looking for a model for creative industries in the future -if you want more information about this research project -and i really want to thank veronica jauriqui for making this very fashionable presentation -age demographics the eighteen to forty nine demo -had a huge impact on all mass media programming in this country since the nineteen sixties when the baby boomers were still young -now theyve aged out of that demographic but its still the case that powerful ratings companies like nielson dont even take into account -viewers of television shows over age fifty four in our media environment its as if they dont even -now if you watch mad men like i do its a popular tv show in the states doctor faye miller does something called psychographics which -first came about in the nineteen sixties where you create these complex psychological profiles of consumers but psychographics really havent had a huge impact on the media business its really just been basic demographics -so im at the norman lear center at usc and weve done a lot of research over the last seven eight years on demographics and how they affect media and entertainment in this country -and abroad and in the last three years weve been looking specifically at social media to see what has changed and weve discovered some very interesting things -today that may seem a little bit crazy social media and the end of gender -all the people who participate in social media networks belong to the same old demographic categories that media companies and advertisers have used in order to understand -able to connect with people quite freely and to redefine ourselves online and we can lie about our age online too pretty easily -we can also connect with people based on our very specific interests we dont need a media company to help do this for us -the traditional media companies of course are paying very close attention to these online communities they know this is the mass audience of the future -they need to figure it out but theyre having a hard time doing it because theyre still trying to use demographics in order to understand them because thats how ad rates are still determined -they have a really hard time figuring out your age your gender and your income they can make some educated guesses -let me connect the dots -but they get a lot more information about what you do online what you like what interests you thats easier for them to find out than who you are and even though thats still creepy -there is an upside to having your taste monitored suddenly our taste is being respected in a way that it hasnt been before it had been presumed before -so when you look online at the way people aggregate they dont aggregate around age gender and income -they aggregate around the things they love the things that they like and if you think about it shared interests and values are a far more powerful aggregator of human beings than demographic categories -id much rather know whether you like buffy the vampire slayer rather than how old you are that would tell me something more substantial about you -if you look at the statistics these are worldwide statistics in every single age category women actually outnumber men in their use of social networking technologies -and then if you look at the amount of time that they spend on these sites -they truly dominate the social media space which is a space thats having a huge impact on old media -the question is what sort of impact is this going to have on our culture and whats it going to mean for women -are actually going to help free us from some of the absurd assumptions that we have as a society about gender i think that social media is actually going to help us dismantle -if the case is that social media is dominating old media and women are dominating social media then does that mean that women are going to take over global media -are we suddenly going to see a lot more female characters in cartoons and in games and on tv shows will the next big budget blockbuster movies actually be chick flicks -could this be possible that suddenly our media landscape will become a feminist landscape -well i actually dont think thats going to be the case i think that media companies are going to hire a lot more women because they realize this is important for their business and i think that women are also -continue to dominate the social media sphere but i think women are actually going to be ironically enough responsible for driving a stake through the heart -of cheesy genre categories like the chick flick and all these other genre categories that presume -that certain demographic groups like certain things that hispanics like certain things that young people like certain things this is far too simplistic -the future entertainment media that were going to see is going to be very data driven and its going to be based on the information that we ascertain from taste communities online where women are really driving the action -so you may be asking well why is it important that i know what entertains people why should i know this of course old media companies and advertisers need to know this -but my argument is that if you want to understand the global village its probably a good idea that you figure out what theyre passionate about what amuses them what they choose to do in their free time -this is a very important thing to know about people ive spent most of my professional life researching media and entertainment and its impact on peoples lives and i do it not just because its fun -some of the silly and demeaning stereotypes that we see in media and advertising about gender -but also because our research has shown over and over again that entertainment and play have a huge impact on peoples lives -a media atmosphere that isnt dominated by lame stereotypes about gender and other demographic characteristics can you even imagine what that looks like -i cant wait to find out what it looks like thank you so much -if you hadnt noticed our media climate generally provides a very distorted mirror of our lives and of our gender and i think thats going to change -now most media companies television radio publishing games you name it -they use very rigid segmentation methods in order to understand their audiences its old school demographics they come up with these very restrictive labels to define us -now the crazy thing is that media companies believe that if you fall within a certain demographic category then you are predictable in certain ways -you have certain taste that you like certain things and so the bizarre result of this is that most of our popular culture is actually based on these presumptions about our demographics -but if you go to santee alley yeah -but too utilitarian i mean is that the way you think of fashion -because theres no copyright protection in this industry theres a very open and creative ecology of creativity -unlike their creative brothers and sisters who are sculptors or photographers or filmmakers or musicians fashion designers can sample from all their peers designs -they can take any element from any garment from the history of fashion and incorporate it into their own design theyre also notorious for riffing off of the zeitgeist and here i suspect -they were influenced by the costumes -now fashion designers have the broadest palette imaginable in this creative industry -ive heard this dress actually sort of sounds like wind chimes as they walk through -some people believe that there are a few people at the top of the fashion food chain who sort of dictate to us what were all going to wear but if you talk to any designer at any level including these high end designers they always say their main inspiration comes from the street -where people like you and me remix and match our own fashion looks -and thats where they really get a lot of their creative inspiration -so its both a top down and a bottom up kind of industry -but those lawsuits are usually not won by fashion designers the courts have said over and over again you dont need any more intellectual property protection -when you look at copies like this you wonder how do the luxury high end brands remain in business if you can get it for two hundred bucks why pay a thousand -as an original high end design at least in terms of the materials theyre always made of cheaper materials but even sometimes a cheaper version can actually have some -charming aspects can breathe a little extra life into a dying trend -theres lots of virtues of copying one that a lot of cultural critics have pointed to is that we now have a much broader -palette of design choices to choose from than we ever have before and this is mainly because of the fast fashion industry actually and this is a good thing we need lots of options fashion whether you like it or not -helps you project who you are to the world -because of fast fashion -global trends actually get established much more quickly than they used to and this actually is good news to trendsetters they want trends to be set so that they can move product -now the academics in this audience may think well that sounds like plagiarism -every season these designers have to struggle to come up with the new fabulous idea that everybodys going to love and this let me tell you is very good for the bottom line -now of course theres a bunch of effects that this culture of copying has on the creative process and stuart weitzman is a very successful shoe designer he has complained a lot about people copying him but in one interview i read -he said it has really forced him to up his game he had to come up with new ideas new things that would be hard to copy he came up with this bowden wedge heel that has to be made out of steel or titanium if you make it from some sort of cheaper material itll actually crack in two it forced him to be a little more innovative -but to a fashionista what it really is is a sign of pradas genius that she can root through the history of fashion and pick the one jacket that doesnt need to be changed by one iota and to be current and to be now -i dont know if youve heard this anecdote but i -and thats what fashion designers are doing all the time theyre trying to put together a signature look an aesthetic that reflects who they are when people knock it off everybody knows because theyve put that look out on the runway and its a coherent -so when one liners were really popular -the santee alley -now some fashion designers will say its only in the united states that we dont have any respect in other countries there is protection for our artful designs but if you take a look at the two other biggest markets in the world it turns out that the protection thats offered is really ineffectual -in japan for instance which i think is the third largest market they have a design law it protects apparel -but the novelty standard is so high you have to prove that your garment -has never existed before its totally unique and thats sort of like the novelty standard for a u s patent which fashion designers never get rarely get here in the states in the european union they went in the other direction -you might also be asking whether its possible -very low novelty standard anybody can register anything but even though its the home of the fast fashion industry and you have a lot of luxury designers there -they dont register their garments generally and theres not a lot of litigation -cut off three inches from the bottom go to the e u and register it as a new original design so that does not stop the knock off artists if you look at the registry actually a lot of the registered things in the e u are nike t shirts that are almost identical to one another -that this is illegal for her to do this -but this has not stopped diane von furstenberg she is the head of the council of fashion designers of america and she has told her constituency that she is going to get copyright -and something thats just part of a global trend -who owns a look -well it turns out that its actually not illegal in the fashion industry theres very little intellectual -that is a very difficult question to answer it takes lots of lawyers and lots of court time and the retailers decided that would be way too expensive -you know its not just the fashion industry that doesnt have copyright protection theres a bunch of other industries that dont have copyright protection including the food industry -you cannot copyright a recipe because its a set of instructions its fact and you cannot copyright the look and feel of even the most unique dish -same with automobiles it doesnt matter how wacky they look or how cool they look you cannot copyright the sculptural design -its a utilitarian article thats why -magic tricks i think theyre instructions sort of like recipes no copyright protection hairdos no copyright protection open source software these guys decided they didnt want copyright protection -its really hard to get copyright for databases tattoo artists they dont want it its not cool -but no copyright protection and no patent protection -they might have to think about this because right now those industries with a lot of copyright protection -are operating in an atmosphere where its as if they dont have any protection and they dont know what to do -when i found out that there are a whole bunch of industries that didnt have copyright protection -these are the two main sort of binary oppositions within the logic of copyright law it is more complex than this -first is something an artistic object then it deserves protection -is it a utilitarian object then no it does not deserve protection this is a difficult unstable binary the other one is is it an idea is it something that needs to freely circulate in a free society -nowadays we dont really recognize a book as something that sits on our shelf -now the conceptual issues are -and let me tell you we dont want to leave this just to lawyers to figure out theyre smart -and sell it as their own design -in a digital world thats going to lead to the most innovation and my suggestion is that fashion might be a really good place to start looking for a model for creative industries in the future -the only thing that they cant copy is the actual trademark label within that -if you want more information about this research project -and i really want to thank veronica jauriqui for making -the control of a laser is so precise that you can -perform surgery inside of an eye you can use it to store massive amounts of data and you can use it for this beautiful experiment that my friend was struggling to explain first you trap -atoms in a special bottle -it uses electromagnetic fields to isolate the atoms from the noise of the environment and the atoms themselves are quite violent but if you fire lasers that are precisely tuned to the right frequency an atom will briefly absorb those photons and tend to slow down little by little -it gets colder until eventually it approaches absolute zero -now if you use the right kind of atoms -its no longer a solid a liquid or a gas -it enters a new state of matter called a superfluid the atoms lose their individual identity and the rules from the quantum world take over and thats what gives superfluids such spooky properties for example if you shine light -through a superfluid it is able to slow photons down to sixty kilometers per hour -another spooky property is that it flows with absolutely no viscosity or friction so if you were to take the lid off that bottle it wont stay inside -a thin film will creep up the inside wall flow over the top and right out the outside -now of course the moment that it does hit the outside environment -and its temperature rises by even a fraction of a degree it immediately turns back into normal matter -superfluids are one of the most fragile things weve ever discovered and this is the great pleasure of science the defeat of our intuition through experimentation but the experiment is not the end of the story because you still have to transmit that knowledge to other people -i have a ph d in molecular biology i still barely understand what most scientists are talking about -so as my friend was trying to explain that experiment it seemed like -the more he said the less i understood because if youre trying to give someone the big picture of a complex idea to really capture its essence the fewer words you use the better -in fact the ideal may be to use no words at all i remember thinking my friend could have explained that entire experiment with a dance of course there never seem to be any dancers around when you need them -now the idea is not as crazy as it sounds i started a contest four years ago called dance your ph d instead of explaining their research with words scientists have to explain it with dance now surprisingly it seems to work -dance really can make science easier to understand but dont take my word for it go on the internet and search for dance your ph d there are hundreds of dancing scientists waiting for you -the most surprising thing that ive learned while running this contest is that some scientists are now working directly with dancers on their research for example at the university of minnesota theres a biomedical engineer named david odde and he works with dancers to study how cells move they do it by changing their shape -when a chemical signal washes up on one side it triggers the cell to expand its shape on that side because the cell is constantly touching and tugging at the environment so that allows cells to ooze along in the right directions but what seems so slow and graceful from the outside -is really more like chaos inside because cells control their shape with a skeleton of rigid protein fibers and those fibers are constantly falling apart -but just as quickly as they explode more proteins attach to the ends and grow them longer so its constantly changing just to remain exactly the same now david builds mathematical models of this and then he tests those in the lab but before he does that -he works with dancers to figure out what kinds of models to build in the first place its basically efficient brainstorming and when i visited david to learn about his research he used dancers to explain it to me rather than the usual method -i think that bad powerpoint presentations are a serious threat to the global economy -and it conservatively assumes that about a quarter of the presentations are a complete waste of time and given that there are some apparently thirty million powerpoint presentations created every day that would indeed add up to an annual waste of one hundred billion dollars -good afternoon -there are other costs because powerpoint is a tool and like any tool it can and will be abused to borrow a concept from my countrys cia it helps you to soften up your audience -as youre all aware we face difficult economic times -it distracts them with pretty pictures irrelevant data it allows you to create the illusion of competence the illusion of simplicity and most destructively the illusion of understanding so now my country is fifteen trillion dollars in debt -our leaders are working tirelessly to try and find ways to save money one idea is to drastically reduce public support for the arts for example our national endowment for the arts with its dollar one hundred and fifty million budget slashing that program would immediately reduce the national debt by about one one thousandth of a percent -i come to you with a modest proposal -one certainly cant argue with those numbers however -once we eliminate public funding for the arts there will be some drawbacks -the artists on the street will swell the ranks of the unemployed -many will turn to drug abuse and prostitution and that will inevitably lower property values in urban neighborhoods all of this could wipe out the savings were hoping to make in the first place -for easing the financial burden -which i hope will not be liable to the least objection -once we eliminate public funding for the artists lets put them back to work by using them instead of powerpoint as a test case i propose we start with american dancers after all they are the most perishable of their kind prone to injury and very slow to heal due to our health care system -this idea came to me while talking to a physicist friend of mine at mit -imagine our politicians using dance to explain why we must invade a foreign country or bail out an investment bank -in the deep future a technology of persuasion even more powerful than powerpoint may be invented rendering dancers unnecessary as tools of rhetoric -however i trust that by that day we shall have passed this present financial calamity -perhaps by then we will be able to afford the luxury of just -he was struggling to explain something to me a beautiful experiment that uses lasers to cool down matter -sitting in an audience -with no other purpose than to witness the human form in motion -now he confused me from the very start because light doesnt cool things down -and thats why your brain is forming an image of me standing here now a laser is different it also uses photons but theyre all synchronized and if you focus them into a beam what you have is an incredibly useful tool -grid computing the power of grid computers is going to be just amazing here we will soon be using grid computing to do pretty much everything like adjust the data and everything -that goes with the data the power generation will come from the ocean itself and the next generation fiber will be simply magic its far beyond what we currently have -so the presence of the power and the bandwidth in the environment will allow all of these new technologies to converge in a manner that is just unprecedented so within five to seven years i see us having -a capacity to be completely present throughout the ocean and have all of that connected to the internet so we can reach many many folks -massive amounts of these new microbes weve never seen before come out of the sea floor we have a way of addressing that a new way of addressing that -the laboratory within twenty four hours of the eruption this is doable all -a laboratory many of you heard what happened on nine seven some doctors in new york city removed the gallbladder of a woman in france -we could do work on the sea floor that would be stunning and it would be on live tv if we have interesting things to show so we can bring an entirely new telepresence to the world -as i go here i just want to show what we can bring into classrooms and indeed what we can bring into your pocket -many of you dont think of this yet but the ocean will be in your pocket -it wont be long it wont be long so let me leave you then -with a few words from another poet if youll forgive me -in little gidding he says speaking i think for the human race but certainly for the ted conference and -we shall not cease from exploration and the end of all our exploring will be to arrive where we started and know the place for the first time -at the source of the longest river the voice of a hidden waterfall not known because not looked for -but heard half heard in the stillness beneath the waves of the -if you would know the pine tree go to the pine tree -sylvia has said we must use every capacity we have in order to know the oceans if we would know the oceans we must go to the oceans and what id like to talk to you today about a little bit -for a moment what i need to do is project something on the screen of your imagination were in seventeenth century japan on the west coast -is really transforming the relationship or the interplay between humans and oceans with a new capability that is not at all routine yet i hope it will be -there are a few key points one of them is the oceans are central to the quality of life on earth -another is that there are bold new ways of studying oceans that we have not used well yet and the last is that these bold new ways that we are exploring -as a community will transform the way we look at our planet our oceans and eventually how we manage probably the entire -planet for what its worth -so what scientists do when they begin is to start with the system they define what the system is the system isnt chesapeake bay its not the caro arc its not even the entire pacific its the whole planet the entire planet continents and oceans -of living on a planet thats driven by only two processes two sources of energy one of which is solar -mountain ranges plate tectonics moves the continents around forms ore deposits volcanoes erupt thats the planet that we live on -its immensely complex now i dont expect all of you to see all the details here but what i want you to see is this is about ten percent -of the processes that operate within the oceans almost continuously and have for the last four billion years -this is a system thats been around a very long time and these have all co evolved what do i mean by that they interact with one another constantly -and a little wizened monk is hurrying along near midnight to the crest of a small hill he arrives on the small hill dripping with water -all of them interact with one another so the complexity of this system that were looking at the one driven by the sun -upper portion mostly and the lower portion is partly driven by the input from heat below and by other processes -this is very very important because this is the system this is the crucible out of which life on the planet came and its now time for us to understand it we must understand it -look at this complexity here this is only one variable if you can see the complexity you can see how tiny little eddies and large eddies -and the motion this is just sea surface temperature but its immensely complicated now a layer in the other two or three hundred processes that are all interacting -partly as a function of temperature partly as a function of all the other factors and youve got a really complicated system thats our challenge is to understand -of order a billion people on the planet currently are undernourished or starving and part of the issue is for cody -whos here sixteen years old and i have permission to relay this number when he -we cant solve all the problems by looking only at the oceans but if we dont understand the fundamental life support system of this planet -much more thoroughly than we do now then the stresses that we will face and that cody will face and even nancy whos going to live til shes -stands there and he looks across at the island sado and he scans across the ocean and he looks at the -have really problems coping -all right lets talk about another perspective on the importance of -this the tectonic plates the age of the ocean tectonic plates gives rise to a totally new phenomenon that we have heard about in this conference -and i share with you some very high definition video that we collected in real time seconds after this video was taken people in -beijing people in sydney people in amsterdam people in washington d c were watching this now youve heard of hydrothermal vents but the other discovery -he says to himself very quietly -is that deep below the sea floor there is vast reservoir of microbial activity which we have only just discovered and which we have almost no way to -some people have estimated that the biomass tied up in these microbes living in the pours and the cracks of the sea floor and below -rival the total amount of living biomass at the surface of the planet its an astonishing insight and we have only found out about this recently this is very very exciting -it may be the next rainforest in terms of pharmaceuticals we know little or nothing about -well -and now we have an entire suite of tools that are really pretty -but they dont quite cut it they dont quite give us what we need and the program that i wanted to talk to you about just a little bit here was funded and it involves autonomous vehicles like the one running across the base of this image -modeling on the right hand side theres a complex computational model on the left hand side theres a new type of mooring which ill show you in just a second and on the basis of -several points the oceans are complex and theyre central to the life on earth they are changing rapidly but not predictably and the models that we need to predict the future -do not have enough data to refine them the computational power is amazing -but without data those models will never ever be predicted and thats what we really need for a variety of reasons theyre dangerous but we feel that ooi this ocean observatory initiative which -the national science foundation has begun to found has the potential to really transform things and -was a brilliant man he said more with less than any human that i have ever read or talked to -and this is what the system involves a number of sites in the southern hemisphere shown in those circles and in the northern hemisphere there are four sites i wont talk a lot about -most of them right here but the one on the west coast thats in the box is called the regional scale nodes and it was once called neptune -those tiny little threads smaller than the hair on your head in diameter and this particular set here can transmit something of the order of three to five terabits per second this is phenomenal bandwidth -and this is what the planet looks like we are already laced up as if were in a fiber optic corset if you like this is what it looks like and the cables go really continent to continent -its a very powerful system and most of our communications consist of it so this is the system that im talking about off the west coast is coincident with the tectonic plate the juan de fuca tectonic plate -and its going to deliver abundant power and unprecedented bandwidth across this entire volume in the overlying ocean -on the sea floor and below the sea floor bandwidth and power and a wide variety of processes that will be operating -basho in seventeen syllables juxtaposed a turbulent ocean driven by a storm now past -this is what one of those primary nodes looks like and its like a sub station with power and bandwidth that can spread out over an area the size of seattle -and the kind of science that can be done will be determined by a variety of scientists who want to be involved and can bring the instrumentation to the table they will bring it -and link it in itll be in a sense like having time on a telescope except youll have your own port climate change ocean acidification dissolved -oxygen carbon cycle coastal upwelling fishing dynamics the full spectrum of earth science and ocean science -down the information they need about anything that has taken place and this is just the first of these in conjunction with our canadian colleagues weve set this up now i want to take you into the caldera on the left hand side there is a large -massive amounts of data flowing ashore all available to anyone who has any interest in using it this is going to be much more powerful than having a single ship in a single location -then move to a new location were flying across the caldera floor there is a number of robotic systems theres cameras that can be turned on and off at your will -if those are your experiments the kinds of systems that will be down there the kinds of instruments that will be on the sea floor -and captured the almost impossible beauty of our home galaxy with -if you can read them there theres cameras theres pressure sensors fluorometers theres seismometers its a full spectrum of tools now that mound right there -actually looks like this this is what it actually looks like and this is the kind of activity that we can see with high definition video because the bandwidth -of these cables is so huge that we could have five to ten stereo hd systems running continuously and again directed through robotic techniques -from land very very powerful -and these are the things that were funded to do today so what can we actually do tomorrow were about to ride the wave of technological opportunity there are emerging technologies throughout -the field around oceanography which we will incorporate into oceanography and through that convergence we will transform oceanography into something even more magical -this is a small generator its smaller than a postage stamp and it can generate power just by being attached to your shirt as you move just as you move it generates power there are many kinds of things that can be used in the ocean continuously -many of you know a good deal more about this type of thing than i but stereo imaging at four times the definition that we have in hd will be routine within five years -and this is the magic one -as a result of the human genome process we are in a situation where events that take place in the ocean like an erupting volcano or something of that sort -millions of stars probably hundreds and hundreds who knows how many planets maybe even an ocean that we will probably call sylvia -so in the volume of the ocean we will know not just the physics and the chemistry but the base of the food chain will be transparent to us with data on a continuous basis -i cant wait to see what we tedsters do about this crisis and i really really hope -that we multiply all of our energy all of our talent and all of our influence to solve this problem -we must act and we must act decisively ive got to tell you for me everything changed that evening and so my partners and i we set off on this mission -if we do i can look forward to the conversation im going to have with my daughter -to learn more to try to do much more so we mobilized we got on airplanes we went to brazil we went to china and to india -for this climate crisis we assembled a network really of superstars from policy activists to scientists and entrepreneurs and business leaders fifty or so of them and so -i want to tell you about what weve learned in doing that and four lessons ive learned in the last year the first lesson is that companies are really powerful and that matters a lot -im really scared -this is a story about how wal mart went green and what that means two years ago the ceo lee scott -that green is the next big thing and so wal mart made going green a top priority -i dont think were going to make it -they committed that theyre going to take their existing stores and reduce their energy consumption by twenty percent and their new stores by thirty percent and do all that in seven years -the three biggest uses of energy in a store are heating and air conditioning then lighting and then refrigeration so look what they did they painted the roofs of all their stores white -they put smart skylights through their stores so they could harvest the daylight and reduce the lighting demands and third they put the refrigerated goods behind closed doors with led lighting i mean why would you try to refrigerate a whole store -these are really simple smart solutions based on existing technology why does wal mart matter well its massive -have one of the worlds most amazing supply chains sixty thousand suppliers if wal mart were a country it would be the sixth largest trading partner with china -most important they have a big effect on other companies when wal mart declares its going to go green and be profitable -it has a powerful impact on other great institutions so let me tell you this when wal mart achieves twenty percent energy reductions thats going to be a very big deal -but im afraid its not enough -we need wal mart and every other company to do the same -the second thing that we learned is that individuals matter and they matter enormously -ive got another wal mart story for you -wal mart has over one hundred and twenty five million u s customers thats a third of the u s population -sixty five million compact fluorescent light bulbs were sold last year -and wal mart has committed theyre going to sell another one hundred million light bulbs in the coming year -but the pay off is really enormous one hundred million compact fluorescent light bulbs means that well save six hundred million dollars in energy bills and twenty million tons of co two every year -year in and year out -it does seem really hard to get consumers to do the right thing it is stupid that we use two tons of steel glass and plastic to haul our sorry selves to the shopping mall -its stupid that we put water in plastic bottles in fiji and ship it here -its hard to change consumer behavior because -you know how much co two you generated to drive here or fly here -i dont know and i should -those of us who care about all this would act better if we knew what -the real costs were but as long as we pretend that co two is free as long as these uses are nearly invisible -how can we expect change im really afraid because i think the kinds of changes we can reasonably expect from individuals -a real problem weve got a climate crisis so we went around the table to talk about what we should do -are going to be clearly not enough -the third lesson we learned is that policy matters -it really matters in fact policy is paramount -hand he stood up you know bobs that berkeley techie type who started sybase -well bob said the most important thing we could do right now is to make it clear in sacramento california -that we need a market based system of mandates thats going to cap and reduce greenhouse gases in california -its necessary and just as important its good for the california economy so -thank you i think its the most important legislation of two thousand and six why -the conversation came to my fifteen year old daughter mary -she said i agree with everything thats been -he told us that brazils government mandated that every gasoline station in the country would carry ethanol and they mandated that -their new vehicles would be flex fuel compatible right theyd run ethanol or ordinary gasoline and so heres whats happened in brazil they now have twenty nine thousand ethanol pumps -seven hundred in the u s and a paltry two in california and in three years their new car fleet has gone from four percent to eighty five percent flex fuel -compare that to the u s -five percent are flex fuel and you know what -im scared and im angry -didnt ship to the middle east its created a million jobs inside that country and its saved thirty two million tons of co two its really substantial thats ten percent of the co two emissions across their entire country -but brazils only one point three percent of the worlds -and then she turned to me and said dad your generation created this problem youd better fix it -in fact im afraid all of the best policies we have are not going to be enough the fourth and final lesson weve learned -is about the potential of radical innovation so i want to tell you about a tragic problem and a breakthrough technology every year a million and a half people die of a completely preventable disease thats malaria six thousand people a day -all for want of two dollars worth of medications that we can buy at the corner drugstore well two dollars two dollars -too much for africa so a team of berkeley researchers with fifteen million dollars from the gates foundation is engineering designing a radical new way to make the key ingredient called -to make that drug ten times cheaper -and in doing so theyll save a million lives at least a million lives a year a million lives -their breakthrough technology is synthetic biology this leverages millions of years of evolution by redesigning bugs to make really useful products now what you do is you get inside the microbe you change its metabolic pathways and -now formed a company called amyris and this technology that theyre using can be used to make better biofuels -let me skip over that better biofuels are a really big deal that means we can precisely engineer the molecules in the fuel chain -and optimize them along the way so if all goes well theyre going to have designer bugs in warm vats that are -all the conversation stopped -and digesting sugars to excrete better biofuels i guess thats better living through bugs -alan kay is famous for saying the best way to predict the future is to invent it and of course at kleiner we kind of apologize and say the second best way is to finance it and thats why were investing -all the eyes turned to me -two hundred million dollars in a wide range of really disruptive new technologies for innovation in green technologies and were encouraging others to do it as well were talking a lot about this -im really afraid -we need much much more -you didnt know that theres enough energy in hot rocks under the country to supply americas energy needs for the next thousand years -i didnt know what to -that we are not investing more in energy research in this country and i am really afraid that its absolutely not enough -so in a years worth of learning we found a bunch of surprises who would have thought that a mass retailer could make money by going green who would have thought that a database entrepreneur could transform california with legislation who would have thought that the -and who would have thought that all that is not enough -not enough to stabilize the climate not enough to keep the ice in greenland from crashing into the ocean the scientists tell us and theyre only guessing that weve got to reduce -and so somehow were going to have to find the political will to do this all around the world -the wild card in this deck is china to size the problem chinas co two emissions today are three point three gigatons the u s is five point -business as usual means well have twenty three gigatons from china by two thousand and fifty thats about as much co two as there is in the whole world -and if its business as usual were going out of business when i was in davos chinas mayor of dalian was pressed about their co two strategy and he said the following you know -then he asked why should china sacrifice our growth so that the west can continue to be profligate and stupid -weve reached that time -so that all people and all nations -tell you what green technologies going green is bigger than the internet it could be the biggest economic opportunity of the twenty one st century moreover if we succeed -we cannot afford to underestimate this problem -its going to be the most important transformation for life on the planet since as bill joy says we went from methane to oxygen in the atmosphere now heres the hard question if the trajectory -of all the worlds companies and individuals and policies and innovation is not going to be enough what are we going to do -everyone here cares about changing the world and has made a difference in that one way or another -so our call to action -my call to you is for you to make going green -you can personally get carbon neutral go to climatecrisis org or carboncalculator com and buy carbon credits you could join other leaders in -we face irreversible and catastrophic consequences -mandating lobbying for mandated cap and trade in u s greenhouse gas reductions theres six bills right now in congress lets get one of -the most important thing you can do i think is to use your personal power and your rolodex to lead your business your institution -going green do it like wal mart get it to go green for its customers and its suppliers and for itself -really think outside the box can you imagine what it would be like if amazon or ebay or google or microsoft or apple really went green and you caused that to happen -i didn a t know who i would be -but i know i needed to i know i needed to change because it would be the only way that i could be here today -and i know that a lot of times we find ourselves in this wonderful place where we a ve gotten to but there a s another place for us to go and we -go to the place of who we are becoming -and so -i want to encourage you -to go to that next place to let yourself out of any prison that you might find yourself in as comfortable as it may be because -we have to do something -i turned around because i didn a t recognize where my voice was coming from -we have to change now -as our former vice president said -we have to become activists -so -if my voice can touch you if my actions can touch you if my being here can touch you please let it be -and i know that all of you -have touched me -while i a ve been here -and take this out into the world because -heard my voice in seventeen years so i turned around and i looked and i said god whos saying what i a m thinking -we are the environment -and how we treat each other -is really how we a re going to treat the environment -so i want to thank you for being here -i want to end this -and then i realized it was me you know and i kind of laughed and i could see my father yeah he really is crazy -well i want to take you on this journey and the journey i believe is a metaphor for all of our journeys and so even though this one is kind of unusual i want you to think about -collide beneath the golden gate and -a half a million gallons of oil -it disturbed me so much that i decided that i was going to give up riding and driving in motorized vehicles -and it was a big thing in my little community of point reyes station in inverness california because there was only about maybe three hundred and fifty people there in the winter a this was back in seventy one -and so when i came in and i started walking around -people they just knew what was going on and people would drive up next to me and say john what are you doing and i a d say well i a m walking for the environment -and they said no you a re walking to make us look bad right you a re walking to make us feel bad and maybe there was some truth to that because i thought that if i started walking everyone would you know follow -because of the oil everybody talked about the polllution and so -i argued with people about that i argued and i argued -do that when you were sixteen -i didn a t know about the environment then they a re back in philadelphia and so -i told my mother i a m happy though i a m really happy she said if you were happy son you wouldn a t have to say -mothers -twenty seventh birthday i decided because i argued so much and i talk so much you see that i was going to stop speaking for just one day one day to give it a rest -and so i did i got up in the morning and i didn a t say a word and i have to tell you it was a very moving experience because for the first time -i began listening -and what i heard -it kind of disturbed me because what i used to do when i thought i was listening was i would listen just enough to hear what people had to say and think that i could -i knew what they were going to say and so i stopped listening and in my mind i just kind of raced ahead and thought of what i was going to say back while they were still finishing up -and then i would launch in well -just ended communication -so on this first day i actually listened and it was very sad for me because i realized that for those many years i had not been learning i was twenty seven i thought i knew everything -and another day and another day until finally i promised myself for a year i would keep quiet because i started learning more and more -and i needed to learn more so for a year i said i would keep quiet and then on my birthday i would reassess what i had learned and maybe i would talk again well that lasted seventeen years -played the banjo and i painted and i wrote my journal and -i tried to study the environment -by reading books -i decided that i was going to go to school -so i did i walked up to ashland oregon where they were offering -an environmental studies degree -only five hundred miles -i had a newspaper clipping -you really want to go to school here you -we have a special program for you they did and in those two years i graduated with my first degree a bachelor a s degree and my father came out he was so proud he said listen we a re really proud of you son -but what are you going to do with a bachelor a s degree you don a t ride in cars you don a t talk you -i hunched my shoulder i picked my backpack up again and i started walking -i walked all the way up to port townsend washington where i built a wooden boat -walked across washington idaho and down -i had written the university of montana two years earlier and said id like to go to school -i said id be there in about two years -and i was there i showed up in two years and they i tell this story because they really helped me there are two stories in montana the first story is i didn a t have any money that a s a sign i used a lot -and they said dont worry about that the director of the program said come back tomorrow he gave me one hundred and fifty dollars and he said register for one credit you a re going to go to south america -came back he said to me he said ok john now that youve registered for that one credit you can have a key to an office you can matriculate you a re matriculating so you can use the library -and what we a re going to do is we a re going to have all of the professors allow you to go to class they a re going to save your grade -and when we figure out how to get you the rest of the money -they don a t do that in graduate schools i don a t think but i use that story because they really wanted to help me -and i had thirteen students when i first walked into the class and i explained with a friend who could -i could see they were looking for the schedule to see when they could get out -they had to take that class with me two weeks later everyone was trying to get into our class and i learned in that class because i would do things like this -but what i learned was that sometimes i would make a sign and they said things that i absolutely did not mean -thank you for being here and i say thank you for being here because -but i should have -and so what came to me is if you were a teacher and you were teaching if you weren a t learning you probably weren a t teaching very well -i hunched my shoulder i got my backpack and i went on to the university of wisconsin -i spent two years there writing on oil spills no one was interested in oil spills -was the only one in the united states writing on oil spills -my dad came out again he said i dont know how you do this son i mean you dont ride in cars you don a t talk my sister said maybe i should leave you alone because you seem to be doing a lot better when you a re not saying anything -well i put on my backpack again i put my banjo and i walked all the way to the east coast put my foot in the atlantic ocean a it was seven years and one day it took me to walk across the united states -ninety the twentieth anniversary of earth day that a s when i began to speak and that a s why i said thank you for being here because its sort of like that tree in the forest -i was silent for seventeen years and the first words that i spoke were in washington dc on the twentieth anniversary of earth day and my family and friends had gathered there to hear me speak -falling and if theres no one there to hear does it really make a sound and i a m thanking you and im thanking my family because they had come to hear me speak -and that a s communication and they also taught me -one of those things that came out of the silence the listening to each other -really very important we need to listen to each other -my journey kept going on -my dad said that a s one and i still didn a t let that go -i worked for the coastguard was made a u n goodwill ambassador i wrote regulations for the united states i mean i wrote -oil spill regulations i mean twenty years ago if someone had said to me john do you really want to make a difference -yeah i want to make a difference he said you just start walking east get out of your car and just start walking east and as i walked off a little bit and theyd say yeah and shut up -my time at the coast guard was a really good time and after that i only worked one year i said thats enough -one years enough for me to do that i got on a sailboat and i sailed down to the caribbean and -you know i forgot the most important thing which is why i started talking which i have to tell you i started talking because i had studied environment -and the informal level i learned about -people and what we do and how we are -how we treated each other -because if we are the environment then all we need to do is look around us and see -we treat ourselves and how we treat each other -and so that a s the message that i had and i said well im going to have to spread that message and i got in my sailboat sailed all the way through the caribbean -it wasnt really my sailboat i kind of worked on that boat got to venezuela and i started walking -thank you for being here -my mother out in the audience -there i am walking past the guard gate and the guard stops and says -and i started walking off -possessed me -the road turned into the jungle -and i got to i start saying free at last thank god almighty i a m free at last -what was that about i a m saying what was that about i took me one hundred miles to figure out -in my heart in -had become a -i was a prisoner and i needed to escape the prison that i was in -was the fact that i did not drive -or use motorized vehicles now how could that be because when i started it seemed very appropriate to me -my decision to just -was out in the audience say my dad said to me that a s one -i had no idea i was going to become a u n ambassador i had no idea i would have a -and so i realized that i had a responsibility to more than just me -and that i was going to have to change you know we can do it -i was going to have to change and i was afraid to change because i was so used to the guy who only just walked -i was so used to that person -that i didn a t want to stop -will the bailout work we have national debt detroit currency valuations healthcare all these issues facing us you put them all together you mix them up in a bouillabaisse and you have consumer confidence thats basically a ticking time bomb -in fact lets go back and look at what caused this crisis because the consumer all of us in our daily lives actually contributed a large part to the problem -this is something i call the fifty twenty paradox it took us fifty years to reach annual savings ratings of almost ten percent fifty years do you know what this was right here this was world war ii do you know why savings was so high -because we binged we bought extra large cars supersized everything we bought remedies for restless leg syndrome -all these things together basically created a factor where the consumer sort of drove us headlong into the crisis that we face today -thirteen trillion dollars in wealth has evaporated over the course of the last two years weve questioned the future of capitalism weve questioned the financial industry weve looked at our government oversight weve questioned where were going -the personal debt to income ratio basically went from sixty five percent to one hundred and thirty five percent in the span of about fifteen years -so consumers got overleveraged and of course our banks did as well as did our federal government this is an absolutely staggering chart it shows leverage -can see is if you stack up dollar bills first of all three hundred and sixty thousand dollars is about the size of a five foot -here and trillion there we are stacking ourselves up for long term leverage however consumers have moved they are taking responsibility -what were seeing is an uptake in the savings rate in fact eleven straight months of savings have happened since the beginning of the crisis we are working our way back up to that ten percent -also remarkably in the fourth quarter spending dropped to its lowest level in sixty two years almost a three point seven percent decline -if you take into account eighty percent of all americans were born after world war ii this is essentially our depression -and so as a result some crazy things have happened ill give you some examples lets talk about dentists vasectomies guns and shark attacks -dentists report molars you know people grinding their teeth coming in and reporting the fact that theyve had stress and so there is an increase -in people having to have their fillings replaced guns gun sales according to the fbi who does background checks are up almost twenty five percent since january -and yet at the same time this very well may be a seminal moment in american history an opportunity for the consumer to actually take control and guide us to a new trajectory in america im calling this the great unwind -are up forty eight percent according to the cornell institute and lastly but a very good point hopefully not related to the former point i just made which is that shark attacks are at their lowest level from two thousand and three does anybody know why -no one is at the beach so there is a bright side to everything but seriously what we see happening and the reason i want to stress that the consumer is not in retreat is that this is a tremendous opportunity for the consumer who drove us -this recession to lead us right back out and what i mean by that is that we can move from mindless consumption to mindful consumption right if you think about the last three decades the consumer has moved from -by restricting their demand consumers can actually align their values with their spending and drive capitalism and business to not just be about more but be about better were going to explain that right now -a couple of really interesting things were going to go through four value shifts that we see driving new consumer behaviors that offer new management principles -the first cultural value shift that we see is this tendency toward something we call liquid life this is the movement from americans defining their success on having things to having liquidity because the less excess that you have around you the more nimble and fleet of foot you are -but seriously we also have this phenomenon on madison avenue and in other places where people are actually -and the idea is a simple simple idea which is the fact that the consumer has moved from a state of anxiety to action consumers who represent seventy two percent of the gdp of america -walking out of luxury boutiques with ordinary sort of generic paper bags to hide the brand purchases we see high end haggling in fashion today high end haggling for luxury and real estate -we also see just a relaxing of ego and sort of a dismantling of artifice this is a story on the yacht club thats all basically blue collar blue collar yacht club where you can join the yacht club but youve got to work in the boat yard as sort of condition of membership -we also see the trend toward tourism thats a little bit more low key right agritourism going to vineyards and going to farms and then we also see -this movement forward from dollars and cents what businesses can do to connect with these new mindsets is really interesting a couple things that are kind of cool one is that frito lay -really interestingly too was the san francisco giants theyve just instituted dynamic pricing so it takes into account everything from the pitcher match ups to the weather to the team records in setting prices for the consumer -another quick example of these types of movements is the rise of zynga zynga has risen on the consumers desire to not want to be locked in to fixed cost again this theme is about variable cost variable living so micropayments have become huge -and lastly some people are using hulu actually as a device to get rid of their cable bill so really clever ideas there that are kind of being taken ahold and marketers are starting to understand -the second of the four values is this movement toward ethics and fair play we see that play itself out with empathy and respect the consumer is demanding it -also a wonderful byproduct of sort of a really lousy thing which has been unemployment is a rise in volunteerism thats been noted in our country -have actually started just like banks and just like businesses to de leverage to unwind their leverage in daily life to remove themselves from the liability and risk that presents itself as we move forward -we also see the phenomenon some of you may have boomerang kids these are boomerang alumni where universities are actually reconnecting with alumni in helping them with jobs sharing skills and retraining -we also talked about character and professionalism we had this miracle on the hudson in new york city you know in january and suddenly sully has become a key name on -so from a value and values standpoint what companies can do is connect in lots of different ways microsoft is doing something wonderful they are actually vowing to retrain two million americans with i t training using their existing infrastructure to do something good -the third of the four laws of post crisis consumerism is about durable living were seeing on our data that consumers are realizing this is a marathon not a -digging in and theyre looking for ways to extract value out of every purchase that they make witness the fact that americans are holding on to their cars longer than ever before nine point four years on average in march a record -we also see the fact that libraries have become a huge resource for america did you know that sixty eight percent of americans now carry a library card the highest percentage ever in our nations history -so what you see in this trend is also the accumulation of knowledge continuing education is up everything is focused on betterment and training and development and moving forward we also see a big diy movement -i was fascinated to learn that thirty percent of all homes in america are actually built by owners that includes cottages and the like but thirty percent so people are getting their hands dirty they are rolling up their sleeves they want these skills -we see that with the phenomenon of raising backyard hens and chickens and ducks and when you work out the math they say it doesnt work but the principle is there that its about being sustainable and taking care of yourself -so to understand this and im going to stress this its not about the consumer being in retreat the consumer is empowered in order to understand this were going to step back and look a little bit at whats happened -so what brands can do and companies is pay dividends to consumers be a brand that lasts offer transparency promise youre going to be there beyond todays -or the interesting company sunrun i love this company theyve created a consumer collective where they put solar panels on households -and create a consumer based utility where the electricity that they generate is basically pumped back out into the marketplace so its a consumer driven co op -so the fourth sort of post crisis consumerism that we see is this movement about return to the fold its incredibly important right now trust is not parceled out -as we all know its now about connecting to your communities connecting to your social networks in my book i talked about the fact that seventy two percent of people trust what other people say about a brand or a company versus fifteen percent on -so in that respect cooperative consumerism has really taken off this is about consumers working together to get what they want out of the marketplace lets look a couple of quick examples -movement is huge everything about locally derived products and services supporting your local neighborhoods whether its cheeses wines and other products -over the course of the last year and a half so if youve been gone this is the easy cliffsnotes on whats happened in the economy okay unemployment up -also this rise of local currencies realizing that its difficult to get loans in this environment youre doing business with people you trust in your local markets so this rise of this sort of local currency is another really interesting phenomenon -then we also look at the idea of cow pooling which is the whole phenomenon of consumers organizing together to buy meat from organic farms that they know is safe and controlled in the way that they want it to be controlled -other really interesting movement thats happened in california which is about carrot mobs the traditional thing would be to boycott right have a stick well why not have a carrot -so these are consumers organizing pooling their resources to incentify companies to do good -we look at what companies can do this is all the opportunity about being a community organizer you have to realize that you -first is just the rise of the fact that zagats has actually moved out of and diversified from rating restaurants into actually rating healthcare -so what credentials does zagats have well they have a lot because its their network of people right so that becomes a very powerful force for them to make their brand more elastic then you look at the phenomenon of -this kogi doesnt exist its a moving truck right its a moving truck through l a and the only way you can find it is through twitter or you look at -allowing them to basically create a forum where they can communicate and they can connect and its also become a very very valuable sort of advertising revenue for j j as well -this plus the fact that youve got phenomenal work from ceos from ford to zappos connecting on twitter creating an open environment allowing their employees to be part of the process rather than hidden behind walls -you see this rising force in sort of total transparency and openness that companies are starting to adopt all because the consumer is demanding it -so when we look at this and we step back what i believe is that the crisis that exists today is definitely real its been tremendously powerful for consumers -what were seeing with consumers right now is the ability for them to actually lead us forward out of this recession so we believe that values driven spending will force capitalism to be better -it will drive innovation it will make longer lasting products it will create better more intuitive customer service it will give us the opportunity to connect with companies that share the values that we share -so when we look back and step out at this and see the beginning of these trends that were seeing in our data we see a very hopeful picture for the future of america thank you very much -hes less well known than either of them because he got this idea to make mechanical computing devices and never made any of them -the reason he never made any of them hes a classic nerd every time he had a good idea hed think thats brilliant im going to start building that one ill spend a fortune on it ive got a better idea im going to work on this one laughter and im going to do this one he did this until sir robert peel then prime minister basically kicked him out of number ten downing street and kicking him out -so as i go through this talk i want you to imagine this gigantic machine we heard those wonderful sounds of what this thing would have sounded like and im going to take you through the architecture of the machine thats why its computer architecture and tell you about this machine which is a computer -so lets talk about the memory the memory is very like the memory of a computer today except it was all made out of metal stacks and stacks of cogs thirty cogs high imagine a thing this high of cogs hundreds and hundreds of them and theyve got numbers on them -its a decimal machine everythings done in decimal and he thought about using binary the problem with using binary is that the machine would have been so tall it would have been ridiculous as it is its enormous so hes got memory the memory is this bit over here you see it all like this -this monstrosity over here is the cpu the chip if you like of course its this big completely mechanical this whole machine is mechanical this is a picture of a prototype for part of the cpu which is in the science museum -the cpu could do the four fundamental functions of arithmetic so addition multiplication subtraction division -which already is a bit of a feat in metal -and this incredible regularity in the memory if youve ever seen an electron microscope picture youll see this this all looks the same then theres this bit over here which is incredibly complicated -this thing over here is one of three punch card readers in here and this is a program in the science museum just -not far from here -created by charles babbage that is sitting there you can go see it waiting for the machine to be built -and theres not just one of these theres many of them -now he needed accessories obviously youve got a computer now youve got punch cards a cpu and memory you need accessories youre going to come with youre not just going to have that so first of all you had sound -you know at that point i think he got pretty much a pretty good machine along comes this woman ada lovelace now imagine these soirees all these great and good comes along this lady is the daughter of the mad bad and dangerous to know lord byron -the first computer was really designed in the one thousand eight hundred and thirty s and one thousand eight hundred and forty s not the one thousand nine hundred and thirty s and one thousand nine hundred and forty s it was designed and parts of it were prototyped and the bits of it that were built are here in south kensington -and her mother being a bit worried that she might have inherited some of lord byrons madness and badness thought -i know the solution mathematics is the solution well teach her mathematics thatll calm her down laughter because of course -written in a particular style its not historically totally accurate that shes the first programmer and actually she did something more amazing rather than just being a programmer she saw something that babbage didnt babbage was totally obsessed with mathematics -he was building a machine to do mathematics and lovelace said you could do more than mathematics on this machine -and just as you do everyone in this room alreadys got a computer on them right now because theyve got a phone if you go into that phone every single thing in that phone or computer or any other computing device is mathematics its all numbers at the bottom whether its video or text or music or voice its all numbers its all -underlying it mathematical functions happening and lovelace said just because youre doing mathematical functions and symbols doesnt mean these things cant represent other things in the real world such as music -that machine was built by this guy charles babbage now i have a great affinity for charles babbage because his hair is always completely unkempt like this in every single picture -look this thing could even compose music if you told it a representation of music numerically so this is what i call lovelaces leap when you say shes a programmer she did do some but the real thing is to have said the future is going to be much much more than this -now a hundred years later this guy comes along alan turing and in one thousand nine hundred and thirty six and invents the computer all over again now of course babbages machine was entirely mechanical turings machine was entirely theoretical both of these guys were coming from a mathematical perspective but turing told us something very important -he laid down the mathematical foundations for computer science and said it doesnt matter how you make a computer -it doesnt matter if your computers mechanical like babbages was or electronic like computers are today or perhaps in the future cells or again mechanical again once we get into nanotechnology -only really slowly -one of those is a set of plans that we call plan twenty eight and that is also the name of a charity that i started with doron swade who was the curator of computing at the science museum and also the person who drove the project to build a difference engine and our plan is to build it -humongous thing and say ah i see the memory operating i see the cpu operating i hear it operating i probably smell it operating laughter but in between that were going to do a simulation -and he invited everybody kings the duke of wellington many many famous people and he would have shown you one of his mechanical machines -i really miss that era you know where you could go around for a soiree and see a mechanical computer get demonstrated to you laughter but babbage babbage himself was born at the end of the eighteenth century and was a fairly famous mathematician he held the post that newton held at cambridge and that was recently held by stephen hawking -a wonderful life there and we decided to do something unusual we decided to give -back locally and here it is its called the green school i know it doesnt look like a school -but it is something we decided to do and it is extremely extremely green the classrooms -have no walls the teacher is writing on a bamboo blackboard the desks are not square -at green school the children are smiling an unusual thing for school especially for me and we practice holism -world a whole world to live on -i grew up in a very small village in canada and im an undiagnosed dyslexic -our children spend one hundred and eighty one days going to school in a box the people that built my school also built the prison and the insane asylum out of the same materials -so if this gentleman had have had a holistic education -would he be sitting there would he have had more possibilities in his life the classrooms have natural light theyre beautiful theyre bamboo -the breeze passes through them and when the natural breeze isnt enough the kids deploy bubbles but not the kind of bubbles you know these bubbles are made from natural cotton -and rubber from the rubber tree so we basically turned the box into a bubble and these kids know -painless climate control may not be part of their future -we pay the bill at the end of the month but the people that are really going to pay the bill are our grandchildren we have to teach the kids that the world is not indestructible -these kids did a little graffiti on their desks and then they signed up for two extra courses the first one was called sanding -and the second one was called re waxing -but since that happened they own those desks they know they can control their world -were on the grid were not proud of it -i had a really hard time in school in fact my mother told me eventually that i was the little kid in the village who cried all the way to school -but an amazing alternative energy company in paris is taking us off the grid with solar and this thing -is the second vortex to be built in the world in a two and a half meter drop on a river when the turbine drops in it will produce eight thousand watts of electricity day and night -and you know what these are theres nowhere to flush and as long as were taking our waste and mixing it with a huge amount of water youre all really smart just do the math how many people times how much water -there isnt enough water these are compost toilets and nobody at the school wanted to know about them especially the principal -and they work people use them people are okay its something you should think about doing not -many things didnt work the beautiful canvas and rubber skylights got eaten by the sun in six months we had to replace them with recyclable plastic -the teachers dragged giant pvc whiteboards into the classrooms so we had some good ideas we took old automobile windshields put paper behind them and created the first alternative to the whiteboard -green school sits in south central bali and its on twenty acres of rolling -i met a father the other day he looked a little crazed i said welcome to green school he said ive been on an airplane for twenty four hours -i asked him -why he said i had a dream once about a green school and i saw a picture of this green school i got on an airplane in august im bringing my sons -this was a great thing but more than that people are building green houses around green school -i ran away -so their kids can walk to school on the paths and people are bringing their green industries hopefully their green restaurants -to the green school its becoming a community its becoming a green model we had to look at everything -left when i was twenty five years old to go to bali and there i met my incredible wife cynthia -no petrochemicals in the pavement no pavement these are volcanic stones laid by hand there are no sidewalks -the sidewalks are gravel they flood when it rains but theyre green this is the school buffalo -hes planning to eat that fence for dinner all the fences at green school are green and when the kindergarten kids recently moved their gate -they found out the fence was made out of tapioca they took the tapioca roots up to the kitchen sliced them thinly and made delicious chips landscaping -we manage to keep the garden that was there running right up to the edge of each of the classrooms we dropped them gently in we made space for these guys who are balis last black pigs -and the school -is trying to figure out how to replace the lawnmower on the playing field -these young ladies are living in a rice culture but they know something that few people know in a rice culture they know how to plant organic rice they know how to look after it they know how to harvest and they know how to cook it -theyre part of the rice cycle and these skills will be valuable for them in their future this young man is picking organic vegetables we feed four hundred people lunch every day -and its not a normal lunch theres no gas local balinese women cook the food on sawdust burners using secrets that only their grandmothers know -and together over twenty years we built an amazing jewelry business it was a fairy tale and then we retired then she took me to see a film that i really didnt want to see it -the food is incredible green school is a place of pioneers local and global -and its a kind of microcosm of the globalized world the kids are from twenty five countries when i see them together i know -that theyre working out how to live in the future green school is going into its third year with one hundred and sixty children -its a school where you do learn reading one of my favorites writing i was bad at it arithmetic but you also learn other things you learn bamboo building -you practice ancient balinese arts this is called mud wrestling in the rice fields the kids love it the mothers arent quite convinced -a lot of outrageous things in our lives and we said okay local what does local mean local means that twenty percent of the population of the school has to -to support the balinese scholarship fund because these kids will be balis next green leaders the teachers are as diverse as the student body -and the amazing thing is that volunteers are popping up a man came from java with a new kind of organic agriculture a woman came from africa with music -and together these volunteers and the teachers are deeply committed to creating a new generation of global green leaders -the green school effect we dont know what it is we need someone to come and study it but whats happening our learning different kids -dyslexic weve renamed them prolexic are doing well in these beautiful beautiful -my life -it comes out of the ground like a train it grows as high as a coconut tree in two months and three years later it can be harvested to build buildings like this -its as strong and dense as teak and it will hold up any roof -the architects came they brought us these things and youve probably seen things like this the yellow box was called the administration complex -we squashed it we rethought it but mainly we renamed it the heart of school -and that changed everything forever its a double helix it has administrators in it and many many other things -and the problem of building it when the balinese workers saw long reams of plans they looked at them and said whats this so we built -big models we had them engineered by the engineers and balinese carpenters like this measured them with their bamboo rulers -selected the bamboo and built the buildings using age old techniques mostly by hand -it was chaos and the balinese carpenters want to be as modern as we do so they use metal scaffolding to build the bamboo building and when the scaffolding came down -and even if part of what he says is true -we realized that we had a cathedral a cathedral to green and a cathedral green education the -has seven kilometers of bamboo in it from the time the foundations were finished in three months it had roofs and floors -it may not be the biggest bamboo building in the world but many people believe that its the most beautiful -is this doable in your community we believe it is green school is a model we built for the world -its a model we built for bali and you just have to follow these simple simple rules be local let the environment lead and think about how your -theyre not going to have the life that i had and i decided at that moment that i would spend the rest of my life doing whatever i could -grandchildren might build so mister gore -thank you you ruined my life but you gave me an incredible future and if youre interested in being involved in finishing green school and building the next fifty around the -world please come and see us thank you -to improve their possibilities so heres the world and here we are in bali -little island sixty miles by ninety miles it has an intact hindu culture cynthia and i were there we had had -thirty six years ago -at nearly this moment -a nineteen year old boy awoke from a coma -to ask a nurse a question -but the nurse was already there with an answer -youve had a terrible accident young man youve broken your back -you see i knew that the car had gone over the guardrail on the twenty eighth of february -and i knew that one thousand nine hundred and seventy six was a leap year -nurse is this the twenty eighth or the twenty nine -lived by design -to get back to this to get back to design -and as my daddy suggested a long time ago -make the song your own -your own you gotta design it show everyone what you intend is what he said -doing that acting by design is what we all should be doing -its where we all belong -thats right i was in a poorly designed automobile -that hit a poorly designed -but ever since then the wheelchair has been a given in my life my life at the mercy of good design -a wheelchair is a very difficult object -it mostly projects tragedy and fear and misfortune and it projects that message that story so strongly that it almost blots out anything else i roll swiftly through an airport right and moms grab their -kids out of the way and say dont stare the poor kid you know has this terrified look on his face god knows what they think and for -nothing whatsoever worked until a few years ago my six year old daughters were looking at this wheelchair catalog that i had -and i said oh girls -theyre not for safety -whats the difference here the wheelchair with no lights and the wheelchair with lights the difference -im no longer a victim i chose to change the situation im the commander of the starship wheelchair with the phaser wheels in the front -it suggests that someone is driving -its reassuring people are drawn to it -someone making the experience their own covering the tragic tune with something different -something radically different -now if he intended to kill in olso norway last year dozens and dozens of young people -if he was motivated by some random -mental illness hes in a completely different category we may put him away for life but -we watch him clinically -its a completely different domain -as an intentional murderer anders breivik is merely evil -but as a dysfunctional as a dysfunctional murderer psychotic hes something much more complicated hes the breath -of some primitive -ancient chaos -hes the random state of nature we emerged from -hes something very very different its as though intent is an essential component for humanity its what were supposed to do somehow were supposed to act with intent were supposed to do things by design -design bad design theres just no excuse for it its letting stuff happen without thinking about it every object -now heres an example a little closer to home -my family is all about intent -you can probably tell there are two sets of twins the result of ivf technology in vitro fertilization technology due to some physical limitations i wont go into -anyway in vitro technology ivf is about as intentional as agriculture let me tell you some of you may have the experience in fact the whole technology of sperm extraction for spinal cord injured males was invented by a veterinarian i met the dude hes a great guy he carried this big -leather bag full of sperm probes for all of the animals that hed worked with all the different animals probes he designed -laughter -but anyway so when my wife and i decided to upgrade our early middle age we had four kids after all with a little different technology that i wont explain in too much detail here my urologist assured me i had nothing whatsoever to worry about no need for birth control doc are you sure about that -john john -should be about something john it should imagine a user it should cast that user in a story starring the user and the object good design my dad said is about supplying -i looked at your chart -from your sperm tests we can confidently say that youre basically a form -of birth control -yes and after a couple very liberating weekends my wife and i utilizing some cutting edge erectile technology that is certainly worthy of a tedtalk someday but i wont get into it now we noticed some familiar if unexpected symptoms -i wasnt exactly a form of birth control -look at that font there my wife was so pissed i mean did a designer come up with that no i dont think a designer did come up with that -in fact maybe thats the problem -and so little ajax was born hes like our other children but the experience is completely different -its something like my accident -but we all had to change but not just react to the given we bend to this new experience with intent -facing the given with intent -doing things by design hey the name ajax you cant get much more intentional than that right were really hoping he thanks us -but i never became a designer no no no no never attempted never even close -man i love that thing i could afford that -but there were some lessons even there this guy plato it turns out hes a designer -he designed a state -the state in which the rulers are most reluctant to govern is always the best and most quietly governed and the state in which they are most eager the worst well got that wrong didnt we -but look at that statement its all about intent thats what i love about it but consider what plato is doing here -what is he doing its a grand idea of design a huge idea of design common to all of the voices of religion and philosophy that emerged in the classical period what was going on then -they were trying to answer the question of what would human beings do now that they were no longer simply trying to survive -as the human race emerged from a prehistoric chaos a confrontation with random -brutal nature -they suddenly had a moment to think and there was a lot to think about -all of a sudden human existence needed an intent -human life needed a reason reality itself needed a designer -the given was replaced by various aspects of intent -by various designs -by various gods -gods were still fighting about -today it is the chaos of humanitys impact on the earth itself that we confront -this young discipline called design i think -on all the places we change the consequences of a planet with seven billion people and counting -thats the tune were all covering today all of us -he designed chairs and desks and other office equipment for steelcase that was important i knew design was important in my house because for heavens sake it put food on our table right and design was in everything my dad did -and we cant just imitate the past no -the place was falling apart it was a horrible horrible place and i needed to go and explore the center of kinshasa to report on the rioting and the looting people were carrying off vehicles carrying off pieces of buildings soldiers were in the streets shooting at looters and herding some in mass arrests -in the middle of this chaos im rolling around in a wheelchair and i was completely invisible -i was in a wheelchair i didnt look like a journalist particularly at least from their perspective and i didnt look like a soldier thats for sure -i was part of this sort of background noise of the misery of zaire completely invisible -and all of a sudden from around a corner comes this young man paralyzed just like me in this -and i looked at him he didnt know any other english than that but we didnt need english no no no -and i looked at his whacky pedal mechanism he was full of pride over his design i wish i could show you that contraption -his smile our glow as we talked a universal language -his machine homemade bolted rusty comical -my machine american made confident sleek -he was particularly proud of the comfortable seat really comfortable seat he had made in his chariot -he had a dixieland jazz band when we were growing up -he would have understood those a chariot of pure intent think about it -in a city out of control -design blew it all away for a moment -we spoke for a few minutes and then each of us vanished back into the chaos he went back to the streets of kinshasa i went to my hotel -and he would always cover louis armstrong tunes and i would ask him every once in a while dad do you want it to sound like the record we had lots of old jazz records lying around the house and he said no never john never the song is just a given thats how you have to think about it you gotta make -it has power its treasure were drawn to it -an object devoid of intent -its random its imitative -it repels us its like a piece of junk mail to be thrown away this -is what we must demand -of our lives of our objects of our things of our circumstances -i am not a scientist -i have never built an atomic pile -although i might argue that technically every pile is atomic -did not consider one is that the aliens might be very far away perhaps i dare say even on other planets -the other possibility -is perhaps enrico fermi himself was an alien -think about it isnt it a little convenient that in the midst of the world war out of nowhere suddenly an italian scientist showed up with an amazing new technology -would transform everything in the world and darken our history of the human species forever after and isnt it a little strange that he required no payment for -that he asked for only one thing a gift of two healthy sperm whales -thats thats not true but it is -and if enrico fermi was indeed a space alien wouldnt he be -first to have tried to convince his fellow scientists that the space aliens are not already here for it is given in certain ufo ology or ufology circles -that the aliens are already here and have been for millennia that they have walked among us in disguise observing us guiding our evolution from ape to man -if you believe in that sort of thing -and occasionally kidnapping us in their flying saucers and taking us away to have sex with us in pyramids -its a difficult theory to discount i think youll agree -for even in my own life -memories i have that are difficult to explain happenings that are so odd and unaccountably weird that it is difficult to imagine they were not the result of prolonged and frequent contact with aliens throughout my life -went to lunch at los alamos national laboratory and joined some colleagues there and asked them a question where is everybody this confused his colleagues obviously because they were sitting right there with him -for how else will you explain the amazing and absolutely true close encounters that i had and will describe to you now -i was pretty good at the video games i was not very good at the other part so i stayed alone with the cosmos and thats when it -elderly couple came walking down the street i would say they were in their late seventies and i would say that they were on a date because he was wearing -a very neat little suit with a yellow tie brown suit and she was wearing a cardigan because it was now fully night now and a chill was coming in off the ocean -have to admit thats a pretty boss piece of detective work for an old man on a date -but what was stranger still and even i realized it at the time as a nine year old child was that they stopped at all that this old man would interrupt his moonlight stroll with his sweetheart with the precise reason of making fun of a child -oh he said little green men and then his girlfriend joined in too theres no such thing as space men she said -and then he had to clarify that he wasnt talking about them he was talking about the space aliens you see this was only a few years after -theres no such thing and then they both laughed ha ha ha i looked around -the street was entirely empty -i had stopped hearing the sound of the ocean it was as though time had stopped i did not know why they were teasing me i looked into their strangely angry faces and i remember wondering -are they wearing rubber masks -and what would be behind those rubber masks if they were giant almond shaped unblinking eyes slits for mouths -the old man crooked his finger as though he were firing a gun and then he made laser sounds kew kew kew watch out and they turned at once and walked away -the old man reached out his knobbly claw for the womans hand and found it and left me alone -you could describe this as a simple misunderstanding a strange encounter among humans maybe it was swamp gas but -i know what i saw -the supposed flying saucer crash at roswell new mexico and even though that turned out to be nothing nothing at all -she was very tall i would say i was starting high school at the time i would say she was a junior but i had never seen her before she didnt go to my school i didnt know her name and i never will -she was sitting with someone who i presume was her mother and they were talking about the novel dune they were both big fans mother and daughter very unusual -they were talking about how their favorite characters were the giant sandworms and then it got stranger -thats when she turned to me and said -are you looking forward to seeing the movie -care about the answer as though she just wanted to talk to me i did not know what to say -i said yes i did not even turn my head the movie began -i need not remind you that this was david lynchs version of dune in which all of the characters were sexy and deformed at the same time -there was a character called the third stage guild navigator which was a kind of giant floating fetus -that lived in a giant tank with this orange mist of psychedelic spice swirling around him allowing him to bend space and time -he could never leave the tank or interact with the outside world hed become in his isolation so deformed and so sexy that he had to talk -merely a downed weather balloon piloted by small hairless men with slits for mouths still america had gone saucer mad even famous scientists who were eating lunch -through a kind of old timey radio to the outside world and could never touch them i mean i liked him a lot better than the sandworms the sandworms were fine but your favorite character -when the movie ended -as i walked out her pace slowed perhaps it was the crutches but it seemed -it seemed as though she might want to talk to me again when i say it out loud it sounds so ridiculous -but i can only come to the conclusion that it was what in the alien abductee community they call a screen memory -a ridiculous false recollection designed by their brain to cover up some trauma say of being kidnapped and flown off to a sex pyramid -in which he described his own lifelong experiences being abducted by aliens and he also described the phenomenon known in this community as lost time -where whitley strieber would suddenly become aware that he could not remember the previous ten minutes or the previous ten hours or the previous ten days and would come to the conclusion that that was when the aliens were taking him and giving him rectal probes -this book became naturally an enormous best seller this image by ted joseph was from that book and was his sort of police sketch of what the creatures looked like that whitley strieber described -and we decided apropos of nothing to go see this movie and the way i remember it the movie featured these details one -was played by christopher walken -the alien was played by a rubber puppet -three there was a surprisingly long sequence of the film in which the rubber puppet gives christopher walken a rectal probe -this was being shown in a regular movie theater in center city philadelphia five all of which is to say they made a movie out of the book communion and it starred christopher walken does something seem strange about this -how did this happen when did this happen -i remember walking out of the theater and becoming suddenly aware of this fact as we walked hand in hand and pondering these very same questions and to this day i have no answer for -through the south of portugal together -we stayed in old crumbling walled cities in tiny little hotels and we would climb up to the roof and drink vinho verde and watch the sun set and play checkers what did we do this really does anyone do this -we went to some topless beaches excuse me no -not in my life -for what its worth we went to sagres which was considered at the time to be the end of the world and there i was chased by a pack of feral dogs on the -and the lead dog bit me on the ass requiring me to go to a strange portuguese clinic and receive an ass shot make of that what you will -our last day in portugal we were in the district capital -and catherine decided that she wanted to go to the beach one last time now faro is a bustling little city and to get to the beach she explained you would have to take -bus and then a boat and did i want to come with but i was exhausted and dog bitten and so i said no i remember what she looked like before she left -the freckles had grown and multiplied on her face and shoulders -clustering into a kind of a tan a tan we were both tan is this true her eyes were extra bright and extra blue as a result she was smiling -she was a single woman about to go alone into a country not even speaking the language to travel alone by bus and boat to go to a beach she did not know or had never seen -we should have some evidence of their existence by now and yet to the best of our knowledge we are alone where is everybody asked fermi and his colleagues had no answer -i loved her and then she went out into that strange alien land -it took me some time to come to my senses -now i did not speak portuguese -i did not know where the beach was -i realized that the day would only have two possible outcomes either catherine would come back to the hotel -or she would never come back to the hotel and so i sat down to wait i did not watch the skies but the very end of the street where -the buses and cars and pedestrians and little scooters were moving along and i watched those constellations shift hoping that they would part and i would see her face -was at that moment in that very small town of thirty thousand or so that i truly appreciated the vastness of the universe and the searching we might do -and thats when the liberians came along -five young men all laughing happy traveling together coming back to this hotel where they were -one of them was named joseph and he asked me what was i doing and i explained and he said dont worry he was sure that catherine would be safe but he did not seem so very sure for he sat down to wait with me -then went on with the same blunt logic to disprove fairies sasquatch god the possibility of love and thereafter as you know enrico fermi ate alone -and even now a decade and a half later even now that we are married -i look for her still whenever she is not in the room and even though i think youll agree it is probable that during the time she was away she was kidnapped and replaced by an alien clone -i love her and wait for her still thank you for your kind attention -it ushered in a new era of streamlined archaically futuristic design called googie which came to be synonymous with the jet age a misnomer after all the ancient astronauts who used it did not travel by jet very often preferring instead to travel by feathered serpent -powered by crystal skulls -the juicy salif this is a design by philippe starck who i believe is in the audience at this very moment and you can tell it is a starck design by its precision its playfulness its -im going to unpack for you three examples of iconic -innovation and its promise of imminent violence -which would be useful out in the lobby i would say and despite its obvious influence by the ancient astronauts and its space agey ness and tripodism it is not something designed to attach to your brain and suck out your thoughts -it is in fact a citrus juicer and when i say that -design and it makes perfect sense that i should be the one to do it because i have -you never see it as anything else again it is also not a monument to design it is a monument to designs utility you can take it home with you unlike the theme building which will stay where it is forever this is affordable and can come home with you -and as such it can sit on your kitchen counter -it cant go in your drawers trust me i found that out the hard way -and make your kitchen counter into a monument to design one other thing about it if you do have one at home let me tell you one of the features you may not know when you fall asleep it comes alive -and it walks around your house -and goes through your mail and watches you as you sleep -a bachelors degree in literature laughter but im also a famous minor television personality and an avid collector of design within reach catalogs so -i have no idea i dont know what that thing is it looks terrible is it a little hot plate i dont get it -does anyone know chi its an iphone iphone oh yes thats right i remember those i had my whole bathroom tiles redone with those back in the good old days -no i have an iphone of course i do here is my well loved iphone i do so many things on this little device i like to read books on it more than that i like to buy books on it -i use it every day to -measure the weight of an ox for example -every now and then i admit that i complete a phone call on it occasionally -and yet i forget about it all the time this is a design -the gasp inducement that occurred in two thousand and seven when you first touched this thing because it became so quickly pervasive and because of how instantly we adopted these gestures and made it an extension of our life unlike -the theme building this is not alien technology or i should say what it did was it took technology which unlike people in this room to many other people in the world still feels very alien and made it immediately and instantly feel familiar and intimate and unlike the juicy salif it does not threaten -to attach itself to your brain rather it simply attaches itself to your brain -i pretty much know -everything there is now im sure you recognize this object many of you probably saw it as you were landing your private zeppelins at los angeles international airport over the past couple of days this is known as the theme -building that is its name for reasons that are still very murky and it is perhaps the best example we have in los angeles of ancient extraterrestrial architecture -it was first excavated in one thousand nine hundred and sixty one as they were building lax although scientists believe that it dates back to the year two thousand before common era when it was used as a busy transdimensional space port -by the ancient astronauts who first colonized this planet and raised our species from savagery by giving us the gift of written language and technology -and the gift of revolving restaurants it is thought to have been a replacement for the older space ports located of course at stonehenge and considered to be quite an improvement due to the uncluttered design -come out around this table i began to call it the wisdom table and when he passed on i took this table with me and brought it to my office and it reminds me of him it reminds me of what goes on around an empty space sometimes -we had played the game one session after school for many weeks about seven weeks -and we had essentially solved all fifty of the interlocking crises the way the game is won is all fifty problems have to be solved and every countrys asset value has to be increased above its starting point -some are poor some are wealthy there are billions the world bank president was a third grader one time he says how many zeros in a trillion ive got to calculate that right away but he was setting fiscal policy in that game for high school players who were playing with him -principal walks in im out of a job the parents were looking -and he says yes -and the game is won spontaneous compassion -that could not be planned for -that was unexpected and unpredictable every game we play is different some games are more about social issues some are more about economic issues some games are more about warfare but i dont try to deny them that reality of being human i allow them to go there and through their own experience learn in a bloodless way -the project im going to tell you about is called the world peace game and essentially it is also an empty space and id like to think of it as a twenty first century wisdom table -how not to do -what they consider to be the wrong thing and they find out what is right their own way their own selves -and so in this game -ive learned so much from it but i would say that -if only they could -pick up a critical thinking tool or creative thinking tool from this game and leverage something good for the world -they may save us all if only -and on behalf of all of my teachers on whose shoulders im standing -to be here i feel so fortunate ive been so impressed by the kindness expressed to me -and i was so shocked so stunned i got up and said well thank you but what do i do -and i said what do i do and her answer -shocked me it stunned me her answer set the template for the entire career i was to have after that -i called my wife leslie and i said you know theres so many good people trying to do so much good it feels like ive landed in a colony of angels -in gifted education in that way -and she cleared such a space that i endeavored from then on to clear a space for my students an empty space whereby they could create and make meaning out of their own understanding -was teaching many years later and a friend of mine introduced me to a young filmmaker his name is chris farina chris farina is here today at his own cost chris could you stand up and let them see you a young visionary filmmaker whos made -this film out so we made a film and it turns out to be more than a story about me more than a story about one teacher its a story thats a testament to teaching and teachers -i saw myself -literally disappear -what i saw was -my teachers coming through me -geometry teacher in high school mr rucells wry smile under his handlebar mustache thats the smile i use thats his smile -i saw jan polos flashing eyes and they werent flashing in anger they were flashing in love intense love for her students -and i have that kind of flash sometimes and i saw miss ethel j banks -who wore pearls and high heels to elementary school every day and you know she had that old school teacher stare you know the one -i didnt use that stare very often but i do have it in my repertoire -my own parents my first teachers my father very inventive spatial thinker thats my brother malcolm there on the right -and my mother who taught me in fourth grade in segregated schools in virginia -who was my inspiration and really i feel as though when i see the film i have a gesture she does like this -and so that gesture of my mothers continues through many generations its an amazing feeling to have that lineage and so im here standing on the shoulders of many people im not here alone there are many people on this stage right now -and so this world peace game id like to tell you about -it started out like this its just a four foot by five foot plywood board in an inner city urban school one thousand nine hundred and seventy eight i was creating a lesson for students -so i thought well they like to play games ill make something i didnt say interactive we didnt have that term in one thousand nine hundred and seventy eight but something interactive and so we made the game and it has since evolved to a four foot by four foot by four foot -plexiglass structure and it has four plexiglass layers -theres an outer space layer with black holes and satellites and research satellites and asteroid mining theres an air and space level with clouds that are big puffs of cotton we push around and territorial air spaces and air forces a ground and sea level with thousands of game pieces on it even an undersea level with submarines and undersea mining -and shes a very high tech superintendent she uses smart boards she blogs she tweets she does facebook she does all this sort of high tech stuff shes a technology leader and instructional leader but in her office theres this old -and a cfo or comptroller i choose the prime minister based on my relationship with them i offer them the job they can turn it down -and then they choose their own cabinet theres a world bank arms dealers and a united nations theres also a weather goddess who controls a random stock market and random weather -page crisis document with fifty interlocking problems so that if one thing changes everything else changes i throw them into this complex matrix and they trust me because we have a deep rich relationship together -and so with all these crises -we have lets see ethnic and minority tensions -we have chemical and nuclear spills nuclear proliferation theres oil spills environmental disasters water rights disputes breakaway republics famine endangered species and global warming if al gore is here im going to send my fourth graders from agnor hurt and venable schools to you because they solved global warming in a week -and theyve done it several times -some child its basically a troublemaker and i have my troublemaker put to use because they on the surface are trying to save the world and their position in the game but theyre also trying to undermine everything -the saboteur is there and we also read from sun tzus the art of war fourth graders understand it nine years old and they handle that and use that to understand how to not follow at first they do the paths to power and destruction -the path to war -they learn to overlook short sighted reactions and impulsive thinking to think in a long term more consequential way stewart brand is here and one of the ideas for this game came from him with a coevolution quarterly article on a peace force and in the game sometimes students actually form a peace force -im just a clock watcher im just a clarifier im just a facilitator the students run the game i have no chance to make any policy whatsoever once they start playing -wooden weather worn table kitchen table peeling green paint its kind of rickety and i said pam youre such a modern cutting edge person why is this old table in your office -so ill just share with you -cant tell them anything because i dont know the answer and i admit the truth to them right up front i dont know and because i dont know theyve got to dig up the answer and so i apologize to them as well i say im so sorry boys and girls but the truth is we have left this world to you in such a sad and terrible shape and we hope you can -fix it for us and maybe this game will help you learn how to do -its a serious question who is really in charge ive learned to cede control of the classroom over to the students over time -so ill just share with you some stories very quickly of some magical things that have happened -in this game we had a little girl and she was the defense minister of the poorest nation and the defense minister she had the tank corps and air force and so forth and she was next door to a very wealthy oil rich neighbor -without provocation suddenly she attacked against her prime ministers orders the next door neighbors oil fields she marched into the oil field reserves surrounded it without firing a shot and secured it and held it and that neighbor was unable to conduct any military operations because their fuel supply was locked up -and she told me she said you know i grew up -we were all upset with her why are you doing this this is the world peace game what is wrong with you -in southwestern virginia in the coal mines and the farmlands of rural virginia and this table was in my grandfathers kitchen -so a few game days later it came to light -that we found out this major country was planning a military offensive to dominate the entire world had they had their fuel supplies they would have done it she was able to see the vectors and trend lines and intentions long before any of us and understand what was going to happen and made a philosophical decision -to attack in a peace game -now she used a small war to avert a larger war so we stopped and had a very good philosophical discussion about whether that was right -conditional good or not right thats the kind of thinking that we put them in the situations i could not have designed that in teaching it it came about spontaneously through their collective -and wed come in from playing hed come in from plowing and working and wed sit around that table every night and as i grew up i heard so much knowledge and so many -by the third sentence she was in tears -i was in tears -everybody understood that when we lose somebody the winners are not gloating we all lose -and it was an amazing occurrence and an amazing understanding ill show you what my friend david says about this hes been in many battles -insights and so much wisdom -i get chills every time i see that thats the kind of engagement you want to have happen and i cant design that i cant plan that and i cant even test that but its self evident assessment we know thats an authentic assessment of learning -very strange shapes -to this -a himba -you might wonder why are you wearing these western clothes im a himba and namibian a himba is one of the twenty nine ethnic groups in namibia -we live -i grew up herding looking after our livestock goats sheep and cattle -and one -my father actually took me into the bush he said -i want you to become -just walk up to it -and smack it on the -and he will let go of the goat and -may not -then he said if you see a -you -and -in this way i actually started to learn about -in addition to being a himba im also -and it is very important -and hunt as they wished but we black we were not -to use wildlife whenever we tried to -we were called -and as a result we were fined and locked up -for control over my country and -you know during war time there are militaries armies that -and the -and tusks and they could sell these things for anything -how is it possible for a man with so much time to tell his story in eighteen minutes i think it will be quite a challenge for me -the same year almost every himba had -was almost at the -when -went into the house of one of our neighbors and took his sleeping child out of -even today that memory is still in peoples mind they can pinpoint the exact location where this all happened -you just go to school and they sent me off to school just to get busy somewhere there and the year i went to school -actually got a job with a non governmental organization called irdnc integrated rural development and nature conservation -they actually spend a lot of -a year in the communities they were trusted by the local communities like -despair surrounded joshua and -then the people from irdnc proposed to -these days they talk about famine hiv and -do you have anybody in your communities or people -that know the bush very well -and that -doing elsewhere -has helped -as people started feeling ownership -started coming back and thats actually becoming a foundation for conservation in namibia -with independence the whole approach of community getting involved was embraced by -that actually help -my story that i would like to share with you today is the one about success -to build on this foundation the very first one -and being open to new -at every himba -and at this sacred fire the -speak through the headman and advise us where to get water where to get grazings and where to go -and i think this is the best way -the environment -and here are the new -using -i think is much easier than talking through a spirit that you cant see isnt it and these things we were taught by outsiders we learned these things from -it is about a country in the southwest of africa -we needed new boundaries to describe our traditional lands -we needed to learn more things like gps just to see whether -can gps really reflect the true reflection of the land or is this just a thing made somewhere in the west and we then wanted to see whether we can match our ancestral maps with digital maps made somewhere in the world -we actually started realizing our dreams -and we maintained honoring our traditions but we were still open to new ideas -the second element is that we wanted to have a life -we can benefit through many things most poachers -like my father -our own people -and sometimes once they were caught -they -brought back into the communities and they were made part of the -they were put in charge to stop others from -when this thing started going on we started becoming one community we knew our connection to nature and that was a very very strong thing in namibia -has got two point one million people -the last element that actually helped develop these things was the -given legal status over -the other partners that we have got is business communities -bring namibia onto the world -and they have also helped -but it is only twice the size of -and most of my conservation colleagues today that you find in namibia have been trained -through the initiative through the involvement of world wildlife -in the most up to date conservation practices they have also given funding for two decades to this whole program and so far with the support of world wildlife fund -been able to scale up the very small programs to national programs -was no more an isolated village somewhere hidden away in -i come from -we are now part of the global village -since my fathers first job as a community game guard its unfortunate that he passed away -and he cannot see the -as i -twenty lions in the -in the remote northwest part of the country its called kunene region -one hundred and -in the world this is outside the -now in big numbers but they are now far away from our village because the natural plain has -and in the center of kunene region is the village of sesfontain this is where i was born this is where im coming from -and everything they -this other thing has multiplied from -of animals -and what started as very small community rangers getting community involved -has now -instituted institutions -and these are run by the communities themselves for their benefit today we have got sixty -that manage and protect over thirteen million hectares of land in namibia -we have -in the world has community -in two thousand and eight conservancy generated five point seven million dollars -this is -most people that are following -based on the respect of our natural resources and we are able to use this money for many things -very important -we invest this money in aids and hiv education you know that africa is being affected by -and this is the good news from africa that we have to shout from the -and brad pitt will -help me and our partners -great plains -where buffalo and other animals have suffered -and many communities are in decline -that -and africa serving as a model to the united states -they love namibia for its beautiful dunes -we were successful in namibia because -we -much more than just a healthy -come and talk to me about -and better yet come to namibia and see for yourself how we have done it -learn more and see how you can help cbnrm -in africa and across the world -that are even taller than the -and time have -we put a ten cent digital transponder a data tag in the appliance plug and we put an inexpensive wireless data reader inside the recepticle so they could communicate -now every home electrical system becomes and intelligent network the appliances safe operating parameters are embedded into its plug if too much current is flowing -the intelligent receptacle turns itself off and prevents another fire from starting we call this technology efci electrical fault circuit interrupter -two more points every year in the usa roughly two thousand five hundred children are admitted to emergency rooms for shock and burn injuries related -to electrical receptacles and this is crazy an intelligent receptacle prevents injuries because the power is always off until an intelligent plug is detected -this is a world changing invention the smoke alarm has saved perhaps hundreds of thousands of lives worldwide but smoke alarms dont prevent fires -of every outlet in every home and business now you can choose to reduce your home energy bill by automatically cycling heavy loads like air conditioners and heaters -hotels and businesses can shut down unused rooms from a central location or even a cellphone there are ten -billion electrical outlets in north america alone the potential energy savings is very very significant -so far weve applied for four hundred and fourteen patent claims of those one hundred and eighty six have been granted two hundred and twenty eight are in process and im pleased to announce that just -three weeks ago we received our first international recognition the two thousand and nine ces innovation award -so to conclude intelligent power can globally save thousands of lives prevent tens of thousands of injuries and eliminate tens of billions of dollars in property damage every single year -while significantly reducing global energy consumption in the spirit of this years ted conference we think this is a powerful world changing invention and id like to thank chris for this opportunity to unveil our technology with you and soon the world thank you -every year in the usa over twenty thousand are killed or injured with three hundred and fifty thousand home fires and one of the main causes of all these fires is electricity -what if we could prevent electrical fires before they start well a couple of friends and i figured out how to do this -so how does electricity ignite residential fires well it turns out that the main causes are faulty and misused appliances and electrical wiring our invention had to address all of these issues -and this is a problem because over eighty percent of all home electrical fires start below the safety threshold of circuit breakers -we considered all of this and we realized that electrical appliances must be able to communicate directly with the power receptacle itself -any electrical device an appliance an extension cord whatever must be able to tell the power outlet hey power outlet im drawing too much current shut me off -now before i start a fire and the power outlet needs to be smart enough to do it so here is what we did -the late geoffrey dickens m p was attending a fete in his constituency wherever he went at every stall he stopped he was closely followed by a devoted smiling woman of indescribable ugliness -so he went out and bought a plastic frame to put the photograph in and on the photograph he wrote with a flourish to horse face with love from geoffrey dickens m p -sent off his secretary said to him did you get that letter from the woman at the fete i wrote horse face on her so youd remember -he thought he wished he was invisible -so one of the interesting things about invisibility is that things that we cant see we also cant understand gravity is one thing that we cant see and which we dont understand its the least understood of all the four fundamental forces and the weakest -and nobody really knows what it is or why its there for what its worth sir issac newton the greatest scientist who ever lived he thought jesus came -question is what is invisible -i see all your faces i have no idea what any of you are thinking isnt that amazing isnt that incredible that we cant read each others minds but we can touch each other -taste each other perhaps if we get close enough but we cant read each others minds i find that quite astonishing in the sufi faith this great middle eastern religion which some claim is the route of all religions sufi masters are all telepaths -more of it than you think actually everything i would say everything that matters except every thing and except matter -so they say but their main exercise of telepathy is to send out powerful signals to the rest of us that it doesnt exist -so thats why we dont think it exists the sufi masters working on us -the laws of physics invisible eternal omnipresent all powerful remind you of anyone interesting im as you can guess not a materialist im an immaterialist and ive found a very useful new -ignostic okay im an ignostic i refuse to be drawn on the question of whether god exists until somebody properly defines the terms -another thing we cant see is the human genome -and this is increasingly peculiar because about twenty years ago when they started delving into the genome -they thought it would probably contain around one hundred thousand genes geneticists will know this but every year since its been revised downwards -we now think there are likely to be only just over twenty thousand genes in the human genome this is extraordinary because rice get this rice is known to have thirty eight thousand genes -you know that two more than people and the same a gorilla -you cant see these things but they are very strange -we can see matter but we cant see whats the matter as in this cryptic sentence i found in the guardian recently -the stars by day i always think thats fascinating the universe disappears the more light there is the less you can see time -isnt that extraordinary you can not remember what happened to you earlier than the age of two or three which is great news for psychoanalysts because otherwise theyd be out of a job because thats where all the stuff happens -that makes you who you are -another thing you cant see is the grid on which we hang this is fascinating you probably know some of you that cells are continually renewed you can see it in skin and this kind of stuff -livers and internal organs sort of take a bit longer a spine takes several years but at the end of seven years not one cell in your body -remains from what was there seven years ago the question is who then are we what are we what is this thing that we hang on that is actually -said to be the most successful ever invention of a word by a known individual quite good he also invented a word called blass meaning astral radiation didnt -is so many things that -see that dont let anyone tell you they understand electricity they dont nobody knows what it is -you probably think the electrons in an electric wire move instantaneously down a wire dont you at the speed of light when you turn the light on they dont electrons bumble down the wire about the speed of spreading honey they say -hundred billion of them estimated in the universe one hundred billion how many can we see -theres a world of invisibility there -and thats what they do radio thats what they discovered anyway so the biggest thing -about anything and ive come to the conclusion -so we can see the stars and the planets but we cant see what holds them apart or what draws them together -you cant see a point its by definition dimensionless like an electron oddly enough but the point what ive got it down to is there are only two questions really worth asking why are we -and what should we do about it while we are -and -to help you ive got two things to leave you with from two great philosophers perhaps two of the greatest philosopher thinkers of the twentieth century one a mathematician and an engineer and the other a poet the -who said i dont know why we are here but im pretty sure its not in order to enjoy ourselves -secondly and lastly w h auden one of my favorite poets who said we are here on earth to help -the others are here for ive no idea -with matter as with people we see only the skin of things we cant see into the engine room we cant see what makes people tick at least not without difficulty -the closer we look at anything the more it disappears in fact if you look really closely at stuff if you look at the basic substructure of -there isnt anything there electrons disappear in a kind of fuzz and there is only energy and you cant see energy -so everything that matters -slightly silly thing thats invisible is this story which is invisible to you and im now going to make it visible to you in your minds -its about an m p called geoffrey dickens -i -so it was traumatizing actually so -on simplicity what a great way to start first of all ive been watching this trend where we have these books like such and such for dummies do you know these book these such and such for dummies my daughters pointed out that im very similar looking -i wanted to escape again so i went out to my car and cape cod there are idyllic roads and all of us can drive in this room and when you drive -so i thought complexity was attacking me suddenly so i thought ah simplicity very important but then i thought oh simplicity what would that be like on a beach what if -the media lab maybe some of you guys have heard of this place its designed by i m pei one of the premier modernist architects modernism means white box and its -and -some of you guys are entrepreneurs et cetera whatever last month i was at google and boy that cafeteria man you guys have things here in silicon valley like stock options see in academia we get titles -last year at ted these were all my titles i had a lot of titles i have a default title as a father of a bunch of daughters -this year at ted im happy to report that i have new titles in addition to my previous titles another associate director of research and this also happened so i have five daughters now -my baby reina thank you -and so my life is much more complex because of the baby actually but thats okay we will still stay married i think but looking way back when i was a child you see i grew up in a tofu factory in seattle -work till six pm six days a week my father was kind of like andy grove paranoid of the competition so often seven days a week family business equals child labor we -a great model -so i loved going to school school was great and maybe going to school helped me get to this media lab place -place and its important to me because as a student i was a computer science undergrad and i discovered design later on in my life and there was this person muriel cooper who knows muriel cooper muriel cooper wasnt she amazing muriel cooper she was wacky -and she was a tedster exactly and she showed us she showed the world how to make the computer beautiful again and -shes very important in my life because shes the one that told me to leave mit and go to art school it was the best advice i ever got so i went to art school because of her -i was looking online at amazon com for other books like this you know there s also something called the complete idiots guide theres a sort of business model around being stupid in some sense -when i was in japan i went to an art school in japan i had a nice sort of situation because somehow i was connected to -paul rand some of you guys know paul rand the greatest graphic designer im sorry out there the great graphic designer paul rand designed the ibm logo the westinghouse logo he basically said ive designed everything -i think that the mentors that we all meet sort of humanize us when you get older and youre all freaked out whatever the mentors calm us down and im grateful for my mentors and im sure all of you are -because the human thing is very hard when youre at mit the t doesnt stand for human it stands for technology and because of that i always wondered about this human thing so ive always been googling this word human to find out how many hits i get -in two thousand and one i had twenty six million hits and for a computer because computers are against humans a bit i have forty two million hits let me do an al gore here so if you sort of compare that -in the simplicity realm its also interesting so if you compare complexities to simplicity its also catching up in a way too so somehow humans and simplicity are intertwined i think -we like to have technology make us feel bad for some strange reason but i really like that so i wrote a book called the laws of simplicity i was in milan last week for the italian launch -i have a confession im not a man of simplicity i spent my entire early career making complex stuff lots of complex stuff i -wrote computer programs to make complex graphics like this i had clients in japan to make really complex stuff like this and ive always felt bad about it in a sense so i hid in a time dimension -and this is a firework calendar so you launch the number into space because the japanese believe that when you see fireworks youre cooler for some reason this is why they have fireworks in the summer a very extreme culture -this is a fall based calendar because i have so many leaves in my yard so this is the leaves in my yard essentially and so i made a lot of these types of things -ive been lucky to have been there before people made these kind of things and so i made all this kind of stuff that messes with your eyes i feel kind of bad about that -tomorrow paola antonelli is speaking i love paola she has this show right now at moma where -these early works are here on display at moma on the walls if youre in new york please go and see that but ive had a problem because i make all this flying stuff and the people say oh -i know your work youre the guy that makes eye candy and when youre told this you feel kind of weird eye candy sort of pejorative dont you think so i say no i make eye meat instead -and eye meat is something different something more fibrous something more powerful perhaps but what could that -a book about questions questions about simplicity very few answers im also wondering myself what is simplicity is it good is it bad is complexity better -make art with a computer program youre always on the tree and the paradox is that for excellent art you want to be off the tree so this is sort of a complication ive found -so to get off the tree i began to use my old computers i took these to tokyo in two thousand and one to make computer objects this is a new way to type on my old color classic -you cant type very much on this i also discovered that an ir mouse responds to crt emissions and starts to move by itself so this is a self drawing machine -measure the impact stuff like this are things i made just to sort of understand what these things are -in different forms if you dry them quick you can make like elephants and steers and stuff and my wife didnt like these because they mold so i had to stop that -so i went back to the computer and i bought five large fries and scanned them all -and i was looking for some kind of food theme and i wrote some software to automatically lay out french fry images -and as a child id hear that song you know oh beautiful for spacious skies for amber waves of grain so i made this amber waves image its sort of a midwest cornfield out of french fries and also -as a child i was the fattest kid in class so i used to love cheetos oh i love cheetos yummy so i wanted to play with cheetos in some way i wasnt sure where to go with this i invented cheeto paint cheeto paint is a very simple -i discovered that -cheetos are good expressive material -and with these cheetos i began to think what can i make with these cheetos and so i began to crinkle up potato chip flecks and also pretzels i was looking for some kind of form and in the end i made one hundred butter fries -and -each butter fry is composed of different pieces people ask me how they make the antenna sometimes they find a hair in the food thats my hair my hairs clean its okay im a tenured professor which means basically i dont have to work anymore -a strange business model i can come into work everyday and staple five pieces of paper and just stare at it with my latte end of story but -i realized that life could be very boring so ive been thinking about life and i notice that my camera my digital camera versus my car a very strange thing the car is so big the camera is so small yet the manual for the camera is so much bigger than the -so i was in the cape one time and i typed the word simplicity and i discovered in this weird m night shyamalan way that i discovered -but the laws are kind of like sushi in a way there are all kinds in japan they say that sushi is challenging you know the uni is the most challenging so number ten is challenging people hate number ten like they hate uni actually -the three keys are easy to eat so this is anago cooked already so easy to eat so enjoy your sushi meal later with the laws of simplicity -cookie versus laundry thing anyone who has kids knows that if you offer a kid a big cookie or a small cookie which cookie are they going to take -big cookie you can say the small cookie has godiva chocolate bits in it but it doesnt work they want the big cookie but if you offer kids two piles of -to fold the small pile or the big pile which will they choose strangely not the big pile -so i think its as simple as this you know when you want more its because you want to enjoy it when you want less its because its about work and so to boil it all down -your life and i just love to see the world the world is an amazing place by being at ted we see so many things at one time -and i cant help but enjoy looking at everything in the world like everything you see every time you wake up its such a joy to sort of experience -i have a lot of cocky freshmen at mit so i tell them oh your bodies are really getting stronger and stronger but in your late twenties and mid thirties cells they die ok it gets them to work harder sometimes -and if you have your vision vision is interesting as you age from infant age your vision gets better and maybe in your late teens early twenties youre looking for a mate and your vision goes after that -your social responsibility is very interesting so as you get older you may like have kids whatever and then the kids graduate and you have no responsibility any more -but if any of you people ask what actually goes up does anything go up whats the positive part of this you know i think wisdom always goes up i love these eighty year old ninety year old guys and women they have so many thoughts and they have so much wisdom -and i think you know this ted thing ive come here and this is the fourth time and i come here for this wisdom i think -wisdom somehow and im so glad to be here and im very grateful to be here chris and this is an amazing experience for me as well -he would invent like ways to make things heavy like back here theres like concrete block technology here and he would need the concrete blocks to press the -is actually kind of a liquidy type of thing and so you have to have heavy stuff to push out the liquid and make it hard tofu comes out in these big batches -and my father would sort of cut them by hand i cant tell you family business story youd understand this my father was the most sincere man possible he walked into a safeway once on a rainy day slipped broke his arm rushed out -so instead you know my fathers like arms broken for two weeks in the store and that week now those two weeks were when my older brother and i had to do everything -and that was torture real torture because you see wed seen my father taking the big block of tofu and cutting it like -the tofu to me was kind of my origin basically and because working in a store was so hard i liked going to school it was like heaven -and i was really good at school so when i got to mit you know as most of you who are creatives your parents all told you not to be creative -same way you know i was good at art and good at math and my father says hes johns good at math i went to mit did my math but i had this wonderful -time when a guy who kind of could cross the two sides it was a good time -so i remember that my first major piece of software was on a direct copy of then aldus pagemaker i made a desktop -and the problem when youre younger for all you students out there is your head gets kind of big really easy and when i was making icons i was like -the icon master and i was like yeah im really good at this you know and then luckily you know i had the fortune of going to something called a library -and in the library i came upon this very book i found this book its called thoughts on design by a man named paul rand -and when i saw this mans work i realized how bad i was at design or whatever i called it back then and i suddenly had a kind of career goal kind of in hot pursuit -so basically it all began with this whole idea of a computer who has a computer -so i kind of switched i went to mit finished i got my -yeah ok so everyone has a computer even a mobile phone its a computer and -anyone remember this workbook -this was how computing began dont forget a computer came out it had no software -buy that thing youd bring it home youd plug it in and it would do absolutely nothing at all so you had to program it and there were great programming like tutorials like this i mean -this was great its like you know herbie the apple ii its such a great way to i mean they should make java books like this and weve have no -and you see this era coincided with my own childhood i grew up in a tofu factory in seattle -who of you grew up in a family business suffered the torture yes yes the torture was good wasnt it good torture it was just life changing you know and so in my life you know i was in the tofu it was a -and i was influenced by performance art so this is twenty years ago i made a computer out of people it was called the human powered computer experiment -i have a power manager mouse driver memory etc and i built this in kyoto the old capital of japan its a room broken in two halves ive turned the computer on and these assistants are placing a giant floppy disk built out of cardboard and its put into the computer -and the floppy disk drive person wears it laughter she finds the first sector on the disk and takes data off the disk and passes it off to of course the bus -say that im very glad to be here i understand we have over eighty countries here so thats a whole new paradigm for me to speak to all of these countries in each country im sure you have this thing called the parent teacher conference do you know about the parent teacher conference -wonder about computers and technology in general -and so im going to talk today about four things really the first three things are about how ive been curious about technology design and art and how they intersect how they overlap and also a topic that ive taken on since four years ago i became the president of rhode island school of design -leadership and ill talk about how ive looked to combine these four areas into a kind of a synthesis a kind of experiment so starting from technology technology is a wonderful thing when that apple ii came out it really could do nothing it could show text and -after we waited a bit we had these things called images remember when images were first possible with a computer those gorgeous full color images and then after a few years we got cd quality sound it was incredible you could listen to sound on the computer and then -movies via cd rom it was amazing remember that excitement -and then the browser appeared the browser was great but the browser was very primitive very narrow bandwidth text first then images we waited cd quality sound over the net then movies over the internet kind of incredible -as we understand most things and to understand design with our technology has been a passion of mine -and i have a small experiment to give you a quick design lesson -designers talk about the relationship between form and content content and form now what does that mean well content is the word up there fear its a four letter word its a kind of a bad feeling word fear -fear is set in light helvetica so its not too stressful and if you set it in ultra light helvetica its like oh fear who cares -you take the same ultra light helvetica and make it big and like whoa -free is a great word you can serve it almost any way free bold feels like mandela free its like yes i can be free free even light feels kind of like ah i can breathe in free it feels great or even free spread out its like ah i can breathe in free so easily -and i can add in a blue gradient and a dove and i have like don draper free laughter so -you see that form content design it works that way -and ive been curious about how design and technology intersect and im going to show you some old work i never really show anymore to give you a sense of what i used to do so yeah so i made a lot of work in the ninety s this was a square that responds to sound people ask me why i made that -its not clear laughter but i thought itd be neat for the square -respond to me and my kids were small then and my kids would play with -ten variations this is like spin the -you know its like art is supposed to be enigmatic so when you say like i dont get it like oh thats great laughter art does that because art is about asking questions questions that may not be answerable -because at risd you have to look at the actual -animal the object to understand its volume to perceive it at risd youre not allowed to draw from an image and many people ask me john couldnt you just digitize all this make it all digital wouldnt it be better and i often say well theres something good to how things used to be done -theres something very different about it something we should figure out what is good about how we did it even in this new era and i have a good friend hes a new media artist named tota hasegawa hes based in london no actually its in tokyo but when he was based in london he had a game with his wife -he would go to antique shops and the game was as such when we look at an antique we want well ask the shopkeeper for the story behind the antique and if its a good story well buy it so theyd go to an antique shop and theyd look at this cup and theyd say tell us about this cup and the shopkeeper would say its old -that always stuck with me all my life why didnt dad say art why wasnt it okay why it became a question my entire life and thats all right because being good at math meant he bought me a computer and some of you remember this computer this was my first computer who had an apple ii apple ii users very cool -he realized it isnt about old or new its about something in between it isnt about old the dirt new the cloud its about what is good a combination of the cloud -and the dirt is where the action is at -you see it in all interesting art today in all interesting businesses today how we combine those two together to make good is very interesting so art makes questions and -leadership is something -that is asking a lot of questions we arent functioning so easily anymore we arent a simple authoritarian regime anymore as an example of authoritarianism i was in russia one time traveling in st petersburg at a national monument and i saw this sign that says do not walk on the grass and i thought -run many systems today but as we know its been disrupted it is now a network instead of a perfect tree its a heterarchy instead of a hierarchy and thats kind of awkward -and so today leaders are faced with how to lead differently i believe this is work i did with my colleague becky bermont on creative leadership what can we learn from artists and designers for how to lead -because in many senses a regular leader loves to avoid mistakes -someone whos creative actually loves to learn from mistakes -and i had a show in london recently where my friends invited me to come to london for four days to sit in a sandbox and i said great and so i sat in a sandbox for four days straight six hours every day six minute appointments with anyone in london -and that was really bad but i would listen to people hear their issues draw in the sand try to figure things out -leaders what we do is we connect improbable connections and hope something will happen and in that room i found so many connections between people across all of london and so -leadership connecting people is the great question today whether youre in the hierarchy or the heterarchy its a wonderful design challenge -and one thing ive been doing is doing some research on systems that can combine technology and leadership with an art and design perspective let me show you something i havent shown anywhere actually -red are areas doing poorly you know how do you as the leader scan connect make things happen -so for instance you might open up a distribution here and find the different subdivisions in there and know that you know someone in eco over here and -these people here are in eco the people you might engage with as ceo people going across the hierarchy -and part of the challenge of the ceo is to find connections across areas and so you might look in r d and here you see one person who crosses the two areas of interest and its a person important to engage so you might want to -for instance get a heads up display on how youre interacting with them how many coffees do you have how often are you calling them emailing them what is the tenor of their email how is it working out -leaders might be able to use these systems to better regulate how they work inside the heterarchy -you can also imagine using technology like from luminoso the guys from cambridge who were looking at deep text analysis -what is the tenor of your communications so these kind of systems i believe are important theyre targeted social media systems around leaders -and i believe that this kind of perspective will only begin to grow as more leaders enter the space of art and design because art and design lets you think like this -that computer is a computer that i learned about going to mit my fathers dream and at mit however i learned about the computer at all levels and after i went to art school to get away from computers -find different systems like this and ive just begun thinking like this so im glad to share that with you -so in closing -i want to thank all of you for your attention thanks very much -so first theres speech and then writing comes along as a kind of artifice now dont get me wrong writing has certain advantages when you write because its a conscious process because you can look backwards -you can do things with language that are much less likely if youre just talking for example imagine a passage from edward gibbons the decline and fall of the roman empire -the whole engagement lasted above twelve hours till the graduate retreat of the persians was changed into a disorderly flight of which the shameful example was given by the principal leaders and the surenas himself thats beautiful but lets face it nobody talks that way or -at least they shouldnt if theyre interested in reproducing -the idea is that texting spells the decline and fall of any kind of serious literacy or at least writing ability among young people in the united states and now the whole world today the fact of the matter is that it just isnt true -is not the way any human being speaks casually casual speech is something quite different linguists have actually shown that when were speaking casually in an unmonitored way we tend to speak in word packets of maybe seven -much looser its much more telegraphic its much less reflective very different from writing so we naturally tend to think because we see language written so often that thats what language is but actually what language is is speech they are two things -now of course as history has gone by its been natural for there to be a certain amount of bleed between speech and writing so -for example in a distant -to basically talk like writing -so i mean the kind of speech that you see someone giving in an old movie where they clear their throat and they go ahem ladies and gentlemen and then they speak -in a certain way which has nothing to do with casual speech its formal it uses long sentences like this gibbon one its basically talking like you write and so for example were thinking so much these days about lincoln -because of the movie the gettysburg address was not the main meal of that event for two hours before that edward everett spoke on a topic that frankly cannot engage us today and barely did then -the point of it was to listen to him speaking like writing ordinary people stood and listened to that for two hours it was perfectly natural -thats what people did then speaking like writing well if you can speak like writing then logically it follows that you might want to also sometimes write -like you speak the problem was just that in the material mechanical sense that was harder back in the day for the simple reason that materials dont lend themselves to it its almost impossible to do that with your hand except -in shorthand and then communication is limited on a manual typewriter it was very difficult and even when we had electric typewriters or then computer keyboards -the fact is that even if you can type easily enough to keep up with the pace of speech more or less you have to have somebody who can receive your message quickly once you have things in your pocket that can receive that message then you have the conditions that allow that we can write like we speak -and thats where texting comes in -and so texting is very loose in its structure no one thinks about capital letters or punctuation -when one texts but then again do you think about those things when you talk no and so therefore why would you when you were texting what texting is despite the fact that it involves the brute mechanics of something that we call writing is -and its easy to think that it is true but in order to see it in another way in order to see that actually texting is a miraculous thing not just energetic but a miraculous thing a kind of emergent complexity -fingered speech thats what texting is now we can write the way we talk -and its a very interesting thing but nevertheless easy to think -that still it represents some sort of decline we see this general bagginess of the structure the lack of concern with rules and the way that were used to learning on the blackboard and so we think that something has gone wrong its a very natural sense -but the fact of the matter is that what is going on is a kind of emergent complexity thats what were seeing in this fingered speech -and in order to understand it what we want to see is the way in this new kind of language there is new structure coming up and so for example there is in texting a convention which is -or if you are someone who is aware of the substrate of texting the way its become youll notice that lol does not mean laughing out loud anymore its evolved into something that is much subtler -this is an actual text that was done by a non male person of about twenty years old not too long ago i love the font youre using btw julie lol thanks gmail is being slow right now now if you think about it thats not funny no ones laughing -that were seeing happening right now we have to pull the camera back for a bit and look at what language really is -when youre talking about these inconveniences so julie says i just sent you an email susan lol i see it very funny people if thats what lol means -this julie says so whats up susan lol i have to write a ten page paper shes not amused lets think about it -lol is being used in a very particular way its a marker of empathy its a marker of accommodation -we linguists call things like that pragmatic particles any spoken language thats used by real people has them if you happen to speak japanese think about that little word ne that you use at the end of a lot of sentences if you listen to the way black youth today speak -think about the use of the word yo whole dissertations could be written about it and probably are being written about it a pragmatic particle thats what lol has gradually become its a way of using the language between actual people another example is slash -now we can use slash in the way that were used to along the lines of were going to have a party slash networking session thats kind of like what were at slash is used in a very different way in texting among young people today its used to change the scene so for example -this sally person says so i need to find people to chill with and jake says haha you could write a dissertation about haha too but we dont have time for that -in which case one thing that we see is that texting is not writing at all what do i mean by that -or youll say something like hmm makes you think when it really didnt but what youre really -so we have a whole battery of new constructions that are developing -basically if we think about language language has existed for perhaps one hundred and fifty thousand years at least eighty thousand years and what it arose as is speech -everything somehow in terms of writing was -perfect because the people on downton abbey are articulate or something like that so from every college in the country goes up the cry our freshmen cant spell cant punctuate and so on you can go even further back than this its the president of harvard its one thousand eight hundred and seventy one theres no electricity people have three names bad spelling -incorrectness as well as inelegance of expression in writing and hes talking about people who are otherwise well prepared for college studies you can go even further back -there are always people worrying about these things and the planet somehow seems to keep spinning and so -the way im thinking of texting these days is -that what were seeing is a whole new way of writing that young people are developing which theyre using alongside their ordinary writing skills and that means -that theyre able to do two things increasing evidence is that being bilingual is cognitively beneficial thats also true of being bidialectal thats certainly true of being bidialectal in terms of your writing and so texting actually is evidence of a balancing act -people talked thats what were probably genetically specified for thats how we use language most writing is something that came along much later and as we saw in the last talk theres a little bit of controversy as to exactly when that happened but according to traditional estimates if -those people take those people and they read a very typical text written by a twenty year old today often they would have no idea what half of it meant because a whole new language has developed among our young -humanity had existed for twenty four hours then writing only came along at about eleven seven p m thats how much of a latterly thing writing is -that like to think theyre opposing each other but in fact they share a common set of assumptions one feature is the tradition of religious dualism consciousness is not a part of the physical world its a part of the spiritual world it belongs to the soul and the soul -talk about consciousness why consciousness well its a curiously neglected -consciousness is not a part of the physical world either it doesnt exist at all or its something else a computer program or some damn fool thing but in any case its not -consciousness is subjective therefore there cannot be a science of consciousness okay so -consciousness is a biological phenomenon like photosynthesis digestion mitosis you know all the biological phenomena and once you accept that -subject both in our scientific and our philosophical culture now why is that curious well it is the most important aspect of our lives for a very simple logical reason namely its a necessary condition on anything being important in our lives that were conscious -most though not all of the hard problems about consciousness simply evaporate and im going to go through some of them okay now i promised you to tell you some of the outrageous things said about consciousness one -consciousness does not exist its an illusion like sunsets science has shown sunsets and -rainbows are illusions so consciousness is an illusion two well maybe it exists but its really something else its a computer program running in the brain -three no the only thing that exists is really behavior its embarrassing how influential behaviorism was but ill get back to that -and four maybe consciousness exists but it cant make any difference to the world how could spirituality move anything now whenever somebody tells me that i think you want to see spirituality move something watch -i decide consciously to raise my arm and the damn thing goes -well its a bit like the weather in geneva some days it goes up and some days it doesnt go up no it goes up whenever i damn well want it to okay im going to tell you how thats possible now -i think its rather easy to define if youre not trying to give a scientific definition were not ready for a scientific definition but heres a common sense definition -consciousness consists of all those states of feeling or sentience or awareness it begins in the morning when you wake up from a dreamless sleep and it goes on all day until you fall asleep or die or otherwise become unconscious -dreams are a form of consciousness on this definition now thats the common sense definition thats our target if youre not talking about that youre not talking about consciousness but they think well if that -without exception are caused by lower level neurobiological processes in the brain -and they are realized in the brain as higher level or system features -its about as mysterious as the liquidity of water right the liquidity is not an extra juice squirted out by the h two o molecules its a condition that the system is in -you care about science philosophy music art whatever its no good if youre a zombie or in a coma right so consciousness is number one -and just as the jar full of water can go from liquid to solid depending on the behavior of the molecules so your brain can go from a state of being conscious to a state of being unconscious -depending on the behavior of the molecules the famous mind body problem is that simple all right but now we get into some harder questions lets specify the exact features of consciousness so that we can then answer those four objections that i made to it well the first feature is -its real and irreducible you cant get rid of it you see the distinction between reality and illusion -is the distinction between how things consciously seem to us and how they really are it consciously seems like theres i like the french arc en ciel it seems like theres an arch in the sky or it seems like the sun is setting over the mountains -it consciously seems to us but thats not really happening -but for that distinction between how things consciously seem and how they really are you cant make that distinction for the very existence of consciousness -because where the very existence of consciousness is concerned if it consciously seems to you that you are conscious you are conscious i mean if a bunch of experts come to me and say we are heavy duty neurobiologists and weve done a study of you searle and were convinced you are not conscious you are a very cleverly constructed robot -the second reason is that when people do get interested in it as i think they should they tend to say the most appalling things and then even when theyre not saying appalling things and theyre really trying to do serious research -an illusion in a way that you can with other standard illusions okay -the second feature is this one that has been such a source of trouble to us and that is all of our conscious states have this -qualitative character to them theres something that it feels like to drink beer which is not what it feels like to do your income tax or listen to music -and this qualitative feel automatically generates a third feature -namely conscious states are by definition subjective in the sense that they only exist as experienced by some human or animal subject some self that experiences them maybe well be able to build a conscious machine since we dont know how our brains do it were not in a position so far to build a conscious machine -in unified conscious fields so i dont just have the sight of the people in front of me and the sound of my voice and the weight of my shoes against the floor but they occur to me as part of one single great conscious field that stretches forward and backward that is the key to understanding the enormous power of consciousness -and we have not been able to do that in a robot the disappointment of robotics derives from the fact that we dont know how to make a conscious robot so we dont have a machine that can do this kind of thing okay the next -feature of consciousness after this marvelous unified conscious field is that it functions causally in our behavior i gave you a scientific demonstration by raising my hand but how is that possible how can it be -that this thought in my brain can move material objects well ill tell you the answer i mean we dont know the detailed answer but we know the basic part of the answer and that is there is a sequence of neuron firings -well its been -and they terminate where the acetylcholine is secreted at the axon end plates of the motor neurons sorry to use philosophical terminology here but -when its secreted at the axon end plates of the motor neurons a whole lot of wonderful things happen in the ion channels and the damned arm goes up now think of what i told you one and the same event my conscious decision to raise my arm -progress has been slow -has a level of description where it has all of these touchy feely spiritual qualities its a thought in my brain -but at the same time its busy secreting acetylcholine and doing all sorts of other things as it makes its way from the motor cortex down through the nerve fibers in the arm -now what that tells us is that our traditional vocabularies for discussing these issues are totally obsolete one and the same event has a level of description -where its neurobiological and another level of description where its mental and thats a single event and thats how nature works thats how its possible for consciousness to function causally -okay now with that in mind with going through these various features of consciousness lets go back and answer some of those early objections well the first one i said was consciousness doesnt exist its an illusion well ive already answered that i dont think we need to worry about that but the second one had an incredible -influence and may still be around and that is -well if consciousness exists its really something else its really a digital computer program running in your brain and thats what we need to do to create consciousness is get the right program yeah forget about the hardware any hardware will do provided its rich enough and stable enough to carry the program now we know that thats -wrong i mean anybody whos thought about computers at all can see that thats wrong because computation is defined as symbol manipulation usually thought of as zeros as ones but any symbols will do you get an algorithm that you can program in a binary code and thats the defining trait -of the computer program but we know that thats purely syntactical thats symbolic we know that actual human consciousness has something more than that its got a content in addition to the syntax its got a semantics -now that argument i made that argument thirty oh my god i dont want to think about it more than thirty years ago but theres a deeper argument implicit in what ive told you and i want to tell you that argument briefly and that is -consciousness creates an observer independent reality it creates a reality of money property government marriage -cern conferences cocktail parties and summer vacations and all of those are creations of consciousness their existence is observer relative its only relative to conscious agents that a piece of paper is money or that a bunch of buildings is a university now ask yourself -about computation -is that absolute like force and mass and gravitational attraction or is it observer relative -but when i haul out my pocket calculator and do the calculation the only intrinsic phenomenon is the electronic circuit and its behavior thats the only absolute phenomenon all the rest is interpreted by us -doesnt mean computation is arbitrary i spent a lot of money on this hardware but we have this persistent confusion between objectivity and subjectivity as features of reality and objectivity and subjectivity as features of claims and the bottom line of this part of my talk is this -the thing that struck me is one guy said in exasperation a very famous neurobiologist he said look in my discipline its okay to be interested in consciousness but get tenure first -you can have a completely objective science a science where you make objectively true claims -about a domain whose existence is subjective -whose existence is in the human brain consisting of subjective states of sentience or feeling or awareness -so the objection that you cant have an objective science of consciousness because its -subjective and science is objective thats a pun thats a bad pun on objectivity and subjectivity you can make objective claims about a domain that is subjective in its mode of existence and indeed thats what neurologists do i mean you have patients that actually suffer pains and you try to get an objective science of that -okay i promised to refute all these guys and i dont have an awful lot of time left but let me refute a couple more of them i said -that behaviorism ought to be one of the great embarrassments of our intellectual culture because its refuted the moment you think about it -your mental states are identical with your behavior well think about the distinction between -feeling a pain and engaging in pain behavior i wont demonstrate pain behavior but i can tell you im not having any pains right now so its an obvious mistake why did they make the mistake the mistake was and you can go back and read the literature on this you can see this over and over -they think if you accept -the irreducible existence of consciousness youre giving up on science youre giving up on three hundred years of human progress and human hope and all the rest of it and the message i want to leave you with is -consciousness has to become accepted as a genuine biological phenomenon as much subject to scientific analysis as any other phenomenon in biology or for that matter the rest of science thank you very much -get tenure first now ive been working on this for a long time i think now you might actually get tenure by working on consciousness if so thats a real step forward okay now why then is this curious reluctance and curious hostility to consciousness well i think its a combination of two features of our intellectual culture -but also in the regard in which an interface is fundamental kind of a distraction so weve forgotten to invent new interfaces certainly weve seen in recent years a lot of change in the regard and people are starting to wake up about that -so what happens next where do we go from there the problem as we see it has to do with a single simple word space or a single simple phrase real world geometry -one -thing you might get is something like the luminous room the luminous room is a system in which its considered that input and output spaces are co located thats a strangely -this little design experiment that was a small office here knew a few other tricks as well if you presented it with a chess board it tried to figure out what you might mean by that -and if there was nothing for them to do the chess pieces eventually got bored and hopped away the academics who were overseeing this -thought that was too frivolous so we then built deadly serious applications like this optics prototyping workbench in which a toothpaste cap on a cardboard box becomes a laser -the beam splitters and lenses are represented by physical objects and the system projects down the laser beam path -so youve got an interface that has no interface you operate the world as you operate the real world which is to say with your hands similarly a digital wind tunnel with digital wind flowing from right to left -not that remarkable in a sense we didnt invent the mathematics but if you displayed that on a crt or flat panel display it would be meaningless to hold up an arbitrary object a real world object on it here the real world merges with the simulation -and finally to pull out all the stops this is a system called urp for urban planners in which we give architects and urban planners back the models that we confiscated -we insisted that they use cad systems and we make the machine meet them half way urp projects down digital shadows as you see here -are swinging the sun around -and we built up a series of tools like this there are inter shadowing studies that children -can operate even though they dont know anything about urban planning to move a building you simply reach out your hand and you move the building -now if these ideas seem familiar or perhaps even a little dated thats great they should seem familiar this work is fifteen years old -such a radical change in fact that the early macintosh development team in eighty two eighty three eighty four had to write an entirely new operating system from the ground up now this is an interesting little message and its a -fifty four that we were painting in the film be believable that he allowed us to take on that design work as if it were an r d effort and the -sort of gratifyingly perpetual people still reference those sequences in minority report when they talk about new ui design so this led full circle in a strange way to build these ideas into what we believe -is the necessary future of human machine interface the spatial operating environment we call it -so here we have a bunch of stuff some images and using a hand we can actually exercise six degrees of freedom six degrees of navigational control -all well and good lets do something a little more -difficult here we have a whole bunch of disparate images we can fly around them so navigation is a fundamental issue you have to be able to navigate in three d much of what we want computers to help us with in the first place is inherently spatial -and the part that isnt spatial can often be spatialized to allow our wetware to make greater sense of it now we can distribute this stuff in many different ways so we can throw it out like that -we can organize it this way and of course its not just about navigation but about manipulation as well -so if we dont like something or were intensely curious about ernst haeckels scientific falsifications we can pull them out like that and then if its time for analysis we can pull back a little bit and ask for a different distribution -lets just come down a bit and fly around so thats a different way to look at stuff -if youre of a more analytical nature then you might want actually to look at this as a color histogram -so now weve got the stuff color sorted angle maps onto color and now if we want to select -lesson that has since i think been forgotten or lost or something and that is namely that the os is the interface the interface is the os its like the land and the king i e arthur theyre inseparable they are one and to write a new operating system was not -three d space the idea that were tracking hands in real space becomes really important because we can reach in -not in two d not in fake two d but in actual three d here are some selection planes and well perform this boolean operation because we really love yellow and tapirs on green grass -so from there to the world of real work heres a logistics system a small piece of one that were currently building -a lot of elements and one thing thats very important is to combine traditional tabular data with three dimensional and geospatial information -so heres a familiar place and well bring this back here for a second maybe select a little bit of that and bring out this graph -and we should now be able to fly in here -and have a closer look -these are logistics elements that are scattered across the united states -one thing that three dimensional interactions and the general idea of imbuing computation with space affords you is a final destruction of that unfortunate one to one pairing between human beings and computers -thats the old way thats the old mantra one machine one human one mouse one screen well that doesnt really cut it anymore in the real world we have people who collaborate we have people who -have to work together and we have many different displays and we might want to look at these various images we might want to ask for some help the author of this new pointing device is sitting over there so i can -a capricious matter it wasnt just a matter of tuning up some graphics routines there were no graphics routines there were no mouse drivers so -the designer of the wand and maybe its easiest for him to come over here and tell me in person whats going on so let me get some of these out of the way -lets pull this apart ill go ahead and explode it kevin can you help -me see if i can help us find the circuit board -mind you its a sort of gratuitous field stripping exercise but we do it in the lab all the time -all right so collaborative work whether its -and finally id like to leave you with a glimpse that takes us back to the world of imagery this is a system called tamper which is a slightly whimsical look at what the future of editing and media manipulation systems might be -oblong believe that media should be accessible in much more fine grained form so we have a large number of movies -stuck inside here and lets just pick out a few elements we can zip through them as a possibility we can grab elements off the front where upon they -come to life and drag them down onto the table here -but in the quarter century since then weve seen all of the fundamental supporting technologies go -well go over to jacques tati here and grab our blue friend and put him down on the table as well -we may need more than one -and we probably need well we probably need a cowboy to be quite honest -yeah lets take -that one -you see cowboys and french farce people dont go well together and the system knows that -let me leave with one final thought and that is that one of the greatest english language writers of the last three decades -so memory capacity and disk capacity have been multiplied by something between ten thousand and a million same thing for processor speeds networks we didnt have networks at all at the time of the -expressing and being imbued with a certain generosity and we need to demand that in fact for some of this kind of technology ground center is -a combination of design which is crucially important we cant have advances in technology any longer unless design is integrated from the very start -and as well of efficacy agency were as human beings the creatures that create and we should make sure our machines aid us in that task and are built in that same image so i will leave you with that thank you -when real when for us not just in a lab and on a stage can it be for every man or is this just for corporations and movie -this stuff will be built into the bezel of every display itll be built into architecture the gloves go away in a matter of months or years so this is the inevitability about -so in your mind five years time someone can buy this as part of a standard computer interface ju i think in five years time when you buy a computer youll get this -do all the big data intensive data heavy problems with it so whether its logistics and supply chain management or natural gas and resource extraction -games -john thank you for making science fiction real ju its been a great pleasure thank you -buys you more graphics power than you could have gotten for a million bucks from sgi only a decade ago so weve got that incredible ramp up then on the side weve got the web and increasingly the cloud which is fantastic -and all the attributes of those notes how hard they were struck and how they were held down and how you move the fingers so we had to develop a whole new science of how you move your fingers and you know its a thing your piano teacher teaches you -so he stepped back and did nothing but the crafting of his work and goulds specialty was playing bach his maybe most famous recording was something called the goldberg variations bach only wrote themes and variations one time -early pieces but late in his life in his mature period he said heres a theme thirty variations in fact the theme isnt even the melody its the -and gould recorded it in two major recordings that you may know about one in mono and one in stereo and the one in mono by the way -the pedal and as he got older he said no no wait a minute im going to get very scientific about this and not use the -of us -have the dream of listeners not being the musicians the listeners right and we crave one thing even though we kind of dont know it all the time we crave to be in the room -with the musician the day it was recorded the day it was played and we go to live concerts and we get that as much as we can but then we listen to the other ninety nine percent of our stuff recorded -that -a little bit how this was done first of all let me get you to the end step this is we have a fairly complex process that you know software and musicians and so on but when were all done we know that the ear is the final arbiter -we can play the original in one ear and a new recording in the other so im going to do this for you right now what you just heard and in the right speaker is going to be the original recording -the left speaker is going to be the new recording actually of an instrument just like that one and im going to play them together at the same time -and it turns out the further back you go in history the little rougher it sounds and so -jurassic park there was no science for how skin hung off of muscle -right so in the video world weve been able to invent in our lifetimes natural behavior and this is kind of another example of putting a science behind natural behavior -and then you heard the original ultimately i started with the experience and the experience is i want to be in the room and hear the musicians lots of you can afford to buy one of these -if not there is now -we said theres a solution to this lets separate the performance as a thing out from the recording -and so on the same disk we have five recordings sony has five recordings and you could listen in headphones with this thing called binaural recording and its a dummy head that sits in front of the instrument -its got microphones where the ears are and when you put on headphones and you listen to this youre inside of glenn goulds body and it is a chuckle until you know the musicians who are musicians who play the piano -i cant believe it its just what its like to play the piano except now youre inside glenn goulds body playing the piano and it feels like your fingers are making the decisions and moving through the whole process its a game changer heres now -something we know in spectacular quality the whole process is very sensitive to temperature and humidity what you heard today was not perfect its -an amalgam of wood and cast iron and felt and steel strings and all these and theyre all amazingly sensitive to -so when you go into the recording session you get to stop after every piece and rebuild the piano if you need to theres the whole action there sitting kind of on the side and the dummy head and our recording engineers standing around while we rebuild the piano without putting dates next to these things step by step -music will be turned into data like every field thats occurred in the past thirty five or forty years -audio has come very late to this game im not talking about digitizing and bits and re mastering im talking about turn it into the data that it was made from which is how it was performed and audio came very late because our ears are so hard to fool -which was how it was made you know the thing with microphones in the room and all that day but the performance itself was how the musicians worked their fingers and what instruments they were using and its the data -high resolution and theyre wired straight to our emotions and you cant trick them very easily your eyes are pretty happy with some color and movement you know all right theres this episode of star trek -the -i want to hear the waltzes brahms didnt write -i want to hear the pieces that horowitz didnt play -but i believe were on a path now when we get to data that we can distill -styles and templates and formulas and all these kinds of things again that youve seen happen in the computer graphics world its now coming in this world the transition will be this one it says right now we think music is notes and how -i believe this is coming -because what youve just heard was a computer playing data no glenn gould in the room but yet it was human and i believe youll get to the next step the real dream of -its frozen wouldnt it be cool if every time you listened it could be different -this morning youre sadder you want to hear your song the same song played sadder than you did yesterday you want to hear it played by different musicians you want to hear it in different rooms and whatever weve seen all these star treks and theyre all holodeck episodes as well every time -hidden inside the recording in order to do this its a lot of hardware and software that runs in a very high resolution and yamaha makes an incredible thing called the disklavier pro that -i -and lastly i will wrap up with one minute of art tatum so ive really overshot my budget here -we made a new recording of him playing in the shrine auditorium in september it was a concert he recorded in the shrine auditorium in -and every note every beat every slur every accent every pedal was perfect because he played it for that room on that day and we captured all that data all over again -and i want you to hear his humor -looks like a nice grand piano there and you probably didnt realize its going to do all these things but full of solenoids and fiber optics and computers and all this kinds of stuff the highest resolution out of -and -thats just what the live audience did so thank you very much michael thank you for the opportunity -japan and this just didnt work until we could cross this line that says high definition and we were able to cross this line called the uncanny valley in terms of -but he ran an experiment in people right he had this hypothesis and he tested it in people so he got volunteers to go move to cuba and live in tents and be voluntarily infected with yellow fever so some of the people in some of the tents had dirty clothes and some of the people were in tents that were full of mosquitos that had been exposed to yellow fever -and it definitively proved that it wasnt this magic dust called fomites in your clothes that caused yellow fever -alone and you probably died but people volunteered for this -and its not just a cool example of a scientific design of experiment in theory they also did this beautiful thing they signed this document and its called an informed consent document -its something that protects us from harm from hucksters from people that would try to hoodwink us into a clinical study that we dont understand or that we dont agree to and so you put together the thread -of narrative hypothesis experimentation in humans and informed consent and you get what we call clinical study and its how we do the vast majority of medical work it doesnt really matter if youre in the north the south the east the west clinical studies form the basis of how we investigate -so if were going to look at a new drug right we test it in people we draw blood we do experiments and we gain consent for that study to make sure that were not screwing people over as part of it -but the world is changing around the clinical study which has been fairly well established for tens of years if not fifty to one hundred years so now were able to gather data about our genomes but as we saw -and more importantly were able to gather information about our choices because it turns out that what we think of as our health is more like the interaction of our bodies our genomes our choices and our environment -and the clinical methods that weve got arent very good at studying that because they are based on the idea of person to person interaction you interact with your doctor and you get enrolled in the study so this is my grandfather i actually never met him but hes holding my mom -the technology between these two pictures cannot be more different -but the methodology for clinical studies has not radically changed over that time period we just have better statistics -the way we gain informed consent was formed in large part after world war ii around the time that picture was taken that was seventy years ago -and the way we gain informed consent this tool that was created to protect us from harm now creates silos so the data that we collect for prostate cancer or for alzheimers trials goes into silos where it can only be used for prostate cancer or for alzheimers research -these are tools that we created to protect us from -we cannot take the information from past trials and put them together to form statistically significant samples and that sucks right so forty five percent of men develop cancer thirty eight percent of women develop cancer one in four men dies of cancer -and this is personal to me my sister is a cancer survivor my mother in law is a cancer survivor cancer sucks -and for a long time it was the gods right the gods are angry with me or the gods are testing me right or god singular more recently is punishing me or judging me -its outrage -so the cost in blood and treasure of this is enormous two hundred and twenty six billion a year is spent on cancer in the united states fifteen hundred people a day die in the united states and its getting worse so the good news is that some things have changed and the most important thing thats changed is that -we can now measure ourselves in ways that used to be the dominion of the health system so a lot of people talk about it as digital exhaust i like to think of it as the dust that runs along behind my kid -and as long as weve looked for explanations weve wound up with something that gets closer and closer to science which is hypotheses as to why we get sick and as long as weve had hypotheses about why we get sick weve tried to treat it as well so this is avicenna he wrote a book over a thousand years ago called the canon of medicine -right when i got these results i started talking to doctors and they told me not to tell anyone and my reaction is is that going to help anyone -cure me when i get the disease and no one could tell me yes -and i live in a web world where when you share things beautiful stuff happens not bad stuff so i started putting this in my slide decks and i got even more obnoxious and i went to my doctor and i said id like to actually get my bloodwork -please give me back my data so this is my most recent bloodwork as you can see i have high cholesterol i have particularly high bad cholesterol and i have some bad liver numbers but those are because we had a dinner party with a lot of good wine the night before we ran the test laughter right but look at how non -and theres been a lot of talk about commonses right here there everywhere right a commons is nothing more than a public good that we build out of private goods we do it voluntarily and we do it through standardized legal tools we do it through standardized technologies -and a commons of data is something thats really unique because we make it from our own data -and although a lot of people like privacy as their methodology of control around data and obsess around privacy at least some of us really like to share as a form of control and whats remarkable about digital commonses is you dont need a big percentage if your sample size is big enough to generate something massive and beautiful -so not that many programmers write free software but we have the apache web server -not that many people who read wikipedia edit but it works -so as long as some people like to share as their form of control we can build a commons as long as we can get the information -and in biology the numbers are even better so vanderbilt ran a study asking people wed like to take your biosamples your blood and share them in a biobank and only five percent of the people opted out im from tennessee its not the most science positive state in the united states of america -and the reason that i got obsessed with this besides the obvious family aspects is that i spend a lot of time around mathematicians and mathematicians are drawn to places where theres a lot of data because they can use it to tease signals out of noise -and those correlations that they can tease out theyre not necessarily causal agents but math in this day and age is like a giant set of power tools that were leaving on the floor not plugged in in health while we use hand saws -and the rules he laid out for testing medicines are actually really similar to the rules we have today that the disease and the medicine must be the same strength the medicine needs to be pure and in the end we need to test it in people and so if you put together these themes of a narrative or a hypothesis in human testing -if we have a lot of shared genotypes and a lot of shared outcomes and a lot of shared lifestyle choices and a lot of shared environmental information -we can start to tease out the correlations between subtle variations in people the choices they make and the health that they create as a result of those choices and theres open source infrastructure to do all of this sage bionetworks is a nonprofit thats built a giant math system thats waiting for data -but there isnt any -so thats what i do ive actually started what we think is the worlds first fully digital fully self contributed unlimited in scope -global in participation ethically approved clinical research study where you contribute the data so if you reach behind yourself and you grab the dust if you reach into your body and grab your genome -if you reach into the medical system and somehow extract your medical record you can actually go through an online informed consent process because the donation to the commons must be voluntary and it must be informed -and you can actually upload your information and have it syndicated to the mathematicians who will do this sort of big data research -and the goal is to get one hundred thousand in the first year and a million in the first five years so that we have a statistically significant cohort that you can use to take smaller sample sizes from traditional research and map it against -and ive spent a lot of time around other commons ive been around the early web ive been around the early creative commons world and theres four things that all of these share which is theyre all really simple and so if you were to go to the website and enroll in this study youre not going to see something complicated but its not simplistic -these things are weak intentionally right because you can always add power and control to a system but its very difficult to remove those things if you put them in at the beginning and so being simple doesnt mean being simplistic and being weak doesnt mean weakness -those are strengths in the system and open doesnt mean that theres no money closed systems corporations make a lot of money on the open web and theyre one of the reasons why the open web lives is that corporations have a vested interest in the openness of the system -and the other thing about these systems is that it only takes a small number of really unreasonable people working together to create them it didnt take that many people to make wikipedia wikipedia or to keep it wikipedia -and were not supposed to be unreasonable in health and so i hate this word patient i dont like being patient when systems are broken -and health care is broken im not talking about the politics of health care im talking about the way we scientifically approach health care so i dont want to be patient and the task im giving to you is to not be patient -so id like you to actually try when you go home to get your data youll be shocked and offended and i would bet outraged at how hard it is to get it -but its a challenge that i hope youll take and maybe youll share it maybe you wont if you dont have anyone in your family whos sick maybe you wouldnt be unreasonable -but if you do or if youve been sick then maybe you would and were going to be able to do an experiment in the next several months that lets us know exactly how many unreasonable people are out there so this is the athena breast health network its a study of one hundred and fifty thousand women in california -and theyre going to return all the data to the participants of the study in a computable form with one clickability to load it into the study that ive put together so well know exactly how many people are willing to be unreasonable -so what id end with is -you just have to be willing to be unreasonable and the risk were running is not the risk those fourteen men who got yellow fever ran right its to be naked digitally in public so you know more about me and my health than i know about you its asymmetric -every shot that is taken they assumed would be missed ive had too many that stand around and wait to see if its missed then they go and its too late somebody else is in there ahead of -they werent very quick but they played good position kept in good balance and so they played pretty good defense for us so they had qualities that they came close to as close to reaching possibly their full potential -as any players i ever had so i consider them to be as successful as lewis alcindor or bill walton -players have i rambled enough i was told that when he makes his appearance i was supposed to shut up -in the classroom or more points in some athletic contest i thought about that for quite a spell and i wanted to come up with my own definition i thought that might help -and i knew how mister webster defined it as the accumulation of material possessions or the attainment of a position of power or prestige or something -i coined my own definition of success in nineteen hundred and thirty four when i was teaching at a high school in south bend indiana being a little bit -of that sort worthy accomplishments perhaps but in my opinion not necessarily indicative of success so i wanted to come up with something -southern indiana and dad tried to teach me and my brothers that you should never try to be better than someone else im sure at the time he did that i didnt it -well somewhere i guess in the hidden recesses of my mind it popped out years later never try to be better than someone else always learn from others never cease trying to be the best you can be thats under your -simple verse that said at gods footstool to confess a poor soul knelt and bowed his head i failed he cried the master said thou didst thy best -that is success from those things and one other perhaps i coined my own definition of success which is peace of mind attained only through self satisfaction in knowing -you made the effort to do the best of which youre capable i believe thats true if you make the effort to to the best of which youre capable try and improve the situation -that exists for you i think thats success and i dont think others can judge that i think its like character and reputation your reputation is what you are perceived to be your character is what you really are and i think -much more important than what you are perceived to be youd hope theyd both be good but they wont necessarily be the same well -that was my idea that i was going to try to get across to the youngsters i ran across other things i love to teach and it was mentioned -the previous speaker that i enjoy poetry and i dabble in it a bit and love it there are some things that helped me i think -be better than i would have been i know im not what i ought to be not what i should be but i think im better than i would have been if i hadnt run across certain things one was just a little verse that said -no -written word no spoken plea can teach our youth what they should be nor all the books on all the shelves -what the teachers are themselves -that made an impression on me in the nineteen thirties and i tried to use that -more or less in my teaching whether it be in sports or whether it be in the english classroom i -expected their youngsters to get an a or a b they thought a c was all right for the neighbors children because the neighbors children are all average -our farm home and dad would read poetry to us so i always liked it and about the same time i ran across this one verse i ran across another one someone -lady teacher why she taught and she after some time she said she wanted to think about that then she came up and said they ask me why i teach and i reply where could i find such splendid company -a statesman strong unbiased wise another daniel webster silver tongued a doctor sits beside him whose quick steady hand may mend a bone or stem the life bloods flow -and there a builder upward rise the arch of a church he builds wherein that minister may speak the word of god and lead a stumbling soul to touch the christ and all about -gathering of teachers farmers merchants laborers those who work and vote and build and plan and pray into a great tomorrow and i may say -i may not see the church or hear the word or eat the food their hands may grow but yet again i may and later i may say i knew him once -and he was weak or strong or bold or proud or gay i knew him once but then he was a boy they ask me why i teach and i reply where could i find such splendid company -and i believe the teaching profession its true you have so many youngsters and ive got to think of my youngsters at ucla thirty some attorneys eleven -dentists and doctors many many teachers and other professions and that gives you a great deal of -but they werent satisfied when their own would make the teacher feel that they had failed or the youngster had failed and thats not right the good lord in his infinite wisdom didnt create us all equal as far as intelligence is concerned any more than were equal for -pleasure to see them go on i always tried to make the youngsters feel that theyre there to get an education number one basketball was second because it was paying their way -and they do need a little time for social activities but you let social activities take a little precedence over the other two and youre not going to have any very long so that was the ideas that i tried -to get across -to the youngsters under my supervision i had three rules pretty much that i stuck with practically all the time id learned these prior to coming to ucla and i decided they were very important one was never be late never be late -later on i said certain things i had players if were leaving for somewhere had to be neat and clean there was a time when i made them -jackets and shirts and ties then i saw our chancellor coming to school in denims and turtlenecks and i thought not right for me to keep this other so i let them just they had to be neat and clean -i had one of my greatest players that you probably heard of bill walton he came to catch the bus we were leaving for somewhere to play and we wasnt clean and neat so -i wouldnt let him go he couldnt get on the bus he had to go home and get cleaned up to get to the airport so i -was a stickler for that i believed in that i belive in time very important i believe you should be on time but i felt at practice for example we start on time we close on time the youngsters didnt have to -the profession most of them are young you know and probably newly married and i tell them dont run practices late because youll go home in a bad mood and thats not good for a young married man to go home -so i did believe on time i believe starting on time and i believe closing on time -and another one i had was not one word of profanity one word of profanity and you are out of here for the day if i see it in a game youre going to come out and sit on the bench the third one was never criticize a -i didnt want that i used to tell them i was paid to do that thats my job im paid to do it pitifully poor but i am paid to do it not like the coaches today for gracious sakes no -not everybody could earn an a or a b and i didnt like that way of judging it i did know know how the alumni of various schools back in the thirties judged coaches and athletic teams -a little different than it was in my day those were three things that i stuck with pretty closely all the time and -those actually came from my dad thats what he tried to teach me and my brothers one time i came up with -pyramid eventually that i dont have the time to go on that but that helped me i think become a better teacher -something like this i had blocks in the pyramid and the cornerstones being industriousness and enthusiasm working hard and enjoying what youre doing coming up to the apex -you have to have patience to we want things to happen we talk about our youth being impatient a lot and they are -not just give it word service believe that things will work out as they should providing we do what we should i think our tendency is to hope -that things will turn out the way we want them to much of the time but we dont do the things that are necessary to make those things become reality -i worked on this for some fourteen years and i think it helped me become a better teacher but it all revolved around that original definition -of success you know a number of years ago there was a major league baseball umpire by the name of george moriarty he spelled moriarty with only one i id never seen that before but he did -you won them all you were considered to be reasonably successful not completely because i found out we had a number of years -big league baseball players theyre very perceptive about those things and they noticed he had only one i in his name youd be surprised how many also told him that that was one more than he had in his head -but he wrote something that i think he did while i tried to do in this pyramid he called it the road ahead or the road behind sometimes i think the fates must grin as we denounce them and insist the only reason we -the ancient claim we win or lose within ourselves the shining trophies on our shelves can never win tomorrows game you and i know deeper down theres always a chance to win the crown but when we fail to give our best -we simply havent met the test of giving all and saving none until the game is really won of showing what is meant by -not afraid to fall if bravely we have given all for who can ask more of a man than giving all within his span giving all it seems to me is not so far from victory -best of your ability and no one can do more than that i tried to get across too that my opponents dont tell you you never heard me mention winning -never mention winning my idea is that you can lose when you outscore somebody in a game -and you can win when youre outscored ive felt that way on certain occasions at various times and i just wanted them to be able to hold their head -but it seemed that we didnt win each individual game by the margin that some of our alumni had predicted and -after a game i used to say that when a game is over and you see somebody that didnt know the outcome i hope they couldnt tell by your actions whether you outscored an opponent or the opponent outscored you -thats what really matters if you make effort to do the best you can regularly the results will be about what they should be not necessary to what you would want them to be but they will be about what they should and only you will know whether you can do that -and thats what i wanted from them more than anything else and as time went by and i learned more about other things i think it worked a little better -as far as the results but i wanted the score of a game to be the byproduct of these other things and not the end itself i believe it was -one great philosopher said no no cervantes cervantes said the journey is better than the end and i like that -i think that is its getting there sometimes when you get there theres almost -a decent job during the week -its getting the players to get that self satisfaction in knowing that theyd made the effort to do the best of which they are capable -sometimes im asked who was the best player i had or the best teams i can never answer that -about that and they said suppose that you in some way could could make the perfect player what would you want -that defense usually wins championships and would work hard on defense but id want one that would play offense too id want him to be unselfish and look for the pass first and not shoot all the time -i wanted them to be able to shoot from the outside i wanted them to be good inside too -but that was true back in the thirties so i understood that -rebound well at both ends too and why not just take someone like -keith wilkes and let it go at that he had -not the only one but he was one that i -in that particular category because i think he made the effort to become the best i mention in my book they call me -two players that gave me great satisfaction that came as close as i think anyone i ever had to reach their full potential one was was conrad burke -and one was doug mcintosh when i saw them as freshmen on our freshmen team we didnt have freshmen couldnt play varsity when i taught and -but i didnt like it and i didnt agree with it and i wanted to come up with something that i hoped could make me a better teacher and give the youngsters under my supervision whether it be in athletics or in the english classroom something to which to aspire other than just a higher mark -our varsity must be pretty miserable if hes good enough to make it and you know one of them was a starting player for -the other was his next year he played thirty two minutes in a national championship game did a tremendous job for us and the next year -a starting player on the national championship team and here i thought hed never play a minute when he was so those are the things that give you -great joy and great satisfaction to see one neither one of those youngsters could shoot very well but they had outstanding shooting percentages because they didnt force it and neither one could jump very well -but they get kept good position and so they did well rebounding they remembered that -now this requires another piece of hardware which is this infrared pen you can probably make this yourself for about five dollars with a quick trip -got a battery a button and an infrared led and it turns on you guys cant see it but it turns on whenever i push the button now what this means is that if i run this piece of software -the camera sees the infrared dot and i can register the location of the camera pixels to the projector pixels and now this is like a whiteboard surface -so for about fifty dollars of hardware you can have your own whiteboard this is adobe photoshop -software for this ive actually put on my website and have let people download it for free and in the three months that this project has been public its been downloaded over half a million times so teachers and students all around the world -so as researchers something that we often do is use immense resources to achieve certain capabilities or achieve certain goals and this is essential to the progress of science or exploration of what is possible but -that although it does do it for fifty dollars there are some limitations of this approach but you get about eighty percent of the way there for about one percent of the cost another nice thing is that a camera can see multiple dots so this is actually a multi touch interactive whiteboard system as well -for the second demo i have this wii remote thats actually next to the tv so its pointing away from the display rather than pointing at the display and why this is interesting -is that if you put on say a pair of safety glasses that have two infrared dots in them what these two dots are essentially going to give you is -the computer an approximation of your head location and why this is interesting is i have this sort of application running on the computer monitor which has -three d room with some targets floating in it and you can see that it looks like a three d room if you can see kind of like a video game it sort of looks three d but -for the most part the image looks pretty flat and bound to the surface of the screen but if we turn on head tracking -the computer can change the image thats on the screen and make it respond to the head movements so lets switch back to that -because this is about ten dollars of additional hardware if you already have a nintendo wii so im looking forward to seeing some games and actually louis castle thats him down there last week announced that electronic arts one of the largest game -but actually to me whats almost more interesting than either of these two products is how people actually found out about them youtube has really changed the way or changed the speed in which a single individual can actually spread an idea around the world -them using my system or derivatives of this work so i hope to see more of that in the future and hope online video distribution to be embraced by the research community so thank you very much -and im going to show you two videos that have gotten a lot of attention recently that i think embody this philosophy and they actually use the nintendo wii remote -now for those of you who arent familiar with this device its a forty dollar video game controller and its mostly advertised for its motion sensor capabilities so you can swing a tennis racket or hit a baseball bat -what actually interests me a lot more is the fact that in the tip of each controller is a relatively high performing infrared camera and im going to show you two demos of why this is useful -so here i have my computer setup with the projector and i have a wii remote sitting on top of it and for example if youre in a school that doesnt have a lot money which is probably a lot of schools -or if youre in an office environment and you want an interactive whiteboard normally these cost about two to three thousand dollars so what im going to show you how to do is how to create one with a wii remote -and i should mention -that i have pancreatic cancer -and id like you to please -be quick about this -well the next day we were in cleveland -we took a look at her we laughed we cried and we knew that she needed to be in a hospice we found her one we got her there -and we took care of her and watched over her family because it was necessary its something we knew how to do -and just as the woman who wanted to know me as an adult got to know me she turned into a box of ashes and was placed in my hands and what had happened -what i do is write for children and im probably americas most widely read childrens author in fact and i always tell people that i dont want to show up looking like a scientist you can have me as a farmer or in leathers and no one has ever chose farmer -was the circle had closed it had become a circle -the epiphany is that death is a part of life she saved my life -i and my partner saved hers -thats a painting of a circle a friend of mine did that richard bollingbroke its the kind of complicated circle that im going to tell you about my circle began back in the sixty s in high school in stow ohio where i was the class queer -i was the guy beaten up bloody every week in the boys room -i had a thumb i had eighty five dollars and i ended up in san francisco california -so the earth is cool but what we really want to show are the spacecraft so im going to bring the interface back up -and now youre looking at a number of satellites orbiting the earth these are a number of our science space earth orbiters we havent included military satellites and weather satellites and communication satellites and reconnaissance satellites if we did it would be a complete mess because theres a lot of stuff out there -and the cool thing is we actually created three d models for a number of these spacecraft so if you want to visit any of these all you need to do is double click on them so im going to find the international space station double click and it will take us all the way down to the iss -and now youre riding along with the iss where it is right now -and the other cool thing is not only can we move the camera -and they get one every ninety minutes -and now were looking at the rest of the solar system you can see theres saturn theres jupiter and while were here i want to point out something its actually pretty busy here we have the mars science laboratory on its way to mars just launched last weekend here we have juno on its cruise to jupiter -there we have dawn orbiting vesta -and we have over here new horizons on a straight shot to pluto -and i mention this because theres this strange public perception that -nasas dead that the -and one of the reasons why we write a program like this is so that people realize that theres so many other things -just being able to visit places in different times you can explore this -spacecraft outer planet missions -voyager one and im going to bring up the titan flyby so now weve gone back in time -it doesnt look like anythings going on it looks like ive paused the program its actually running at real rate right now one second per second and in fact voyager one here is flying by titan at -i think its thirty eight thousand miles per hour -it only looks like nothings moving because well saturn here is seven hundred thousand miles away and titan here is four thousand to five thousand miles away its just the vastness of space makes it look like nothings happening but to make it more interesting im going to speed up time -and we can watch as voyager one flies by titan which is a hazy moon of saturn it actually has a very thick atmosphere and im going to recenter the camera on saturn here im going to pull out -we can not only just say voyager one flew by saturn theres a whole story to tell here and even better because its an interactive application you can tell the story for yourself if you want to pause it you can pause it if you want to keep going if you want to change the camera angle you can do that and because of that -that inspired me to pursue space exploration as my own personal dream and part of that dream was i always wanted to just fly around the solar system and visit different planets and visit moons and spacecraft -i can show you that voyager one doesnt just fly by saturn it actually flies -underneath saturn now what happens is as it flies underneath saturn saturn grabs it gravitationally and flings it up and out of the solar system so if i just keep letting this go you can see voyager one fly up like that -and in fact im going to go back to the solar system im going to go back to today now and i want to show you where voyager one is right -above way above the solar -well were trying to give you the solar system in your grasp laughter and we hope once its there youll be able to learn for yourself what weve done out there and what were about to do and my personal dream is for kids to take this and explore and see the wonders out there and be inspired as i was -well a number of years -now the kicker is everything im about to do here you can do at home -because we built this for the public for you guys to use so what youre looking at right now is the earth you can see the united states and california and san diego and you can use the mouse or the keyboard to spin things around -now this isnt new anyone whos used google earth has seen this before -but one thing we like to say in our group is we do the opposite of google earth google earth goes from this view down to your backyard we go from this view out to the stars -and then he phoned me and you know what i think its right -hes a gray area -in a world that doesnt like gray areas -whats essentially normal human behavior as a mental disorder i didnt know which of these things was true but i thought it was kind of interesting and i thought maybe i should -meet a critic of psychiatry to get their view which is how i ended up having lunch with the scientologists -it was a man called brian who runs a crack team of scientologists who are determined to destroy psychiatry wherever it lies theyre called the cchr and i said to him can you prove to me that psychiatry is a pseudo science that cant be trusted -and he said yes we can prove it to you -hardly anything he beat someone up or something and he decided to fake madness to get out of a prison sentence but he faked it too well and now hes stuck in -so i got the train to broadmoor i began to yawn uncontrollably around kempton park which apparently is what dogs also do when anxious they yawn uncontrollably and we got to -every known mental disorder and it used to be back in the fifty s a very slim pamphlet and then it got bigger and bigger and bigger and now its eight hundred and eighty six pages long and it lists currently three hundred and seventy four mental disorders -because it would make me feel more normal and i said whered you get that from he said oh from a biography of ted bundy that they had at the prison library -ive been in broadmoor for twelve years -recently it had an article about how the u s army was training bumblebees to sniff out explosives so i said to a nurse did you know that the u s army is training bumblebees to sniff out explosives -he said you know theyre always looking out for non verbal clues to my mental state -sitting like a journalist am i crossing my legs like a journalist -he said you know ive got the stockwell strangler on one side of me and ive got the tiptoe through the tulips rapist on the other side of me so i tend to stay in my room a lot because i find them quite frightening and they take that as a sign of madness they say it proves that im aloof and grandiose -so only in broadmoor would not wanting to hang out with serial killers be a sign of madness anyway he seemed completely normal to me but what did i know -his hallucinations that had seemed quite cliche to begin with just vanished the minute he got to broadmoor however we have assessed him and we have determined that what he is is a psychopath -and in fact faking -and i spoke to other experts and they said the pinstriped suit classic psychopath speaks to items one and two on the checklist glibness superficial charm and grandiose sense of self worth -heres the statistics one in a hundred regular people -although that figure rises to four percent of ceos and business leaders -capitalism at its most ruthless rewards psychopathic behavior -in fact capitalism perhaps at its most remorseless is a physical manifestation of psychopathy -its like a form of psychopathy that -ive just bought myself a new car and he said you may have a new car but ill tell you what you dont have a job -brain anomaly that makes you -might say that this makes you -and i said manipulative he said thats leadership -to juvenile delinquency he said he got accepted into west point and they dont let delinquents in west point he said no to many short term marital relationships hes only ever been married twice admittedly his first wife cited in her divorce papers that he once threatened her with a knife and said he always wondered what human flesh tasted like -but people say stupid things to each other in bad marriages in the heat of an argument and his second marriage has lasted forty one years -so whenever he said anything to me that just -kind of non psychopathic i thought to myself -and then i realized that becoming a psychopath spotter had turned -me a little bit psychopathic because i was desperate to shove him in a box marked psychopath i was desperate to define him by -and this is a country that -over diagnoses certain -mental disorders hugely childhood bipolar children as young as -four are being labeled bipolar because they have temper tantrums which scores them high on their bipolar checklist when i got back to london -crazier than i thought i was or maybe its not a good idea to diagnose yourself with a mental disorder if youre not a trained professional or maybe the psychiatry profession has a strange desire to label -nothing bad happened he was living with a girl outside london he was according to brian the scientologist making up for lost time which i know sounds ominous but isnt necessarily ominous -id like to know whos in charge of londons bread supply and the urban planner in london goes what do you mean whos in charge of londons i mean no one is in charge oh but surely someone must be in charge i mean its a very complicated system someone must control all of this -no no no one is in charge i mean it basically i havent really thought of it it basically organizes itself -it organizes itself thats an example of a complex social system which has the ability of self organizing and this is a very deep insight -when you try to solve really complex social problems the right thing to do is most of the time to create the incentives you dont plan the details and people will figure out what to do how to adapt to this new framework -so you would probably expect that car drivers wouldnt really react to this fairly small charge you would be wrong one or two euros was enough to make twenty percent of cars disappear from rush hours -now twenty percent well thats a fairly huge figure you might think but youve still got eighty percent left of the problem right because you still have eighty percent of the traffic now thats also wrong -because traffic happens to be a nonlinear phenomenon meaning that once you reach above a certain -and the first picture here is a picture of stockholm one of the typical streets -its now six and a half years ago since the congestion charges were introduced in stockholm and we basically have the same low traffic levels still but you see theres an interesting gap here in the time series in two thousand and seven -but it was fun anyway so we followed up what happened -i mean you have the typical european cities with a dense urban core good public transportation mostly not a lot of road capacity but then on the other hand you have the american cities its moving by itself okay anyway the american cities lots of roads dispersed over large areas almost no public transportation -this is the last day with the congestion charges july thirty one and you see the same street but now its summer and summer in stockholm is a very nice and light time of the year -and this effect hanged on so two thousand and seven figures looked like this now these traffic figures are really exciting and a little bit surprising and very useful to know -and you see that when congestion pricing were introduced in the beginning of spring two thousand and six people were fiercely against it seventy percent of the population didnt want this -but what happened when the congestion charges were there is not what you would expect that people hated it more and more no on the contrary they changed up to a point where we now have seventy percent support for keeping the charges meaning that i mean let me repeat that -seventy percent of the population in stockholm want to keep a price for something that used to be free -well so we did this huge interview survey with lots of travel services and tried to figure out who changed and where did they go and it turned out that they dont know themselves -each day people make new decisions and people change and the world changes around them and each day all of these decisions are sort of nudged ever so slightly away from rush hour car driving in a way that people dont even notice theyre not even aware of this themselves and the other question who changed their mind who changed their opinion and why -and after analyzing the answers it turned out that more than half of them believe that they havent changed their minds -and then you have the emerging world cities with a mixed variety of vehicles mixed land use patterns also rather dispersed but often with a very dense urban core -and traffic planners all around the world have tried lots of different measures dense cities or dispersed cities lots of roads or lots of public transport or lots of bike lanes or more information or lots of different things but nothing seems to work -but all of these attempts have one thing in common theyre basically attempts at figuring out what people should do instead of rush hour car driving theyre essentially to a point attempts at planning what other people should do planning their life for them -now planning a complex social system is a very hard thing to do and let me tell you a story -and the way they deal with their conflicts rapidly spreads to other countries so in a way it is everybodys business -another acknowledgment weve seen during these years recent years is that very few of these domestic interstate intrastate conflicts can be solved militarily -they may have to be dealt with with military means but they cannot be solved by military means they need political solutions and we therefore have a problem because they escape traditional diplomacy and we have among states a reluctance in dealing with them -plus during the last decade weve been in the mode -all the troubling deficits we struggle with today we think of financial and economic primarily the ones that concern me most is the deficit of political dialogue -either you were with us or against us it was black or white -and groups are very often immediately label terrorists and who would talk to terrorists -im not naive you cannot talk to everybody all the time and there are times you should walk -and sometimes military intervention is necessary i happen to believe that libya was necessary -and that military intervention in afghanistan was also necessary and my country relies on its security through military alliance thats clear but still we have a large deficit in dealing with and understanding modern conflict let us turn to afghanistan -ten years after that military intervention that country is far from secure the situation to be honest is very serious -now again the military is necessary but the military is no problem solver when i first came to afghanistan in two thousand and five as a foreign minister i met the commander of isaf the international troops -and he told me that this can be won militarily minister we just have to persevere -now four com isafs later we hear a different message this cannot be won militarily -we need military presence but we need to move to politics we can only solve this through a political solution and it is not us who will solve it afghans have to solve it -our ability to address modern conflicts as they are to go to the source of what theyre all about and to understand the key players and to deal with them -but then they need a different political process than the one they were given in two thousand and one two thousand and two they need an inclusive process where the real fabric of this very complicated society can deal with their issues -everybody seems to agree with that it was very controversial to say three four five years ago now everybody agrees but now as we prepare to talk we understand how little we know -because we didnt talk we didnt grasp what was going on -the international committee of the red cross the icrc is talking to everyone and it is doing so because it is neutral -and thats one reason why that organization probably is the best informed key player to understand modern conflict because they talk my point is that you dont have to be neutral to talk and you dont have to agree when you sit down with the other side -who knows what it will be called in the end thats not the point the point is that we are probably seeing for the first time in the history of the arab world -a revolution bottom up peoples revolution social groups are taking to the streets and we find out in the west that we know very little about whats happening because we never talk to the people in these countries -we who are diplomats we are trained to deal with conflicts between states and issues between states and i can tell you our agenda is full there is trade there is disarmament there is cross border relations but the picture is changing and we are seeing that there are new key players coming onto the scene -most governments followed the dictate of the authoritarian leaders to stay away from these different groups because they were terrorists -so now that they are emerging in the street and we salute the democratic revolution we find out how little we know right now the discussion goes should we talk to the muslim brotherhood -should we talk to hamas if we talk to them we may legitimize them i think that is wrong -if you talk in the right way you make it very clear that talking is not agreeing and how can we tell the muslim brotherhood as we should that they must respect minority rights -if we dont accept majority rights because they may turn out to be a majority how can we escape having a double standard if we at the same time preach democracy and at the same time dont want to deal with the groups -now my diplomats are instructed to talk to all these groups -but talking can be done in different ways we make a distinction between talking from a diplomatic level and talking at the political level now talking can be accompanied with aid or not with aid talking can be accompanied with inclusion or not inclusion theres a big array of the ways of dealing with this -so if we refuse to talk to these new groups that are going to be dominating the news in years to come we will further radicalization -i believe we will make the road from violent activities into politics harder to travel and if we cannot demonstrate to these groups that if you move towards democracy if you move towards taking part in -civilized and normal standards among states there are some rewards on the other side the paradox here is that -the last decade probably was a lost decade for making progress on this and the paradox is that the decade before the last decade was so promising -and for one reason primarily and the reason is what happened in south africa nelson mandela when mandela came out of prison after twenty seven years of captivity if he had told his people its time to take up the arms -its time to fight he would have been followed and i think the international community would have said fair enough -its their right to fight now as you know mandela didnt do that in his memoirs long road to freedom he wrote that he survived during those years of captivity because he always decided to look upon his oppressor as also being a human being -also being a human being so he engaged a political process of dialogue not as a strategy of the weak but as a strategy of the strong -and he engaged talking profoundly by settling some of the most tricky issues through a truth and reconciliation process where people came and talked -we loosely call them groups -if were going to deal with political conflict solving of conflicts if were going to understand these new groups which are coming from bottom up -they may represent social religious political economic military realities and we struggle with how to deal with them the rules of engagement how to talk when to talk and how to deal with them -supported by technology which is available to all -we diplomats cannot be sitting back in the banquets believing that we are doing interstate relations we have to connect with these profound changes -i cannot do that unless i send the signals that i will be open to listen to the other sides signals we need a lot more training on how to do that -and a lot more practice on how that can take problem solving forward we know from our personal experiences that its easy sometimes just to walk and sometimes you may need to fight and i wouldnt say that is the wrong thing in all circumstances sometimes you have to -but that strategy seldom takes you very far the alternative is a strategy of engagement and principled dialogue and i believe we need to strengthen this approach in modern diplomacy not only between states but also within states -we are seeing some new signs we could never have done the convention against anti personnel landmines and the convention that is banning cluster munitions unless we had done diplomacy differently -but they were taking them into the negotiations partly because they represented the victims of these weapons and they brought their knowledge and there was an interaction between diplomacy and the power coming bottom up this is perhaps a first element of a change -in the future i believe we should draw examples from these different illustrations not to have diplomacy which is disconnected from people and civil society -and we have to go also beyond traditional diplomacy to the survival issue of our times climate change -how are we going to solve climate change through negotiations unless we are able to make civil society and people not part of the problem but part of the solution it is going to demand an inclusive process of diplomacy very different from the one we are practicing today as we are heading to new rounds of difficult climate negotiations -but when we move toward something which has to be much more along a broad mobilization -its crucial to understand i believe because of technology and because of globalization societies from bottom up we as diplomats need to know the social capital -let me show you a slide here which illustrates the character of conflicts since one thousand nine hundred and forty six until today you see the green is a traditional interstate conflict the ones we used to read about -of communities what is it that makes people trust each other -not only between states but also within states what is the legitimacy of diplomacy of the the solution we devise as diplomats if they cannot be reflected and understood by also these broader forces of societies that we now very loosely call groups -the good thing is that we are not powerless we have never had as many means of communication means of being connected means of reaching out means of including the diplomatic toolbox is actually full of different tools we can use to strengthen our communication -but the problem is that we are coming out of a decade where we had a fear of touching it now i hope -in the coming years that we are able to demonstrate through some concrete examples that fear is receding and that we can take courage -from that alliance with civil society in different countries to support their problem solving among the afghans -inside the palestinian population -between the peoples of palestine and israel and as we try to understand this broad movement across the arab world we are not powerless we need to improve the necessary skills -and we need the courage to use them in my country i have seen how the council of islamist groups -and christian groups came together not as a government initiative but they came together on their own initiative to establish contact and dialogue in times where things were pretty low key tension and when tension increased they already had that dialogue -and that was a strength to deal with different issues our modern western societies are more complex than before in this time of migration how are we going to settle and build a bigger we to deal with our issues if we dont improve our skills of communication -so there are many reasons and for all of these reasons this is time and this is why we must talk thank you for your attention -the red is modern conflict conflicts within states -these are quite different and they are outside the grasp of modern diplomacy and the core of these key actors are groups who represent different interests inside countries -i think we can probably agree -that it is hotter in summer than in winter -scribble a plan diagram of the solar system showing the shape of the planets orbits -would you be able to do that and if you can just scribble a pattern -children get their ideas not from teachers as teachers often think but actually from common sense from experience of the world around them -from all the things that go on between them and their peers and their carers and their parents and all of that experience and one of the great experts in this field of course was bless him cardinal wolsey -be very careful what you get into peoples heads because its virtually impossible to shift it afterwards -right -now i guarantee that about eighty five percent of you or maybe its fewer at ted will have said it comes out of the ground -and some people probably two of you will come up and argue with me afterwards and say that actually it comes out of the ground now if that was true wed have trucks going round the country filling peoples gardens in with soil itd be a fantastic business but actually we dont do that the mass of this comes out of the air -now i passed all my biology exams in britain i passed them really well but i still came out of school thinking that that stuff came out of the ground -second one can you light a little torch bulb with a battery bulb and one piece of wire yes you can and ill show you in a second how to do that now i have some rather bad news which is that i had a piece of video that i was about to show you which unfortunately the sound doesnt work in this room so im going to describe to you in true monty python fashion what happens in the video -and when we gave graduate engineers -that question they said it couldnt be done -and when we gave them a battery and a piece of wire and a bulb and said can you do it they couldnt do it right and thats no different from imperial college in london by the way its not some sort of -as if -so why is it hotter in summer than in winter we learn as children that you get closer to something thats hot and it burns you -by extension we think to ourselves why its hotter in summer than in winter must be because were closer to the sun i promise you that most of you will have got that oh youre all shaking your heads but only a few of you are shaking your heads very firmly other ones are kind of going like this all right its hotter in summer than in winter because the rays from the sun are spread out more -right because of the tilt of the earth -and if you think the tilt is tilting us closer no it isnt the sun is ninety three million miles away and were tilting like this right it makes no odds in fact in the northern hemisphere were further from the sun in summer as it happens but it makes no odds the difference -ok now the scribble of the diagram of the solar system if you believe as most of you probably do that its hotter in summer than in winter because were closer to the sun you must have drawn an ellipse -science educators so thats science teachers and also of seven year olds and i find that the seven year olds do marginally better than the other audiences which is somewhat surprising -so heres copernicus view of what the solar system looked like as a plan thats pretty much what you should have on your piece of paper right and this is nasas view theyre stunningly similar i hope you notice the coincidence here -what would you do if you knew that people had this misconception right in their heads of elliptical orbits caused by our experiences as children what sort of diagram would you show them of the solar system to show that its not really like that youd show them something like this wouldnt you its a plan looking down from above but no look what i found in the textbooks -we look for evidence that reinforces our models and some folks are just all too able and willing to provide the evidence that reinforces the models -so being im in the united states ill have a dig at the europeans these are examples of what i would say is bad practice in science teaching centers these pictures are from la villette in france and the welcome wing of the science museum in london -so the first question and you might want to write this down either on a bit of paper physically or a virtual piece of paper in your head and for viewers at home you can try this as well a little seed weighs next to nothing and a tree weighs a lot right i think we agree on that where does the tree get the stuff that makes up -and if you look at the kind of the way these things are constructed theres a lot of mediation by glass and its very blue and -so children are not empty vessels ok so as monty python would have it this is a bit lord privy seal to say so but this is children are not empty vessels they come with their own ideas and their own theories and unless you work with those -then you wont be able to shift them right and i probably havent shifted your ideas of how the world and universe operates either -so were not empty vessels the mental models that we have as children persist into adulthood poor teaching actually does more harm than good in this country and in britain magnetism is understood better by children before theyve been to school than afterwards -is you know how does an aircrafts wing create lift an obvious question and youll have an answer now in your heads and the second question to that then is ensure youve explained how it is that planes can fly upside down -this chair right where does all this stuff come from knocks and your next question -always wanted to say that in this country -is can you light a little torch bulb with a battery a bulb -and one piece of wire -the third question is why is it hotter in summer than in winter -is by storing seeds because seeds in all their diverse glory are plants futures -all the genetic information for future generations of plants are held in seeds so here is the building it looks rather unassuming really but it goes down below ground many stories and its the largest seed bank in the world -this is a nuclear proof facility god forbid that it should have to withstand that -so if youre going to build a seed bank you have to decide what youre going to store in it right and we decided that what we want to store first of all are the species that are most under threat and those are the dry land species -so first of all we did deals -with fifty different countries it means negotiating with heads of state and with secretaries of state in fifty countries to sign treaties -life all life depends on plants let me try to convince you of that in a few seconds -exactly how theyre going to collect these seeds they have thousands of people all over the world tagging places where those plants are said to exist they search for them they find them in flower and they go back -when their seeds have arrived and they collect the seeds all over the world -the seeds some of if is very untechnical you kind of shovel them all in to bags and dry them off you label them you do some high tech things here and there some low tech things here and there -and the main thing is that you have to dry them very carefully at low temperature and then you have to store them at about minus twenty degrees c thats about minus four fahrenheit i think with a very critically low moisture content -and these seeds will be able to germinate we believe with many of the species in thousands of years -and certainly in hundreds of years its no good storing the seeds if you dont know theyre still viable so every ten years we do germination tests on every sample of seeds that we have -just think for a moment it doesnt matter whether you live in a small african village or you live in a big city everything comes back to plants in the end whether its for the food the medicine the fuel the construction the clothing all the obvious things or whether its for the spiritual and recreational things that matter to us so much -and this is a distributed network so all around the world people are doing the same thing -and that enables us to develop germination protocols that means that we know the right combination of heat and cold and the cycles that you have to get to make the seed germinate and that is very useful information -and then we grow these things and we tell people back in the countries where these seeds have come from look actually were not just storing this to get the seeds later but we can give you this information about how to germinate these difficult plants and thats already happening -so where have we got to i am pleased to unveil that our three billionth seed thats three thousand millionth seed -is now stored ten percent of all plant species on the planet twenty four thousand species are safe thirty thousand species if we get the funding by next year -twenty five percent of all the worlds plants by two thousand and twenty these are not just crop plants as you might have seen stored in svalbard in norway fantastic work there this is at least one hundred times bigger -we have thousands of collections that have been sent out all over the world drought tolerant forest species sent to pakistan and egypt especially photosynthetic efficient -plants come here to the united states salt tolerant pasture species sent to australia the list goes on and on -some of these plants like the ones on the bottom to the left of your screen they are down to the last few remaining members the one where the guy is collecting seeds there on the truck that is down to about thirty last remaining trees fantastically useful plant both for protein and for medicine -we have training going on in china in the usa and many other countries -how much does it cost two thousand eight hundred dollars per species is the average i think thats cheap at the price -or whether its soil formation or the effect on the atmosphere or primary production damn it even the books here are made out of plants all these things -now plants are under threat theyre under threat because of changing climate and they are also under threat because they are sharing a planet with people like us and people like us want to do things that destroy plants and their habitats -or because of habitats being used for other purposes all these things are meaning that plants have to adapt or die -or move and plants sometimes find it rather difficult to move because there might be cities and other things in the way -so if all human life depends on plants doesnt it make sense that perhaps we should try to save them i think it does and i want to tell you about a project to save plants and the way that you save plants -this is amazing i think that little hole in the middle there is for the pollen tube and when the pollen finds its special female spot in another morina flower just on the right species what happens like i said pollen carries the male sex cells -they have rampant promiscuous and really quite interesting and curious sex really -pollen from plants which are wind dispersed like trees and grasses and so on tend to cause the most hay fever and the reason for that is theyve got to chuck out masses and masses of pollen to have any chance of the pollen reaching another plant of the same species here are some examples theyre very smooth if you look at them -i have two missions here today the first is to tell you something about pollen i hope and to convince you that its more than just something that gets up your nose and secondly to convince you that every home really ought to have a scanning electron microscope -of tree pollen that is meant to be carried by the wind -this one i particularly like this is the monterey pine which has little air sacks to make the pollen carry even further remember that thing is just about thirty micrometers across -now its much more efficient if you can get insects to do your bidding this is a bees leg with the pollen glommed onto it from a mallow plant -and this is the outrageous and beautiful flower of the mangrove palm very showy to attract lots of insects to do its bidding the pollen has little barbs on it if we look -that tells me that its actually been fossilized this pollen and im rather proud to say that this was found just near london and that fifty five million years ago london was full of mangroves isnt that cool -all these pictures were taken with a scanning electron microscope actually in the lab at kew laboratories no coincidence that these were taken by rob kesseler who is an artist and i think its someone with a design and artistic eye like him that has managed to bring out the best in pollen -all this diversity means that you can look at a pollen grain and tell what species it came from and thats actually quite handy if you maybe have a sample and you want to see where it came from so different species of plants grow in different places and some pollen carries further than others -so if you have a pollen sample then in principle you should be able to tell where that sample came from and this is where it gets interesting for forensics pollen is tiny -it gets on to things and it sticks to them so not only does each type of pollen look different but each habitat has a different combination of plants a different pollen signature if you like or a different pollen fingerprint -by looking at the proportions and combinations of different kinds of pollen in a sample you can tell very precisely where it came from -four very different habitats might look similar but theyve got very different pollen signatures actually this one is particularly easy these pictures were all taken in different countries but pollen forensics can be very subtle -its being used now to track where counterfeit drugs have been made where banknotes have come from to look at the provenance of antiques and see that they really did come from the place the seller said they did -and murder suspects have been tracked using their clothing certainly in the u k to within an area thats small enough that you can send in tracker dogs to find the murder victim so you can tell from a piece of clothing to within about -a kilometer or so where that piece of clothing has been recently and then send in dogs -and finally in a rather grizzly way the bosnia war crimes some of the people brought to trial were brought to trial because of the evidence from pollen which showed that bodies had been buried exhumed and then reburied somewhere else -i hope ive opened your eyes if youll excuse the visual pun laughter to some of pollens secrets this is a horse chestnut there is an invisible beauty all around us each grain with a story to tell -each of us in fact with a story to tell from the pollen fingerprint thats upon us thank you to the colleagues at kew and thank you to palynologists everywhere -pollen is produced by the anthers of flowers each anther can carry up to one hundred thousand grains of pollen -so its quite prolific stuff and it isnt just bright flowers that have pollen its also trees and grasses and remember that all our cereal crops are grasses as well -but most species actually use insects to do their bidding and thats more intelligent in a way because the pollen they dont need so much of it the insects and other species can take the pollen transfer it directly to where its required -so were aware obviously of the relationship between insects and plants theres a symbiotic relationship there whether its flies or birds or bees theyre getting something in return and that something in return is generally nectar -sometimes that symbiosis has led to wonderful adaptations the hummingbird hawk moth is beautiful in its adaptation the plant gets something and the hawk moth spreads the pollen somewhere else -plants have evolved to create little landing strips here and there for bees that might have lost their way there are markings on many plants that look like other insects -these are the anthers of a lily cleverly done so that when the unsuspecting insect lands on it the anther flips up and whops it on the back with a great load of pollen -you know how many species of flowering plants there are -this orchid known as darwins orchid -because its one that he studied and made a wonderful prediction when he saw it -that nectar tube to get to the nectar and darwin said looking at this flower i guess something has coevolved with this and sure enough theres the insect and i mean normally it kind of rolls it away but in its erect form thats what it looks like -now you can imagine that if -nectar is such a valuable thing and expensive for the plant to produce -and it attracts lots of pollinators then just as in human sex people might start to deceive they might say ive got a bit of nectar do you want to come and get it now this is a plant this is a plant here -that insects in south africa just love and theyve evolved with a long proboscis to get the nectar at the bottom and this is the mimic so this is a plant that is mimicking the first plant -and here is the long probosced fly that has not gotten any nectar from the mimic because the mimic doesnt give it any nectar it thought it would get some so not only has the fly not got the nectar from the mimic plant its also if you look very closely -if you look at the every home should have one scanning electron microscope picture you can see that there are actually some patterning there which is three dimensional so it probably even feels good for the insect as well as looking good -and these electron microscope pictures heres one of an orchid mimicking an insect -you can see that different parts of the structure have different colors and different textures to our eye have very very different textures to what an insect might perceive -the surface there really quite different from the other surfaces we looked at sometimes the whole plant -mimics an insect even to us i mean i think that looks like some sort of flying animal or beast its a wonderful amazing thing -this ones clever its called obsidian i think of it as insidium sometimes to the right species of bee this looks like another very aggressive bee and it goes and bonks it on the head lots and lots of times to try and drive it away and of course covers itself with pollen the other thing it does is that this plant mimics -another orchid that has a wonderful store of food for insects and this one doesnt have anything for them so its deceiving on two levels fabulous -and the reason that sexual reproduction is so important there are lots of other things that plants can do to reproduce -this one doesnt smell so good this is a flower that really really smells pretty nasty and is designed again evolved to look like carrion so flies love this they fly in and they pollinate -you can take cuttings they can sort of have sex with themselves they can pollinate themselves but they really need to spread their genes to mix with other genes so that they can adapt to environmental niches evolution works that way -fabulous thing now if you think thats fabulous this is one of my great favorites this is the philodendron selloum for anyone here from brazil youll know about this plant this is the most amazing thing that sort of phallic bit there is about a foot long and -it does something that no other plant that i know of does and that is that when it flowers thats the spadix in the middle there for a period of about two days -it metabolizes in a way which is rather similar to mammals so instead of having starch which is the food of plants it takes something rather similar -absolutely astonishing this thing does something else which is unusual not only will it raise itself to one hundred and fifteen fahrenheit forty three or forty four degrees centigrade for two days but it keeps constant temperature -now most pollinators that we think about are insects but actually in the tropics -many birds and butterflies pollinate and many of the tropical flowers are red and thats because butterflies and birds see similarly to us we think and can see the color red very well -but if you look at the spectrum birds and us we see red green and blue and see that spectrum insects see green -blue and ultraviolet and they see various shades of ultraviolet so theres something that goes on off the end there and wouldnt it be great if we could somehow see what that is i hear you ask well yes we can so what is an insect seeing -last week i took these pictures of rock rose helianthemum in dorset these are little yellow flowers like we all see little yellow flowers all over the place -and this is what it looks like with visible light -and then i put some ultraviolet filters on my camera and took a very very long exposure with the particular frequencies of ultraviolet light -just in case you think that all yellow flowers have this property no flower was damaged in the process of this shot it was just attached to the tripod not killed then under ultraviolet light look at that and that could be -as there are flowering plants and thats actually rather useful for forensics and so on most pollen that causes hay fever for us is from plants that use the wind to disseminate the pollen and thats a very inefficient process which is why it gets up our noses so much -because you have to chuck out masses and masses of it hoping that your sex cells your male sex cells which are held within the pollen will somehow reach another flower just by chance so all the grasses which means all of the cereal crops and most of the trees have wind borne pollen -you may recognize her -so i went yesterday i apologize i skipped a few of the talks and i went over to the national academy of sciences building and they sell toys giant microbes and here we go -so you have caught flesh eating disease if you caught that one i gotta get back out my baseball ability here -unfortunately or not surprisingly most of the microbes they sell at the national academy building are pathogens everybody focuses on the things that kill us and thats what i was focusing on -do us good much of the time rather than killing us and so weve known about this for some period of time people have used microscopes to look at the microbes that cover us i know youre not paying attention to me but -story so i grew up in this neighborhood when i was fifteen years old i went from being what i think was a strapping young athlete over four months -we are literally a teeming ecosystem of microorganisms and -unfortunately if you want to learn about the microorganisms just looking at them in a microscope is not sufficient and so we just heard about the dna sequencing it turns out that one of the best ways to look at microbes and to understand them -is to look at their dna and thats what ive been doing for twenty years using dna sequencing collecting samples from various places including the human body -reading the dna sequence and then using that dna sequencing to tell us about the microbes that are in a particular place -and whats amazing when you use this technology for example looking at humans were not just covered in a sea of microbes there are thousands upon thousands of different kinds of microbes on us -we have millions of genes of microbes in our human microbiome covering us and so this microbial diversity differs between people and what people have been thinking about in the last -ten maybe fifteen years is maybe these microbes this microbial cloud in and on us and the variation between us may be responsible for some of the health -and illness differences between us and that comes back to the diabetes story i was telling you it turns out that people now think that one of the triggers for type one diabetes is not fighting a pathogen but is in fact trying to miscommunicating with the microbes that live in and on you -slowly wasting away until i was basically a famine victim with an unquenchable thirst -and somehow maybe the microbial community thats in and on me got off -and then this triggered some sort of immune response and led to me killing the cells that make insulin in my body -and so what i want to tell you about for a few minutes is what people have learned using dna sequencing techniques in particular to study the microbial cloud that lives in and on us -and i want to tell you a story about a personal project my first personal experience with studying the microbes on the human body actually came from a talk that i gave right around the corner from here at georgetown i gave a talk and a family friend who happened to be the dean of georgetown medical school was at the talk and came up to me afterwards saying -they were doing a study of ileal transplants in people -and they wanted to look at the microbes -after the transplants -and so i started a collaboration with this person michael zasloff and thomas fishbein to look at the microbes that colonized these ilea after they were transplanted into a recipient -i had basically digested away my body and this all came to a head when i was on a backpacking trip my first one ever actually on old rag mountain in west virginia and was putting my face into puddles of water and drinking like a dog -and i can tell you all the details about the microbial study that we did there but the reason i want to tell you this story is something really striking that they did at the beginning of this project -which is filled with microbes from a donor and they have a recipient who might have a problem with their microbial community say crohns disease -and they sterilized the donor ileum cleaned out all the microbes and then put it in the recipient -they did this because this was common practice in medicine even though it was obvious -that this was not a good idea and fortunately in the course of this project the transplant surgeons and the other people decided -forget common practice we have to switch so they actually switched to leaving some of the microbial community in the ileum they leave the microbes with the donor and theoretically that might help the people who are receiving this -and when people have done a variety of studies they have learned things such as when a baby is born during vaginal delivery you get colonized by the microbes from your mother there are risk factors associated with cesarean sections -some of those risk factors may be due to mis colonization when you carve a baby out of its mother rather than being delivered through the birth canal -and a variety of other studies have shown that the microbial community that lives in and on us helps in development of the immune system helps in fighting off pathogens helps in our metabolism and determining our metabolic rate probably determines our odor and may even shape our behavior -and one area that i think is very interesting which many of you may have now that weve thrown microbes into the crowd is something that i would call germophobia -so people are really into cleanliness right we have antibiotics in our kitchen counters people are washing every part of them all of the time we pump antibiotics into our food into our communities we take antibiotics excessively -but we should understand that when we pump chemicals and antibiotics into our world that were also killing the cloud of microbes that live in and on us -that night i was taken into the emergency room and diagnosed as a type one diabetic in full blown ketoacidosis -and excessive use of antibiotics in particular in children has been shown to be associated with again risk factors for obesity for autoimmune diseases for a variety of problems that are probably due to disruption of -the microbial community so -the microbial community can go wrong whether we want it to or not or we can kill it with antibiotics -probiotics are one thing that you can try and do to restore the microbial community that is in and on you and they definitely have been shown to be effective in some cases theres a project going on at uc davis where people are using probiotics to try and treat -prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants premature infants have real problems with their microbial community and it may be that probiotics can help prevent the development of this horrible necrotizing enterocolitis in these premature infants -but probiotics are sort of a very very simple solution most of the pills that you can take or the yogurts that you can eat have one or two species in them maybe five species in them and the human community is thousands upon thousands of species -so what can we do to restore our microbial community when we have thousands and thousands of species on us well one thing that animals seem to do is -and i recovered thanks to the miracles of modern medicine insulin and other things and gained all my weight back and more and something festered inside me after this happened -they eat poo -not booty but poo tea to treat colic and other ailments in horses and cows and things like that where you make -tea from the poo from a healthy individual animal and you feed it to a sick -animal although unless you have a fistulated cow with a big hole in its side and you can put your hand into its rumen its hard to imagine that the delivery of microbes directly into the mouth and through the entire top of the digestive tract is the best delivery system -so you may have heard in people they are now doing -fecal transplants where rather than delivering a couple of probiotic microbes through the mouth -they are delivering a community of probiotics a community of microbes from a healthy donor -through the other end and this has turned out to be very effective in fighting certain intransigent infectious diseases like clostridium difficile infections that can stay with people for years and years and years -transplants of the feces of the microbes from the feces from a healthy donor has actually been shown to cure systemic c dif infections in some people -now what these transplants these fecal transplants or the poo tea suggest to me and many other people have come up with this same idea is that the microbial community in and on us -its an organ we should view it as a functioning organ part of ourselves we should treat it carefully and with respect -and we do not want to mess with it say by c sections or by antibiotics or excessive cleanliness -without some real good justification and what the dna sequencing technologies are allowing people to do now is do detailed studies of say one hundred -patients who have crohns disease and one hundred people who dont have crohns disease or one hundred people who took antibiotics when they were little and one hundred people who did not take antibiotics -and we can now start to compare the community of microbes and their genes and see if there are differences and eventually we may be able to understand if theyre not just correlative differences but causative -what i thought about was what caused the diabetes you see diabetes is an autoimmune disease where your body fights itself -studies in model systems like mouse and other animals are also helping do this but people are now using these technologies because theyve gotten very cheap to study the microbes in and on a variety of people -so in wrapping up what i want to tell you about is i didnt tell you a part of the story of coming down with diabetes it turns out that my father was an m d actually studied hormones i told him many times that i was tired -and i was getting up every five minutes to pee -and drinking everybodys water at the table -and i think they all thought i was a druggie -the medical community my father as an example -sometimes doesnt see whats right in front of their eyes the microbial cloud it is right in front of us we cant see it most of the time its invisible theyre microbes theyre tiny -and at the time people thought that somehow maybe exposure to a pathogen had triggered my immune system to fight the pathogen and then kill the cells that make insulin and this is what i thought for a long period of time and thats in fact what -is to start thinking about this microbial community in the context of everything in human medicine it doesnt mean that it affects every part of us but it might what we need is a full field guide to the microbes that live in and on people so that we can understand -what theyre doing to our lives we are them -they are us thank you -medicine and people have focused on quite a bit the microbes that do bad things and thats where i need my assistant here now -these cows are used for beef were going to eat these cows and these cows are eaten basically in south america in brazil and argentina theyre not being shipped up here but this kind of fishbone pattern of deforestation is something we notice a lot of around the tropics especially in this part of the world -if we go a little bit further south in our little tour of the world we can go to the bolivian edge of the amazon here also in one thousand nine hundred and seventy five and if you look really carefully theres a thin white line through that kind of seam and theres a lone farmer out there in the middle of the primeval jungle -lets come back again a few years later here in two thousand and three -and well see that that landscape actually looks a lot more like iowa than it does like a rainforest in fact what youre seeing here are soybean fields -these soybeans are being shipped to europe and to china as animal feed especially after the mad cow disease scare about a decade ago where we dont want to feed animals animal protein anymore because that can transmit disease instead we want to feed them more vegetable proteins so soybeans have really exploded -showing how trade and globalization are really responsible for the connections to rainforests and the amazon an incredibly strange and interconnected world that we have today -well again and again what we find as we look around the world in our little tour of the world is that landscape after landscape after landscape have been cleared and altered for growing food and other crops -so one of the questions weve been asking is how much of the world is used to grow food and where is it exactly and how can we change that into the future and what does it mean -well our team has been looking at this on a global scale using satellite data and ground based data kind of to track farming on a global scale and this is what we found and its startling this map shows the presence of agriculture on planet earth -the green areas are the areas we use to grow crops like wheat or soybeans or corn or rice or whatever thats sixteen million square kilometers worth of land if you put it all together in one place itd be the size of south america -the second area in brown is the worlds pastures and rangelands where our animals live that areas about thirty million square kilometers or about an africas worth of land -a huge amount of land and its the best land of course is what you see and whats left is like the middle of the sahara desert or siberia or the middle of a rain forest were using a planets worth of land already -if we look at this carefully we find its about forty percent of the earths land surface is devoted to agriculture and its sixty times larger than all the areas we complain about our suburban sprawl and our cities where we mostly live half of humanity lives in cities today -but a sixty times larger area is used to grow food -so this is an amazing kind of result and it really shocked us when we looked at that -so were using an enormous amount of land for agriculture but also were using a lot of water -this is a photograph flying into arizona and when you look at it youre like what are they growing here it turns out theyre growing lettuce in the middle of the desert using water sprayed on top now the irony is its probably sold in our supermarket shelves in the twin cities -but whats really interesting is this waters got to come from some place and it comes from here the colorado river in north america well the colorado on a typical day in the one thousand nine hundred and fifty s this is just you know not a flood not a drought kind of an average day it looks something like this -lets first visit our planet but at night and from space -but if we come back today during a normal condition to the exact same location this is whats left -the difference is mainly irrigating the desert for food or maybe golf courses in scottsdale you take your pick -well this is a lot of water and again were mining water and using it to grow food and today if you travel down further down the colorado it dries up completely and no longer flows into the ocean weve literally consumed an entire river in north america for irrigation -now a lot you will remember this from your geography classes this is in the former soviet union in between kazakhstan and uzbekistan one of the great inland seas of the world -but theres kind of a paradox here because it looks like its surrounded by desert why is this sea here the reason its here is because on the right hand side you see two little rivers kind of coming down through the sand feeding this basin with water -this is what our planet looks like from outer space at nighttime if you were to take a satellite and travel around the planet and the thing you would notice first of course is how dominant the human presence on our planet is we see cities we see oil fields you can even make out fishing fleets in the sea -those rivers are draining snowmelt from mountains far to the east where snow melts it travels down the river through the desert and forms the great aral sea -well in the one thousand nine hundred and fifty s the soviets decided to divert that water to irrigate the desert to grow cotton believe it or not in kazakhstan to sell cotton to the international markets to bring foreign currency into the soviet union they really needed the money -this is not only a change in water and where the shoreline is this is a change in the fundamentals of the environment of this region -one of those small islands that was remote and impossible to get to was a site of soviet biological weapons testing you can walk there today -weather patterns have changed nineteen of the unique twenty fish species found only in the aral sea are now wiped off the face of the earth -this is an environmental disaster writ large but lets bring it home this is a picture that al gore gave me a few years ago that he took when he was in the soviet union a long long time ago showing the fishing fleets of the aral sea -you see the canal they dug they were so desperate to try to kind of float the boats into the remaining pools of water but they finally had to give up because the piers and the moorings simply couldnt keep up with the retreating shoreline i dont know about you but im terrified that future archaeologists will dig this up and write stories about our time in history and wonder what were you thinking -well thats the future we have to look forward to we already use about fifty percent of the earths fresh water thats sustainable and agriculture alone is seventy percent of that -so we use a lot of water a lot of land for agriculture we also use a lot of the atmosphere for agriculture -usually when we think about the atmosphere we think about climate change and greenhouse gases and mostly around energy but it turns out agriculture is one of the biggest emitters of greenhouse gases too -if you look at carbon dioxide from burning tropical rainforest or methane coming from cows and rice or nitrous oxide from too many fertilizers it turns out agriculture is thirty percent of the greenhouse gases going into the atmosphere from human activity -thats more than all our transportation its more than all our electricity its more than all other manufacturing in fact its the single largest emitter of greenhouse gases of any human activity in the world -and yet we dont talk about it very much -that we are dominating much of our planet and mostly through the use of energy that we see here at night -so we have this incredible presence today of agriculture dominating our planet whether its forty percent of our land surface seventy percent of the water we use -thirty percent of our greenhouse gas emissions weve doubled the flows of nitrogen and phosphorus around the world simply by using fertilizers causing huge problems of water quality from rivers lakes and even oceans -and its also the single biggest driver of biodiversity loss -so without a doubt agriculture is the single most powerful force unleashed on this planet since the end of the ice age no question and it rivals climate change in importance and theyre both happening at the same time -but whats really important here to remember is that its not all bad its not that agricultures a bad thing in fact we completely depend on it its not optional its not a luxury its an absolute necessity -we have to provide food and feed and yeah fiber and even biofuels to something like seven billion people in the world today -but lets go back and drop it a little deeper and look during the daytime what we see during the day is our landscapes this is part of the amazon basin a place called rondonia in the south center part of the brazilian amazon -and if anything were going to have the demands on agriculture increase into the future its not going to go away its going to get a lot bigger mainly because of growing population were seven billion people today heading towards at least nine probably nine and a half before were done -more importantly changing diets as the world becomes wealthier as well as more populous were seeing increases in dietary consumption of meat which take a lot more resources than a vegetarian diet does -so more people eating more stuff and richer stuff and of course having an energy crisis at the same time where we have to replace oil with other energy sources that will ultimately have to include some kinds of biofuels and bio energy sources -well how are we going to do this how are going to double global ag production around the world -well we could try to farm more land this is an analysis weve done where on the left is where the crops are today on the right is where they could be based on soils and climate assuming climate change doesnt disrupt too much of this which is not a good assumption -we could farm more land but the problem is the remaining lands are in sensitive areas they have a lot of biodiversity a lot of carbon things we want to protect so we could grow more food by expanding farmland but wed better not because its ecologically a very very dangerous thing to do -instead we maybe want to freeze the footprint of agriculture and farm the lands we have better -this is work that were doing to try to highlight places in the world where we could improve yields without harming the environment the green areas here show where corn yields just showing corn as an example are already really high probably the maximum you could find on earth today for that climate and soil -but the brown areas and yellow areas are places where were only getting maybe twenty or thirty percent of the yield you should be able to get you see a lot of this in africa even latin america but interestingly eastern europe where soviet union and eastern bloc countries used to be is still a mess agriculturally -now this would require nutrients and water its going to either be organic or conventional or some mix of the two to deliver that plants need water and nutrients but we can do this and there are opportunities to make this work -but we have to do it in a way that is sensitive to meeting the food security needs of the future and the environmental security needs of the future we have to figure out how to make this tradeoff between growing food and having a healthy environment work better -right now its kind of an all or nothing proposition we can grow food in the background thats a soybean field -and i love silver buckshot you put it together and youve got something really powerful but we need to put them together -so what we have to do i think is invent a new kind of agriculture -or farming for a whole planet -now having this conversation has been really hard and weve been trying very hard to bring these key points to people to reduce the controversy to increase the collaboration i want to show you a short video that does kind of show our efforts right now to bring these sides together into a single conversation -stop with this struggle of for and against no absolutely not im not saying that -in her story about sergio -you cant just go charging in -saying youre wrong and im right -much better way to do it is to first understand who we are understand our moral psychology understand that we all think were right and then step out even if its just for a moment step out check in with -so i think the point the point of my talk and i think the point the point of ted -is that this is a group that is passionately engaged -in the pursuit of changing the world for the better -people here are passionately engaged in trying to make the world a better place but there is also a passionate commitment to the truth -so i think that the answer is to use that passionate commitment to the truth to try to turn it into a better future for us all -this trait also tells us a lot about the kinds of groups people join so heres the description of a group i found on the web -what kinds of people would join a global community welcoming people from every discipline and culture who seek a deeper understanding of the world and who hope to turn that understanding into a better future for us all this is from some guy named ted -if openness predicts who becomes liberal and openness predicts who becomes a tedster -might we predict that most tedsters are liberal -so right now please raise your hand down in the simulcast rooms too lets let everybody see whos here please raise your hand if you would say that you are liberal or left of center -ok about a two dozen and please raise your hand if youd say you are right of center or conservative -one two three four five about eight or ten -this is a bit of a problem -because if our goal is to understand the world to seek a deeper understanding of the world our general lack of moral diversity here is going to make it harder because -when people all share values when people all share morals they become a team and once you engage the psychology of teams it shuts down open minded thinking -as it did in two thousand and four and as it almost did in two thousand we comfort ourselves -we try to explain why half of america voted for the other team we think they must be blinded by religion or -by simple stupidity -of america votes republican because they are blinded in this way then my message to you is that youre trapped in a moral matrix in a particular moral matrix and by the matrix i mean literally the matrix like the movie the matrix but im here today to give you a choice -the first guy well call him adam -you can either take the blue pill and stick to your comforting delusions -ok i assume that answers my question i was going to ask you which one you picked but no need youre all high in openness to experience and besides it looks like it might even taste good and youre all -is transfixed by the beauty of the perfect human form -the worst idea in all of psychology is the idea that the mind is a blank slate at birth -to make it really easy for them to learn certain things and hard to learn others the best definition of innateness ive ever seen this just clarifies so many things for me is from the brain scientist gary marcus he says the initial organization of the brain does not depend that much on experience -second guy well call him bill is transfixed by embarrassment at staring at the thing there in the center -nature provides a first draft which experience then revises built in doesnt mean unmalleable it means organized in advance of experience ok so whats on the first draft of the moral mind -to find out my colleague craig joseph and i read through the literature on anthropology on culture variation in morality and also on evolutionary psychology -the first one is harm care were all mammals here we all have a lot of neural and hormonal programming that makes us really bond with others care for others feel compassion for others especially the weak and vulnerable it gives us very strong feelings about those who cause harm -that second foundation underlies the other thirty percent of the moral statements ive heard here at ted the third foundation is in group loyalty you do find groups in the animal kingdom you do find cooperative groups but these groups are always either very small or theyre all siblings its only among humans -that you find very large groups of people who are able to cooperate join together into groups but in this case groups that are united to fight other groups -this probably comes from our long history of tribal living of tribal psychology and this tribal psychology is so deeply pleasurable that even when we dont have tribes we go ahead and make them because its fun -sports is to war as pornography is to sex we get to exercise some ancient ancient drives the fourth foundation is authority respect here you see submissive gestures from two members of very closely related species -but authority in humans is not so closely based on power and brutality as it is in other primates its based on more voluntary deference and even elements of love at times -the fifth foundation is purity sanctity this painting is called the allegory of chastity -but puritys not just about suppressing female sexuality its about any kind of ideology any kind of idea -i dont need a show of hands because we all have the same political stereotypes we all know that its bill -i believe these are the five best candidates for whats written on the first draft of the moral mind i think this is what we come with at least a preparedness to learn all of these things -but as my son max grows up in a liberal college town -how is this first draft going to get revised and how will it end up being different -from a kid born sixty miles south of us in lynchburg virginia -to think about culture variation lets try a different metaphor if there really are five systems at work in the mind -like one of those audio equalizers that has five channels where you can set it to a different setting on every channel and my colleagues brian nosek and jesse graham and i made a questionnaire which we put up on the web at -in this case the stereotype corresponds to reality it really is a fact that liberals are much higher than conservatives on a major personality trait called openness to experience -so as you see people care about harm and care issues they give high endorsement of these sorts of statements all across the board but as you also see liberals care about it a little more than conservatives the line slopes down same story for fairness -we can say that liberals have a kind of a two channel or two foundation morality conservatives have more of a five foundation or five channel morality -latin america the middle east the east asia and south asia notice also that on all of these graphs the slope is steeper on in group authority purity which shows that within any country -the disagreement isnt over harm and fairness everybody i mean we debate over whats fair but everybody agrees that harm and fairness matter -moral arguments within cultures are especially about issues of in group authority purity -this effect is so robust that we find it no matter how we ask the question in one recent study we asked people to suppose youre about to get a dog you picked a particular breed you learned some new information about the breed -you learn that this particular breed is independent minded and relates to its owner as a friend and an equal well if you are a liberal you say hey thats great because liberals like to say fetch please -so you might say ok there are these differences between liberals and conservatives but what makes those three other foundations moral arent those just the foundations of xenophobia and authoritarianism and puritanism what makes them moral the answer i think is contained in this incredible triptych from hieronymus bosch -the garden of earthly delights in the first panel we see the moment of creation all is ordered all is beautiful all the people and animals are doing what theyre supposed to -the sixties inevitably gives way to the seventies where the cuttings of the apertures hurt a little bit more of course bosch called this -so this triptych these three panels -timeless truth that order tends to decay -the truth of social entropy but lest you think this is just some part of the christian imagination where christians have this weird problem with pleasure heres the same story the same progression -and then on each round of the game they can put money into a common pot and then the experimenter doubles whats in there and then its all divided among the players so its a really nice analog -for all sorts of environmental issues where were asking people to make a sacrifice and they themselves dont really benefit from their own sacrifice but you really want everybody else to sacrifice -but everybody has a temptation to a free ride and what happens is that at first people start off reasonably cooperative and this is all played anonymously -if you know about this trait you can understand a lot of puzzles about human behavior you can understand why artists are so different from accountants you can actually predict -and as soon as people heard about the punishment issue going on cooperation shoots up it shoots up and it keeps going up theres a lot of research showing -that to solve cooperative problems it really helps its not enough to just appeal to peoples good motives it really helps to have some sort of punishment even if its just shame or embarrassment or gossip -some people think that religion is an adaptation evolved both by cultural and biological evolution to make groups to cohere in part for the purpose of trusting each other and then being more effective at competing with other groups i think thats probably right although this is a controversial issue -what kinds of books they like to read what kinds of places they like to travel to and what kinds of food they like to eat once you understand this trait you can understand why anybody would eat at applebees but not anybody that you -water and wind and a lot of time and you get the grand canyon its not that complicated this is whats really complicated that there were people living in places like the grand canyon cooperating with each other or on the savannahs of africa or on the frozen shores of alaska and then some of these villages grew into the mighty cities -babylon and rome and tenochtitlan how did this happen this is an absolute miracle much harder to explain than the grand canyon the answer i think is that -they used every tool in the -it took all of our moral psychology to create these cooperative groups yes you do need to be concerned about harm you do need a psychology of justice but it really helps to organize a group -if you can have sub groups and if those sub groups have some internal structure and if you have some ideology that tells people to suppress their carnality to pursue higher nobler ends -so liberals speak for the weak and oppressed they want change and justice even at the risk of chaos this guys shirt says stop bitching start a revolution if youre high in openness to experience revolution is good its change its -the great conservative insight is that order is really hard to achieve its really precious and its really easy to lose so as edmund burke said the restraints on men as well as their liberties are to be reckoned among their rights this was after the chaos of the french revolution -so once you see this once you see that liberals and conservatives both have something to contribute that they form a balance on change versus stability then i think the way is open to step outside the moral matrix -this is the great insight that all the asian religions have attained think about yin and yang yin and yang arent enemies yin and yang dont hate each other -this image actually is both of those gods sharing the same body you have the markings of vishnu on the left so we could think of vishnu as the conservative god you have the markings of shiva on the right shivas the liberal god and they work together -the struggle between for and against is the minds worst disease -do you accept stepping out of the battle of good and evil can you be not for or against anything -this trait also tells us a lot about politics the main researcher of this trait robert mccrae says that open individuals have an affinity for liberal progressive left wing political views they like a society which is open and changing -so whats the point what should you do -if you take the greatest insights from ancient asian philosophies and religions and you combine them with the latest research on moral psychology i think you come to these conclusions that our righteous minds were designed by evolution to unite us into teams -what should you do am i telling you to not strive am i telling you to embrace seng tsan and stop -we unleashed earth changing creativity -nowadays we fly around like individual bees exulting in our freedom but sometimes we -most people long to overcome pettiness -conjured up nearly four hundred years ago -he collected all kinds of case studies he quoted the words of all kinds of people whod had a variety of these experiences one of the most exciting to me is this young man stephen bradley had an encounter he thought with jesus in one thousand eight hundred and twenty and heres what bradley -no man is an island -a part of the main jh thank you -with arms extended -appearing to say to me -and could with a feeling heart forgive my worst enemies -for you are you religious -so note how -bradleys petty moralistic self just dies on the way up the staircase and on this higher level he becomes loving and forgiving -the worlds many religions have found so many ways to help people climb the staircase some shut down the self using meditation -others use psychedelic drugs this is from a sixteenth century aztec scroll showing a man about to eat a psilocybin mushroom and at the same moment get yanked up the staircase by a god -others use dancing spinning and circling to promote self transcendence but you dont need a religion to get you through the staircase lots of people find self transcendence in nature others overcome their self at raves -please raise your hand right now if you think of yourself as a religious person -but heres the weirdest place of all -and after the war he interviewed a lot of other soldiers and wrote about the experience of men in battle heres a key passage where he basically describes the staircase -i believe that it is nothing less than the assurance of immortality that makes self sacrifice at these moments so relatively easy i may fall but i do not -lets see id say about three or four percent i had no idea there were so many believers at a ted conference -for that which is real in me goes forward and lives on in the comrades for whom i gave up my life -is that the self seems to thin out or melt away and it feels good it feels really good in a way totally unlike anything we feel in our normal lives it feels somehow uplifting -this idea that we move up was central in the writing of the great french sociologist emile durkheim durkheim even called us homo duplex or two level man -the lower level he called the level of the profane now profane is the opposite of sacred it just means ordinary or common and in our ordinary lives we exist as individuals we want to satisfy our individual desires we pursue our individual goals -but sometimes something happens that triggers a phase change -individuals unite into a team a movement or a nation which is far more than the sum of its parts durkheim called this level the level of the sacred because he believed that the function of religion was to unite people into a group into a moral community -durkheim believed that anything that unites us takes on an air of sacredness and once people circle around some sacred object or value theyll then work as a team and fight to defend it -do you think of yourself as spiritual in any way shape or form raise your hand okay thats the majority -durkheim wrote about a set of intense collective emotions that accomplish this miracle of e pluribus unum of making a group out of individuals -think of the collective anger in tahrir square which brought down a dictator -and think of the collective grief in the united states that we all felt that brought us all together after nine eleven -so let me summarize where we are -im saying that the capacity for self transcendence is just a basic part of being human -im offering the metaphor of a staircase in the mind -im saying we are homo duplex -and this staircase takes us up from the profane level -to the level of the sacred -when we climb that staircase -self interest fades away we become just much less self interested and we feel as though we are better nobler and somehow uplifted -so heres the million dollar question for social scientists like me -my talk today is about the main reason or one of the main reasons why most people consider themselves to be spiritual in some way shape or form my talk today is about self transcendence its just a basic fact about being human that sometimes the self seems to just melt away -is the staircase a feature -of our evolutionary design -is it a product of natural selection like our hands -or is it a bug a mistake in the system this religious stuff is just something that happens when the wires cross in the brain jill has a stroke and she has this religious experience its just a mistake -well many scientists who study religion take this view the new atheists for example argue that religion is a set of memes sort of parasitic memes that get inside our minds and make us do all kinds of crazy religious stuff self destructive stuff like suicide bombing -and after all how could it ever be good for us to lose ourselves -how could it ever be adaptive for any organism -to overcome self interest -about the evolution of morality where did it come from why do we have it -darwin noted that many of our virtues are of very little use to ourselves but theyre of great use to our groups -he wrote about the scenario in which two tribes of early humans would have come in contact and competition he said if the one tribe included a great number of courageous sympathetic and faithful members who are always ready to aid and defend each other this tribe would succeed better and conquer the other -he went on to say that selfish and contentious people will not cohere and without coherence nothing can be effected -in other words charles darwin -believed in group selection -now this idea has been very controversial for the last forty years but its about to make a major comeback this year especially after e o wilsons book comes out in april making a very strong case -that we and several other species are products of group selection but really the way to think about this is as multilevel selection so look at it this way -youve got competition going on within groups and across groups so heres a group of guys on a college crew team within this team -theres competition there are guys competing with each other the slowest rowers the weakest rowers are going to get cut from the team and only a few of these guys are going to go on in the sport maybe one of them will make it to the olympics so within the team their interests are actually pitted against each other -and sometimes it would be advantageous for one of these guys to try to sabotage the other guys maybe hell badmouth his chief rival to the coach -but while that competition is going on within the boat -this competition is going on across boats -and once you put these guys in a boat competing with another boat now theyve got no choice but to cooperate because theyre all in the same boat they can only win if they all pull together as a team i mean these things sound trite but they are deep evolutionary truths -and when that happens the feeling is ecstatic -the main argument against group selection has always been that well sure it would be nice to have a group of cooperators but as soon as you have a group of cooperators theyre just going to get taken over by free riders individuals that are going to exploit the hard work of the others let me illustrate this for you -suppose weve got a group of little organisms they can be bacteria they can be hamsters it doesnt matter what and lets suppose that this little group here they evolved to be cooperative well thats great they graze they defend each other they work together they generate wealth -and as youll see in this simulation as they interact they gain points as it were they grow and when theyve doubled in size youll see them split and thats how they reproduce and the population grows -and we reach for metaphors of up and down to explain these feelings we talk about being uplifted or elevated -but suppose then that one of them mutates theres a mutation in the gene and one of them mutates to follow a selfish strategy it takes advantage of the others and so when a green interacts with a blue -youll see the green gets larger and the blue gets smaller so heres how things play out -we start with just one green and as it interacts it gains wealth or points or food -and in short order the cooperators are done for the free riders have taken over if a group cannot solve the free rider problem -then it cannot reap the benefits of cooperation -and group selection cannot get started -but there are solutions to the free rider problem its not that hard a problem in fact nature has solved it many many times and natures favorite solution is to put everyone in the same boat -for example why is it -that the mitochondria -in every cell has its own dna totally separate from the dna in the nucleus -its because they used to be separate free living bacteria and they came together and became a superorganism -somehow or other maybe one swallowed another well never know exactly why but once they got a membrane around them they were all in the same membrane now all the wealth created division of labor all the greatness created by cooperation stays locked inside the membrane and weve got a superorganism -now its really hard to think about anything abstract like this without a good concrete metaphor so heres the metaphor im offering today think about the mind as being like a house with many rooms most of which were very familiar with -and now lets rerun the simulation putting one of these superorganisms into a population of free riders of defectors of cheaters and look what happens -a superorganism can basically take what it wants its so big and powerful and efficient that it can take resources from the greens from the defectors the cheaters and pretty soon the whole population is actually composed of these new superorganisms -what ive shown you here is sometimes called a major transition in evolutionary history -darwins laws dont change but now theres a new kind of player on the field -and things begin to look very different now this transition was not a one time freak of nature that just happened with some bacteria it happened again about one hundred and twenty or a one hundred and forty million years ago when some solitary wasps began creating little simple primitive nests or hives -once several wasps were all together in the same hive they had no choice but to cooperate because pretty soon they were locked into competition with other hives and the most cohesive hives won just as darwin said -and it happened again even more spectacularly in the last half million years when our own ancestors became cultural creatures -they came together around a hearth or a campfire they divided labor they began painting their bodies they spoke their own dialects and eventually they worshiped their own gods once they were all in the same tribe they could keep the benefits of cooperation locked inside -and they unlocked the most powerful force ever known on this planet -which is human cooperation -a force for construction and destruction -of course human groups are nowhere near as cohesive as beehives -human groups may look like hives for brief moments but they tend to then break apart were not locked into cooperation the way bees and ants are in fact often as weve seen happen in a lot of the arab spring revolts often those divisions are along religious lines -but sometimes its as though a doorway appears from out of nowhere -nonetheless when people do come together and put themselves all into the same movement they can move mountains -look at the people in these photos ive been showing you -do you think theyre there pursuing their self interest -or are they pursuing communal interest -which requires them to lose themselves and become simply a part of a whole -and now im going to give the whole talk over again in three minutes in a more full spectrum sort of way -humans have many varieties of religious experience as william james -and it opens onto a staircase we climb the staircase and experience a state of altered consciousness -but if it is an adaptation then the implications are profound -if it is an adaptation -then we evolved to be religious -i dont mean that we evolved to join gigantic organized religions those things came along too recently -in one thousand nine hundred and two the great american psychologist william james wrote about the many varieties of religious experience -all right so i go back from ted and then the following week im invited to a dinner party in washington d c where i know that ill be meeting a number of conservative intellectuals including yuval levin and to prepare for the meeting i read this article by levin in national affairs called beyond the welfare state -so to conclude there are at least four asteroids headed our way how many of you can see all four please raise your hand right now if youre willing to admit that all four of these are national problems please raise your hands okay almost all of you -well congratulations you guys are the inaugural members of the asteroids club -which is a club for all americans who are willing to admit that the other side actually might have a point in the asteroids club we dont start by looking for common ground common ground is often very hard to find no we start by looking for common threats because common threats -make common ground now am i being naive is it naive to think that people could ever lay down their swords and left and right could actually work together -i dont think so because it happens not all that often but there are a variety of examples that point the way this is something we can do because americans on both sides care about the decline in civility -and theyve formed dozens of organizations at the national level such as this one -down to many local organizations such as to the village square in tallahassee florida which tries to bring state leaders together to help facilitate that sort of -and most surprisingly to me they sometimes can even see eye to eye on criminal justice for example the incarceration rate the prison population in this country has quadrupled since one thousand nine hundred and eighty now this is a social disaster and liberals are very concerned about this the southern poverty law center -is often fighting the prison industrial complex fighting to prevent a system thats just sucking in more and more poor young men -but are conservatives happy about this well grover norquist isnt because this system costs an unbelievable amount of money -and so because the prison industrial complex is bankrupting our states and corroding our souls -groups of fiscal conservatives and christian conservatives have come together to form a group called right on crime and at times they have worked with the southern poverty law center -to oppose the building of new prisons and to work for reforms that will make the justice system more efficient and more humane so this is possible we can do it let us therefore go to battle stations not to fight each other but to begin deflecting these incoming asteroids -levin writes that all over the world nations are coming to terms with the fact that the social democratic welfare state is turning out to be untenable and unaffordable -dependent upon dubious economics and the demographic model of a bygone era all right now this might not sound as scary as an asteroid -but look at these graphs that levin showed this graph shows the national debt as a percentage of americas gdp and as you see if you go all the way back to the founding we borrowed a lot of money to fight the revolutionary war wars are expensive but then wed pay it off pay it off pay it off and then oh whats this the civil war -even more expensive borrow a lot of money pay it off pay it off pay it off get down to near zero and bang world war i once again the same process repeats now then we get the great depression and world war ii we rise to an astronomical level around one hundred and eighteen percent of gdp -really unsustainable really dangerous but we pay it off pay it off pay it off and then whats this -why has it been rising since the seventy s its partly due to tax cuts that were unfunded but its due primarily to the rise of entitlement spending especially medicare -were approaching the levels of indebtedness we had at world war ii and the baby boomers havent even retired yet and when they do this is what will happen this is data from the congressional budget office showing its most realistic forecast of what would happen if current situations and expectations and trends are extended -all right now what you might notice is that these two graphs are actually identical -now i dont mean actual asteroids made of rock and metal that actually wouldnt be such a problem because if we were really all going to die -not in terms of the x and y axes or in terms of the data they present but in terms of their moral and political implications they say the same thing let me translate for you -we are doomed unless we start -we can deflect both of these asteroids these problems are both technically solvable our problem and our tragedy is that in these hyper partisan times the mere fact that one side says look theres an asteroid means that the other sides going to say huh what no im not even going to look up -to understand why this is happening to us and what we can do about it we need to learn more about moral psychology -so im a social psychologist and i study morality and one of the most important principles of morality is that morality binds and blinds it binds us into teams that circle around sacred values but thereby makes us go blind to objective reality think of it like this large scale cooperation is extremely rare on this planet -there are only a few species that can do it thats a beehive thats a termite mound a giant termite mound and when you find this in other animals its always the same story -we would put aside our differences wed spend whatever it took and wed find a way to deflect them im talking instead about threats that are headed our way but theyre wrapped in a special energy field that polarizes us and therefore paralyzes us -who are children of a single queen so theyre all in the same boat they rise or fall they live or die as one -theres only one species on the planet that can do this without kinship and that of course is us this is a reconstruction of ancient babylon and this is tenochtitlan now how did we do this how did we go from being hunter gatherers ten thousand years ago -to building these gigantic cities in just a few thousand years its miraculous and part of the explanation -is this ability to circle around sacred values as you see temples and gods play a big role in all ancient civilizations this is an image of muslims circling the kaaba in mecca its a sacred rock and when people circle something together they unite they can trust each other they become one -its as though youre moving an electrical wire through a magnetic field that generates current when people circle together they generate a current we love to circle around things we circle around flags and then we can trust each other we can fight as a team as a unit -but even as morality binds people together into a unit into a team -the circling blinds them it causes them to distort reality we begin separating everything into good versus evil now that process feels great it feels really satisfying but it is a gross distortion of reality -you can see the moral electromagnet operating in the u s congress this is a graph that shows the degree to which voting in congress falls strictly along the left right axis so that if you know how liberal or conservative someone is you know exactly how they voted on all the major issues and what you can see is that in the decades after the civil war -congress was extraordinarily polarized as you would expect about as high as can be but then after world war i things dropped and we get this historically low level of polarization this was a golden age of bipartisanship at least in terms of the parties ability to work together and solve grand national problems -but in the one thousand nine hundred and eighty s and ninety s the electromagnet turns back on polarization rises -it used to be that conservatives and moderates and liberals could all work together in congress they could rearrange themselves form bipartisan committees but as the moral electromagnet got cranked up the force field increased democrats and republicans were pulled apart it became much harder for them to socialize much harder for them to cooperate -last march i went to the ted conference and i saw jim hansen speak the nasa scientist who first raised the alarm about global warming in the one thousand nine hundred and eighty s and it seems that the predictions he made back then are coming true this is where were headed in terms of global temperature rises and if we keep on going the way were going we get a four or five degree centigrade -retiring members nowadays say that its become like gang warfare -did anybody notice that in two of the three debates obama wore a blue tie and romney wore a red tie do you know why they do this its so that the bloods and the crips will know which side to vote for -well in the last twelve years its become much more apparent that it is -so look at this data this is from the american national elections survey and what they do on that survey is they ask whats called a feeling thermometer rating so how warm or cold do you feel about you know native americans or the military the republican party the democratic party all sorts of groups in american life -the blue line shows how warmly democrats feel about democrats and they like them you know ratings in the seventy s on a one hundred point scale republicans like republicans thats not a surprise -its as though the moral electromagnet is affecting us too its like -put out in the two oceans and its pulling the whole country apart pulling left and right into their own territories like the bloods and the crips -now there are many reasons why this is happening to us and many of them we cannot reverse we will never again have a political class that was forged by the experience of fighting together in world war ii against a common enemy we will never again -have just three television networks all of which are relatively centrist -and we will never again have a large group of conservative southern democrats and liberal northern republicans making it easy making there be a lot of overlap for bipartisan cooperation -so for a lot of reasons those decades after the second world war were an historically anomalous time we will never get back to those low levels of polarization i believe -but theres a lot that we can do there are dozens and dozens of reforms we can do that will make things better because a lot of our dysfunction can be traced directly to things that congress did to itself in the one thousand nine hundred and ninety s that created a much more polarized and dysfunctional institution -these changes are detailed in many books these are two that i strongly recommend -and they list a whole bunch of reforms im just going to group them into three broad classes here -so if you think about this as the problem of a dysfunctional hyper polarized institution well the first step is do what you can so that fewer hyper partisans get elected in the first place and when you have closed party primaries and only the most committed republicans and democrats are voting youre nominating and selecting -temperature rise by the end of this century -the most extreme hyper partisans -so open primaries would make that problem much much less severe -but the problem isnt primarily that were electing bad people to congress -from my experience and from what ive heard from congressional insiders most of the people going to congress are good hard working intelligent people who really want to solve problems but once they get there they find that they are forced to play a game that rewards hyper partisanship and that punishes independent thinking you step out of line you get punished -hansen says we can expect about a five meter rise in sea levels this is what a five meter rise in sea levels would look like -so there are a lot of reforms we could do that will counteract this for example this citizens united ruling is a disaster because it means theres like a money gun aimed at your head and if you step out of line if you try to reach across the aisle theres a ton of money waiting to be given to your opponent to make everybody think that you are a terrible person through negative advertising -but the third class of reforms is that weve got to change the nature of social relationships in congress the politicians ive met are generally very extroverted friendly very socially skillful people -low lying cities all around the world will disappear within the lifetime of children born today hansen closed his talk by saying imagine a giant asteroid on a collision course with earth that is the equivalent of what we face now -and trying to run congress without human relationships is like trying to run a car without motor oil -should we be surprised when the whole thing freezes up and descends into paralysis and polarization a simple change to the legislative calendar such as having business stretch out for three weeks and then they get a week off to go home that would change the fundamental relationships in congress -so theres a lot we can do but whos going to push them to do it there are a number of groups that are working on this no labels and common cause i think have very good ideas for changes we need to do to make our democracy more responsive and our congress more effective but id like to supplement their work with a little psychological trick -pull us apart sometimes a single threat can polarize us as we saw but what if the situation we face is not a single threat but is actually more like this where theres just so much stuff coming in its just start shooting come on everybody weve got to just work together just start shooting because actually we do face this situation this is where we are as a country -so heres another asteroid weve all seen versions of this graph right which shows the changes in wealth since one thousand nine hundred and seventy nine and as you can see almost all the gains in wealth have gone to the top twenty percent and especially the top one percent -rising inequality like this is associated with so many problems for a democracy especially it destroys our ability to trust each other to feel that were all in the same boat because its obvious were not some of us are sitting there safe -the left has been screaming about this asteroid for thirty years now and the right says huh what hmm no problem -no problem -yet we dither taking no action to deflect the asteroid even though the longer we wait the more difficult and expensive it becomes -within a decade or two most american children will be born into homes with no father this means that theres much less money coming into the house but its not just money its also stability versus chaos as i know from working with street children in brazil moms boyfriend is often a really really dangerous person for kids -now the right has been screaming about this asteroid since the one thousand nine hundred and sixty s and the left has been saying its not a problem its not a problem -the left has been very reluctant to say that marriage is actually good for women and for children now let me be clear im not blaming the women here im actually more critical of the men who wont take responsibility for their own children and of an economic system that makes it difficult for many men to earn enough money to support those children -but even if you blame nobody -it still is a national problem and one side has been more concerned about it than the other the new york times finally noticed this asteroid with a front page story last july showing how the decline of marriage contributes to inequality -we are becoming a nation of just two classes when americans go to college and marry each other they have very low divorce rates they earn a lot of money they invest that money in their kids some of them become tiger mothers the kids rise to their full potential and the kids go on to become the top two lines -in this graph and then theres everybody else -of course the left wants to take action but the right denies that theres any problem -the children who dont benefit from a stable marriage who dont have as much invested in them who dont grow up in a stable environment and who go on to become the bottom three lines -in that graph so once again we see that these two graphs are actually saying the same thing as before weve got a problem weve got to start working on this weve got to do something and whats wrong with you people that you dont see my threat -but if everybody could just take off their partisan blinders wed see that these two problems actually are best addressed together -because if you really care about income inequality you might want to talk to some evangelical christian groups that are working on ways to promote marriage but then youre going to run smack into the problem that women dont generally want to marry someone who doesnt have a job -so if you really care about strengthening families you might want to talk to some liberal groups who are working on promoting educational equality who are working on raising the minimum wage who are working on finding ways to stop so many men from being sucked into the criminal justice system and taken out of the marriage market for their whole lives -which is represented by something as broad as say two thousand and seven and also a personal mythology as you search for the things that -this also is nothing new since the dawn of human history weve tried to rectify this imbalance by making art writing poems singing songs scripting editorials and sending them in to a newspaper gossiping with friends -are important to you in your world and then see what the constellations of those might look like so its been a pleasure thank you very much -this is nothing new whats new is that in the last several years a lot of these very traditional physical human activities these acts of self expression have been moving onto the internet -so i really consider myself a storyteller but i dont really tell stories in the usual way in the sense that i dont usually tell my own stories -and as thats happened people have been leaving behind footprints footprints that tell stories of their moments of self expression and so what i do is i -these sorts of questions one project that explores these ideas which was made about a year ago is a piece called we feel fine this is a piece that -those phrases it grabs the sentence up to the period and then automatically tries to deduce the age gender and geographical location of the person that wrote that sentence -then knowing the geographical location and the time we can also then figure out the weather when that person wrote the sentence -all of this information is saved in a database that collects about twenty thousand feelings a day its been running for about a year and a half its reached about seven and a half million human feelings now -show you a glimpse of how this information is then visualized so this is we feel fine what you see here are -a madly swarming mass of particles each of which represents a single human feeling that was stated in the last few hours -the color of each particle corresponds to the type of feeling inside so that happy positive feelings are brightly colored and sad negative feelings are darkly colored -the diameter of each dot represents the length of the sentence inside so that the large dots contain large sentences and the small dots contain small sentences any dot can be clicked and expanded and we see here -i would just feel so much better if i could curl up in his arms right now and feel his affection for me in the embrace of his body and the tenderness of his lips so it gets pretty -in the world of human emotions and all of these are stated by people i know that objectively it really doesnt mean much but after spending so many years as a small fish in a big pond -its nice to feel bigger again the dots exhibit human qualities they kind of have their own physics and they swarm wildly around kind of exploring the world -of life and then they also exhibit curiosity you can see a few of them are swarming around the cursor right now you can see some other ones are swarming around the bottom left corner of the screen around six words -six words represent the six movements of we feel fine were currently seeing madness theres also murmurs montage mobs metrics and mounds and ill walk you through a few of those now -murmurs causes all of the feelings to fly to the ceiling and then one by one in reverse chronological order they excuse themselves entering the scrolling list of feelings -i feel a bit better now -i feel confused and unsure of what the hell i want to do -i feel gypped out of something awesome here -i feel so free i feel so good i feel like im in this fog of depression that i cant get out of and you can click any of these to go out and visit the blog from which it was collected and in that way you can connect with the authors of these statements if you feel some degree of empathy -the next movement is called montage montage causes all of the feelings that contain photographs to become extracted and display themselves in a grid -this grid is then said to represent the picture of the worlds feelings in the last few hours if you will each of these can be clicked and we can blow it up we see -i just feel like im not going to have fun if its not the both of us -someone in michigan -we see -i feel like i have been at a computer all day -i think i feel a little -the next movement is called mobs mobs provides different statistical breakdowns of the population of the worlds feelings in the last few hours we see that better is the most frequent feeling right now followed by good bad guilty -down sick and so on we can also get a gender breakdown and we see that women are slightly more prolific talking about their emotions in the last few hours than men -we can do an age breakdown which gives us a histogram of the worlds emotional distribution by age we see people in their twenties are the most prolific followed by teenagers and then people in their thirties and it dies out very quickly from there -but i also think that we have trouble seeing that you know as i look around the world i see a lot of gaps and i think we all see a lot of gaps -in weather the feelings assume the physical characteristics of the weather that they represent so that the ones collected on a sunny day swirl around as if theyre part of the sun -the cloudy ones float along as if theyre on a breeze the rainy ones fall down as if theyre in a rainstorm and the snowy ones kind of flutter to the ground -finally location causes the feelings to move to their positions on a world map showing the geographical distribution of feelings metrics provides more numerical views on the data we see that the world is feeling used at three point three times the normal level right now -feeling warm at two point nine times the normal level and so on other views are also available here are gender age weather location the final movement is called mounds its a bit different from the others mounds -we see better is the most frequent feeling followed by bad and then if i go over here the list begins to scroll and theres actually thousands of feelings that have been collected you can see the little pink cursor moving along representing our position -here we see people that feel slipping nauseous responsible theres also a search capability if youre interested in finding out about a certain population -for instance you could find women who feel addicted in their twenties when it was cloudy in bangladesh -and we define ourselves by our gaps you know theres language gaps theres ethnicity and racial gaps theres age gaps theres gender gaps -but ill spare you that so here are some of my favorite montages that have been collected i feel so much of my dad alive in me that there isnt even room for me -i feel in love with carolyn -i feel so -i feel these weirdoes are actually an asset to college life -i love how i feel today -so as you can see we feel fine uses a technique that i call passive observation what i mean by that is that it passively observes people as they live their lives it scans the worlds blogs and looks at what people are writing and these people dont know theyre being watched or interviewed -and because of that you end up getting very honest candid sincere responses that are often very moving and this is a technique that i usually prefer in my work because people dont know theyre being interviewed theyre just living life and they end up just acting like that -and this is what it looked like its a spinning globe the surface of which is entirely composed of the pictures and words and drawings of people that submitted to the time capsule -two modes to the time capsule theres one world which presents the spinning globe and many voices which splits the data out into film strips and lets you sift through them one by one -this project was punctuated by a really amazing event which was held in the desert outside albuquerque in new mexico at the jemez pueblo -where for three consecutive nights the contents of the capsule were projected onto the sides of the ancient red rock canyon walls which stand about two hundred feet tall it was really incredible and we also projected -the time capsule as binary code using a thirty five watt laser into outer space you can see the orange line leaving the desert floor at about a forty five degree angle there this was amazing because -the first night i looked at all this information and really started seeing the gaps that i talked about earlier the differences in age gender and wealth and so on -but you know as i looked at this more and more and more and saw these images go across the rocks i realized i was seeing the same archetypal events depicted again and again and again you know weddings births -this picture here was taken the final night from a distant cliff about two miles away where the contents of the capsule were being beamed into space and there was something very moving about all of this human expression -i would often look up into the dark sky and see the three star belt of orion the hunter and as an adult ive been more aware of the great greek myths playing out in the sky overhead every night -you know orion facing the roaring bull perseus flying to the rescue of andromeda zeus battling chronos for control of mount olympus i mean these are the great -tales of the greeks and it caused me to wonder about our world today and it caused me to wonder specifically if we could make new constellations today -my new project which is debuting here today at ted nobodys seen this yet publicly its called universe revealing our modern mythology and it uses this metaphor of an interactive night sky -so its my great pleasure now to show this to you so universe will open here and youll see that it leads with a shifting star field -and theres an aurora borealis in the background kind of morphing with color the color of the aurora borealis can be controlled using this single bar of color at the bottom and -put it down here to red so you see this kind of these stars moving along now these arent just little points of light little pixels each of those stars actually represents a -and you might notice that as the cursor begins to touch some of these stars that shapes begin to emerge we see here theres a little man walking along or maybe a woman and we see here a photograph with a head -common and i think one thing we have in common is a very deep need to express ourselves i think this is a very old human desire -you can start to see words emerging here and those are the constellations those are the constellations of today and i can turn them all on and you can see them moving across the sky now -this is the universe of two thousand and seven the last two months the data from this is global news coverage from thousands of news sources around the world its using the api of a really great company that i work with in new york actually called daylife -and its kind of the zeitgeist view at this level of the worlds current mythology over the last couple of months so we can see where its emerging here like president ford -iraq bush and we can actually isolate just the words i call them secrets and we can cause them to form an alphabetical list and we see anna nicole smith -and now that becomes the center and the things that relate to ford enter its orbit and swirl around it we can isolate just the photographs and we now see -we can click on one of those and have the photograph be the center of the universe now the things that relate to it are swirling around we can click on this and we see this iconic image of betty ford kissing her husbands coffin -in universe theres kind of no end it just goes infinitely and you can just kind of click on stuff this is a photographic representation called snapshots but we can actually -be more specific in defining our universe so if we want to lets check out what bill clintons universe looks like and lets see in the past week -its nothing new but the thing about self expression is that theres traditionally been this imbalance between the desire that we have to express ourselves and the number of sympathetic friends who are willing to stand around and listen -hes been up to so now we have a new universe which is just constrained to all things bill clinton we can have his constellations emerge here -we can pull out his secrets and we see that it has a lot to do with candidates hillary presidential barack obama -we can see the stories that bill clinton is taking part in right now any of those can be opened up so we see obama and the clintons meet in alabama you can see that this is an important story theres a lot of things in its orbit -if we open this up we get different perspectives on this story you can click any of those to go out and read the article at the source this ones -we can also see the superstars these would be the people that are kind of -looming heroes and heroines in the universe of bill clinton so theres bill clinton hillary iraq george bush barack obama scooter libby these are kind of the people of bill clinton -we can also see a world map so this shows us the geographic reach of bill clinton in the last week or so we can see hes been focused in america because hes been campaigning probably but a little bit of action over here in the middle east -and then we can also see a timeline so we see that he was a bit quiet on saturday but he was back to work on sunday morning and -see what that universe looks like here we have our star field here we have our shapes here we have our secrets so we see again climate change is large nairobi -global conference environmental and theres also quotes that you can see if youre interested in reading about quotes on climate change you know this is really an infinite thing the superstars of climate change in two thousand and six united states britain china -you know these are the towering countries that kind of define this concept so this is a piece that demands exploration this will be online in several days probably next tuesday and youll all be able to use it -and kind of explore what your own personal mythology might be youll notice that in daylife rather in universe it supports both the notion of a global mythology -you can see the tattered black and white photo of a womans face and on the back it says to judy the girl with the bill bailey voice have fun in whatever you do -she was chewing betlenut which caused her teeth over the years to turn very red -her wish was to make a pilgrimage to tibet i asked her how long she planned to live in the nunnery and she said well you know of course its impermanent but my plan is to live here until im thirty and then enter a hermitage and i said you mean like a cave -and she said yeah like a cave and i said wow and how long will you live in the cave and she said well you know i -seem like somebody i could have bumped into on the streets of new york or in vermont where im from but here she had been living in a nunnery for the last seven years -i asked her a little bit more about the cave and what she planned would happen once she went there you know what if she saw the truth after just one year what would she do for the next thirty five years in her life and this is what she said -i think im going to stay for thirty five maybe -and i really loved this idea of the partial glimpse into somebodys life as opposed to knowing the whole story just knowing a little bit of the story and then letting your own mind fill in the rest and that idea of a partial glimpse is something that will come back in a lot of the work ill be showing later today -ten years -are you hoping to -but yeah ok -do you hope would you prefer to live in the cave for forty years or to live for one year -but i prefer for maybe forty to fifty jh forty to fifty -i wish you the best of luck with it thank you jh i hope its everything that you hope it will be so thank you again so much -so if you caught that she said she hoped to die when she was around forty that was enough life for her -so the last thing we did very quickly is i took all those wish balloons there were one hundred and seventeen interviews one hundred and seventeen wishes and i brought them up to a place called dochula which is a mountain pass in bhutan at ten thousand three hundred feet -one of the more sacred places in bhutan and up there there are thousands of prayer flags that people have spread out over the years and we re inflated all of the balloons -put them up on a string and hung them up there among the prayer flags and theyre actually still flying up there today so if any of you have any bhutan travel plans in the near future you can go check these out here are some images from that -we said a buddhist prayer so that all these wishes could come true -thanks very much -so around this time i was studying computer science at princeton university and i noticed that it was suddenly possible to collect these sorts of personal artifacts not just from street corners but also from the internet -and that suddenly people en masse were leaving scores and scores of digital footprints online that told stories of their private lives -blog posts photographs thoughts feelings opinions all of these things were being expressed by people online and leaving behind trails so i started to write computer programs that study very very large sets of these online footprints -one such project is about a year and a half old its called we feel fine this is a project that scans the worlds newly posted blog entries every two or three minutes searching for occurrences of the phrases i feel and i am feeling -so im going to talk today about collecting stories in some unconventional ways this is a picture of me from a very awkward stage in my life -and what the weather conditions were like when they wrote that sentence it collects about twenty thousand such sentences a day and its been running for about a year and a half having collected -each dot being a single sentence stated by a single blogger and the color of each dot corresponds to the type of feeling inside so the bright ones are happy and the dark ones are sad -and the diameter of each dot corresponds to the length of the sentence inside so the small ones are short and the bigger ones are longer -i feel fine with the body im in therell be no easy excuse for why i still feel uncomfortable being close to my boyfriend from a twenty two year old in japan -i got this on some trading locally but really dont feel like screwing with wiring and crap also some of the feelings contain photographs in the blog posts and when that happens -these montage compositions are automatically created which consist of the sentence and images being combined and any of these can be opened up to reveal the sentence inside -i -i feel rough now and i probably gained one hundred thousand pounds but it was worth it -i love how they were able to preserve most in everything that makes you feel close to nature butterflies man made forests limestone caves and hey even a huge python -so the next movement is called mobs this provides a slightly more statistical look at things this is showing the worlds most common feelings overall right now dominated by better then bad then good then guilty and so on -you might enjoy the awkwardly tight cut off pajama bottoms with balloons anyway it was a time when i was mainly interested in collecting imaginary stories so -causes the feelings to assume the physical traits of the weather they represent so the sunny ones swirl around the cloudy ones float along the rainy ones fall down and the snowy ones flutter to the ground you can also stop a raindrop and open the feeling inside -kissed numerous other boys and it hasnt felt good the kisses felt messy and wrong but kissing lucas feels beautiful and almost spiritual -i feel sassy -i feel so sexy in this new wig as you can see we feel fine collects very very small scale personal stories sometimes stories as short as two or three words so really even challenging the notion of what can be considered a story -and recently ive become interested in diving much more deeply into a single story and thats led me to doing some work with the physical world not with the internet and only using the internet at the very last moment as a presentation medium -so these are some newer projects that actually arent even launched publicly yet the first such one is called the whale hunt last may i spent nine days living up in barrow alaska the northernmost settlement in the united states with a family of inupiat eskimos -for a whale to come close enough to attack and when it does it throws a harpoon at it and then hauls the whale up under the ice and cuts it up and that would provide the communitys food supply for a long time so i went up there and i lived with these guys out in their whaling camp here and photographed the entire experience beginning with the taxi ride to newark airport in new york and ending with the butchering of the second whale seven and a half days later -that entire experience at five minute intervals so every five minutes i took a photograph when i was awake with the camera around my neck when i was sleeping with a tripod and a timer -and then in moments of high adrenaline like when something exciting was happening i would up that photographic frequency to as many as thirty seven photographs in five minutes so what this created was a photographic heartbeat that sped up and slowed down more or less matching the changing pace of my own heartbeat -that was the first concept here the second concept was to use this experience to think about the fundamental components of any story what are the things that make up a story -dates when did it occur and in the case of the whale hunt also this idea of an excitement level the thing about stories though in most of the existing mediums that were accustomed to things like novels radio photographs movies even lectures like this one -were very accustomed to this idea of the narrator or the camera position some kind of omniscient external body through whose eyes you see the story were very used to this -but if you think about real life its not like that at all i mean in real life things are much more nuanced and complex and theres all of these overlapping stories intersecting and touching each other and so -i thought it would interesting to build a framework to surface those types of stories so in the case of the whale hunt how could we extract something like the story of simeon and crawford involving the concepts of wildlife tools and blood -this larger story i built a web interface for viewing the whale hunt that attempts to do just this so these are all three thousand two hundred and fourteen pictures taken up there -this is my studio in brooklyn this is the arctic ocean and the butchering of the second whale seven days later you can start to see some of the story here told by -color so this red strip signifies the color of the wallpaper in the basement apartment where i was staying and things go white as we move out onto the arctic ocean -area of work that ive been doing recently so ill be talking about each of those today so first of all my own stories these are two of my sketchbooks i have -you can see a timeline showing you the exciting moments throughout the story these are organized chronologically wheel provides a slightly more -this is the ice starting to freeze over the snow fence they built and so what ill show you now is the ability to pull out sub stories so here you see the cast these are all of the people in the -whale hunt and the two whales that were killed down here and we could do something as arbitrary as say extract the story of -many of these books and ive been keeping them for about the last eight or nine years they accompany me wherever i go in my life and i fill them with all sorts of things records of my lived experiences so watercolor paintings -and you can see rony cutting up the whale here these whales are about forty feet long and weighing over forty tons and they provide the food source for the community for much of the year -skipping ahead a bit more here this is rony on the whale carcass -they use no chainsaws or anything its entirely just blades and an incredibly efficient process this is the guys on the rope pulling open the carcass -this is the muktuk or the blubber all lined up for community distribution its baleen moving on so -to tell you about next is a very new thing its not even a project yet so just yesterday i flew in here from singapore and before that i was spending -two weeks in bhutan the small himalayan kingdom nestled between tibet and india and i was doing a project there about happiness interviewing a lot of local people so bhutan has this really -wacky thing where they base most of their high level governmental decisions around the concept of gross national happiness instead of gross domestic product -and theyve been doing this since the seventies and it leads to just a completely different value system its an incredibly non materialistic culture where people dont have a lot but theyre incredibly happy so i went around and i talked to people about some of these ideas -so i did a number of things i asked people a number of set questions and took a number of set photographs and interviewed them with audio and also took pictures -i would start by asking people to rate their happiness between one and ten which is kind of inherently absurd and then when they answered i would inflate that number of balloons and give them that number of balloons to hold so you have some really happy -drawings of what i see dead flowers dead insects pasted ticket stubs rusting coins business cards writings -and then i would ask them a number of questions like what was the happiest day in their life what makes them happy and then finally i would ask them to make a wish -and when they made a wish i would write their wish onto one of the balloons and take a picture of them holding it so im going to show you now just a few brief snippets of some of the interviews that i did some of the people i spoke with this is an eleven year old student -she thinks that women have a pretty tough go of things in bhutan and its a lot easier if youre a boy -to help poor people -fifty three year old farmer she was chaffing wheat and that pile of wheat behind her had taken her about a week to make she wanted to keep farming until she dies -and in these books you can find these short little glimpses of moments and experiences and people that i meet and you know after keeping these books for a number of years i started to become very interested in collecting not only my own personal artifacts but also -you can really start to see the stories told by the hands here she was wearing this silver ring that had the word love engraved on it and shed found it in the road somewhere -a sixteen year old quarry worker this guy was breaking rocks with a hammer in the hot sunlight but he just wanted to spend his life as a farmer -he was kind of too shy to make a funny face -she wanted to become an independent woman i asked her about that and she said she meant that she doesnt want to be married because in her opinion when you get married in bhutan as a woman your chances to live an independent life kind of end and so she had no interest in that -a twenty four year old truck driver there are these terrifyingly huge indian trucks that come careening around one lane roads with two lane traffic with -she wanted a change in her life she lives in a little workers camp right next to the road and she wanted a different lot on things -eighty one year old itinerant farmer i saw this guy on the side of the road and he actually doesnt have a -the artifacts of other people so i started collecting found objects this is a photograph i found lying in a gutter in new york city about ten years ago -had this amazing knife that he pulled out of his gho and started brandishing when i asked him to make a funny face -all good natured a ten year old -to join a school and learn to read but his parents didnt have enough money to send him to school -this orange sugary candy that he kept dipping his fingers into and since there was so much saliva on his hands this orange paste started to form on his palms -thirty seven year old road worker one of the more touchy political subjects in bhutan is the use of indian -cheap labor that they import from india to build the roads and then they send these people home once the roads are built so these guys were in a workers gang mixing up asphalt one morning on the side of the highway his wish was to make some money and open a store -this destructive power takes many different forms for example these images taken by brent stirton in the congo these gorillas were murdered some would even say crucified -and unsurprisingly they sparked international outrage most recently weve been tragically reminded of the destructive power of nature itself with the recent earthquake in haiti -i think that is far worse is mans destructive power over man samuel pisar an auschwitz survivor said and ill quote him the holocaust teaches us that nature -even in its cruelest moments is benign in comparison with man when he loses his moral compass and his reason -my industry we believe that images can change the world okay were naive were bright eyed and bushy tailed the truth is that we know that the images themselves dont change the world but were also aware that since the beginning of photography -the publication of those images as opposed to the images themselves caused a government to change its policies some would argue -go back a little in the nineteen sixties and nineteen seventies the vietnam war was basically shown in americas living rooms day in day out news photos brought people face to face with the victims of the war a little girl burned by napalm -a student killed by the national guard at kent state university in ohio during a protest in fact these images became the voices of protest themselves -hiv aids -great deal especially in europe to stop that she better than most knew the power of an image so when we are confronted by a powerful image we all have a choice -they put a lot of focus and attention and in the end a lot of money towards the sudan famine relief efforts did the images change the world no but they had a major impact -and i think for millions of people they had a very strong impact and i think its very unlikely that they were far from the minds of americans when they went to vote in november two thousand and eight -and its a photo by eugene richards of an iraq war veteran from an extraordinary piece of work which has never been published called war is personal -images have provoked reactions in people and those reactions have caused change to happen so lets begin with a group of images id be extremely surprised if you didnt recognize many or most of them -in all the conflict zones of the world theres one photograph from a much quieter place that haunts me still much more than the others -ansel adams said and i disagree with him you dont take a photograph you make it in my view its not the photographer who makes the photo its you -we bring to each image our own values our own belief systems and as a result of that the image resonates with us my company has seventy million images i have one image in my office -here it is -i hope that the next time you see an image that sparks something in you youll better understand why and i know that speaking to this audience youll definitely do something about it and thank you to all the -best described as iconic so iconic perhaps theyre cliches in fact theyre so well known that you might even recognize them in a slightly or somewhat different -but i think were looking for something more were looking for something more were looking for images that shine an uncompromising light -on crucial issues images that transcend borders that transcend religions images that provoke us to step up and do something in other words to act -this image youve all seen it changed our view of the physical world we had never seen our planet from this perspective before many people credit -a lot of the birth of the environmental movement to our seeing the planet like this for the first time its smallness its fragility forty years later -this group more than most are well aware of the destructive power that our species can wield over our environment and at last we appear to be doing something about it -so what are microalgae microalgae are micro that is theyre extremely small as you can see here a picture of those single celled organisms compared to a human hair -those small organisms have been around for millions of years and theres thousands of different species of microalgae in the world some of which are the fastest growing plants on the planet and produce as i just showed you lots and lots of oil now -why do we want to do this offshore well the reason were doing this offshore is because if you look at our coastal cities -there isnt a choice -because were going to use waste water as i suggested and if you look at where most of the waste water treatment plants are theyre embedded in the cities this is the city of san francisco which has nine hundred miles of sewer pipes under the city already and it releases its waste water offshore -so -different cities around the world treat their waste water differently some cities process it some cities just release the water but in all cases the water thats released is perfectly adequate for growing microalgae so lets envision what the system might look like we call it omega which is an acronym for offshore membrane enclosures for growing algae -so how does it work i sort of showed you how it works already we -they of course use solar energy to grow and the wave energy on the surface provides energy for mixing the algae and the temperature is controlled by the surrounding water temperature the algae that grow produce oxygen as ive mentioned and they also produce biofuels and fertilizer and food and other -bi algal products of interest -and the system is contained what do i mean by that -the waste water that leaks out is water that already now goes into that coastal environment and -the algae that leak out are biodegradable and because theyre living in waste water theyre fresh water algae which means they cant live in salt water so they die the plastic well build it out of is some kind of well known plastic that we have good experience with and well rebuild our modules to be able to reuse them again -fertilizer or land so heres what i came up with imagine that we build an enclosure where we put it just underwater and we fill it with wastewater and some form of microalgae that produces oil and we make it out of some kind of flexible material that moves with waves underwater -so we may be able to go beyond that when thinking about this system that im showing you and that is to say we need to think in terms of the water the fresh water which is also going to be an issue in the future and were working on methods now for recovering the waste water -the other thing to consider is the structure itself it provides a surface for things in the ocean and this surface which is covered by seaweeds and other organisms in the ocean will become enhanced marine -so youre probably thinking gee this sounds like a good idea what can we do to try to see if its real -well i set up laboratories in santa cruz at the california fish and game facility -and that facility allowed us to have big seawater tanks to test some of these ideas we also set up experiments in san francisco at one of the three waste water treatment plants again a facility to test ideas and finally we wanted to see where we could look at what the impact of this structure would be -in the marine environment and we set up a field site -at a place called moss landing marine lab in monterey bay where we worked in a harbor to see what impact this would have on marine organisms -the laboratory that we set up in santa cruz was our skunkworks it was a place where we were growing algae and welding plastic and building tools and making a lot of mistakes or as edison said we were finding the ten thousand ways that the system wouldnt work now we grew algae in waste water -so the most important feature that we needed to develop were these so called photobioreactors or pbrs these were the structures that would be floating at the surface made out of some inexpensive plastic material thatll allow the algae to grow -and we had built lots and lots of designs most of which were horrible failures and when we finally got to a design that worked at about thirty gallons we scaled it up to four hundred and fifty gallons in san francisco -so let me show you how the system works we basically take waste water with algae of our choice in it and we circulate it through this floating structure this tubular flexible plastic structure -and the system that were going to build of course will use solar energy to grow the algae and they use co two which is good and they produce oxygen as they grow -and it circulates through this thing and theres sunlight of course its at the surface and the algae grow on the nutrients but this is a bit like putting your head in a plastic bag the algae are not going to suffocate because of co two as we would they suffocate because they produce oxygen and they dont really suffocate but the oxygen that they produce is problematic -and what you see here is the prototype which was the first attempt at building this type of column the larger column that we then installed in san francisco in the installed system -so the column actually had another very nice feature and that is the algae settle in the column and this allowed us to accumulate the algal biomass in a context where we could easily harvest it -so we would remove the algaes that concentrated in the bottom of this column and then we could harvest that by a procedure where you float the algae to the surface and can skim it off with a net -so we wanted to also investigate what would be the impact of this system in the marine environment and i mentioned we set up this experiment at a field site in moss landing marine lab -well we found of course that this material became overgrown with algae and we needed then to develop a cleaning procedure and we also looked at how seabirds and marine mammals interacted -the algae that grow are in a container that distributes the heat to the surrounding water and you can harvest them and make biofuels and cosmetics and fertilizer and animal feed and of course youd have to make a large area of this so you -and in fact you see here a sea otter that found this incredibly interesting and would periodically work its way across this little floating water bed and we wanted to hire this guy or train him to be able to clean the surface of these things but thats for the future -now really what we were doing we were working in four areas our research covered the biology of the system which included studying the way algae grew but also what eats the algae and what kills the algae -i mentioned we looked at birds and marine mammals and looked at basically the environmental impact of the system and finally we looked at the economics and what i mean by economics is what is the energy required to run the system do you get more energy out of the system than you have to put into the system to be able to make the system run -and what about operating costs and what about capital costs and what about just the whole economic structure -so let me tell you that its not going to be easy and theres lots more work to do in all four of those areas to be able to really make the system work -but when you do the economics of this system you find that in fact it will be difficult to make it work -unless you look at the system as a way to treat waste water -sequester carbon and potentially for photovoltaic panels or wave energy or even wind energy and if you start thinking in terms of integrating all of these different activities you could also include in such a facility aquaculture -so we would have under this system a shellfish aquaculture where were growing mussels or scallops -wed be growing oysters and things that would be producing high value products and food and this would be a market driver as we build the system to larger and larger scales so that it becomes ultimately competitive with the idea of doing it for fuels -so -theres always a big question that comes up because plastic in the ocean has got a really bad reputation right now and so weve been thinking cradle to cradle what are we going to do with all this plastic that were going to need to use in our marine environment -well i dont know if you know about this but in california theres a huge amount of plastic thats used in fields right now as plastic mulch and this is plastic thats making these tiny little greenhouses right along the surface of the soil and this provides warming the soil to increase the growing season -it allows us to control weeds and of course it makes the watering much more efficient -so the omega system will be part of this type of an outcome and that when were finished using it in the marine environment well be using it hopefully on fields -it would produce at two thousand gallons per acre per year it would produce over two million gallons of fuel which is about twenty percent of the biodiesel or of the diesel that would be required in san francisco -we know the importance of potentially getting an alternative liquid fuel -and thats without doing anything about efficiency where else could we potentially put this system -theres lots of possibilities theres of course san francisco bay as i mentioned san diego bay is another example mobile bay or chesapeake bay but the reality is as sea level rises theres going to be lots and lots of new opportunities to consider -to innovative production of sustainable biofuels and en route i discovered that whats really required for sustainability -is integration more than innovation -long term i have great faith in our collective and connected ingenuity i think there is almost no limit to what we can accomplish if we are radically open and we dont care who gets the credit -sustainable solutions for our future problems are going to be diverse and are going to be many -here you see a graph showing you the different types of crops that are being considered for making biofuels so you can see some things like soybean which makes fifty gallons per acre per year or sunflower or canola or jatropha or palm and -i think we need to consider everything everything from alpha to omega thank you -permitting issues and the time required to get permits to do things offshore it really requires at this point people on the outside and were being radically open with this technology in which were going to launch it out there for anybody and everybody whos interested to take it on and try to make it real -pictured here for their twenty fifth anniversary newsweek retrospective on the internet and as you can tell they are basically goof balls -in fact talk about technology imitating life imitating tech or maybe its the other way around an nyu researcher here took little cardboard robots with smiley faces on them -and a motor that just drove them forward and a flag sticking out the back with a desired destination it said can you help me get there released it on the streets of manhattan -the craigslist rideshare board if it were called the craigslist hitchhiking board tumbleweeds would be blowing through it -but its the rideshare board and its basically the same thing now why are people using it i dont know maybe they think that uh killers dont plan ahead -no i think the actual answer is that once you reframe it once you get out of one set of stale expectations from a failed -project that had its day but now for whatever reason is tarnished you can actually rekindle the kind of human kindness and sharing that something like this on craigslist represents and then you can highlight it into something like -they had one great limitation and one great freedom as they tried to conceive of a global network the limitation was that they didnt have any money -yes couchsurfing org couchsurfing one guys idea to at last put together people who are going somewhere far away and would like to sleep -on a strangers couch for free with people who live far away and would like someone they dont know to sleep on their couch for free -its a brilliant idea its a bee that yes flies amazing how many successful couch surfings there have been and if youre wondering no there have been no known fatalities associated -with couchsurfing although to be sure the reputation system at the moment works that you leave your report after the couch surfing experience so there may be some selection bias there -so my urging my thought is that the internet isnt just a pile of information its not a noun its a verb -what its saying to you is what we heard yesterday demosthenes was saying to us its saying lets march thank you very much -no particular amount of capital to invest of the sort that for a physical network you might need for trucks and people and a hub to move packages around overnight they had none of that -my name is jonathan zittrain and in my recent work ive been a bit of a pessimist so i thought this morning i would try to be the optimist and give reason to hope for the future of the internet -but they had an amazing freedom which was they didnt have to make any money from it the internet has no business plan never did no ceo -no firm responsible singly for building it instead its folks getting together to do something for fun rather than because they were told to or because they were expecting to make a mint off of it -that ethos led to a network architecture a structure that was unlike other digital networks then -or since so unusual in fact that it was said that its not clear the internet could work -and even some internet engineers today say the whole thing is a pilot project and the jury is still out -thats why the mascot of internet engineering if it had one is said to be the -because the fur to wingspan ratio of the bumblebee is far too large for it to be able to fly and yet mysteriously somehow -so what is this bizarre architecture configuration that makes the network sing and be so unusual -well to move data around from one place to another again its not like a package courier its more like a mosh pit -imagine you being part of a network where youre maybe at a sporting event and youre sitting in rows like this and somebody asks for a beer -by drawing upon its present now it may seem like there is less hope today than there was before people are less kind there is less trust around i -and it gets handed at the aisle and your neighborly duty is to pass the beer along at risk to your own trousers -to get it to the destination no one pays you to do this its just part of your neighborly duty and -to the original sender or to the receiver -no one overall map of the internet instead again it is as if we are all sitting together in a theater but we can only see amidst the fog the people immediately around us -so what do we do to figure out who is where we turn to the person on the right and we tell that person what we see on our left -and vice versa and they can lather rinse repeat and before you know it you have a general sense of where everything is this is how internet addressing and routing actually work -this is a system that relies on kindness and trust which also makes it very delicate and vulnerable in rare but striking instances a single lie told by just one entity in this honeycomb -can lead to real trouble so for example last year the government of pakistan asked its internet service providers there to prevent -citizens of pakistan from seeing youtube there was a video there that the government did not like and they wanted to make sure it was blocked this is a common occurrence governments everywhere are often trying to block and filter and censor content on the internet -dont know as a simple example we could run a test here how many people have ever hitchhiked -well this one isp in pakistan chose to affectuate the block for its subscribers in a rather unusual way -it but it didnt stop there you see that announcement went one click out which got reverberated one click out -and it turns out that as you look at the postmortem of this event you have at one moment perfectly working youtube -then at moment number two you have the fake announcement go out and within two minutes it reverberates around -and youtube is blocked everywhere in the world if you were sitting in oxford england trying to get to youtube your packets were going to pakistan and they werent coming back -just think about that one of the most popular websites in the world run by the most powerful company in the world and there was nothing -that youtube or google were particularly privileged to do about it and yet somehow within about two hours the problem was fixed how did this happen -well for a big clue we turn to nanog the north american network operators group a group of people who on a beautiful day outside enter into a windowless room at their terminals reading -i know how many people have hitchhiked within the past ten years -email and messages in fixed proportion font like this and they talk about networks and some of them are mid level employees at internet service providers around the world -and here is the message where one of them says looks like weve got a live one we have a hijacking of youtube this is not a drill its not just the cluelessness of youtube engineers i -so its kind of like if your house catches on fire the bad news is there is no fire brigade the good news is random people apparate from nowhere put out the fire and leave without expecting payment or -i was trying to think of the right model to describe this form of random acts of kindness by geeky strangers -right so what has changed its not better public transportation so thats one reason to think that we might be declensionists going in the wrong direction -right dumbest idea ever in fact wikipedia is an idea so profoundly stupid -that even jimbo never had it jimbos idea was for nupedia it was going to be totally traditional he would pay people money because he was feeling like a good guy and the money would go to the people and they would write the articles -the wiki was introduced so others could make suggestions on edits as almost an afterthought a back room and then it turns out the back room grew -to encompass the entire project and today wikipedia is so ubiquitous that you can now find it on chinese restaurant menus -i am not making this up -i have a theory i can explain later suffice it to say for now that i prefer my wikipedia stir fried with pimentos -but now wikipedia doesnt just spontaneously work how does it really work it turns out there is a back room that is kind of windowless metaphorically speaking and there are a bunch of people who on a sunny day would rather be inside -and monitoring this the administrators notice board itself a wiki page that anyone can edit and you just bring your problems to the page its reminiscent of the description of history as one damn thing after another -right number one tendentious editing by user andyvphil apologies andyvphil if youre here today im not taking sides anon attacking me for reverting here is my favorite a long story -it turns out there are more people checking this page for problems and wanting to solve them than there are problems arising on the page and thats what keeps wikipedia afloat -but i want to give you three examples to try to say that the trend line is in fact in the other direction and its the internet helping it along so example number one the internet itself -rolex watch its this thin geeky line that keeps it going not because its a job not because its a career but because its a calling -its something they feel impelled to do because they care about it they even gather together in such groups as the counter vandalism unit civility maturity responsibility to just clean up the pages -it does make you wonder if there were for instance a massive extremely popular star trek convention one weekend who would be minding the store -so what we see what we see -this phenomenon is something that the crazed late traffic engineer hans monderman discovered in the netherlands and here in south kensington -and one in which they are more human with each other theyre realizing that they have to take responsibility for what they do and wikipedia has embraced this some of you may remember star wars kid -the poor teenager who filmed himself with a golf ball retriever acting as if it were a light saber the film without his permission or even knowledge at first found its way onto the internet -featured in the article you could see arguments on both sides here is just a snapshot of some of them they eventually decided not unanimously by any means -these are three of the founders of the internet they were actually high school classmates together at the same high school in suburban los angles in the nineteen sixties -not to include his real name despite the fact that nearly all media reports did they just didnt think it was the right thing to do -it was an act of kindness and to this day the page for star wars kid has a warning right at the top that says you are not to put his real name on the page if you do it will be removed immediately removed by people who may have disagreed with the original decision -but respect the outcome and work to make it stay because they believe in something bigger than their own opinion -as a lawyer ive got to say these guys are inventing the law and stare decisis and stuff like that as they go along now this isnt just limited -they start off on all sorts of goofy projects this is my favorite goofy blog catsthatlooklikehitler com -you send in a picture of your cat if it looks like hitler -yeah i know number four its like can you imagine coming home to that cat everyday -but then -you can see -same kind of whimsy applied to people so this is a blog devoted to unfortunate portraiture this one says bucolic meadow with split rail fence is that an animal carcass behind her -this one image removed at request of owner thats it image removed at request of owner it turns out that somebody lampooned here -wrote to the snarky guy that does the site not with a legal threat not with an offer of payment but just said hey would you mind -person said no thats fine i believe we can build architectures online to make such human requests -that much easier to do to make it possible for all of us to see that the data we encounter online is just stuff on which to click and paste and copy and forward -that actually represents human emotion and endeavor and impact and to be able to have an ethical moment where we decide how we want to treat it i even think it can go into the real world -we can end up as we get in a world with more censors everywhere there is something filming you maybe putting it online to be able to have a little clip you could wear that says you know id rather not and then have technology -that the person taking the photo will know later this person requested to be contacted before this goes anywhere big if you dont mind and that person taking the photo can make a decision about how and whether to respect it -in the real world we see filtering of this sort taking place in pakistan and we now have means that we can build like this system -so that people can report the filtering as they encounter it and its no longer just a i dont know i couldnt get there i guess ill move on but suddenly a collective consciousness about what is blocked and censored where online -the idea to make music a deep and -times asking who could be the winner of the orchestra world -and the -it has become a social right a -the -the -you -and the will to be here you get in -that we captured a couple weeks ago -last -the -and the -and -to -in order to -and -and -a -and -the -the -is -to the features of each community and -of -the -and -and childrens -a -will greatly help him at school within the -he -a -a -her -is that the -that the -i believe that to confront such a -the -and -the scope of -we -the -we are going live now to caracas we are going live to caracas to hear maestro abreus ted prize wish -here is my ted prize wish -i wish that you help to create and document a special training -for fifty gifted young musicians passionate about their art and social justice -and dedicated to bringing el sistema to the united states and other countries thank you very much -since we had never been separated and i thought we would be together forever -i started to realize begging would not be the solution -so i started to steal from food carts in illegal markets sometimes i found small jobs in exchange for food -when i could not fall asleep from bitter cold or hunger pains i hoped that the next morning my sister would come back to wake me up with my favorite food -that hope kept me alive i dont mean big grand hope i mean the kind of hope -i knew the journey would be risky but i would be risking my life either way i could die of starvation like my father in north korea or at least i could try for a better life by escaping to china -i had learned that many people tried to cross the border to china -but then the great famine began in one thousand nine hundred and ninety four i was four years old my sister and i would go searching for firewood starting at five in the morning and come back after midnight -i made it to china on february fifteen two thousand and six i was sixteen years old i thought things in china would be easier since there was more food -i thought more people would help me but it was harder than living in north korea because i was not free i was always worried about being caught and sent back -by a miracle some months later i met someone who was running an underground shelter for north koreans and was allowed to live there and eat regular meals for the first time in many years -later that year an activist helped me escape china -and go to the united states as a refugee i went to america without knowing a word of english yet my social worker told me that i had to go to high school even in north korea i was an f student -so in america it was kind of ridiculous that they said i should go to high school i didnt even go to middle school i decided to go just because they told me to without trying much but one day i came home -and my foster mother had made chicken wings for dinner and during dinner i wanted to have one more wing but i realized there were not enough for everyone so i decided against it -i felt so suffocated that i had so much food in america -yet my father died of starvation -i took school seriously and for the first time ever in my life i received an academic award for excellence and made deans list from the first semester in high school -changed my life laughter hope is personal -in north korea i made it myself hope brought me to america but in america i didnt know what to do because i had this overwhelming freedom -this is my message to you have hope for yourself but also help each other -it has been already ten years that i haven t seen you i just wanted to say -in the same year my mother disappeared one day and then my sister told me that she was going to china to earn money but that she would return with money and food soon -so one day the scouts came running and told the villagers the enemies are coming only half an hour away theyll be here so people scrambled took their things and ready to go move out -and that man told me so here you are -i said im going to dedicate myself im leaving america im going to run for office -so last july i moved from america in june ran in july election and won and i came for them -and thats my goal and right now i have in place for the last nine months -im asking my friends from america to help with bringing nurses or doctors to help us out im trying to improve infrastructure -im using the knowledge i received from the united states and from my community to move them forward im trying to develop homegrown solutions -so my plan right now as i continue with introducing students to different fields some become doctors some lawyers we want to produce a comprehensive group of people students who can come back and help us see a community grow that is in the middle -a huge economic recession -so as i continue to be a member of parliament and as i continue listening to all of you talking about botany talking about health talking about democracy talking about new inventions im hoping that one day in my own little community which is twenty six thousand square kilometers maybe five times the size of rhode island with no roads well be able to become a model -to help others develop thank you very much -so i walked very comfortably to this missionary school that was run by an american missionary and the first thing the american missionary gave me was a candy i had never in my life ever tasted candy so i said to myself with all these hundred other boys -but you kept going and i stayed i dont know why i stayed but i stayed and all of a sudden i passed the national examination found myself in a very beautiful high school in kenya and i finished high school -and this man told me here go -so i got a scholarship to st lawrence university upstate new york finished that and then after that i went to harvard graduate school finished that and then i worked in dc a little bit i wrote a book for national geographic and taught history u s history -and every time i kept going back home -the industrial revolution -in which while protecting ourselves with hard power we can organize with others in netorks to produce not only public goods but ways that will enhance our soft power so -which meant that all of a sudden europe and america became the dominant center of the world -if one looks at the statements that have been made about this i am impressed that when hillary clinton described -the foreign policy of the obama administration she said that the foreign policy of the obama administration was going to be smart power -as she put it using all the tools in our foreign policy tool box and if were going to deal with these two great power shifts that ive -the power shift represented by transition among states the power shift represented by diffusion of power away from all states -asia gradually returning to being more than half of the worlds population -and more than half of the worlds product -thats important and its an important shift but let me tell you a little bit about the other shift that im talking about which is power diffusion -now thats a big abstract number but to make it more real if the price of -had fallen as rapidly as the price of computing power you could buy a car today for five dollars now when the price of any technology declines that dramatically -talk to you about power in this twenty one st century and basically what id like to tell you -the barriers to entry go down anybody can play in the game -the technology was there -but to be able to do it you had to be very rich -a government a multinational corporation maybe the catholic church but you had to be pretty wealthy -now anybody has that capacity which previously was restricted by price just to a few actors -last time i looked it was something like a pound an hour -and what that means is not that the age of the state is over the state still matters but the -is that power is changing -the states not alone there are many many actors some of thats good oxfam a great non governmental actor some of its bad al qaeda another non governmental actor -but think of what it does to how we think in traditional terms and concepts we think in terms of war and interstate war -and there are two types of changes i want to discuss one is power transition -its worth noticing that a non state actor attacking the united states in two thousand and one -so were seeing a great change in terms of diffusion of power -now the problem is that were not thinking about it in very innovative ways so let me step back and ask whats power -power is simple the ability to affect others to get the outcomes you want -or payment is what i call soft power and that soft power has been much neglected -and much misunderstood -which is change of power amongst states and they are the simple version of the message is its moving from west -and yet its tremendously important -indeed if you can learn to use more soft power you can save a lot on carrots and sticks -for example the great oxford historian who taught here at this university a j p taylor defined a great power -as a country able to prevail in war -but we need a new narrative if were to understand power in the twenty one st century its not just prevailing at war though war still persists -its not whose army wins its also whose story wins and we have to think much more in terms of narratives and whose narrative is going to be effective -now let me go back to the question of power -that we use now tend to be the rise and fall of the great powers and the current narrative is all about the rise of china and the decline of the united states -indeed with the two thousand and eight financial crisis many people said this was the beginning of the end of american power the tectonic plates of world politics were shifting -and president medvedev of russia for example pronounced in two thousand and eight this was the beginning of the end of united states power -the other is power diffusion -but in fact this metaphor of decline is often very misleading if you look at history in recent history -the way power is moving from all states west or east to non state actors those two things are the huge shifts of power in our century -the rust belt economy of the midwest to the silicon valley economy of california that was the end of america but in fact -what weve seen is none of those were true indeed people were over enthusiastic in the early twenty hundreds thinking america could do anything -which led us into some disastrous foreign policy adventures and now were back to decline again the moral of this story is all these narratives about rise and fall and decline tell us a lot more -they do about reality if we try to focus on the reality then what we need to focus on is whats really happening -in terms of china and the united states -so weve got what seventeen more years to go or so before chinas bigger now someday -with a billion point three people getting richer they are going to be bigger than the united states but be very careful of these projections -such as the goldman sachs projection as though that gives you an accurate picture of power transition in this century -and i want to tell you about them each separately and then how they interact and why in the end there may be some good news -tell you about the composition of the economy china still has large areas -and per capita income is a better measure of the sophistication of the economy and that the chinese wont catch up or pass the americans until somewhere in the latter part -if youre sitting in japan -or in new delhi -or in hanoi -your view of the rise of china is a little different than if youre sitting in beijing indeed one of the advantages that the americans will have in terms of power in asia is all those countries -want an american insurance policy against the rise of china its as though mexico and canada were hostile neighbors to the united states which theyre not -so these simple projections of the goldman sachs type are not telling us what we need to know about power transition -but you might ask well so what in any case why does it matter who cares is this just a game that diplomats and academics play -the answer is it matters quite a lot because if you believe in decline and you get the answers wrong on this the facts not the myths you may have policies which are very dangerous -when we talk about power transition -two and a half millennia ago -what caused it thucydides the great historian of the the peloponnesian war said it was the rise in the power of athens and the fear it created in sparta -we often talk about the rise of asia -world war one the great conflagration in which the european state system tore itself apart and destroyed its centrality in the world -that that was caused by the rise in the power of germany and the fear that it created in britain -it really should be called the recovery or return of asia -so there are people who are telling us this is going to be reproduced today that what were going to see is the same thing now in this century no -but also if you have this belief and it creates a sense of fear it leads to overreaction -and the greatest danger we have of managing this power transition of the shift toward the east is fear to paraphrase franklin roosevelt from a different context -the greatest thing we have to fear is fear itself we dont have to fear the rise of china or the return of asia -if we looked at the world -and if we have policies in which we take it in that larger historical perspective were going to be able to manage this process -let me say a word now about the distribution of power and how it relates to power diffusion and then pull these two types together -if you ask how is power distributed in the world today its distributed much like a three dimensional chess game -top board -youd find that more than half of the worlds people lived in asia and they made more than half the worlds product -economic power among states power is multi polar there are balancers the u s europe china japan can balance each other -the bottom board of this three dimensional the board of transnational relations things that cross borders outside the control of governments -things like climate change drug trade financial flows pandemics all these things that cross borders outside the control of governments -there nobodys in charge it makes no sense to call this unipolar or multi polar power is chaotically distributed -and the only way you can solve these problems and this is where many greatest challenges are coming in this century is through cooperation through working together -which means that soft power becomes more important that ability to organize networks to deal with these kinds of problems and to be able to get cooperation -my gain is your loss and vice versa power can also be positive sum where your gain can be my gain -if china develops greater energy security and greater capacity to deal with its problems of carbon emissions -thats good for us as well as good for china as well as good for everybody else so empowering china to deal with its own problems of carbon is good for everybody -not a zero sum i win you lose its one in which we can all gain so as we think about power in this century -we want to get away from this view that its all i win you lose now i dont mean to be pollyannaish about this wars persist power persists military power is important -keeping balances is important all this is still persists hard power is there and it will remain -but unless you learn how to mix hard power with soft power into strategies that i call smart power youre not going to deal with the new kinds of problems that -so the key question that we need to think about as we look at this is how do we work together to produce global public goods things from which all -of us can benefit how do we define our national interests so that its not just zero sum but positive -in that sense if we define our interests for example for the united states the way britain defined its interests in the nineteenth century -keeping an open trading system keeping a monetary stability keeping freedom of the seas those were good for britain they were good for others as well -long distance telephone service sold on price price price fast food restaurants with all their value pricing -what that means is that its time to move to a new level of economic value time to go beyond the goods and the services -and use in that same heuristic what happens when you customize a service what happens when you design a service that is so appropriate for a particular person thats exactly what they need at this -in time then you cant help but make them go wow you cant help but turn it into a memorable event you cant help but turn it into an experience -a very fundamental change that is going on in the very fabric of the modern economy and to talk about that im going to go back to the beginning -so were shifting to an experience economy where experiences are becoming the predominant economic offering now most places that i talk to when i talk about experience i talk about disney -the worlds premier experience stager i talk about theme restaurants and experiential retail and boutique hotels and las vegas the experience capital of the world -but here when you think about experiences think about thomas dolby and his group playing music -think about meaningful places -think about drinking wine about a journey to the clock of the long now those are all experiences think about ted itself -the experience capital in the world of conferences -all of these are experiences -and the question isnt really so much a question as an accusation -and the dutch when they usually put it it always starts with the same two words you know the words i mean -because in the beginning were -we like real -so much has that happened that ive developed a fairly praticed response which is -i point out that first of all you have to understand that there is no such thing as an inauthentic experience -why because the experience happens inside of us its our reaction to the events that are staged in front of us -so as long as we are in any sense authentic human beings then every experience we have is authentic -now there may be more or less natural or artificial stimuli for the experience but even that is a matter of degree not -there is a company that manufactured the car that delivered you to the edge of the woods theres a company that manufactured the shoes that you have to protect yourself from the ground of the woods theres a company that provides a cell phone service you have in case you get lost in the woods -all of those are man made artificiality brought into the woods by you and by the very nature of being there -but nonetheless not just the dutch but everyone has this desire for the authentic and authenticity is therefore becoming the new consumer sensibility -you can look at how each of these economies developed that each one has their own business imperative matched with a consumer sensibility were the agrarian economy and were supplying commodities its about supply and availability getting the commodities to market -getting the costs down as low as possible so we can offer them to the masses -with the service economy it is about -improving quality -that has the whole quality movement has risen with the service economy over the past twenty or thirty years and now with the experience economy its about rendering authenticity -rendering authenticity and the keyword is rendering -right rendering because you have to get your consumers as business people to percieve your offerings as authentic -there is a basic paradox -no one can have an inauthentic experience -but no business can supply one -because all businesses are man made objects all business is involved with money all business is a matter of using machinery -but then along came the industrial revolution -and all those things make something -rendering authenticity -at which authenticity entered the lexicon if you will -and that is to no surprise in shakespeare -and in his play hamlet -says something profoundly real -and this above all -to thine own self be true -that thou canst not then be false to -and those three verses are the core of authenticity -there are two dimensions to authenticity one being true to yourself which is very self directed -other directed being what you say you are to others -like that -you think about that you do in fact get a two by two -where on one dimension its a matter of being true to yourself as businesses are the economic offerings you are providing are they true to themselves -and the other dimension is are they what they say they are to others -you have is not true to itself and is not what it says it is -yielding a two by two matrix and of course if you are both true to yourself and are what you say you are then youre real real -the opposite of course is -a general rule if you dont like it -if you do like it its -now the other two sides -of the coin are being a real fake -is what it says it is but is not true to itself or being a fake real -true to itself but not what it says it is you can think about those two you know both of these better than being fake fake not quite as good as being real real you can contrast them by thinking about -well what then happened over the last fifty or sixty years is that goods have become commoditized -right because you can see behind the facade right it is what it says it is its universal studio its in the city of los angeles youre going to walk a lot right you dont tend to walk a lot in los angeles well heres a place where you are going to walk a lot outside in this city -but is it really true to itself -is it really in the city is -you can see behind all of it and see what is going on in the facades of it so she calls it a real fake -disney world on the other hand is a fake real or a fake reality -but it is -we wont talk about santa claus -but disney world is wonderfully true to itself right just wonderfully true to itself when you are there you are just immersed in this wonderful environment -so its a fake real -now the easiest way -to fall down in this and not be real real right the easiest way not to be true to yourself is not to understand your heritage -and thereby repudiate that heritage -they just care about three things and three things only price price and price -to understand that -think about disney again -ten or fifteen years ago right the disney the company that is probably best known for family values out there disney bought the abc network -the t a network then it bought miramax known for its nc seventeen fare and all of a sudden families everywhere couldnt really trust what they were getting from disney it was no longer true to its heritage -no longer true to walt disney thats one of the reasons why theyre having such trouble today and why roy disney is out to get michael eisner -because it is no longer true to itself -when it comes to being what you say you are the easiest mistake that companies make is that they advertise things that they are not -now theres an antidote to commoditization and that is customization -thats when youre perceived as fake as a phony company advertizing things that youre not think about any hotel any airline any hospital -but unfortunately you have to experience the actual hotel airline and hospital and then you have that disconnect then you have that perception that you are phony -so the number one thing to do when it comes to being what you say you are -is to provide places for people to experience who you are -for people to experience who you are -my first book was called mass customization it came up a couple of times yesterday and how i discovered this progression of economic value was realizing that customizing a good -not advertising does it thats why you have companies like starbucks -that doesnt advertise at all they said you want to know who we are you have to come experience us -and think about the economic value they have provided by that experience -right coffee at its core is what -its beans right its coffee beans you know how much coffee is worth when treated as a commodity as -two or three cents per cup thats what coffee is worth -but grind it roast it package it put it on a grocery store shelf and now itll cost five ten fifteen cents when you treat it as a good -take that same good and perform the service of actually brewing it for a customer in a corner diner in a bodega a kiosk somewhere you get fifty cents maybe a buck per cup of coffee -but surround the brewing of that coffee with the ambiance of a starbucks with the authentic cedar that goes inside of there and now because of that authentic experience you can charge two three four five dollars -for a cup of coffee -so authenticity is becoming the new consumer sensibility let me summarize it for the business people in the audience with three rules three basic rules -one dont say youre authentic -its easier to be authentic if you dont say youre authentic -and three if you say youre authentic -you better be authentic -what we what will make us happy -satisfying the desire for authenticity thank you -the past ten or twenty years whats happened is that services are being commoditized as well -well the world bank estimates it would take about ten billion dollars ten point three -to address malnutrition in those countries you look at the cost benefit analysis and my dream is to take this issue not just from the compassion argument but to the finance ministers of the world and say we cannot afford to not invest -others worry about peace and security stability in the world -in the access to adequate affordable nutrition -for all of humanity -the amazing thing ive found is nothing can change on a big scale -without the determination of a leader when a leader says not under my watch everything begins to change and the world can come in with enabling environments and opportunities -to do this and the fact that france has put food at the center of the g twenty is really important because food is one issue that cannot be solved person by person nation by nation we have to stand together and were seeing nations in africa wfps been able to leave thirty nations -we saw the food riots in two thousand and eight after what i call the silent tsunami of hunger swept the globe when food prices doubled overnight -i believe were living at a time in human history where its just simply unacceptable -that children wake up and dont know where to find a cup of food -not only that transforming hunger -is an opportunity -but i think we have to change our mindsets -i am so honored to be here with some of the worlds top innovators and thinkers and i would like you to join with all of humanity to draw a line in the sand and say no more -no more are we going to accept this and we want to tell our grandchildren that there was a terrible time in history -the destabilizing effects of hunger are known throughout human history -one of the most fundamental -acts of civilization is to ensure people can get enough food others -think about malthusian nightmares will we be able to feed -a population that will be nine billion in just a few decades this is not a negotiable thing hunger people have to eat theres going to be a lot of people this is jobs and opportunity all the way up and down the value chain but i actually came to this issue in a different way -when an image very similar to this came -on the television and this was yet another famine in ethiopia one two years earlier had killed more than a million people but it never struck me as it did that moment because on that image was a woman trying to nurse her baby and she had no milk -and i thought theres nothing more haunting -than the cry of a child that cannot be returned -and it was at that moment that i just was filled with -we know how to fix hunger a hundred years ago we didnt -we actually have the technology and systems -and i was just struck -that this is out of place at our time in history these images are out of place well guess what -this is last week in northern kenya yet again -in fact what we know now -is that every ten seconds we lose a child to hunger this is more -malaria and tuberculosis combined -and we know -that the issue is not just production of food one of my mentors in life was norman borlaug my hero -but today im going to talk about access to food because actually -are fighting every day to survive and can -this year and last year and during the two thousand and eight food crisis there was enough food on earth for everyone to have two thousand seven hundred kilocalories so -why is it -and i also want to talk about what i call our new burden of knowledge in two thousand and eight lancet compiled all the research and put forward the compelling evidence that if a child in its first thousand days from conception -to two years old does not have adequate nutrition the damage is irreversible their brains and bodies will be stunted and here you see a brain scan of two children one who had adequate nutrition another neglected -this red cup comes from rwanda from a child named fabian and i carry this around as a symbol -and who was deeply malnourished and we can see brain volumes up to forty percent less -in these children and in this slide you see the neurons -and the synapses of the brain dont form and what we know now is this has huge impact on economies which ill talk about later but also the earning potential of these children is cut in half -how to fix it very simply -and yet in many places a third of the children -by the time theyre three already are facing a life of hardship due to this -id like to talk about some of the things ive seen on the front lines of hunger -some of the things ive learned -in bringing my economic and trade knowledge and my experience in the private sector id like to talk about where the gap of knowledge is well first id like to talk about the oldest nutritional method on earth breastfeeding -you may be surprised to know -that a child could be saved every twenty two seconds if there was breastfeeding in the first six months of life -really of the challenge and also the hope -but in niger for example -less than seven percent of the children are breastfed -for the first six months of life exclusively -in mauritania less than three percent -this is something that can be transformed with knowledge this message this word can come out that this is not an old fashioned way of doing business its a brilliant way -of saving your childs life and so today we focus on not just passing out food but making sure the mothers have enough enrichment -because one cup of food a day changes fabians life -and teaching them about breastfeeding the second thing id like to talk about if you were living in a remote village somewhere your child was limp -and you were in a drought or you were in floods or you were in a situation where there wasnt adequate diversity of diet what would you do do you think you could go to the store and get a choice of power bars like we can -and pick the right one to match well i find parents out on the front lines very aware their children are going down for the count and i go to those shops if there are any -completely -or out to the fields to see what they can get and they cannot obtain the nutrition -even if they know what they need to do its not available and -im very excited about this because one thing were working on is transforming the technologies that are very available -in the food industry to be available for traditional crops and this is made with chickpeas dried milk and a host of vitamins matched to exactly what the brain needs it costs seventeen cents for us to produce this as what i call food for humanity -we did this with food technologists in india and pakistan -really about three of them -and these types of technologies i see have the potential to transform the face of hunger and nutrition malnutrition out on the front -about a billion people on earth -when disaster strikes -the economy gets blown people lose a job floods war conflict bad governance all of those things there is nothing to fall back on and usually the institutions churches temples other things do not have the resources to provide a safety net -or one out of every seven woke up -what we have found working with the world bank is that the poor mans safety net the best investment is school feeding and if you fill the cup with local agriculture from small farmers you have a transformative effect many kids in the world cant go to school because they have to go beg and find a meal but when that food is there -and didnt even know how to fill this cup -its transformative it costs less than twenty five cents a day to change a kids life but what is most amazing is the effect on girls in countries where girls dont go to school -and you offer a meal to girls in school we see enrollment rates about fifty percent girls and boys -we see a transformation in attendance by girls and there was no argument -because its incentive -one out of every seven people first ill ask you why should you care why should we care -families need the help -and we find that if we keep girls in school later theyll stay in school until theyre sixteen and wont get married if theres food in school -or if they get an extra ration of food at the end of the week -we know that theres boom and bust cycles of hunger we know this right now on the horn of africa weve been through this before so is this a hopeless cause absolutely not -id like to talk about what i call our warehouses for hope cameroon northern cameroon boom and bust cycles of hunger every year for decades food aid coming in -every year when people are starving during the lean -seasons well two years ago -we decided lets transform the model of fighting hunger and instead of giving out the food aid we put it into food banks and we said listen during the lean season take the food out -you manage the village manages these warehouses and during harvest put it back with interest food interest so add in five percent ten percent more food -for the past two years five hundred of these villages where these are have not needed any food aid theyre self sufficient and the food banks are growing and theyre starting school feeding programs for their children by the people in the village but theyve never had the ability to build even the basic infrastructure or the resources -i love this idea that came from the village level three keys -to unlock that warehouse food is gold there and simple ideas can transform -the face not of small areas of big areas of the world -id like to talk about what i call digital food -food can be there and people cant buy it well this picture i was in hebron in a small shop this shop where instead of bringing in food -we provide digital food -for milk and yogurt and eggs and hummus the dairy industry has gone up thirty percent -the shopkeepers are hiring more people it is a win win win situation that starts -the food economy moving -we now deliver food in over thirty countries over cell phones -transforming even the presence of refugees in countries and other ways -perhaps most exciting to me is an idea that bill gates howard buffett and others have supported boldly which is to ask the question what if instead of looking at the hungry as victims and most of them are small farmers who cannot raise enough food -or sell food to even support their own families what if -we view them as the solution as the value chain to fight hunger what if -i rarely find an audience where people can go back very far without that experience some are driven by compassion feel its perhaps one of the fundamental acts of humanity as gandhi said -from the women in africa -who cannot sell any food theres no roads theres no warehouses theres not even a tarp to pick the food up with what if we give the enabling environment for them to provide the food to feed the hungry children -elsewhere and purchasing for progress today is in twenty one countries and guess what -in virtually every case when poor farmers are given a guaranteed market if you say we will buy three hundred metric tons of this well pick it up well make sure its stored properly their yields have gone up two three fourfold and they figure it out -because its the first guaranteed opportunity theyve had in their life and were seeing people transform their lives -today food aid our food aid -the very lives that need the food now youd ask -can this be done at scale these are great ideas village level ideas well id like to talk about brazil because ive taken a journey to brazil over the past couple of years when i read that brazil was defeating hunger faster than any nation on earth right now -and what ive found is rather than investing their money in food subsidies and other things they invested in a school feeding program and they require that a third of that food come from the smallest farmers who would have no opportunity and theyre doing this at huge scale after president lula declared his -goal of ensuring everyone had three meals a day and this -zero hunger program costs five percent of gdp and has lifted -many millions of people out of hunger and poverty it is transforming the face of hunger in brazil and its at scale and its creating opportunities ive gone out there ive met with the small farmers -who have built their livelihoods on the opportunity and platform provided by this now if we look at the economic imperative here this isnt just about compassion the fact is studies show -to a hungry man a piece of bread is the face of god -that the cost of malnutrition and hunger the cost to society the burden it has to bear is on average six percent and in some countries up to eleven percent of gdp a year and if you look at the thirty six countries with the highest -burden of malnutrition thats two hundred and sixty billion lost from a productive economy every year -not very expensive theyre quite plentiful the problem is there arent enough eye care professionals -in the world to use the model of the delivery of corrective eyewear that we have in the developed world -just way too few eye care professionals so this little slide here shows you an optometrist and the little blue person represents about ten thousand people and thats the ratio in the u k -this is the ratio of optometrists to people in sub saharan africa in fact there are some countries in sub saharan africa where theres one optometrist for -eight million of the population how do you do this how do you solve this problem i -with a solution to this problem and i came up with a solution based on adaptive optics for this and the idea is you make eye glasses and you adjust them yourself -and that solves the problem what i want to do is to show you that one can make -a pair of glasses i shall just show you how you make a pair of glasses i shall put this in my pocket im short sighted i look at the signs at the end i can hardly see them -so okay i can now see that man running out there and i -okay so ive made these -and -made the glasses to my prescription and ive just -and ive now -the only pair in the world in fact this technologys been evolving i started working on it in -and i have a vision which ill share with you i have a global vision for vision and that vision -with a little experiment could you put your hand up if you wear glasses or contact lenses -to do that this is an early example of the technology the technology is being further developed the cost has to be brought down this pair in fact these -cost about nineteen dollars but the cost has to be brought right down it has to be brought down because were trying to serve populations who live on a dollar a day how do you solve this problem you start to get into detail -and on this slide im basically explaining all the problems you have how do you distribute how do you work out how to fit the thing how do you have people realizing that they have a vision problem how -or youve had laser refractive surgery now unfortunately there are too many of you for me to do the statistics properly -but it looks like im guessing that itll be about sixty percent of the room because thats -roughly the fraction of developed world population that have some sort of vision correction -the world health organization estimates well they make various estimates of the number of people who need glasses the lowest estimate is one hundred and fifty million people -they also have an estimate of around a billion but in fact i would argue that weve just done an experiment here and now -which shows us that the global need for corrective eyewear is around half of any population -and the problem of poor vision is actually not just a health problem -its also an educational problem and its an economic problem and its a quality of life -walk past him into your living room -and i got pretty into it this is me wearing my standard competitive memorizers training kit -its a pair of earmuffs and a set of safety goggles that have been masked over -except for two small pinholes because distraction is the competitive memorizers greatest enemy -in your living room in full imaginative broadband picture britney spears she is scantily clad shes dancing on your coffee table -itd make i thought maybe a nice epilogue to all my research -i won the contest -which really wasnt supposed to happen -to memorize speeches and phone numbers and shopping lists -but its actually kind of beside the point -and you dont have to be building memory palaces or memorizing packs of playing cards to benefit from a little bit of insight about how your mind works we often talk about people with great memories as though it were some sort of an innate gift but that is not the case -great memories are learned -at the most basic level we remember when we pay attention we remember when we are deeply engaged we remember when we are able to take a piece of information and experience and figure out why it is meaningful to us why it is significant why its colorful when were able -to transform it in some way that it makes sense in the light of all of the other things floating around in our minds when were able to transform bakers -they work because they make you work they force a kind of depth of processing a kind of mindfulness -and shes singing hit me baby one more time -that most of us dont normally walk around exercising but there actually are no shortcuts -and i think if theres one thing that i want to leave you with -couldnt even remember that he had a memory problem left me with which is -the notion that our lives -and then follow me into your kitchen in your kitchen the floor has been paved over with a yellow brick road and out of your oven -are the sum of our memories -not paying attention to the human being across from us who is talking with us -by being so lazy that were not willing to process -that there are incredible memory capacities -are coming towards you dorothy the tin man the scarecrow and the lion from the wizard of oz -hand in hand skipping straight towards you okay -as a science journalist -d like to invite you to close your eyes -this was a bunch of guys and a few ladies -widely varying in both age and hygienic upkeep -they were competing to see who could memorize the order of a shuffled pack of playing cards the fastest i was like this is unbelievable these people must be freaks of nature -and i started talking -to a few of the competitors this is a guy called ed cook who had come over from england where he had one of the best trained memories and i said to him ed -when did you realize that you were a savant -and ed was like im not a savant in fact i have just an average memory -imagine yourself standing outside the front door of your home -everybody who competes in this contest will tell you that they have just an average memory weve all trained ourselves to perform these utterly miraculous -feats of memory using a set of ancient techniques techniques invented two thousand five hundred years ago in greece the same techniques that cicero had used to memorize his speeches that medieval scholars had used to memorize entire books -and we were standing outside the competition hall and ed -who is a wonderful brilliant -but somewhat eccentric english guy says to me -do you know britney spears -im not britney spears -but maybe you could teach me -i mean youve got to start somewhere right -and that was the beginning of a very strange journey for me i ended up spending the better part of the next year not only training my memory but also investigating it trying to understand how it works why it sometimes doesnt work and what its potential might be i met a host of really interesting people -this is a guy called e p hes an amnesic who had very possibly the very worst memory in the world -and he was this incredibly tragic figure but he was a window into the extent to which our memories make us who we are -the other end of the spectrum -i met this guy this is kim peek he was the basis for dustin hoffmans character in the movie rain man -we spent an afternoon together -in the salt lake city public library memorizing phone books -and i learned a whole bunch of really interesting stuff -one of the really interesting things that i learned -is that once upon a time -this idea of having -trained disciplined cultivated memory -was not nearly so alien as it would seem to us to be today -in laboriously furnishing their minds -over the last few millenia weve invented a series of technologies from the alphabet to the scroll to the codex the printing press photography the computer the smartphone -that have made it progressively easier and easier for us to externalize our memories for us to essentially outsource this fundamental human capacity -they are competing in a naked bicycle race and they are headed straight for your front door -these technologies have made our modern world possible -having little need to remember anymore -it sometimes seems like weve forgotten how -one of the last places on earth where you still find people passionate about this idea of a trained disciplined cultivated memory is at this totally singular memory contest its actually not that singular there are contests held all over the world and i was fascinated i wanted to know how do these guys do it -a few years back a group of researchers at university college london brought a bunch of memory champions into the lab -they wanted to know do these guys have brains that are somehow structurally anatomically different from the rest of ours the answer was no -i need you to actually see this they are pedaling really hard theyre sweaty theyre bouncing around a lot and they crash straight into the front door of your home -when they put these guys in an fmri machine scanned their brains while they were memorizing numbers and peoples faces and pictures of snowflakes -they found that the memory champions were lighting up different parts of the brain than everyone else -the sport of competitive memorizing -is driven by a kind of arms race -where every year somebody comes up with a new way to remember more stuff more quickly and then the rest of the field has to play catchup this is my friend ben pridmore three time world memory champion on his desk in front of him are thirty six shuffled packs of playing cards -that he is about to try to memorize in one hour using a technique that he invented and he alone has mastered he used a similar technique to memorize the precise order of four thousand one hundred and forty random binary digits -in half an hour -everything all of the techniques that are being used ultimately come down to a concept that psychologists refer to as elaborative encoding -and its well illustrated by a nifty paradox known as the baker baker paradox which goes like this -and i come back to you at some point later on -and i say do you remember that word that i told you a while back do you remember what it was -bicycles fly everywhere wheels roll past you -the person who was told his name is baker is less likely to remember the same word -same word different amount of remembering thats weird whats going on here well the name baker doesnt actually mean anything to you it is entirely untethered from all of the other memories -floating around in your skull but the common noun baker -spokes end up in awkward places step over the threshold of your door -we know bakers bakers wear funny white hats -bakers have flour on their hands bakers smell good when they come home from work maybe we even know a baker and when we first hear that word we start putting these associational hooks into it that make it easier to fish it back out at some later date -and the entire art of remembering stuff better in everyday life -into lower case b bakers -in context in significance in meaning and transform it in some way so that it becomes meaningful in the light of all the other things that you have -dates back two thousand five hundred years to ancient greece -the story behind its creation goes like this -he was actually the hired entertainment because back then if you wanted to throw a really slamming party -into your foyer your hallway whatevers on the other side and appreciate the quality of the light -you didnt hire a d j you hired a poet -and he stands up delivers his poem from memory walks out the door -and at the moment he does -the banquet hall collapses -it mangles the bodies beyond all recognition nobody can say who was inside -nobody can say where they were sitting the bodies cant be properly buried its one tragedy compounding another -and has this realization -he can see where each of the guests at the banquet had been sitting and he takes the relatives by the hand and guides them each to their loved ones amid the wreckage -is something that i think we all kind of intuitively know -which is that as bad as we are at remembering names and phone numbers and word for word instructions from our colleagues -we have really exceptional visual and spatial memories -who is sitting on top of a talking tan horse -in your foyer right now -is to create this imagined edifice in your minds eye -and populate it with images of the things that you want to remember the crazier weirder more bizarre funnier raunchier stinkier the image is the more unforgettable its likely to be this is advice that goes back two thousand plus years to the earliest latin -memory treatises so how does this work -lets say that youve been invited -cookie monster cookie monster is waving at you from his perch on top of a tan horse its a talking horse you can -to ted center stage to give a speech and you want to do it from memory -and you want to do it the way that cicero -and youd come up with some sort of an absolutely crazy ridiculous unforgettable image -to remind you that the first thing you want to talk about is this totally bizarre contest -and then youd go inside your house -and you would see an image of cookie monster on top of mister ed -and that would remind you that you would want to then introduce your friend ed cook -and then youd see an image of britney spears to remind you of this funny anecdote you want to tell -and you go into your kitchen -and the fourth topic you were going to talk about was this strange journey that you went on for a year and you have some friends to help you remember that -thats like in the first place of your memory palace -i thought this was just fascinating and i got really into it and i went to a few more of these memory contests -the problem was that a memory contest -is a pathologically boring event -i mean the most dramatic it gets is when somebody starts massaging their temples and im a journalist i need something to write about i know that theres this incredible stuff happening in these peoples minds but i dont have access to -i needed to walk in their shoes a little bit -and so i started trying to spend fifteen or twenty minutes every morning before i sat down with my new york times -maybe it was names from an old yearbook that i bought at a flea market and i found that this was -and in doing so we were breeding them for parasitism we were giving them all sorts of -so i thought lets build something thats mutually beneficial well then lets build something that we can both benefit from and find some way to make a new relationship with these species and so i built the vending machine -theyre found everywhere on the planet except for the arctic and the southern tip of south america and in all that area theyre only rarely found breeding more than five kilometers away from human beings so we may not think about them but theyre always around -and not surprisingly given the human population growth more than half of the human population is living in cities now and out of those nine tenths of the human growth population is occurring in cities were seeing a population boom with crows -hitchcock film the birds any of you get really freaked out by -so bird counts are indicating that we might be seeing up to exponential growth in their numbers so thats no great surprise but what was really interesting to me was to find out that the birds were adapting in a pretty unusual way -and ill give you an example -so this is betty shes a new caledonian crow and these crows use sticks in the wild to get insects and whatnot out of pieces of wood here shes trying to get a piece of meat out of -this is completely unprompted she had never seen this done before no one taught her to bend this into a hook had shown her how it could happen but she did it all on her own so keep in mind that shes never seen this done -so it turns out weve been finding more and more that crows are really really intelligent their brains are proportionate in the same proportion as chimpanzee brains are -so this is a vending machine for crows and over the past few days many of you have been asking me how did you come to this how did you get started doing this and it started as with many great ideas or many ideas you cant get rid of anyway at a cocktail party -the crows fly down reel up the lines and eat the fish or the bait its pretty annoying for the fishermen -an entirely different tack at university of washington they a few years ago were doing an experiment where they captured some crows on campus some students went out and netted some crows -they were significantly less entertained when this went on for the next week -now students at the university of washington that are studying these crows do so with a giant wig and a big mask -so we know that these crows are really smart but the more i dug into this the more i found that they actually have an even more significant adaptation -crows have become highly skilled at making a living in these new urban environments in this japanese city they have devised a way of eating a food that normally they cant manage -pretty interesting so whats significant about this isnt that crows are using cars to crack nuts in fact thats -about ten years ago i was at a cocktail party with a friend of mine and were sitting there and he was complaining about the crows that he had seen that were all over his yard and making a big mess -this happened about ten years ago in a place called sendai city at a driving school in the suburbs of tokyo -and since that time all of the crows in the neighborhood are picking up this behavior and now every crow within five kilometers is standing by a sidewalk waiting to collect its lunch -so theyre learning from each other and research bears this out parents seem to be teaching their young theyve learned from their peers theyve learned from their enemies if i have a little extra time ill tell you about a case of crow infidelity that illustrates that nicely -the point being that theyve developed cultural adaptation and as we heard yesterday thats the pandoras box thats getting human beings in trouble and were starting to see it with -theyre able to very quickly and very flexibly adapt to new challenges and new resources in their environment which is really useful if you live in a city -so we know that theres lots of crows we found out theyre really smart and we found out that they can teach each other and when all this became clear to me i realized the only obvious thing to do is build a vending machine -so thats what we did this is a vending machine for crows and it uses skinnerian training to shape their behavior over four stages its pretty simple -me that really we ought to try and eradicate these things we gotta kill them because theyre making a mess i said that was stupid you know maybe we should just train them to do something useful and he said that was impossible -to the crows coming back now theyre used to the sound of the machine and they keep coming back and digging out these peanuts from amongst the pile of coins thats there -so they do what they do in nature when theyre looking for something they sweep things out of the way with their beak and they do that here and that knocks the coins down the slot and when that happens they get a peanut -and so this goes on for some time the crows learn that all they have to do is show up wait for the coin to come out put the coin in the slot and then they get their peanut and when theyre really good and comfortable with that we move to the final stage in which they show up and nothing happens -and this is where we see the difference between crows and other animals squirrels for example would show up look for the -go away come back look for the peanut go away -maybe half a dozen times before they get bored and then they go off and play in traffic crows on the other hand -show up and they try and figure it out they know that this machines been messing with them through three different stages of -its gotta have more to it so they poke at it and peck at it and whatnot and eventually some crow gets a bright idea that hey theres lots of coins lying around from the first stage lying around on the ground -down picks it up drops it in the slot and then were off to the races that crow enjoys a temporary monopoly on peanuts until his friends figure out how to do it and then -and im sure im in good company in finding that tremendously annoying when someone tells you its impossible so i spent the next ten years reading about crows in my spare time -so whats significant about this to me isnt that we can train crows to pick up peanuts mind you theres two hundred and sixteen million dollars worth of change lost every year but im not sure i can depend on that roi from crows -instead i think we should look a little bit larger -i think that crows can be trained to do other things for example why not train them to pick up garbage after stadium events or find expensive components from discarded electronics or maybe do search and rescue -the main thing the main point of all this for me is that we can find mutually beneficial systems for these species we can find ways to interact with these other species that -and after ten years of this my wife eventually said look you know you gotta do this thing youve been talking about and build the vending machine so i did but part of the reason that i found this interesting is that i -started noticing that we are very aware of all the species that are going extinct on the planet as a result of human habitation expansion and no one seems to be paying attention to all the species that are actually living -are surviving and im talking specifically about synanthropic species which are species that have adapted specifically for human ecologies species like rats and cockroaches and crows -and as i started looking at them i was finding that they had hyper adapted theyd become extremely adept at living with us and in return we just tried to kill them all the time -and community -that truly to enjoy bodily warmth -some small part of you must be cold -for there is no quality in this world that is not -what it is merely by contrast -and if the gods are kind you may truly enjoy what you have -that is the one singular gift you may receive if you suffer in any existential way -you know death and so may wake each morning pulsing with ready life -some part of you is cold and so another part may truly enjoy what it is to be warm -or even to be cold -when one morning years after the crash i stepped onto stone and the underside of my left foot felt the flash of cold nerves at last awake -it was exhilarating -a gust of snow -but i didnt say these things to abed -my head snapped back over my red seat my eardrum blew my shoes flew off -i told him only that he had killed one man not two -i told him the name of that man -and then i said goodbye -i flew too my head bobbing on broken bones and when i landed i was a quadriplegic over the coming months i learned to breathe on my own then to sit and to stand and to walk -but my body was now divided vertically -i was a hemiplegic and back home in new york i used a wheelchair for four years -there i rose from my chair for good i leaned on my cane and i looked -and when i saw this photograph -i didnt see a bloody and unmoving body -i saw the healthy bulk of a left deltoid -and i mourned that it was lost -but was now impossible -it was then i read the testimony that abed gave the morning after the crash -reading his words i welled with anger -it was the first time id felt anger toward this man and it came from magical thinking -on this xeroxed piece of paper -abed could still turn his wheel left so that i would see him whoosh by out my window -and i would remain whole -be careful abed look out slow down -but abed did not slow -and on that xeroxed piece of paper my neck again broke -and again i was left without anger -i decided to find abed -but who had changed my life -the quadriplegia and the catheters the insecurity and the loss -i didnt have a phone number to call to say i was coming -and when abed went on about how hurt he was in the crash -i didnt say that i knew from the police report that hed escaped serious injury -i said i wanted to meet -abed said that i should call back in a few weeks -and when i did and a recording told me that his number was disconnected -i walked with my cane -i didnt have an exact address but i knew his name abed -i pitched overhand -in a weekly softball game that i started in central park and home in new york i became a journalist and an author typing hundreds of thousands of words with one finger -a friend pointed out to me that all of my big stories mirrored my own each centering on a life that had changed in an instant -id been working through my lot after all -still abed was far from my mind when last year i returned to israel to write of the crash -and the book i then wrote half life -i knew that he lived in a town of fifteen thousand -and finally i understood why -to hear this man say two words -and so i got a cop to confirm that abed still lived somewhere in his same town -and i was now driving to it with a potted yellow rose in the back seat when suddenly flowers seemed a ridiculous offering -but what to get the man who broke your fucking neck -abed would hug me -abed would spit at me -abed would say im sorry -i then began to wonder as i had many times before how my life would have been different had this man not injured me had my genes been fed a different helping of experience -who was i -was i who i had been before the crash -before this road divided my life like the spine of an open book -was i what had been done to me -were all of us the results of things done to us -it seemed that we could be nothing more than genes and experience but how to tease out the one from the other -as yeats put that same universal question o body swayed to music o brightening glance how can we know the dancer from the dance -he broke my neck and so on an overcast morning in january i headed north -id been driving for an hour -when i looked in my rearview mirror and saw my own brightening glance -the light my eyes had carried for as long as they had been blue the predispositions and impulses that had propelled me as a toddler to try and slip over a boat into a chicago lake that had propelled me as a teen to jump into wild cape cod bay after a hurricane -but i also saw in my reflection that had abed not injured me i would now in all likelihood be a doctor -the frequent furl of five fingers the chips in my teeth come from biting at all the many things a solitary hand cannot open -the dancer and the dance were hopelessly entwined -it was approaching eleven when i exited right toward afula and passed a large quarry and was soon in kfar kara -off in a silver chevy to find a man and some peace the road dropped and i exited jerusalem i then rounded the very bend where his blue truck heavy with four tons of floor tiles had borne down with great speed onto the back left corner of the minibus where i sat -i felt a pang of nerves -but chopin was on the radio -seven beautiful mazurkas and i pulled into a lot by a gas station to listen and to calm -id been told that in an arab town one need only mention the name of a local and it will be recognized -and i was mentioning abed and myself noting deliberately that i was here in peace to the people in this town -when i met mohamed outside a post office at noon -he listened to me -you know it was most often when speaking to people that i wondered where i ended and my disability began -for many people told me what they told no one else -she told me that best she could tell her tears had had something to do with my being happy and strong -but i was now me despite a limp and that i suppose was what now made me me -anyway mohamed told me what perhaps he would not have told another stranger -he led me to a house of cream stucco then drove off -and as i sat contemplating what to say -a woman approached in a black shawl and black robe -i stepped from my car and said shalom and identified myself -and she told me that her husband abed would be home from work in four hours -her hebrew was not good and she later confessed that she thought that i had come to install the internet -i drove off and returned at four thirty thankful to the minaret up the road that helped me find my way back -an average looking man of average size -and he told me i was a guest in his home and we sat beside one another on a fabric couch -it was then that abed resumed at once the tale of woe he had begun over the phone sixteen years before -hed just had surgery on his eyes he said -he had problems with his side and his legs too and oh hed lost his teeth in the crash -abed then rose and turned on the tv so that i wouldnt be alone when he left the room -and returned with polaroids of the crash -and his old drivers license -i was handsome he said -we looked down at his laminated mug abed had been less handsome than substantial -i was then nineteen years old -with thick black hair and a full face and a wide neck it was this youth who on may sixteen one thousand nine hundred and ninety had broken two necks including mine and bruised one brain and taken one life -twenty one years later he was now thinner than his wife his skin slack on his face and looking at abed looking at his young self i remembered looking at that photograph of my young self after the crash and recognized his longing -the crash changed both of our lives i said -id grown five inches and done some twenty thousand pushups -and said that the crash was the fault of a bus driver in the left lane who did not let him pass -i did not want to recap the crash with abed id hoped for something simpler to exchange a turkish dessert for two words and be on my way -and so i didnt point out that in his own testimony the morning after the crash -and so i now went looking for remorse and threw truth under the bus -i understand i said that the crash was not your fault but does it make you sad that others suffered -abed spoke three quick words yes -before the crash and so god had ordained the crash -but now he said he was religious and god was pleased -news on the tv of a car wreck that hours before had killed three people up north -we looked up at the wreckage -strange i said -strange he agreed -playing basketball with friends into the wee hours of a may morning -i had the thought that there on route eight hundred and four -there were perpetrators and victims dyads bound by a crash some as had abed would forget the date some as had i would remember -it is a pity he said that the police in this country are not tough enough on bad drivers -i was baffled -abed had said something remarkable -was it evidence of guilt an assertion that he should have been put away longer -lost his truck license for a decade -i thought you had a few driving issues before the crash -i palmed the ball in my large right hand and when that hand reached the rim i felt invincible -well he said i once went sixty in a forty -and so twenty seven violations -driving through a red light driving at excessive speed driving on the wrong side of a barrier and finally riding his brakes down that hill reduced to one -and it was then i understood that no matter how stark the reality the human being fits it into a narrative that is palatable -the goat becomes the hero the perpetrator becomes the victim -it was then i understood that abed would never apologize -abed and i sat with our coffee -wed spent ninety minutes together -and he was now known to me -he was not a particularly bad man or a particularly good man -he was a limited man -with a nod to jewish custom he told me that i should live to be one hundred and twenty years old -but it was hard for me to relate to one who had so completely washed his hands of his own calamitous doing to one whose life was so unexamined -that he said he thought two people had died in the crash -i was off in the bus to get the pizza id won on the court -i wished to tell him that were he to acknowledge my disability -people dont know that they have lived through worse -i wished to tell him that what makes most of us who we are most of all -i didnt see abed coming -i wished to tell him that not only paralyzers and paralyzees must evolve reconcile to reality but we all must -from my seat i was looking up at a stone town on a hilltop bright in the noontime sun when from behind there was a great bang as loud and violent as a bomb -the aging and the anxious and the divorced -and the balding and the bankrupt -but that this natural world still has many glories -i wished to tell him that in the end -our mandate is clear -we have to rise above bad fortune -we have to be in the good and enjoy the good -study and work and adventure -as were building the cores we build the contemporary art museum at grade that allows us to have incredible efficiency and cost efficiency this is not a high budget building -the moment the cores get to mid level we finish the art museum we put all the mechanical equipment in it and then we jack it up into the air this is how they build really -the -theater is under construction and this project will start construction in about a year and finish in two thousand -to talk about im going to build up the seattle central library in this way before your eyes in about five or six diagrams and i truly mean this is the design process that youll see -with the library staff and the library board we settled on two core positions this is the first one and this is showing over the last nine hundred years the evolution of the book and other technologies -this diagram was our sort of position piece about the book and our position was books are technology thats something people forget but its a form of technology that will have to share its dominance with any other form of truly potent technology or media -had a second responsibility and that was for social roles ok now this ill come back to later but something actually the librarians at first said no this isnt our mandate our mandate is media and particularly the book -but it meant that whatever issue was troubling the library at that moment was starting to engulf every other activity that was happening in -in this case what was getting engulfed were these social responsibilities by the expansion of the book and so we proposed whats at the lower diagram very dumb approach -of the spectrum of whatever would happen in the future put those in boxes designed specifically for it and put the things that we cant predict on the rooftops so that was the core idea -now we had to convince the library that social roles was equally important to media in order to get them to accept this what youre seeing here is actually their program on the left thats as it was given to us in all of its clarity and glory -our first operation was to re digest it back to them show it to them and say you know what we havent touched it -but only one third of your own program is dedicated to media and books two thirds of it is already dedicated thats the white band below the thing you said isnt important is already dedicated to social functions -so once we had presented that back to them they agreed that this sort of core concept could work we got the right to go back to first principles thats the third diagram we recombined everything -transcends all the baggage that normally comes with what people would call sort of a rational conclusion to something and it concludes in something that you see here that you actually wouldnt expect as being the result of rationality -a series of five platforms sort of combs collective programs and on the right are the more indeterminate spaces things like reading rooms whose evolution in twenty thirty forty years we cant predict -so that literally was the design of the building they signed it and to their chagrin we came back a week later and we presented them this -to give you some sense of the power of this idea the biggest block is what we call the book spiral its literally built in a very inexpensive way it is a -parking garage for books it just so happens to be in the sixth through tenth floor of the building but that is not necessarily an expensive -approach and it allows us to organize the entire dewey decimal system on one continuous run no matter how it grows or contracts within the building it will always have its clarity to end the sort of trail of tears that weve all experienced -and so this was the final operation which was to take these blocks as they were all pushed off kilter and to hold onto them with a skin that skin serves double duty again for economics -one it is the lateral stability for the entire building it is a structural element but its dimensions were designed not only for structure but also for holding on every piece of glass -the glass was then ill just use the word impregnated but it had a layer of metal that was called stressed metal that metal acts as a micro louver so from the exterior of the building the sun sees it as totally -the second -see if i can find it for anyone who is gets motion sickness i apologize so this is the building -and i think whats important is when we first unveiled the building the public thought saw it as being totally about -the second -is that this process does not have a signature there is no authorship architects are obsessed with authorship -so now were going into what we call the reading room sorry living room this is actually a program that we invented with the library it was recognizing that public libraries -are the last vestige of public free space there are plenty of shopping malls that allow you to get out of the rain in downtown seattle -but there are not so many free places that allows you to get out of the rain so this was an unprogrammed area where people could pretty much do anything including eat yell play chess and so forth -this is actually the place that we put into the building so i could propose to my wife -she said -running out of time so im actually going to stop i can show this to you later but -very quickly get into the book spiral because i think its as i said the most this is the main reading room -go back and so im going to hit a second project im going to go very very quickly through this now this is the dallas theater it was an unusual client for us because they came to us and they said -need you to do a new building weve been working in a temporary space for thirty years but because of that temporary space weve become an infamous theater -company theater is really focused in new york chicago and seattle with the exception of the dallas theater company -and the very fact that they worked on a provisional space meant that for beckett they could blow out a wall they could do cherry orchard and blow a hole through the floor and so forth so it was a very daunting task for us to do a brand new building that could keep the be a pristine building -this kind of experimental nature and the second is they were what we call a multi form theater they do -thought was to literally put the theater on its head to take those things that were previously defined as front of house and back of house and stack them above house and below house -and the third is that it challenges and this is in the length of this very hard to support why connect all these things but it challenges the high modernist notion of flexibility -and it allowed us to go back to first principles and redefine fly tower acoustic enclosure light enclosure and so forth -and at the push of a button it allows the artistic director to move between proscenium thrust and in fact arena and traverse and flat floor -in a very quick transfiguration so in fact we can go using operational budget we can sorry capital cost we can actually achieve what was no longer achievable in operational -so an artistic director has the ability to show have a performance that enters in a wagnerian procession shows the first act in thrust the intermission in a greek procession second act in arena and so -im going to show you what what this actually means this is the theater up close any portion around the theater actually can be opened discretely -the light enclosure can be lifted separate to the acoustic enclosure so you can do beckett with dallas as the backdrop -high modernists said we will create sort of singular spaces that are generic almost anything can happen within them i call it sort of shotgun flexibility turn your -you can bring enormous objects in so in fact their the dallas theater company their first show will be a play about charles lindbergh and theyll want to bring in real aircraft -and then it also provides them in the off season the ability to actually rent out their space for entirely different things -this is it at night sorry from a distance -again -is a monster truck show im going to show now the last project this also is an unusual client they inverted the whole idea of development they came to us and they said unlike normal developers they said we want to start out by providing -and the fact that they wanted to support the contemporary art museum actually built their pro forma so they worked in reverse and that pro forma led us to a mixed use building -that was very large in order to support their aspirations of the art but it also opened up opportunities for the art itself to collaborate interact with commercial spaces that actually artists more and more want to work within -also charged us with thinking about how to have something that was both a single building and a credible sort of sub building -this way shoot and youre bound to kill something so this is the promise of high modernism within a single space actually any kind of activity can happen but as were seeing -this is louisvilles skyline and im going to take you through various constraints that led to the project first the physical constraints -we actually had to operate on three discrete sites all of them well well smaller than the size of the building we had to operate next to the new muhammad ali center and -operate within the one hundred year floodplain now this area floods three to four times a year and theres a levee behind our site similar to the ones that -have to operate behind the i sixty four corridor -a street that cuts through the middle of these separate sites so these were starting to build a sort of nightmare of constraints in a bathtub underneath the bathtub are the citys main power lines -and theres a pedestrian corridor that they wanted to add that would link a series of cultural buildings and a view corridor because this is the historic district that they didnt want to obstruct with the new building -and now were going to add one point one million square feet and if we did the traditional thing that one point one million square feet these are the different programs -and then we would size all the other elements the different commercial elements hotel luxury housing offices and so forth and dump it on top and we would create something that was unviable in fact and you know this this is called the time warner building -downtown and make circulation connections and reroute the road so thats the basic concept and now im going to show you what it leads to -it seems a very formal willful gesture but something derived entirely out of the constraints and again when we unveiled it there was sort of nervousness that this was -an architect making a statement not an architect who was attempting to solve a series of problems -now within that center zone as i said we have the ability to mix a series of things so here you can see that these this sort of an x ray -the towers are totally developer driven they told us the dimensions the sizes and so forth and we focused on taking all the public components the lobbies the bars -everything that the different commercial elements would have and combined it in the center in the sort of subway map in the transfer zone that would also include the contemporary art museum -so it creates a situation like this where you have artists who can operate within an art space that also has an amazing view on the twenty two nd floor -so how to build this its very simple its a chair so we begin by building the cores -try to disregard all the thousands of ants running around and think of it being done with just a few people -again just a couple people are required -and we were going to do something that was horrible for the profession -and last but not least the entire at t performing arts center you can see the winspear opera house on the right and the dee and charles wyly theater on the left and to remind you that here is an example in which architecture actually did something -but we got to that conclusion without understanding where we were going what we knew were a series of issues that the company and the client was confronted with and we took positions with them -we actually created an artificial schism between creation and execution -as if you could actually create without knowing how to execute and as if you could actually execute without knowing how to create -now something else happened and thats when we began to sell the world that architecture was created by individuals creating genius sketches -and that the incredible amount of effort to deliver those sketches for years and years and years is not only something to be derided -but we would merely write it off as -now id argue that that is absurd as stating that thirty minutes of copulation is the creative act -and nine months of gestation and god forbid -twenty four hours of child labor -so what do we architects need to do we need to stitch back -we can go back fifty years and start reinjecting agency social engineering back into architecture -now there are all kinds of things that we architects need to learn how to do like managing contracts learning how to write contracts understanding procurement processes understanding the time value of money and cost estimation but im going to reduce this to the beginning of the process -shocking -the second position is actually take positions take joint positions with your client this is the moment in which you as the architect and your client can begin to inject vision and agency but it has to be done together -now i believe that one really amazing thing will happen if you do this id like to call it the lost art of productively losing control -you do not know what the end result is but i promise you with enough brain power and enough passion and enough commitment you will arrive at conclusions -this is the modus operandi that we have today we roll one hundred and twenty foot spartan i e our vision up to our clients gates of troy -well how about instead of doing that we roll up to the gates something they want -now this is a little bit of a dangerous metaphor because of course we all know that inside of the trojan horse were a bunch of people with spears -at which point you and your client have the ability to start considering what youre going to put inside that vessel the agency the vision -and if you do that you do that responsibly i believe that instead of delivering spartans you can deliver maidens -was trilled to get it i was thrilled to be the only person standing on the stage with a shiny silver helmet i thought it represented the importance of the architect -the first issue that we faced was that the dallas theater center had a notoriety that was beyond what you would expect of someplace outside of the triumvirate of new york chicago and seattle -why was this horrible little building so important to their renown and their innovation because they could do whatever they wanted to to this building when youre on broadway you can not tear the proscenium down -you can start to get the best artistic directors scenic designers and actors from around the country to come to perform here because you can do things you cant do elsewhere -so the first position we took was hey we as architects had better not show up and do a pristine building that doesnt engender the same freedoms that this old dilapidated shed provided the company -the second issue is a nuance of the first and thats that the company and the building was multiform -i stayed thrilled until i got home threw the helmet onto my bed fell down onto my bed and realized inside there was an inscription -go between proscenium thrust flat floor arena traverse you name it all they needed was labor -so they stopped having inexpensive labor and eventually they had to freeze their organization into something called a bastardized thruscenium -so the second position we took is that the freedoms that we provided the ability to move between stage configurations had better be able to be done without relying on operational costs -was to take all the things that are known as front of house and back of house and redefine them as above house and below house at first blush you think hey its crazy what could you possibly gain we created what we like to call superfly -now superfly the concept is you take all the freedoms you normally associate with the flytower and you smear them across flytower and auditorium suddenly the artistic director can move between different stage and audience configurations -and because that flytower has the ability to pick up all the pristine elements suddenly the rest of the environment can be provisional and you can drill cut nail screw paint and replace with a minimum of -but there was a third advantage that we got by doing this move that was unexpected and that was that it freed up the perimeter of the auditorium in a most unusual way -and that provided the artistic director suddenly the ability to define suspension of disbelief -so the building affords artistic directors the freedom to conceive of almost any kind of activity underneath this floating object -but also to challenge the notion of suspension of disbelief such that in the last act of macbeth if he or she wants you to associate the parable that youre seeing with dallas with your real life -now in order to do this we and the clients had to do something fairly remarkable in fact it really was the clients who had to do it -i think that this is a great metaphor for the state of architecture and architects today we are for decorative purposes only -actually the inverse two thirds infrastructure and one third capital a architecture thats a lot for a client to commit to before you actually see the fruition of the concept -but based on the positions they took the educated leap of faith to do so and effectively we created what we like to call a theater machine -now that theater machine has ability to move between a whole series of configurations at the push of a button and a few stage hands in a short amount of time -meaning the artistic director doesnt necessarily need to go through our lobby one of the things we learned when we visited various theaters is they hate us architects -because they say the first thing they have to do the first five minutes of any show is they have to get our architecture out of the mind of their patron -well now their are potentials of this building to allow the artistic director to actually move into the building without using our architecture -now who do we have to blame we can only blame ourselves over the last fifty years -so in fact there is the building there is what we call the draw youre going down into our lobby -go through the lobby with our own little dangly bits whether you like them or not up through the stair that leads you into the auditorium but there is also the potential to allow people to move directly from the outside in this case suggesting kind of wagnerian entrance into the interior of the auditorium -and here is the fruition of that in actuality these are the two large pivoting doors that allow people to move directly from the outside in or from the inside out performers or audience alike -now imagine what that could be i have to say honestly this is not something yet the building can do because it takes too long but imagine the freedoms if you could take this further -that in fact you could consider a wagnerian entry a first act in thrust and intermission in greek a second act in arena and you leave through our lobby with dangly bits -now that i would say is architecture performing it is taking the hand of the architect to actually remove the hand of the architect in favor of the hand of the artistic director -the design and construction industry has gotten much more complex and has gotten much more litigious and we architects are cowards -go through the three basic configurations this is the flat floor configuration you notice that there is no proscenium the balconies have been raised up there are no seats the floor in the auditorium -the first configuration is easy to understand the balconies come down you see that the orchestra begins to have a rake thats frontal towards the end stage and the seats come in -the third configuration is a little harder to understand here you see that the balconies actually have to move out of the way in order to bring -a thrust into the space and some of the seats need to actually change their direction and change their rake to allow that to happen ill do it again so you can see it -there you see its the side balconies for the proscenium -and there it is in the thrust configuration -in order to do that again we needed a client who was willing to take educational risks and they told us one important thing you shall not beta test -meaning nothing that we do can we be the first ones to do it but they were willing for us to apply technologies from other areas that already had failsafe mechanisms to -and the solution in terms of the balconies was to use something that we all know as a scoreboard lift now if you were to take a scoreboard and drop it on -so as we have faced liability we have stepped back and back and unfortunately where there is liability guess what there is -if you were not able to take the scoreboard out of the arena and be able to do the ice capades the next night that would also be -the second technology that we applied was actually using things that you know from the stage side of an opera house -in this case what were doing is were taking the orchestra floor lifting it up spinning it changing the rake taking it back to flat floor changing the rake again in essence you can begin to define rakes and viewing angles of people in the -here you see the chairs being spun around to go from proscenium or end stage to thrust configuration -the proscenium also as far as we know this is the first building in the world in which the proscenium can entirely fly out of the space here you see the various acoustic baffles as well as the flying mechanisms and catwalks over the auditorium -and ultimately up in the flytower the scene sets that allow the transformations to occur -as i said all that was in service of creating a flexible yet affordable configuration but we got this other benefit and that was the ability of the perimeter to suddenly engage dallas on the outside -so eventually we have found ourselves in a totally marginalized position way over here -that can be lifted such that you can completely demystify if you chose the operations of the theater going on behind rehearsals and so forth -but you also have the ability to allow the audience to see dallas to perform with dallas as the backdrop of your performance -now if ill take you through this is an early concept sketch take you through kind of a mixture of all these things together -be able to expose the auditorium to dallas or vice versa dallas to the auditorium -be able to open portions in order to change the procession allow people to come in and out for an intermission or to enter for the beginning or the end of a performance -as i said all the balconies can move but they can also be disappeared completely the proscenium can fly -now what did we do were cowards but were smart cowards -you can bring large objects into the chamber itself -this building has the ability in short order to go back to a flat floor organization such that they can rent it out now if there is anyone here from american airlines please consider doing your christmas party here -that allows the company to raise operational budgets without having to compete with other venues with much larger auditoriums -thats an enormous benefit -so the theater company has the ability to do totally hermetic light controlled sound controlled great acoustics great intimacy shakespeare -so we redefined this marginalized position as the place of architecture and we announced hey architecture its over here in this autonomous language were going to seed -can also do becket with the skyline of dallas sitting behind it -and last but not least you see this already has the ability to create events in order to generate operational budgets to overcome the building in fact performing to allow the company to overcome their biggest problem im going to show you a brief -theyre just practicing one day theyll get here -the first half of high school was the struggle of the manic episode and the second half was the overmedications of these drugs where i was sleeping through high school the second half was just one big nap pretty much in class -when i got out i had a choice i could either deny my mental illness or -walters im a performer -theres a movement going on right now -to reframe mental illness as a positive at least the hypomanic edge part of it now if you dont know what hypomania is its like an engine thats out of control maybe a ferrari engine with no breaks many of the speakers here many of you in the audience have that creative edge if you know what im talking about -youre driven to do something that everyone has told you is impossible and theres a book john gartner john gartner wrote this book called the hypomanic edge in which christopher columbus and ted turner and steve jobs and all these business minds have this edge to compete -a different book was written not too long ago in the mid ninety s called touched with fire by kay redfield jamison in which it was looked at in a creative sense in which mozart and beethoven and van gogh all have this manic depression that they were suffering with some of them committed suicide -so it wasnt all the good side of the illness now recently theres been -development in this field and there was an article written in the new york times september two thousand and ten that stated -maybe they just make you a lot of money -your call your call and everyones somewhere in the middle -everyones somewhere in the middle -so maybe -how much depends on where you fall in the spectrum -when i was sixteen in san francisco i had my breakthrough manic episode in which i thought i was jesus christ -maybe you thought that was scary but actually theres no amount of drugs you can take that can get you as high as if you think youre jesus christ -i was sent to a place a psych ward and in the psych ward everyone is doing their own one man show -theres no audience like this to justify their rehearsal time -is really a history of where youve been for the past billion years and we could start dating things and we could start changing medicine and archeology -moving inside from the united states to the united states about four point six trillion is going over to those european countries about five fives going to japan theres almost no communication between japan and nobody else is literate in this stuff -its free no ones reading it theyre focusing on the war theyre focusing on bush theyre not interested in life -so this is what a new map of the world looks like that is the genomically literate world and that is a problem in fact its not a genomically literate world you can break this out by states -fall off a cliff and you can watch new jersey fall off a cliff and you can watch the rise of the new empires of intelligence and you can break it out by counties because its specific counties and if you want to get more specific its actually specific zip codes -and thats it and thats the triangle between salk scripps ucsd and its called torrey pines road -it turns out that if you take the human species about seven hundred years ago white europeans diverged from black africans in a very significant way -that means you dont need to be a big nation to be successful it means you dont need a lot of people to be successful and it means you can move most of the wealth of a country -are contiguous whats the net effect of this in an agricultural society the difference between the richest and the poorest the most productive and the least productive was five to one -in a knowledge society that number is now four hundred and twenty seven to one it really matters if -not just in reading and writing in english and french and german -but in microsoft and linux -it really matters who speaks life thats why nations rise and fall -and it turns out that if you went back to the eighteen seventies the most productive nation on earth was australia per person and new zealand was way up there -and today of course you all know that the most productive nation on earth is luxembourg producing about one third more wealth per person per year than america -white europeans were subject to the plague and when they were subject to the plague most people didnt survive but those who survived had a mutation on the ccr five receptor -tiny landlocked state no oil no diamonds no natural resources just smart people moving bits -ivy league economist stick him in charge of argentina he still crashes the country because he doesnt understand how the rules -and they are now about four point eight percent two billion people one third of the global population producing five percent of the wealth because they didnt get this change because -treating their people like serfs instead of like shareholders of a common project they didnt keep the people who were educated they didnt foment the businesses they didnt do the -and its all getting very fragmented and this has not stopped in the nineteen nineties these are sovereign states that did not exist before -that mutation was passed on to their kids because theyre the ones that survived so there was a great deal of population pressure in africa because you didnt have these cities you didnt have that ccr five population pressure mutation we can date it to seven hundred years ago -and given that the music is over -i was going to talk about how you can use this to generate a lot of -and -stop there and well do it next year because i dont want to take any of lauries time but thank you very much -that is one of the reasons why aids is raging across africa as fast as it is and not as fast across europe and were beginning to find these little things for malaria for sickle cell -fear right and you should be really afraid but not for the reasons why you think you should be you should be really afraid -for cancers and in the measure that we map ourselves this is the single greatest adventure that well ever be on and this friday i want you to pull out a really good bottle of wine -and i want you to toast these two people because this friday fifty years ago watson and crick found the structure -if you think youre successful or cockroaches are successful it turns out that theres ten trillion trillion pleurococcus sitting out there and we didnt know that pleurococcus was out -were finding amoebas like this this is amoeba dubia and amoeba dubia doesnt look like much except that each of you has about three point two billion letters which is what makes you you as far as gene code inside each -and this little amoeba which you know sits in water in hundreds and millions and billions turns out to have six hundred and twenty billion base pairs of gene code inside -if we stick up the first slide on this thing there we go that youre missing out because if you spend this week thinking about iraq and thinking about bush -so this little thingamajig has a genome thats two hundred times the size of yours and if youre thinking of efficient information storage mechanisms it may not turn out to be chips -it may turn out to be something that looks a little like that amoeba and again were learning from life and how life works this funky little thing -people didnt used to think that it was worth taking samples out of nuclear reactors because it was dangerous and of course nothing lived there -and then finally somebody picked up a microscope and looked at the water that was sitting next to the cores and sitting next -a backstroke having its chromosomes blown apart every day six seven times restitching them living in about two hundred times the radiation that would kill you -even outside of this planet because if you can live in radiation that looks like this that brings up a whole series of interesting questions this little thingamajig we didnt know this thingamajig existed -and what youre looking at with this namibiensis is the biggest bacteria weve ever seen so its about the size of a little period on a sentence -and thinking about the stock market youre going to miss one of the greatest adventures that weve ever been on and this is what this adventures really about -this is ferroplasma the reason why ferroplasma is interesting is because it eats iron lives inside the equivalent of battery acid and excretes sulfuric acid -so when you think of odd life forms when you think of what it takes to live it turns out this is a very efficient life form and they call it an archaea archaea means the ancient -and the reason why theyre ancient is because this thing came up when this planet was covered by things like sulfuric acid in batteries and it was eating iron when the earth was part of a melted core so its not just dogs -its just beginning to understand this code of dna thats really the most exciting intellectual adventure that weve ever been on and you can do strange things with this stuff this is a baby gar -they cant do it naturally so what they do with this thing is they take a spoon take some cells out of an adult gars mouth code -this is crystallized dna every life form on this planet every insect every bacteria every plant every animal every human every politician -take the cells from that and insert it into a fertilized cows egg reprogram cows egg different gene code when you do that the cow gives birth to a -we are now experimenting with bongos pandas elims sumatran tigers and the australians bless their hearts are playing with these things -but it turns out that as we learn more about gene code and how to reprogram species we may be able to close the gene gaps in deteriorate dna and when we learn how to close the gene gaps then we can put a full string of dna together -you can take that tree of life and collapse it back and in the measure that you learn to reprogram maybe well give birth to something that is very close to the first primordial -and its all coming out of things that look like this these are companies that didnt exist five years ago huge gene sequencing facilities the size of football -we will have a one thousand dollar genome within the next five to eight years that means each of you will contain on a cd your entire gene code -and it will be really boring it will read like -that stuff and if you want to take a single crystal of dna -the really neat thing about this stuff is thats life -s going to talk about this one a little bit because if you happen to find this one inside your body youre in big trouble because thats the source code for -it looks like that and were just beginning to understand this -make a stem next line of code tacgggg make a flower thats white that blooms in the spring that smells like this -and this is the single most exciting adventure -in corn this changes all rules this is life but were reprogramming it this is what you look like this is one of your chromosomes -that we have ever been on its the single greatest mapping project weve ever been on if you think that the mapping of americas made a difference or landing on the moon -you can do some pretty strange things because in the same way as you can reprogram this apple if you go to cliff tabins lab at the harvard medical school hes reprogramming -chicken embryos to grow more wings why would cliff be doing that he doesnt -reason why hes reprogramming that animal to have more wings is because when you used to play with lizards as a little child and you picked up the lizard sometimes the tail fell off but it regrew -not so in human beings you cut off an arm you cut off a leg it doesnt regrow but because each of your cells contains your entire gene code -each cell can be reprogrammed if we dont stop stem cell research and if we dont stop genomic research to express different body functions -cells like stem cells in such a way that they express bone stomach skin pancreas -and you are likely to be wondering around and your children on regrown body parts in a reasonable period of time in some places in the world where they dont stop the research -hows this stuff work -if each of you differs from the person next to you by one in a thousand but only three percent codes which means its only one in a thousand times three percent very small differences in expression and punctuation can make a significant difference take a simple declarative sentence -perfectly clear -so men read that sentence and they look at that sentence and they read -wrong this is the way it should be -but you know hes reasonably good looking but i wont go there you can do this stuff even without changing the -its beginning to tell us a lot about evolution -this right -and they look at the world a little differently they look at the same world and they say -different outcomes even with the same string -these little chippies these things are the size of a credit card they will test any one of you for sixty thousand genetic conditions that brings up questions of privacy and insurability and all kinds of stuff but it also allows us to start going after diseases because if -a person who has leukemia through something like this it turns out that three diseases with completely similar clinical syndromes -it turns out -if it is not expressing in your body if you dont have one of those types a particular one of those types dont take gleevec it wont do anything for you same thing with receptin if youve got breast cancer -what this stuff is and richard dawkins has written about this is this is really a river out of eden so the three point two billion base pairs inside each of your cells -dont have an her two receptor dont take receptin changes the nature of medicine -and it turns out that this is not so important any more the u s library of congress in terms of its printed volume of data -contains less data than is coming out of a good genomics company every month on a compound basis let me say that again a single genomics company generates more data -in a month on a compound basis than is in the printed collections of the library of congress this is whats been powering the u s economy its moores law -so all of you know that the price of computers halves every eighteen months and the power doubles right except that when you lay that side by side with the speed with which gene datas being deposited in -moores law is right here its the blue line -this is on a log scale and thats what superexponential growth means this is going to push computers to have to grow faster than theyve been growing because so far there havent been applications that have been required -that need to go faster than moores law this stuff -and heres an interesting map this is a map which was finished at the harvard business school -last point last graph -one of the things that weve got to do is to stabilize oil -this is what oil prices look like -this is a very bad system because what happens is your hurdle rate gets set very low people come up with really smart ideas for solar panels or for wind or for something else -machines and water and you get landscapes that look like this and then you get sales that look like -and then guess what the oil price goes through the floor that company goes out of business and then you can bring the oil price back -so if i had one closing and modest suggestion -stable oil price in europe and the united states -how do you do that well lets put a tax on oil that is a non revenue tax and it basically says for the next twenty years the price of oil will be whatever you want thirty five bucks forty bucks -if the opec price falls below that we tax -if the opec price goes above that the tax goes away -not put people through this cycle where it doesnt pay to research because your company will go out of business as opec drives alternatives and keeps bioenergy from happening -so what youve been doing in agriculture is you start out with something thats a reasonably natural system you start taming that natural system you put a lot of force behind that natural system you put a whole bunch of -up with systems that look like this -so the lesson in agriculture is that you can actually change the system thats based on brute force as you start merging that system and learning that system and actually applying biology -and you move from a discipline of engineering you move from a discipline of chemistry into a discipline of biology and probably one of the most important human beings on the planet is this guy behind me -this is a guy called norman borlaug he won the nobel prize hes got the congressional medal of honor he deserves all of this stuff -and he deserves this stuff because he probably has fed more people than any other human being alive because he researched how to put biology behind seeds -he did this in mexico the reason why india and china no longer have these massive famines is because norman borlaug taught them how to grow grains in a more efficient way and launched the green revolution -that is something that a lot of people have criticized but of course those are people who dont realize that china and india instead of having huge amounts of starving people -are exporting grains -and the irony of this particular system is the place where he did the research which was mexico didnt adopt this technology ignored this technology talked about -why this technology should be thought about but not really applied and mexico remains one of the largest grain importers on the planet -is not -and the institute that this guy ran has now moved to india -that is the difference between adopting technologies and discussing technologies -now its not just that this guy fed a huge amount of people in the world -that this is the net effect in terms of what technology does if you understand biology -global warming -look different -the machines were tractors or -stuff instead of mules but the farmer would have understood this is what the guys doing this is why hes doing it this is where hes going -what really started to change in agriculture is when you started moving from this brute force engineering and chemistry into biology and thats where you get your productivity increases -and as you do that stuff -heres what happens to productivity basically you go from two hundred and fifty hours to produce one hundred bushels -to forty to fifteen to five -bioenergy is something which seems counterintuitive bioenergy is oil its gas -fifty to two thousand -the rest of the economy increased about two point -this is an absolutely massive increase in how much is produced per person -and fifty percent of the eu budget is going to subsidize agriculture -mountains of stuff that people have overproduced -this would be a good outcome for energy -i thought i came to a talk about energy -and heres this guy talking about biology -so wheres the link between these two things -the ironies of this whole system is were discussing what to do about a system that we dont understand we dont even know what -we dont know where oil comes from -its -the best assumption and one of the best guesses in this stuff is that this stuff -and part of building that bridge to the future to the point where we can actually see the oceans in a rational way or put up these geo spatial orbits -that these things absorb sunlight -under pressure for millions of years -and you get these black rivers -the interesting thing about that thesis if that thesis turns out to be true is that oil -if you think of bioenergy bioenergy isnt ethanol bioenergy is taking the sun concentrating it in amoebas concentrating it in plants -and maybe thats why you get these rainbows -as youre looking at this system -if hydrocarbons are concentrated sunlight -then bioenergy works in a different way -weve got to start thinking of oil -and other hydrocarbons -as part of these solar panels -maybe thats one of the reasons why if you fly over west texas -the types of wells that youre beginning to see dont look -those irrigated plots -this is how you farm oil -and as you think of farming oil and how oil has evolved we started with this brute force approach -and then what did we learn then we learned we had to go bigger -and then whatd we learn then we have to go even -and we are getting really destructive as were going out -these are the athabasca tar sands and theres an enormous amount first of mining the largest trucks in the world are working here and then youve got to pull out this black sludge which is basically oil that doesnt flow -tied to the sand and then youve got to use a lot of steam to separate it which only works at todays oil prices -so you take something like this you burn it you put it under pressure and likely as not you get this although again i stress we dont know -which is curious as we debate all this stuff -but as you think of coal -this is what burned wheat kernels look like -not entirely unlike coal -and of course coal mines -are very dangerous places -when that gas blows up people die -so youre producing a biogas out of coal in some mines but not in others -any place you see a differential therere some interesting questions -and to do that you really have to look first at agriculture -some questions as to what you should be doing with this stuff -but again coal maybe the same stuff maybe the same system maybe bioenergy and youre applying exactly the same technology heres your brute force approach -and you end up with the single largest source of carbon emissions -which are coal fired gas plants -that is probably not the best use of -as you think of what are the alternatives to this system its important to find alternatives because it turns out that the u s is dwindling in its petroleum reserves but it is not dwindling in its coal reserves -so weve been planting stuff for eleven thousand years -there are huge coal reserves that are sitting out there -and weve got to start thinking of them as biological energy because if we keep treating them as chemical energy or engineering energy were gonna be in deep doo doo -a similar issue -gas is also a biological product -and as you think of gas -and heres a different way of mining coal -and in the measure that we plant stuff what we learn from agriculture is youve got to deal with pests youve got to deal with -this is called coal bed methane -why is this picture interesting because if coal turns out to be concentrated plant life -the reason why you may get a differential in gas output between one mine and another the reason why one mine may blow up and another one may not -because theres stuff -that stuff and producing gas -it may turn out that biological processes in coal mines have the same process if that is true then one of the ways of getting the energy out of coal may not be to -whole mountaintops -and it may not be to burn coal it may be to have stuff process that coal in a biological fashion as you did in agriculture -that is what -it is not ethanol it is not subsidies to a few companies it is not importing corn into iowa because youve built so many of these ethanol plants -it is beginning to understand the transition that occurred in agriculture from brute force into biological force and in the measure that you can do that you can clean some stuff and you can clean it pretty quickly -this is just the beginning stages of this stuff and as you think of biomaterials this guy who did part of the sequencing of the human genome -the databases of genes and proteins known on earth by sailing around the world -has been thinking about how you structure this and theres a series of smart people thinking about -and what those companies are trying to do is to think of how do you apply biological principles to avoid brute force -think of it in the following terms think of it as beginning to program stuff for specific purposes think of the cell as a hardware think of the genes as a software -then youre going to be able to spread beyond the nile -and in the measure that you begin to think of life as code that is interchangeable that can become energy that can become food that can become fiber that can become human beings that can become a whole series of things -then youve got to shift your approach as to how youre going to structure and deal and think about energy in a very different way -what are the first principles of this stuff and where are we -this is one of the gentle giants on the planet hes one of the nicest human beings youve ever met -power stuff so irrigation makes a difference irrigation starts to make you be allowed to plant stuff where you want it as opposed to where the rivers flood -he won the nobel for figuring out how to cut genes something called restriction enzymes -he was at hopkins when he did this and hes such a modest guy -that the day he won his mother called -but anyway this guy is just a class act you find him at the bench every single day -what is this this is the first transplant of naked dna where you take an entire dna operating system out of one cell insert it into a different cell and have that cell boot up as a separate species -you will see stuff in the next month that will be just as important as this stuff -and as you think about this stuff and what the implications of this are were going to start not just -it is very expensive to process this stuff both in economic terms and in energy terms -this is what accumulates in the tar sands of alberta -these are sulfur blocks -because as you separate that petroleum from the sand and use an enormous amount of energy inside that vapor -steam to separate this stuff you also have to separate out the sulfur the difference between light crude and heavy crude well its about fourteen bucks a barrel -you start getting this organic agriculture -thats why youre building these pyramids of sulfur blocks and by the way the scale on these things is pretty large -now if you can take part of the energy content out of doing this you reduce the system -and you really do start applying biological principles to energy this has to be a bridge -to the point where you can get to wind to the point where you can get to solar to the point where you can get to nuclear -and hopefully you wont build the next nuclear plant on a beautiful seashore next to an earthquake fault -you start putting machinery onto this stuff -for the next decade at least -the name of the game is hydrocarbons -and be that oil be that gas be that coal -this is what were dealing with -and before i make this talk too long -heres whats happening in the current energy system -eighty six percent of the energy we consume are hydrocarbons that means eighty six percent of the stuff were consuming are probably processed plants -amoebas and the rest of the stuff -how we deal with that other portion is our bridge to the future -and as we think of this bridge to the future one of the things you should ponder is we are leaving about two thirds of the oil today inside those wells -an enormous amount of money -and leaving most of the energy down -which of course requires more energy to go out and get energy the ratios become idiotic by the time you get to ethanol it may even be a one to one ratio on the energy input and the energy -that is a stupid way of managing this system -it turns out that b of a in september had thirty two times and your friendly citibank had forty -it is common for hominids -and thats the reason why as you look at the hominid fossil record -and heildelbergensis -and floresiensis and neanderthals -and homo sapiens all overlap -the common state of affairs is to have overlapping versions of hominids not one -and as you think of the implications of that heres a brief history of the universe the universe was created thirteen point seven billion years ago and then you created all the stars and all the planets and all the galaxies and all the milky ways and then you created earth about four point five billion years ago -and then you got life about four billion years ago -that would be a mildly arrogant viewpoint -that means every bad loan goes bad forty seven times over -so if thats not the purpose of the universe then whats next -i think what were going to see is were going to see a different species of hominid -were going to move from a homo sapiens into a homo evolutis -and i think this isnt one thousand years out i think most of us are going to glance at it and our grandchildren are going to begin to -and a homo evolutis brings together these three trends into a hominid that takes direct and deliberate control over the evolution of his -species and other species -would be the ultimate reboot -and that of course is the reason why all of you are making such generous and wonderful donations to these nice folks -and as you think about that -got to wonder so what do banks have in store for you now -a great big elephant in the room called the economy so lets start talking about that i wanted to give you current picture of the economy thats what i have behind myself -the government meanwhile has been acting like santa claus -we all love santa claus right but the problem with santa clause is if you look at the mandatory spending of -on what we call entitlements and then by two thousand and seven it was sixty eight percent -we werent supposed to run into one hundred percent until about two thousand and thirty -it turns out santa isnt quite as cute when its summertime right -and heres his second bit of advice -and by the way the chinese prime minister reiterated this at davos last -this stuff is getting serious enough that if we dont start paying attention to the deficit were going to end up losing -and then all bets are off -show you what it looks like i think i can safely say that im the only trillionaire in this room -ten trilliion dollars -the only problem with this bill is its not really worth very much -was eight bucks last week four bucks this week a buck next week -what happens to currencies when you dont stand behind them -of course what we have to remember is -so the next time somebody as cute as this shows up on your doorstep and sometimes this creatures called chrysler and sometimes ford and sometimes whatever you want -just got to say no and youve got to start banishing a word thats called -this is what it looks like the orange slice is whats discretionary everything else is mandated -so what we have to start thinking about doing is capping our medical spending because thats a monster thats simply going to eat the entire budget -got to start thinking about asking people to retire a little bit later -and what you have to think about is when youre dancing in the flames whats next so what im going to try to do in the next seventeen and a half minutes is im going to talk first about the flames where we are in the economy -if youre fifty to sixty we want you to work two years more -if youre under fifty we want you to work four more years -the reason why thats reasonable is when your grandparents were given social security they got it at sixty five and were expected to check out at sixty eight -weve also got to cut the military about three percent a year weve got to limit other mandatory spending weve got to quit borrowing as much because otherwise the interest is going to eat that whole pie -i got what youre thinking this is going to -hell freezes over -but let me remind you this december it did snow in vegas -really important in this stuff is as we cut we also have to grow -among other things because startup companies are two percent of u s gdp investment and theyre about seventeen point eight percent of output -thats where these three trends come together -the ability to engineer microbes the ability to engineer tissues and the ability to engineer robots -let me recap some of the stuff youve seen craig venter showed up last year and showed you the first fully programmable cell that acts like hardware where you can insert dna and have it boot up as a different species -in parallel the folks at mit have been building a standard registry of biological parts so think of it as a radio shack for biology you can go out and get your proteins your rna your dna whatever and start building stuff -in two thousand and six they brought together high school students and college students and started to build these little odd creatures they just happened to be alive instead of circuit boards -the first -so cells have this cycle first they dont grow then they grow exponentially then they stop growing -a way of telling which stage they were -could tell very easily when your experiment was working and wasnt and where it was in the -and i will try and give you a sense of what the ultimate reboot looks like -this got a bit more complicated two years later twenty one countries came together dozens of teams they started competing the team from rice university -started to engineer -the substance in red wine that makes red wine good for you into beer -so you take resveratrol and you put it into beer of course one of the judges is wandering by and he goes wow cancer fighting beer there is a god -the team from taiwan was a little bit more ambitious they tried to engineer bacterias -in such a way that they would act as your kidneys -those three trends are the ability to engineer cells -four years ago i showed you this picture and people oohed and ahhed because cliff tabin had been able to grow an extra wing on a chicken and that was very cool stuff back -but now moving from bacterial engineering to tissue engineering let me show you whats happened in that period of time -two years ago you saw this creature -its limbs you can freeze half its heart it regrows you can freeze half the brain it regrows -but now you dont have to have the animal itself to regenerate -you can build cloned mice molars in petri dishes -of course if you can build mice molars in petri dishes you can grow human molars in petri dishes -this should not surprise you right i mean youre born with no teeth you give away all your teeth to the tooth fairy you regrow a set of teeth but then if you lose one of those second set of teeth they dont regrow unless if youre a lawyer -but of course for most of us -put them on a biodegradable mold regrow a tooth and simply implant -and we can do it with other things -so a spanish woman who was dying of tb had a donor trachea they took all the cells off the trachea they spraypainted her stem cells on to that cartilage she regrew her own trachea and seventy two hours later it was -shes now running around -this is going on in tony atalas lab in wake forest where he is regrowing ears for injured soldiers and hes also regrowing bladders -so there are now nine women walking around boston -with regrown bladders -which is much more pleasant than walking around with a whole bunch of plastic bags for the rest of your life -this is kind of getting boring right i mean you understand where this storys going -they sprayed stem cells on to that heart from a mouse -those stem cells self organized and that heart started to beat -this may be one of the ultimate papers -this was done in japan and in the u s published at the same time and it rebooted skin cells into stem cells last year -that meant that you can take the stuff right here and turn it into almost anything in your body -and this is becoming common its moving very quickly its moving in a whole series of places -and the problem with leverage is it makes the u s financial system look like -us of a certain age grew up expecting that by now we would have rosie the robot from the jetsons in our house and all weve got is a -the other one ran on flat threads -if you dont have a flat world thats not good -which is why the robots were designing today -this is boston dynamics bigdog -youre talking to somebody on the other side of the wall and when you dont know if that thing is human or animal thats when computers have reached human intelligence this is not an intelligence turing rest but this is as close as you can get to a physical turing test -these are not the only interesting robots youve also got flies the size of flies that are being made by robert wood at harvard -in the last olympics this gentleman who had several world records in the special olympics tried to run in the normal -the only issue with oscar pistorius is he was born without bones in the lower part of his -so a normal commercial bank -he came within about a second of qualifying -he sued to be allowed to run and he won the -but didnt qualify by time -and as you bring these trends together and as you think of what it means to take people who are profoundly deaf who can now begin to hear -remember the evolution of hearing aids right i mean your grandparents had these great big cones and then your parents had these odd boxes that would squawk at odd times during dinner -has nine to ten times leverage that means for every dollar you deposit it loans out about nine or ten a normal investment bank is not a deposit bank its an investment bank it has fifteen to twenty times -in ten or fifteen machine generations they will and these are machine generations not human -about two or three years after they can hear as well as you and i can theyll be able to hear -maybe how bats sing or how whales talk or how dogs talk and other types of tonal scales theyll be able to focus their hearing theyll be able to increase the sensitivity decrease the sensitivity do a series of things that we cant do and the same thing is happening in -this is a group in germany thats beginning to engineer eyes so that people who are blind can begin to see light and dark -do stuff you and i cant do -all of these things are coming together -and its a particularly important thing to understand as we worry about the flames of the present -to keep an eye on the future -and of course the future -there have actually been twenty two species of hominids that have been around -and soon thereafter theres enough material left over that you get a primordial soup -and that creates life and life starts to expand and expand and expand until it goes kaput -now the really strange thing is life goes kaput not once not twice -like all good stories this starts a long long time ago when there was basically nothing -just to put ourselves and our ancestors in perspective -so within that context theres two theories of the case as to why were all here -the first theory of the case is thats all she wrote -under that theory we are the be all and end all of all creation and the reason for trillions of -galaxies sextillions of planets -is to create something that looks like -and thats the purpose of the universe and then it flat lines it doesnt get any better -and if it is and particularly given the fact that we came very close to extinction -there were only about two thousand of our species left -so here is a complete picture of the universe about fourteen odd billion years ago -a few more weeks without rain we would have never seen any of these -you have to think about a second theory if the first one isnt good enough second theory is could we upgrade -so it turns out that we have upgraded weve upgraded time and again and again and it turns out that we keep discovering upgrades we found this one last year -we found another one last month -and as youre thinking about this you might also ask the question -all energy is concentrated into a single point of energy for some reason it explodes and you begin to get these things so youre now about fourteen billion years into this and these things expand and expand and expand into these giant galaxies and you get trillions of them -so why a single human species -particularly given that we co existed at the same time with at least eight other versions of humanoid at the same time on this planet -so the normal state of affairs is not to have just a homo sapiens the normal state of affairs is to have various versions of humans walking around -and if that is the normal state of affairs -well svante paabo has the answer the difference between humans and neanderthal is zero point zero zero four percent of gene code -thats how big the difference is one species to another -this explains most contemporary political debates -one of the interesting things is how small these mutations are and where they take place -difference human neanderthal is sperm and testis smell and skin and those are the specific genes -that differ from one to the other -so very small changes can have a big impact -so about ten thousand years ago by the black sea we had one mutation in one gene which led to blue eyes -and when we find these -we may find differences -and by the way this is not a debate that were ready for because we have really misused the science -in this in the one thousand nine hundred and twenty s we thought there were major differences between people that was partly based on francis galtons work -he was darwins cousin -but the u s the carnegie institute stanford american neurological association took this really far -that got exported -and was really misused -in fact it led to some absolutely horrendous treatment of human beings so since the one thousand nine hundred and forty s weve been saying there are no differences were all identical -were going to know at year end if that is true -and within these galaxies you get these enormous dust clouds and i want you to pay particular attention to the three little -well it turns out that every male olympic power athelete ever tested carries at least one of these variants -if that is true it leads to some very complicated questions for the london olympics -because you have one and you dont have one ill give you a tenth of a second head start -prongs in the center of this picture if you take a close up of those they look like this -and it turns out that as we discover these things we human beings -really like to change how we look -todays corrections deletions augmentations and enhancements are going to seem like childs play -you already saw the work by tony atala on ted but -this ability to start filling things like inkjet cartridges with cells are allowing us to print -skin organs and a whole series of other body parts and as these technologies go forward -you keep seeing this you keep seeing this you keep seeing things two thousand -human genome sequence and it seems like nothings happening until it does -and what youre looking at is columns of dust where theres so much dust by the way the scale of this is a trillion vertical miles -and we may just be in some of these weeks -and as youre thinking about -where they take skin cells from this mouse put four chemicals on -turn those skin cells into stem cells let the stem cells grow -and create a full copy of that mouse -which is like a skier at the top of a mountain -and those two skiers become two pluripotent stem cells four eight sixteen and then it gets so crowded after sixteen divisions that those cells have to differentiate so they go down one side of the mountain they go down another and as they pick -these become bone and then they pick another road and these become platelets and these become macrophages and these become t cells but its really hard once you ski down to get back up -unless of course if you have a ski lift -and what those four chemicals do is they take any cell and take it way back up the mountain so it can become any body part and as you think of that what it means is potentially you can rebuild a full copy of any organism out of any one of its cells -and whats happening is theres so much dust it comes together and it fuses and ignites a thermonuclear reaction -that turns out to be a big deal because now you can take not just mouse cells but you can human skin cells -and turn them into human stem cells -and then what they did in october is they took skin cells turned them into stem cells -heres a second experiment -if you could photocopy your body -maybe you also want to take your mind and one of the things you saw at ted about a year and a half ago -and you can map the exact pathways when a mouse sees feels touches remembers loves -and then you can take a fiber optic cable -and so what youre watching is the birth of stars -and light up some of the same things and by the way as you do this you can image it in two colors which means you can download this information as binary code directly into a computer -so whats the bottom line on that well its not completely inconceivable that someday youll be able to download your own memories -maybe into a new body -and maybe you can upload other peoples memories as well -these are stars being born out of here when enough stars come out they create a galaxy -and this might have just one or two small -ethical political moral implications -heres what it looks like in two thousand -heres what it looks like in two thousand and two -two thousand and six two thousand and eight -heres the increase in less than a decade -and we still dont know why this is happening -this one happens to be a particularly important galaxy because you are here -people with who are extraordinarily smart people who can remember everything theyve seen in their lives people whove got synesthesia people whove got schizophrenia youve got all kinds of stuff going on out there and we still dont understand how and why this is happening -theres beginning to be some evidence that obesity and diet have something to do with gene modifications which may or may not have an impact -on how the brain of an infant works a second option is the sexy geek option -these conditions are -highly rare -but whats beginning to happen is because these geeks are all getting together because they are highly qualified for computer programming and it is highly remunerated -as well as other very detail oriented tasks that they are concentrating geographically and finding like minded mates so this is the assortative mating hypothesis of these genes reinforcing one another in these structures -the third is this too much information -by the way youre now about two thirds of the way into this story -various psychological conditions or reactions to this information -or maybe its chemicals but when you see an increase of that order of magnitude in a condition either youre not measuring it right or theres something going on -very quickly and it may be evolution in real time -i think were transitioning into homo evolutis that for better or worse is not just a hominid thats conscious of his or her environment -its a hominid thats beginning to directly and deliberately control the evolution of its own species of bacteria -of plants of animals and i think thats such an order of magnitude change that your grandkids or your great grandkids may be a species very different from you thank you very much -so you can take a picture with an iphone and get all the names although again sometimes it does make mistakes -take a picture say of this guy right here get the name and download all the records -before you utter a word or speak to somebody -because everybody turns out to be absolutely plastered by electronic tattoos and so theres companies like face com that now have about eighteen billion faces online heres what happened to this company -weve got five black dresses that would just look great on you so what if andy was wrong heres andys theory -because these tattoos will live far longer than our bodies will -why the greeks well the greeks thought about what happens when gods and humans and immortality mix for a long time -so lesson number one sisyphus -its a little like your reputation -once you get that electronic tattoo youre going to be rolling up and down for a long time so as you go through this stuff -just be careful what you post myth number two orpheus wonderful guy -charming to be around great partier great singer loses his beloved charms his way into the underworld only person to charm his way into the underworld charms the gods of the underworld they release his beauty -on the condition he never look at her until theyre out -so hes walking out and walking out and walking out and he just cant resist he looks at her loses her forever -with all this data out here it might be a good idea not to look too far -into the past of those you love -and then of course theres narcissus nobody here would ever be accused or be familiar with narcissus -just dont fall in love with your own reflection -last lesson from a latin american this is the great poet jorge luis borges when he was threatened by the thugs of the argentine military junta -he came back and said oh come on how else can you threaten other than with death -the interesting thing the original thing would be to threaten somebody with immortality -so you dont have to say a lot -and tattoos tell you a lot of stories -if i can ask an indiscreet question how many of you have tattoos -all these things you deal with every day turn out to be electronic tattoos -and what if they provide as much information about who and what you are as any tattoo ever would whats ended up happening over the past few decades is the kind of coverage that you had as a head of state or as a great celebrity is now being applied to you every day by all these people who are tweeting blogging -following you watching your credit scores and what you do to yourself and electronic tattoos -dying from cancer and dying from neurological illness are different -in both cases last days are about quiet reassurance jim died first he was conscious until the very end but on his last day he couldnt talk through his eyes we knew when he needed to hear again it is all set jim -a plan involves answering straightforward questions about the end you want where do you want to be when youre no longer independent what do you want in terms of medical intervention and whos going to make sure your plan is followed you will need advocates having more than one increases your chance of getting the end you want -dont assume the natural choice is your spouse or child you want someone who has the time and proximity to do this job well and you want someone who can work with people under the pressure of an ever changing situation hospital readiness is critical you are likely to be headed to the emergency room and you want to get this right -prepare a one page summary of your medical history medications and physician information put this in a really bright envelope with copies of your insurance cards your power of attorney and your do not resuscitate order have advocates keep a set in their car tape a set to your refrigerator when you show up in the e r with this packet -your admission is streamlined in a material way -youre going to need caregivers youll need to assess your personality and financial situation to determine whether an elder care community or staying at home is your best choice -what do you want to hear at the very end and from whom would you like to hear it in my experience youll want to hear -that whatever youre worried about is going to be -when you believe its okay to let go you will -so this is a topic that normally inspires fear and denial -celebrating a birthday he didnt expect to see and heres shirley just a few days before she died -what i know about this topic comes from a qualitative study with a sample size of two -in the last few years i helped two friends have the end of life they wanted jim and shirley modini spent their sixty eight years of marriage living off the grid on their one thousand seven hundred acre ranch in the mountains of sonoma county they kept just enough livestock to make ends meet -so that the majority of their ranch would remain a refuge for the bears and lions and so many other things that lived there this was their dream -i met jim and shirley in their eighty s they were both only children who chose not to have kids as we became friends i became their trustee and their medical advocate but more importantly i became the person who managed their end of life experiences -what we found is that with a plan and the right people quality of life can remain high the beginning of the end is triggered by a mortality awareness event and during this time jim and shirley chose acr nature preserves to take their ranch over when they were -i believe that whats mostly missing for nonviolence to grow is not for palestinians to start adopting nonviolence but for us to start paying attention to those who already are -they would lose forty percent of their land and be surrounded so they would lose free access to the rest of the west bank -through inspired local leadership they launched a peaceful resistance campaign to stop that from happening let me show you some brief clips so you have a sense for what that actually looked like on the ground -when i travel with my work across europe and the united states one question always comes up -that the international media had failed to cover the extraordinary set of events that happened seven years ago in two thousand and three -which is the internationally recognized boundary between israel and the palestinian territories -where is the palestinian gandhi why arent palestinians using nonviolent resistance -the resistance in budrus has since spread to villages across the west bank and to palestinian neighborhoods in jerusalem -yet the media remains mostly silent on these stories -this silence carries profound consequences for the likelihood that nonviolence can grow or even survive in palestine -violent resistance and nonviolent resistance share one very important thing in common they are both -a form of theater seeking an audience to their cause -if violent actors are the only ones -constantly getting front page covers and attracting international attention to the palestinian issue it becomes very hard for nonviolent leaders to make the case to their communities that civil disobedience is a viable option in addressing their plight -the power of attention is probably going to come as no surprise to the parents in the room -the tantrum will become what childhood psychologists call a functional behavior since the child has learned that he can get parental attention out of it -parents can incentivize or disincentivize behavior simply by giving or withdrawing attention to their children -but thats true for adults too in fact the behavior of entire communities and countries can be influenced depending on where the international community chooses to focus its attention -the challenge i face when i hear this question is that often i have just returned from the middle east where i spent my time filming dozens of palestinians who are using nonviolence to defend their lands and water resources from israeli soldiers and settlers -i believe that at the core of ending the conflict in the middle east and bringing peace is for us to transform nonviolence into a functional behavior by giving a lot more attention to the nonviolent leaders on the ground today -that even one documentary film can have in influencing the transformation -which sits very close to jerusalem -so we organized a screening a week later they held the most well attended and disciplined demonstration to date -the leaders of this movement have been using budrus as one of their primary recruiting tools they report that israelis who had never been active before upon seeing the film understand the power of nonviolence and start joining their activities -in jerusalem neighborhoods like sheikh jarrah and silwan -the nonviolent leaders would become more visible -valued and effective -if we do they will multiply -if they multiply their influence will grow in the overall israeli palestinian conflict and theirs is the kind of influence that can finally unblock the situation these leaders have proven that nonviolence works in places like -these leaders are trying to forge a massive national nonviolent movement to end the occupation and build peace in the region yet most of you have probably never heard about them -this divide between whats happening on the ground and perceptions abroad is one of the key reasons why we dont have yet a palestinian peaceful resistance movement that has been successful -so im here today to talk about the power of attention -the power of your attention -credit for it and worst of all how could i not have realized this very important information until the very day that it was basically useless to me -ten the morning of my seventh birthday i came downstairs to the kitchen where my mother was washing the dishes and my father was reading the paper or something and i sort of presented myself to them in the doorway and they said -so i said well mom and dad what about santa claus i mean santa claus knows if youre naughty or nice right and my dad said yeah but honey i think thats technically just between thanksgiving and christmas -and my mother said oh bob stop -i mean -save time by having to loop back to our house after hed gone to everybody elses theres only one -and my poor parents were trying to protect us from the embarrassment this humiliation of rejection by santa who was jolly but lets face it he was also very judgmental -so to find out that there was no santa claus at all was actually sort of a relief i left the kitchen not really in shock about santa -was too late for me -and not yet seven the answer was clear my brother bill he was six well i finally -found bill about a block away from our house at this public school playground it was a saturday and he was all by himself just kicking a ball against the side of a wall i ran up to him and said -bill said so and then i said so youre six you have a whole year to do anything you want to and god wont notice -and he said so and i said so -i didnt know it at the time but i really wasnt turning seven on september ten for my thirteenth birthday i planned a slumber party with all of my girlfriends but a couple of weeks beforehand my mother took me aside and -to start kindergarten was september fifteen -so ready i thought about it and when i was four i was already the oldest of four children and my mother even had another child to come -a piece of cake that day -i had a huge virgo poster in -around the time that i started filling out physically and i was filling out a lot more than a lot of the other girls and frankly the whole idea that my astrological sign was a scale -seemed ominous and -and i was astonished to find that it was also -it wasnt until years later looking -back on this whole age of reason change of birthday thing that it dawned on me i -other month to do anything i wanted to before god started keeping tabs on me oh life can be so -two mormon missionaries came to my door now i just live off a main thoroughfare in los angeles and my block is well its a natural beginning for people who are peddling things door to door -so normally i just ignore the doorbell but on this day i answered and there stood two boys each about nineteen in white starched short sleeved shirts -and they had little name tags that identified them as official representatives of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints and they said they had a message for me -from god i said a message for me from god and they said yes -now i was raised in the pacific northwest around a lot of church of latter day saints people and you know ive worked with them and even dated them but i never really knew the doctrine or what they said to people when they were out on a mission -i guess i was sort of curious so i said well please come in and they looked really happy because i dont think this happens to them all that -and i sat them down and i got them glasses of water -i got them glasses of water dont touch my hair thats the -this phrase age of reason before sister mary kevin had been bandying it about my second grade class at school but when she said it the phrase seemed all caught up in the excitement of preparations for our first communion and our first confession -me not to fix my hair ok -and i thought well of course i believe in god but you know i dont like that word heart because it anthropomorphizes god and -i dont like the word his either because that sexualizes god but i didnt want to argue semantics with these boys so after a very long uncomfortable pause i said -yes yes i do i feel very loved and they looked at each other and smiled like that was the right answer -and god came to lehi and said to him put your family on a boat and i will lead you out of here and god did lead them he led them to america i said -by boat in six hundred bc and they said -told me how lehi and his descendants reproduced and reproduced and over the course of six hundred years there were two great races of them the nephites and the -that if they all remained totally totally good each and every one of them they would win the war against the evil lamanites but apparently somebody -knew that was really all about the white dress and the white veil and anyway i hadnt really paid all that much attention to that phrase age of reason -i was just on the edge of my seat -and they said well they became our native americans here in the -i said so you believe the native americans are descended from a people who were totally evil and they said yes then they told me how this guy named joseph smith -those buried gold plates right in his backyard and he also found this magic stone back there that he put into his hat and then buried his face into and this allowed him to translate the gold plates -from the reformed egyptian into english well at this point i just wanted to give these two boys some advice about their -dont start with this story -i mean even the scientologists know to start with a personality test before they start -so i said yeah yeah age of reason -said do you believe that god speaks to us through his righteous prophets and i said no i dont because i was sort of upset about this lamanite story and this crazy gold plate story -but the truth was i hadnt really thought this through so i backpedaled a little and i said well what exactly do you mean by righteous and what do you mean by prophets like -could the prophets be women and they said no and i said why and they said well -because god gave women a gift that is so spectacular it is so -the only gift he had left over to give men was the gift of prophecy what is this wonderful gift god gave women i wondered maybe their greater ability to cooperate and -womens longer lifespan -the fact that women tend to be much less violent than men but no it wasnt any of these gifts they said well its her ability to bear children i said oh come on i mean -so fresh faced and cute to me any more but they had more to say they said well we also believe that if youre a mormon and if youre in good standing with the church -when you die you get to go to heaven and be with your family for all eternity and i said oh -that wouldnt be such a good incentive for me and they said -well we also believe that when you go to heaven you get your body restored to you in its best original state like if youd lost a leg well you get it back or if youd gone blind you could see -i said oh now i dont have a uterus because i had cancer a few years ago so does this mean that if i went to heaven i would get my old uterus back and they said sure -what if you had a nose job -gave me this book of mormon and they told me to read this chapter and that chapter and they said theyd come back some day and check in on me and i think i said something like please dont hurry or maybe it was just please dont and they -ok so i initially felt really superior to these boys and smug in my more conventional faith -had a baby and -thats the son of god i mean i would think thats equally ridiculous im just so used to that story -because i wasnt exactly sure how i felt about that question now if theyd asked me do you feel that god loves you with all his heart well that would have been much different i think i would have instantly answered -yes yes i feel it all the time i feel gods love when im hurt and confused and i feel consoled and cared for -i take shelter in gods love when i dont understand why tragedy hits and i feel gods love when i look with gratitude at all the beauty i see -asked me that question with the word believe in it somehow it was all different because i wasnt exactly sure if i believed what i so clearly felt -coming out and you go through the womans vagina and so were just eating and her jaw just drops and -like -and i said -how we evolved it does seem odd it is a little bit like having a waste treatment plant right next to an amusement park -and she goes but mom but men and women cant ever see each other naked mom so -and then i put my margaret mead hat on human males and females -much much older than you and they have a very special feeling then they can be naked together -and she said mom have you done this before -and when she was eight last year she was doing a report for school or she had some homework about frogs and we were at this restaurant and she said so basically frogs -no thats not how we do it -and we see the cat and she goes mom how do cats do it and i -but how would the legs go mom i dont understand the legs she goes mom everyone cant do the splits and i go i know but the legs im like the legs get worked out and she goes but i just cant understand it so i go you know -on the internet and maybe we can see -we -and we put in cats mating and unfortunately on youtube theres many cats mating videos -they would have on the internet -eight year -and taken her right into internet porn and i -loving face and i said oh no -lay eggs and the eggs turn into tadpoles and tadpoles turn into frogs -and i said yeah you know im not really -its the females i think that lay the eggs and then the males fertilize them and then they become tadpoles and -and i said yeah and she goes and whats this fertilizing so i kind of said oh its this extra ingredient you know that you need to -and she said oh so is that true for humans too -here we go i didnt know it would happen so quick at eight i was trying to remember all the guidebooks and all i could remember was only answer the question theyre asking dont give any more information -and she said -where do where do human women where do women lay their eggs and i said -well funny you should ask -we have evolved to have our own -and we lay our eggs there we dont have to worry about other eggs or anything like that its our own pond and -so just tell us very quickly in the last minute the story what happened in iceland you basically published something there ran into trouble with a bank -the news service there was injuncted from running the story instead they publicized your side that made you very high profile in iceland what happened next -this is a great case you know iceland went through this financial crisis it was the hardest hit of any country in the world its banking sector was ten times the gdp of the rest of the economy -anyway so we release this -july last year and the national tv station was injuncted five minutes before it went on air like out of a movie -injunction landed on the news desk and the news reader was like this has never happened before what do we do well we just show the website instead for all that time -and we became very famous in iceland went to iceland and spoke about this issue and there was a feeling in the community -thats right yeah very rarely do we ever know and -to sort of become an offshore haven -with the strongest journalistic protections in the world with a new nobel prize for freedom of speech icelands a nordic -like norway its able to tap into the system and just a month ago this was passed by the icelandic parliament -if we find out at some stage -watching big brother -or its just all to be played for either way -im not sure which way its going to go i mean theres enormous pressures to harmonize freedom of speech legislation and -the e u between china and the united states which way is it going to go its hard to see thats why its a very interesting time to be in because with just a little bit of effort we can shift -asking what the code is for a ted membership -so lets take the example actually this is something you leaked a few years ago if we can have this document up so this was a story in kenya a few years ago can you tell us what you -so this is the kroll report this was a secret intelligence report commissioned by the kenyan government -its election in two thousand and four prior to two thousand and four kenya was ruled by daniel arap moi for about eighteen years he was a soft dictator of kenya -its been reported that wikileaks your baby has in the last few years has released more classified documents than the rest of the worlds media combined can that possibly be true -and when kibaki got into power through a coalition of forces that were trying to clean up corruption in kenya they commissioned this report spent about two -million pounds on this and an associated report and then the government sat on it and used it for political leverage on moi who was the richest man -is the richest man in kenya -its the holy grail of kenyan journalism -so i went there in two thousand and seven and we managed to get hold of this just prior to the election the national election december twenty eight -we released that report we did so three days after the new president kibaki had decided to pal up with the man that he was going to clean -so this report then became a dead albatross around -and i mean to cut a long story short word of the report leaked into kenya not from the official media but indirectly and in your opinion it actually shifted the election -this became front page of the guardian and was then printed in all the surrounding countries of kenya in -so your leak really substantially changed the world -s -you get on em just open em up i see your element uh got about four -all -right hahaha i -so what was the impact of that -we ended up sending two people to baghdad to further research that story so this is just the first -three attacks that occurred in that -eleven people died in that attack right including two reuters employees -there were between eighteen and twenty six people -and releasing this caused widespread outrage what was the key element of this that actually caused the outrage do -can see the gross disparity in force you have guys walking in a relaxed way down the street and -and killing people rescuing the wounded and there was two journalists involved that clearly werent insurgents because thats their full time job -i mean theres been this u s intelligence analyst bradley manning arrested and its alleged that he confessed in a chat room to have leaked -we have denied receiving those cables he has been charged about five days ago -obtaining one hundred and fifty thousand cables and releasing fifty now we had released -early in the year a cable from -the reykjavik u s embassy but this is not necessarily connected i mean i was a known visitor -we would have released them ca you -because -well because these sort of things reveal what the true state -say arab governments are like the true human rights abuses in those governments if you look at declassified cables thats the sort of -so lets talk a little more broadly about this i mean in general whats your philosophy why is it right to encourage leaking of secret information -well theres a question as to what sort of information is important in the world what sort of information can achieve reform -so information that organizations are spending economic effort into concealing -thats a really good signal -that when the information gets out theres a hope of it doing some good -because the organizations that know it best that know it from the inside out are spending work -are there risks with that either to the individuals concerned or indeed to society at large where leaking can actually have an unintended consequence -so these are as far as we can tell classical whistleblowers -your records with your doctor thats a legitimate secret -we deal with whistleblowers that are coming forward that are really sort of well motivated -so they are well motivated and what would you say to for example the you know the parent of someone whose son is out serving the u s military and he says you know -put up something that someone had an incentive to put out it shows a u s soldier laughing at people dying -that gives the impression has given the impression to millions of people around the world that u s soldiers are inhuman people actually theyre not my son isnt how dare you what would you say -and we have a number of ways for them to get information to us so we use just state of the art encryption to bounce stuff around the internet to hide trails pass it through legal jurisdictions like sweden and belgium to -we do get a lot of that but remember the people in baghdad the people -dont need to see the video -they see it every day so its not going to change their opinion its not going to change their perception thats what -found a way to shine light into what you see as these sort of dark secrets in companies and in government light is good -any irony in the fact that in order for you to shine that light you have to yourself create secrecy around your sources -not really i mean we dont have any wikileaks dissidents yet -have sources who are dissidents on other sources -were presumably acting in such a way that people feel morally compelled to continue our mission not to -just based on what weve heard so far im curious as to the opinion in the ted audience you know there might be a couple of views of wikileaks and of julian you know -hero peoples hero bringing this important light dangerous troublemaker -but i think for ted you are i mean its an intriguing story thats just happened right what is this ja so this is -a sample of what we do sort of every day so late last year in november last year there was a series of well blowouts in albania -like the well blowout in the gulf of mexico but not quite as -those legal protections -and we got a report a sort of engineering analysis into what happened saying that in fact security guards -rival various competing oil firms had in fact parked trucks there and blown them up -knew what it was about so we were kind of skeptical that maybe it was a competing oil firm just sort of playing the issue -that basis we put it out and said look were skeptical about this thing we dont know but what can we do the material looks good it feels right but we -the mail the regular postal -we then got a letter just this week -wanting to track down the source -saying -this screen shot -with the author in the microsoft word id -or not vet it like a regular news organization -have you had information from inside bp -the past few months has been sort of minimized while were re engineering our back systems for the phenomenal public interest that we have -format it which is sometimes something thats quite hard to do when youre talking about giant databases of information release it to the public and then defend ourselves against the inevitable legal and -thats a problem i mean -like any sort of growing startup organization we are sort of overwhelmed by -growth and that means were getting enormous quantity of whistleblower disclosures of a very high caliber but dont have enough people to actually -so thats the key bottleneck basically journalistic volunteers and or the funding of journalistic salaries -yeah and trusted people i mean were an organization that is hard to grow very quickly because of the sort of material we deal with so we have to restructure in order to -have people who will deal with the highest national security -help us understand about you personally and how you came to do this and i think i read that as a kid you went to thirty seven different schools can that be right -a psychologist might say -a recipe for breeding paranoia -what the movie business -and you were also i mean you -at an early age and ran into the authorities early on -with hacker i mean theres like theres a method that can be deployed for various things unfortunately at the moment -its mostly deployed by the russian mafia in order to steal your grandmothers bank accounts so this phrase is not not as nice as it used to be -yeah well i certainly dont think youre stealing anyones grandmothers -what about your core values can you give us a sense of what they are and maybe some incident in your life that helped -the incident but the core values -capable generous men do not create victims they nurture victims -and thats something from my father and something from other -so you make an effort to ensure the documents are legitimate but you actually almost never know who the identity of the -generous men that have been in my life -capable generous men do not create victims they -you know im a combative -there is another way of -you are one third as productive in open plan offices as in quiet rooms and i have a tip for you if you have to work in spaces like that carry headphones with you -with a soothing sound like birdsong put them on and your productivity goes back up to triple what it would be the fourth way in which sound affects us is behaviorally with -the next five minutes my intention is to transform your relationship with sound let me start with the observation that most of the sound around us is accidental and much -you move away from unpleasant sound and towards pleasant sounds so if i were to play this -i want to spend just a moment talking about the model that weve developed which allows us to start at the top and look at the drivers of sound analyze the soundscape -the younger maybe not -you all recognize that one nokia ringtone this is -billion times a day that tune is played and it cost nokia absolutely nothing just leave you with four golden rules for those of you who run businesses for commercial sound -if your sound is pointing the opposite direction incongruent you reduce impact by eighty six percent thats an order of magnitude up or down this is important -and finally test and test it again sound is complex there are many countervailing influences it can be a bit like a bowl of spaghetti sometimes you just have to eat it and see what happens -so i hope this talk has raised sound in your consciousness if youre listening consciously you can take control of the sound around you its good for your health its good for your productivity -thank you for lending me your ears today -you all the time and id like to raise them in your consciousness today first is physiological -just given you a shot of cortisol your fight flight hormone sounds are affecting your hormone secretions all the time but also your breathing your heart rate which i just also did and your -its not just unpleasant sounds like that that do it this is -roughly twelve cycles per minute -way in which sound affects you -of sound that we know that effects our emotional state -this is guaranteed to make most of you feel pretty sad if i leave it on music is not the only kind of sound however which affects your emotions natural sound can do that too birdsong for example is a sound which most people find reassuring -reason for that over hundreds of thousands of years weve learned that when the birds are singing things are safe its when they stop you need to be worried the third way in which sound affects you -the trouble with listening is that so much of what we hear is noise surrounding us all the time -noise like this according to the european union -is reducing the health and the quality of life of twenty five percent of the population of europe -two percent of the population of europe thats sixteen million people are having their sleep devastated by noise like that -noise kills two hundred thousand people a year in europe -its a really big problem now when you were little if you had noise and you didnt want to hear it youd stick your fingers in your ears and hum these days you can do a similar thing it just looks a bit cooler -say nada brahma one translation of which is the world is sound -so were inviting into our lives the voices of people who are not present with us i think theres something deeply unhealthy about living all the time in schizophonia the second problem that comes with headphone abuse is compression we squash music to fit it into our pocket -and there is a cost attached to this listen to this this is an uncompressed piece of music -and now the same piece of music with ninety eight percent of the data removed -i do hope that some of you at least can hear the difference between those two there is a cost of compression it makes you tired and irritable to have to make up all of that data youre having to imagine it its not good for you in the long run the third problem with headphones is this deafness -and in a way thats true because everything is vibrating in fact all of you as you sit here right now are vibrating every part of your body is vibrating at different frequencies so you are in fact a chord each of you an individual -noise induced hearing disorder ten million americans already have this for one reason or another but really worryingly sixteen percent roughly one in six of american teenagers suffer from noise induced hearing disorder as a result of headphone abuse -one study at an american university found that sixty one percent of college freshmen had damaged hearing as a result of headphone abuse we may be raising an entire generation of deaf people -and thirdly if youre in bad sound its fine to put your fingers in your ears or just move away from it protect your ears in that way lets move away from bad sound and look at some friends that i urge you to seek out wwb wind water -birds stochastic natural sounds composed of lots of individual random events all of it very healthy all of it sound that we evolved to over the years seek those sounds out theyre good for you and so it this -silence is beautiful the elizabethans described language as decorated silence -i urge you to move away from silence with intention and to design soundscapes just like works of art -have a foreground a background all in beautiful proportion its fun to get into designing with sound if you cant do it yourself get a professional to do it for you sound design is the future and i think its the way were going to change the way the world sounds im going to just run quickly through eight modalities eight ways sound can improve health -first ultrasound were very familiar with it from physical therapy its also now being used to treat cancer lithotripsy saving thousands of people a year from the scalpel by pulverizing stones with high intensity sound -one definition of health may be that that chord is in complete harmony -and four modalities where you need to take some action and get involved -first of all listen consciously i hope that that after this talk youll be doing that its a whole new dimension to your life and its wonderful to have that dimension secondly get in touch with making some sound create sound the voice is the instrument we all play and yet how many of us are trained in using our voice get trained -learn to sing learn to play an instrument musicians have bigger brains its true -your ears cant hear that chord they can actually hear amazing things your ears can hear ten octaves incidentally we see just one octave your ears are always on you have no ear lids they work even when you sleep the smallest sound you can perceive moves your eardrum just four atomic diameters -you can do this in groups as well its a fantastic antidote to schizophonia to make music and sound in a group of people whichever style you enjoy particularly -my vision is of a world that sounds beautiful and if we all start doing these things we will take a very big step in that direction so i urge you to take that path im leaving you with a little more birdsong which is very good for you i wish you sound health -the loudest sound you can hear is a trillion times more powerful than that -listening is an active skill whereas hearing is passive listening is something that we have to work at its a relationship with sound and yet its a skill that none of us are taught for example have you ever considered that there are listening positions places you can listen from here are two of them -reductive listening is listening for it reduces everything down to whats relevant and it discards everything thats not relevant men typically listen reductively so hes saying ive got this problem hes saying heres your solution thanks very much next thats the way we talk right guys -expansive listening on the other hand -is listening with not listening for -its got no destination in mind its just enjoying the journey women typically listen expansively if you look at these two eye contact facing each other possibly both talking at the same time laughter men if you get nothing else out of this talk practice expansive listening and you can transform your relationships -you get nothing else out of this talk practice expansive listening and you can transform your relationships -the trouble with listening is that so much of what we hear is noise surrounding us all the time -noise like this according to the european union -is reducing the health and the quality of life of twenty five percent of the population of europe -two percent of the population of europe thats sixteen million people are having their sleep devastated by noise like that -noise kills two hundred thousand people a year in europe -its a really big problem now when you were little if you had noise and you didnt want to hear it youd stick your fingers in your ears and hum these days you can do a similar thing it just looks a bit cooler it looks a bit like -this the trouble with widespread headphone use is it brings three really big health issues the first really big health issue is a word that murray schafer coined schizophonia its a dislocation -between what you see and what you hear -say nada brahma one translation of which is the world -so were inviting into our lives the voices of people who are not present with us i think theres something deeply unhealthy about living all the time in -the second problem that comes with headphone abuse is compression we squash music to fit it into our pocket and there is a cost attached to this listen to this this is an uncompressed piece of music -and now the same piece of music with ninety eight percent of the data removed -i do hope that some of you at least can hear the difference between those two there is a cost of compression it makes you tired and irritable to have to make up -and in a way thats true because everything is vibrating in fact all of you as you sit here right now are vibrating every part of your body is vibrating at different frequencies so you are in fact a chord each of you an individual -all of that data youre having to imagine it its not good for you in the long run the third problem with headphones is this deafness -noise induced hearing disorder ten million americans already have this for one reason or another but really worryingly sixteen percent roughly one in six of american teenagers -suffer from noise induced hearing disorder as a result of headphone abuse one study at an american university found that sixty one percent of college freshmen -thats a really serious problem ill give you three quick tips to protect your ears and pass these on to your children please professional hearing protectors are great i use them all the time -if youre going to use headphones buy the best ones you can afford because quality means you dont have to have it so loud if you cant hear somebody talking to you in a loud voice -and thirdly if youre in bad sound its fine to put your fingers in your ears or just move away from it protect you ears in that way lets move away from bad sound and look at some friends that i -you to seek out wwb wind water -birds stochastic natural sounds composed of lots of individual random events all of it very healthy all of it sound that we evolved to over the years seek those sounds out theyre good for you and so it this -silence is beautiful the elizabethans described language as decorated silence -i urge you to move away from silence with intention and to design soundscapes just like works of art have a foreground a background all in beautiful proportion its fun to get into designing with sound if you cant do it yourself -first ultrasound were very familiar with it from physical therapy its also now being used to treat cancer lithotripsy saving thousands of people a year from the scalpel by pulverizing stones with high intensity sound -sound healing is a wonderful modality its been around for thousands of years i do urge you to explore this there are great things being done there treating now autism dementia and other conditions -and four modalities where you need to take some action and get involved -first of all listen consciously i hope that that after this talk youll be doing that its a whole new dimension to your life and its wonderful to have that -to sing learn to play an instrument musicians have bigger brains its true you can do this in groups as well its a fantastic antidote to schizophonia to make music and sound in a group of people whichever style you enjoy particularly -your ears cant hear that chord they can actually hear amazing things your ears can hear ten octaves incidentally we see just one octave your ears are always on you have no earlids they work even when you sleep -lets take a stewarding role for the sound around us protect your ears yes absolutely design soundscapes to be beautiful around you at home and at work -and lets start to speak up when people are assailing us with the noise that i played you early on so im going to leave you with seven things you can do right now to improve your health with sound -my vision is of a world that sounds beautiful and if we all start doing these things we will take a very big step in that direction so i urge you to take that path im leaving you with a little more birdsong which is very good for you i wish you sound health -the smallest sound you can perceive moves your eardrum just four atomic diameters the loudest sound you can hear is a trillion times more powerful than that -made not for hearing but for listening -listening is an active skill whereas hearing is passive listening is something that we have to work at its a relationship with sound and yet its a skill that none of us are taught for example have you ever considered that there are listening positions places you can listen from here are two of them -reductive listening is listening for it reduces everything down to whats relevant and it discards everything thats not relevant men typically listen reductively -so hes saying ive got this problem hes saying heres your solution thanks very much next thats the way we talk right guys -is listening with not listening for its got no destination in mind its just enjoying the journey women typically listen expansively if you look at these two eye contact facing each other possibly both talking at the same time -but thats not all sound places us in space and in time if you close your eyes right now in this room youre aware of the size of the room from the reverberation and the bouncing of the sound off the surfaces and youre aware of how many people are around you because of the micro noises youre receiving -and sound places us in time as well because sound always has time embedded in it in fact i would suggest that our listening is the main way that we experience the flow of time from past to future -so sonority is time and meaning a great quote i said at the beginning were losing our listening why did i say that -well there are a lot of reasons for this first of all we invented ways of recording first writing then audio recording and now video recording as well the premium on accurate and careful listening has simply disappeared secondly -our listening we spend roughly sixty percent of our communication time listening but were not very good at it we retain just twenty five percent of what we hear now not you not this talk but that is generally true -were becoming impatient we dont want oratory anymore we want sound bites and the art of conversation is being replaced dangerously i think by personal broadcasting i dont know how much listening there is in this conversation which is sadly very common especially in the u k -this is a serious problem that were losing our listening this is not trivial -because listening is our access to understanding conscious listening always creates understanding and only without conscious listening can these things happen a world where we dont listen to each other at all is a very scary place indeed -so id like to share with you five simple exercises tools you can take away with you to improve your own conscious listening would you like that -second i call this the mixer noise so -third this exercise i call savoring and this is a beautiful exercise its about enjoying mundane sounds this for example -lets define listening as making meaning from sound its a mental process and its a process of extraction we use some pretty cool techniques to do this one of them is pattern recognition -so mundane sounds can be really interesting if you pay attention i call that the hidden choir its around us all the time -the next exercise is probably the most important of all of these if you just take one thing away this is listening positions the idea that you can move your listening position -to whats appropriate to what youre listening to this is playing with those filters do you remember i gave you those filters at the beginning its starting to play with them as levers to get conscious about them and to move to different places these are just some of the listening positions or scales of listening positions that you can use there are many have fun with that its very exciting -and finally an acronym you can use this in listening in communication if youre in any one of those roles and i think that probably is everybody whos listening to this talk the acronym is rasa which is the sanskrit word for juice or essence -now sound is my passion its my life i wrote a whole book about it so i live to listen thats too much to ask from most people -but i believe that every human being needs to listen consciously in order to live fully connected in space and in time to the physical world around us connected in understanding to each other not to mention spiritually connected because every spiritual path i know of has listening and contemplation at its heart -thats why we need to teach listening in our schools as a skill why is it not taught its crazy -and if we can teach listening in our schools we can take our listening off that slippery slope to that dangerous scary world that i talked about and move it to a place where everybody is consciously listening all the time or at least capable of doing it now i dont know how to do that but this is ted -give you one example of that intention is very important in sound in listening -when i married my wife -i promised her that i would listen to her every day as if for the first time -now thats something i fall short of on a daily basis -when i see a classroom that looks like this can you imagine how this sounds i am forced to ask myself a question -unfortunately it was designed like a corporate headquarters with a vast central atrium and classrooms leading off it with no back walls at all -the children couldnt hear their teachers they had to go back in and spend six hundred thousand pounds putting the walls in lets stop this madness of open plan classrooms right now -please its not just these modern buildings which suffer old fashioned classrooms suffer too a study in florida just a few years ago found that if youre sitting where this photograph was taken in the classroom row four speech intelligibility is just fifty percent -children are losing one word in two now that doesnt mean they only get half their education but it does mean they have to work very hard to join the dots and understand whats going on this is affected massively by reverberation time how reverberant a room is in a classroom with a reverberation time of one point two seconds which is pretty common -this is what it sounds like -not so good is it if you take that one point two seconds down to zero point four seconds by installing acoustic treatments sound absorbing materials and so forth this is what you get -if education can be likened to watering a garden which is a fair metaphor sadly much of the water is evaporating before it reaches the flowers especially for some groups -for example those with hearing impairment now thats not just deaf children that could be any child whos got a cold glue ear an ear infection even hay fever on a given day one in eight children fall into that group on any given day -then you have children for whom english is a second language or whatever theyre being taught in is a second language in the u k thats more than ten percent of the school population -and finally after susan cains wonderful tedtalk in february we know that introverts find it very difficult to relate when theyre in a noisy environment doing group work -in fact sixty five decibels is the very level at which this big survey of all the evidence on noise and health found that that is the threshold for the danger of myocardial infarction -what does it cost to treat a classroom down to that zero point four second reverberation time -two and a half thousand pounds and the essex study which has just been done in the u k which incidentally showed that when you do this you do not just make a room thats suitable for hearing impaired children you make a room where behavior improves and results improve significantly this found that -sending a child out of area to a school that does have such a room if you dont have one costs -ninety thousand pounds a year -i think the economics are pretty clear on this -im glad that debate is happening on this i just moderated a major conference in london a few weeks ago called sound education which brought together top acousticians government people teachers and so forth were at last starting to debate this issue -out of that conference incidentally also came a free app -which is designed to help children study if theyre having to work at home for example in a noisy kitchen -lets broaden the perspective a little bit and look at cities -we have urban planners where are the urban sound -planners i dont know of one in the world and the opportunity is there to transform our experience in our cities the world health organization estimates that a quarter of europes population is having its sleep degraded by noise in cities we can do better than that -and in our offices we spend a lot of time at work -where are the office sound planners people who say dont sit that team next to this team because they like noise and they need quiet or who say dont spend all your budget on a huge screen in the conference room and then place one tiny microphone in the middle of a table for thirty people laughter if you can hear me you can understand me without seeing me -if you can see me without hearing me that does not work -so office sound is a huge area and incidentally noise in offices has been shown to make people less helpful less enjoy their teamwork and less productive at work -our social behavior -finally we have homes we use interior designers where are the interior sound designers hey lets all be interior sound designers -take on listening to our rooms and designing sound thats effective and appropriate my friend richard mazuch an architect in london coined the phrase invisible architecture -and our productivity as well -i love that phrase its about designing not appearance -how does this work well two ways first of all ambience i have a whole tedtalk about this sound affects us physiologically psychologically cognitively and behaviorally all the time the sound around us is affecting us even though were not conscious of it -and our productivity -its time to start designing for the ears thank you -theres a second way though as well thats interference -communication requires sending and receiving -in brazil they are usually first sent to governmental triage facilities in which most of the cases the conditions are as bad as with the traffickers -in two thousand and two these centers recieved forty five thousand animals of which thirty seven thousand were birds -and the police estimates that we seize five percent of whats being trafficked some lucky ones and among them brad go to serious rehabilitation centers after that -in these places they are cared for they train their flying they learn how to recognize the food they will find in nature and they are able to socialize with others from the same species -but then what the brazil ornithological society so now were talking only birds -illegal wildlife trade in brazil is one of the major threats against our fauna especially birds -claims that we have too little knowledge about the species in nature therefore it would be too risky to release these animals -both for the released and for the natural populations they also claim that we spend too many resources -but some researchers myself included some ngos and some people from the brazilian government believe there is an alternative -we think that if and when the animals meet certain criteria concerning their health behavior inferred origin -and whatever we know about the natural populations then technically responsible releases are possible both for the well being -and for the conservation of the species and their ecosystems because we will be returning genes for these populations which could be important for them -and mainly to supply the pet market with thousands of animals taken from nature every month -in facing environmental challenges and also we could be returning potential seed dispersers predators -preys etc all of these were released by us on the top the turtles are just enjoying freedom -the middle this guy nested a couple of weeks after the release and on the bottom my personal favorite -male over there four hours after his release he was together with a wild female -so this is not new people have been doing this around the world but its still a big issue in brazil we believe we have performed responsible releases weve registered released animals mating in -having chicks so these genes are indeed going back to the populations however this is still a minority for the very lack of knowledge -so i say lets study more lets shed light on this issue lets do whatever we can im devoting my career to that and im here to urge -each and every one of you to do whatever is in your reach talk to your neighbor teach your children make sure your pet is from a legal breeder -we need to act and act now before these ones are the only ones left thank you very much -these huge cargos with live animals intended to supply the pet market or they seize the animals directly from the peoples houses -and this is how we end up every month with thousands of seized animals and for us to understand what happens with them were going to follow -in the eyes of many people after the animals are seized they say yay justice has been served -the good guys arrived took the cute mistreated animals from the hands of the evil traffickers and -and we worked together first with building and growing ushahidi and the idea of the software was to gather information from sms email and web and put a map so that you could see what was happening where and you could visualize that data -and after that initial prototype we set out to make free and open source software so that others do not have to start from scratch like we did -all the while we also wanted to give back to the local tech community that helped us grow ushahidi and supported us in those early days and thats why we set up the ihub in nairobi an actual physical space where we could -collaborate and it is now part of an integral tech ecosystem in kenya we did that with the support of different organizations like the macarthur foundation and omidyar network -metaphorically and quite literally when you think about connectivity before two thousand and eight though many human intellectual and technological leaps had happened in europe and the rest of the world but africa was sort of cut off -and we were able to grow this software footprint and a few years later it became -now this year the internet turns twenty and ushahidi turned five -we did not imagine that there would be this many maps around the world there are crisis maps election maps corruption maps and even environmental monitoring crowd maps -we are humbled that this has roots in kenya and that it has some use to people around the world trying to figure out the different issues that theyre dealing with -there is more that were doing to explore this idea of collective intelligence that i as a citizen if i share the information with whatever device that i have could inform you about what is going on and that if you do the same we can have a bigger picture of whats going on -and in kenya its a very different reality and one thing that remains despite the leaps in progress and the digital revolution is the electricity problem -the day to day frustrations of dealing with this can be -lets just say very annoying blackouts are not fun imagine sitting down to start working and all of a sudden the power goes out your internet connection goes down with it so you have to figure out okay now wheres the modem how do i switch back and then guess what you have to deal with it again -now this is the reality of kenya where we live now and other parts of africa the other problem that were facing is that communication costs are also still a challenge it costs me five kenyan shillings or -and that changed first with ships when we had the renaissance the scientific revolution and also the industrial revolution and now weve got the digital revolution -internet and electricity and reduce the cost of connection -could we leverage the cloud weve built a crowd map weve built ushahidi could we leverage these technologies to switch smartly whenever you travel from country to country -so we looked at the modem an important part of the infrastructure of the internet and asked ourselves why the modems that we are using right now are built for a different context where youve got ubiquitous internet youve got ubiquitous electricity -it acts as a backup to the internet so that when the power goes out it fails over and connects to the nearest gsm network mobile connectivity in africa is pervasive its actually -everywhere most towns at least have a three g connection so why dont we leverage that and thats why we built this the other reason that we built this is when electricity goes down this has eight hours of battery left so you can continue working you can continue being productive and lets just say you are less stressed -these revolutions have not been evenly distributed across continents and nations never have been now this is a map of the undersea fiber optic cables that connect africa to the rest of the world what i find amazing is that africa is transcending its geography problem -and for rural areas it can be the primary means of connection the software sensibility at ushahidi is still at play when we wondered how can we use the cloud to be more intelligent so that you can analyze the different networks and whenever you switch on the backup -you pick on the fastest network so well have multi sim capability so that you can put multiple sims and if one network is faster thats the one you hop on -and if the up time on that is not very good then you hop onto the next one -the idea here is for you to be able to connect anywhere with load balancing this can be possible the other interesting thing for us we like sensors -is this idea that you could have an on ramp for the internet of things imagine a weather station that can be attached to this its built in a modular way so that you can also attach a satellite module so that you could have internet connectivity even in very remote areas -out of adversity can come innovation and how can we help the ambitious coders and makers in kenya to be resilient in the face of problematic infrastructure and for us we begin with solving the problem in our own backyard in kenya -it is not without challenge -our team has basically been mules carrying components from the u s to kenya weve had very interesting conversations with customs border agents -what are you carrying and the local financing is not part of the ecosystem for supporting hardware projects so we put it on kickstarter and im happy to say that through the support of many people not only here but online -i will close by saying that if we solve this for the local market it could be impactful not only for the coders in nairobi but also for small business owners who need reliable connectivity and it can reduce the cost of connecting -and hopefully collaboration within african countries -africa is connecting to the rest of the world and within itself the connectivity situation has improved greatly but some barriers remain it is with this context that ushahidi came to be -in two thousand and eight one of the problems that we faced was lack of information flow there was a media blackout in two thousand and eight when there was post election violence in kenya -it was a very tragic time it was a very difficult time so we came together and we created software called ushahidi and ushahidi means testimony or witness in swahili -this bowl is more beautiful now -having been broken than it was when it was first made -of the cycle of creation and destruction -of control and letting go -of picking up the pieces and making something new -i love raku because it allows -and choose a glaze -to room temperature in the space of just a minute -for the process of creativity i find in so many things that tension between what i can control and what i have to let go happens all the time -whether im creating a new radio show -a small clay pot that i made in college -when i sat down to write a book -about creativity i realized that the steps were reversed i had to let go at the very beginning -in the stories of hundreds of -and as i listened to these stories -more often than you might think -the best way to learn about anything -that began in japan centuries ago as a way -the first embrace is something that we think oh this is very easy -speak about needing to be open to embrace experience and thats hard to do when you have a lighted rectangle in your pocket -the filmmaker mira nair speaks about growing up in a small town in india -its name is bhubaneswar and heres a picture of one of the temples in her town -we played cricket all the time we kind of grew up in the rubble the major thing that inspired me that led me on this path that made me a filmmaker eventually was traveling folk theater that would come through the town -and i would go off and see these great battles of good and evil by two people in a school field with no props but with a lot of -you know passion and hashish as well and it was amazing you know the folk tales of mahabharata and ramayana the two holy books the epics that everything comes out of in india they say after seeing that jatra the folk theater i knew i wanted to get on you know and perform -this one is more than four hundred years old -each one was pinched or carved out of a ball of clay -so being open for that experience that might change you is the first thing we need to embrace -the novelist richard ford speaks about a childhood challenge that continues to be something he wrestles with today -hes severely dyslexic -and still to this day cant read silently much faster than i can read aloud but there were a lot of benefits to being dyslexic for me because when i finally did reconcile myself to how slow i was going to have to do it then i think i came very slowly -and it was the imperfections that people cherished -into an appreciation of all of those qualities of language and of sentences that are not just the cognitive aspects of language the syncopations the sounds of words what words look like where paragraphs break where lines break i mean i wasnt so badly dyslexic that i was disabled from reading i just had to do it really slowly -and as i did lingering on those sentences as i had to linger -i fell heir to languages other qualities which i think has helped me write sentences -overcome dyslexia -everyday pots like this -he had to learn from it he had to learn to hear the music in language -helps them focus on finding their own voice -the sculptor richard serra -talks about how as a young artist he thought he was a painter -and he lived in florence after graduate school -while he was there he traveled to madrid where he went to the prado to see this picture -its from one thousand six -and its the picture of a little princess and her ladies in waiting -and if you look over that little blonde princesss shoulder youll see a mirror -and reflected in it -the king and queen of spain -to fire i just took this out of the kiln last week and the kiln itself -who would be standing where you might stand to look at the picture -in this painting too -hes standing on the left -randomness and i wasnt getting anywhere so i went back and dumped all my paintings in the arno and i thought im going to just start playing around -he went and saw this painting by a guy whod been dead for three hundred years and realized -he moved to new york city and he put together a list of verbs -to roll to crease to fold -he would do the same thing -and when he got to the direction -richard serra had to let go of painting -in order to embark on this playful exploration -you do it outside and you take -that led him to the work that hes known for today -so experience and challenge -and limitations are all things we need to embrace for creativity to flourish -theres a fourth embrace -and its the hardest its the embrace of loss -the oldest and most constant of human experiences -in order to create we have to stand in that space between what we see in the world and what we hope for -looking squarely at rejection -educator parker palmer calls it the tragic -and my friend dick nodel likes to say you can hold that tension like a violin string -and make something beautiful -and as soon as you see that the glaze has melted inside you can see that faint sheen you turn the kiln off and you reach in with these long metal tongs -who at the beginning of his career was known for his street photography for capturing a moment on the street and also for his beautiful photographs of landscapes of tuscany -with a straight view downtown to the world trade center -and he photographed those buildings in every sort of light -you know where this story -and i raised my camera to take a peek just to see if there was something to see and some -and when i asked her why no pictures she said its a crime scene no photographs allowed and i asked her what would happen if i was a member of the press -and she told me oh look back there and back a block was the press corps tied up -in a little penned in area -and i said well when do they go in and she said probably never -and as i walked away from that i had this crystallization -probably from the blow because it was an insult in a way i thought -we need a record and i thought im gonna make that record ill find a way to get in because i dont want to see this history disappear -for nine months almost every day -looking at these photographs today brings back the smell of smoke that lingered on my clothes when i went home to my family at night -my office was just a few blocks away -and we wondered was it difficult for joel meyerowitz to make such beauty -out of such devastation -after the fact into this residue and like many other ruins you go to the ruins of the colosseum or the ruins of a cathedral someplace and they take on a new meaning when you watch the weather -i mean there were afternoons i was down there and the light goes pink and theres a mist in the air and youre standing in the rubble and i found myself -recognizing both -the inherent beauty of nature and the fact that nature as time is erasing -this wound -time is unstoppable and it transforms the event it gets further and further away from the day and light and seasons -but here in the united states we ramp up the drama a little bit and we drop -you have to take a picture -when i saw joel meyerowitz recently i told him how much i admired his passionate obstinacy his determination to push through all the bureaucratic red tape -hes right we all wrestle with experience and challenge limits and loss -creativity is essential to all of us -whether were scientists or teachers -image of a japanese tea bowl this one is at the freer gallery in washington d c -its more than a hundred years old and you can still see the fingermarks where the potter pinched it -but as you can also see this one did break at some point in its hundred years -using gold lacquer to repair it -im on the precipice looking down into a dead volcano to my left -to my right is sheer shale its coming off im in thongs and sarongs it was many years ago -and no hiking boots and hes disappeared this mad french gypsy actor off in the smoke -and i realize i can -i throw away my thongs and i looked at the line straight in front of me -and i got down on all fours like a cat -and i held with my knees to either side of this line in front of me for thirty yards or thirty feet i dont know the wind was massively blowing and the only way -which is a seminal moment in my life -im in the crucible right now its my trial by fire -its my companys trials by fire we survive because our theme song is rise above -boy falls from the sky rise above its right there in the palm of both of our hands of all of my companys hands i have beautiful collaborators and we as creators only get there all together i know you understand -and when im in the turbulent times as we know that i am right now through the crucible and the fire of transformation which is what all of you do actually anybody who creates knows theres that point where it hasnt quite -become the phoenix or the burnt char -twenty one twenty two years a long time ago on a fellowship and i found myself after two years there and performing and learning on the island of bali -a rite of passage little did i know that it was mine as well -in the dark there was no electricity just the full moon -down in this empty square -and i thought i was alone in the dark under this tree -and these twenty old men who id seen before -all of a sudden stood up -in these full warrior -costumes with the headdress and the spears and no one was in the square and i was hidden in the shadows no one was there and they came out and they did this incredible dance -and they moved their bodies and they came forward and the lights bounced off these costumes and ive been in theater since i was eleven years old -and i realized that they were performing for god -whatever that means -but somehow -it didnt matter about the publicity -a young man with a propane lantern came on hung it up on a tree set up a curtain the village square was -filled with hundreds of people and they put on an opera all night long -human beings needed the light -they needed the light to see -was that you must be true -to what you believe as an artist all the way through -but you also -have to be aware that the audience is out there in our lives at this time and they also need the light and its this incredible balance -what i would like to do now is to tell you a little bit -about how i work lets take the lion king you saw many examples of my work up there but its one that people know -i start with the notion of the ideograph -i go to the concept of the lion king and i say what is the essence of it what is the abstraction -if i were to reduce this entire story into one image what would it be -the circle the circle its so obvious the circle of life -the circle of mufasas mask -the circle that when we come to act ii and theres a drought how do you express drought its a circle of silk -the circle of life comes in the wheels -of the gazelles that leap -and you see the mechanics and being a theater person what i know and love about the theater is that when the audience comes in and they suspend their disbelief when you see men walking or women walking with a platter of grass on their heads you know its the savanna you dont question that -i love the apparent truth of theater i love that people are willing to fill in the blanks the audience is willing to say oh -i know thats not a real sun -you took pieces of sticks you added silk to the bottom you suspended these pieces you let it fall flat on the floor and as it rises with the strings i see that its a sun but the beauty of it is that its just silk -and sticks and in a way -that is what makes it spiritual -thats what moves you its not the actual literal sunrise thats coming its the art of it -the story is critical and the book and the language -the mechanics the methods -that you use is equal to the story itself -and im one who loves high tech and low tech -so i could go from -for instance ill show you some spider man later these incredible machines that move people along -so now im going to show you -some clips from the other big project of my life this year -from theater doing the tempest on the stage in a very low budget production many years ago -and i love the play and i also think its shakespeares last play -and it really lends itself as you can see to cinema -but im just going to give you a little example about how one stages it in theater -and then how one takes that same -idea or story and moves it into cinema -the ideograph that i talked to you about before what is it for the tempest -hang my hat on for this -and it was the sand castle -the idea of nurture versus nature -that we build these civilizations she speaks about it at the end helen mirrens prospera we build them but -under nature under the grand tempest -these cloud capped towers these gorgeous palaces will fade -and there will leave not a rack behind -so in the theater i started the play it was a black sand rake -white cyc and there was a little girl miranda on the horizon building a drip castle a sand castle -and as she was there on the edge of that stage -ran along the top -and started to pour water on the sand castle -and the sand castle started to drip and sink -but before it did the audience saw -the black clad stagehands the medium was apparent it was banal we saw it but as they started to pour the water -the light changed from showing you the black clad stagehands to focusing this rough magic that we do in theater it focused right on the water itself -and all of a sudden the audiences perspective changes -it becomes something magically large it becomes the rainstorm -now the difference when i went and did it in the cinema i started the actual movie -with a close up -of a sand castle a black sand castle and what cinema can do is by using camera -and so i could play with the medium and why i move from one medium to another is to be able to do this now im going to take you to spider man -on the other side gunung batur and there was a dead volcano next to the live volcano i didnt think id be swallowed by the volcano and i am here -but its very easy to climb up is it not you hold on to the roots you put your foot in the little -rocks and climb up there and you get to the top and i was with a good friend who was an actor and we said lets go up there lets see if we can come close to the edge of that -live volcano and we climbed up and we got to the very top and were on the edge on this precipice roland disappears into the sulfur smoke at the volcano at the other end and im up there alone on this incredible precipice did you hear the lyrics -only ninety days after this arguably the greatest discovery of the last century occurred -it was the sequencing for the first time of the human genome this is the code -thats in every single one of our fifty trillion cells that makes us who we are -and what we are and if we just take one cells worth of this code and unwind it -its a meter long -two nanometers thick two nanometers is twenty atoms in thickness and i wondered -what if the answer to some of our biggest problems could be found in the smallest of places where the difference between what is valuable and what is worthless is merely the addition or subtraction of a few atoms -we solve these problems -over the essence of energy the electron -so i started to go around the world finding the best and brightest scientists i could at universities whose collective discoveries have the chance to take us there -and we formed a company -to build on their extraordinary ideas six and a half years later a hundred and eighty researchers they have some amazing developments in the lab -such that we can stop -burning up our planet and instead -we can generate -all the energy we need right where we are -cleanly safely and cheaply -think of the space that we spend most of our time -in winter exactly the opposite is happening were trying to heat up the space that were in and all that is trying to get out through the window -one of the materials that can do this is a remarkable material -carbon that has changed its form in this incredibly beautiful reaction where graphite is blasted by a vapor -and when the vaporized carbon condenses it condenses back into a different form -chickenwire rolled up -but this chickenwire carbon called a carbon nanotube is a hundred thousand times smaller than the width of one of your hairs its a thousand times more conductive than copper -one of the things about working at the nanoscale -is things look and act very differently you think of carbon as black -carbon at the nanoscale -is actually transparent -and when its in this form if i combine it with a polymer -and affix it to your window -when its in its -colored state it will reflect away all heat and light and when its in its bleached state it will let all the light and heat through and any combination in between -march the fifteenth two thousand the b fifteen iceberg broke off the ross ice shelf in the newspaper it said -to change its state by the way takes two volts from a millisecond pulse -until you change its state again as we were working on this incredible discovery at university of florida -to visit another scientist -and he was working on a pretty incredible thing -imagine if we didnt have to rely on artificial lighting to get around at night -its a nanomaterial two nanomaterials -the total width of it is six hundred times smaller -than the width of a decimal place -and it takes all the infrared available at night -converts it into an electron -an image -which you can see through -transparency is key -it was all part of a normal process a little bit further on in the article -its a film that you can look through -and then im going to turn the lights out -and you can see off a tiny film incredible clarity -as we were working on this -it dawned on us -if we combined it -youve converted energy into an electron -on a plastic surface that you can stick on your window -but because its flexible -it can be on any surface whatsoever -we talked about generating and using -we want to talk about storing energy and unfortunately -the best thing weve got going is something that was developed in france a hundred and fifty years ago the lead acid battery in terms of dollars per whats stored its simply the best knowing that were not going to put fifty of these in our basements to store our power we went to a group at university of texas at dallas and we gave them this diagram -it said a loss that would normally take the ice shelf -it was in actually a diner outside of dallas fort worth airport we said could you build this -and these scientists instead of laughing at us said -hold it until you need it -and then be able to release it and pass it off -being able to do that means -that i can generate energy cleanly efficiently and cheaply right where i am -its my energy -and if i dont need it i can convert it back up on the window to energy light -to your place and for that i do not need an electric grid between us -the grid of tomorrow is no grid and energy clean efficient energy -will one day be free -if you do this you get the last puzzle piece which is water -these also require tremendous amounts of energy in fact its going to require twice the worlds supply of oil to run the pumps to generate the water -were simply not going to do that -but in a world where energy is freed -im glad to be working with incredibly brilliant and kind scientists no kinder than many of the people in the world -but they have a magic look at the world -and im glad to see their discoveries coming out of the lab and into the world -its been a long time in coming for me eighteen years ago -i saw a photograph -ive carried this photograph with me every day since then -its a picture of a little girl -if we walk into the b fifteen iceberg when we leave here today were going to bump into something a thousand feet tall -dying of thirst -and whenever i go round to somebody who says you know what youre working on something thats too difficult itll never happen -you dont have enough money you dont have enough time theres something much more interesting around the corner -this is why we have to solve our problems -and i know the answer as to how -is to be able to get exquisite control -over a building block of nature -seventy six miles long -seventeen miles wide -through the lens of normal -is one of the forces that stops us developing real solutions -it starts in small places close to home on the streets yes but also -in negotiations at the kitchen table and in the marital bed and in relationships between lovers and parents and sisters and -and then you realize that by integrating aspects of tradition and community into their struggles women like -and leah and layma but also sonia gandhi here in india and michelle bachelet in chile and shirin ebadi in -doing something else theyre challenging the very notion of western models of development they are saying we dont have to be like you -to make change we can wear a sari or a hijab or pants or a boubou and we can be party leaders and presidents and human rights lawyers -we can use our tradition to navigate change we can demilitarize societies and pour resources instead into reservoirs of genuine security -it is in these little stories these individual stories that i see a radical epic being written by women around the world -it is in these threads that are being woven into a resilient fabric that will sustain communities that i find hope -a whole of a whole new world and she is definitely on her way thank you -doing the preserving and the radicalizing or are -and the same are we guilty as chimamanda adichie reminded us at a ted conference in oxford of assuming that there is a single story -of womens struggles for their rights while there are in fact many and what if anything do men have to do with it -much of my life has been a quest to get some answers to these questions its taken me across the globe and introduced me to some amazing people -in the process ive gathered a few fragments that help me shed some light on this puzzle among those whove helped open my eyes to a third way -a devout muslim in afghanistan a group of harmonizing lesbians in croatia -and a taboo breaker in liberia im indebted to them as i am to my parents who for some set of misdemeanors in their last life -namaskar good morning given my ted profile you might be expecting that im going to speak to you about the latest philanthropic trends -i was born and raised here in india and i learned from an early age to be deeply suspicious of the aunties and uncles who would bend down -us on the head and then say to my parents with no problem at all poor things you only have three daughters -youre young you could still try again -my sense of outrage -about womens rights was brought to a boil when i was about eleven my aunt an incredibly articulate and brilliant woman was widowed early -a flock of relatives descended on her they took off her colorful sari they made her wear a white one -off her forehead they broke her bangles her daughter rani a few years older than me -sat in her lap bewildered not knowing what had happened to the confident woman she once knew as her mother -night i heard my mother begging my father please do something ramu cant you intervene and my father -in a low voice muttering im just the youngest brother theres nothing i can do this is tradition -thats the night i learned the rules about what it means to be female in this world women dont make those rules but they define us and they define our opportunities and our chances -the one thats currently got wall street and the world bank buzzing how to invest in women how to empower them how to -and men are effected by those rules too my father who had fought in three wars could not save his own sister from this suffering -by eighteen under the excellent tutelage of my mother i was therefore as you might expect defiantly feminist on the streets -the -from beijing i leaped at the chance to work for this wonderful organization founded by women to support womens rights organizations around the -she walked into my office at a time when no one knew where afghanistan was in the united states she said to me it is not about the burka she was the most -advocate for womens rights i had ever heard she told me women were running underground schools in her communities inside afghanistan and that her organization the afghan institute for learning had started a school in pakistan -not me i am interested in how women are saving us theyre saving us by redefining and re imagining a future that defies and -she said the first thing anyone who is a muslim knows is that the koran requires and strongly supports literacy -the prophet wanted every believer to be able to read the koran for themselves had i heard right was a womens rights advocate invoking religion -but sakena defies labels she always wears a headscarf but ive walked alongside with her on a beach with her long hair flying in the -she starts every lecture with a prayer but shes a single feisty financially independent woman in a country where girls are married off at the age of twelve she is also immensely pragmatic -this headscarf and these clothes she says give me the freedom to do what i need to do to speak to those whose support and assistance are critical for this work -when i had to open the school in the refugee camp i went to see the imam i told him im a believer and women and children in these terrible conditions need their faith to survive -she smiled slyly he was flattered he began to come twice a week to my center because women could not go to the mosque and after he would leave women and girls would stay behind -we began with a small literacy class to read the koran then a math class then an english class then computer classes in a few weeks everyone in the refugee camp was in our classes sakena is a teacher -at a time when to educate women is a dangerous business in afghanistan she is on the talibans hit list i worry about her every time she travels across that country she shrugs when i ask her about safety -jan we cannot allow ourselves to be afraid look at those young girls who go back to school when acid is thrown in their face and i smile and i nod realizing im watching women and girls using their own religious traditions and practices -is something the women of lesbor in zagreb croatia know all too well to be a lesbian a dyke a homosexual in most parts of the world including right here in our country india -is to occupy a place of immense discomfort and extreme prejudice in post conflict societies like croatia where a hyper nationalism and religiousity have created an environment unbearable -anyone who might be considered a social outcast so enter a group of out dykes young women -who love the old music that once spread across that region from macedonia to bosnia from serbia to slovenia these folk singers met at -in families religious beliefs make it hard to accept that their daughters are not sick just queer -we blend the two i see traditional music like a kind of rebellion in which people can really speak their voice especially traditional songs from other parts of the former -after the war lots of these songs were lost but theyre a part of our childhood and our history and we should not forget them improbably this l g b t singing choir -has demonstrated how women are investing in tradition to create change like alchemists turning discord into harmony their repertoire includes the croatian national anthem -in the midst of the daunting challenges we face as a global community theres something about this third way raga that is making my heart sing -a bosnian love song and serbian duets and leah adds with a grin kavita we are especially proud of our christmas music -because it shows we are open to religious practices even though catholic church hates us l g b t -concerts draw from their own communities yes but also from an older generation a generation that might be suspicious of homosexuality -but is nostalgic for its own music and the past it represents one father who had initially balked at his daughter coming out in such a choir now writes songs for them -in the middle ages troubadours would travel across the land singing their tales and sharing their verses lesbor travels through the balkans like this -singing connecting people divided by religion nationality and language bosnians croats and serbs find a rare shared space of pride -in their history and lesbor reminds them that the songs one group often claims as theirs alone really belong to them -all -showed us that music can create a world more accepting of difference than the one we have been given the world layma bowie was given was a world -she worried her son would be abducted and taken off to be a child soldier she worried her daughters would be raped she worried for their lives one night she had a dream she dreamed she and thousands of other women ended the bloodshed -the next morning at church she asked others how they felt they were all tired of the fighting we need peace and we need our leaders to know we will not rest until there is peace -among laymas friends was a policewoman who was muslim she promised to raise the issue with her community -at the next friday sermon the women who were sitting in the side room of the mosque began to share their distress at the state of affairs what does it matter they said a bullet doesnt distinguish between a muslim and a christian -this small group of women determined to bring an end to the war and they chose to use their traditions to make a point liberian women usually wear lots of jewelry and colorful clothing -but no for the protest they dressed all in white no makeup as layma said we wore the white saying we were out for peace they stood on the side of the road -which charles taylors motorcade passed every day they stood for weeks first just ten then twenty then fifty then hundreds of women -wearing white singing dancing saying they were out for peace eventually opposing forces in liberia were pushed to hold peace talks in ghana -the venue of the peace talks and they surrounded the building in a now famous cnn clip you can see them sitting on the ground their arms linked we know this in india its -then things get tense the police are called in to physically remove the women as the senior officer approaches with -you can see the policemans face he looks embarrassed he backs away and the next thing you know the police have disappeared layma said to me later -you know in west africa if an older woman undresses in front of a man because she wants to the mans family -i dont know if he did it because he believed but he knew we were not going to leave we were not going to leave until the peace accord was signed and the peace accord was signed -and the women of liberia then mobilized in support of ellen johnson sirleaf a woman who broke a few taboos herself becoming the first elected woman head of state in africa in -when she made her presidential address she acknowledged these brave women of liberia who allowed her to win against a football star thats soccer for you americans -no less women like sakena and leah and layma -in most societies is the hijab or the headscarf a symbol of submission or resistance -have humbled me and changed me and made me realize that i should not be so quick to jump to assumptions of any kind -with heat from the bottom and heat from the top the protests the marches the uncompromising position that womens rights are human rights full stop -thats the heat from the bottom thats malcolm x and the suffragists and gay pride parades but we also need the heat from the top -and in most parts of the world that top is still controlled by men so to paraphrase marx women make change but not in circumstances of their own choosing -they have to negotiate they have to subvert tradition that once silenced them in order to give voice to new aspirations and they need allies from their communities allies like the -allies like the father who now writes songs for a lesbian group in croatia allies like the policeman who honored a taboo and -like my father who couldnt help his sister but has helped three daughters pursue their dreams -when so many women and girls are beaten raped maimed on a daily basis in the name of all kinds of causes honor religion nationality -maybe this is because feminism unlike almost every other social movement is not against a distinct oppressor its not the ruling class or the -the colonizers its against a deeply held set of beliefs and assumptions that we women far too often -why did she say that my father worked as a policeman in the city he came home once a year we didnt see him for sometimes even two years and whenever he came home -and he went and drank with his friends in the bars because my mother was a woman she was not allowed to own any property and by default everything in my family anyway belongs to my father so he had the right and if my mother ever questioned him he beat -i had a dream i wanted to become a teacher -so i wanted to become a teacher -in our tradition there is a ceremony that girls have to undergo to become women and its a rite of passage to womanhood -well my dream of becoming a teacher will not -i talked to my father i did something that most girls have never done i told my father i will only go through this ceremony if you let me go back to school -i did the ceremony happened its a whole week long of excitement its a ceremony people are enjoying it and the day before the actual ceremony happens we were dancing having excitement and -they were all in a circle -and as we danced and danced and we approached this circle of women men women children everybody was there there was a woman sitting in the middle of it and this woman was waiting to hold us i was -as i opened my leg another woman came -and this woman was carrying a knife and as she carried the knife she walked toward me and she held the clitoris and she cut it off as you can imagine i bled i bled after bleeding for a while i fainted thereafter -its something that so many girls im lucky i never died but many die its practiced its no anesthesia its a rusty old knife -and it was difficult -i was lucky because one also my mom did something that most -women dont do three days later after everybody has left the home my mom went and brought a nurse we were taken care of -three weeks later i was healed and i was back in high school -i was so determined to be a teacher now -so that i could make a difference in my family -it was quite attractive -i told him well i want to go to where you -the maasais the boys -but i needed the support of the village and here again -when the men heard and the people heard that a woman had gotten an opportunity to go to school they said what a lost opportunity this should have been given to a boy we cant do this so i went back and i had to go back to the tradition theres a belief among our people that -can you support me to go to america -i promised him that i would be the best girl i will -to get an education i arrived in america as you can imagine what did i find -i was in a land of plenty -after i graduated from here i worked at the u n i went back to school to get my graduate work the constant cry of these girls was in my face i had to do something as i went back -and the reason they wanted the school for girls is because when a girl is raped when shes walking to school -the mother is blamed for that -if she got pregnant -before she got married the mother is blamed for that and shes punished shes beaten they said we wanted to put our girls in a safe place -as we moved and i went to talk to the fathers the fathers of course you can imagine what they said we want a school for boys and i said -and i looked at her i remember that day -as a new dawn is happening in my school a new beginning is happening as we speak right now one hundred and twenty five girls will never be mutilated one hundred twenty five girls -will not be married when theyre twelve years old one hundred twenty five girls are creating and achieving their dreams -very optimistic you are somebody who is so passionate you are somebody who wants to see a better world you are somebody who wants to see that war ends no poverty you are somebody who wants to make a difference you are somebody who wants to make our tomorrow better -that if you do that and i do that -i did everything that i needed to do to become a perfect wife -i went to school not because the maasais women or girls were going to school -i was thinking about my place in the universe and about my first thought about what -infinity might mean when i was a child and i thought that if time could reach forwards and backwards infinitely doesnt that mean that -you -every moment really is the most important moment thats ever happened -this music youre about -those of you who ill be fortunate enough to meet afterwards you could please refrain from saying oh my god youre so much shorter in real life -because its like the stage is an optical illusion for some reason -the most important music -like the curving of the universe i dont know what it is i get asked in interviews a lot -my god youre guitars are so -you must get them custom made special humongous guitars -the third plant is money plant and this is again a very common plant preferably grows in hyrdoponics and this particular plant -at all and you would not need any -we have tried these plants at our own building in delhi which is a fifty thousand square feet twenty year old building -some seventeen years ago i became allergic to delhis air my doctors told me that my lung capacity had gone down to seventy percent and it was killing me -the government of india has discovered or published a study to show that this is the healthiest building in new delhi and the study showed that there is -to other buildings there is a reduced incidence of eye irritation by fifty two percent respiratory systems by thirty four percent -and also a reduction in energy requirements in buildings by an outstanding fifteen percent because you need less fresh air -now replicating this in a one seventy five million square feet building which will have sixty thousand indoor plants -why is this important it is also important for the environment because the worlds energy requirements are expected to grow by thirty percent in the next decade forty percent of the worlds energy is taken up by buildings currently and sixty percent of the worlds population will be living in buildings -in cities with a population of over one million in the next fifteen years and there is a growing preference for living and working in air conditioned places -be the change you want to see in the world said mahatma gandhi and thank you for listening -with the help of iit teri and learnings from nasa we discovered that there are three basic green plants common green plants with which we can grow -all the fresh air we need indoors to keep us healthy weve also found that you can reduce the fresh air requirements into the building while maintaining industry indoor air quality standards -money plant the botanical names are in front -is a plant which removes co two and converts it into oxygen we need four shoulder high plants -and in terms of plant care we need to wipe the leaves every day in delhi and perhaps once a week in cleaner air cities -which is again a common plant and we call it a bedroom plant because it converts co two into oyxgen at night and we need six to eight waist high plants per person -the two men look at each other and see each other as divine -that is the ethos found too in all the religions its what is meant by overcoming the horror that we feel when we -but i got sent to jerusalem to make a film about early christianity and there for the first time i encountered the other religious traditions judaism and islam -under threat of our enemies and beginning to appreciate the other its of great importance that the word for holy in hebrew applied to god is kadosh -separate other -and it is often perhaps the very otherness of our enemies which can give us intimations of that utterly mysterious transcendence which is god -and now heres my wish -i wish that you would help with the creation -launch and propagation -of a charter for compassion -crafted by a group of inspirational thinkers from the three abrahamic traditions of judaism christianity and islam and based on the fundamental principle of the golden rule -we need to create a movement among all these people that i meet in my travels you probably meet too who want to join up -in some way and reclaim their faith which they feel as i say has been hijacked we need -to empower people to remember the compassionate ethos and to give guidelines this charter would not be a massive document id like to see it -to give guidelines as to how to interpret the scriptures these texts that are being abused -and the idea too of jews christians and muslims these traditions now so often at loggerheads working together -to create a document which we hope will be signed by a thousand at least of major religious leaders from all the traditions of the world -and you are the people im just a solitary scholar despite the idea that i love a good time which i was rather amazed to see coming up -sister religions of christianity and while i found i knew nothing about these faiths at all despite my own intensely religious background -i actually spend a great deal of time alone studying and im not very youre the people with media knowledge to explain to me how we can get this to everybody everybody on the planet -the imam in new york city also i would be working with -the alliance of civilizations at the united nations i was part of that united nations -to avoid the escalation of further extremism and the alliance has told me that they are very happy to work with it the importance of this is -this is i can see some of you starting to look worried because you think its a slow and cumbersome body but what the united nations can do is give us some neutrality -so that this isnt seen as a western or a christian initiative but that its coming as it were from the united nations from the world who would help with the sort of -bureaucracy of this and so i do urge you to join me in making in this charter -to building this charter launching it and propagating it -id seen judaism only as a kind of prelude to christianity and i knew nothing about islam at all -so that it becomes id like to see it in every college every church every mosque every synagogue in the world -so that people can look at their tradition reclaim it -and make religion a source of peace in the world which it can and should be -thank you very much -well this is such -but in that city that tortured city where you see the three faiths jostling so uneasily together you also become aware -the profound connection between them and it has been the study of other religious traditions that brought me back to a sense of what religion can be and actually enabled me to look at my own faith in a different light -and i found some astonishing things in the course of my study that had never occurred to me frankly in the days that when i thought id had it with religion i just found the whole thing absolutely incredible -its wonderful to be in the presence of an organization -these doctrines seemed unproven abstract and -to my astonishment when i began seriously studying other traditions i began to realize that -belief which we make such a fuss about today is only a very recent religious -surfaced only in the west in about the seventeenth century the word belief itself originally meant to love -to prize to hold dear in the seventeenth century it narrowed its focus for reasons that im exploring in a book im writing at the moment -to include to mean an intellectual assent to a set of propositions -really making a difference in the world and im intensely grateful for the opportunity to speak to you today -i believe it did no mean i accept certain creedal articles of faith it meant i commit myself i engage myself -indeed some of the world traditions think very little of religious orthodoxy in the -if religion is not about believing things what is it about what ive found across the board is that religion is about behaving differently -and religious doctrines are meant to be summons to action you only understand them when you put them into practice now -pride of place -in this practice is given to compassion and it is an arresting fact that right across the board in every single one -of the major world faiths compassion the ability to feel with the other in the way weve been thinking about this evening -and im also rather surprised because when i look back -not only the test of any true religiosity it is also what will bring us into the presence of what jews christians and muslims call god or the divine -it is compassion says the buddha which brings you to nirvana -why because in compassion when we feel with the other we dethrone ourselves from the center of our world and we put another person there -and once we get rid of ego then were ready to see the divine and in particular every single one of the major world traditions -has highlighted has said and put at the core of their tradition whats become known as the golden rule -on my life the last thing i ever wanted to do was write or be in any way involved in religion -first propounded by confucius five centuries before christ do not do to others what you would not like them to do to you that he said was the central -thread which ran through all his teaching and that his disciples should put into practice all day and every day and it was -the golden rule would bring them to the transcendent value that he called ren human heartedness which was a transcendent experience in itself -this is absolutely crucial to the monotheisms too theres a famous story about the great rabbi hillel the older contemporary of jesus -a pagan came to him and offered to convert to judaism if the rabbi could recite the whole of jewish teaching while he stood on one leg -hillel stood on one leg and said that which is hateful to you do not do to your neighbor that is the torah the rest is -it was what he meant he said in your exegesis you must make it clear that every single verse of the torah -is a commentary a gloss upon the golden rule the great rabbi meir said that -scripture he says teaches nothing but charity and we must not leave an interpretation of scripture until we have found a compassionate interpretation of it -and this struggle to find compassion in some of these rather rebarbative texts is a good dress rehearsal for doing the same in ordinary life -after i left my convent id finished with religion frankly i thought that was it and for thirteen years i kept clear of it i wanted to be an english literature professor -now look at our world -and we are living in a world that is where religion has been hijacked -where terrorists cite quranic verses to justify their atrocities -where instead of taking jesus words love your enemies -dont judge others we have the spectacle of christians endlessly judging other people -religion has been used to oppress others and this is because of human ego human greed -we have a talent as a species for messing up wonderful things so the traditions also insisted -and this is an important point i think that you could not and must not confine your compassion to your own group -your own nation your own co religionists your own fellow countrymen you must have what one of the chinese sages called jian ai concern for everybody -we formed you says the quran into tribes and nations so that you may know one another -and this again this universal outreach is getting subdued in the strident use of religion abuse of religion for -do for a living inform me that religion has been the cause of all the major world wars in history wrong -the cause of our present woes are political -and i certainly didnt even want to be a writer particularly but then i suffered a series of career catastrophes one after the other and finally found myself in television -make no mistake about it religion is a kind of fault line -and when a conflict gets ingrained in a region -religion can get sucked in and become part of the problem -seventy million people died in europe alone as a result of armed conflict and so many of -institutions even football which used to be a pleasant pastime -causes riots where people even die and its not surprising that religion too has been affected by this violent ethos -theres also a great deal i think of religious illiteracy around people seem to think now equate religious faith with believing things -as though that we call religious people often believers as though that were the main thing that they do and very often -secondary goals get pushed into the first place in place of compassion and the golden rule because the golden rule is difficult i sometimes when im speaking to -because religion a lot of religious people prefer to be right rather than -thats not the whole story since september the eleventh when my work on islam suddenly propelled me into public life in a way that id never imagined -ive been able to sort of go all over the world and finding everywhere i go a yearning for change ive just come back from pakistan -where literally thousands of people came to my lectures because they were yearning first of all to hear a friendly western voice -and especially the young people were coming -and were asking me the young people were saying what can we do what can we do to change things -hosts in pakistan said look dont be too polite to us tell us where were going wrong lets talk together -about where religion is failing because it seems to me that with our current situation is so serious at the moment -any ideology that doesnt promote a sense of global understanding and global appreciation -i said that to bill moyers and he said oh we take anybody -of each other is failing the test of the time and religion with its wide following -here in the united states people may be being religious in a different way as a report has just shown but they still want to be religious -only western europe that has retained its secularism which is now beginning to look rather endearingly old fashioned -but people want to be religious and religion should be made to be a force for harmony in the world which it can and should be -because of the golden rule do not do to others what you would not have them do to you an ethos that should now be applied globally -and i was doing some rather controversial religious programs this went down very well in the u k -we should not treat other nations as we would not wish to be treated ourselves and these whatever our wretched beliefs -is a religious matter its a spiritual matter its a profound moral matter that engages and should engage us all -and as i say there is a hunger for change out there here in the united states i think you see it in this election campaign -longing for change and people in churches all over and mosques all over this continent -september eleventh coming together locally to create networks of understanding with the mosque with the synagogue -saying we must start to speak to one another i think its time that we moved beyond the idea of toleration -and move toward appreciation -of the other id theres one story id just like to mention this comes from the iliad -it tells you what this spirituality should be you know the story of the iliad the ten year war between greece and troy in one incident achilles the famous warrior of greece takes his troops out of the war -where religion is extremely unpopular and so for once for the only time in my life i was finally in the mainstream -and the whole war effort suffers and in the course of the ensuing muddle his beloved friend patroclus is killed and killed in single combat by one of the trojan princes hector -and achilles goes mad with grief and rage and revenge and he mutilates the body -he kills -hector he mutilates his body and then he refuses to give the body back for burial to the family -which means that in greek ethos hectors soul will wander eternally lost -then one night priam king of troy an old man comes into the greek camp incognito makes his way to achilles tent -to ask for the body of his son -and everybody is shocked when the old man takes off his head covering and shows himself and achilles looks at him and thinks of his father and he starts to weep -and priam looks at the man who has murdered so many of his sons -and he too starts to weep -and the sound of their weeping filled the house the greeks believed that weeping together created a bond between people -and then achilles takes the body of hector he hands it very tenderly to the father -know in our ego bound existence but you know youd never know it a lot of the time that this was so central to the religious life -because with a few wonderful exceptions very often when religious people come together religious leaders come together theyre arguing about abstruse doctrines -i sometimes see when im speaking to a congregation of religious people a sort of mutinous expression crossing their faces because people often want to be right -instead -and that of course defeats the object of the exercise now why was i so grateful to ted because they took me very gently from my book lined study -years ive been feeling frustrated because as a religious historian ive become acutely aware of the centrality of compassion in -brought me into the twenty one st century enabling me to speak to a much much wider audience than i could have ever conceived -because i feel an urgency about this if we dont manage to implement the golden rule -so that we treat all peoples wherever and whoever they may be as though they were as important as ourselves i doubt that well have a viable world to hand on to the next generation the task of our time -one of the great tasks of our time is to build a global society as i said where people can live together in peace and the religions that should be making a major contribution are instead -as part of the problem -and of course its not just religious people who believe in the golden rule this is the source of all morality this imaginative act of empathy putting yourself in the -of another and so we have a choice it seems to me -we can either go on bringing out or emphasizing the dogmatic and intolerant aspects of our faith or we can -go back to the rabbis rabbi hillel the older contemporary of jesus who when asked by a pagan -to sum up the whole of jewish teaching while he stood on one leg said that which is hateful to you do not do to your neighbor that is the torah and everything else is only commentary -all the major world faiths every single one of them has evolved their own version of whats being called the golden rule -and the rabbis and the early fathers of the church who said that any interpretation of scripture that bred hatred and disdain was illegitimate -we need to revive that spirit and its not just going to happen because a spirit of love wafts us down we have to make this happen and we can do it -the modern communications that ted has introduced already ive been tremendously heartened at the response of all our partners -in singapore we have a group going to use the charter to heal divisions recently -have sprung up in singaporean society and some members of the parliament want to implement it politically -in malaysia there is going to be an art exhibition in which leading artists are going to be taking -people young people and showing them that compassion also lies at the root of all art throughout europe -the muslim communities are holding events and discussions are discussing the centrality of compassion in islam and in all faiths -but it cant stop there it cant stop with the launch religious teaching this is where weve gone so wrong concentrating solely on believing abstruse doctrines religious teaching must -always lead to action -and i intend to work on this till my dying day and i want to continue with our partners -to do two things educate and stimulate compassionate thinking -if youre just going to think about it you also have to do it i want them to get the media involved because the media are crucial -in helping to dissolve some of the stereotypical views we have of other people which are dividing us from one another the same applies to educators id like youth to get -a sense of the dynamism the dynamic and challenge of a compassionate lifestyle and also see that it demands acute intelligence not just a gooey feeling -id like to call upon scholars to explore the compassionate theme in their own and in other peoples traditions and perhaps above all -and equally important is the negative version dont do to others what you would not like them to do to you -to encourage a sensitivity about uncompassionate speaking so that because people have this charter -whatever their beliefs or lack of them they feel empowered to challenge uncompassionate speech -thought of putting the charter online i was still stuck in the old world of a whole bunch of boffins sitting together in a room and issuing yet another arcane statement -and ted introduced me to a whole new way of thinking and presenting ideas because that is what is so wonderful about -in this room all this expertise if we joined it -we could change the world and of course the problems sometimes seem insuperable -but id just like to quote finish at the end with a reference to a british author an oxford author whom i dont quote very often -but he wrote one thing that stuck in my mind ever since i read it when i was a schoolgirl its in his book the four loves -he said that he distinguished between erotic love when two people gaze spellbound into each others -eyes and then he compared that to friendship -look into your own heart discover what it is that gives you pain and then refuse under any circumstance whatsoever to inflict that pain on anybody else -when two people stand side by side as it were shoulder to shoulder with their eyes -on a common goal -we dont have to fall in love with each other but we can become friends and -i am convinced i felt it very strongly during our little deliberations at vevey that when people of all different persuasions come together -working side by side for a common goal differences melt away and we learn amity and we learn to live together and to get to know one another thank you very much -people have emphasized the importance of compassion not just because it sounds good but because it works people have -found that when they have implemented the golden rule as confucius said all day and every day not just a question of doing your good deed for the day and then -returning to a life of greed and egotism but to do it all day and every day you dethrone yourself from the center of your -world put another -so what we did we went to alaska -which is where the grizzlies rely on really high almost inaccessible mountain slopes for their denning -and the only way to film -throughout alaska and british columbia thousands of bear families are emerging from their winter sleep there is nothing to eat up here but the conditions were ideal for hibernation -to find food mothers must lead their cubs down to the coast where the snow will already be melting -very lucky person -getting down can be a challenge for small -ive been privileged to see so much of our beautiful -and indeed that of all bears around the north pacific depends -i love that shot i always get goosebumps every time i see it that was filmed from a helicopter using a gyro stabilized camera -and its a wonderful bit of gear because its like having a flying tripod crane and dolly all rolled into one -and the people and creatures that live on it and my passion was inspired at the age of seven when my parents first took me to morocco at the edge of the sahara desert now imagine a little brit somewhere that wasnt cold and damp like home what an amazing experience -but technology alone isnt enough -to really get the money shots its down to being in the right place at the right time -and that sequence was especially difficult the first year we got nothing we had to go back the following year all the way back to the remote parts of alaska and we hung around with a helicopter for two whole weeks and eventually we got lucky -the cloud lifted the wind was still and even the bear showed up and we managed to get that magic moment -but the other thing that really really excites me -now when i heard about one animal i knew we had to get it for my next series untamed americas for national geographic -in two thousand and five -a new species of bat was discovered in the cloud forests of ecuador and what was amazing about that discovery is that it also solved the mystery -of what pollinated a unique flower -see what you think -the -the bottom of -longest relative to body -now people often ask me wheres your favorite place on the planet -and the truth is i just dont have one there are so many wonderful places -and it made me want to explore more -its the altiplano in the high andes of south america -and its the most otherworldly place i know -but at fifteen thousand feet its tough -its freezing cold -but the advantage of that wonderful thin atmosphere is that it enables you to see the stars in the heavens with amazing clarity have a look -its called the altiplano or high plains -a place of extremes -some of the worlds astronomers have telescopes nearby -im really lucky because i get to share that with millions of people worldwide -you might think that its quite hard to find new stories and new subjects but new technology is changing the way we can film -its enabling us to get fresh new images and tell brand new stories -in natures great events -a series for the bbc that i did with david attenborough -we wanted to do just that -what if we thought of fear as an amazing act of the imagination something that can be as profound and insightful as storytelling itself -its easiest to see this link between fear and the imagination in young children whose fears are often extraordinarily vivid -when i was a child i lived in california which is you know mostly a very nice place to live -but at a certain point most of us learn to leave these kinds of visions behind and grow up we learn that there are no monsters hiding under the bed and not every earthquake brings buildings down -but maybe its no coincidence that some of our most creative minds fail to leave these kinds of fears behind as adults the same incredible imaginations that produced the origin of species jane eyre and the remembrance of things past also generated intense worries that haunted the adult lives of charles darwin charlotte brontat -and marcel proust so the question is what can the rest of us learn -lets take a look at the fears that their imaginations were generating as they drifted in the middle of the pacific twenty four hours had now passed since the capsizing of the ship the time had come for the men to make a plan but they had very few options -in his fascinating account of the disaster nathaniel philbrick wrote that these men were just about as far from land as it was possible to be anywhere on earth -now the last option was the longest and the most difficult to sail one thousand five hundred miles due south in hopes of reaching a certain band of winds that could eventually push them toward the coast of south america but they knew that the sheer length of this journey would stretch their supplies of food and water -to be eaten by cannibals to be battered by storms to starve to death before reaching land these were the fears that danced in the imaginations of these poor men and as it turned out the fear they chose to listen to would govern whether they lived or died -now we might just as easily call these fears by a different name what if instead of calling them fears we called them stories because thats really what fear is if you think about it its a kind of unintentional storytelling that we are all born knowing how to do -and fears and storytelling have the same components they have the same architecture like all stories fears have characters in our fears the characters are us fears also have plots they have beginnings and middles and ends you board the plane the plane takes off the engine fails -as their ship began to sink beneath the swells the men huddled together in three small whaleboats these men were ten thousand miles from home more than one thousand miles from the nearest scrap of land -our fears also tend to contain imagery that can be every bit as vivid as what you might find in the pages of a novel picture a cannibal -human teeth sinking into human skin human flesh roasting over a fire -fears also have suspense -if ive done my job as a storyteller today you should be wondering what happened to the men of the whaleship essex our fears provoke in us a very similar form of suspense just like all great stories our fears focus our attention on a question that is as important in life as it is in literature what will happen -next in other words our fears make us think about the future and humans by the way are the only creatures capable of thinking about the future in this way of projecting ourselves forward in time and this mental time travel is just one more thing that fears have in common with storytelling -as a writer i can tell you that a big part of writing fiction is learning to predict how one event in a story will affect all the other events and fear works in that same way in fear just like in fiction one thing always leads to another -when i was writing my first novel the age of miracles i spent months trying to figure out what would happen if the rotation of the earth suddenly began to slow down what would happen to our days what would happen to our crops what would happen to our minds -what will happen to our house what will happen -to my family and the answer to those questions always took the form of a story -so if we think of our fears as more than just fears but as stories we should think of ourselves as the authors of those stories but just as importantly we need to think of ourselves as the readers of our fears and how we choose to read our fears can have a profound effect on our lives -now some of us naturally read our fears more closely than others i read about a study recently of successful entrepreneurs -in their small boats they carried only rudimentary navigational equipment and limited supplies of food and water -and the author found that these people shared a habit that he called productive paranoia which meant that these people instead of dismissing their fears these people read them closely they studied them and then they translated that fear into preparation and action -so that way if their worst fears came true their businesses were ready and sometimes of course our worst fears do come true -thats one of the things that is so extraordinary about fear once in a while -our fears can predict the future -but we cant possibly prepare for all of the fears that our imaginations concoct so how can we tell the difference between the fears worth listening to and all the others i think the end of the story of the whaleship essex offers an illuminating if tragic example -after much deliberation the men finally made a decision terrified of cannibals they decided to forgo the closest islands and instead embarked on the longer and much more difficult route to south -these were the men of the whaleship essex whose story would later inspire parts of moby dick even in todays world their situation would be really dire but think about how much worse it would have been then no one on land had any idea that anything had gone wrong no search party was coming to look for these men -when the last of the survivors were finally picked up by two passing ships less than half of the men were left alive and some of them had resorted to their own form of cannibalism -herman melville who used this story as research for moby dick wrote years later and from dry land quote all the sufferings of these miserable men of the essex might in all human probability have been avoided had they immediately after leaving -steered straight for tahiti but as melville put it they dreaded cannibals -looked at from this angle theirs becomes a story about reading the novelist vladimir nabokov said that the best reader has a combination of two very different temperaments the artistic and -which acts to temper and complicate the readers intuitive reactions to the story -as weve seen the men of the essex had no trouble with the artistic part they dreamed up a variety of horrifying scenarios the problem was that they listened to the wrong story -of all the narratives their fears wrote they responded only to the most lurid the most vivid the one that was easiest for their imaginations to picture cannibals -the gradual changes in our climate just as the most nuanced stories in literature are often the richest so too might our subtlest fears be the truest -properly read our fears can offer us something as precious as our favorite works of literature a little wisdom a bit of insight and a version of that most elusive thing -so most of us have never experienced a situation as frightening as the one in which these sailors found themselves but we all know what its like to be afraid we know how fear feels but im not sure we spend enough time thinking about what our fears mean -as we grow up were often encouraged to think of fear as a weakness just another childish thing to discard like baby teeth or roller skates -and i think its no accident that we think this way neuroscientists have actually shown that human beings are hard wired to be optimists -so maybe thats why we think of fear sometimes as a danger in and of itself dont worry we like to say to one another dont panic in english fear is something we conquer its something we fight its something we overcome but what if we looked at fear in a fresh way -but it will require three things -first is the training empowerment and connection of defenders worldwide -the second is insuring that there is systematic early access to counsel -and the third is commitment -and i founded international bridges to justice -which has a specific mission of ending torture as an investigative tool -and even twenty years later there was only ten lawyers in the country so consequently youd walk into a prison and not only would you meet twelve year old boys youd meet women and youd say why are you here women would say well ive been here for ten years because my husband committed a crime but they cant find him so its just a place where there was no rule of law -i walked into a prison in cambodia and i met a twelve year old boy -the first group of defenders came together and i still remember as i was training i said okay what do you do for an investigation and there was silence in the class and finally one woman stood up inaudible name and she said khrew which means teacher she said i have defended more than a hundred people -who had been tortured and was denied access to counsel -and i still remember the first cases where they came all twenty five together she would stand up and they were in the back -and they would support her and the judges kept saying no no no no were going to do things the exact same way weve been doing them but one day the perfect case came and it was a woman who was a vegetable seller she was sitting outside of a house she said she actually saw the person -and as i looked into his eyes i realized that for the hundreds of letters i had written for political prisoners that i would never have written a letter for him because he was not a twelve year old boy who had done something important for anybody he was not a political prisoner he was a twelve year old boy who had stolen a bicycle -began to take cases over and over again and you will see they have step by step began -it other countries but it is in so many countries in burundi i walked into a prison and it wasnt -prison director i said -eighty percent -it was that inaudible name did not go alone but she had twenty four lawyers with her who stood up together and in the same way in china they always tell me its like a fresh wind in the desert when we can come together -or in zimbabwe where i remember innocent after coming out of a prison where everybody stood up and said ive been here for one year eight years twelve years without a lawyer he came and we had a training together and he said -and then he said but i want you to know that the lack of resources is never an excuse for injustice and with that he successfully organized sixty eight lawyers who have been systematically taking the cases the key that we see though is training and then early access i was recently in egypt -and was inspired to meet with another group of lawyers and what they told me is that they said hey look we dont have police on the streets now the police are one of the main reasons why we had the revolution they were torturing everybody all the time -implement early access to counsel because they are the safeguard in the system for people who are being tortured and as i tell you this im also aware of the fact that -it sounds like oh okay it sounds like we could do it but can we really do it -and there are many reasons why i believe its possible the first reason is the people on the ground -these justicemakers but people we courageously see figure out who their networks are and how they can move it forward so in china for instance great laws came out where it says police -he organized three thousand members of the youth communist league from fourteen of the top law schools who organized themselves developed posters with the new laws and went to the police stations and began what he says is a non violent legal revolution to protect citizen rights -so i talked about the fact that we need to train and support defenders we need to systematically implement early access to counsel but the third and most important thing is that we make a commitment to this and people often say to me you know this is great but its wildly idealistic never going to happen -it began with a small group of people who decided they would commit now theres one of our favorite poems from the defenders which they share from each other is take courage friends the road is often long -we often think of torture as being political torture or reserved for just the worst but in fact ninety five percent of torture today is not for political prisoners it is for people -who are in broken down legal systems and unfortunately because torture is the cheapest form of investigation its cheaper than having a legal system cheaper than having a lawyer and early access to counsel it is what happens most of the time -i believe today that it is possible for us as a world community -now we had to start changing these people and converting them from using that for a livelihood to getting something else so this is bitu kalandar who was our first experiment and we were so unsure that this would work we werent sure at all -and we managed to convince him and we said okay here is some seed fund lets see if you can get something else and we got the bear surrendered to we set up a sanctuary we have four sanctuaries in india and now he sells cool drinks hes by the -a telephone booth and then it started there was no turning back after that this is sadua who came and surrendered his bear and now he runs a cattle fodder store and a grain store near agra -then there was no looking back at all for us we gave cycle rickshaws we set up carpet weaving units vocational training for the women the women were just not allowed to come out of the community and work with mainstream society so we were able to address that -so we managed to get education so we sponsor six hundred children education programs today we were able to ensure brighter futures for these people of course we also had to get the bears -and fifty dancing bears weve been able to ensure better futures for the people and the bears the big news that i want to announce today -is that next month we will be bringing in the very last bear of india into our rescue center -and india will no longer have to witness this cruel barbaric practice which has been here for centuries and the people can hold their heads up high -this is the kalandar community they are a marginalized islamic community who live across india and have been in india since the thirteenth century -we went about getting evidence of what was going on and this is footage from a hidden camera in a button and we went in pretending to be buyers and we found this right in this very state in karnataka and the bear cubs were being harvested from across -the country and being sold and traded these were being sold for about two thousand dollars each and they are used for bear paw soup and also being trained later on to become dancing bears like the one you just saw -sadly the family of kalanders depended on this bear the couple are barely eighteen years old they already have four children beside them you can see them -and the economy of the family and their livelihood depended on those animals so we had to deal with it in a very practical and sustainable manner -now when we started working deeper and digging deeper we found that its an illegal act these guys could go to jail for up to seven years if they were caught by authorities and what they were doing to the bears was really appalling it was unacceptable -the mother bears are usually killed the cubs which are taken are separated their teeth are basically bashed out with a metal rod and they use a red hot iron needle to make a hole through the -because it made a lot of smoke and it made a lot of noise and it was powerful you know and once in a while they would blow up but -i wasnt worried by the way about you know the explosion causing the destruction of the planet i hadnt heard about the ten ways that we should be afraid -the story of that i thought was really fascinating so im going to talk a little bit about that and what exactly is it that scientists are supposed to do and -by the way i could have thought id better not do this -because they say not to you know and id better get permissionfrom the government if id have waited around for that i would have never the frog would have died -you get an idea like when i got the idea one night that i could amplify dna with two oligonucleotides and i could make lots of copies of some little piece of dna -you know the thinking for that was about twenty minutes while i was driving my car and then instead of going i went back and i did talk to people about it but if id listened to what i heard from all my friends who were molecular biologists -i would have abandoned it you know if i had gone back looking for an authority figure who could tell me if it would work or not he would have said no -probably wont because the results of it were so spectacular that if it worked it was going to change everybodys goddamn way of doing molecular biology nobody want a chemist to come in and poke around in their stuff like that and change things -but if you go to authority and you always dont you dont always get the right answer see but i knew youd go into the lab and youd try to make it work yourself and then youre the authority and you can say i know it works because right there in that -its its a kind of you know charles i got beheaded somewhere early in the seventeenth century and the english set up cromwell and a whole bunch of republicans or whatever and not the kind of republicans we had they -tube is where it happened and here on this gel theres a little band there that i know thats dna and thats the dna i wanted to amplify so there -so it does work you know thats how you do science and then you say well what can make it work better and then you figure out better and better ways to do it but you always work from from like facts that you have -made available to you by doing experiments things that you could do on a stage and no tricky shit behind the thing i mean its all youve got to be very honest -with what youre doing if it really is going to work i mean you cant make up results and then do another experiment based on that one so you have to be honest -and im basically honest i have a fairly bad memory and dishonesty would always get me in trouble if i like so ive just sort of been naturally honest and naturally inquisitive and that sort of leads to that kind of science now -all scientists arent like that -and there is a lot -there is a lot a lot has been going on since isaac newton and all that stuff happened one of the things that happened right around world war ii in that same time period before and as sure as hell afterwards -test tube scientists you know made world war ii as we know it quite possible they made faster things they made -bigger guns to shoot them down with you know they made drugs to give the pilots if they were broken up in the process -made all kinds of and then finally one giant bomb to end the whole thing right and everybody stepped back a little and said you know we ought to invest in -because whoever has got the most -these people working in the places is going to have a dominant position at least in the military and probably in all kind of economic ways and they got involved in it -you know because it was suddenly available and they werent the curious little boys that liked to put frogs up in the air they were the same people that later went in to medical school you know because there was money in it you know i mean later then they all got into business i mean there are waves of going -the government and it didnt work and charles ii the -your high school person saying you want to be right you know be a scientist you know not anymore you want to be rich you be a businessman but a lot of people got in it for the money and the power and the travel thats back when travel was easy and -those people dont think they dont they dont always tell you the truth you know there is nothing in their contract in fact that makes it to their advantage always to tell you the truth and the people im talking about are people that like -they say that theyre a member of the committee called say the inter governmental panel on climate change and they and they have these big meetings where they try to figure out -how were going to how were going to continually prove that the planet is getting warmer when thats actually contrary to most peoples sensations i mean if you actually measure the temperature -over a period i mean the temperature has been measured now pretty carefully for about fifty sixty years longer than that its been measured but in really nice -weather stations have come up just a little bit but theres a good explanation for that and its that the weather stations are all built outside of town where the airport was and now the towns moved out there theres concrete all around and they call it the skyline effect -and most responsible people that measure temperatures realize you have to shield your measuring device from that and even then -you know because the buildings get warm in the daytime and they keep it a little warmer at night so the temperature has been sort of inching up it should have been but not a lot not like -finally put back on the throne of england he was really nervous because his dad had been you know beheaded for being the king of england and he was nervous about the fact -you know the first guy the first guy that got the idea that were going to fry ourselves here actually he didnt think of it that way his name was sven arrhenius he was swedish -and he said if you double the co two level in the atmosphere which he thought might this is in one thousand nine hundred -the temperature ought to go up about five point five degrees he calculated he was thinking of the earth as kind of like you know like a completely insulated thing with no stuff in it really just energy coming down energy leaving -and so he came up with this theory and he said this will be cool because itll be a longer growing season in sweden you know and the surfers liked -the surfers thought thats a cool idea because its pretty cold in the ocean sometimes -a lot of other people later on started thinking it would be bad you know but nobody actually demonstrated -i mean the temperature as measured and you can find this on our wonderful internet you just go and look for all nasas records and all the weather bureaus records and youll look at it yourself and youll see -the temperature has just the nighttime temperature measured on the surface of the planet has gone up a tiny little bit so if you just average that and the daytime temperature it looks like it went up about seven degrees in this century -but in fact it was just coming up it was the nighttime the daytime temperatures didnt go up so and arrhenius theory and all the global warmers think they would say yeah it should go up in the daytime too -if its the greenhouse effect now people like things that have like names like that that they can envision it right i mean but people dont like things like this so most i mean you dont get all excited about things -like the actual evidence you know which would be evidence for strengthening of the tropical circulation in the nineteen nineties its a paper that came out in february and most of you probably hadnt heard about it -that conversations that got going in like bars and stuff would turn to this is kind of its hard to believe but people in the seventeenth century in england -and viliki and a whole bunch of people princeton and those two papers came out in science magazine february the first -and these the conclusion in both of these papers and in also the science editors like descriptions of these papers for you know for the -is that our theories about global warming are completely wrong i mean what these guys were doing and this is what the nasa people have been saying this for a long time they say if you measure the temperature of the atmosphere it isnt going up -its not going up at all weve doing it very carefully now for twenty years from satellites and it isnt going up and in this paper they show something much more striking and that was -really get down -the sun puts out a certain amount of energy we know how much that is it falls on the earth the earth gives back a certain amount when it gets warm it generates it makes redder energy i mean like infra red like something thats warm gives -the whole business of the global warming trash really is that if the if theres too much co two in the atmosphere the heat thats trying to escape wont be able to get out -so you still get heated but you dont dissipate any well these guys measured all of those things i mean you can talk about that stuff and you can write these large reports -talk about you know philosophy and stuff in bars they didnt have tv screens and they didnt have any football games to watch -government money to do it but these they actually measured it and it turns out that in the last ten years thats -that the energy that the level of what they call imbalance has been way the hell over what was expected like the amount of imbalance meaning -energy budget by about in other words one watt per square centimeter more would be coming in than going out so the planet should get warmer well they found out in this study these two studies by two different teams -so the theorys kaput its nothing these papers should have been called the end to the global warming fiasco you know theyre concerned and you can tell they have very guarded conclusions in these papers because -theyre talking about big laboratories that are funded by lots of money and by scared people you know if they said you know what there isnt a problem with global warming any longer so we can you -theyre funding and if you start a grant request with something like that and say global warming obviously hadnt happened if they if they if they actually if they actually said that -what this means is that what weve been thinking was the global circulation model that we predict that the earth is going to get overheated that its all wrong its wrong by a large factor -not by a small one they just they just misinterpreted the fact that the earth theres obviously some mechanisms going on that nobody knew about -it was okay if robert boyle made a device called the vacuum pump now boyle was a friend of charles ii he was a christian guy during the weekends but during the week he was a scientist -that if youre interested in them then you have to get down the details and read the papers called large decadal variability in the you have to figure out what all those words mean -one of -and the asteroids is the one i really agree with there i mean youve got to watch out for asteroids ok thank you for -which was back then it was sort of you know well you know if you made this thing he made this little device like kind of like a bicycle pump -in reverse that could suck all the air out of you know what a bell jar is one of these things you pick it up put it down and its got a seal and you can see inside of it so you can see whats going on inside this thing -what he was trying to do was to pump all the air out of there and see what would happen inside there i mean the first i think one of the first experiments he did was he put a bird in -and people in the seventeenth century they didnt really understand the same way we do -about you know this stuff is a bunch of different kinds of molecules and we breathe it in for a purpose and all that i mean fish dont know much about water -and people didnt know much about air but both started exploring it one thing he put a bird in there and he pumped all the air out and the bird died -right and immediately he got into trouble with the local clergy who said you cant make a vacuum -people relied on authorities like that and you know boyle says well shit i make them all the time -whatever that is that -kills the bird and im calling it a vacuum and the religious people said that if god wanted you to make i mean god is everywhere that was one of their rules is god is everywhere -and a vacuum theres nothing in a vacuum so youve god couldnt be in there so therefore the church said that you cant make a vacuum you know and boyle said bullshit i mean -you know you call it godless but thats not my job im not into that i do that on the weekend and -and when surfers are out waiting for waves you probably wonder if youve never been out there what are they doing you know sometimes theres a ten fifteen minute break out there when youre waiting for a wave to come in they usually talk about the seventeenth century -what im trying to do is figure out what happens when you suck everything out of a compartment and he did all these cute little experiments like he did one with he had a little wheel like a fan that was -loosely attached so it could spin by itself he had another fan opposed to it that he had like a i mean the way i would have done this would be like a rubber band and you know around a tinker toy kind of -exactly how he did it ive seen the drawings its two fans one which he could turn from outside after he got the vacuum established -and he discovered that if he pulled all the air out of it the one fan would no longer turn the other one right something was missing -weird to think that someone had to do an experiment to show that but that was what was going on at the time and like there was big arguments about it in the you know the gin houses and in the coffee shops and stuff and -who wants to do science is this is about the time that isaac newton was starting to whip out a lot of really interesting things and there was all kind of people that would come to the royal society they called it -you had to be dressed up pretty well it wasnt like a ted conference the was the only criteria was that you be you looked like a gentleman and theyd let anybody could come you didnt have to be a member then -and so they would come in and you would do anybody that was going to show an experiment which was kind of a new word at the time demonstrate some principle they had to do it on stage where everybody could see it -so they were the really important part of this was you were not supposed to talk about final causes for instance and god was out of the picture the actual nature of reality was not at issue -the world people think theyre sort of lowbrows -not supposed to talk about the absolute nature of anything you were not supposed to talk about anything that you couldnt demonstrate so if somebody could see it you could say heres how the machine works heres what we do and then heres what happens -and seeing what happens it was ok to generalize and say im sure that this will happen anytime we make one of these things and so you can start making up some rules you say anytime you have -vacuum state you will discover that one wheel will not turn another one if if the only connection between them is whatever was there before the vacuum that kind of thing -candles cant burn in a vacuum therefore probably sparklers wouldnt either its not clear actually sparklers will but they didnt know that they didnt have -one day somebody suggested i read this book it was called it was called the air pump or something like the leviathan and the air pump it was a real weird book about the seventeenth century -you can make up rules but they have to relate only to the things that youve been able to demonstrate and most the demonstrations had to do with -if you do an experiment on stage and nobody can see it they can just hear it they would probably think you were freaky i mean reality is what you can see -that wasnt an explicit rule in the meeting but im sure that was part of it you know if people hear voices and they cant see and associate it with somebody that persons probably not there but the general idea that you could only -you could only really talk about things in that place that had some kind of experimental basis it didnt matter what thomas hobbes who was a local philosopher said about it -you know because you werent going to talking final causes whats happening here in the middle of the seventeenth century was that what became my field science experimental science -was pulling itself away and it was in a physical way because were going to do it in this room over here but it was also what it was an amazing thing that happened science had been all interlocked with theology and philosophy -and and and mathematics which is really not science but experimental science has been tied up with all those things and -the mathematics part and the experimental science part was pulling away from philosophy and things we never looked back its been so cool -i mean it just it just untangled a thing that was really impeding technology from being developed -and i mean everybody in this room now this is three hundred and fifty short years ago remember thats a short time it was three hundred thousand probably years ago that -that happened very a long time ago compared to three hundred and fifty short years ago but in that three hundred and fifty years -the roots of the way i sort of thought was just the only natural way to think about things -the place has just undergone a lot of changes in fact everybody in this room probably especially if you picked up your bag -if you can think how important if you have a gps system and there are no satellites its not going to be much use but like -you know if somebody had a gps system in the seventeenth century some king would have gotten together an army and gone to get it -that you know i was born thinking about things that way and i had always been like a little scientist guy and when i went to find out something i used scientific methods i wasnt real surprised -this kind of stuff you know all this stuff came from that separation of this little sort of thing that we do now i when i was a boy -was born sort of with this idea that if you want to know something you know maybe its because my old man was gone a lot and my mother didnt really know much science -but i thought if you want to know something about stuff you do it you make an experiment you know you get you get like -was got into trouble the other night at dinner because of the post modernism thing and i didnt mean you know where is that lady -really think of that as an -so much as just a lively discussion -i didnt take it personally -i -i naively had thought until this surfing experience started me into the seventeenth century id thought thats just the way people thought and everybody did and they recognized reality -what they could see or touch or feel or hear at any rate when i was a boy -i like for instance i had this i got this little book from fort sill oklahoma this is about the time that george dysons dad was starting to blow nuclear thinking about blowing up nuclear rockets and -i was thinking about making my own little rockets and i knew that frogs little frogs had aspirations of space travel just like -you know when they first told me how how you were supposed to do science because id already been doing it for fun and whatever but -i i was looking for a -a propulsion system that would like make a rocket like maybe about four feet high go up a couple of miles and i mean that was my sort of goal i wanted it to go out of sight and then i wanted this little parachute to come back -with the frog in it and -i i i -book from fort sill oklahoma where theres a missile base they send it out for amateur rocketeers and -said in there do not ever heat a mixture of potassium perchlorate and sugar -you know -presided over the back yard from an upstairs window where she would be ironing or something like that and she was usually just sort of keeping an eye on and if there was puffs of smoke out there shed lean out -it didnt it never occurred to me that it had to be invented and that it had been invented only three hundred and fifty years ago -not care about the fact that its prohibited from heating this solution im going to do it carefully but ill do it its like anything else thats prohibited you do it behind the -i went to the drug store and i tried to buy some potassium perchlorate and it wasnt unreasonable then for a kid to walk into a drug store and buy chemicals nowadays its no maam check your shoes and like -but then it wasnt they didnt have any but the guy had i said what kind of salts or potassium do you have you know and he had potassium nitrate and i said that might do the same thing -im sure its got to do with -it wouldnt be in that manual and so i i did some experiments you know i started off with little tiny amounts of potassium nitrate and sugar which was readily available -and i mixed it in different proportions and i tried to light it on fire -just to see what would happen if you mixed it together and it they burned it burned kind of slow but it made a nice smell compared to other rocket fuels i had tried that all had sulfur in -and it smelt like burnt candy and then i tried the melting business and i melted it and then it melted into a little sort of syrupy liquid brown and then it cooled down to a brick hard substance -you know it was like it happened in england and germany and italy sort of all at the same time and -there is a way to get a -so i started developing -dad had a lot of help i just had my brother -but i it took me about it took me about -say six months to finally figure out all the little things theres a lot of little things involved in making a rocket that it will actually work even after you have the fuel but you do it by what i just you know you do experiments -and you write down things sometimes you make observations you know and then you slowly build up a theory of how this stuff works and it was i was following all the rules i didnt know what the rules were im a natural born scientist i guess or -some kind of a throwback to the seventeenth century whatever but at any rate we finally did have a device that would reproduceably put -out of sight and get him back alive and we had not i mean we werent frightened by it we should have been -for a traffic ticket in l a and the cop drops a bag of marijuana in the back of your car and then charges you for possession of marijuana -its like this very fast very efficient way to get people off the street -really doesnt make these things at all and if you could clamp these on it really well you have it taken off the street and for certain bacteria we dont -really efficient ways to do that anymore our antibiotics are running out and i mean the world apparently is running out too so probably it doesnt matter fifty years from now streptococcus and stuff like that will be rampant because we wont be here -but if we are were going to need something to do with the bacteria so i started -themselves attached to certain specific target zones bacteria that we dont like and i feel now like -george bush its like mission accomplished so i might be doing something dumb just like he was doing at the time but basically what i was talking about there weve now gotten to work and its killing bacteria -this thing can be stuck like that little green triangle up there sort of symbolizing this right now you can stick this to something called a dna aptamer -four years ago five years ago i was sitting on a stage in philadelphia i think it was with a bag similar to this and i was pulling a molecule -and that dna aptamer will attach specifically to a target that you have selected for it so you can find a little feature on a bacterium that you dont -when its in your body and will alert your immune system to go after it heres what happened see that line on the very top with the little dots -thats a bunch of mice that had been poisoned by our scientist friends down in texas at brooks air base with anthrax and they had also been treated -with a drug that we made that would attack anthrax in particular and direct your immune system to it -they all lived the ones on the top line thats a one hundred percent survival rate and they actually lived another fourteen days or twenty eight when we finally killed them and -out what went wrong why did they not die and they didnt die because they didnt have -you dont know this molecule really well but your body knows it extremely well and i was thinking that your body hated it -at the time because we are very immune to this this is called alpha gal epitope and the fact that pig heart valves have lots of these on them is the reason that you cant transplant a pig heart valve into a person easily -actually our body doesnt hate these our body loves these it eats them i mean the cells in our immune system -are always hungry and if an antibody is stuck to one of these things on the cell it means thats food -we cant get rid of it because all the people who tried to transplant heart valves found out you cant get rid of that immunity and i said why dont you use that -what if i could stick this molecule slap it onto a bacteria that was pathogenic to me that had just invaded my lungs i mean i could immediately -and i tend to be a person who thinks too much and talks too little and so i was thinking about how it might be great if i could just take all these noises like all these sounds of my thoughts in my head if i could just physically extricate them and pull them out in such a form that i could share them with somebody else -and so i went home and i made a prototype of this hat and i called it the muttering hat because it emitted these muttering noises that were kind of tethered to you but you could detach them and share them with somebody else -so many of these devices really kind of focus on the ways in which we relate to ourselves so this particular device is called the gut listener and it is a tool that actually enables one to listen to their own innards -and i like to make devices that play with the ways that we relate and communicate so im specifically interested in how we as humans relate to ourselves each other and the world around us -and so when i was first living in new york city a few years back i was thinking a lot about the familiar architectural forms that surrounded me and how i would like to better relate to them -and i thought well hey maybe if i want to better relate to walls maybe i need to be more wall like myself -so when a plant is thirsty it can actually make a phone call or post a message to a service like twitter and so this really shifts the human plant dynamic -and so kind of thinking about scale my most recent obsession is actually with glaciers of course -theyre both shrinking and retreating and some of them have disappeared altogether -and so i actually live in canada now so ive been visiting one of my local glaciers -and this ones particularly interesting because of all the glaciers in north america it receives the highest volume of human traffic in a year they actually have these buses that drive up and over the lateral moraine and drop people off on the surface of the glacier and this has really gotten me thinking about this experience of the initial encounter -when i meet a glacier for the very first time -so yea this is actually just the beginning these are initial musings for this project and just as with the wall how i wanted to be more wall like with this project id actually like to take more a of glacial pace -and so my intent is to actually just take the next ten years and go on a series of collaborative projects where i work with people from different disciplines artists technologists scientists to kind of work on this project of how we can improve human glacier relations -so beyond that in closing -dont be ashamed its something that we have in common and they act as our primary interfaces for the world -similarly the idea of architecture as this sort of object in the field devoid of context is really not the -its fairly blatant is really not the approach that we need to take so we need new stories new heroes -and new tools so now i want to introduce you to my new hero in the global climate change war and that is the eastern oyster -so albeit a very small creature and very modest this creature is incredible because it can agglomerate into these mega reef structures it can grow you can grow it and did i mention its quite tasty -so the oyster was the basis for a manifesto like urban design project that i did about the new york harbor called oyster tecture -i am -and the core idea of oyster tecture is to harness the biological power of mussels eel grass and oysters species that live in the harbor and at the same time harness the power of people who live in the community -passionate about the american landscape and how the physical form of the land from the great central valley of california to the bedrock of manhattan has really shaped our history and our character -heres a map of my city new york city with showing inundation in red and whats circled is the site that im going to talk about the gowanus canal -and governors island if you look here at this map showing everything in blue is out in the water -and everything in yellow is upland but you can see even just intuit from this map that the harbor has dredged and flattened and went from a rich three dimensional mosaic to flat muck in really a matter of years -another set of views of actually the gowanus canal itself now the gowanus is particularly smelly i will admit it there are problems of sewage overflow -and contamination but i would also argue that almost every city has this exact condition -and its a condition that were all facing and heres a map of that condition showing the contaminants in yellow and green exacerbated by this new flow storm surge and sea level rise so we really had a lot to deal with -when we started this project one of the core ideas was to look back in history and try to understand what was there and you can see from this map -theres this incredible geographical signature of a series of islands that were out in the harbor and a matrix of salt marshes and beaches -that would then protect new settlement patterns inland and the gowanus because if you have cleaner water and slower water you can imagine a new way of living with that water -so the project really addresses these three core issues in a new and exciting way i think -but one thing is clear in the last one hundred years alone our country and this is a sprawl map of america our country has systematically flattened and homogenized the landscape to the point where weve forgotten -here we are back to our hero the oyster and again its this incredibly exciting animal it accepts algae and detritus in one end and through this -oyster cart which is now as ubiquitous as the hotdog cart is today so again we got the short end of the deal there -oysters can attenuate and agglomerate onto each other and form these amazing natural reef structures -they really become natures wave attenuators and they become the bedrock of any harbor ecosystem many many species depend on them -so we were inspired by the oyster but i was also inspired by they life cycle of the oyster it can move from a fertilized -to a spat which is when theyre floating through the water and when theyre ready to attach onto another oyster to an adult male oyster or female oyster in a number of weeks -we reinterpreted this life cycle on the scale of our sight and took the gowanus as a giant oyster nursery -the core idea here was to hit the reset button and regenerate an ecology over time that was regenerative and cleaning and productive -how does the reef work well its very very simple a core concept here is that climate change isnt something that -the answers wont land down from the moon and with a twenty billion dollar price tag we should simply start and get to work with what we have now and whats in front of us -so this image is simply showing its a field of marine piles interconnected with this woven fuzzy rope -our relationship with the plants and animals that live alongside us and the dirt beneath our feet and so how i see my work contributing is sort of trying to literally re imagine these connections and physically rebuild them -what is fuzzy rope you ask -its just that its this very inexpensive thing available practically at your hardware store and its very cheap so we imagine that we would actually potentially even host a bake sale to start our new project -so in the studio rather than drawing we began to learn how to knit the concept was to really knit this rope together -and develop this new soft infrastructure for the oysters to grow on you can see in the diagram how it grows over time -in the end what we realized we were making was a new blue green watery park for the next watery century an amphibious park if you will so get your tevas on -so you can imagine scuba diving here this is an image of high school students scuba divers that we worked with on our team so you can imagine a sort of new manner of living with a new relationship with the water -and also a hybridizing of recreational and science programs in terms of monitoring another new vocabulary word for the brave new world this is the word flupsy -its short for floating upwelling system and this glorious readily available device is basically a floating raft with an oyster nursery below -so the water is churned through this raft you can see the eight chambers on the side host little baby oysters and essentially force feed them so rather than having -ten oysters you have ten thousand oysters and then those spat are then seeded heres the gowanus future with the -new word and also showing oyster gardening for the community along its edges -and finally how much fun it would be to watch the flupsy parade and cheer on the oyster spats as they go down to the reef -this graph represents what were dealing with now in the built environment and its really a conflux of urban population rising biodiversity plummeting -i get asked two questions about this project one is why isnt it happening now and the second one is when can we eat the oysters and the answer is not yet theyre working -but my dream is my hope is that when you all go back to your own cities that we can start to work together and collaborate -on remaking and reforming a new urban landscape towards a more sustainable a more livable and a more delicious future thank you -and also of course sea levels rising and climate changing so when i also think about design i think about trying to -and reengage the lines on this graph in a more productive way and you can see from the arrow here indicating you are here -im trying to sort of blend and meld these two very divergent fields of urbanism and ecology and sort of bring them together in an exciting new way -so the era of big infrastructure is over i mean these sort of top down mono functional capital intensive solutions are really not going to cut it we need new tools and new approaches -i was not at all interested in what he was saying its more that i just liked the idea of an everyday object having something inside and doing something different -several year later i managed to successfully fail all of my exams -and didnt really leave school with much to show for at all and my parents maybe as a reward -i ended up on a farm -and on this farm there was the farmer his wife -and they kind of took me into the farm and showed me what it was like to live and work -obviously one of the most important things was the sheep and so my job was well pretty much to do everything but it was about -bringing the sheep back to the homestead and wed do that by building fences using motorbikes and horses and the sheep would make their way all the way back to the shearing shed for the different seasons -and what i learned was although at the time like everyone else i thought sheep were pretty stupid because they didnt do what we wanted them to do what i realize now probably only just in the last few weeks looking back is the sheep werent stupid at all -and thats what i say when people ask me what i do but it really confuses most people so really the best way for me to convey it is to take the technology and be creative and create experiences so i tried to think what i could use for here and a couple of weeks ago i had a crazy idea that i wanted to print -wed put them in an environment where they didnt want to be and they didnt want to do what we wanted them to do -so the challenge was to try and get them to do what we wanted them to do by listening to the weather the lay of the land and creating things that would let the sheep flow and go where we wanted them to go another bunch of years later i ended up at cambridge university at the cavendish laboratory in the u k doing a ph d in physics -my ph d was to move electrons around one at a time -and i realize again its kind of these realizations looking back as to what i did i realize now that it was pretty much the same as moving sheep around -it really is its just you do it by changing an environment and thats kind of been a big lesson to me that you cant act on any object you change its environment and the object will flow so -we made it very small so things were about thirty nanometers in size making it very cold so at liquid helium temperatures -you can die and you know i had seen that sort of thing happen -so now my obsession is printing and im really fascinated by the idea of using conventional printing processes so the types of print that are used to create many of the things around us to make paper and card interactive -when i spoke to some printers when i started doing this and told them what i wanted to do which was to print conductive inks onto paper -very close to bankruptcy really and bought myself this huge printing press which i had no idea how to use at all it was about five meters long and i covered myself and the floor with ink and made a massive mess but i learned to print and then i took it back to the printers and showed them what ive done and they were like of course you can do that why didnt you come here in the first place -so what we do is we take conventional printing presses we make conductive inks and run those through a press and basically just letting hundreds of thousands of electrons flow through pieces of paper so we can make that paper interactive -and its pretty simple really its just a collection of things that have been done before but bringing them together in a different way -so we have a piece of paper with conductive ink on and then add onto that a small circuit board with a couple of chips one to run some capacitive touch software so we know where weve touched it and the other to run quite often some wireless software so the piece of paper can connect -two dj decks and to try and mix some music and im going to try and show that at the end and the suspense will be as much mine if it works and im not a dj and im not a musician so im a little bit scared of that -so ill just describe a couple of things that weve created theres lots of different things weve created this is one of them because i love cake and this one its a large poster and you touch it and it has a little speaker behind it and the poster talks to you when you touch it and asks you a series of questions and it works out your perfect cake -but it doesnt tell you the cake there and then it uploads a picture and the reason why it chose that cake for you to our facebook page and to twitter so were trying to create that connection between the physical and the digital but have it not looking on a screen and just looking like a regular poster -weve worked with a bunch of universities on a project looking at interactive newsprint so for example weve created a newspaper a regular newspaper you can wear a pair of headphones that are connected to it wirelessly and when you touch it you can hear the music thats described on the top which is something you cant read -you can hear a press conference as well as reading what the editor has determined that press conference was about and you can press a facebook like button or you can vote on something as well -something else that we created and this was an idea that i had a couple of years ago and so weve done a project on this it was for funding from the government for user centered design for energy efficient buildings difficult to say and something i had no idea what it was when i went into the workshop but quickly learned -and we wanted to try and encourage people to use energy better and i really liked the idea that instead of looking at dials and reading things to say looking at your energy usage -i wanted to create a poster that was wirelessly connected and had color changing inks on it and so if your energy usage was trending better than the leaves would appear and the rabbits would appear and all would be good and if it wasnt then thered be graffiti and the leaves would fall off the trees so it was trying to make you -look after something in your immediate environment which you dont want to see not looking so good rather than expecting people to do things in the local environment because of the effect that it has a long way off and i think kind of like going back to the farm its about how to let people do what you want them to do rather than making people do what you want them to -things so this one is like a sound board so you can touch it -and i worked with a friend called elliot to put some beats together so this is my niece charlotte -so when i was a kid i was obsessed with wires and -i used to thread them under my carpet and thread them behind the walls and have little switches -and little speakers and i wanted to make my bedroom be interactive but kind of all hidden away and i was also really interested in wireless as well so i bought one of those -little kits that you could get to make a radio transmitter and i got an old book and i carved out the inside and i hid it inside there and then i placed it next to my dad and snuck back to my bedroom and tuned in on the radio so i could eavesdrop -in service of the long term this entrepreneurial energy is emerging from many quarters and its driven and propelled forward by new leaders like many of the people here by new tools like the ones weve seen here by new pressures -ive been following this change for quite a while now and participating in it this report is our main public report what it tells is the story of how today actually could be as historic as one hundred years ago -what i want to do is share some of the coolest things that are going on with you -and as i do that im not going to dwell much on the very large philanthropy that everybody already knows about -the gates and the soros and the google -what i want to do is talk about the philanthropy of all of us -i want to help you re perceive what philanthropy is what it could be -first is mass collaboration represented here by wikipedia now this may surprise you -clay shirky that great chronicler of everything networked -he said we have lived in this world where little things are done for love and big things for money now we have wikipedia -watch this spring -for paul hawkens new book author and entrepreneur many of you may know about the book is called blessed unrest and when it comes out a series of wiki sites under the label wiser are going to launch at the same time wiser stands for world index for social and environmental responsibility -wiser sets out to document link and empower what paul calls the largest movement and fastest growing movement in human history -and what your relationship to it -humanitys collective immune response to todays threats -now all of these big things for love experiments arent going to take off -but the ones that do are going to be the biggest the most open the fastest the most connected form of philanthropy in human history -and in doing that i want to offer you a vision an imagined future if you will -this is of course to philanthropy what ebay and amazon are to commerce -think of it as peer to peer philanthropy -and this challenges yet another assumption -which is that organized philanthropy is only for the very wealthy -take a look if you havent at donorschoose omidyar network has made a big investment in donorschoose its one of the best known of these new marketplaces where a donor can go straight -into a classroom and connect with what a teacher says they need take a look at changing the present started by a tedster next time you need a wedding present or a holiday present -the third category is represented by warren buffet -of how as -there are now today so many new funds that are aggregating giving and investing bringing together people -around a common goal to think bigger -the best known is acumen fund led by jacqueline novogratz a tedster who got a big boost here at ted but there are many others -the poet seamus heaney has put it -new profit in cambridge new schools venture fund in silicon valley venture philanthropy partners in washington -venture capital private equity -and eventually mutual funds are -to investing but with a twist because often a community forms around these funds as it has at acumen and other places -once in a lifetime -now imagine for a second -these first three -the longed for tidal wave of justice can rise up -the mash up if you will of these things in the future when these things come together in the experiments of the future imagine that somebody puts -hundred million dollars for an inspiring goal there were twenty one gifts of one hundred million dollars or more in the us last year not out of the question -but only puts it up if its matched by millions of small gifts from around the globe -thereby engaging lots of people and building visibility and engaging people in the goal thats stated -and hope and history rhyme -look quickly at the fourth and fifth categories which are innovation competitions and social investing -betting a visible competition a prize can attract talent and money to some of the most difficult issues and thereby speed the solution -and the organization is at the center as opposed to putting the problem at the center -especially with things that require technological or scientific solution -that leaves the final category social investing which is really anyway the biggest of them all represented here by xigi net -i want to start with -this of course tackles the biggest assumption of all -that business is business and philanthropy is the vehicle of people who want to create change in the world -is a new community site thats built by the community linking and mapping this new social capital market -to help us -that if we can leverage even a small amount of the capital that it seeks to return -the good that can be driven -now whats really interesting here -is that were not -we all know which side of these wed like to be on -were acting our way into a new way of thinking -and even though all of the experiments and all of the big givers dont yet fulfill this aspiration i think this is the -open big -long we have got to realize that it is going to take a long time to do these things -stick with it all of this stuff is just going to be -and im hopeful because its not only philanthropy thats reorganizing itself -its also whole other portions of the social sector -and of business -and everywhere i go inculding here at ted -what were seeing is people really wrestling to describe what is this new thing thats happening words like philanthrocapitalism and natural capitalism and philanthroentrepreneur and venture philanthropy we dont have a language for it yet -whatever we call it -its new its beginning -and i think its gong to quite significant -going to call the social singularity many of you will realize that im ripping a bit off of the science fiction writer vernor vinges notion of a technological singularity where a number of trends accelerate and converge and come together to create really a shockingly new reality it may be -they didnt think of themsevles on the wrong side of these either -that the social singularity ahead -is the one that we fear the most -a convergence of catastrophes of environmental degradation -our ability to confront the problems that we face has not kept pace with our ability to create them -we hold the future of our civilization in our hands as never before -the question is is there a positive social singularity is there a frontier -future doesnt have to be imagined we can create a future where hope and history rhyme -our experience to date -a new generation of citizen leaders -willing to commit ourselves to growing and changing and learning as rapidly as possible -i keep this photograph close by to me -in my office because ive always felt a mystical connection to these two men both -this blank slide -this a photograph of you -i want you to think about the community that you want to be part of creating whatever that means to you -and i want you to imagine -that its one hundred years from now -and your grandchild or great grandchild -or niece or nephew or god child -is looking at this photograph of you -what is the story -but by the end of the twentieth century a new generation of critics and reformers -had come to see philanthropy just this way -the thing to watch for as a global philanthropy industry comes about and thats exactly what is happening -is how the aspiration is to flip these old assumptions for philanthropy to become open and big and fast and connected -we tell another story we hold another conference -the theme of this one as you guys have now heard seven million times is the rediscovery of wonder -you need to step outside of that tiny terrified space of rightness -and look around at each other -thinking about situations exactly like this -why we sometimes misunderstand the signs around us -and how we behave when that happens and what all of this can tell us about human nature in other words as you heard chris say -this might strike you as a strange career move -but it actually has one great advantage -no job competition -or at least to avoid thinking about the possibility that we ourselves are wrong -we all know everybody in this room makes mistakes the human species in general is fallible okay fine -but when it comes down to me right now -to all the beliefs i hold here in the present tense -and the thing is the present tense is where we live we go to meetings in the present tense we go on family vacations in the present tense we go to the polls and vote in the present tense so effectively we all kind of wind up traveling through life trapped in this little bubble of feeling very right about everything -i think this is a problem -and a friend and i go on a road trip from providence rhode island to portland oregon -i think its a problem for each of us as individuals in our personal and professional lives -and i think its a problem for all of us collectively as a culture -so what i want to do today is first of all talk about why we get stuck inside this feeling of being right -and second why its such a problem -and finally i want to convince you that it is possible to step outside of that feeling -and that if you can do so it is the single greatest moral intellectual and creative leap you can make so -one reason actually has to do with a feeling of being wrong -thank you these are great answers -but theyre answers to a different question -you guys are answering the question how does it feel to realize youre wrong -so we do the whole thing on back roads through state parks and national forests basically the longest route we can possibly take -in pretty much every episode of this cartoon theres a moment where the coyote is chasing the roadrunner and the roadrunner runs off a cliff -which is fine hes a bird he can fly -but the thing is the coyote runs off the cliff right after him and whats funny at least if youre six years old is that the coyotes totally fine too he just keeps running right up until the moment that he looks down and realizes that hes in mid air -thats when he falls -were like that coyote -after hes gone off the cliff and before he looks down -you know were already wrong -so i should actually correct something i said a moment ago -it does feel like something to be wrong -think back for a moment to elementary school -and somewhere in the middle of south dakota -so by the time you are nine years old -youve already learned first of all that people who get stuff wrong are lazy irresponsible dimwits -is to never make any mistakes -we learn these really bad lessons really well -and a lot of us and i suspect especially a lot of us in this room -deal with them by just becoming perfect little a students -i turn to my friend -and i ask her a question thats been bothering me for two thousand miles -at the possibility that weve gotten something wrong -because it makes us feel smart and responsible and virtuous and safe -so this woman comes in -why is the wrong side of my body in bandages -well the wrong side of her body is in bandages because the surgeon has performed a major operation on her left leg instead of her right one -when the vice president for health care quality at beth israel spoke about this incident -whats up with the chinese character i keep seeing by the side of the road -he said something very interesting -the point of this story -is that trusting too much in the feeling of being on the correct side -and when we act like it is and we stop entertaining the possibility that we could be wrong -or torpedoing the global economy -so this is a huge practical problem -but its also a huge social problem -think for a moment about what it means to feel right -it means that you think that your beliefs just perfectly reflect reality -my friend looks at me totally blankly -it turns out most of us explain those people the same way -when it turns out those people have all the same facts that we do and they still disagree with us -and when that doesnt work when it turns out that people who disagree with us -have all the same facts we do -and are actually pretty smart -so this is a catastrophe this attachment to our own rightness -keeps us from preventing mistakes when we absolutely need to and causes us to treat each other terribly -but to me whats most baffling and most tragic about this -is that it misses the whole point of being human its like we want to imagine that our minds are just these perfectly translucent windows and we just gaze out of them and describe the world as it unfolds -and we want everybody else to gaze out of the same window and see the exact same thing -that is not true and if it were life would be incredibly boring -the miracle of your mind -isnt that you can see the world as it is -its that you can see the world as it isnt -we can remember the past -and we can imagine what its like to be some other person in some other place -and we all do this a little differently -and also this and also this and yeah it is also why we get things wrong -i err therefore i am -augustine understood that our capacity to screw up its not some kind of embarrassing defect in the human system -something we can eradicate or overcome -its totally fundamental to who we are -and unlike all of the other animals -we are obsessed with trying to figure it out -to me this obsession -is the source and root of all of our productivity and creativity -all the stories are about being wrong -and my first thought was -and the crypto theme is i thought this one thing was going to -and then she cracks up -and something else happened instead -and the thing is says ira glass -we need this we need these moments of surprise and reversal and wrongness to make these stories work -and for the rest of us audience members as listeners as readers -we eat this stuff up -we love things like plot twists and red herrings and surprise endings -because she figures out what im talking about -when it comes to our stories -we think this one thing is going to happen -and something else happens instead -george bush thought he was going to invade iraq find a bunch of weapons of mass destruction liberate the people and bring democracy to the middle east -and what im talking about is this -and something else happened instead -and hosni mubarak thought he was going to be the dictator of egypt for the rest of his life until he got too old or too sick and could pass the reigns of power onto his son -and something else happened instead -grow up and marry your high school sweetheart and move back to your hometown and raise a bunch of kids together -and something else happened instead -and i have to tell you that -i thought i was writing an incredibly nerdy book about a subject everybody hates for an audience that would never materialize -and something else happened instead -we generate these incredible stories about the world around us -and then the world turns around and astonishes us -no offense but this entire conference is an unbelievable monument to our capacity to get stuff wrong -we just spent an entire week talking about innovations and advancements and improvements but you know why we need -boggling and world altering ted one thousand nine hundred and ninety eight -in other words i had drunk our great cultural kool aid about regret which is that lamenting things that occurred in the past is an absolute waste of time that we should always look forward and not backward and that one of the noblest and best things we can do is strive to live a life free of regrets -johnny depp of course -this idea is nicely captured by this quote things without all remedy should be without regard -whats done is done -right so this is lady macbeth basically telling her husband to stop being such a wuss for feeling bad about murdering people -and thats johnny depps shoulder and thats johnny depps famous shoulder tattoo some of you might know that in one thousand nine hundred and ninety depp got engaged to winona ryder and he had tattooed on his right shoulder winona forever -and as it happens shakespeare was onto something here as he generally was because the inability to experience regret is actually one of the diagnostic characteristics of sociopaths -and fully humane i think you need to learn to live not without regret but with it so lets start off by defining some terms what is regret -regret is the emotion we experience when we think that our present situation could be better -and in fact the more -we have of either of these things the more agency and the more imagination with respect to a given regret -the more acute that regret will be -so lets say for instance that -youre on your way to your best friends wedding and youre trying to get to the airport and youre stuck in terrible traffic and you finally arrive at your gate and youve missed your flight -why -because if you miss your flight by three minutes it is painfully easy to imagine that you could have made different decisions -that would have led to a better outcome i should have taken the bridge and not the tunnel i should have gone through that yellow light these are the classic conditions that create regret we feel regret when we think we are responsible for a decision that came out badly but almost came out well -now within that framework we can obviously experience regret about a lot of different things -and then three years later which in fairness kind of is forever by hollywood standards they broke up and johnny went and got a little bit of repair work done and now his shoulder says wino forever -and how we spend our leisure time -pertain to these things finance family issues unrelated to romance or parenting health friends spirituality and community -so in other words we know most of what we know about regret by the study of finance but it turns out when you look overall at what people regret in life you know what our financial decisions dont even -they account for less than three percent of our total regrets so if youre sitting there stressing about large cap versus small cap or company a versus company b or should you buy the subaru or the prius you know what -make it go away -the second characteristic component of regret is a sense of bewilderment so the other thing i thought about there in my bedroom that night was -how could i have done that what was i thinking -this real sense of alienation from the part of us that made a decision we regret we cant identify with that part we dont understand that part and we certainly dont have any empathy for that part which explains the third consistent component of regret which is an intense desire to punish ourselves thats why in the face of our regret the thing we consistently say is i could have kicked myself -the fourth component here is that regret is what psychologists call perseverative to perseverate means to focus obsessively and repeatedly on the exact same thing now the effect of perseveration is to basically take these first three components of regret and put them on an infinite loop so its not that i sat there -in my bedroom that night thinking make it go away -its that i sat there and i thought make it go away make it go away make it go away make it go away -so if you look at the psychological literature these are the four consistent defining -and i think of this as a kind of existential wake up call that night in my apartment after i got done kicking myself and so forth -i lay in bed for a long time and i thought about skin grafts -and then i thought about how much as travel insurance doesnt cover acts of god probably my health insurance did not cover acts of idiocy -i have a tattoo -and the problem is that there are certain things that happen in life that we desperately want to change and we cannot sometimes instead of control z we actually have zero control -and for those of us who are control freaks and perfectionists and i know where of i speak this is really hard because we want to do everything ourselves and we want to do it right -now there is a case to be made that control freaks and perfectionists should not get tattoos and im going to return to that point in a few minutes -or you can have your last day at work -and this doesnt even touch on the really profound regrets of a life -because of course sometimes we do make decisions that have irrevocable and terrible consequences either for our own or for other peoples health and happiness and livelihoods and in the very worst case scenario even their lives -now obviously those kinds of regrets -incredibly piercing and enduring i mean even the stupid reply all regrets can leave us in a fit of excruciating agony for days -so how are we supposed to live with this -i want to suggest that theres three things that help us to make our peace with regret and the first of these is to take some comfort in its universality -if you google regret and tattoo you will get eleven point five million hits -we are all in this together -that didnt happen to me i got my tattoo when i was twenty nine -but it might seem like a kind of cruel or glib suggestion when it comes to these more profound regrets i dont think thats the case though -all of us whove experienced regret that contains real pain and real grief understand that humor and even black -humor plays a crucial role in helping us survive -it connects the poles of our lives back together the positive and the negative and it sends a little current of life back into us -and i regretted it instantly -this is my tattoo -and by regretted it i mean that i stepped outside of the tattoo place this is just a couple miles from here down on the lower east side -it -i can guess what some of you are thinking so let me reassure you about something -some of your own regrets are also not as ugly as you think they are -i got this tattoo because i spent most of my twenty s living outside the country and traveling -and when i came and settled in new york afterward i was worried that i would forget some of the most important lessons that i learned during that time specifically the two things i learned about myself that i most didnt want to forget was how important it felt to keep exploring -and simultaneously how important it is to somehow keep an eye on your own true north and what i loved about this image of the compass was that i felt like it encapsulated both of these ideas in one simple image and i thought it might serve as a kind of permanent mnemonic device -well it did but it turns out it doesnt remind me of the thing i thought it would it reminds me constantly of something else instead -being heres the thing -if we have goals and dreams and we want to do our best and if we love people and we dont want to hurt them or lose them -we should feel pain when things go wrong -and in the marital bed and in relationships between lovers and parents and sisters and friends -and -to make change we can wear a sari or a hijab or pants or a boubou and we can be party leaders and presidents and human rights lawyers we can use our tradition to navigate change we can demilitarize societies -and pour resources instead into reservoirs of genuine security -what allows women to replant trees to rebuild societies to lead radical non violent movements for social change is it different women -it is in these little stories these individual stories that i see a radical epic being written by women around the world it is in these threads that are being woven into a resilient fabric that will sustain communities that i find hope -much of my life has been a quest to get some answers to these questions its taken me across the globe and introduced me to some amazing people in the process ive gathered a few fragments that help me shed some light on this puzzle -among those whove helped open my eyes to a third way are a devout muslim in afghanistan -a group of harmonizing lesbians in croatia -and a taboo breaker in liberia im indebted to them as i am to my parents who for some set of misdemeanors in their last life were blessed with three daughters in this one and for reasons equally unclear to me seem to be inordinately proud of the three of us -i was born and raised here in india and i learned from an early age to be deeply suspicious of the aunties and uncles who would bend down pat us on the head and then say to my parents with no problem at all poor things you only have three daughters but -youre young you could still try again -my sense of outrage -about womens rights was brought to a boil when i was about eleven my aunt an incredibly articulate and brilliant woman was widowed early -her daughter rani a few years older than me sat in her lap bewildered not knowing what had happened to the confident woman she once knew as her mother -im just the youngest brother theres nothing i can do this is tradition -could not save his own sister from this suffering -eighteen under the excellent tutelage of my mother i was therefore as you might expect defiantly feminist on the streets -chanting hindi hindi we -soon after i returned from beijing i leapt at the chance to work for this wonderful organization -she said to me it is not about the burka she was the most -not me i am interested in how women are saving us -she said the first thing anyone who is a muslim knows is that the koran requires and strongly supports literacy the prophet wanted every believer to be able to read the koran for themselves had i heard right -was a womens rights advocate invoking religion -she starts every lecture with a prayer but shes a single feisty financially independent woman in a country where girls are married off at the age of twelve -she is also immensely pragmatic -this headscarf and these clothes she says give me the freedom to do what i need to do to speak to those whose support and assistance are critical for this work -theyre saving us by redefining and re imagining a future that defies and blurs accepted polarities polarities weve taken for granted for a long time like the ones between modernity and tradition first world and third world -when i had to open the school in the refugee camp i went to see the imam i told him im a believer and women and children in these terrible conditions need their faith to survive -she smiles slyly he was flattered -he began to come twice a week to my center -because women could not go to the mosque and after he would leave women and girls would stay behind we began with a small literacy class to read the koran then a math class then an english class then computer classes in a few weeks everyone in the refugee camp was in our classes -at a time when to educate women is a dangerous business in afghanistan -she is on the talibans hit list i worry about her every time she travels across that country she shrugs when i ask her about safety -turning them into instruments of opposition and opportunity -to be a lesbian a dyke a homosexual in most parts of the world including right here in our country india -is to occupy a place of immense discomfort and extreme prejudice in post conflict societies like croatia where a hyper nationalism and religiosity have created an environment unbearable -for anyone who might be considered a social outcast so enter a group of out dykes -young women who love the old music that once spread across that region from macedonia to bosnia from serbia to slovenia -these folk singers met at college at a gender studies program -many are in their twenty s some are mothers many have struggled to come out to their communities in families whose religious beliefs make it hard to accept that their daughters are not sick just queer -we blend the two i see traditional music like a kind of rebellion in which people can really speak their voice -oppression and opportunity in the midst of the daunting challenges we face as a global community theres something about this third way raga that is making my heart sing -especially traditional songs from other parts of the former yugoslav republic after the war lots of these songs were lost but they are a part of our childhood and our history and we should not forget them improbably this lgbt singing choir -has demonstrated how women are investing in tradition to create change like alchemists turning discord into harmony their repertoire includes the croatian national anthem -a bosnian love song and serbian duets -and leah adds with a grin kavita we especially are proud of our christmas music because it shows we are open to religious practices even though catholic church hates us lgbt -their concerts draw from their own communities yes but also from an older generation a generation that might be suspicious of homosexuality but is nostalgic for its own music and the past it represents one father who had initially balked at his daughter coming out in such a choir now writes songs for them -in the middle ages troubadours would travel across the land singing their tales and sharing their verses lesbor travels through the balkans like this -singing connecting people divided by religion nationality and language bosnians croats and serbs find a rare shared space of pride in their history and lesbor reminds them that the songs one group often claims as theirs alone really belong to -what intrigues me most is how women are doing this despite a set of paradoxes that are both frustrating and fascinating -she worried for their lives one night she had a dream she dreamt she and thousands of other women ended the bloodshed the next morning at church she asked others how they felt -they were all tired of the fighting we need peace and we need our leaders to know we will not rest until there is peace among laymas friends was a policewoman who was muslim she promised to raise the issue with her community -at the next friday sermon the women who were sitting in the side room of the mosque began to share their distress at the state of affairs what does it matter they said a bullet doesnt distinguish between a muslim and a christian this small group of women determined to bring an end to the war and they chose to use their traditions to make a point -liberian women usually wear lots of jewelry and colorful clothing -but no for the protest they dressed all in white -no makeup as layma said we wore the white saying we were out for peace they stood on the side of the road on which charles taylors motorcade passed every day they stood for weeks first just ten then twenty then fifty then hundreds of women wearing white singing dancing saying they were out for peace -eventually opposing forces in liberia were pushed to hold peace talks in ghana -the peace talks dragged on and on and on layma and her sisters had had enough with their remaining funds they took a small group of women down to the venue of the peace talks and they surrounded the building -why is it that women are on the one hand viciously oppressed by cultural practices and yet at the same time are the preservers of cultures in most societies -you can see the policemans face he looks embarrassed he backs away and the next thing you know the police have disappeared layma said to me later -i dont know if he did it because he believed but he knew we were not going to leave we were not going to leave until the peace accord was signed and the peace accord was signed -when she made her presidential address she acknowledged these brave women of liberia who allowed her to win against a football star thats soccer for you americans no less -women like sakena and leah and layma have humbled me and changed me and made me realize that i should not be so quick to jump to assumptions of any kind -theyve also saved me from my righteous anger by offering insights into this third way -a filipina activist once said to me how do you cook a rice cake with heat from the bottom and heat from the top the protests the marches the uncompromising position that womens rights are human rights full stop -thats the heat from the bottom thats malcolm x and the suffragists and gay pride parades -but we also need the heat from the top and in most parts of the world that top is still controlled by men so to paraphrase marx women make change but not in circumstances of their own choosing -they have to negotiate they have to subvert tradition that once silenced them in order to give voice to new aspirations and they need allies from their communities -allies like the imam allies like the father who now writes songs for a lesbian group in croatia allies like the policeman who honored a taboo and backed away allies like my father -who couldnt help his sister but has helped three daughters pursue their dreams -maybe this is because feminism unlike almost every other social movement is not a struggle against a distinct oppressor its not the ruling class or the occupiers or the colonizers -when so many women and girls are beaten raped maimed on a daily basis in the name of all kinds of causes honor religion nationality -its against a deeply held set of beliefs and assumptions that we women far too often hold ourselves -and perhaps this is the ultimate gift of feminism -that the personal is in fact the political so that as eleanor roosevelt said once of human rights the same is true of gender equality that it starts in small places close to home on the streets yes but also in negotiations at the kitchen table -and please pay attention -both are of the male sex -well im a biologist im an ornithologist i said somethings wrong here -that must be necrophilia -homosexual necrophilia -took a chair and started to observe this behavior -after seventy five minutes -and i wanted to go home so i went out collected the duck and before i put it in the freezer i checked if the victim was indeed of the male sex -and heres a rare picture of a ducks penis so it was indeed of the male sex its a rare picture because there are ten thousand species of birds and only three hundred possess a penis -its my job to make sure the collection stays okay and that it grows -i mean its a nice topic for a birthday party or at the coffee machine -but to share this among your peers is something different i didnt have the framework so after six years my friends and colleagues urged me to publish so i published the first case of homosexual necrophilia in the mallard -and basically it means i collect dead animals -and heres the situation again -a is my office b is the place where the -duck hit the glass and c is from where i watched it -i got a phone call from a person called marc abrahams and he told me -youve won a prize with your duck paper the ig nobel prize -nobel prize -back in one thousand nine hundred and ninety five -nobel prize honors research that first makes people laugh and then makes them think -with the ultimate goal to make more people interested in science thats a good thing so i -i went -is a very nice experience -we got a new wing -real nobel laureates hand you the prize thats the first thing and there are nine other winners who get prizes heres one of my fellow winners thats charles paxton who won the two thousand biology prize for his paper courtship behavior -of ostriches towards humans under farming conditions in britain -next to the museum it was made of glass -in medicine for demonstrating that high priced fake medicine works better than low priced fake medicine -so heres my one minute of fame -my acceptance speech -and this building really helped me to do my job good -you can pass it around please note its a museum specimen but theres no chance youll get the avian flu -after winning this prize my life changed in the first place people started to send me all kinds of duck related things -the building was a true bird killer -people started to send me their observations of remarkable animal behavior and believe me if theres an animal misbehaving on this planet i know about it -moose its a moose -this is a frog that tries to copulate with a goldfish this is the netherlands two thousand and eleven -you may know that birds dont understand the concept of glass they dont see it so they fly into the windows and get killed -these are pigeons in rotterdam -barn swallows in hong kong two thousand and four -this is a turkey in wisconsin on the premises of the ethan allen juvenile correctional institution -it took all day -and the prisoners had a great time -so what does this mean i mean the question i ask myself -why does this happen in nature well what i concluded from -reviewing all these cases is that it is important that this happens only when death is instant -at least i thought it was till i got these slides -another example of the impact of glass buildings on the life of birds this is mad max a blackbird who lives in rotterdam -the only thing this bird did was fly against this window -and heres a short video -so what this bird does is fight his own image -he sees an intruder in his territory -and i thought in the beginning i studied this bird for a couple of years that well shouldnt the brain of this bird be damaged its not i show you here some slides some frames from the video and at the last moment before he hits the glass he puts his feet in front and then he bangs against the glass -so ill conclude to invite you all to dead duck day thats on june five every year -at five minutes to six in the afternoon -we come together at the natural history museum in rotterdam -the duck comes out of the museum -and we try to discuss new ways to prevent birds from colliding with windows and as you know or as you may not know this is one of the major causes of death for birds in the world in the u s alone a billion birds die in collision with glass buildings -and when its over we go to a chinese restaurant -and we have a six course duck dinner -and it was on -that i heard a loud bang against the glass that changed my life and ended that of a duck -and this is what i saw when i looked out of the window -this is the dead duck it flew against the window its laying dead on its belly -so all right well leave them like that -you know where the spike is but nobody else does correct but i dont want you to know either -who could sense printed letters -my hand is at life here so at risk -there -i go this way is there another cup over here -ok give me both hands -you think the spike is under your left hand or under your right hand -but if you -your right hand now remember you made all the decisions all along psychologists figure this out -you know if you actually think about it if somebody is totally blind a guy yesterday did a demonstration in one of the rooms where people had to close their eyes and they could just hear things -really weird thing to try and figure out how could somebody read using their fingertips now earlier on as part of a tv show that i have coming up on mtv i attempted to give a similar demonstration of what is now known as second sight -so unlike traditional magic it uses the power of words linguistic deception non verbal communication and various other techniques to create the illusion of a sixth sense -two days ago we were going to film this down there at the race course and we got a guy into a car and we got a camera man in the back but halfway through the drive he told me he had a i think it was a nine millimeter or something stuck to his leg so i stopped pretty quick and that was it -so do you believe its possible to see through somebody elses eyes thats the question now most people here would automatically say no ok but i want you to realize some facts i couldnt see through the blindfold -all right but because your brains are not trained in the art of deception -the solutions you come up with will ninety nine percent of the time be way off the mark -this is because magic is all about directing attention -if for instance i didnt want you to look at my right hand well then i dont look at it but if i wanted you to look at my right hand then i look at it too -the -ok clap them together once ok reverse your hands -closer a little bit closer ok a little bit closer come over they look really nervous -in witchcraft -go bump in the -next no ok i want you to just stand exactly like this for me pull up your sleeves if you dont mind -and dont open your eyes until i ask you from this point onwards close your eyes do not say anything do not open them be aware of the sensations -follow my actions exactly -about half the audience has their left hand up why is that -ok keep it there be aware of the sensations dont say anything dont open your eyes ok -there -ok excellent open your eyes i never touched you i just touched his back -ok swap them around put your right hand up -yeah i walk around nightclubs all night like this -over here for a second im going to use you again in a moment and can you take a seat right over here for me if you dont mind sit right here -i want you to do is look directly at me ok just take a deep breath in through your nose letting -and relax allow your eyes to close on five four three two one close your eyes right now ok now im not hypnotizing you im merely placing you in a heightened state of -ok now cross your hands over so your right hand goes over interlace your fingers like this then make sure your right thumb is outside your left thumb thats very important yours is the other way around so swap it around -our minds are along the same lines -and as you sink and drift and float into this relaxed state of mind -take your left hand and just place it up here and i want you to hold it there just for a moment and i only want you to allow your hand to sink and drift and float back to the -at the same rate and speed as you drift and float into this relaxed state of awareness and allow it to go all the way down to the -thats it all the way down all the way down all the way down -and further and further and further and further and further and further -ok now allow it to stay there -was wonderfully done lets try it again -only when you want the pressure to be released make an upward gesture like this but only when you want the pressure to be released you can wait as long as you want -but only when you want the pressure -ok lets try it again ok now imagine the connection -all right tap them together once -that time excellent and hold it there hold it there both of you hold it there only when you want the pressure to go back make a downward gesture you can wait as long as -now if you did not allow me to deceive your minds you would all be able to do this -on five four three two one open your eyes wide awake give them a round of applause -i once saw a film called the gods are crazy has anybody here seen that film yeah yeah yeah do you remember when they threw the coke bottle out of the airplane and it landed on the ground and it didnt break -see thats because coke bottles -its nearly impossible to break -not taking any chances -you see psychokinesis is the paranormal influence of the mind on physical events and processes -for some magicians or mentalists sometimes the spoon will bend or melt sometimes it will not sometimes the object will slide across the table sometimes it will not -excellent now have a look at the coke bottle make sure it is solid theres only one hole -all the negative energy from that broken relationship from that guy being imparted into the broken piece of glass which will represent him ok -i want you to take this very seriously stare at the glass ignore everybody right here in a moment youll feel a certain sensation ok -and when you feel that sensation i want you to drop the piece of glass into the bottle think of that guy that ba that -easy it is for me to manipulate the human mind once you know how -trying to be good here ok and when you feel the sensation it might take a while drop it into the glass -was a lot of negative energy -now i remember when i was about fifteen i read a copy of life magazine which detailed a story about a seventy five year old blind russian woman -it should be a male victim thats the only thing -i was going to use you for this but i decided i might want to come back another year ca well -ok steve i want you to take a seat right behind here -go ahead ive no fancy assistants underneath there -they just they insist that because i was a magician put a nice black tablecloth on -ive got four wooden plinths here steve one two three and four now theyre all the exact same except this one obviously has a stainless steel spike sticking out of it i want you to examine it and make sure -ok -now steve im going to stand in front of the table ok when i stand in front of the table i want you to put the cups on the plinths like this in any order you want and then mix them all up so nobody has any idea where the spike -who could sense printed letters theres still people trying to do it here -well hidden now -weve -now thats not what im here to talk about but it is -had an amazing experience with a camel -we were in the desert in wadi rum -in a small jeep there were four of us two bedouin drivers -hundred and five degrees one water bottle and we were driving in what they told us was their very very best -didnt look like it to me and as we started to go through the desert the jeep broke down -desert and eventually our worst nightmare happened they flooded the engine and they said ah no problem we just get out and walk -walk well find some camels -this is arguably the back end of the design of animals -and they started slashing away at the back of the camels and they started galloping and if youve ever been on a camel it is a very very uncomfortable ride -theres also one other aspect about these camels about every ten steps they lean back and try to take a chunk out of your leg -so we kept on going and this camel kept on trying to take a chunk out of my leg and eventually three miles later we arrived at -where a jeep was supposed to meet us and the camels come down again like elevators we sort of clumsily get off and they obviously try to take another chunk out of my leg -and ive developed a very wonderful relationship with this creature by this point and ive realized that this is a mean son of a bitch -and much meaner by the way than the bedouin who greeted me and tried to sell me one of his twenty six daughters to take back to the states -so as we talked richard and i i said you know maybe i should bring a camel i think the camel is the best designed animal in the world -the reason i put this up here is because when i was in africa last year -i went to the washington zoo richard said -i want you to get up close and personal with this camel i want you to inspect its mouth look at its teeth go underneath it go above it go around it pull its tail up take a look in there i want you to get as close to that camel as you possibly can -so i got a national geographic film crew -i took one look at this camel it is a two thousand pound creature who is in -if youve ever seen a two thousand pound camel in a rut it is a scary scary thing to behold and if richard thought i was getting in the ring with that camel someone was smoking bedouin high -my wife and i were driving around we had this wonderful guide who showed us something that surprised both of us and it was very revealing in terms of the -so we got as close to it as possible and im going to share this chris if you want to roll this film and then im going to show you a little bit more about the design of camels -when -a -are -to spread the word of christianity to teach english to the natives and they brought blackboards and chalk and id like you to imagine that thats a blackboard and i just used some chalk on there -the -the -and -you -and they brought quite a bit of this stuff but over the years the blackboards were fine but they ran out of chalk and -but -what i didnt show you was you got that swinging thing going well -and youre glad i didnt show you this one of the other things about the camels beautiful design is that its penis points backwards that way the camel can dip its tail in the stream and just whacker the entire -this is a real crisis for them and thats where the hyena comes in the hyena is probably the most perfectly designed scavenging animal -area around him and thats how he really marks his territory now what you also didnt see was that and you may have noticed in the pen beside him -and by the way the camels name is suki in the pen beside him is jasmine jasmine has been his mater for some time but on this particular occasion it was very very clear that -as horny as suki was jasmine was having none of it and so we started thinking well -this animal truly is a sort of the suv of the of the sand the ship of the desert its so vital to -the inhabitants of the areas in which the camel is found largely mongolia and sahara that there are one hundred and sixty words in arabic to describe -the camel and if this is a creature that was designed by committee its certainly been no like no committee ive ever been on so -heres what suki would do in search of a mate -in the world it strip mines carcasses and it has amazing teeth because it enables the hyena to essentially eat bones now -the end product of that action is up on the board here and what the missionaries would do is theyd walk around -you with one last thought which is probably the most important thing to take away humans the animal -are pretty lucky creatures because by and large we really dont have to adapt to our environment -we adapt our environment to us and weve seen that repeatedly through this conference not just this year but in past years but this creature that youve just seen -and theyd pick up hyena shit and the incredible thing about hyena shit is it makes great chalk -holding down the right flank of the oecd all the way on the other side is greece -and what you can see is that over the last twenty five years greece has barely managed to save more than ten percent of their gdp it should be noted of course that the united states and the u k are the next in line -now that we see these huge differences in savings rates how is it possible that language might have something to do with these differences let me tell you a little bit about how languages fundamentally differ linguists and cognitive scientists have been exploring this question for many years now and then ill draw the connection between these two behaviors -many of you have probably already noticed that im chinese i grew up in the midwest of the united states and something i realized quite early on was that the chinese language forced me to speak about and in fact -more fundamentally than that ever so slightly forced me to think about family in very different ways now how might that be let me give you an example suppose i were talking with you and i was introducing you to my uncle -you understood exactly what i just said in english if we were speaking mandarin chinese with each other though i wouldnt have that luxury i wouldnt have been able to convey so little information what my language would have forced me to do instead of just telling you this is my uncle is to tell you a tremendous amount of additional information -my language would force me to tell you whether or not this was an uncle on my mothers side or my fathers side -now that fascinated me endlessly as a child but what fascinates me even more today as an economist is that some of these same differences carry through to how languages speak about time -so for example if im speaking in english i have to speak grammatically differently if im talking about past rain it rained yesterday current rain it is raining now or future rain it will rain tomorrow -notice that english requires a lot more information with respect to the timing of events why because i have to consider that and i have to modify what im saying to say it will rain or its going to rain its simply not permissible in english to say it rain tomorrow -in contrast to that thats almost exactly what you would say in chinese -a chinese speaker can basically say something that sounds very strange to an english speakers ears they can say yesterday it rain now it rain tomorrow it rain in some deep sense chinese doesnt divide up the time spectrum in the same way that english forces us to constantly do in order to speak correctly -is this difference in languages only between very very distantly related languages like english and chinese actually no so many of you know in this room that english is a germanic language -what you may not have realized is that english is actually an outlier it is the only germanic language that requires this for example most other germanic language speakers feel completely comfortable talking about rain tomorrow by saying morgen regnet es quite literally to an english ear it rain tomorrow -this led me as a behavioral economist to an intriguing hypothesis could how you speak about time could how your language forces you to think about time affect your propensity to behave across time you speak english -a futured language and what that means is that every time you discuss the future or any kind of a future event grammatically youre forced to cleave that from the present and treat it as if its something viscerally different now suppose that that visceral difference makes you subtly dissociate the future from the present every time you speak -if thats true and it makes the future feel like something more distant and more different from the present thats going to make it harder to save -if on the other hand you speak a futureless language the present and the future you speak about them identically if that subtly nudges you to feel about them identically thats going to make it easier to save -now many brilliant economists have spent their entire lives working on this question and as a field weve made a tremendous amount of headway and we understand a lot about this -now this is a fanciful theory im a professor i get paid to have fanciful theories -but how would you actually go about testing such a theory well what i did with that was to access the linguistics literature and interestingly enough there are pockets of futureless language speakers situated all over the world this is a pocket of futureless language speakers in northern europe -interestingly enough when you start to crank the data these pockets of futureless language speakers all around the world turn out to be by and large some of the worlds best savers -just to give you a hint of that lets look back at that oecd graph that we were talking about -what you see is that these bars are systematically taller and systematically shifted to the left compared to these bars which are the members of the oecd that speak futured languages what is the average difference here five percentage points of your gdp saved per year over twenty five years that has huge long run effects on the wealth of your nation -now while these findings are suggestive countries can be different in so many different ways that its very very difficult sometimes to account for all of these possible differences -what im going to show you though is something that ive been engaging in for a year which is trying to gather all of the largest datasets that we have access to as economists and im going to try and strip away all of those possible differences hoping to get this relationship to break and just in summary no matter how far i push this -what im here to talk with you about today is an intriguing new hypothesis and some surprisingly powerful new findings that ive been working on about the link between the structure of the language you speak and how you find yourself with the propensity to save -so imagine that youre a retired household in belgium and someone comes to your front door excuse me would you mind if i peruse your stock portfolio -do you happen to know how much your house is worth do you mind telling me would you happen to have a hallway thats more than ten meters long if you do would you mind if i timed how long it took you to walk down that hallway -would you mind squeezing as hard as you can in your dominant hand this device so i can measure your grip strength how about blowing into this tube so i can measure your lung capacity -the survey takes over a day -combine that with a world value survey which measures the political opinions and fortunately for me the savings behaviors of millions of families in hundreds of countries around the world -take all of that data combine it and this map is what you get what you find is nine countries around the world that have significant native populations which speak both futureless and futured languages -and what im going to do is form statistical matched pairs between families that are nearly identical on every dimension that i can measure -and then im going to explore whether or not the link between language and savings holds even after controlling for all of these levels -what are the characteristics we can control for well im going to match families on country of birth and residence the demographics what sex their age their income level within their own country their educational achievement a lot about their family structure -it turns out there are six different ways to be married in europe -and most granularly i break them down by religion where there are seventy two categories of religions in the world so an extreme level of granularity there are one point four billion different ways that a family can find itself now -effectively everything im going to tell you from now on is only comparing these basically nearly identical families its getting as close as possible to the thought experiment -now even after all of this granular level of control do futureless language speakers seem to save more yes futureless language speakers even after this level of control are thirty percent more likely to report having saved in any given year -let me tell you a little bit about savings rates a little bit about language and then ill draw that connection lets start by thinking about the member countries of the oecd or the organization of economic cooperation and development -does this have cumulative effects yes by the time they retire futureless language speakers holding constant their income are going to retire with twenty five percent more in savings can we push this data even further -yes because i just told you we actually collect a lot of health data as economists now -how can we think about health behaviors to think about savings well think about smoking for example smoking is in some deep sense negative savings if savings is current pain in exchange for future pleasure smoking is just the opposite its current pleasure -in exchange for future pain what we should expect then is the opposite effect and thats exactly what we find -futureless language speakers are twenty to twenty four percent less likely to be smoking at any given point in time compared to identical families and theyre going to be thirteen to seventeen percent less likely to be obese by the time they retire and theyre going to report being twenty one percent more likely to have used a condom in their last sexual encounter -i could go on and on with the list of differences that you can find its almost impossible not to find a savings behavior for which this strong effect isnt present -my linguistics and economics colleagues at yale and i are just starting to do this work and really explore and understand the ways that these subtle nudges cause us to think more or less about the future every single time we speak -ultimately the goal once we understand how these subtle effects can change our decision making we want to be able to provide people tools so that they can consciously make themselves better savers -and more conscious investors in their own future thank you very much -despite all of these similarities we see huge differences in savings behavior so all the way over on the left of this graph what you see is many oecd countries saving over a quarter of their gdp every year and some oecd countries saving over a third of their gdp per year -this way you could go to the container store and buy one of those metal sheets that they hang on the back of your door in your closet and you could literally stick -shoes up instead of using as shelf for me -and i lead a research team we investigate materials and technologies that have unexpected properties -i really love this idea -come to my apartment and see my closet im sure youd figure out why its a -it was like six months ago that keith and i were out in la and we were at starbucks having coffee with roman coppola he works on mostly music videos and commercials with his company the directors bureau -but like as we were talking roman told us that hes kind of an inventor on the side and we were showing him the same gel magnet that youre holding in your hand and you know we shared the same ideas -and you could see it in his face roman starts to get really excited and he whips out this manila folder he opens it up and keith and i look in -over the last three years we found over two hundred of these things and so we looked back into our library and selected six we thought would be most surprising for ted -just like whoa this guys good because like the way that he presented the concept his approach was totally different than ours he sold it to you -as if it was for sale right now when we were going in the car back to the airport we were thinking like why was this so powerful -so for ted we decided to take our favorite idea for the gel magnet and work with roman and his team at the directors bureau to create a commercial for a product from the future -the -we showed the concept to a few people before this and they asked us when its coming out so i just wanted to let you know its not actually coming out just the -so now when we dream up these concepts its important for us to make sure that they work from a technical standpoint so i just want to quickly explain how this would work -in addition you can see from the diagram on the right the under part of the slide would be an electromagnet so this would actually repel the rider a little bit as youre going down -the force of the water rushing down in addition to that repulsion force would make this slide go faster than any slide on the market its because of this that you need the magnetic braking system when you -of these six the first one that were going to talk about is in the black envelope youre holding it comes from a company in japan called geltech now go -get to the very bottom -so im sure all you engineers know that even though aluminum is a metal its not a magnetic material -im not going to get into the physics of it -but all you need to know is that the faster the magnets falling the greater the stopping force -next technology is actually a ten foot pole and i have it right here in my pocket -now as we were talking to the vendor to try to learn about how you could apply these or how theyre being applied currently he was telling us that in the military -they use this one so soldiers can keep it on their chests very concealed and then when theyre out on the field erect it as an antenna to clearly send signals back to the base -so we decided to go out onto the streets of chicago and ask a few people on the streets what they thought you could do with this -my ceiling fans with that and i get the spider webs off my house i do it that way -id make my very own walking stick i would create a ladder to use to get up on top of -that when you went deep sea diving you could catch the fish really fast and then roll it back up and you could swim easier -be sure and take the two pieces apart -now for our next technology were going to do a little demonstration and so we need a volunteer from the audience you sir come on up -we need you to stand right in front of the ted sign -and hold onto this -now -right so now if youll see here -so describe to the audience -now the reason its cold is thats its not actually water loaded into these squirt guns its a dry liquid developed by three m its perfectly clear its odorless its colorless -its so safe you could drink this -it feels cold is because it evaporates twenty five times faster than water -coming up -a big -the significance of this dry liquid early versions of the fluid were actually used on a cray supercomputer -now the unexpected thing about this is that zach could stand up on stage and drench a perfectly innocent member of the audience without any concern that wed damage the electronics that wed get him wet that wed hurt the books or the computers -it works because its non conductive so you can see here you can immerse a whole circuit board in this and it wouldnt cause any damage you can circulate it to draw the heat away -our next technology comes to us from a company in japan called sekisui chemical -one of their r d engineers was working on a way to make plastic stiffer -while he was doing this he noticed an unexpected thing we have a video to show you -you see there it didnt bounce back -this was an unintended side effect of some experiments they were doing its technically called shape retaining property now think about your interactions with aluminum foil -when we see something unexpected it changes our understanding of the way things work as youre seeing this gel magnet for the first time if you assume that all magnets had to be hard then seeing this surprised you and it changed your understanding of the way magnets could work -shape retaining is common in metal you bend a piece of aluminum foil and it holds its place and contrast that with like a plastic garbage can and you can push in the sides and it always bounces back -for example you could make a watch that wraps around your wrist but doesnt use a -taking it a little further if you wove those strips together kind of like a little basket you could make a shape retaining sheet and then you could embed it in a cloth so you could make a picnic table that wraps around the table so that way on a windy day it wouldnt blow away -as this paper is bending the resistance of the ink changes so with simple electronics you can detect how much the page is being bent -now to think about the potential for this -think of all the places ink is supplied on business cards on the back of cereal boxes board games any place you use ink you could change the way you interact with it -so my favorite idea for this is to apply the ink to a book this could totally change the way that you interface with paper you see the dark line on the side and the top as you turn the pages of the book the book can actually detect what page youre on based on the curvature of the pages -in addition if you were to fold in one of the corners then you could program the book to actually email you the text on the page for your notes -for our last technology we worked again with roman and his team at the directors bureau to develop a commercial from the future to explain how it works -oh yeah it smells good -now the way it works theres a matrix of color dyes -these dyes change color in response to odors so the smell of vanilla that might change the four on the left brown and the one on the right yellow -so that this matrix can produce thousands of different color combinations to represent thousands of different smells but like in the milk commercial if you know what odor you want to detect then they can formulate a specific dye to detect just that odor -right it was that started a conversation with professor suslick and myself and he was explaining to me the things that this is making possible beyond just detecting spoiled food is really where the significance of it lies -his company actually did a survey of firemen all across the country to try to learn how are they currently testing the air when they respond to an emergency scene and -now its important to understand what the unexpected properties are but to really think about the implications of what this makes possible we found that it helps to think about how it could be applied in the world -i mean this is a true story theyre using policemen as canaries -but more seriously they determined that you could develop a device that can smell better than the humans and say if its safe or the firemen -in addition hes spun off a company from the university called chemsensing where theyre working on medical equipment so a patient can come in and actually blow into their device by detecting the odor of particular bacteria or -or even lung cancer -the dots will change and they can use software to analyze the results this can radically improve the way that doctors diagnose patients currently theyre using a method of trial and error but this could tell you precisely what disease you have -this is something that keith and i really enjoy doing im sure its obvious to you now but it was actually yesterday that i was reminded of why -i was having a conversation with steve jurvetson over downstairs by the escalators and he was telling me that when chris sent out that little box -one of the items in it was the hydrophobic sand the sand that doesnt get wet he said that he was playing with it with his son and you know his son was mesmerized because he would dunk it in the water he would take it out and it was bone dry -so first idea is to use it on cabinet doors if you line the sides of the cabinets using the gel material if a cabinet slams shut it wouldnt make a loud noise and in addition the magnets would draw the cabinets closed -a few weeks later he said his son was playing with a lock of his mothers hair and he noticed that there were some drops of water on the hair and he took the thing and he looked up to steve and he said -he gets scared just like any other creature so in a lot of ways romo is like a pet that has a mind of his own -and romo will actually stream video to this device so i can see everything that romo sees and i get a robots eye view of the world now this is a free app on the app store so if any of you guys had this app on your phones we could literally right now share control of the robot and play games together so ill show you really quickly romo actually hes streaming video so you can see me and the entire ted audience -and i can take pictures of you ive always wanted a picture of a one thousand five hundred person ted audience so ill snap a picture -and in the same way that you scroll through content on an ipad i can actually adjust the angle of the camera on the device so there are all of you through romos eyes and finally because romo is an extension of me i can express myself through his emotions so i can go in and i can say lets make romo excited -not very many of you -but the most important thing about romo is that we wanted to create something that was literally completely intuitive you do not have to teach someone how to drive romo in fact who would like to drive a robot okay awesome here you go -okay and actually of those hands if you dont include roomba how many of you have a robot at home -thank you scott and even cooler you actually dont have to be in the same geographic location as the robot to control him so he actually streams two way audio and video between any two smart devices so you can log in through the browser -who has an iphone and her mom buys her a robot that girl can take her iphone put it on the robot send an email to grandma who lives on the other side of the country -this is actually something that one of our engineers dom built in a weekend its built on top of a google open framework -called blockly this allows you to drag and drop these blocks of semantic code and create any behavior for this robot you want you do not have to know how to code to create a behavior for romo and you can actually simulate that behavior in the browser which is what you see romo doing on the left -and then if you have something you like you can download it onto your robot and execute it in real life run the program in real life and then if you have something youre proud of you can share it with every other person who owns a robot in the world so all of these wi fi enabled robots actually learn from each other -the reason were so focused on building robots that everyone can train is that we think the most compelling use cases in personal robotics are personal they change from -person to person so we think that if youre going to have a robot in your home that robot ought to be a manifestation of your own imagination -so i wish that i could tell you what the future of personal robotics looks like to be honest i have no idea -but what we do know is that it isnt ten years or ten billion dollars or a large humanoid robot away the future of personal robotics is happening today and its going to depend on small agile robots like romo and the creativity of people like yourselves -so we really want to build a robot that anyone can use whether youre eight or eighty -and have around their kids -this robot cant be creepy or uncanny he should be friendly and cute so meet romo -romos a robot that uses a device you already know and love your iphone as his brain and by leveraging the power of the iphones processor -we can create a robot -that is wi fi enabled and computer vision capable for one hundred and fifty bucks which is about one percent of what these kinds of robots have cost in the past when romo wakes up hes in creature mode -so hes actually using the video camera on the device to follow my face if i duck down hell follow me hes wary so hell keep his eyes on me if i come over here hell turn to follow me if i come over here -and its a transition thats just as much about the identity of the living as it is about remembrance of the dead so every year -and for many people these grandiose ceremonies and the length of the ceremonies -are somehow incommensurable with the way that we face our own mortality in the west so even as we share death as a universal experience -its not experienced the same way the world over -and as an anthropologist i see these differences in experience being rooted in the cultural and social world through which we define the phenomena around us so where we see an unquestionable reality -death as an irrefutable biological condition -in fact a member of society is only truly dead when the extended family can agree upon and marshal the resources necessary to hold a funeral ceremony that is considered appropriate in terms of resources for the status of the deceased -and this ceremony has to take place in front of the eyes of the whole community with everyones participation -so after a persons physical death -their body is placed in a special room in the traditional residence which is called the tongkonan and the tongkonan is symbolic not only of the familys identity -from birth to death so essentially the shape of the building that youre born into is the shape of the structure which carries you to your ancestral resting place -until the funeral ceremony -which can be held years after a persons physical death the deceased is referred to as to makala a sick person or to mama a person who is asleep -and they continue to be a member of the household they are symbolically fed and cared for and the family at this time will begin a number of ritual injunctions which communicates to the wider community around them that one of their members is undergoing the transition from this life -so i know what some of you must be thinking right now is she really saying that these people live with the bodies of their dead relatives and thats exactly what im saying -i like to think about what the torajan way of viewing death encompasses of the human experience -i think that torajans socially recognize -in my husbands homeland in the highlands of sulawesi island in eastern indonesia there is a community of people that experience death not as a singular event but as a gradual social process -and that is that our relationships with other humans their impact on our social reality -so my husband has fond memories of talking to and playing with and generally being around his deceased grandfather and for him there is nothing unnatural about this this is a natural part of the process as the family comes to terms with the transition -in their relationship to the deceased and this is the transition from relating to the deceased as a person whos living to relating to the deceased as a person whos an ancestor and here you can see these wooden effigies of the ancestors so these are people who have already been buried already had a funeral ceremony -so the funeral ceremony itself embodies this relational perspective on death it ritualizes the impact of death on families and communities -and its also a moment of self awareness its a moment when people think about who they are -and will define who our loved ones are into the future so essentially we all become grandparents to the generations of human children that come after us -and this metaphor of membership in the greater human family is the way that children also describe the money that they invest in these sacrificial buffaloes that are thought to carry peoples soul from here to the afterlife -and children will explain that they will invest the money in this because they want to repay their parents the debt -for all of the years their parents spent investing and caring for them -but the sacrifice of buffalo and the ritual display of wealth also exhibits the status of the deceased and by extension the deceaseds family so at funerals relationships are reconfirmed but also transformed -in a ritual drama that highlights the most salient feature about death in this place -its impact on life -and the relationships of the living so all of this focus on death doesnt mean that torajans dont aspire to the ideal -points of social and cultural interaction are not weddings or births or even family dinners -so by having death as a part of the cultural and social fabric of life peoples everyday decisions about their health and healthcare -and his death will be greatly mourned -but i know that my husbands family looks forward to the moment when they can ritually display -his remarkable presence has meant to their lives when they can ritually recount his lifes narrative weaving his story into the history of their community -people ask me if im frightened or repulsed by -participating in a culture where the physical manifestations of death greet us at every turn -but i see something profoundly transformative in experiencing death as a social process and not just a biological one -in reality the relationship between the living and the dead has its own drama in the u s healthcare system -where decisions about how long to stretch the thread of life are made based on our emotional and social ties with the people around us not just on medicines ability to prolong life -on the meanings and the definitions that we ascribe to death so im not suggesting that anyone in this audience should run out and adopt the traditions of the torajans it might be a little bit difficult to put into play in the united states -but i want to ask what we can gain from seeing physical death not only as a biological process but as part of the greater human story -what would it be like to look on the expired human form with love -because its so intimately a part of who we all are -if we could expand our definition of death to encompass life -with something other than fear -it might help us recognize that the way we limit our conversation about death to something thats medical or biological is reflective of a larger culture that we all share -that are sacrificed and distributed in the name of the deceased -if we could entertain and value -other kinds of knowledge about life -including other definitions of death it has the potential to change the discussions that we have about the end of life -it could change the way that we die but more importantly it could transform -the way that we live -and then they used public death records to find out who died -some bad news first people who experienced a lot of stress in the previous year had a forty three percent increased risk of dying -but that was only true for the people who also believed that stress is harmful for your health -have a confession to make but first i want you to make a little confession to me in the past year -people who experienced a lot of stress but did not view stress as harmful were no more likely to die in fact they had the lowest risk of dying of anyone in the study including people who had relatively little stress -now the researchers estimated that over the eight years they were tracking deaths one hundred and eighty two thousand americans died prematurely not from stress but from the belief that stress is bad for you -in the united states last year killing more people than skin cancer hiv aids and homicide -you can see why this study freaked me out here ive been spending so much energy telling people -stress is bad for your health -so this study got me wondering can changing how you think about stress make you healthier and here the science says yes when you change your mind about stress you can change your bodys response to stress -now to explain how this works i want you all to pretend that you are participants in a study designed to stress you out its called the social stress test you come into the laboratory and youre told you have to give a five minute impromptu speech on your -personal weaknesses to a panel of expert evaluators sitting right in front of you and to make sure you feel the pressure there are bright lights and a camera in your face kind of like this -now that youre sufficiently demoralized time for part two a math test and unbeknownst to you the experimenter has been trained to harass you during it now were going to all do this together its going to be fun for me -now that is exactly what participants were told in a study conducted at harvard university before they went through the social stress test they were taught to rethink their stress response as helpful that pounding heart is preparing you for action -if youre breathing faster its no problem its getting more oxygen to your brain -and participants who learned to view the stress response as helpful for their performance well they were less stressed out less anxious more confident but the most fascinating finding to me was how their physical stress response changed -now in a typical stress response your heart rate goes up and your blood vessels constrict like this -and this is one of the reasons that chronic stress is sometimes associated with cardiovascular disease its not really healthy to be in this state all the time -but in the study when participants viewed their stress response as helpful their blood vessels stayed relaxed like this their heart was still pounding but this is a much healthier cardiovascular profile it actually looks a lot like what happens in moments of joy and -over a lifetime of stressful experiences this one biological change could be the difference between a stress induced heart attack at age fifty and living well into your ninety -and this is really what the new science of stress reveals that how you think about stress matters -so my goal as a health psychologist has changed i no longer want to get rid of your stress i want to make you better at stress and we just did a little intervention if you raised your hand and said youd had a lot of stress in the last year we could have saved your life -because hopefully the next time your heart is pounding from stress youre going to remember this talk and youre going to think to yourself this is my body helping me rise to this challenge -and when you view stress in that way your body believes you and your stress response becomes healthier -now i said i have over a decade of demonizing stress to redeem myself from so we are going to do one more intervention i want to tell you about one of the most under appreciated aspects of the stress response and the idea is this stress makes you social -to understand this side of stress we need to talk about a hormone oxytocin and i know -oxytocin is a neuro hormone it fine tunes your brains social instincts it primes you to do things that strengthen close relationships -oxytocin makes you crave physical contact with your friends and family it enhances your empathy it even makes you more willing to help and support the people you care about -but i fear that something ive been teaching for the last ten years is doing more harm than good and it has to do with stress -some people have even suggested we should snort oxytocin -to become more compassionate and caring -but heres what most people dont understand about oxytocin -its a stress hormone -your pituitary gland pumps this stuff out as part of the stress response its as much a part of your stress response as the adrenaline that makes your heart pound -your stress response wants to make sure you notice when someone else in your life is struggling so that you can support each other -when life is difficult your stress response wants you to be surrounded by people who care about you -system from the effects of stress its a natural anti inflammatory it also helps your blood vessels stay relaxed during stress but my favorite effect on the body is actually on the heart your heart has receptors for this hormone -and oxytocin helps heart cells regenerate and heal from any stress induced damage this stress hormone strengthens your heart -for years ive been telling people stress makes you sick it increases the risk of everything from the common cold to cardiovascular disease basically ive turned stress into the enemy -and the cool thing is that all of these physical benefits of oxytocin are enhanced by social contact and social support -so when you reach out to others under stress either to seek support or to help someone else you release more of this hormone your stress response becomes healthier and you actually recover faster from stress -i find this amazing that your stress response has a built in mechanism for stress -resilience and that mechanism is human connection -i want to finish by telling you about one more study and listen up because this study could also save a life -this study tracked about one thousand adults in the united states and they ranged in age from thirty four to ninety three and they started the study by asking how much stress have you experienced in the last year -they also asked how much time have you spent -helping out friends neighbors people in your community -and then they used public records for the next five years to find out who died -okay so the bad news first for every major stressful life experience like financial difficulties or family crisis that increased the risk of dying by thirty percent -and so we see once again that the harmful effects of stress on your health are not inevitable how you think and how you act can transform your experience of stress when you choose to view your stress -as helpful -you create the biology of courage -and when you choose to connect with others under stress you can create resilience -now i wouldnt necessarily ask for more stressful experiences in my life but this science has given me a whole new appreciation for stress stress gives us access to our hearts -the compassionate heart that finds joy and meaning in connecting with others and yes your pounding physical heart working so hard to give you strength and energy -and when you choose to view stress in this way -youre not just getting better at stress youre actually making a pretty profound statement youre saying that you can trust yourself -to handle lifes challenges and youre remembering that you dont have to face them alone -let me start with the study that made me rethink my whole approach to stress this study tracked thirty thousand adults in the united states for eight years and they started by asking people how much stress have you experienced in the last year -this is kind of amazing what youre telling us it seems amazing to me that a belief -about stress can make so much difference to someones life expectancy -how would that extend to advice like if someone is making a lifestyle choice between say a stressful job and a non stressful job does it matter which way they go its equally wise to go for the stressful job so long as you believe that you can handle it in some sense -they also asked do you believe that stress is harmful for your health -and think about what they might be telling you -but my dad didnt get the kind of robot he wanted either he and i worked on it for several years but it was the one thousand nine hundred and seventy s and the technology that was available to amateurs just wasnt there yet -so dad continued to do this kind of work by hand and a few years later he was diagnosed with cancer -you see -he didnt recognize that at the time -know this is going to sound strange but i think robots can inspire us to be better humans -and he contracted leukemia and he died at the age of forty five i was devastated by this and i never forgot the robot that he and i tried to build -when i was in college i decided to study engineering like him and i went to carnegie mellon and i earned my phd in robotics ive been studying robots ever since -so what id like to tell you about -and this was the year that the world wide web came out and i remember my students were the ones who told me about it and we would we were just amazed we started playing with this and that afternoon we realized that we could use this new universal interface -see i grew up in bethlehem pennsylvania the home of bethlehem steel -and we had put a camera in the gripper of the hand of the robot and we wrote some special scripts and software so that anyone in the world could come in and by clicking on the screen they could move the robot around and visit the garden -but we also allowed set up some other software that lets you participate and help us water the garden remotely -and if you water it a few times wed give you your own seed to plant now this was a project an engineering project and we published some papers on the design the system design of it but we also thought of it as an art installation -lobby and im happy to say it remained online there twenty four hours a day for almost nine years that robot was operated by more people than any other robot in history -my father was an engineer and when i was growing up he would teach me how things worked we would build projects together like model rockets and slot cars heres the go kart that we built together thats me behind the wheel -now one day i got a call out of the blue from a student -who asked a very simple but profound question he said is the robot real -now everyone else had assumed it was and we knew it was because we were working with it but i knew what he meant because it would be possible -to take a bunch of pictures of flowers in a garden and then basically index them in a computer system such that it would appear that there was a real robot when there wasnt -and the more i thought about it i couldnt think of a good answer for how he could tell the difference -this was right about the time that i was offered a position here at berkeley and when i got here i looked up hubert dreyfus whos a world renowned professor of philosophy -and i talked with him about this and he said this is one of the oldest and most central problems in philosophy it goes back to the skeptics and up through descartes its the issue of -of how do we know that something is true so he and i started working together and we coined a new term telepistemology -the study of knowledge at a distance we invited leading artists engineers and philosophers to write essays about this and the results the results are collected in this book from mit press -so thanks to this student who questioned what everyone else had assumed to be true this project taught me an important lesson about life which is to always question assumptions -now the second project ill tell you about grew out of the telegarden -as it was operating my students and i were very interested in how people were interacting with each other and what they were doing with the garden so we started thinking what if the robot could leave the garden and go out into some other interesting environment like for example what if it could go to a dinner party -at the white house laughter so -because we were interested more in the system design and the user interface than in the hardware we decided that rather than have a robot replace the human to go to the party wed have a human replace the robot -we called it the tele actor we got a human someone whos very outgoing and gregarious and she was outfitted with a helmet with various equipment cameras and microphones and then a backpack -with wireless internet connection and the idea was that she could go into a remote and interesting environment and then over the internet people could experience what she was experiencing -so they could see what she was seeing but then more importantly they could participate by interacting with each other -and coming up with ideas about what she should do next and where she should go -and then conveying those to the tele actor so we got a chance to take the tele actor to the webby awards in san francisco and that year sam donaldson was the host -and one day -i said the tele actor is going to be joining you on stage and this is a new experimental project and people are watching her on their screens and shes got theres cameras involved and theres microphones and shes got an earbud in her ear and people over the network are giving her advice about what to do next and he said wait a second -thats what i do -so he loved the concept and when the tele actor walked onstage she walked right up to him and she gave him a big kiss right on the lips -he came home when i was about ten years old and at the dinner table he announced that for our next project we were going to build -that they would give a kiss to sam donaldson and she said they hadnt -so the success of the tele actor that night was due to the fact -he was undergoing a treatment chemotherapy treatments and theres a related treatment called brachytherapy where tiny radioactive seeds are placed into the body to treat cancerous tumors -and the way its done as you can see here is that surgeons insert needles into the body to deliver the seeds and all this all these needles are inserted in parallel -a robot a robot -so its very common that some of the needles penetrate sensitive organs and as a result the needles -damage these organs cause damage which leads to trauma and side effects so my students and i wondered -what if we could modify the system so that the needles could come in at different angles -so we simulated this and we developed some optimization algorithms and we simulated this and we were able to show that we are able to avoid the delicate organs and yet still achieve the coverage of the tumors with the radiation -now i was thrilled about this because at school there was a bully named kevin and he was picking on me because i was the only jewish kid in class so i couldnt wait to get started to work on this so i could introduce kevin to my robot -so now were working with doctors at ucsf and engineers at johns hopkins and were building a robot -that has a number of its a specialized design with different joints that can allow the needles to come in at an infinite variety of angles and as you can see here they can avoid delicate organs and still reach the targets theyre aiming for -so by questioning this assumption that all the needles have to be parallel -this project also taught me an important lesson when in doubt when your path is blocked pivot -and the last project also has to do with medical robotics and this is -something thats grown out of a system called the da vinci surgical robot and this is a commercially available device its being used in over two thousand hospitals around the world and the idea is it allows the surgeon to operate -and weve been wondering what if we could program the robot to perform some of these subtasks and thereby free the surgeons to focus on the more complicated parts of the surgery and also cut down on the time that the surgery would take if we could get the robot to do them a little bit faster -from example so hes gotten robots to fly helicopters do incredibly interesting beautiful acrobatics by watching human experts fly them -so we got one of these robots we started working with pieter and his students and we asked a surgeon to perform -so heres what it looks like when the robot this is what the robots path looks like those three examples now those are much better than what a novice like i could do but theyre still jerky and imprecise so we record all these examples the data -and then we go through a sequence of steps first we used a technique called dynamic time warping from speech recognition and this allows us to temporally align all of the examples and then we apply kalman filtering -a technique from control theory that allows us to statistically analyze all the noise and extract the desired trajectory that underlies them -now so what were doing is that we take those human demonstrations theyre all noisy and imperfect and we extract from them an inferred task trajectory and control sequence for the robot we then execute that on the robot we observe what happens -then we adjust the controls using a sequence of techniques called iterative learning -then what we do is we increase the velocity a little bit we observe the results adjust the controls again -and heres the robot operating at ten -so this project also because of its involved practicing and learning doing something over and over again this project also has a lesson which is if you want to do something well theres no substitute for practice practice practice -so these are four of the lessons that ive learned from robots over the years -a daughter named odessa shes eight years old and she likes robots too maybe it runs in the family laughter i wish she could meet my dad -and now i get to teach her how things work and we get to build projects together and i wonder what kind of lessons that shell learn from them -robots are the most human of our machines they cant solve all of the worlds problems but i think they have something important to teach us i invite all of you -he owned a chromium plating company and they had to move heavy steel parts between tanks of chemicals and so he needed an industrial robot like this that could basically do the heavy lifting -to think about the innovations that youre interested in the machines that you wish for -those are the two choices we have i know which future i would rather be living in and we can all make that choice we make that choice by being curious inquisitive people who like to learn who dont just say well as soon as the bell has rung and the class is over i dont have to learn anymore or -thank goodness i have my diploma im done learning for a lifetime i dont have to learn new things anymore no every day we should be striving -to learn something new we should have this unquenchable curiosity for the world around us thats where the people you see on jeopardy come from these know it alls theyre not -we can live in one of these two worlds we can live in a world where our brains the things that we know continue to be the thing that makes us special or a world in which weve outsourced all of that to evil supercomputers from the future like watson ladies and gentlemen the choice is yours thank you very much -and we lived overseas we lived in south korea where my dad was working where there was only one english language tv channel there was armed forces tv and if you didnt speak korean thats what you were watching so me and all my friends would run home every day and watch jeopardy i was always -two weeks time thats the ninth anniversary of the day i first stepped out onto that hallowed jeopardy set i mean nine years is a long time and given jeopardys average demographics i think what that means is most of the people who saw me on that show -theres a weird sense of mastery you get when you know some bit of boomer trivia that mom and dad dont know you know some beatles factoid that dad didnt know and you think ah hah knowledge really is power the -that thought you could major in trivia or be a professional ex game show contestant and so i sold out way too young i didnt try to figure out what one does with that i studied computers because i heard that was the thing and i became a computer programmer not an especially -good one not an especially happy one at the time when i was first on jeopardy in two thousand and four but thats what i was doing and it made it doubly ironic -my computer background a few years later i think two thousand and nine or so when i got another phone call from jeopardy saying its early days yet but ibm tells us they want to build a supercomputer -read a jeopardy clue in a natural language like english and understand all the double meanings the puns the red herrings unpack -a three or four year old human little kid could do very hard for a computer -are now dead -performance on jeopardy tens of thousands of dots representing jeopardy champions up at the top with their performance plotted on number of -but then you see the line start to go up and its getting very close to what they call the winners cloud -its not the terminators gun sight its a little line coming closer and closer to the -thing you can do the only thing that makes you special the thing youre best at -and when the game eventually happened about -like youre going to play the chicago bulls and theres the thing in the middle of their court and the crowd was full of ibm v p s and programmers cheering on their little darling having poured millions of dollars into this hoping against hope that the humans screw up and holding up go watson signs -handily and i remember standing there behind the podium as i could hear that little insectoid thumb clicking it had a robot thumb that was clicking on the buzzer and you could hear that little -i felt like a detroit factory worker of the eighty s seeing a robot that could now do his job on the assembly line i felt like -quiz show contestant was now the first job that had become obsolete under this new regime of thinking computers and it hasnt been the last if you watch the news youll see occasionally and i see this all the time that -pharmacists now theres a machine that can fill prescriptions automatically without actually needing a human pharmacist and a lot of law firms are getting rid of paralegals because theres software that can sum up case laws and legal briefs and decisions you dont need human assistants for that -do as clever or creative a job as the humans theyre replacing but theyre faster and crucially theyre much much cheaper so -if nothing else you realize very quickly as a teenager it is not a hit with girls to know captain kirks middle name -ive heard other people say quite the opposite that this is yet another tier of the middle class thats having the thing they can do taken away from them by a new technology and that this is actually something ominous something that we should worry about im not an economist myself all i know -heres the one thing that i was ever good at and all it took was ibm pouring tens of millions of dollars and its smartest people and thousands of processors working in parallel and they could do the same thing they could do it a little bit faster and a little better on national tv and im sorry ken we dont need you anymore and it made me think -what does this mean if were going to be able to start outsourcing -not just lower unimportant brain functions im sure many of you remember a distant time when we had to know phone numbers when we knew our friends phone numbers and suddenly there was a machine that did that and now we dont need to remember that anymore i have read that theres now actually evidence that the hippocampus the part of our brain that handles spacial relationships -the deeply closeted kind of know it all for many years but if you go further back if you look at it its all there i was the kind of kid who was always bugging mom and dad with whatever great fact i had just read about -physically shrinks and atrophies in people who use tools like gps because were not exercising our sense of direction anymore were just obeying a little talking voice on our dashboard and as a result a part of our brain thats supposed to do that kind of stuff gets smaller and dumber -and it made me think what happens when computers are now better at knowing and remembering stuff than we are is all of our brain going to start to shrink and atrophy like that are we as a culture going to start -they say that the scope of human information is now doubling every eighteen months or so the sum total of human information that means between now and -this is terrifying because a lot of the big decisions we make require the mastery of lots of different kinds of facts a decision like -where do i go to school what should i major in who do i vote for do i take this job or that one these are the decisions that require correct judgments about many different kinds of facts if we have those facts at our mental fingertips were going to be able to make informed decisions if on the other hand we need to look them all up -haleys comet or giant squids or the size of the worlds biggest pumpkin pie or whatever it was i now have a ten year old of my own whos exactly the same and i know how deeply annoying it is so karma does work -if you cant do that first step are you really going to look up the other thousand facts youre going to need to know to master your knowledge of u s foreign policy quite probably not at some point youre just going to be like you know what theres too much to know screw it and youll make a less informed decision -the other issue is the advantage of time that you have if you have all these things at your fingertips i always think of the story of a little girl named tilly smith she was a ten year old girl from surrey england on vacation with her parents a few years ago in phuket thailand she runs up to them on the beach one morning and says mom dad weve got to get off the beach -and they say what do you mean we just got here and she said in mr kearneys geography class last month he told us that when the tide goes out abruptly out to sea and you see the waves churning way out there thats the sign of a tsunami and you need to clear the beach -and they finally to their credit decided to believe her they told the lifeguard they went back to the hotel and the lifeguard cleared over one hundred people off the beach luckily because that was the day of the boxing day tsunami the day after christmas two thousand and four that killed thousands of people in southeast asia and around the indian ocean -but not on that beach not on mai khao beach because this little girl had remembered one fact from her geography teacher a month before -now when facts come in handy like that i love that story because it shows you the power of one fact one remembered fact in exactly the right place at the right time -meeting or job interview or first date or some relationship that gets lubricated because two people realize they share some common piece -my life by any kind of creed its probably that -where knowledge is obsolete i dont want to live in a world where cultural literacy has been replaced by these little bubbles of specialty so that none of us know about the common associations that used to bind our civilization -together i dont want to be the last trivia know it all sitting on a mountain somewhere reciting to himself the state capitals and the names of simpsons episodes and the lyrics of abba songs i -those movies are never about beautiful utopias its always a terminator or a matrix or an astronaut getting sucked out an airlock -and i feel like were sort of at the point now where we need to make that choice of what kind of future we want to be living in this is a question of leadership because it becomes a question of who leads the future on the one hand we can choose between -going to miss hollywood squares and -a new golden age where information is more universally available than its ever been in human history where we all have the answers to our questions at our fingertips -and on the other hand we have the potential to be living in some gloomy dystopia where the machines have taken over and weve all decided its not important what we know anymore that knowledge isnt valuable because its all out there in the cloud and why would we ever bother -learning anything new -is powering down hes dying -to the next scan but in becks case you can see that the middle part of his brain is beginning to light up again -this is how hes going to turn thought back into action this part of the brain is called the anterior cingulate gyrus its an area in which -make decisions where they develop willpower and you can see theres an energy flow going from the mid portion of his brain where hes got images of his family into this area -which is powering his will -okay this is getting stronger and stronger to the point where its actually going to be a motivating factor hes going to develop enough energy in that area after a day a night and a day to actually motivate himself to get up -and you can see here -hes starting to get more energy into the frontal lobe hes beginning to focus he can concentrate now hes thinking about what hes got to do to save himself so this energy has been transmitted up -brain and its getting quieter down here but hes using this energy -and then that energy is sort of spreading throughout his thought areas hes not thinking about his family now and hes getting himself motivated this is the posterior part where his muscles are going to be moving and -hes going to be pacing himself his heart and lungs are going to pick up speed -so this is what i can speculate might have been going on had we been able to do a spect scan on beck during this -so here i am taking care of beck at twenty one thousand feet and i felt what i was doing was completely trivial compared to what he had done for himself it just shows you what the power of the mind can do -he was critically ill there were other critically ill patients -okay this is the route up everest it starts at base camp at seventeen thousand five hundred feet camp one two thousand feet higher camp two another two thousand feet higher up whats called the western -get them off to kathmandu in a clinic before we even got back to base camp this is a scene at base camp -at one of the camps where some of the climbers were lost and we had a memorial service there -few days later these are serphas lighting juniper branches they believe juniper smoke is -and the climbers -stood around on the high rocks and spoke of the climbers who were lost up near the summit turning to the mountain actually to talk to them directly -there were five climbers lost here this was scott fischer -doug hansen -and -and one more climber should have died that day but didn -and thats beck weathers -he was able to survive because he was able to generate that incredible willpower he was able to use all the power of his mind to save himself -these are tibetan prayer flags these sherpas believe that if you write prayers on these flags -the message will be carried up to the gods -camp three is at the base of lhotse which is the fourth highest mountain in the world but its dwarfed by everest -and then camp four is the highest camp -is a view of base camp this is pitched on a glacier at seventeen thousand five hundred feet its the highest point you can bring your yaks before you have to unload -and this is what they unloaded for me i had four yak loads of medical supplies which are dumped in a tent and here i am trying to arrange things -this was our expedition it was a national geographic expedition but it was organized by the explorers club there were three other expeditions on the mountain an american team a new zealand team and -weve heard a lot of people speak at this conference about the power -and after actually two months of preparation we built our camps all the way up the mountain this is a view looking up the icefall the first two thousand feet of the climb up from base camp -and heres a picture in the icefall its a waterfall but its frozen but it moves very slowly and it actually changes every day when youre in it youre like a rat in a maze you cant even see over the top -this is me crossing a crevasse we cross on aluminum ladders with safety ropes attached -some of these things are ten stories deep or more and one of my climbing says that the reason we actually climb at night is because if we ever saw the bottom of what were climbing over we would never do it -is a view taken from camp three you can see the lhotse face is in profile its about a forty five degree angle it takes two days to climb it so you put the camp halfway through if you notice the summit of everest is black theres no -and thats because everest is so high its in the jet stream and winds are constantly scouring the face so no snow gets to accumulate what looks like a cloud behind the summit ridge is actually snow being blown off the summit -this is on the way up from camp three to camp four moving in up through the clouds -is a picture of rob hall he was the leader of the new zealand team this is a radio he used later to call his wife that ill tell you about -the wind does die down at night it becomes very calm theres no wind at all this looks like a good chance to go for the summit -so here are some climbers starting out for the summit on whats called the triangular face its the first part of climb its done in the dark because its actually less steep than what comes next and you can gain daylight hours if you do this in the dark -but what happened that year was the wind suddenly and unexpectedly picked up a storm blew in that no one was anticipating you can see here some ferocious winds blowing snow way high off the summit and there were climbers -which occurred on mt everest it was the worst disaster in the history of everest -is a picture of me in that area taken a year before and you can see ive got an oxygen mask on with a rebreather -i have an oxygen hose connected here you can see on this climber we have two oxygen tanks in the backpack little titanium tanks very lightweight -much else this is all youve got youre very exposed on the summit ridge -okay this is a view taken on the summit ridge itself -and the reason is because the drop off is so sheer on either side that if you were roped to somebody youd wind up just pulling them off with you so each person climbs individually -and its -and when it occurred i was the only doctor on the mountain -eight thousand feet into nepal if you fall to your right youre going to fall twelve thousand feet into tibet -so its probably better to fall into tibet because youll live longer -but either way you fall for the -those climbers were up near the summit along that summit ridge that you see up there and i was down here in camp three my expedition was down in camp three while these guys were up there in the storm the storm was so fierce that we had to -so ill take you through that and -winds ive ever seen and the climbers up on the ridge were that much higher two thousand feet higher and completely exposed to the elements -we were in radio contact with some of them this is a view taken along the summit ridge rob hall we heard by radio was -up here at this point in the storm with doug hansen and we heard that rob was okay but doug was too weak to come down -see what its like when someone really -was exhausted and rob was staying with him we also got some bad news in the storm that beck weathers another climber -had collapsed in the snow and was dead there were still eighteen other climbers that we werent aware of -summons the will to survive -during that storm we were just hunkered down in our tents -at camp three our two strongest climbers todd burleson and pete athans decided to go up -to try to rescue who they could even though there was a ferocious storm going they tried to radio a message to rob hall who was a superb climber -with a weak climber up near the summit -i expected them to say to rob hold on -but in fact what they said was -leave doug and come down yourself theres no chance of saving him and just try to save yourself at this point -and rob got that message but his answer was were both listening -got up to the summit ridge up in here and -and we sent down the climbers that could make it down under their own power the ones that couldnt we just sort of decided to leave up at camp four so the climbers were coming down along this route this is taken from camp three where i was -which is really not much because camp three is a little notch cut in the ice in the middle of a forty five degree angle you can barely stand outside the tent -its really cold its twenty four thousand feet the only supplies i had at that altitude were two plastic bags with preloaded syringes of painkiller and steroids so as the climbers came by me -i sort of assessed whether or not they were in condition to continue on further down the ones that werent as lucid or were not that well coordinated i would give an injection of steroids to try to give them some period of lucidity and -was just too hard to maneuver any other way up there while i was taking care of them we got more news about rob hall -there was no way we could get up high enough to rescue him he called in to say that he was alone now apparently doug had died higher up on the mountain -but rob was now too weak to come down himself and with the fierce winds and up at that altitude he was just beyond rescue and he knew it at that point he asked -to be paged into his wife he was carrying a radio his wife was home in new zealand seven months pregnant with their first child -it was on my forth trip to everest that a comet -and rob asked to be patched into her that was done -signed off and that was the -i was faced with treating a lot of critically ill patients at twenty four thousand feet which was an impossibility so what we did was we got the victims down to twenty one thousand feet where it was easier for me to treat them this was my medical kit its a tackle box -passed over the mountain hyakutake and the sherpas told us then that was a very bad omen -and this was scene at the lower camp the survivors came in one by one -some of them were hypothermic some of them were frostbitten some were both -what we did was try to warm them up as best we could put oxygen on them and try to revive them which is difficult to do at twenty one thousand feet when the tent is freezing -this is some severe frostbite on the feet -severe frostbite on the nose -this climber was snow blind -as i was taking care of these climbers we got a startling experience -out of nowhere beck weathers who we had already been told was dead -and we should -just like a mummy he walked into the tent i expected him to be incoherent but in fact he walked into the tent and said to me hi ken where should i -and then he said do you accept my health insurance -he really said -so he was completely lucid but he was very severely frostbitten you can see his hand is completely white and his face his nose is burned first it turns white and then when its completed necrosis it turns black and then it falls off -so as i was taking care of beck he related what had been going on up there he said he had gotten lost in the storm -snow and just laid there unable to move -some climbers had come by and looked at him and he heard them say hes dead -but beck wasnt dead he heard that but he was completely unable to move he was in some sort of catatonic state where he could -be aware of his surroundings but couldnt even blink to indicate that he was alive so the climbers passed him by and beck lay there for a day a night and another day -and then he said to himself -i dont want to die i have a family to come back to and the thoughts of his family his kids and his wife -generated enough energy enough motivation in him -so that he actually got up after laying in the snow that long a time he got up and found his way back to the camp -beck told me that story very quietly but i was absolutely stunned by it i couldnt imagine anybody laying in the snow that long a time -and then getting up he apparently reversed and irreversible hypothermia and i can only -you can have winds twenty to forty miles an hour its actually a windchill factor which is lower than a summer day on mars -the temporal lobe where you form images and keep memories and the posterior part of your brain which contains the cerebellum which controls motion -and the brain stem where you have your basic maintenance functions like heartbeat and respiration so lets take a cut through the brain here -and image that beck was hooked up to a spect scan this measures dynamic blood flow and therefore energy flow within the brain so you have the prefrontal cortex here -lighting up in red this is pretty a pretty evenly distributed scan you have the middle area where the temporal lobe might be in here and the posterior portion where the -now you go to this one and you see how much more -the frontal lobes are lighting up this might be what beck would be experiencing when he realized hes in danger hes focusing all his attention on getting himself out of trouble -these parts of the brain are quieting down hes not thinking about his family or anybody else at this point and hes working pretty hard hes trying to get his muscles going and get out of this -i remember one time being up near the summit i reached into my down jacket for a drink from my water bottle inside my down jacket only to discover that the water was already frozen solid -hes losing ground here hes running out of energy its too cold he cant keep his metabolic fires going -and you see theres no more red here his brain has quieting down hes collapsed in the snow here everything is quiet theres very little red anywhere -in fact the model was really give everybody a car build roads to everything and give people a place to park when they get there it was not a very functional model and we still live in that world and this is what we end up with -so you have the sprawl of la the sprawl of mexico city -you have these unbelievable new cities in china which you might call tower sprawl theyre all building cities on the model that we invented in the fifty s and sixty s which is really obsolete i would argue and there are hundreds and hundreds of new cities that are being planned all over the world -in china alone three hundred million people some say four hundred million people will move to the city over the next fifteen years that means building the entire -but at the same time its where people want to be increasingly -more than half the people now in the world live in cities and that will just continue to escalate cities are places of celebration personal expression you have the flash mobs of pillow fights that ive been to a couple theyre quite fun laughter you have -the home once again because of distributed computation communication is becoming a center of life so its a center of production and learning and shopping and health care and all of these things that we used to think of as taking place outside of the home -and increasingly everything that people buy every consumer product in one way or another can be personalized and thats a very important trend to think about so this is my image of the city of the future -this is bangalore it took me a couple of hours to get a few miles in bangalore last year so with cities you also have congestion and pollution and disease and all these negative things how can we have the good stuff without the bad so we went back and started looking at the great cities that evolved before the cars -and if you look at the data when you have that kind of a structure you get a very even distribution of the shops -and the physicians and the pharmacies and the cafes in paris and then you look at cities that evolved after the automobile and its not that kind of a pattern theres very little thats within a five minute walk -so we said well lets look at new cities and were involved in a couple of new city projects in china so we said lets start with that neighborhood cell we think of it as a compact urban cell so provide most of what most people want within that twenty minute walk -this can also be a resilient electrical microgrid community heating power communication networks etc can be concentrated there stewart brand would put a micro nuclear reactor right in the center probably -pattern so you can have a series of these neighborhoods -you can dial up the density about twenty thousand people per cell if its cambridge go up to fifty thousand if its manhattan density you connect everything with mass transit -and you provide most of what most people -need within that neighborhood you can begin to develop a whole typology of streetscapes and the vehicles that can go on them i wont go through all of them ill just show one this is boulder its a great example of kind of a mobility parkway a superhighway for joggers and bicyclists where you can go from one end of the city to the other -without crossing the street -and they also have bike sharing which ill get into in a minute -you needed easy access to the fields -the river down below below the street -and you can go from one end of seoul to the other without crossing a pathway for cars the highline in manhattan is very similar you have these -rapidly emerging bike lanes all over the world i lived in manhattan for fifteen years i went back a couple of weekends ago took this photograph of these fabulous new bike lanes that they have installed theyre still not to where copenhagen is -where something like forty two percent of the trips within the city are by bicycle its mostly just because they have fantastic infrastructure there we actually did exactly the wrong thing in boston we the big -and for hundreds even thousands of years the home was really the center of life life was very small for most people it was the center of entertainment of energy production of work -and its certainly not a mobility pathway for anything other than cars -mobility on demand is something weve been thinking about so we think we need an ecosystem of these shared use vehicles connected to mass transit these are some of the vehicles that weve been working on but shared use is really key if you share a vehicle you can have at least four people use one vehicle as opposed to one -we have hubway here in boston the velib system in paris -weve been developing at the media lab this little city car that is optimized for shared use in cities -we got rid of all the useless things like engines and transmissions we moved everything to the wheels so you have the drive motor the steering motor the breaking all in the wheel that left the chassis unencumbered so you can do things like fold so you can fold this little vehicle up -parallel parking you just spin and go directly in laughter so weve been working with a company to commercialize this my phd student ryan chin presented these early ideas two years ago at a tedx conference -so whats interesting is then if you begin to add new things to it like autonomy you get out of the car you park at your destination you pat it on the butt it goes and it parks itself it charges itself and you can get something like seven times as many vehicles -in a given area as conventional cars and we think this is the future actually we could do this today its not really a problem -we can combine shared use and folding and autonomy and we get something like twenty eight times the land utilization with that kind of strategy one of our graduate students then says well -how does a driverless car communicate with pedestrians you have nobody to make eye contact with you dont know if its going to run you over so hes developing strategies so the vehicle can communicate with pedestrians so -then with industrialization everything started to become centralized you had dirty factories that were moved to the outskirts of cities -housing is another area where we can really improve mayor menino in boston says lack of affordable housing for young people is one of the biggest problems the city faces -developers say okay well build little teeny apartments people say we dont really -want to live in a little teeny conventional apartment so were saying lets build a standardized chassis much like our car lets bring advanced technology into the apartment technology enabled infill give people the tools within this open loft -chassis to go through a process of defining what their needs and values and activities are and then a matching algorithm will match a unique assembly of integrated infill components furniture and cabinetry -that are personalized to that individual and they give them the tools to go through the process and to refine it and its something like working with an architect where the dialogue starts when you give -an alternative to a person to react to -production was centralized in assembly plants you had centralized energy production learning took place in schools health care took place in hospitals -have a conventional one bedroom arrangement when you need it maybe thats most of the time you have a dinner party the table folds out to fit sixteen people in otherwise a conventional one bedroom or maybe you want a dance studio i mean architects have been thinking about these ideas for a long time -what we need to do now develop things that can scale -to those three hundred million chinese people that would like to live in the city and very comfortably we think we can make a very small apartment that functions as if its twice as big -by utilizing these strategies i dont believe in smart homes thats sort of a bogus concept i think you have to build dumb homes and put smart stuff in it -you know standardized platform with the motors -and the battery when it operates little solenoids that will lock it in place and get low voltage power we think this can all be standardized and then people can personalize the stuff that goes into that wall and like the car we can integrate all kinds of sensing to be aware of human activity so if theres a baby or a puppy in the way -you wont have a problem -that means twice as much parking though parkings really expensive its about seventy thousand dollars per space to build a conventional parking spot inside a building -so if you can have folding and autonomy you can do that in one seventh of the space that goes down to ten thousand dollars per car just for the cost of the parking you add shared use and you can even go further we can also integrate all kinds of advanced technology through this process theres a path to market -and then you had networks that developed you had water sewer networks that allowed for this kind of unchecked expansion you had separated functions increasingly you had rail networks that connected residential industrial commercial areas you had auto networks -for innovative companies to bring technology into the home in this case a project were doing with siemens -we have sensors on all the furniture all the infill that understands where people are and what theyre doing blue light is very efficient so we have these tunable twenty four bit led lighting fixtures it recognizes where the person is what theyre doing fills out the light when necessary to full spectrum white light -this just shows you the data that comes from the sensors that are embedded in the furniture we dont really believe in cameras to do things in homes we think these little wireless sensors are more effective -we think we can also personalize sunlight thats sort of the ultimate personalization in some ways so we weve looked at articulating mirrors of the facade that can throw shafts of sunlight -anywhere into the space therefore allowing you to shade most of the glass on a hot day like today -in this case she picks up her phone she can map food preparation at the kitchen island to a particular location of sunlight an algorithm will keep it in that location as long as shes engaged in that activity -this can be combined with led lighting as well -we think workplaces should be shared i mean this is really the workplace of the future i think this is starbucks you know laughter maybe a third and you see everybody has their back to the wall and they have food and coffee down the way and theyre in their own little personal bubble we need shared spaces for interaction and collaboration were not doing a very good job with that -at the cambridge innovation center you can have shared desks ive spent a lot of time in finland at the design factory of aalto university where the they have a shared shop and shared fablab shared quiet spaces electronics spaces -recreation places -we think ultimately all of this stuff can come together -a new model for mobility a new model for housing a new model for how we live and work a path to market for advanced technologies but in the end the main thing we need to focus on are people cities are all about people -while at the same time dramatically reducing co two and energy its a global imperative we have to get this right thank you -so what happened here jimmy kimmel actually -rebecca blacks friday is one of the most popular videos of the year its been seen nearly two hundred million times this year this is a chart of what it looked like and similar to double rainbow it seems to have just sprouted up out of nowhere -and if youre wondering about those other spikes those are also fridays -but what about this day this one particular friday -well tosh zero picked it up a lot of blogs starting writing about michael j nelson from mystery science theater was one of the first people to post a joke about the video on twitter but whats important is that an individual or a group of tastemakers took a point of view and they shared that with a larger audience accelerating the process -and so then this community formed of people who shared this big inside joke and they started talking about it and doing things with it and now there are ten thousand parodies of friday on youtube -even in the first seven days there was one parody for every other day of the week -so nyan cat is a looped animation with looped music its this just like this its been viewed nearly fifty million times this year -and if you think that that is weird you should know that there is a three hour version of this thats been viewed four million times -were watching other cats watch this video -but whats important here is the creativity that it inspired amongst this techie geeky internet culture there were remixes -an entire remix community sprouted up that brought it from -being just a stupid joke to something that we can all actually be a part of because we dont just enjoy now we participate -in a world where over two days of video get uploaded every minute only that which is truly unique and unexpected can stand out in the way that these things have when a friend of mine told me that i needed to see this great video about a guy protesting bicycle fines in new york city i admit i wasnt very interested -but now web video has made it so that any of us or any of the creative things that we do can become completely famous in a part of our worlds culture any one of you could be famous on the internet by next saturday but there are over forty eight hours of video uploaded to youtube every minute -these are characteristics of a new kind of media and a new kind of culture where anyone has access and the audience defines the popularity i mean as mentioned earlier one of the biggest stars in the world right now justin bieber got his start on youtube no one has to green light your idea -and we all now feel some ownership in our own pop culture and these are not characteristics of old media and theyre barely true of the media of today but they will define the entertainment -and of that only a tiny percentage ever goes viral and gets tons of views and becomes a cultural moment so how does it happen -three things tastemakers communities of participation and unexpectedness all right lets go -last summer but he didnt actually set out to make a viral video bear he just wanted to share a rainbow because thats what you do when your name is yosemite mountain bear -if there is one thing that every human being can agree on i think its that slavery should end and if there is a fundamental violation of our human dignity -got to say what good is all of our intellectual and political and economic power and im really thinking intellectual power in this room -to be mean to them they do it to make a profit -if we cant use it to bring slavery to -and you know what if we cant do that -okay thank you so much -four different continents was depressingly familiar -showing us how they were -and met up with our film -it was mind blowing -and i want to be very clear -im talking about real slavery this is not about lousy marriages this is not about jobs that suck this is about people who can not walk away -its real slavery in exactly the same way that slavery would be recognized throughout all of human history -you know for me -now where is it well -this map in the sort of redder yellower colors are the places with the highest densities of slavery but in fact that kind of bluey color are the countries where we cant find any cases of slavery and you might notice that its only iceland and greenland -where we cant find any cases of enslavement around the world were also particularly interested and looking very carefully at places where -slaves are being used to perpetrate extreme environmental destruction -around the world slaves are used to destroy the environment cutting down trees in the amazon destroying -its a pretty harrowing linkage between whats happening to our environment and whats happening to our human rights -thats double the number that came out of -africa in the entire transatlantic slave -well it builds up with these factors they are not causal they are actually supporting factors one is we all know about the population explosion the world goes from two billion people to almost seven billion people in the last -and i was at a public event and i saw this leaflet and it said -being numerous does not make you a slave -the increased vulnerability of very large numbers of people in the developing world -caused by civil wars ethnic conflicts kleptocratic governments disease you name it you know it we understand how that works in some countries all of those things happen at once -like sierra leone a few years ago -and push enormous parts about a billion people in the world in fact as we know live on the edge live in situations where they dont have -any opportunity and are usually even destitute but that doesnt make you a slave either -what it takes to turn a person who is destitute and vulnerable into a slave -is the absence of the rule of law -if the rule of law is sound it protects the poor and it protects the vulnerable -there are millions of slaves in the world today and i thought -but if corruption creeps in and people dont have the opportunity to have that protection of the rule of law then if you can use violence if you can use violence with impunity you can reach out and harvest the vulnerable into slavery -well that is precisely what has happened around the world -the way they come into slavery today the people who step into slavery today dont usually get kidnapped or knocked over the head -they come into slavery because someone has asked them this question -i knew i had to do anything i could to earn some money to support the people i care -they climb into the back of the truck they go off with the person who recruits them -ten miles one hundred miles one thousand miles later -they find themselves in dirty dangerous demeaning work -the hammer comes down and they discover -that kind of slavery is again pretty much what slavery has been all through human history but there is one thing that is particularly remarkable and novel about slavery today -because i also im going to admit to you i also thought -and that is a complete collapse -the price of human beings -even the business programs have started picking up on this i just want to share a little clip for -okay lively discussion guaranteed here as always as we get macro and talk commodities continuing here in the studio with our guest michael odonohue head of commodities at four continents capital management -how can i be like a hot shot young full professor who teaches human rights and not know this so it cant be true -well daphne weve been going short on gas and oil recently and casting our net just a little bit wider we really like the human being story a lot if you look at a long term chart -were recommending to our clients a buy and hold strategy there is no need to play the market there is a lot of vulnerable people out there its very exciting -figured it out thats a -i enjoyed watching your jaws drop drop drop -well if you teach if you worship in the temple of learning do not mock the gods -until you got it mtv europe worked with us and made that spoof and theyve been slipping it in between music videos without any introduction which i think is kind of fun -thousand capital purchase items you can see that the lines cross when the population explodes the average price of a human being today around the world is about dollar ninety -key here is that -you use them you crumple them up -these young boys are in nepal -they are basically the transport system on a quarry run by a slaveholder there are no roads there so they carry loads of stone on their backs often of their own weight up and down the himalayan mountains -because they will take you fill you with curiosity and desire and drive you -its a horrible situation and if there is anything that makes me feel very positive about this its that there are also in addition to young men like this who are still enslaved there are ex slaves who are now working to free others -or we say frederick douglass is in the house i dont know if youve ever had a daydream about wow what would it be like to meet harriet tubman what would it be like to meet frederick douglass ive got to say one of the most exciting parts about my job is that i get to -and i want to introduce you to one of those his name is james kofi annan he was a slave child in ghana enslaved in the fishing industry and he now after escape and building a new life has -an organization that we work closely with to go back and get people out of slavery this is not james this is one of the kids that he works with -and this reminds me of -james and our -you with a passion to change things -a very positive side to this and that is this the twenty seven million people who are in slavery today -i went out and did a lit review three thousand articles on the key word slavery two turned out to be about contemporary only -and likewise the forty billion dollars that they generate into the global economy each year is the tiniest proportion of the global economy to ever be represented by slave labor -slavery illegal in every country has been pushed to the edges of our -in a way without us even noticing has ended up standing on the precipice of its own extinction -waiting for us to give it a big -and knock it over and get rid of it -if we do that if we put the resources and the focus to it -first before i even tell you the cost ive got to be absolutely clear -we do not buy people out of slavery -amazingly in places like india where costs are very low -all the rest were historical they were press pieces and they were full of outrage they were full of speculation they were anecdotal no solid information -live in those places where -and in fact the global average is about what it is for -and that means when you multiply it up -what americans spend on potato chips and pretzels -usually the annual expenditure in this country on blue jeans -ten point eight billion dollars -intels fourth quarter earnings ten point eight billion -its not a lot of money at the global level in fact its peanuts and the great thing about it is that its not money down a hole there is a freedom dividend when you let people out of slavery to work for themselves are they motivated -so i began to do a research project of my own i went to five countries around the world i looked at slaves i met slaveholders -they take their kids out of the workplace they build a school they say were gonna have stuff weve never had before like three squares -they become consumers and producers and local economies begin to spiral up very rapidly -four million people were lifted up out of slavery and -dumped without political participation decent education -we have made a commitment that we will never let people come out of slavery on our watch and end up as second class citizens its just not going -this is -and i looked very deeply into slave based businesses because this is an economic crime people do not -a village in nepal -been working there about a month -they had just begun to come out of a hereditary kind of slavery -just begun to light up a little bit open up a little bit but when we went to speak with her when we took this photograph -the slaveholders were still menacing us from the sidelines they hadnt been really pushed back -i was frightened we were frightened -we said to her are you worried are you upset she said no -because weve got hope now -succeed she said -when people like you from the other side of the world are coming here to stand beside us -we have to ask ourselves -are we willing to live in a world with slavery -sad when something in your life goes wrong -real depression is being sad when everything in your life is going right thats real depression and thats what i suffer from and to be totally honest thats hard for me to stand up here and say its hard for me to talk about and it seems to be hard for everyone to talk about so much so that no ones talking about it -and no ones talking about depression but we need to be because right now its a massive problem its a massive problem -and we have a tendency as a society to look at that -and go so what so what we look at that and we go thats your problem thats their problem -i was suicidal and if you were to look at my life on the surface -you wouldnt see a kid who was suicidal youd see a kid who was the captain of his basketball team the drama and theater student of the year the english student of the year someone who was consistently on the honor roll and consistently at every party so you would say i wasnt depressed you would say i wasnt suicidal but you would be wrong -you would be wrong so i sat there that night beside a bottle of pills with a pen and paper in my hand and i thought about taking my own life and i came this close to doing it -i came this close to doing it -one of the lucky ones who survives well i survived and that just leaves me with my story and my story is this -four simple words i suffer from depression i suffer from depression and for a long time i think -i was living two totally different lives where one person was always afraid of the other i was afraid that people would see me for who i really was that i wasnt the perfect popular kid in high school everyone thought i was that beneath my smile there was struggle and beneath my light there was dark and beneath my big personality just hid even -and in the life that everyone sees who i am is a friend a son a brother a stand up comedian and a teenager -bigger pain see some people might fear girls not liking them back some people might fear sharks some people might fear death but for me for a large part of my life i feared myself -and so i thought about that way every single day i thought about it every single day and if im being totally honest standing here ive thought about it again since because thats the sickness thats the struggle thats depression and depression isnt chicken pox you dont beat it once and its gone forever its something you live with -its something you live in its the roommate you cant kick out its the voice you cant ignore its the feelings you cant seem to escape the scariest part is -but if you tell people youre depressed everyone runs the other way thats the stigma -we are so so so accepting of any body part breaking down other than our brains and thats ignorance -i wish i did but i dont but i think i think it has to start here -where we eliminate the ignorance of others -its in building a world where we teach the acceptance of ourselves where were okay with who we are because when we get honest we see that we all struggle and we all suffer whether its with this whether its with something else we all know what it is to hurt -and i wouldnt be lying but i wouldnt totally be telling you the truth either -just a part of life and as much -as i hate as much as i hate some of the places some of the parts of my life depression has dragged me down to in a lot of ways im grateful for it -because yeah its put me in the valleys but only to show me theres peaks and yeah its dragged me through the dark but only to remind me there is light my pain more than anything in nineteen years on this planet has given me perspective and my hurt my hurt has forced me to have hope -have hope and to have faith faith in myself faith in others faith that it can get better that we can change this that we can speak up -and speak out and fight back against ignorance -fight back against intolerance -and more than anything learn to love ourselves -learn to accept ourselves for who we are the people we are not the people the world wants us to be because the world i believe in is one where embracing your light doesnt mean ignoring your dark the world i believe in is one where were measured by our ability to overcome adversities not avoid them -because the truth is thats just the life everyone else sees -the world i believe in is one where i can look someone in the eye and say im going through hell -and they can look back at me and go me too and thats okay and its okay because depression is okay were people were people and we struggle and we suffer and we bleed and we cry and if you think that true strength means never showing any weakness then im here to tell you youre wrong -youre wrong because its the opposite -because the only way were going to beat a problem that people are battling alone is by standing strong together -thats sadness thats a natural thing thats a natural human emotion real depression isnt being -options choices opportunities possibilities and freedoms those are all basically the same thing and those are the things that technology bring us -thats what technology is bringing us choices possibilities freedoms thats what its about its this expansion of room to make differences -and so a hammer when we grab a hammer thats what were grabbing and thats why we continue to grab technology because we want those things those things are good differences freedom choices possibilities -and each time we make a new opportunity place were allowing a platform to make new ones and i think its really important because if you can imagine mozart before the technology of the piano was invented -what a loss to society there would be imagine van gogh being born before the technologies of cheap oil paints imagine -whose technology of self expression has not yet been invented we have a moral obligation to invent technology so that every person on the globe has the potential to realize their true difference -we want a trillion zillion species of one individuals thats what technology really wants im going to skip through some of the objections because i dont have answers to why -theres deforestation i dont have an answer to the fact that there are seem to be bad technologies i dont have an answer to -how this impacts on our dignity other than to suggest that maybe the seventh kingdom because its so close to what life is about -maybe we can bring it back and have it help us monitor life maybe in some ways the fact that what were trying to do with technology is find a good home for -i like one of the definitions that alan kay has for technology he says technology is anything that was invented after you were born -its a terrible thing to spray ddt on cotton fields but its a really good thing to use to eliminate millions of cases of death due to malaria in a small village -our humanity is actually defined by technology all the things that we think that we really like about humanity is being driven by technology this is the infinite game -thats what were talking about you see technology is a way to evolve the evolution its a way to explore -when i think about what technology wants i think that it has to do with the fact that every person here and i really believe this every person here has an assignment and your assignment is -to spend your life discovering what your assignment is that recursive nature is the infinite game and if you play that well -have other people involved so even that game extends and continues even when youre gone that is the infinite game and what technology is is the medium in which -we play that infinite game and so i think that we should embrace technology because it is an essential part of our journey in finding out -who we are thank you -sums up a lot of what were talking about danny hillis actually has an update on that he says technology is anything that doesnt quite work yet which also -i think gets into a little bit of our current idea but i was interested in another definition of technology something again that went back to something more fundamental -something that was deeper and as i struggled to understand that i came up with a way of framing the question that seemed to work for me in my investigations and im -i dont know about you but i havent quite figured out exactly what technology means in my life ive spent the past year thinking about -this morning going to talk about this for the first time so this is a very rough attempt to think out loud the question that i came up with was -this question what does technology want and by that i dont mean does it want chocolate or vanilla -by what it wants i mean what are its inherent trends and biases what are its tendencies over time one way to think about this is thinking about biological organisms which weve heard a lot about -and the trick that richard dawkins does which is to say to look at them as simply as genes as vehicles for genes so hes saying what do genes want the selfish gene -and im applying a similar trick to say what if we looked at the universe in our culture through the eyes of technology what does technology want -what does it want and i think once we ask that question we have to go back actually to life because obviously -if we keep extending the origins of technology far back i think we come back to life at some point so thats where i want to begin my little exploration is in life and like you heard from the previous speakers we dont really know -what life there is on earth right now we have really no idea -craig venters tremendous and brilliant attempt to dna sequence things in the ocean is great brian farrells work -all part of this agenda to try and actually discover all the species on earth and one of the things that we should do is just make a grid of the globe and randomly -what it really should be about should i be pro technology should i embrace it full arms should i be wary like you im very tempted by the latest thing but at the other hand a couple of years ago i gave up -we would begin to see some incredible species this is not on another planet these are things that are hidden away on our planet this is an ant that stores -each one of them is theyre hacking the rules of life i cant think of a single general principle of biology that does not -have an exception somewhere by some organism every single thing that we can think of and if you heard olivias talk about the sexual habits youll realize that there isnt anything we can say thats true for all life because every single one of them is hacking -something about it this is a solar powered sea slug its a nudibranch that has incorporated chloroplast inside it to drive its energy -this is another version of that this is a sea dragon and the one on the bottom the blue one is a juvenile that has not yet swallowed the acid has not yet taken -the brown green algae pond scum into its body to give it energy these are hacks and -if we looked at the general shape of the approaches to hacking life there are current consensus six kingdoms -six different broad approaches the plants the animals the fungi the protists the little things the bacteria and the -those are the general approaches to life thats one way to look at life on earth today but a more interesting way the current way to take the long view is to look at it in an evolutionary -perspective and here we have a view of evolution where rather than having evolution go over the linear time we have it coming out from the center -so in the center is the most primitive and this is a genealogical chart of all life on earth this is all the same six kingdoms you see four thousand representative -species and you can see where we are but what i like about this is it shows that every living organism on earth today is equally evolved -those fungi and bacteria are as highly evolved as humans theyve been around just as long and gone through just the same kind of trial and error to get here -all of my possessions sold all my technology except for a bicycle and rode across three thousand miles on the u s back roads under the power of my one body -but we see that each one of these is actually hacking and has a different way of finding out how to do life -and if we take the long term trends of life if we begin to say what does evolution want theres several things that we see one of the things about evolution is that -nowhere on earth have we ever been -and wherever life is it never retreats its ubiquitous and it wants to be more more and more of the inert matter of the globe is being touched and animated by life the second thing is is we see -thats very intuitive and actually we have current data that does show that there is an actual drift towards complexity over time and the last thing i bring back this -one of the things we see about life is that it moves from the inner to increasing sociability and by that it means that there is more and more of life -whose entire environment is other life like those chloroplast cells theyre completely surrounded by other life they never touch the inner matter -there is more and more co evolution and so the general long term trends of evolution are roughly these five ubiquity diversity specialization complexity and socialization -fuelled mostly by twinkies and junk food and ive since then tried to keep technology at arms length in many ways so it doesnt master my life -now i took that and said ok what are the long term trends in technology and again my question is what does technology want and so -this is a scene from star wars where the three po comes out and he sees machines making machines how depraved well this is actually -what were headed towards world machines and the technology is only being thrown out by other technologies most machines will only ever be in contact with other technology and not non technology or even life -and thirdly the idea that machines are becoming biological and complex is at this point a cliche -the same time i run a website on cool tools where i issue a daily obsession of the latest things in technology so im still perplexed about what the true meaning of technology is -that is maybe not a big surprise because if we map out say the evolution of armor you can actually follow a sort of an evolutionary type cladistic tree -i suggest in fact technology is the seventh kingdom of life that its operations and how it works is so similar that we can think of it as the seventh kingdom -about five hundred of them and he has decided to treat them as if they were tribolites or snails and to do a morphological analysis and try to -their genealogical history over time this is his chart which is not quite published yet but the most interesting aspect about this -is that if you look at those red lines at the bottom those indicate basically a parentage of a type of cornet that was no longer made -that does not happen in biology when something is extinct you cant have it as your parent but that does happen in technology and it turns out that thats so distinctive -that you can actually look at this tree and you can actually use it to determine that this is a technological system versus -a biological system in fact this idea of resurrecting the whole idea is so important that i began to think about -what happens with old technology and it turns out that in fact technologies dont die so i suggested this to an historian of science and he said well what about you know -come on what about steam cars theyre not around anymore well -as it relates to humanity as it relates to nature as it relates to the spiritual and im not even sure we know what technology is and -buying steam valves i mean it was just it was really there and so i began to think about well maybe thats just a random sample maybe i should do this sort of in a more -all of them are still being produced so youve got corn shellers i dont know who needs a corn sheller be it corn shellers youve got -you can buy for fifty bucks a stone age knife made exactly the same way -ten thousand years ago its short bone handle fifty bucks and in fact whats important is that this information actually never died out -it was resurrected its continued all along and in papua new guinea they were making stone axes until two decades ago just as a course of practical matters -even when we try to get rid of a technology its actually very hard so weve all heard about the amish giving up cars weve heard about the -one definition of technology is that which is first recorded this is the first example of the modern use of technology that i can find -and then i tried to find out when they were when they came back in because they always came back in and it turns out that the time the duration of when they were outlawed and prohibited is decreasing -over time and that basically you can delay technology but you cant kill it so this makes sense because in a certain sense what culture is -is the accumulation of ideas thats what its for its so that ideas dont die out and when we take that -we take this idea of what culture is doing and add it to what the long term trajectory again in lifes evolution -we find that each case each of the major transitions in life what theyre really about is accelerating and changing the way in which evolution happens -theyre actually changing the way in which ideas are generated so all these steps in evolution are increasing basically the evolution of evolvability so whats happening over time in life -is that the ways in which you generate these new ideas these new hacks are increasing and the real tricks are ways in which you kind of explore the way of exploring -and then what we see in the singularity that prophesized by kurzweil and others his idea that technology is accelerating evolution its accelerating the way in which we search for ideas -so if you have life hacking life means hacking the game of survival then evolution is a way to extend the game by changing the rules of the game -what technology is really about is better ways to evolve that is what we call an infinite game -thats the definition of infinite game a finite game is play to win and an infinite game is played to keep playing and i believe that technology is actually -the entire huge billions of stars in the universe were compressed the entire universe was compressed into a little quantum dot -and it was so tight in there there was no room for any difference at all thats the definition there was no temperature there was no difference whatsoever and at the big bang what it expanded was the potential for difference -so as it expands and as things expand what we have is the potential for differences diversity -is happening with this is some kind of ai but its not the ai in conscious ai as being an expert larry page told me that thats what theyre trying to do and thats what theyre trying to -but when six billion humans are googling whos searching who it goes both ways so we are the web -just like it wasnt tv and only better the next five thousand days its not just going to be the web but only better its going to be something different and i think -in a good sense secondly its become much more personalized it will know us and thats good again the price of that will be transparency -and thirdly its going to become more ubiquitous in terms of filling your entire environment and we will be in the middle of it -and all these devices will be portals into that so the single idea that i wanted to leave with you is that -you take this whole thing it is a very big machine very reliable machine more reliable than its parts but we can also think about it -as kind of a large organism so we might respond to it more as if this was a whole system more as if this wasnt a large organism that we are going to be interacting with -its a one and i dont know what else to call it than the one well have a better word for it but theres a unity of some sort thats starting to emerge -its impossible in theory but possible in practice and if you take all these things that are impossible i think one of the things that were learning from this -so to do action take away so -all screens look into the one no bits will live outside the web to share is to gain let the one read it -its going to be machine readable you want to make something that the machine can read and the one is us we are in the one -i appreciate your time -thats all these computers all these handhelds all these cell phones all these laptops all the servers basically what were getting out of all these connections -is were getting one machine if there is only one machine and our little handhelds and devices are actually just little windows into those machines but that -the internet the web as we know it the kind of web the things were all talking about is already less than five thousand -were basically constructing a single global machine and so i began to think about that and it turned out that this machine happens to be the most reliable machine that weve ever made -the internet is longer than just five thousand days the web is only five thousand days so i was trying to basically make -and theres fifty five trillion links between all the web pages of the world and so i began thinking more about other kinds of dimensions and i made a quick list and was -uses five percent of the global electricity on the planet so heres the specifications just as if you were to make up a spec sheet for it one hundred and seventy quadrillion transistors fifty five trillion links emails running at two megahertz itself -so all of the things that weve seen come about starting say with satellite images of the whole earth which we couldnt even imagine happening before -the total traffic on this is running at seven terabytes per second brewster was saying the library of congress is about twenty terabytes so every second half of the library of congress is swooshing around in this machine -its a big machine so i did something else i figured out one hundred billion clicks per day fifty five trillion links is almost the same as the number of synapses in your brain -the size of this machine is the size and its complexity kind of to your brain -in fact thats how your brain works in kind of the same way that the web works however your brain isnt doubling every two years so -if we say this machine right now that weve made is about one hb one human brain if we look at the rate that this is increasing in thirty years from now therell be six billion hbs -in raw bits and stuff and this is i think where ray kurzweil and others get this little chart saying that were going to cross so what about that well heres a couple of things -all these things rolling into our lives just this abundance of things -i have three kind of general things i would like to say three consequences of this first that basically what this machine is doing is embodying -is looking into the one machine these are all basically portals into that one machine the second thing -is that some people call this the cloud and youre kind of touching the cloud with this and so in some ways all you really need is a cloudbook -the machine youre touching the cloud and youre going to compute that way so the machine is computing and in some ways its sort of back to the kind of old idea of centralized computing -that are right before us sitting in front of our laptop or our desktop this kind of cornucopia of stuff just coming and never ending -but everything all the cameras and the microphones and the sensors in cars and everything is connected to this -machine and everything will go through the web and were seeing that already with say phones right now phones dont go through the web but they are beginning to -and if you imagine what say just as an example what google labs has in terms of experiments with google docs google spreadsheets blah blah blah all these things are going to become web based -going through the machine and i am suggesting that every bit will be owned by the web -the web language theyre going to talk to the machine the web in some sense is kind of like a black hole thats sucking up everything into it -and so every thing will be part of the web so every item every artifact that we make will have embedded in it some little sliver of web ness and connection -and it will be part of this machine so that our environment kind of in that ubiquitous computing sense our environment becomes the web everything is connected -now with rfids and other things whatever technology it is it doesnt really matter the point is that everything will have embedded in it some sense of connecting it to the machine and so we have basically an internet of things -is amazing and were not amazed its really amazing that all this stuff is here -so you begin to think of a shoe as a chip with heels and a car as a chip with wheels because basically most of the cost of manufacturing cars is the -embedded intelligence and electronics in it and not the materials a lot of people think about the new economy as something that was going to be a disembodied -what were looking forward to that is where were going this union this convergence of -the atomic and the digital and so one of the consequences of that i believe is that where we have this sort of spectrum of media right now -tv film video that basically becomes one media platform and while theres many differences in some senses they will share more and more in common with each other -so that the laws of media such as the fact that copies have no value the values in the uncopiable things the immediacy the authentication the personalization -its in five thousand days all this stuff has come and i know that ten years ago if i had told you that this was all coming -the media wants to be liquid the reason why things are free is so that you can manipulate them not so that they are free as in beer but free as in freedom -and the network effects rule meaning that the more you have the more you get the first fax machine the person who bought the first fax machine was an idiot because there was nobody to fax to -but here she became an evangelist recruiting others to get the fax machines because it made their purchase more valuable -those are the effects that were going to see attention is the currency so those laws are going to kind of spread throughout all media -and the other thing about this embodiment is that theres kind of what i call the mcluhan reversal mcluhan was saying machines are the extensions of the human senses and im saying humans are now going to be the extended senses of the machine in a certain sense -so we have a trillion eyes and ears and touches through all our digital photographs and cameras and we see that in things like flickr or -this program from microsoft that will allow you to assemble a view of a -what the web is doing is restructuring and i have to warn you that what well talk about is im going to give my explanation of a term youre hearing which is a semantic web -so first of all the first stage that weve seen of the internet was that it was going to link computers and thats what we called the net that was the internet of nets -what you had to do was if you wanted to participate in this you had to share packets of information so you were forwarding on you didnt have control it wasnt like a telephone system where you had control of a line you had to share packets -the second stage that were in now is the idea of linking pages so in the old one if i wanted to go on to an airline web page i went from my computer to an ftp site to another -if i want to go in to book a flight i go into the airlines flight page the website of the airline and im linking to that page -and what were sharing were links so you had to be kind of open with links you couldnt deny if someone wanted to link to you you couldnt stop them -you had to participate in this idea of opening up your pages to be linked by anybody so thats what we were doing -were now entering to the third stage which is what im talking about and that is where we link the data so i dont know what the name of this thing is im calling it the one machine -but were linking data so were going from machine to machine from page to page and now data to data so the difference is is that -rather than linking from page to page were actually going to link from one idea on a page to another idea rather than to the other page -so every idea is basically being supported or every item or every noun is being supported by the entire web its being resolved at the level of items or ideas or words if you want -youre dreaming youre a californian utopian youre a wild eyed optimist and yet its here the other thing that we know about it -so besides physically coming out again into this idea that its not just virtual its actually going out to things so -so now in this new one when i link to it i would link to my particular flight my particular seat -so here are some of the technical terms all three letter things that youll see a lot more of all these things are about enabling this idea of linking to -so ill give you one kind of an example theres like a billion social sites on the web each time you go into there you have to tell it again who you are and all your friends are why should you be doing that you should just do that once -was that ten years ago as i looked at what even wired was talking about we thought it was going to be tv but better that was the model that was what everybody was suggesting was going to be coming -of all the relationships between those pieces of data thats what were moving into where it sort of knows these things down to that level a semantic web -giant global graph were kind of trying out what we want to call this thing but whats its doing is sharing data so you have to be open to having your data shared -pages they are things everything weve described every artifact or place will be a specific representation will have a -and so theres actually a fourth thing that we have not get to that we wont see in the next ten years or five thousand days but i think thats where were going to and as the internet of things -where im linking directly to the particular things of my seat on the plane that that physical thing becomes part of the web and so we are in the middle of this thing thats completely -down to every object in the little sliver of a connection that it has so the last thing i want to talk about is this idea that were going to be co dependent -its always going to be there and the closer it is the better if you allow google to it will tell you your search history and i found out by looking at it that i search most at eleven oclock in the morning -so i am open and being transparent to that and i think total personalization in this new world will require total transparency -that is going to be the price if you want to have total personalization you have to be totally transparent google i cant remember my phone number -so dependent on this that i have now gotten to the point where i dont even try to remember things ill just google it its easier to do that and we kind of object at first saying -which is sort of the idea that we normally have of about what technology is its all that new stuff its not roads or penicillin or -which is again a sense that its all new but we know that its just not new it actually goes way back and what i want to suggest is it goes -way back -so another way to think about technology what it means is to imagine a world without technology if we were to eliminate every single bit of technology in the world today and i mean everything from blades to scrapers to -we as a species would not live very long we would die by the billions and very quickly the wolves would get us -we would be defenseless we would be unable to grow enough food or find enough food even the hunter gatherers used some elementary tools -and so they had minimal technology but they had some technology and if we study those hunter gatherer tribes and the neanderthal which are very similar to -my investigations into what technology means in our lives not just our immediate life but in the cosmic sense in the kind of long history of -early man we find out a very curious thing about this world without technology and this is a kind of a curve of their average age there are no -infants because they die high mortality rate and there is very few old people and so the profile is sort of for your average san francisco neighborhood a lot of young people and if you go there you say hey everybody is really healthy -and grandparents are very important because they are the transmitter of cultural evolution and information imagine a world and basically everyone was twenty to thirty years old how much learning can you do you cant do very much learning in your own life -do learn so -thats one aspect it was a very short life but at the same time anthropologists know that most hunter gatherer tribes of the world with very little technology actually did not spend a very long time -so it was possible to get enough food but -when the scarcity came when the highs and lows and the droughts came then people went into starvation and thats why they didnt live very long so -what technology brought through the very simple tools like these stone tools here -even something as small as this the early bands of humans were actually able to eliminate to extinction about two hundred and fifty -the world and our place in the world what is this stuff what is the significance and so i want to kind of go through -so long before the industrial age weve been affecting the planet on a global scale with just a small amount of technology -the other thing that the early man invented was fire and fire was used to clear out and again effected the ecology of grass and whole continents -and was used in cooking it enabled us to actually eat all kinds of things it was sort of in a certain sense in a mcluhan sense an external stomach -and very quickly became the dominant species on the planet and they migrated into the rest of the world at two kilometers per year until -within several tens of thousands of years we occupied every single watershed on the planet and became the most dominant species with a very small amount of technology -and even at that time with the introduction of agriculture eight thousand ten thousand years ago we started to see climate change so climate change is not a new thing whats new is just the degree of it even during the agricultural age there was climate change -so already small amounts of technology were transforming the world and what this means and where im going is that technology has become the most powerful force in the world -my little story of what i found out and one of the first things that i started to investigate was the history of the name of technology -all the things that we see today that are changing our lives we can always trace back to the introduction of some new technology so its a force that is the most powerful force -that has been unleashed on this planet and in such a degree that i think that -the animals that weve domesticated the most important animal that weve domesticated has been us -okay so -its a very very strong force i call this entire thing us humans as our technology everything that weve made gadgets in our lives we call that the technium -thats this world my working definition of technology is anything useful that a human mind makes its not just hammers and gadgets like laptops -also law and of course cities are ways to make things more useful to us -while this is something that comes from our mind it also has its roots deeply into the cosmos it goes back the origins and roots of technology go back to the big bang -in this way in that they are part of this self organizing thread that starts at the big bang and goes through -four billion years ago the dominant force in our neighborhood became information thats what life is its an information process that was restructuring and making new order so -those energy matter einstein showed were equivalent and now new sciences of quantum computing show that entropy and information and matter and energy are all interrelated so its one long continuum -you put energy into the right kind of system and out comes wasted heat entropy and extropy which is -order its the increase in order so where does this order come from its roots go way back we actually dont know but we do know that the self organization -trend throughout the universe is long and it began with things like galaxies they maintained their order for billions of years -stars are basically nuclear fusion machines that self organize and self sustain themselves for billions of years this order against the entropy of the world and flowers and -plants are the same thing extended and technology is basically an extension of life so -one trend that we notice in all those things is that the amount of energy per -the amount of energy is increasing through this little sequence and that the amount of energy per gram per second that flows through life is actually greater -than a star because of the stars long lifespan the energy density in life is actually higher than a star and the energy density -that we see in the greatest that we see anywhere in the universe is actually in a p c chip there is more energy flowing through per gram per second than anything that we have any other experience with -so what i would suggest is that if you want to see where technology is going we continue that trajectory and we say well whats going to become more energy dense -thats where its going and so what ive done is ive taken the same kinds of things and looked at other aspects of evolutionary life and say -what are the general trends in evolutionary life and there are things moving towards greater complexity moving towards greater diversity moving towards greater specialization -sentience ubiquity and most important evolvability those very same things are also present in technology thats where technology is going -in fact technology is accelerating all the aspects of life and we can see that happening just as there is diversity in life there is more diversity in things we make -things in life start out being general cell and they become specialized you have tissue cells you have muscle brain cells and same things happens with say a hammer which is general at first and becomes more specific -so i would like to say that while there is six kingdoms of life we can think of technology basically as a seventh kingdom of life its a branching off from the human form -but technology has its own agenda like anything like life itself for instance right now three quarters of the energy that we use is actually used to feed the technium itself in transportation its not to move us its to move the stuff that we make -or buy i use the word want technology wants this is a robot that wants to plug itself in to get more power your cat wants more food -a bacterium which has no consciousness at all wants to move towards light it has an urge and technology has an urge at the same time it wants to give us things and what it gives us is basically progress -you can take all kinds of curves and theyre all pointing up there is really no dispute about progress if we discount the cost of that -the thing that bothers most people is that progress is really real but we wonder and question what are the environmental costs of it i did a survey of a number of species of -and with that entire wealth of england king henry could not buy any antibiotics he could not buy refrigeration he could not buy a trip of a thousand miles -whereas this rickshaw wale in india -right now the default position about when a new technology comes along is we people talk about the precautionary principle which is very common in europe which says basically dont do anything -you try it out you obviously do what the precautionary principle suggests you try to anticipate it but after anticipating it you constantly asses it not just once but eternally and when it diverts from what you want -we prioritize risk we evaluate not just the new stuff but the old stuff we fix it but most importantly we relocate it and what i mean by that is that -the response to a bad idea like say a tungsten lightbulb is a better idea okay -better ideas is really always the response to technology that we dont like is basically better technology actually in a certain sense technology is a kind of a method for generating better ideas if you can think about it that way -so maybe spraying ddt on crops is a really bad idea but ddt sprayed on local homes there is nothing better -to eliminate malaria besides insect ddt impregnated mosquito nets but thats a really good idea thats a good job for technology -so our job as humans is to parent our mind children to find them good friends to find them a good job and so every technology is sort of a creative force looking for -the right job thats actually my son right here there are no bad technologies just as there are no bad children we dont say children are neutral or children are positive we just have to find them the right -so what technology gives us over the long term over the sort of extended evolution from the beginning of time through the invention of the plants -thats what we get from technology all the time thats why people leave villages and go into cities is because they are always gravitating towards increased choices and possibilities -and we are aware of the price we pay a price for that but we are aware of it and generally we will pay the price for increased freedoms choices and opportunities -even technology wants clean water is technology diametrically opposed to nature because technology is an extension -of life its in parallel and aligned with the same things that life wants so that i think technology loves biology if we allow it -great movement that is starting billions of years ago is moving through us and it continues to go and our choice so to speak -in technology is really to align ourselves with this force much greater than ourselves so technology is more than just the stuff in your pocket its more than just gadgets its more than just things that people invent its actually -part of a very long story a great story that began billions of years ago and it moving through us this self organization and were extending and accelerating it -so what is this stuff that were all consumed by and bothered by alan kay calls it technology is anything that was invented after you were born -and we can be part of it by aligning the technology that we make with it and i really appreciate your attention today thank you -and i was thinking about this -of all places on a transatlantic flight a couple of years ago because i happened to be seated next to a hungarian physicist about my age and we were talking about -what life was like during the cold war for physicists in hungary and i said so what were you doing and he said well we were mostly breaking stealth and i said thats a good job thats interesting how does that work and to understand that you have to understand a little bit about how stealth works and so -this is an over simplification but basically its not like you can just pass a radar signal right through one hundred and fifty six tons of steel in the sky its not just going to disappear -but if you can take this big massive thing and you could turn it into -a million little things something like a flock of birds well then the radar thats looking for that has to be able to see every flock of birds in the sky -and if youre a radar thats a really bad job -and he said yeah he said but thats if youre a radar so we didnt use a radar we built a black box that was looking for electrical signals electronic communication -and whenever we saw a flock of birds that had electronic communication we thought probably has something to do with the americans and i said yeah thats good so youve effectively negated sixty years of aeronautic research whats your -and its also sometimes called algo trading algorithmic trading -and algorithmic trading evolved in part because institutional traders have the same problems that the united states air force had which is that theyre moving these positions whether its proctor gamble or accenture whatever theyre moving a million shares of something through the market -and if they do that all at once its like playing poker and going all in right away you just tip your hand -and so they have to find a way and they use algorithms to do this to break up that big thing into a million little transactions and the magic and the horror -of that is that the same math -that you use to break up the big thing into a million little things can be used to find a million little things and sew them back together and figure out whats actually happening in the market so if you need to have some image of whats happening in the stock market right now what you can picture is a bunch of algorithms -that are basically programmed to hide and a bunch of algorithms that are programmed to go find them and -and thats seventy percent of the united states stock market seventy percent of the operating system formerly known as your pension your mortgage -and what could go wrong what could go wrong is that a year ago nine percent of the entire market just disappears in five minutes and they called it the flash crash of two forty five -reshaped digitally all of the -because nobody ordered it nobody asked for it nobody had any control over what was actually happening all they had -was just a monitor in front of them -that had the numbers on it and just a red button that said stop -contours of the mountains to follow the vicissitudes of the dow jones index so what you see that precipice that high precipice with the valley is the two thousand and eight -and thats the thing is that were writing things were writing these things that we can -no longer read and weve rendered something illegible -and weve lost the sense of whats actually happening in this world that weve made and were starting to make our way theres a company in boston called nanex -and they use math and magic and i dont know what and they reach into all the market data and they find actually sometimes some of these algorithms and when they find them they pull them out and they pin them to the wall like butterflies -and they do what weve always done when confronted with huge amounts of data that we dont understand which is that they give them a name and a story so this is one that they found they called -the knife -the carnival the boston shuffler -twilight -and the gag is that of course -these arent just running through the market you can find these kinds of things wherever you look once you learn how to look for them you can find it here this book about flies that you may have been looking at on amazon you may have noticed it when its price started at one point seven million dollars its out of print still -twenty three point six million dollars plus shipping and handling -financial crisis the photo was made when we were deep in the valley over there i dont know where we are now this is the hang seng index for hong kong and -and the question is nobody was buying or selling anything what was happening and you see this behavior on amazon as surely as you see it on wall street and when you see this kind of behavior what you see is the evidence of algorithms in conflict algorithms locked in loops with each other without any human oversight -without any adult supervision to say actually one point seven million is plenty -has gone through several different algorithms over the years they started with cinematch and theyve tried a bunch of others theres dinosaur planet theres gravity theyre using pragmatic chaos now pragmatic chaos -is like all of netflix algorithms trying to do the same thing its trying to get a grasp on you on the firmware inside the human skull so that it can recommend what movie you might want to watch next which is a very very difficult problem -but the difficulty of the problem and the fact that we dont really quite have it down -it doesnt take away from the effects pragmatic chaos has pragmatic chaos like all netflix algorithms determines in the end sixty percent -of what movies end up being rented so one piece of code with one idea about you -is responsible for sixty percent of those movies -but what if you could rate those movies before they get made -through there and they can tell you quantifiably that thats a thirty million dollar movie or a two hundred million dollar movie and the thing is is that this isnt google this isnt information these arent financial stats this is culture -similar topography i wonder why -and what you see here or what you dont really see normally is that these are the physics of culture -and theyre sort of like secret architects in your bedroom and the idea that architecture itself is somehow subject to algorithmic optimization is not far fetched its super real and its happening around you you feel it most when youre in a sealed metal box -a new style elevator theyre called destination control elevators these are the ones where you have to press what floor youre going to go to before you get in the elevator and it uses whats called a bin packing algorithm so none of this mishegas of letting everybody go into whatever car they want -everybody who wants to go to the tenth floor goes into car two and everybody who wants to go to the -and this is what were designing for were designing for this machine dialect and how far can you take that how far can you take it you can take it really really far so let me take it back -to wall street because the algorithms of wall street are dependent on one quality above all else which is speed -and they operate on milliseconds and microseconds and just to give you a sense of what microseconds are it takes you five hundred thousand microseconds just to click a mouse but if youre a wall street algorithm and youre five microseconds behind -youre a loser so if you were an algorithm youd look for an architect like the one that i met in frankfurt who was hollowing out a skyscraper throwing out all the furniture all the infrastructure for human use and just running steel on the floors to get ready for the stacks of servers to go in -to the internet and you think of -the internet as this kind of distributed system and of course it is but its distributed from places in new york this is where its distributed from the carrier hotel located on hudson street and this is really where the wires come right up into the city -and the reality is that the further away you are from that youre a few microseconds behind every time these guys down on wall street marco polo and cherokee nation theyre eight microseconds behind all these guys going into the empty buildings being hollowed out -up around the carrier hotel -and thats going to keep happening -were going to keep hollowing them out because you inch for inch and pound for pound and dollar for dollar -none of you could squeeze revenue out of that space like the boston shuffler could -but if you zoom out -if you zoom out -you would see an eight hundred and twenty five mile trench between new york city and chicago thats been built over the last few years by a company called spread networks this is a fiber optic cable that was laid between those two cities to just be able to traffic one signal -thirty seven times faster than you can click a mouse just for these algorithms just for the -carnival and the knife and when you think about this that were running through the united states with dynamite and rock saws so that an algorithm can close the deal three microseconds faster all for a communications framework that no human will ever know -extract and derive from the world to something that actually starts to shape it -thats a kind of manifest destiny and well always look for a new frontier -unfortunately we have our work cut out for us -this is just theoretical this is some mathematicians at mit and the truth is i dont really understand a lot of what theyre talking about -and what this map says is that if youre trying to make money on the markets where the red dots are thats where people are where the cities are youre going to have to put the servers where the blue dots are to do that most effectively and the thing that you might have noticed about those blue dots is that a lot of them are in the middle of the ocean -the world around us and the world inside us and its specifically algorithms which are basically the math that computers use to decide stuff -if youre an algorithm -with this kind of algorithmic efficiency and in that light -you go back and you look at michael najjars photographs and you realize that theyre not metaphor theyre prophecy -that were making and the landscape was always made by this sort of weird uneasy collaboration between nature and man but now theres this third co evolutionary force algorithms the boston shuffler the carnival -and we will have to understand those as nature -they acquire the sensibility of truth because they repeat over and over again and they ossify and calcify and they become real -this is the field of biologic replacements where we replace worn out parts with new natural ones -and so the mission is how do i treat these things biologically and lets talk about both what i did for my wife and what ive done for hundreds of other patients -first thing for my wife and the most common thing i hear from my patients particularly in the forty to eighty year old age group seventy year old age group is they come in and say hey doc isnt there just a shock absorber you can put in my knee im not ready for joint replacement -and so for her i put in a human meniscus allograft donor right into her knee joint space and and then for that unstable ligament we put in a human donor ligament to stabilize the knee -so heres my wifes bad knee on the left and her just hiking now four months later in aspen and doing well and it works not just for my wife but certainly for other patients -so let me just start with my story so i tore my knee joint meniscus cartilage playing soccer in college then i went on to tear my acl the ligament in my knee -girl on the video jen hudak just won the superpipe in aspen just nine months after having destroyed her knee as you see in the other image and having a paste graft to that knee and so we can regrow these surfaces biologically -so with all this success why isnt that good enough you might ask well the reason is because theres not enough donor cycles theres not enough young healthy people falling off their motorcycle and donating that tissue to us -and the tissues very expensive and so thats not going to be a solution thats going to get us global with biologic -tissue but the solution is animal tissue because its plentiful its cheap you can get it from young healthy tissues -but the barrier is immunology and the specific barrier is a specific epitope called the galactosyl or gal epitope so if were going to transplant animal tissues to people we have to figure out a way to get rid of that epitope -then take that regeneration template and insert it into the missing meniscus cartilage to regrow that -now done that procedure and its been done worldwide in over four thousand cases so its an fda approved and worldwide accepted way to regrow the -thats great when i can degrade the tissue but what happens for your ligament when i need an intact ligament i cant grind it up in a blender -and then developed an arthritic knee and im sure that many of you in this audience have that same story and by the way i married a woman who has exactly the same story -so in that case i have to design and we designed with uri galili and tom turek an enzyme wash to wash away -those galactosyl epitopes with a specific enzyme and we call that a gal stripping technique what we do is humanize the tissue its by gal stripping that tissue we humanize it -and weve done that now weve taken pig ligament young healthy big tissue put it into ten patients in an fda approved trial -and then one of our patients went on to have three canadian masters downhill championships on his pig lig as he calls it so we know it can work and theres a wide clinical trial of this tissue now pending -so what about the next step what about getting to a total biologic knee replacement not just the parts how are we going to revolutionize artificial joint replacement well heres how were going to do it -so what were going to do is take an articular cartilage from a young healthy pig strip it of its antigens load it with your stem cells -then put it back on to that arthritic surface in your knee tack it on there have you heal that surface and then create a new biologic surface for -so thats our biologic approach right now were going to rebuild your knee with the parts were going to resurface it with a completely new surface but -we have other advantages from the animal kingdom theres a benefit of four hundred million years of ambulation we can harness those benefits we can use thicker younger better tissues than you might have injured in your knee or that you might have when youre forty fifty or sixty -so this motivated me to become an orthopedic surgeon and to see if i couldnt focus on solutions for those problems that would keep me playing sports and not limit me -we can do it as an outpatient procedure we can strip that tissue very economically and so this is how we can get biologic knee replacement to go global and so welcome to super biologics its not hardware -its not software its bioware -its version two point -that coming to -coming to an operating theater near you soon i believe thank you very much -so with that let me just show you a quick video to get you in the mood of what were trying to explain -all aware of the risk of cancer but theres another disease thats destined to affect even more of us arthritis -its not aging that causes arthritis common injuries can lead to decades of pain -our joints quite literally grind to a halt -for a solution weve turned to engineering to design artificial components to replace our worn out body parts -but in the midst of the modern buzz around the promises of a bionic body -we stop and ask if theres a better more natural way -what if all the replacements our bodies need already exist in nature or within our own stem cells -obviously very very excited but this has a huge huge impact on the environment we signed the first panel just a few weeks after that had a great signing ceremony leading to people hopefully using -these products across the world and weve got cradle to cradle gold on this thing we happened to win just recently the green product of the year for the re invention of doctorywall from popular science -everything around us has to change or were not going to lick this problem dont listen to the people who say you cant do this because anyone can and these job losses -we can fix them with green collar jobs weve got four plants were building this stuff around the country were going as fast as we can two and a half million cars worth of -to the climate it is unbelievably bad this is obviously that famous view now of the arctic which is likely to be gone at this point in the next three or four or five years -that you had so my hope is that when you leave ted you will look at reducing your carbon footprint in how ever you can do it and if you dont know how please find me i will help you -very very very scary so we all look at what we can do and when you look at the worldwide sources of co two fifty two percent are tied to buildings only nine percent is passenger cars -use recycled content from cement and steel manufacturing there is the inside of our lab we havent shown this before but our people had to do some five -thousand different mixes to get this right to hit our targets and they worked absolutely very very very hard -so then we went forward and built our production line in china we dont build this production equipment any longer in the u s unfortunately we did the line install over the summer -we started right there with absolutely nothing youre seeing for the first time a brand new drywall production line not made using gypsum at all thats the finished production line there we got our first panel out on december third that is the slurry being poured onto paper basically -because this is what i do this is what i teach its what i study its what i treat and i know that kids get concussed every year -and so when kids sustain a concussion we talk about them getting dinged or getting their bell rung but what is it that were really talking about lets take -so a funny thing happened on my way to becoming a brilliant world class neuropsychologist -how many gs close seventy two would it be crazy -to know one hundred and three gs the average concussive impact is ninety five gs now when the kid on the right doesnt get up -we know theyve had a concussion but how about the kid on the left or the athlete that leaves the field of play how do we know if he or she has sustained a concussion -how do we know that legislation that would require that they be pulled from play cleared for return to play applies to them -the definition of concussion doesnt actually require a loss of consciousness it requires only a change in consciousness and that can be any one or a number of symptoms including -feeling foggy feeling dizzy hearing a ringing in your ear being more impulsive or hostile than usual -so given all of that and given how darn neurotic i am how do i get any sleep at all because i know our brains are -i had a baby -designed to recover from an injury if god forbid any of us left here tonight and sustained a concussion most of us would go on to fully recover inside of a couple hours to a couple of weeks -thats not to say i ever went on to become a brilliant world class neuropsychologist sorry ted but i did go on to be a reasonably astute arguably world class worrier -but kids are more vulnerable to brain injury in fact high school athletes are three times more likely to sustain catastrophic injuries relative even to their college age peers and it takes them longer to return to a symptom free baseline -first injury their risk for -injury is exponentially greater from there their risk for a third injury greater still and so on -really alarming part we dont fully understand the long term impact of multiple injuries -you guys may be familiar with this research thats coming out of the nfl in a nutshell this research suggests that -among retired nfl players with three or more career concussions the incidents of early onset dementing disease is much greater than it is for the general population -it weird that my forty six year old husband is forever losing his keys isnt it weird that my forty seven year old husband is forever losing the car -isnt it weird that my forty eight year old husband is forever losing his way home in the car from the driveway -so i may have forgotten to mention that my son is an only child so its going to be really important that he be able to drive me around -so how do we guarantee the safety of our kids how can we one hundred percent guarantee the safety of our kids let me tell you what ive come up with -if -only my little boys right there and hes like shes not -so in all seriousness should my kid play football should your kid play football -i dont know but i do know there are three things you can do the first study up you have to be familiar with the issues were talking about today -one of my girlfriends in graduate school marie said kim i figured it out its not that youre more neurotic than everyone else its just that youre more honest about how neurotic you are -there are some great resources out there the cdc has a program heads up its at cdc gov heads up is specific to concussion in kids -the second is a resource im personally really proud of weve just rolled this out in the last couple months co kids with brain injury -this is a great resource for student athletes teachers parents professionals athletic and coaching staff its a great place to start if you have questions -the second thing is speak up just -ago a bill introduced by senator kefalas that would have required athletes kids under eighteen to wear a helmet when theyre riding their bike died in committee -it died in large part because it lacked constituent buy in it lacked stakeholder traction -now im not here to tell you what kind of legislation you should or shouldnt support but i am going to tell you that if it matters to you your legislators need to know -suit up wear a helmet the only way to prevent a bad outcome is to prevent that first injury from happening -and tom knows that that little bit of foam in a bike helmet can reduce the g force of impact by half now i thought that it was because i have this totally compelling helmet crusade right this epiphany of toms -as it turns out it occurred to tom that a twenty dollar helmet is a good way to protect one hundred thousand dollar graduate education -so in the spirit of full disclosure i brought some pictures to share awwww -so -should vander play football -i cant say no but i can guarantee that every time he leaves the house that kids wearing a helmet -like to the car or -so whether athlete scholar over protected kid neurotic mom or otherwise -heres my baby vander reminding you to mind your matter -ill just say july -zzzzzzip -for safety water wings an inch of water -and then finally all suited up for the ninety minute drive to copper mountain so -get kind of a feel for this so my baby vander is eight years old now and -since i said theyre my role models i followed two things which my father and mother gave me one they said life is on an incline you either go up -out of one hundred ninety are your creation theyre good theyre your creation enjoy it if theyre bad theyre your creation learn from it -nature sent over which you cant do a thing its like a death of a relative or a cyclone or a hurricane or an earthquake you cant do a thing about it youve got to just respond to the situation -comes out of those ninety points since im a product of this philosophy of ninety ten and secondly life on an incline -the way i grew up to be valuing what i got im a product of opportunities rare opportunities in the fifties and the -which girls didnt get and i was conscious of the fact that what my parents were giving me was something unique because all of my best school friends were getting dolled up to get married with a lot of dowry -and here i was with a tennis racket and going to school and doing all kinds of extracurricular activities i thought i must tell you this why i said this is the background this is what comes next -i joined the indian police service as a tough woman a woman with indefatigable stamina because i used to run for my -i decided no its a power to prevent because thats what i learned when i was growing up how do i prevent the ten and never make it more than ten -so this was how it came into my service and it was different from the men i didnt want to make it different from the men but it was different because this was the way i was different and i redefined policing concepts in india -a product of this visionary mother and father -take you on two journeys my policing journey and my prison journey what you see if you see the title -was given a parking ticket -never happen again in india because now it was once and forever -and the rule was because i was sensitive i was compassionate i was very sensitive to injustice and i was very pro justice thats the reason as a woman i joined the -i had other options but i didnt choose them so im going to move on this is about tough policing equal policing -many years ago when i was born in the -ten thousand men of which only four hundred were women ten thousand nine thousand plus about six hundred were men terrorists -and they didnt say anything i said you you pray do you want to pray they said yes i said all right lets pray i prayed for them and -started to change this is a visual of education inside the prison friends this has never happened where everybody in the prison studies -i started this with community support government had no budget it was one of the finest largest volunteerism in any prison in the world this was initiated in delhi prison you see one sample -prisoner teaching a class these are hundreds of classes nine to eleven every prisoner went into the education -they belonged boys who would join business and inherit business from parents and girls would be dolled up to get -same den in which they thought they would put me behind the bar and things would be forgotten we converted this into a ashram from a prison to an ashram through education -i think thats the bigger change it was the beginning of a change teachers were prisoners teachers were volunteers books came from donated school books stationary was donated everything was donated because there was no budget for education for the prison -now if id not done that -it would have been a hellhole thats the second landmark i want to show you some moments of history in my journey which probably you would never ever get to see anywhere in the world -the numbers youll never get to see secondly this concept this was a meditation program inside the prison of over a thousand prisoners -one thousand prisoners who sat in meditation this was one of the most courageous steps i took as a prison governor and this is what -you want to know more about this go and see this film doing time doing vipassana you will hear about it and you -to me on kiranbedi com and ill respond to you -my family in my city and almost in the country was unique we were four of us not one -let me show you the next slide -took the same concept of mindfulness because why did i bring meditation into the indian prison because crime is a product of a distorted mind -i took the same thing to the police because the police equally were prisoners of their minds and they felt as if it was we and they and that the people dont cooperate -in the blue yeah this guy -and he was a teacher and you see everybodys busy there was no time to waste let me wrap it up im currently into movements movements of education of the -for the government of india friends you will hear a lot about it thats the movement at the moment im driving and thats the movement and ambition of my life thank you very -my father defied his own grandfather almost to the point of disinheritance because he decided to educate -he sent us to one of the best schools in the city and gave us the best education as ive said when were born we dont choose our parents and when we go to school we dont choose our school -and my father used to say at that time im going to spread all my four daughters in four corners of the world i dont know if he really meant -be changed and then empower lead the change and that directly increased -to experience what it means to be a child laborer it transformed them what you will see is their journey and then their utter conviction that they could go out and change the world -his face changes because hes been able to understand that he has shifted that -is a good word even in the times of h one n one i like the word laughter is contagious -from teacher told me to i am doing it and thats the i can mindshift and it is a process that can be energized and -but we had parents who said okay making our children good human beings is all very well but what about math and science and english show us the grades and we did the data was conclusive -when children are empowered not only do they do good they do well in fact very well as you can see in this national benchmarking assessment taken by over two thousand schools in india -so on august fifteenth independence day two thousand and seven the children of riverside set out to infect -businesses and basically said when are you going to wake up and recognize the potential that resides in every child when will you include the child in the city basically open your hearts and your minds to the child so how did the city respond -since two thousand and seven every other month the city closes down the busiest streets for traffic and converts it into a playground for children -and childhood here was a city telling its child you can a glimpse of infection in -all -is an organization which has been doing things for kids earlier and we plan to extend this to other parts of the city -but for me what was contagious about all of them was that they were infected by something i call the i can bug -because of that ahmedabad is known as -indias first child friendly city so youre getting the pattern first two hundred children at riverside then thirty thousand children in ahmedabad and growing it was time now to infect india -so on august fifteenth again independence day two thousand and nine empowered with the same process we empowered one hundred thousand children to say -i can how we designed a simple toolkit converted it into eight languages and reached thirty two thousand schools -i mean it was incredible basically again reaffirming that when adults believe in children and say you can then they will infection in india -the question is why only them in a country of a billion people and some why so few is it luck is it chance can we all not systematically and consciously get infected -and -and write i -going out pretty difficult but they did it -me that they had -so today who is it going to take to spread the infection from one hundred thousand children to the two hundred million children in india -last i heard the preamble still said we the people of india right so if not us then who if not now then when like i said contagious is a good word thank you -when as a student of the design college i encountered adults who actually believed in my ideas challenged me and had lots of cups of -and i was struck by just how wonderful it felt and how contagious that feeling was i also realized i should have got infected when i was seven -so when i started riverside school ten years ago it became a lab a lab to prototype and refine a design process that could consciously infect the mind with the i can bug -and i uncovered that if learning is embedded in real world context that if you blur the boundaries between school and life then children go through a journey of aware where they can see the change -thing -but theres a small minority of dissenters and they claim that bob dylan is stealing other peoples songs -like all folk singers he copied melodies he transformed them he combined them with new lyrics which were frequently their own concoction of previous stuff -now american copyright and patent laws run counter to this notion that we build on the work of others instead these laws and laws around the world use the rather awkward analogy of property now creative works may indeed be kind of like property but its property that were all building on -two thousand and seven -you can do multi fingered gestures on it -and boy have we patented it -and yet here is multi touch in action this is at ted actually about a year earlier this is jeff han and i mean thats multi touch its the same animal at least lets hear what jeff han has to say about this newfangled technology -two thousand and four brian burton aka danger mouse -that is all there is to it apple has patented this its a twenty eight page software patent but i will summarize what it covers spoiler -takes the beatles white album combines it with jay zs the black album to create the grey album the grey album becomes an immediate sensation online and the beatles record company sends out countless cease and desist letters for unfair competition and dilution of our valuable property -now this idea that everything is a remix might sound like common sense until youre the one getting remixed for example -and we have you know always been shameless about stealing great ideas -now behavioral economists might refer to this sort of thing as loss aversion we have a strong predisposition towards protecting what we feel is ours we have no such aversion towards copying what other people have because we do that nonstop -i think this is mostly what we do our creativity comes from without not from within we are not self made we are dependent on one another -and admitting this to ourselves isnt an embrace of mediocrity and derivativeness its a liberation from our misconceptions and its an incentive to not expect so much from ourselves and to simply -now the grey album is a remix it is new media created from old media it was made using these three techniques copy transform and combine -its how you remix you take existing songs you chop them up you transform the pieces you combine them back together again and youve got a new song but that new song is clearly comprised of old songs -but i think these arent just the components of remixing i think these are the basic elements of all creativity i think everything is a remix and i think this is a better way to conceive of creativity -that can crawl through the human body -as we heard yesterday theres over a billion people hungry -bill gates fortunately has bet a billion -the worlds going to be very different when and if china sets the agenda and they may theyve overtaken the u s as the worlds biggest car market -were finding all kinds of ways to push back the limits of what we know some recent discoveries theres an ant colony from argentina that has now spread to every continent but antarctica -theres a self directed robot scientist thats made a discovery soon science may no longer need us -we are drowning in news reuters alone puts out three and a half million news stories a year thats just one source my question is how many of those stories are actually going to matter in the long run -my pick for the top long news story of this past year was this one water found on the moon -my point is this in the long run some news stories are more important than others -thats the idea behind the long news its a project by the long now foundation which was founded by tedsters including kevin kelly and stewart brand -a lot falls by the wayside if you take the top stories from the a p this last year is this going to matter in a decade -is this going to matter in fifty or one hundred years -but the top story of this past year was the economy and im just betting that sooner or later this particular recession is going to be old news so what kind of stories might make a difference for the future -well lets take someday little robots will go through our bloodstreams fixing things -now the word tolerance if you look at it in the dictionary connotes allowing indulging and enduring -in the medical context that it comes from it is about testing the limits of thriving in an unfavorable environment -tolerance is not really a lived virtue its more of a cerebral ascent and its too cerebral to animate guts and hearts and behavior when the going gets rough and the going is pretty rough right -our religious spiritual and ethical traditions and yet it transcends them -what are its kindred and component parts whats in its universe of attendant virtues to start simply i want to say that compassion -but kindness is an everyday byproduct of all the great virtues and it is a most edifying form of instant gratification -compassion compassion can be synonymous with empathy it can be joined with the harder work of forgiveness and reconciliation but it can also express itself in the simple act -presence its linked to practical virtues like generosity and hospitality and just being there just showing up -i think that compassion also is often linked to beauty and by that i mean a willingness to see beauty in the other not just what it is about them that might need helping -i love it that my muslim conversation partners often speak of beauty as a core moral value and in that light -for the religious compassion also brings us into the territory of mystery -encouraging us not just to see beauty but perhaps also to look for the face of god in the moment of suffering -im not sure if i can show you what tolerance looks like -but i can show you what compassion looks like because it is visible -when we see it we recognize it and it changes the way we think about what is doable what is possible -it is so important when were communicating big ideas but especially a big spiritual idea like compassion to root it as we present it to others in space and time and flesh and blood the color and complexity of life -and compassion does seek physicality -i first started to learn this most vividly from matthew sanford and i dont imagine that you will realize this when you look at this photograph of him but hes paraplegic hes been paralyzed from the waist down since he was thirteen in a car crash that killed his father and his sister -its seen as a squishy kumbaya thing or its seen as potentially depressing karen armstrong has told what i think is an iconic story of giving a speech in holland and after the fact the word compassion was translated as pity -matthews legs dont work and hell never walk again and and he does experience this as an and rather than a but and he experiences himself to be healed and whole and as a teacher of yoga he brings that experience to others across the spectrum of ability and disability health illness and aging -he says that hes just at an extreme end of the spectrum were all on hes doing some amazing work now -and matthew has made this remarkable observation that im just going to offer you and let it sit i cant quite explain it and he cant either but he says that -in all its frailty and its grace without at the same time becoming more compassionate towards all of life compassion -also looks like this -hes says that what they do with larche is not a solution but a sign compassion is rarely a solution -but it is always a sign of a deeper reality of deeper human possibilities and compassion -is unleashed in wider and wider circles by signs and stories never by statistics and strategies we need those things too but were also bumping up against their limits -and at the same time that we are doing that i think we are rediscovering the power of story that as human beings we need stories to survive to flourish to change our traditions have always known this and that is why they have always cultivated stories at their heart and carried them forward in time for us -there is of course a story behind the -now compassion when it enters the news too often comes in the form of feel good feature pieces or sidebars about heroic people you could never be like -key moral longing and commandment of judaism to repair the world tikkun olam -and ill never forget hearing that story from dr rachel naomi remen who told it to me as her grandfather told it to her that in the beginning of the creation -something happened and the original light of the universe was shattered into countless pieces it lodged as shards inside every aspect of the creation and that the highest human calling is to look for this light to point at it when we see it to gather it up and in so doing to repair the world -now this might sound like a fanciful tale some of my fellow journalists might interpret it that way -rachel naomi remen says this is an important and empowering story for our time -because this story insists that each and every one of us frail and flawed as we may be inadequate as we may feel has exactly whats needed to help repair the part of the world that we can see and touch -stories like this -signs like this -to bring compassion -rachel naomi remen is actually bringing compassion back to its rightful place alongside science in her field -and this trend of what rachel naomi remen is doing how these kinds of virtues are finding a place in the vocabulary of medicine the work fred luskin is doing i think this is one of the most fascinating developments of the twenty first century that science in fact is taking a virtue like compassion -definitively out of the realm of idealism -this is going to change science i believe and it will change religion -or happy endings or examples of self sacrifice that would seem to be too good to be true most of the time our cultural imagination about compassion has been -but heres a face from twentieth century science that might surprise you in a discussion about compassion -we all know about the albert einstein who came up with e equal mc two we dont hear so much about the einstein who invited the african american opera singer marian anderson to stay in his home when she came to sing in princeton because the best hotel there was segregated and wouldnt have -einstein believed deeply that science should transcend national and ethnic divisions -but he watched physicists and chemists become the purveyors of weapons of mass destruction in the early twentieth century he once said that science in his generation had become like a razor blade in the hands of a three year old -and einstein foresaw that as we grow more modern and technologically advanced we need the virtues our traditions carry forward in time -some of his favorites were moses jesus buddha st francis of assisi gandhi he adored his contemporary gandhi -and einstein said and i think this is a quote again that has not been passed down in his legacy -that these kinds of people are geniuses in the art of living more necessary to the dignity security and joy of humanity than the discoverers of objective knowledge -now invoking einstein might not seem the best way to bring compassion down to earth and make it seem accessible to all the rest of us but actually it is i want to show you the rest of this photograph -because this photograph is analogous to what we do to the word compassion in our culture we clean it up and we diminish its depths and its grounding in life which is messy so in this photograph you see a mind looking out a window at what might be a cathedral its not -deadened by idealistic images and so what id like to do this morning for the next few minutes is perform a linguistic resurrection -this is the full photograph and you see a middle aged man wearing a leather jacket smoking a cigar and by the look of that paunch he hasnt been doing enough yoga -we put these two photographs side by side on our website and someone said when i look at the first photo i ask myself what was he thinking -and it is much harder often to be compassionate towards those closest to us which is another quality in the universe of compassion on its dark side that also deserves our serious attention and illumination -gandhi too was a real flawed human being so was martin luther king jr so was dorothy day so was mother teresa so are we all -and i want to say that it is a liberating thing to realize that that is no obstacle to compassion following on what fred luskin says that these flaws just make us human -our culture is obsessed with perfection and with hiding problems but what a liberating thing to realize that our problems in fact are probably our richest sources for rising to this ultimate virtue of compassion -and i hope youll come with me on my basic premise that words matter that they shape the way we understand ourselves the way we interpret the world and the way we treat others -towards bringing compassion towards the suffering and joys of others -rachel naomi remen is a better doctor because of her life long struggle with crohns disease einstein became a humanitarian not because of his exquisite knowledge of space and time and matter -but because he was a jew as germany grew fascist and karen armstrong i think you would also say that it was some of your very wounding experiences in a religious life that with a zigzag have led to the charter for compassion -so i want to propose -and that would be for us to call compassion a spiritual technology now our traditions contain vast wisdom about this and we need them to mine it for us now but -when this country first encountered genuine diversity in the one thousand nine hundred and sixty s we adopted tolerance as the core civic virtue with which we would approach that -with every picture there are individuals who have full lives and stories that deserve to be told all these pictures are from zimbabwe -when i first arrived in beautiful zimbabwe it was difficult to understand that thirty five percent of the population is hiv positive -it really wasnt until i was invited to the homes of people that i started to understand the human toll -tell your own story of how you got to africa -i was constantly reading the new york times and stunned by the statistics the numbers it was just frightening so i quit my job -that thats the subject that i wanted to tackle and i first actually went to botswana where i spent a month this is in december two thousand then went to zimbabwe for a month and a half -and then went back again this march two thousand and two for another month and a half in zimbabwe ca thats an amazing story -the epidemic for instance this is herbert with his grandmother when i first met him -of aids he liked to sit on her lap because he said that it was painful for him to lay in his own bed when she got up to make tea she placed him in my own lap and i had -felt a child that was that -this is joyce whos in this picture twenty one single mother hiv positive i photographed her before and after the birth of her -i didnt know but she called to tell me that joyce had passed away at the age of twenty three joyces mother is now taking care of her daughter -and then finally were going to try to develop and pioneer a new perspective on high seas governance thats rooted in ocean basin wide conservation but framed in an arena of global norms of precaution and respect -so here is a picture of the high seas as seen from above that area in the darker blue to me as an international lawyer this scared me far more than any of the creatures or the monsters we may have seen -for it belies the notion that you can actually protect the ocean the global ocean that provides us all with carbon storage with heat -storage with oxygen if you can only protect thirty six percent this is indeed the true -some of the problems we have to confront are that the current international laws for example shipping provide more protection to the areas closest to shore -for example garbage discharge something you would think just simple goes away but the laws regulating ship discharge of garbage actually get weaker -take you on a voyage to some place so deep so dark so unexplored -the farther you are from shore as a result we have garbage patches twice the size of texas -its unbelievable we used to think the solution to pollution was dilution but that has proved to be no longer the case -so what we have learned from social scientists and economists like elinor ostrom who are studying the phenomenon of management of the commons on a local scale -is that there are certain prerequisites that you can put into place that enable you to manage and access open space -for the good of one and all and these include a sense of shared responsibility common norms that bind people together as a community -and of course if you want people to play by the rules you still need an effective system of monitoring and enforcement for as weve discovered you can trust but you also need to verify -we know less about it than we know about the dark side of the moon its a place of myth and legend its a place marked on ancient maps as here be monsters -what id also like to convey is that it is not all doom and gloom that we are seeing on the high seas for a group of very dedicated individuals scientists conservationists photographers -and states were able to actually change a tragic trajectory that was destroying fragile seascapes such as this coral garden that you see in front of you that is were able to save it from a fate of deep sea bottom trawling -and how did we do that well as i said we had a group of photographers that went out on board ships and actually photographed the activities in process -we also spent many hours in the basements of the united nations trying to work with governments to make them understand what was going on so far away from land that few of us had ever even imagined that these creatures existed -so within three years from two thousand and three to two thousand and six we were able to get norm in place that actually changed the paradigm of how fishers went about deep sea bottom trawling -this does not mean that its the final solution or that this even provides permanent protection but what it does mean is that a group of individuals can form a community to actually shape -the way high seas age governed to create a new regime so im looking optimistically at our opportunities for creating a true blue perspective for this beautiful -it is a place where each new voyage of exploration brings back new discoveries of creatures so wondrous and strange that our forefathers would have considered them -sylvias wish provides us with that -human beings you might say who have rarely seen places beyond their own toes -but are now hopefully going to become interested in the full life cycle of creatures like these sea turtles who indeed spend most of their time in the high seas -today were just going to voyage to a small sampling of some of these special areas just to give you an idea of the flavor of the riches and wonders they do contain -the sargasso sea for example is not a sea bounded by coastlines but it is bounded by oceanic currents -that contain and envelope this wealth of sargassum that grows and aggregates there its also known as the spawning ground -for eels from northern european and northern american rivers that are now so dwindling in numbers that theyve actually stopped showing up in stockholm and five showed up in the u k just recently -but the sargasso sea the same way it aggregates sargassum weed actually is pulling in the plastic from throughout the region this picture -in february that showed there are two hundred thousand pieces of plastic per square kilometer now floating on the surface of the sargasso sea -monstrous indeed instead they just make me green with envy that my colleague from iucn was able to go on this journey to the south of madagascar seamounts to actually take photographs and to see these wondrous creatures of the -and that is affecting the habitat for the many species in their juvenile stages who come to the sargasso sea for its protection and its food -the sargasso sea is also a wondrous place for the aggregation of these unique species that have developed to mimic the sargassum habitat it also provides a special habitat for these flying fish to lay their eggs -but what id like to get from this picture is that we truly do have an opportunity to launch a global initiative for protection -to help spearhead a movement to achieve protection for this vital area spinning down to someplace a little bit cooler than here right now the ross sea in the southern ocean -its actually a bay its considered high seas because the continent has been put off limits to territorial claims so anything in the water is treated as if its the high seas but what makes the ross sea important is the vast sea -pack ice that in the spring and summer provides a wealth of phytoplankton and krill that supports what til recently has been a virtually intact near shore ecosystem -but unfortunately camlar the regional commission in charge of conserving and managing fish stocks and other living marine resources -is unfortunately starting to give in to fishing interests and has authorized the expansion of toothfish fisheries in the region -the captain of a new zealand vessel who was just down there is reporting a significant decline in the number of the ross sea killer whales who are directly dependent on the antarctic toothfish as their main source of food -so what we need to do is to stand up boldly singly and together to push governments to push regional fisheries management organizations to declare our right -to declare certain areas off limits to high seas fishing so that the freedom to fish no longer means the freedom to fish anywhere and anytime -we are talking about the high seas the high seas is a legal term but in fact it covers fifty percent of the planet -the summer and the winter long but whats unusual about the costa rica dome is in fact its not a permanent place its an oceanographic phenomenon that shifts in time and space on a seasonal basis -so in fact its not permanently in the high seas its not permanently in the exclusive economic zones of these five central american countries but it moves with the season as such it does create a challenge to protect -but we also have a challenge protecting the species that move along with it we can use the same technologies that fishers use -this is the initiative thats been coordinated by conservation international with a variety of partners and governments to actually try to bring integrated management regime throughout the area -with an average depth of the oceans of four thousand meters in fact the high seas covers and provides nearly ninety percent of the habitat for life on this earth -it provides a wonderful example of where you can go with a real regional initiative its protecting five world heritage sites -place like the costa rica dome could not technically qualify the time its in the high seas so what weve been suggesting is that we either need to amend the world heritage convention -so that it can adopt and urge universal protection of these world heritage sites or we need to change the name and call it -the world heritage convention but we also know is that species like these sea turtles do not stay put in the eastern tropical pacific seascape -these happen to go down to a vast south pacific gyre where they spend most of their time and often end up getting hooked like this -so what id really like to suggest is that we need to scale up we need to work locally but we also need to work ocean basin wide -we have the tools and technologies now to enable us to take a broader ocean basin wide initiative -weve heard about the tagging of pacific predators project one of the seventeen census of marine life projects its provided us data like -of tiny little sooty shearwaters that make the entire ocean basin their home they fly sixty five thousand km in less than a year -so we have the tools and treasures coming from the census of marine life and its culminating year thats going to be launched in october so stay tuned for further information what i find so exciting is that the census of marine life has looked at more -the tagging of pacific predators its also looked in the really unexplored mid water column where creatures like this this flying sea cucumber have been found -and fortunately weve been able as iucn to team up with the census of marine life and many of the scientists working there -to actually try to translate much of this information to policymakers we have the support of governments now behind us weve been revealing this information through technical workshops -and the exciting thing is that we do have sufficient information to move ahead to protect some of these significant hope spots hot spots at the same time were saying yes we need more we need to move forward -it is in theory the global commons belonging to us all but in reality it is managed by and for those -but many of you have said if you get these marine protected areas or a reasonable regime for high seas fisheries management in place how are you going to enforce it -which leads me to my second passion besides ocean science which is outer space technology i wanted to be an astronaut -so ive constantly followed what are the tools available to monitor earth from outer space and that we have incredible tools like weve been learning about in terms of being able to follow -tagged species throughout their life cycles in the open ocean we can also tag and track fishing vessels many already have transponders on board that allow us to find out where they are and even -but not all the vessels have those to date it does not take too much rocket science to actually try to create new laws to mandate -if youre going to have the privilege of accessing our high seas resources we need to know someone needs to know where you are and what youre doing -so it brings me to my main take home message which is we can avert a tragedy of the commons we can stop the collision course of fifty percent of the planet with the high seas -we need to think broad scale we need to think globally we need to change how we actually go about managing these resources we need to get the new paradigm of caution and respect -who have the resources to go out and exploit it so today im going to take you on a voyage to cast light on some of the outdated myths and legends and assumptions that have -at the same time we need to think locally which is the joy and marvel of sylvias hope spot wish is we can shine a spotlight on many of these previously unknown areas -and to bring people to the table if you will to actually make them feel part of this community that truly has a stake in their future management -and third is that we need to look at ocean basin wide management out species are ocean basin wide many of the deep sea communities have -within the exclusive economic zone but we need to scale these up we need to build their capacity so their like the southern ocean where they do have the two pronged fisheries and conservation organization -its helping to bring an incredible group of talented people together to really try to solve and penetrate these problems -that have created our obstacles to management and rational use of this area that was once so far away and remote -so on this tour i hope i provided you with a new perspective of the high seas one that it is our home too and that we need to work together if we are to make this a sustainable ocean future for us all thank you -us as the true stake holders in the high seas in the dark were going to voyage to some of these special places that weve been discovering in the past few years to show why we really need to care -lets take a look at some numbers this is blue gene the fastest computer in the world its got one hundred and twenty thousand processors -they can basically process ten quadrillion bits of information per second thats ten to the -and they consume one and a half megawatts of power so that would be really great if you could add that to the production capacity in tanzania it would really boost the economy -i got my first computer when i was a teenager growing up in accra and it was a really cool device you could -this is a picture of actually rory sayres girlfriends brain rory is a graduate student at stanford he studies the brain using mri and he claims that this is the most beautiful brain that he has ever scanned -the question is how much energy or electricity does the brain use and its actually as much as your laptop computer its just ten watts -so what we are doing right now with computers with the energy consumed by one thousand two hundred houses the brain is doing with the energy consumed by your laptop -the brain able to do this lets just take a look about how the brain works and then ill compare that with how computers work -so this clip is from the pbs series the secret life of the brain it shows you these cells that process information they are called neurons they send little pulses of electricity -down their processes to each other and where they contact each other those little pulses of electricity can jump from one neuron to the other that process is called -play games with it you could program it in basic and i was fascinated so i went into the library -this huge network of cells interacting with each other about one hundred million of them sending about ten quadrillion of these pulses around every second -and thats basically whats going on in your brain right now as youre watching this -how does that compare with the way computers work in the computer you have all the data going through the central processing unit and any piece of data basically has to go through that bottleneck -its really a network in the literal sense of the word the net is doing the work in the brain -if you just look at these two pictures these kind of words pop into your mind this is serial and its rigid its like cars on a freeway -pressing technological problem that we face and ill just take you through that a little bit in the next few slides -to figure out how did this thing work i read about how the cpu is constantly shuffling data back and forth between the memory the ram and the alu the arithmetic and logic unit -this is its actually really this remarkable convergence between the devices that we use to compute -this electrode here called the gate controls the flow of current from the source to the drain these two electrodes -and that current electrical current is carried by electrons just like in your house and so on and what -you have here is when you actually turn on the gate you get an increase in the amount of current and you get a steady flow of current and when you turn off the gate theres no current flowing through the device -your computer uses this presence of current to represent a one and the absence of current to represent a zero -now whats happening is that as transistors are getting smaller and smaller and smaller they no longer behave like this -and this is a little protein molecule i mean neurons have thousands of these and it sits in the membrane of the cell and its got a pore in it -and these are individual potassium ions that are flowing through that pore now this pore can open and close -but when its open because these ions have to line up and flow through one at a time you get a kind of sporadic not steady its a sporadic flow of -and even when you close the pore which neurons can do they can open and close these pores to generate electrical activity -even when its closed because these ions are so small they can actually sneak through a few can sneak through at a time so what you have -is that when the pore is open you get some current sometimes these are your ones but -you have a zero but you have a few ones thrown in ok now this is starting to happen in transistors and the reason why thats happening is that -and i thought to myself this cpu really has to work like crazy just to keep all this data moving through the system -and that means that a transistor corresponds to about twelve ion channels in parallel now in a few years time by two thousand and fifteen we will shrink transistors so much this is what intel does to keep adding more cores -to allow this to happen and technology has really benefitted from that but whats happening now is that in two thousand and fifteen the transistor is going to become so small -that it corresponds to only one electron at a time can flow through that channel and that corresponds to a single ion channel and you start having the same kind of traffic jams that you have in the ion channel the current will turn on and off at random -even when its supposed to be on and that means your computer is going to get its ones and zeros mixed up and thats going to crash your machine so -we are at the stage where we dont really know how to compute with these kinds of devices and the only kind of thing the only thing we know right now that can compute with these kinds of devices are the brain -but nobody was really worried about this when computers were first introduced they were said to be a million times faster than neurons -ok so a computer picks a specific item of data from memory it sends it into the processor or the alu and then it puts the result back into memory thats the red path thats -the way brains work you have got all these neurons and the way they represent information is they break up that data into little pieces that are represented by pulses and different neurons so you have all these pieces of data distributed throughout the network -and then the way that you process that data to get a result is that you translate this pattern of activity into a new pattern of activity -what you see here is that theres these redundant connections so if this piece of data or this piece of the data gets clobbered it doesnt show up over here these two pieces can activate the missing part with these redundant connections -so even when you go to these crappy devices where sometimes you want a one and you get a zero theres redundancy in the network that can actually -recover the missing information it makes the brain inherently robust what you have here is a system where you store data locally and its brittle because at each of these steps has to be flawless otherwise you lose that data -people were really excited they thought they would soon outstrip the capacity of the brain -this is something that weve been working on for the last couple of years and im going to show you a system that we designed -to model the retina which is a piece of brain that lines the inside of your eyeball we -didnt do this by actually writing code like you do in a computer in fact -the processing that happens in that little piece of brain is very similar to the kind of processing that computers do when they stream video over the internet -they want to compress the information they just want to send the changes whats new in the image and so on and that is how your eyeball is able to squeeze all that information down to your optic nerve to send to the rest of the brain -that piece of brain thats called the retina and they figured out all the different cells and they figured out the network and we just took that network -and we used it as the blueprint for the design of a silicon chip so now the neurons are represented by little nodes or circuits on the chip and the connections among the neurons -will give you the same kind of robust architecture that i described here is actually what our artificial eye looks like the retina chip that we designed sits behind this lens here -and the chip im going to show you a video that the silicon retina put out of its output when it was looking at kareem zaghloul whos the student who designed this -the retina chip extracts four different kinds of information it extracts regions with dark contrasts which will show up on the video as red -and it extracts regions with white or light contrast which will show up on the video as green this is kareems dark eyes and thats the white background that you see here -and then it also extracts movement when kareem moves his head to the right you will see this blue activity there it represents regions where the contrast is increasing in the image thats where its going from dark to light -and you also see this yellow activity which represents regions where contrast is decreasing its going from light to dark and these four types of information -your optic nerve has about a million fibers in it and nine hundred thousand of those fibers send these four types of information -so we are really duplicating the kind of signals that you have on the optic nerve what you notice here is that these -and this is the same thing you see when people compress video to send they want to make it very sparse because that file is smaller and this is what the retina is doing and its doing it just with the circuitry and how this network of neurons that are interacting in there which weve captured on the chip -the point that i want to make ill show you up here so this image here is going to look like these ones but here ill show you that we can reconstruct the image so you know you can almost recognize kareem in that top part there -its still not true the question is why arent we really seeing this kind of power in computers that we see in the brain -yes so thats the idea when you stand still you just see the light and dark contrasts but when its moving back and forth the retina picks -these changes and thats why you know when youre sitting here and something happens in your background you merely move your eyes to it there are these cells that detect change and you move your attention to it so those are very important for catching somebody whos -let me just end by saying that this is what happens when you put africa in a piano ok this is a steel drum here that has been modified and thats what -like i said at the beginning i got my first computer when i was a teenager growing up in -and i had this gut reaction that this was the wrong way to do it it was very brute force it was very inelegant i dont think that -that reaction if id grown up reading all this science fiction hearing about rd two d two whatever it was called -and just you know buying into this hype about computers i was coming at it from a different perspective where i was bringing that different perspective to bear on the problem and i think a lot of people in africa -what people didnt realize and im just beginning to realize right now is that we pay a huge price for the speed that we claim is a big advantage of these computers -this different perspective and i think thats going to impact technology and thats going to impact how its going to evolve and i think youre going to be able to see use that infusion to come up with new things -we keep doing this over and over again and so here we are -two thousand and twelve gay agenda gay lifestyle and im not a good dad and people dont deserve to be able to protect their families because of what they are not -who they are -so when you hear the words gay lifestyle and gay agenda in the future i encourage you to do -two things one remember the u s constitution and then two if you wouldnt mind looking to your left please -cook fix plumbing build furniture i can even pat myself on the back when necessary all so i dont have to ask anyone for anything theres nothing i need from anyone except -fighting for love -when i -i realized there were a lot of people who werent as gay as i was gay being happy not gay being attracted to the same sex in fact i heard that there was a lot of hate and a lot of anger and a lot of frustration and a lot of fear about -who i was and the gay lifestyle -im sitting here trying to figure out -thats when i got scared -because im thinking if im gay and im doing something thats going to destroy civilization i need to figure out what this stuff is and i need to stop doing it -i took a look at my life -who drink coffee -i get stuck in traffic evil evil traffic sometimes i get stuck in lines at airports -this is not an actual photograph of my sons room his is messier -and because i have a fifteen year old all i do is cook and cook and cook any parents out there of teenagers -all we do is cook for these people they eat two three four dinners a night its ridiculous -this is the gay lifestyle -and after im done cooking and cleaning and standing in line and getting stuck in traffic -my partner and i we get together and we decide that were gonna go and have some wild and crazy -when my partner steve and i -first started dating he told me this story about penguins and i didnt know where he was going with it at first he was kind of a little bit nervous when he was sharing it with me but he told me that when a penguin finds a mate that they want to -you might be gay -you may want to -but theres something thats been disturbing me since he made that remark -just a short time ago and that is apparently this is just another move by the gay activists thats on the gay agenda -he was in a movie called torch song trilogy -and im disturbed by this because -i was out shopping as i tend to do and i came across -a bootleg copy of the official gay agenda -and i said to myself lz for so long you have been denied this -what do they want -so without further ado i will present to you ladies and gentlemen now be careful -the official copy of the gay agenda -but there it is the gay agenda run for your heterosexual lives -did you know that in all the states where there is no shading that people who are gay lesbian bisexual or transgendered can be kicked out of their apartments -for being gay lesbian bisexual or transgendered -just if youre gay lesbian bisexual -im looking at you north carolina but youre not looking at the u s constitution -this is the gay agenda equality not special rights but the rights that were already written by these people these elitists if you will educated well dressed -nonetheless -is the reason why i felt it was imperative that i presented you with this copy of the gay agenda -because i figured if i made it funny you wouldnt be as threatened i figured if i was a bit irreverent you wouldnt find it serious but when you see the map and you see our state of michigan -and were just trying to walk in those rights that have already been stated that weve already agreed upon -there are people living in fear of losing their jobs so they dont show anyone who they really are -right here at home this isnt just about north carolina all those states that were clear -its legal -if i could brag for a second i have a fifteen year old son from my marriage he has a four point zero he is starting a new club at school policy debate -hes a budding track star he has almost every single record in middle school -for every event that he competed in he volunteers he prays before he eats -i would like to think as his father and he lives with me primarily -but if i were to go to the state of michigan today and try to adopt a young person who is in an orphanage i would be disqualified for only one reason -because im gay -dont understand why what they are is so much more significant than who they are this story just keeps playing over and over and over again -couldnt have the same rights people who happened to be women didnt have the same rights couldnt vote there was a point in our history in which if you were considered disabled that an employer could just fire you before the americans with disabilities act -and trade all those years for -i take out his letters -so i thought i will talk about death -maybe we all need to leave our children with a value legacy and not a financial one -value for things with a personal touch an autograph book a soul searching letter if a fraction of this powerful ted audience could be inspired to buy a beautiful paper john itll be a recycled one -and write a beautiful letter to someone they love we actually may start a revolution where our children may go to penmanship classes -so what do i plan to leave for my son i collect autograph books and those of you authors in the audience know i hound you for them and cds too tracy i plan to publish -my own notebook -as i witnessed my fathers body being swallowed by fire -i sat by his funeral pyre and wrote i have no idea how im going to do it but i am committed to compiling his thoughts and mine into a book -and leave that published book for my son -id like to end with a few verses of what i wrote at my fathers cremation and those linguists please pardon the grammar because ive not looked at it in the last ten years i took it out for the first time to come here -boundless energy confined in the bottle -i hear you and i know that you would want me to be strong -right now i am being sucked down surrounded and suffocated by these raging emotional waters craving to cleanse my soul trying to emerge on a firm footing one more time to keep on fighting -just as you taught me -your encouraging whispers in my whirlpool of despair holding me -to shores of sanity -so art buchwald left his legacy of humor with a video that appeared soon after he died saying hi im art buchwald and i just died -and mike who i met at galapagos -which i won at ted -leaving notes on cyberspace where he is chronicling his journey through cancer -and my father left me a legacy of his handwriting through letters and a notebook -in the last two years of his life when he was sick -he filled a notebook with his thoughts about me -about my strengths -and held a mirror to my life -after he died i realized that no one writes to me anymore handwriting is a disappearing art im all for email and thinking while typing but why give up old habits for new -why cant we have letter writing and email exchange in our lives -there are times when i want to trade all those years that i was too busy to sit with my dad and chat -for example a trillion dollars of real estate remains uncapitalized in india alone -in the last year alone thousands of users in one hundred and seventy countries have mapped millions of pieces of information and created a map of a level of detail never thought viable and this was made possible by the power of passionate users everywhere -lets look at some of the maps being created by users right now so as we speak people are mapping the world in these one hundred and seventy countries you can see bridget in africa who just mapped a road in senegal -and closer to home chalua an n g road in bangalore -this is the result of computational geometry gesture recognition and machine learning this is a victory of thousands of users in hundreds of cities one user one edit at a time this is an invitation to the seventy percent of our unmapped planet -two thousand and eight cyclone nargis devastated myanmar millions of people were in severe need of help -the u n wanted to rush people and supplies to the area but there were no maps no maps of roads no maps showing hospitals no way for help to reach the cyclone victims -the u n ran headfirst into a problem that the majority of the worlds populous faces not having detailed maps -but help was coming at google forty volunteers used a new software to map one hundred and twenty thousand kilometers of roads three thousand hospitals logistics and relief points and it took them four days the new software they used google mapmaker -google mapmaker is a technology that empowers each of us to map what we know locally people have used this software to map everything from roads to rivers -from schools to local businesses and video stores to the corner store maps matter nobel prize nominee hernando de soto recognized that the key to economic liftoff for most developing countries is to tap the vast amounts of uncapitalized land -for example a trillion dollars of real estate remains uncapitalized in india alone -in the last year alone thousands of users in one hundred and seventy countries have mapped millions of pieces of information -lets look at some of the maps being created by users right now so as we speak -and closer to home chalua an n g road in bangalore this is the result of computational geometry -this is an invitation to the seventy percent of our unmapped planet welcome to the -the u n wanted to rush people and supplies to the area but there were no maps no maps of roads no maps showing hospitals no way for help to reach the cyclone victims -we look at a map of los angeles or london it is hard to believe that as of two thousand and five only fifteen percent of the world was mapped to a geocodable level of detail -the u n ran headfirst into a problem that the majority of the worlds populous faces not having detailed maps but help was coming -at google forty volunteers used a new -to map everything from roads to rivers from schools to local businesses and video stores to the corner store -maps matter nobel prize nominee hernando de soto recognized that key to economic liftoff for most developing countries is to tap the vast amounts of uncapitalized land -the epidemic but you cant always do that but theres an organization that has been able to find a way to learn when the first cases occur and that is called -gphin its the global public health information network and that simulation that i showed you that you thought was bird flu that was sars and sars is the pandemic that did not occur -and it didnt occur because gphin found the pandemic to be of sars three months before -actually announced it and because of that we were able to stop the sars pandemic and i think we owe a great debt of gratitude -to gphin and to ron st john who i hope is in the audience some place over there whos the founder -i wound up on every television show someone saw me on television they called me up and they asked me if id like to be in a movie and to play a young doctor for a bunch of rock and roll stars who were traveling in a bus ride from san francisco -has flown ron here from ottawa where gphin is located because not only did gphin find sars early but you may have seen last week that iran announced -that they had bird flu in iran but gphin found the bird flu in iran not february fourteen but last september -we need an early warning system to protect us against the things that are humanitys worst nightmare -and so my ted wish is based on the common denominator of these experiences smallpox early detection early response blindness polio early detection early response pandemic bird flu -early detection early response it is a litany it is so obvious that our only way of dealing with these new diseases -is to find them early and to kill them before they spread so my ted wish is for you to help build a global system an early warning system to protect us against humanitys worst nightmares -and what i thought i would call it is early detection but it should really be called -total early detection -in all seriousness because this idea is birthed in ted i would like it to be a legacy of ted -and id like to call it the international system for total early disease detection -and -to england and i said yes i would do that so i became the doctor in an absolutely awful movie called medicine ball caravan -then becomes our mantra -so instead of a hidden pandemic of bird flu we find it and immediately contain it instead of a novel virus caused by bio terror or bio error or shift or drift we find it -and we contain it instead of industrial accidents like oil spills or the catastrophe in bhopal we find them and we respond -and instead of a system which is owned by a government and hidden in the bowels of government lets build an early detection system -thats freely available to anyone in the world in their own language lets make it transparent -non governmental not owned by any single country or company housed in a neutral country with redundant backup in a different time zone and a different continent -using text messages or sms or instant messaging to find out from people who are within one hundred meters of the rumor that you hear if it is in fact -now you know from the sixties youre either on the bus or youre off the bus i was on the bus my wife and i of thirty seven years joined the bus our bus ride took us from san francisco to london we switched buses at the big pond -valid and lets add satellite confirmation and well add gapminders amazing graphics to the front end and well grow it as a moral force in the world -finding out those terrible things before anybody else knows about them and sending our response to them so that next year -of this community and be proud that we have done everything we can to stop pandemics other catastrophes and change the world beginning right now -an amazing presentation first of all just so everyone understands youre saying -by creating web crawlers looking on the internet for patterns they can detect something suspicious -as ron st john i hope youll go and meet him in the dinner afterwards and talk to him when he started gphin -one point five million chickens and birds and they stopped that outbreak in its tracks immediate detection immediate -a number of years went by and there were a lot of rumors about bird flu ron and his team in ottawa began to crawl the web only crawling twenty thousand different -websites mostly periodicals and they read about and heard about a concern of a lot of children who had high fever and symptoms of bird flu -they reported this to who who took a little while taking action because who will only receive a report from a government because its the united nations -we then got on two more buses and we drove through turkey and iran afghanistan -but they were able to point to who and let them know that there was this surprising and unexplained cluster of illnesses that looked like bird flu -that turned out to be sars thats how the world found out about sars and because of that -we were able to stop sars now whats really important is that before there was gphin one hundred percent of all the worlds reports of bad things -talking about famine or youre talking about bird flu or youre talking about ebola one hundred percent of all those reports came from nations the moment these guys in ottawa on a budget of eight hundred thousand dollars a year got cracking -over the khyber pass into pakistan like every other young doctor this is us at the khyber pass and thats our bus we had some difficulty getting over the khyber pass -seventy five percent of all the reports in the world came from gphin twenty five percent of all the reports in the world came from all the other one hundred and eighty nations -now heres whats real interesting after theyd been working for a couple years what do you think happened to those nations they felt pretty stupid so they started sending in their reports earlier now -can you find it even earlier than gphin does now of course you can you saw that they found sars using their chinese web crawler -i got to see the last case of killer smallpox in the world i was in india this past year and i may have seen the last cases of polio in the world theres nothing that makes you feel more -so yes i want to take gphin i want to build on it i want to add all the languages of the world that we possibly can i want to make this open to everybody -so that the health officer in nairobi or in patna bihar will have as much access to it as the folks in ottawa or in cdc -and i want to make it part of our culture that there is a community of people who are watching out for the worst nightmares of humanity and that its accessible to -but we wound up in india and then like everyone else in our generation we went to live in a himalayan monastery -this is just like a residency program for those of you that are -we studied with a wise man -who then told me to get rid of the dress put on a three piece suit go join the united nations as a diplomat -and work for the world health organization and he made an outrageous prediction that smallpox would be eradicated and that this was gods gift -to humanity because of the hard work of dedicated scientists and that prediction came true -and this little girl is rahima banu and she was the last case of killer smallpox in the world and this document -is the certificate that the global commission signed certifying the world to have eradicated the first disease in history -the key to eradicating smallpox was early detection early response im going to ask you to repeat that early detection early response can you say that early detection early response -more than two youre reading about larry page already somebody reads very fast in the year that larry page and sergey brin with whom i have a certain affection and a new -because it shows you to be the richest and the strongest and to be kings and queens of the world did not protect you from dying of smallpox never can you doubt that we are all in this together -but to see smallpox from the perspective of a sovereign is the wrong perspective you should see it from the perspective of a mother watching her child develop this disease and standing by helplessly day one -day two day three day four day five day six -the blessing and the honor of working in a program like that than to know that something that horrible -mother and youre watching your child and on day six you see pustules that become hard -day seven they show the classic scars of smallpox umbilication day eight and al gore said earlier that the most -of this photograph and we took them hand to hand door to door to show people and ask them if there was smallpox in their house -because that was our surveillance system we didnt have google we didnt have web crawlers we didnt have computers -by day nine you look at this picture and youre horrified i look at this picture and i say thank god because its clear that this is only an ordinary case of smallpox and i know this child will live -and by day thirteen the lesions are scabbing his eyelids are swollen but you know this child has no other secondary infection and by day twenty while he will be scarred for life he will live -no longer exists -and not be covered by lesions flat smallpox which killed one hundred percent of people who got it and hemorrhagic smallpox the most cruel of all which had a -for pregnant women ive probably had fifty women die they all had hemorrhagic smallpox ive never seen anybody die from it who wasnt a pregnant -dirty pictures they are difficult to watch but you should look at them with optimism -twenty million people on the road at any time in buses and trains walking five hundred thousand villages one hundred and twenty million -cooling mother and it was wrong to bring strangers into your house when the deity was in the house -no incentive to report smallpox it wasnt just india that had smallpox deities smallpox deities were prevalent all over the world so how we eradicated smallpox -and thats what we did in india alone my one hundred and fifty thousand best friends and i went door to door with that same picture to every single house in india we made over one billion house calls -and in the process i learned something very important every time we did a house to house search -because the horror of these pictures will be matched by the uplifting quality of knowing that they no longer -we had a spike in the number of reports of smallpox when we didnt search we had the illusion that there was no disease -when we did search we had the illusion that there was more disease a surveillance system was necessary because what we needed was -early detection early response so we searched and we searched and we found every case of smallpox in india we had a reward we raised the reward we continued to increase the reward -we had a scorecard that we wrote on every house and as we did that the number of reported cases in the world dropped to zero -we declared the globe free of smallpox it was the largest campaign in united nations history until the iraq war -hundred and fifty thousand people from all over the world doctors of every race religion culture and nation who fought -side by side brothers and sisters with each other not against each other in a common cause to make the world better -we may see polio eradicated but the key to eradicating polio is early detection early response -this may be the year we eradicate polio that will make it the second disease in history and david heymann whos watching this on the webcast david keep on going were close -i feel like hank aaron barry bonds can replace me any time lets get another disease off the list of terrible things to worry about -i was just in india working on the polio program the polio surveillance program is four million people going door to door -early detection early response blindness the same thing the key to discovering blindness is doing epidemiological surveys and finding out the causes of blindness so you can mount the correct response -the seva foundation was started by a group of alumni of the smallpox eradication program who having -the highest mountain tasted the elixir of the success of eradicating a disease wanted to do it again -and over the last twenty seven years sevas programs in fifteen countries have given back sight to more than two million blind people -because we wanted to apply these lessons of surveillance and epidemiology to something which nobody else was looking at as a public health issue blindness which heretofore had been thought of only as a clinical disease -eighty -and we conducted the first nepal survey ever done for health and the first nationwide blindness survey ever done and we had astonishing results -by cataract you cant cure or prevent what you dont know is there -in your ted packages theres a dvd infinite vision about doctor v and the aravind eye hospital i hope that you will take a look at it -i heard about a group of native americans who had taken over alcatraz island and a native american who wanted to give birth -aravind which started as a seva project is now the worlds largest and best eye hospital this year that one hospital will give back sight to more than three hundred thousand people in -of all terrible things this might be the worst -the key -to preventing or mitigating pandemic bird flu is early detection and rapid response we will not have a vaccine or adequate supplies of an antiviral to combat bird flu if it occurs in the next three years -stages the progress of a pandemic we are now at stage three on the pandemic alert stage -with just a little bit of human to human transmission but no human to human to human sustained transmission the moment who says -weve moved to category four this will not be like katrina the world as we know it will stop therell be no airplanes flying -would you get in an airplane with two hundred and fifty people you didnt know coughing and sneezing when you knew that some of them might carry a disease that could kill you for which you had no -on that island and no other doctor wanted to go and help her give birth i went out to alcatraz and i lived on the island for several weeks she gave -i did a study of the top epidemiologists in the world in october i asked them these are all -in influenza and i asked them the questions youd like to ask them what do you think the likelihood is that therell be a pandemic if it happens how bad do you think it will be -fifteen percent said they thought thered be a pandemic within three years but much worse than that ninety percent said they thought thered be a pandemic within your children or your grandchildrens lifetime -and they thought that if there was a pandemic a billion people would get sick as many as one hundred and sixty five million people would die -there would be a global recession and depression as our just in time inventory system and the tight rubber band of globalization broke -and the cost to our economy of one to three trillion dollars would be far worse for everyone -than merely one hundred million people dying because so many more people would lose their job and their healthcare benefits that the consequences are almost unthinkable -and its getting worse because travel is getting so much better let me show you a simulation -of what a pandemic looks like so we know what were talking about lets assume for -the first case occurs in south asia it initially goes quite slowly you get two or three discrete locations -birth i caught the baby i got off the island i landed in san francisco and all the press wanted to talk to me because my three weeks on the island made me an expert in indian affairs -then therell be secondary outbreaks and the disease will spread from country to country so fast that you wont know what -and grab it when it first started if we could find it early and we had early detection and early response and we could put each one of those viruses in jail -thats the only way to deal with something like a pandemic -but i am seeing in the major funders in care rockefeller rockefeller brothers fund hewlett mercy corps you guys google so many other organizations -a beginning of understanding that we need to work not just on primary prevention of global warming but on the secondary prevention of the consequences of global warming on the poorest and the most vulnerable -but for me i have another reason -to be an incurable optimist -and youve heard so many inspiring stories here and i heard so many last night that i thought i would share a little bit of mine -my background is not exactly conventional medical training and i lived in a himalayan monastery and i studied with a very wise teacher who kicked me out of the -in the last century -in the summer of love -sixty seven two million people children died of smallpox its not ancient history when you read -the biblical plague of boils that was smallpox pharaoh ramses the fifth whose picture is here died of smallpox to eradicate smallpox -we had to gather the largest united nations army in history we visited every house in india searching for smallpox one hundred and twenty million houses once every month for nearly two years -in a cruel reversal after we had almost conquered smallpox and this is what you must learn as a social entrepreneur the realm of the final inch -when we had almost eradicated smallpox it came back again because the company town of tatanagar drew laborers who could come there and get employment -should we feel good or should we feel bad that fifty years of foreknowledge accomplished so little well it depends really on what your goals are -and they caught smallpox in the one remaining place that had smallpox and they went home to die and when they did they took smallpox to ten other countries and reignited the epidemic and we had to start all over again -but in the end we succeeded -and the last case of smallpox this little girl rahima -in bangladesh when she coughed or breathed -and the last virus of smallpox left her lungs and fell on the dirt and the sun -killed that last virus thus ended a chain of transmission of historys greatest horror -how can that not make you -optimistic a disease which -killed hundreds of thousands in india and blinded half of all of those who were made blind in india ended -and most importantly for us here in this room a bond was created doctors health workers from thirty different countries of every race every religion every color -how can that not make you feel optimistic for the future thank you very much -and i think as my goals i always go back to gandhis talisman when mahatma gandhi was asked -how do you know if the next act that you are about to do is the right one or the wrong -he said consider the face of the poorest most vulnerable human being that you ever chanced upon -for those of us in this room its not just the poorest and the most vulnerable individual its the community its the culture -im going to try to give you a view of the world as i see it the problems and the opportunities that we face -its the world itself and the trends for those who are at the periphery of our society who are the poorest and the most vulnerable -the trends give rise to a great case for pessimism but theres also a wonderful case for optimism lets review them both -first of all -theres two degrees or three degrees of climate change baked into the system it will cause rising seas it will cause saline deposited into wells and into lands -it will disproportionately harm the poorest and the most vulnerable as will the increasing rise of population -even though weve dodged paul ehrlichs population bomb and we will not see twenty billion people in this decade as he had forecast we eat as if we were twenty billion -and we consume so much that again a rise of six point five billion to nine point -five billion in our grandchildrens lifetime will disproportionately hurt the poorest and the most vulnerable thats why -they migrate to cities -and then ask the question if we should be optimistic or pessimistic and then ill let you in on a secret which is why i am an incurable optimist -rural areas are no longer producing as much food as they did the green revolution never reached africa and with desertification sandstorms the gobi desert the -we are finding increasing difficulty of -to produce as many calories as it did even fifteen years ago so humans are turning more towards animal consumption -in africa last year africans ate six hundred million wild animals and consumed two billion kilograms -and every kilogram of bushmeat -contained hundreds of thousands of novel viruses that have never been charted -the genomic sequences of which we dont know -their fitness for creating pandemics we are unaware of -but we are ripe for zoonotic borne emerging communicable diseases -i would say explosive growth of technology -most of us are the beneficiaries of that growth -but it has a dark side in -and in technology that puts us on a collision course to magnify any anger hatred or feeling of marginalization -and in fact with increasing globalization for which there are big winners and even bigger losers -today the world is more diverse and unfair than perhaps it has ever been in history -one percent of us own forty percent of all the goods and services what will -the billion people today who live on less than one dollar a day rise to three billion -showing you an al gore movie that you may have seen before -in the next thirty years -the one percent will own even more than forty percent of all the worlds goods and services not because theyve grown richer but because the rest of the world has grown increasingly poorer -theres lots of reason for pessimism darfur is at its origin a resource war -all seen inconvenient -last year there were eighty five thousand riots in china two hundred and thirty a day that required police or military intervention most of them were about resources -we are facing an unprecedented number scale of disasters some are weather related human rights related -truth this is a little more inconvenient -a quaint forerunner of things to come its a destabilized world -and unlike destabilized world in the past it will be broadcast to you on youtube you will see it on digital television and on your -what will that lead to for some it will lead to anger religious and sectarian violence and terrorism -for others withdrawal -nihilism materialism -will we become energized lets look at one case the case of bangladesh first even if carbon dioxide emissions stopped today global warming would continue -and even with global warming if you can see these blue lines the dotted line shows -even if -of greenhouse gasses stopped today the next decades will see rising sea levels a minimum -sea levels is the best case that we can hope for and it could be ten times that what will that to do to bangladesh lets take a look -so heres bangladesh -seventy percent of bangladesh is at less than five feet above sea level lets go up and take a look at the himalayas -and well watch as global warming makes them melt more water comes down the deforested areas here in the tarai will be unable to absorb the effluent because trees are like straws -that suck up the extra seasonal water now were looking down south through the kali gandaki many of you i think have probably trekked here and were going to cruise down and take a look -and in the seas rising from the south looking at the five major rivers that feed bangladesh and now lets look from the south -looking up and lets see this in relief -flows from the himalayas and take a look at this -as many as one hundred million refugees from bangladesh could be expected to migrate -into india and into china this is -the difficulty that one country faces but if you look at the -all around the earth wherever there is low lying area -area were all in this together -this is not something that happens far away to people that we dont know global warming is something that happens to all of us all at once as are these newly emerging communicable diseases -twenty years ago no one had ever heard of west nile fever and then we watched as one case arrived on the east coast of the united states and it marched every year -westwardly do you remember no one had heard of ebola until we heard of hundreds of people dying in central africa from it -its just the beginning unfortunately there have been thirty novel emerging -our atmosphere seems to be getting warmer this is bad well its been calculated a few degrees rise in the earths temperature would melt -its more than enough reason for pessimism but now lets look at the case for optimism -of the bad news human beings have always risen to the challenge you just need to look at the list of nobel laureates -to remind ourselves weve been here before paralyzed by fear paralyzed into inaction when some -probably one of you in this room jumped into the breach and created an organization like physicians for social responsibility -which fought against the nuclear threat medicins sans frontieres that renewed our commitment to disaster relief -muhammad yunus weve seen the eradication of smallpox we may see the eradication of polio this year last year there were only two thousand cases in the world -we may see the eradication of guinea worm next year there are only thirty five thousand cases left in the world twenty years ago there were three and a half million and weve seen a new disease not like -the thirty novel emerging communicable diseases this disease is called sudden wealth syndrome -its an amazing phenomenon -all throughout the technology world were seeing young people bitten by this disease of sudden wealth syndrome -but theyre using their wealth in a way that their forefathers never did theyre not waiting until they die to create foundations -we all felt that we were part of it that a better world was right around the corner that we were watching the birth of a world free of hatred and violence and prejudice today theres another kind of movement its a movement -to save the earth its just beginning five weeks ago a group of activists from the business community gathered together to stop -a texas utility from -building nine coal fired electrical plants that would have contributed to destroying the environment six months ago -a group of business activists gathered together to join with the republican governor in california to pass ab thirty two -the most far reaching legislation in environmental history al gore -made presentations in the house and the senate as an expert witness can you imagine -were seeing an entente cordiale between science and religion that five years ago i would not have believed as the evangelical community -has understood the desperate situation of global warming and now four thousand churches -is an amazing breakthrough something that should make all of us feel that hope is on the horizon and -on april fourteenth there will be step up day where there will be a thousand individual mobilized social activist movements in the united states on protest against legislation -concerts and you can feel this optimistic move to save the earth in the air now that doesnt mean that people understand -that global warming hurts the poorest and the weakest the most that means that people are beginning the first step which is acting out of their own self interest -rather than one hundred years ago knowing what we know about the issues associated with our product and about the technologies that exist today what would we do -we wanted something that was really affordable the fuel cell looked great one tenth as many moving parts and a fuel cell propulsion system as an internal combustion engine -so we embarked upon the reinvention around an electrochemical engine the fuel cell hydrogen as the energy carrier first was autonomy autonomy really set the vision for where we wanted to head -we embodied all of the key components of a fuel cell propulsion system we then had autonomy drivable with hy wire and we showed hy wire here at this conference last year -hy wire is the worlds first drivable fuel cell and we have followed up that now with sequel and sequel truly is a real car so if we would run the video -but the real key question im sure thats on your mind wheres the hydrogen going to come from and secondly when are these kinds of cars going to be available -songs are written about cars prince wrote a great song little red corvette he didnt write little red laptop computer or little red dirt devil he wrote about a car -so let me talk about hydrogen first the beauty of hydrogen is it can come from so many different sources -it can come from fossil fuels it can come from any way that you can create electricity including renewables and it can come from biofuels and thats quite exciting -lot of hydrogens produced today in the world its produced to get sulphur out of gasoline which i find is somewhat ironic its produced in the fertilizer industry its produced in the -we did an analysis where you would have a station in each city with each of the one hundred largest cities in the united states and located the stations so youd be no more than two miles from a station at any time we put one every twenty five miles on the freeway -and it turns out that translates into about twelve thousand stations and at a million dollars each that would be about twelve billion dollars now thats a lot of money -were pretty excited about the future of hydrogen we think its a question of not whether but a question of when what weve targeted for ourselves and were making great progress for this goal is to have a propulsion system based on hydrogen and fuel cells -one of my favorites has always been make love to your man in a chevy van because that was my vehicle when i was in college -designed and validated that can go head to head with the internal combustion engine were talking about obsoleting the internal combustion engine and do it in terms of its affordability add skill volumes -its performance and its durability so thats what were driving to for two thousand and ten we havent seen anything yet in our development work that says that -we actually think the futures going to be event driven so since we cant predict the future we want to spend a lot of our time trying to create that future im very very intrigued by the fact that -our cars and trucks sit idle ninety percent of the time theyre parked they parked all around us theyre usually parked within one hundred feet of the people that own them -now if you take the power generating capability of an automobile and you compare that to the electric grid in the united states it turns out that four percent of the automobiles the power in four percent of the automobiles -the fact is when we do our market research around the world we see that theres nearly a universal aspiration on the part of people to own an automobile and seven hundred and fifty million people in the world today -and hydrogen and fuel cells give us that opportunity to actually use our cars and trucks when theyre parked to generate electricity for the -we talked about swarm networks earlier and talking about the ultimate swarm about having all of the processors and all of the cars when theyre sitting idle being part of a global grid -for computing capability we find that premise quite exciting the automobile becomes then an appliance not in a commodity sense but in an appliance mobile power mobile platform for information and computing and communication -as well as a form of transportation and the key to all of this is to make it affordable to make it exciting to get it on a pathway where theres a way to make money doing it and again this is a pretty big march to take -the theme of this conference i think has hit on really one of the major keys to pull that off and thats relationships and working together thank you very much -that gm is not viewed as serious about some of these environmental ideas as some of your japanese competitors maybe even as -are you serious about it and -were into this over a billion dollars already so i would hope people would think were serious when were spending that kind of money -and secondly its a fundamental business proposition ill be honest with you were into it because of business growth opportunities we cant grow our business unless we solve these problems the growth of the auto industry will be capped by sustainability issues if we dont solve the problems -and theres a simple principle of strategy that says do unto yourself before others do unto you if we can see this possible future others can too and we want to be the first -a car and you say boy thats a lot but you know what thats just twelve percent of the population we really have to ask the question can the world sustain that number of automobiles -and if you look at projections over the next ten to fifteen to twenty years it looks like the world car park could grow to on the order of one point one billion vehicles now if you parked those end to end and wrapped them around the earth -that would stretch around the earth one hundred and twenty five times now weve made great progress with automobile technology over the last one hundred years -cars are dramatically cleaner dramatically safer more efficient and radically more affordable than they were one hundred years ago -but the fact remains the fundamental dna of the automobile has stayed pretty much the same if we are going to reinvent the automobile today -i would talk about one particular such plan that i know something about but i dont want to violate teds first commandment of selling so im not going to talk about this at all im instead just going to remind you -the point that bmi teaches us that artists choice -was that we would lose -much more important much more important than business its the point about how this connects to our kids -we have to recognize theyre different from us this is us -we made mixed tapes they remix music we watched tv they make tv it is technology that has made -and as we see what this technology can do we need to recognize -because of these quote infernal machines they would take it away -the instinct the technology produces we can only criminalize it we cant stop our kids from using it we can only drive it underground we cant make our kids passive again we can only make them quote pirates and is that -good we live in this weird -age of prohibitions where in many areas of our life we live life constantly against the law ordinary people live life -against the law and thats what i we are doing to our kids they live life knowing they live it against the law -better at least for them -and in its place wed have the opposite of read write culture what we could call read only culture -for opening for business thank you very much -a little bit about user generated content im going to tell you three stories on the way to one argument thats going to tell you a little bit about how we open user generated content up for -now as you look back -the twentieth century at least in what we think of as the quote developed world -hard not to conclude that sousa was right -never before in the history of human culture had it been as professionalized never before as concentrated never before has creativity of the millions been as effectively displaced -and displaced because of these quote infernal machines the twentieth century was that century where at least for those places we know the best -culture moved from this read write to read only existence -so second -as lord blackstone described it land is protected by trespass law for most of the history of trespass law by presuming it protects the land all the way down below -that was a pretty good system for most of the history of the regulation of land until this technology came along and people began to wonder -these instruments trespassers -got a chance to address that question two farmers thomas lee and -who raised chickens had a significant complaint because of these technologies the complaint was that their chickens followed the pattern of the airplanes and flew themselves into the walls -when the airplanes flew over the land and so they appealed to lord blackstone to say these airplanes were trespassing -since time immemorial the law had said you cant fly over the land without permission of the landowner -so this flight must stop -the supreme court said the doctrine protecting land all the ways to the sky has no place in the modern world otherwise -six this man john philip sousa traveled to this place the united states capitol to talk about this technology what he called the quote -revolts at the idea common sense -a new way to spread content -and therefore a new battle over the control of the businesses that would spread -now at that time the entity the legal cartel that controlled the performance rights for most of the music that would be broadcast using these technologies was ascap -and bmi was much more democratic in the art that it would include within its repertoire including african american music for the first time in the -talking machines -now ascap said they didnt care the people will revolt they predicted because the very best music was no longer available because they had shifted -to the second best public domain provided by -well they didnt -was not a fan of the talking machines this is what he had to say these talking machines are going to ruin artistic development of music in this country when i was a boy in front of every house in the -access to -okay three stories heres the argument -in my view the most significant thing to recognize about what this internet is doing is its opportunity to revive the read write culture that -sousa romanticized digital technology is the opportunity for the revival of these vocal chords that he spoke so passionately to congress -user generated content spreading in businesses in extraordinarily valuable ways like these celebrating amateur culture -by which i dont mean amateurish culture i mean culture where people produce for the love of what theyre doing and not -for when you think of what sousa romanticized in the young people together singing the songs of the day of the old songs you should recognize -access to this culture so lets have some very few examples to get a sense of what im talking about here heres something called anime music video first example taking anime captured from television re edited to music -you should be -evenings you would find young people together singing the songs of the day or the old songs today you hear these infernal machines going night and day -jesus survives -we will not have a vocal chord left sousa said the vocal chords will be eliminated by a process of evolution as was the tail of man when he came from the -so this is -people taking and recreating using other peoples content using digital technologies to say things differently now the importance of this is not the technique that youve seen here -is how our kids think it is what your kids are as they increasingly understand digital technologies and their relationship -now in response to this new use of culture using digital technologies -the law has not greeted this sousa revival with very much common sense -because if copyright law at its core regulates something called copies then in the digital world the one fact we cant escape is that every single use of culture produces a copy -every single use therefore requires permission without permission you are a trespasser youre a trespasser with about as much sense as these -now this is the picture i want you to focus on -people were -theres a growing extremism that comes from both sides in this debate in response to this conflict between the law and the use of these technologies one side -this is a picture of culture -builds new technologies such as one recently announced that will enable them to automatically take down from sites like youtube -among our kids theres a growing copyright abolitionism a generation that rejects the very notion of what copyright is supposed to do -we could describe it using modern computer terminology as a kind of read write culture -the extremism on one side begets extremism on the other a fact we should have learned many many times -over and both extremes in this debate are just wrong now the balance -that i try to fight for i as any good liberal try to fight for first by looking to the government -total mistake -look first to the courts and the legislatures to try to get them to do something to make the system make more sense it failed partly because the courts are too passive partly because -the legislatures are corrupted by which i dont mean that theres bribery operating to stop real change but more the economy -to fix it so we need something -we need a different kind of solution and the solution here in my view is a private solution a solution that looks to legalize what it is to be young again and to realize the economic potential of that and thats where the -its a culture where people participate in the creation and the re creation of their culture in that sense its read write sousas fear -story of bmi becomes relevant because as bmi demonstrated competition here can achieve some form of balance -the same thing can happen now we dont have a public domain to draw upon now so instead what we need is -two types of changes first that artists and creators embrace the idea choose that their work be made available more freely -so for example they can say their work is available freely for non commercial this amateur type of use but not freely for any commercial use and second -we need the businesses that are building out this read write culture to embrace this opportunity expressly to enable it -so that this ecology of free content or freer content can grow on a neutral platform -they both exist simultaneously so that more free can compete with less free and the opportunity to develop the creativity in that competition can teach one the lessons of the other now -with everything we can to prove these pundits wrong -so heres my question -do you have that love do you -when ben franklin was carried from the constitutional convention -in september of one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven he was stopped in the street by a woman who said mr franklin -if you can keep it -a republic a representative democracy -a government dependent upon the people alone -we have -lost that republic -all of us have to act to get it back thank you very much -the funders who get to vote and just like in lesterland the trick is to run in the general election you must do extremely well in the money election you dont necessarily have to win there is jerry brown but you must do -there was a place called lesterland -extremely well and heres the key there are just as few relevant funders in usa land as there are lesters in lesterland -now lesterland looks a lot like the united states -well here are the numbers from two thousand and ten twenty six percent of america gave two hundred dollars or more to any federal candidate five percent gave the maximum amount to any federal candidate one percent the one percent of the one percent gave ten thousand dollars or more to federal candidates -and in this election cycle my favorite statistic is forty two percent -for those of you doing the numbers you know thats one hundred and thirty two americans -gave sixty percent of the super pac money spent in the cycle we have just seen ending -so im just a lawyer i look at this range of numbers and i say its fair for me to say its five percent who are our relevant funders in america in this sense the funders are our lesters -like the united states it has about three hundred and eleven million people and of that three hundred and eleven million people it turns out one hundred and forty four thousand are called lester if matts in the audience i just borrowed that ill return it in a second this character from your series -but only after the funders have had their way with the candidates who wish to run in that general election and number two obviously this dependence upon the funders -produces a subtle understated camouflaged bending to keep the funders happy -candidates for congress and members of congress -spend between thirty and seventy percent of their time raising money to get back to congress or to get their party back into power -and the question we need to ask is what does it do to them these humans as they spend their time behind the telephone calling people theyve never met but calling the tiniest slice of the one percent as anyone would as they do this they develop a sixth sense -as they constantly adjust their views in light of what they know will help them to raise money not on issues one to ten but on issues eleven to one thousand leslie byrne a democrat from virginia describes that when she went to congress she was told by a colleague always lean to the green -then to clarify she went on he was not an environmentalist -what could we do to make lesterland better its at least possible the lesters would act for the good of lesterland -but in our land in this land in usa land -there are certainly some sweet lesters out there many of them in this room here today but the vast majority of lesters act for the lesters -because the shifting coalitions that are comprising the five percent are not comprising it for the public interest its for their private interest in this sense the usa is worse than lesterland and finally point number three -whatever one wants to say about lesterland against the background of its history its traditions in our land in usa land lesterland is a corruption a corruption -so one hundred and forty four thousand are called lester which means about five percent is named lester now lesters in lesterland -but by a republic they meant a representative democracy -and by a representative democracy they meant a government as madison put it in federalist fifty two that would have a branch that would be dependent upon the people alone -so heres the model of government they have the people and the government with this exclusive dependency but the problem here is that congress has evolved a different dependence -now theres good news and bad news about this corruption one bit of good news is that its bipartisan equal opportunity corruption -it blocks the left on a whole range of issues that we on the left really care about it blocks the right too as it makes principled arguments of the right increasingly -have this extraordinary power there are two elections every election cycle in lesterland one is called the general election the other is called the lester election -impossible so the right wants smaller government when al gore was vice president his team had an idea for deregulating a significant portion of the telecommunications industry -the chief policy man took this idea to capitol hill and as he reported back to me the response was -hell no if we deregulate these guys how are we going to raise money from them -this is a system thats designed to save the status quo including the status quo of big and invasive government it works against the left and the right and that you might say is good news but heres the bad news -its a pathological democracy destroying corruption -because in any system where the members are dependent upon the tiniest fraction of us for their election that means -the tiniest number of us the tiniest tiniest number of us can block reform i know that should have been like a rock or something i can only find cheese im sorry so there it is block reform -henry david thoreau there are a thousand hacking at the branches of evil to one who is striking at the root -this is the root okay now -and in the general election its the citizens who get to vote but in the lester election its the lesters who get to vote and heres the trick in order to run in the general election you must do extremely well -you focus on the possible problems like -polio from the world or taking an image of every single street across the globe or building the first real universal translator or building a fusion factory in your garage these are the manageable problems so you ignore -so you ignore this corruption but we cannot -climate change is mine but it might be financial reform or a simpler tax system or inequality grab that issue sit it down in front of you look straight in its eyes and tell it there is no christmas this year -there will never be a christmas we will never get your issue solved until -we fix this issue first so its not that mine is the most important issue its not -yours is the most important issue but mine is the first issue the issue we have to solve before we get to fix the issues you care about no sensible reform and we cannot afford a world a future with no sensible reform okay so how do we do it -turns out the analytics here are easy simple -if the problem is members spending an extraordinary amount of time fundraising from the tiniest slice of america -the solution is to have them spend less time fundraising but fundraise from a wider slice of americans to spread it out to spread the funder influence so that we restore the idea of dependence upon the people alone -and to do this does not require a constitutional amendment changing the first amendment to do this would require a single statute -a statute establishing what we think of as small dollar funded elections -in the lester election you dont necessarily have to win but you must do extremely well now what can we say about democracy in lesterland -each of these would fix this corruption -by spreading out the influence of funders to all of us the analytics are easy here -its the politics thats hard -indeed impossibly hard because this reform would shrink k street -as congressman jim cooper a democrat from tennessee put it has become a farm league for k street a farm league for k -members and staffers and bureaucrats have an increasingly common business model in their head a business model focused on their life after government their life as lobbyists -fifty percent of the senate between one thousand nine hundred and ninety eight and two thousand and four left to become lobbyists forty two percent of the house those numbers have only gone up and as united republic calculated last april the average increase in salary for those who they tracked was one thousand four hundred and fifty two percent -so its fair to ask how is it possible for them to change this -what we can say number one as the supreme court said in citizens united that people have the ultimate influence over elected officials because after all there is a general election -now -i get this skepticism -i get this cynicism -if you think about the issues our parents tried to solve in the twentieth century -issues like racism or sexism or the issue that weve been fighting in this century homophobia those are hard issues -you dont wake up one day no longer a racist it takes generations to tear that intuition that dna out of the soul of a people -but this is a problem of just incentives just incentives change the incentives and the behavior changes and the states that have adopted small dollar funded systems have seen overnight -a change in the practice when connecticut adopted this system in the very first year seventy eight percent of elected representatives gave up large contributions and took small contributions only its solvable -not by being a democrat not by being a republican its solvable by being -citizens by being citizens -by being tedizens because -if you want to kickstart reform -look i could kickstart reform at half the price of fixing energy policy i could give you back -a republic okay but even if youre not yet with me -even if you believe this is impossible -what the five years since i spoke at ted has taught me as ive spoken about this issue again and again is even if you think its impossible that is irrelevant -but only after the lesters have had their way with the candidates who wish to run in the general election and number two obviously this dependence upon the lesters is going to produce a subtle understated we could say camouflaged bending to keep the lesters happy -this is hopeless hopeless theres nothing we can do -and i imagined a doctor coming to me and saying your son -of course not i would do everything i could and i would do everything i could because this is what love means that the odds are irrelevant and that you do whatever the hell you can the odds be damned and then i saw the obvious link because even we liberals love this country -you still look at it and decide not to do it im not quite sure why you decide not to do it -youre too lazy to do it its too hard youre afraid if you look for your passion and dont find it youll feel like youre an idiot so then you make excuses about why youre not going to look for your passion and they are excuses ladies and gentlemen were going to go through a whole long list -well great careers are really and truly for most people just a matter of luck so im going to stand around im going to try to be lucky and if im lucky ill have a great career if not ill have a good career but a good career is an impossibility so thats not going to work -then your other excuse is yes there are special people who pursue their passions but they are geniuses they are steven j im not a genius when i was five i thought i was a genius but my professors have beaten that idea out of my head long since -is damning yourself -with the faintest of praise and then of course another excuse well i would do this i would do this but but -well after all -im not weird everybody knows that people who pursue their passions are somewhat obsessive -people dont have passion -that thats going to give you a great career when all the evidence is to the contrary so lets assume lets deal with those of you who are trying to find your passion you actually understand that you really had better do it never mind the excuses youre trying to find your passion -end of the day -and youre so happy -and what what are you trying to tell me that you well i have an interest i say do you have passion i have an interest you say your interest is compared to what well im interested in this -and what about the rest of humanitys activities im not interested in them youve looked at them all have you no not exactly -passion is your greatest love -passion is the thing that will -help you create the highest expression of your talent passion interest its not the same thing are you really going to go to your sweetie and say marry me -and thats what passion is i have a friend proposed to his sweetie he was an economically rational person -he said to his sweetie let us marry -let us merge our interests -i was on a german exchange program then laughter i love you more than all right she left -after he got over his surprise at being you know turned down he concluded hed had a narrow escape from marrying an irrational person although he did make a note to himself that the next time he proposed it was perhaps -all of the women he had auditioned for the part -do you know what will happen at the end of your long life -your friends and family will be gathered in the cemetery and there beside your gravesite will be a tombstone and inscribed on that tombstone it will say here lies a distinguished engineer who invented velcro -but what -that tombstone -should have said in an alternative lifetime what it should have said if it was your highest expression of talent was here lies the last nobel laureate in physics -who formulated the grand unified field theory and demonstrated the practicality of warp drive -one was a missed opportunity but then there are some of you -those trying to have good careers are going to fail -because because youre not going to do it -because you will have invented a new excuse any excuse to fail to take action and this excuse ive heard so many times yes i would pursue a great career -because really good jobs are now disappearing -human relationships more than accomplishment i want to be a great friend i want to be a great spouse i want to be a great parent and i will not sacrifice them on the altar of great accomplishment -there are great jobs and great careers and then there are the high workload high stress bloodsucking soul destroying kinds of jobs and practically nothing in between so the people looking for good jobs are going to fail im going to talk about those looking for great jobs -what do you want me to say now do you really want me to say now tell you really i swear i dont kick children -and -children and use them as a shield you know what will happen someday you you ideal parent you -the kid will come to you someday and say i know what i want to be -i know what im going to do with my life you are so happy its the conversation a parent wants to hear because your kids good in math and you know youre going to like what comes next says your kid i have decided i want to be a magician i want to perform magic tricks on the stage -and what do you say -you say -you say umm thats risky kid might fail kid dont make a lot of money at that kid you know i dont know kid you should think about that again kid youre so good at math why dont you and the kid interrupts you and says but it is my dream -it is my dream to do this -or are you going to tell him this i had a dream once kid but then you were born -there was something you could have said to your kid when he or she said i have a dream you could have said looked the kid in the face and said -great careers and why youre going to why youre going to fail first reason is -why will you seek refuge in human relationships as your excuse not to find and pursue your passion you know why -in your heart of hearts you know why and im being deadly serious you know why you would get all warm and fuzzy and wrap yourself up in human relationships it is because you -that no matter how many times people tell you if you want a great career you have to pursue your passion you have to pursue -ridiculous youre afraid to try youre afraid you may fail -great friend great spouse great parent great career is that not a package is that not who you are -how can you be one without the other but youre afraid -and thats why youre not going to have a great career -that most evocative of all english words unless but the unless word is also attached to that other most terrifying phrase -if only -if you ever have that thought ricocheting in your brain -it will hurt a lot -and now if youre the kind of person who can get chills from population statistics -born in the developed world are having the opportunity to grow old -through cultural changes our ancestors largely eliminated early death so that people can now live out their full lives now there are problems associated with aging diseases poverty loss of social status its hardly time to rest on our laurels -and societies are getting grayer you hear about it all the time -but the more we learn about aging the clearer it becomes that a sweeping downward course is grossly inaccurate -aging brings some rather remarkable improvements increased knowledge expertise -of life improve -thats right older people -is coming to the same conclusion the cdc recently conducted a survey where they asked respondents simply to tell them whether they experienced significant psychological distress in the previous -you read about it in your newspapers you hear about it on your television sets -and a recent gallup poll asked participants how much stress and worry and anger they had experienced the previous day and stress -worry anger all decrease with age -sometimes im concerned that we hear about it so much that weve come to accept longer lives with a kind of a complacency even -may be that the current generations of older people are and always have been the greatest generations that is that younger people today may not typically experience these improvements as they grow older weve asked -well maybe older people are just trying to put a positive spin on an otherwise depressing existence -years ago my colleagues and i embarked on a study where we followed the same group of people over a ten year period originally the sample was aged eighteen to ninety four -and we studied whether and how their emotional experiences changed as they grew older -our participants would carry electronic pagers for a week at a time and wed page them throughout the day and evenings at random times and every time we paged them wed ask them to answer several questions on a one to seven scale how happy are you right now how sad are you right now how frustrated are you right now -so that we could get a sense of the kinds of emotions and feelings they were having in their day to day lives and using this intense study of individuals we find that its not -one particular generation thats doing better than the others but the same individuals over time come to report relatively greater positive experience now you see this slight downturn at very advanced ages -and there is a slight downturn but at no point does it return to the levels -we see in early adulthood now its really too simplistic -to say that older people are happy -in our study they are more positive -and other research has shown that older people seem to engage with sadness more comfortably theyre more accepting of sadness than younger people are and we suspect that this may help to explain why older people are better than younger people at solving hotly charged emotional conflicts -longer lives can and i believe will improve quality of life at all ages -and all things being equal -older people direct their cognitive resources like attention and memory to positive information more than negative -if we show older middle aged younger people images like the ones you see on the screen and we later ask them to recall all the images that they can older people -but not younger people remember more positive -in day to day life this translates into greater enjoyment and satisfaction -process than negative emotions and so you switch to the positive emotions maybe our neural centers in our brain are degraded such that were unable to process negative emotions anymore but thats not the case the most mentally sharp older adults are the ones who show this positivity effect -now to put this in perspective let me just zoom out for a minute more years were added to average life expectancy in the twentieth century than all years -so how can this be well in our research weve found that these changes are grounded fundamentally in the uniquely human ability to monitor time -not just clock time and calendar time but lifetime and if theres a paradox of aging its that recognizing that we wont live forever changes our perspective on life in positive -when time horizons are long and nebulous as they typically are in youth people are constantly preparing trying to soak up all the information they possibly can taking risks exploring we might spend time with people we dont even like because its somehow interesting -we go on blind dates -you know after all if it doesnt work out theres always tomorrow -we age our time horizons grow shorter and our goals change when we recognize that we dont have all the time in the world we see our priorities most clearly we take less notice of trivial matters we savor life -were more appreciative more open to reconciliation we invest in more emotionally important parts of life -if we invest in science and technology and find solutions for the real problems that older people face and we capitalize on the very real strengths -of older people then added years of life can dramatically improve quality of life at all ages -societies with millions of talented emotionally stable citizens who are healthier and better educated than any generations before them armed with knowledge about the practical matters of life and motivated to solve the big issues -can be better societies than we have ever known my father -who is ninety two likes to say -lets stop talking only about how to save the old folks and start talking about how to get them to save us all -we nearly doubled the length of time that were living so if you ever feel like you dont have this aging thing quite pegged dont kick yourself its brand new -and because fertility rates fell across that very same period that life expectancy was going up -that pyramid that has always represented the distribution of age in the population with many young ones at the bottom winnowed to a tiny peak of older people who make it and survive to old age is being reshaped into a rectangle -what had changed to make a new name necessary precisely at that moment -prior to this meeting those who studied the natural world were talented amateurs think of the country clergyman or squire collecting his beetles or fossils like charles darwin for example -or the hired help of a nobleman like joseph priestley who was the literary companion to the marquis of lansdowne when he discovered oxygen -after this they were scientists professionals with a particular scientific method goals societies and funding -john herschel mapped the stars of the southern hemisphere and in his spare time co invented photography -im sure we could all be that productive without facebook or twitter to take up our time richard jones became an important economist who later influenced karl marx and whewell not only coined the term scientist as well as the words anode cathode and ion -but spearheaded international big science with his global research on the tides in the cambridge winter of one thousand eight hundred and twelve and one thousand eight hundred and thirteen the four met for what they called philosophical breakfasts they talked about science -and the need for a new scientific revolution they felt science had stagnated since the days of the scientific revolution that had happened in the seventeenth century -it was time for a new revolution which they pledged to bring about and whats so amazing about these guys is not only did they have these grandiose undergraduate dreams but they actually carried them out even beyond their wildest dreams -and im going to tell you today about four major changes to science these men made -about two hundred years before francis bacon and then later isaac newton had proposed an inductive scientific method -now thats a method that starts from observations and experiments and moves to generalizations about nature called natural laws which are always subject to revision or rejection should new evidence arise -the members of the philosophical breakfast club disagreed they wrote books and articles promoting inductive method in all the sciences that were widely read by natural philosophers university students and members of the public -reading one of herschels books was such a watershed moment for charles darwin that he would later say scarcely anything in my life made so deep an impression on me it made me wish to add my might to the accumulated store of natural knowledge -it also shaped darwins scientific method as well as that used by his peers -an elderly white haired man stands up the members of the association are shocked to realize that its the poet samuel taylor coleridge who hadnt even left his house in years until that day theyre even more shocked by what he says -for example ship captains needed to know information about the tides in order to safely dock at ports harbormasters would gather this knowledge and sell it to the ship captains -the philosophical breakfast club changed that working together -herschel helped by making tidal observations off the coast of south africa and as he complained to whewell he was knocked off the docks during a violent high tide for his trouble -the four men really helped each other in every way they also relentlessly lobbied the british government for the money to build babbages engines because they believed these engines would have a huge practical impact on society in the days before pocket calculators the numbers that -most professionals needed bankers insurance agents ship captains engineers were to be found in lookup books like this filled with tables of figures -these tables were calculated using a fixed procedure over and over by part time workers known as and this is amazing computers -but these calculations were really difficult i mean this nautical almanac published the lunar differences for every month of the year -each month required one thousand three hundred and sixty five calculations so these tables were filled with mistakes babbages difference engine was the first mechanical calculator devised to accurately compute any of these tables -two models of his engine were built in the last twenty years by a team from the science museum of london using his own plans -this is the one now at the computer history museum in california and it calculates accurately it actually works -later babbages analytical engine was the first mechanical computer in the modern sense -tragically babbages engines never were built in his day because most people thought that non human computers would have no usefulness for the public -these new societies required that members be active researchers publishing their results -you must stop calling yourselves natural philosophers -they reinstated the tradition of the q a after scientific papers were read which had been discontinued by the royal society as being ungentlemanly -and for the first time they gave women a foot in the door of science -members were encouraged to bring their wives daughters and sisters to the meetings of the british association and while the women were expected to attend only the public lectures and the social events like this one they began to infiltrate the scientific sessions as well -the british association would later be the first of the major national science organizations in the world to admit women as full members -coleridge felt that true philosophers like himself pondered the cosmos from their armchairs they were not mucking around in the fossil pits or conducting messy experiments with electrical piles like the members of the british association -occasionally there were prizes such as that given to john harrison in the eighteenth century for solving the so called longitude problem but prizes were only given after the fact when they were given at all -on the advice of the philosophical breakfast club the british association began to use the extra money generated by its meetings to give grants for research in astronomy the tides fossil fish shipbuilding and many other areas -these grants not only allowed less wealthy men to conduct research but they also encouraged thinking outside the box rather than just trying to solve one pre set question -eventually the royal society and the scientific societies of other countries followed suit and this has become fortunately its become a major part of the scientific landscape today -so the philosophical breakfast club helped invent the modern scientist that -they did not foresee at least one consequence of their revolution -they would have been deeply dismayed by todays disjunction between science and the rest of culture -once scientists became members of a professional group they were slowly walled off from the rest of us this is the unintended consequence of the revolution that started with our four friends -charles darwin said i sometimes think that general and popular treatises are almost as important for the progress of science as original work in fact -origin of species was written for a general and popular audience and was widely read when it first appeared darwin knew -what we seem to have forgotten that science is not only for scientists thank you -the crowd grew angry and began to complain loudly a young cambridge scholar named william whewell stood up and quieted the audience -he politely agreed that an appropriate name for the members of the association did not exist -if philosophers is taken to be too wide and lofty a term he said then -by analogy with artist we may form scientist -so the question is why was i blocking it why were other people blocking it why can i say ill take my steak medium rare i need size six shoes but i wont say would you praise me this -and its because im giving you critical data about me im telling you where im insecure im telling you where i need your help -and im treating you my inner circle like youre the enemy because what can you do with that data you could neglect me -you could abuse it or you could actually meet my need and i took my bike into the bike store i love this same bike and theyd do something called truing the wheels the guy said you know when you true the wheels its going to make the bike so much better i get the same bike back -and theyve taken all the little warps out of those same wheels ive had for two and a half years and my bike is like new so im going to challenge all of you -i want you to true your wheels be honest about the praise that you need to hear what do you need to hear go home to your wife go ask her what does she need go home to your husband what does he -go home and ask those questions and then help the people around you and its simple and why should we care about this we talk about world peace how can we have world peace with different cultures different languages -about the importance of -i think it starts household by household under the same roof so lets make it right in our own backyard and i want to thank all of you in the audience for being great husbands great mothers friends daughters sons -and maybe somebodys never said that to you but youve done a really really good job and thank you for being here -praise admiration and thank you and having it be specific and genuine and the way i got interested in this was i noticed in myself when i was growing up and until about a few years ago that -i would want to say thank you to someone i would want to praise them i would want to take in their praise of me and id just stop it -and i asked myself why i felt shy i felt embarrassed -and then my question became am i the only one who does this so i decided to investigate -their core wound is their father died without ever saying hes -but then they hear from all the family and friends that the father told everybody else that he was proud of him but he never told the son its because he didnt know -needed to hear it so my question is why dont we ask for the things that we need i know a gentleman married for twenty five years whos longing to hear his wife say thank you for being the bread winner so i can stay home with the kids -for that and a friend of mine april who ive had since kindergarten she thanks her children for doing their chores and she said why wouldnt i thank it even though theyre supposed to do it -how do these nielsen ratings reflect not just what youve heard about which is the idea of our social collective unconscious but how do these top ten nielsen rated shows over fifty years reflect the idea of our social conscience -how does television evolve over time and what does this say about our society now speaking of evolution from basic biology you probably remember that the animal kingdom including humans have four basic primal instincts you have hunger you have sex -you have power and you have the urge for acquisitiveness -as humans whats important to remember is that weve developed weve evolved over time to temper or tame these basic animal instincts we have the capacity to laugh and cry we feel awe we feel pity that is separate and apart from the animal kingdom -after these incredible speeches and ideas that are being spread i am in the awkward position of being here to talk to you today about -the other thing about human beings is that we love to be entertained we love to watch tv this is something that clearly separates us from the animal kingdom animals might love to play but they dont love to watch -so i had an ambition to discover what could be understood from this uniquely human relationship between television programs and the human conscious why has television entertainment evolved the way it has i kind of think of it as this cartoon devil or angel sitting on our shoulders -is television literally functioning as our conscience tempting us and rewarding us at the same time -so to begin to answer these questions we did a research study we went back fifty years to the one thousand nine hundred and fifty nine one thousand nine hundred and sixty television season we surveyed the top twenty nielsen shows every year for fifty years a thousand shows -we talked to over three thousand individuals almost three thousand six hundred aged eighteen to seventy and we asked them how they felt -emotionally how did you feel watching every single one of these shows did you feel a sense of moral ambiguity did you feel outrage did you laugh what did this mean for you -so to our global ted audiences i want to say that this was a u s sample -but as you can see these emotional need states are truly universal and on a factual basis over eighty percent of the u s s most popular shows are exported around the world so i really hope our global audiences can relate -for inspiring me to even think about the idea of conscience and the tricks that conscience can play on us on a daily basis i thank legendary rabbi jack stern -television so most everyone watches tv we like it we like some parts of it here in america people actually love tv the average american watches tv for almost -and for the way in which im going to present the data i want to thank ted community superstar hans rosling who you may have just seen -okay here we go so here you see from one thousand nine hundred and sixty to two thousand and ten the fifty years of our study -two things were going to start with the inspiration state and the moral ambiguity state which for this purpose we defined inspiration as television shows that uplift me that make me feel much more positive about the world -as we start you see in one thousand nine hundred and sixty inspiration is holding steady thats what were watching tv for moral ambiguity starts to climb -right at the end of the sixty s moral ambiguity is going up inspiration is kind of on the wane why the cuban missile crisis jfk is shot the civil rights movement race riots the vietnam war mlk is shot bobby kennedy is shot watergate look what -happens in one thousand nine hundred and seventy inspiration plummets moral ambiguity takes off they cross -but ronald reagan a telegenic president is in office its trying to recover but look it cant aids iran contra the challenger disaster chernobyl moral ambiguity becomes the dominant meme in television from one thousand nine hundred and ninety for the next twenty years -take a look at this this chart is going to document a very similar trend but in this case we have comfort the bubble in red -now this time on tv you have bonanza dont forget you have gunsmoke you have andy griffith you have domestic shows all about comfort -but you literally have two establishment shows gunsmoke and gomer pyle in one thousand nine hundred and sixty nine are the number two and number three rated television shows whats number one the socially irreverent hippie show rowan and martins laugh in theyre all living together right -five hours a day -this was the first show that allowed viewers to say my god -i can comment on how i feel about the vietnam war about the presidency through television thats what we mean by a breakout show -seven of ten -shows ranked most highly for irreverence appeared on air during the vietnam war -five of the top ten during the nixon administration only one generation twenty years in and we discovered wow tv can do that -but a lot of people dont love it so much they in fact berate it they call it stupid and worse believe me my mother growing up she called it the idiot box -the digital folks did not invent disruptive archie bunker was shoved out of his easy chair along with the rest of us forty years ago -this is a quick chart heres another attribute fantasy and imagination which are shows defined as takes me out of my everyday realm and makes me feel better thats mapped against the red dot unemployment which is a simple bureau of labor department statistic youll see that every time -so here you are in my favorite chart because this is our last twenty years whether or not youre in my business you have surely heard or read of the decline of the thing called the three camera sitcom and the rise -of reality tv -but my idea today is not to debate whether theres such a thing as good tv or bad tv my idea today is to tell you that i believe television has a conscience -once and for all why not -we had a two thousand presidential election decided by the supreme court we had the bursting of the tech bubble we had nine eleven anthrax becomes part of the social lexicon look what happens when we keep going at the turn of the century the internet takes off reality television has taken hold -what do people want in their tv then -i would have thought revenge or nostalgia give me some comfort my world is falling apart no they want judgment i can vote you off the island i can keep sarah palins daughter dancing i can choose the next -murphy brown took on a vice president when she took on the idea of single parenthood this eras mom -bree van de kamp -so why i believe that television has a conscience is that i actually believe that television directly reflects the moral -let me also thank the incredible creators who get up everyday to put their ideas on our television screens throughout all these ages of television -disseminate our entire value system so all these things are uniquely human and they all add up to our idea of conscience now today were not talking about good and bad tv were talking about popular tv were talking about top ten nielsen rated shows over the course of fifty years -right so i have for a long time said that what we really needed was a rapid diagnostic and our centers for disease control has labeled -test they developed a rapid diagnostic it takes twenty four hours in a very highly developed laboratory in highly skilled hands im thinking dipstick you could do it to your own kid it changes color it tells you if you have h five n one -in terms of where we are in science with dna identification capacities and so on -its not that far off were not there and there hasnt been the kind of investment to get us -its also carried on migration patterns of wild migratory aquatic birds there has been this centralized event in a place called lake chenghai china -pretty severe -its curious that there is no evidence of mass die offs of chickens or household birds across america before the human pandemic happened -that may be because those events were occurring on the other side of the world where nobody was paying attention but the virus clearly went through one round around the world -in a mild enough form that the british army in world war i actually certified that it was not a threat and would not -affect the outcome of the war and after circulating around the world came back in a form that was tremendously lethal -what percentage of infected people were killed by it again we dont really know for sure its clear that if you were malnourished to begin with you had a weakened immune system -lived in poverty in india or africa your likelihood of dying was far greater but we dont really know -the things ive heard is that the real death cause when you get a flu is the associated pneumonia and that a pneumonia vaccine may offer you fifty percent better chance of survival -two years ago the migrating birds had a multiple event where thousands died because of a mutation occurring in the virus -for a long time researchers in emerging diseases were kind of dismissive of the pandemic flu threat on the grounds that -and they die not of the flu but because the flu gives an assault to their immune system and along comes pneumococcus or another bacteria streptococcus and boom they get a bacterial pneumonia -so -the first question is why do we need to even worry about a pandemic threat what is it that were concerned about when i say we im at the council on foreign relations were concerned in the national security community and of course in the biology community and the public health community -its this absolutely phenomenal disruption of the immune system that is the key to why people die of this virus -and i would just add we saw the same thing with sars so whats going on here is your body says your immune system sends out all its -do any good to bring in the tanks and the artillery because those t cells dont recognize it either so were going to have to go all out thermonuclear response -which made the species range broaden dramatically so that birds going to siberia to europe and to africa carried the virus which had not previously been possible -and i think my time is up i thank you all for your -were now seeing outbreaks in human populations so far fortunately small events tiny outbreaks occasional clusters -the virus has mutated dramatically in the last two years to form two distinct families if you will of the h five n one viral tree with branches in them and with different attributes that are worrying -so one thought is after nine eleven when the airports closed our flu season was delayed by two weeks so the thought is -hey maybe what we should do is just immediately we hear there is h five n one spreading from human to human the virus has mutated to be a human to human transmitter lets shut down the airports -however huge supercomputer analyses done of the likely effectiveness of this show that it wont buy us much time at all -and of course it will be hugely disruptive in preparation plans for example all masks are made in china how do you get them mobilized around the world if youve shut all the -how do you get the vaccines moved around the world and the drugs moved and whatever may or not be available that would work so it turns out that shutting down the airports is counterproductive -were worried because this virus unlike any other flu weve ever studied can be transmitted by eating raw meat of the infected animals weve seen transmission to wild cats and domestic cats and now also domestic pet dogs -and in experimental feedings to rodents and ferrets we found that the animals exhibit symptoms never seen with flu seizures central nervous system disorders partial paralysis -and this unbelievable mortality rate in human beings fifty five percent of people who have become infected with h five n one have in fact succumbed and we dont have a huge number of people who got infected and never developed disease -in experimental feeding in monkeys you can see that it actually downregulates a specific immune system modulator the result is that what kills you is not the virus directly but your own immune system -we have seen human to human transmission in at least three clusters fortunately involving very intimate contact still not putting the world at large at any kind of risk -half the states would run out of hospital beds in the first week maybe two weeks and forty states already have an acute nursing shortage add on pandemic threat youre in big trouble so what have people been doing with this money -exercises drills all over the world lets pretend theres a pandemic lets everybody run around and play your role main result is that there is tremendous confusion -the government says the federal responsibility will basically be about trying to keep the virus out which we all know is impossible and then to mitigate the impact primarily on our economy -the rest is up to your local community everything is about your town where you live well how good is the city council you have how good a mayor you have thats whos going to be in charge -most local facilities would all be competing to try and get their hands on their piece of the federal stockpile of a drug called tamiflu which may or may not be helpful ill get into that -of available vaccines and any other treatments and masks and anything thats been stockpiled and youll have massive competition -now we did purchase a vaccine youve probably all heard about it made by sanofi aventis unfortunately its made against the current form of h five n one we know the virus will mutate it will be a different virus the vaccine will probably be useless -so heres where the decisions come in youre the mayor of your local town lets see should we order that all pets be kept indoors germany did that when h five n one appeared in germany last year -in order to minimize the spread between households by household cats dogs and so on -that has changed the risk equation katrina showed us that we can not completely depend on government to have readiness in hand to be capable of handling things indeed an outbreak would be multiple -what do we do when we dont have any containment rooms with reverse air that will allow the healthcare workers to take care of patients these are in hong kong we have nothing like that here -well the british government did a model of telecommuting six weeks they had all the people in the banking industry pretend a pandemic was underway what they found was the core functions you know you still sort of had -put money in the atm machines nobody was processing the credit cards your insurance payments didnt go through and basically the economy would be in a disaster state of affairs and thats just office workers bankers -great debate about what percentage of flu transmission between people is from sneezing and coughing and what percentage is on -the institute of medicine tried to look at the masking question can we figure out a way since we know we wont have enough masks because we dont make them in america anymore theyre all made in china -we need n ninety five a state of the art top of the line must be fitted to your face mask -or can we get away with some different kinds of masks in the sars epidemic we learned in hong kong that most of transmission was because people were removing their masks improperly -and their hand got contaminated with the outside of the mask and then they rubbed their nose bingo they got sars it wasnt flying microbes if you go online right now youll get so much phony baloney information -youll end up buying this is called an n ninety five mask ridiculous we dont actually have a standard for what should be the protective gear for the first responders the people who will actually be there on the front lines -and tamiflu youve probably heard of this drug made by hoffmann la roche patented drug there is some indication that it -you some time in the midst of an outbreak should you take tamiflu for a long period of time well one of the side effects is suicidal ideations -making matters worse and here is the other interesting thing when a human being ingests tamiflu only twenty percent is metabolized appropriately -to be an active compound in the human being the rest turns into a stable compound which survives filtration into the water systems -in both vietnam in person to person transmission and in egypt in person to person transmission so i personally think that our life expectancy for tamiflu as an effective drug is very limited -very limited indeed nevertheless most of the governments have based their whole flu policies on building stockpiles of tamiflu russia has actually stockpiled enough for ninety five percent of all russians -at the end of last christmas only thirteen countries had seen h five n one but were now up to fifty five countries in the world have had this virus emerge in either birds or people or both -and the belief systems were wildly disparate in some cases all schools all churches all public venues were closed -the pandemic circulated three times in eighteen months in the absence of commercial air travel the second wave was the mutated super killer -and in the first wave we had enough healthcare workers but by the time the second wave hit it took such a toll among the healthcare workers -that we lost most of our doctors and nurses that were on the front lines overall we lost seven hundred thousand people the virus was one hundred percent lethal to pregnant women and we dont actually know why most of the death toll was fifteen to forty year -robustly healthy young adults it was likened to the plague we dont actually know how many people died the low ball estimate is thirty five million this was based on european and north american data -a new study by chris murray at harvard shows that if you look at the databases that were kept by the brits in india there was a thirty one fold greater death rate -among the indians so there is a strong belief that in places of poverty the death toll was far higher and that a more likely toll is somewhere -eighty to one hundred million people before we had commercial air travel so are we ready as a nation -no were not and i think even those in the leadership would say that is the case that we still have a long ways to go so what does that mean for you -well the first thing is i wouldnt start building up personal stockpiles of anything for yourself your family or your employees unless youve really done your homework -in the bird outbreaks we now can see that pretty much the whole world has seen this virus except the americas and ill get into why weve so far been spared in a moment -we dont know again with tamiflu the number one side effect of tamiflu is flu like symptoms so then how can you tell who in your family has the flu if everybody is taking tamiflu -you expand that out to think of a whole community or all your employees in your company you begin to realize how limited the tamiflu option might be -you want to view the pandemic threat they way back in the nineteen fifties people viewed the civil defense issue and build your own little bomb shelter for pandemic flu -i dont think thats rational i think its about having to be prepared as communities not as individuals being prepared as nation being prepared as state being prepared as town -and right now most of the preparedness is deeply flawed and i hope ive convinced you of that which means that the real job is go out and say to your local leaders and your national leaders -why havent you solved these problems why are you still thinking that the lessons of katrina do not apply to flu and put the pressure where the pressure needs to be put but -i guess the other thing to add is if you do have employees and you do have a company i think you have certain responsibilities to demonstrate that you are thinking ahead for them and you are trying to plan at a minimum the -can you sustain your company that way if you have a dot com maybe you can otherwise youre in trouble happy to take your questions -what factors determine the duration of a pandemic we dont really know i -one of the most lethal things weve seen in circulation in the world in any recent centuries -you -this -the moment that you see any evidence of serious human to human to transmission not just intimately between family members who took care of an ailing sister or brother but a community infected -spread within a school spread within a dormitory something of that nature then i think that there is universal agreement now at who all the way down send out the alert -some research has indicated that -your vulnerability to influenza but we do not completely understand why the mechanism isnt clear and -and weve dealt with it by killing off lots and lots and lots of chickens and unfortunately often not reimbursing the peasant farmers with the result that theres cover up -i dont know that there is any way responsibly for someone to start medicating their children with their -this is the first take home message of the talk which is that if you saw the beginning of this and you thought oh im totally going to go home and hire a capuchin monkey financial adviser theyre way cuter than the one at you know dont do that theyre probably going to be just as dumb as the human one you already have -so you know a little bad sorry sorry sorry a little bad for monkey investors but of course you know the reason youre laughing is bad for humans too because weve answered the question we started out with -we wanted to know where these kinds of errors came from and we started with the hope that maybe we can sort of tweak our financial institutions tweak our technologies to make ourselves better -well one thing we know is that they tend to be really hard to overcome you know think of our evolutionary predilection for eating sweet things fatty things like cheesecake -my guess is that the same thing is going to be true when humans are perceiving different financial decisions when youre watching your stocks plummet into the red when youre watching your house price go down -youre not going to be able to see that in anything but old evolutionary terms this means that the biases that lead investors to do badly that lead to the foreclosure crisis are going to be really hard to overcome -which is that humans are not only smart were really inspirationally smart to the rest of the animals in the biological kingdom -were so good at overcoming our biological limitations you know i flew over here in an airplane i didnt have to try to flap my wings im wearing contact lenses now so that i can see -on my own near sightedness we actually have all of these cases where we overcome our biological limitations through technology and other means seemingly pretty easily -but it turns out what social scientists are actually learning is that most of us when put in certain contexts will actually make very specific mistakes the errors we make are actually predictable we make them again and again -but we have to recognize that we have those limitations and heres the rub it was camus who once said that man is the only species who refuses to be what he really is -but the irony is that it might only be in recognizing our limitations that we can really actually overcome them the hope is that you all will think about your limitations not necessarily as unovercomable but to recognize them accept them -and then use the world of design to actually figure them out that might be the only way that we will really be able to achieve our own human potential and really be the noble species we hope to all be thank you -a real puzzle to me as a sort of scholar of human nature what im most curious about is how is a species thats as smart as we are -i want to start my talk today with two observations about the human species the first observation is something that you might think is quite obvious and thats that our species homo sapiens is actually really really smart -is a possibility that i worry a little bit more about because if its us thats messed up its not actually clear how we go about dealing with it we might just have to accept the fact that were error prone and try to design things around it -this means that your great great great great great great with about five million greats in there grandmother was probably the same great great great great grandmother with five million greats in there as holly up here you know so you can take comfort in the fact that this guy up here is a really really distant but albeit evolutionary relative -what if we put holly into the same context as humans does she make the same mistakes as us does she not learn from them and so on -youre all doing things that no other species on the planet does right now and this is of course not the first time youve probably recognized this of course in addition to being smart were also an extremely vain species -we should actually start in the financial domain maybe we should look at monkeys economic decisions and try to see if they do the same kinds of dumb things that we do -hit a sort second problem a little bit more methodological which is that maybe you guys dont know but monkeys dont actually use money i know you havent met them but this is why you know theyre not in the queue behind you at the grocery store or the atm you know they dont do this stuff -what youre looking at over here is actually the first unit that i know of of non human currency we werent very creative at the time we started these studies so we just called it a token -but this is the unit of currency that weve taught our monkeys at yale to actually use with humans to actually buy different pieces of food -it doesnt look like much in fact it isnt like much like most of our money its just a piece of metal as those of you whove taken currencies home from your trip know once you get home its actually pretty useless -was useless to the monkeys at first before they realized what they could do with it when we first gave it to them in their enclosures they actually kind of picked them up looked at them they were these kind of weird things -and waiting happily and getting her food heres felix i think hes our alpha male hes a kind of big guy but he too waits patiently gets his food and goes on -so the monkeys get really good at this theyre surprisingly good at this with very little training we just allowed them to pick this up on their own -the way this works is that our monkeys normally live in a kind of big zoo social enclosure when they get a hankering for some treats we actually allowed them a way out into a little smaller enclosure where they could enter the market -upon entering the market it was actually a much more fun market for the monkeys than most human markets because as the monkeys entered the door of the market -human would give them a big wallet full of tokens so they could actually trade the tokens with one of these two guys here two different possible human salesmen that they could actually buy stuff from -the fact that were noble in reason and infinite in faculties and just kind of awesome er than anything else on the planet when it comes to all things cerebral but of course theres a second observation about the human species that i want to focus on a little bit more -and you can see that each of the experimenters is actually holding up a little yellow food dish and thats what the monkey can for a single token so everything costs one token but as you can see sometimes tokens buy more than others sometimes more grapes than others -all of a sudden the market opens heres her choice one grapes or two grapes you can see honey very good market economist -teach our financial advisers a few things or two so not just honey most of the monkeys went with guys who had more -the more surprising thing was that when we collaborated with economists to actually look at the monkeys data using economic tools they basically matched not just qualitatively -but quantitatively with what we saw humans doing in a real market so much so that if you saw the monkeys numbers you couldnt tell whether they came from a monkey or a human in the same market -well we already saw anecdotally a couple of signs that they might one thing we never saw in the monkey marketplace was any evidence of saving you know just like our own species the monkeys entered the market spent their entire budget and then went back to everyone else -the other thing we also spontaneously saw embarrassingly enough is spontaneous evidence of larceny -the monkeys would rip off the tokens at every available opportunity from each other often from us you know things we didnt necessarily think we were introducing but things we spontaneously saw -so we said this looks bad can we actually see if the monkeys are doing exactly the same dumb things as humans do one possibility is just kind of let the monkey -and so since the best way to see how people go wrong is to actually do it yourself im going to give you guys a quick experiment to sort of watch your own financial intuitions in action -so imagine that right now i handed each and every one of you a thousand u s dollars so ten crisp hundred dollar bills take these put it in your wallet and spend a second thinking about what youre going to do with it because its yours now you can buy whatever you want donate it take it -so its a chance to get more but its pretty risky your other option is a bit safe your just going to get some money for sure im just going to give you five hundred bucks you can stick it in your wallet and use it immediately -see what your intuition is here -well the so what comes when start thinking about the same problem set up just a little bit differently so now imagine that i give each and every one of you two thousand dollars twenty crisp hundred dollar bills now you can buy double to stuff you were going to get before -when it comes to some aspects of our decision making now im seeing lots of smirks out there dont worry im not going to call anyone in particular out on any aspects of your own -or you could play it safe which means you have to reach back into your wallet and give me five of those dollar one hundred bills for certain -and im seeing a lot of furrowed brows out there so maybe youre having the same intuitions as the subjects that were actually tested in this which is when presented with these options people dont choose to play it safe they actually tend to go a little risky -but peoples intuitions about how much risk to take varies depending on where they started with so whats going on well it turns out that this seems to be the result of at least two biases that we have at the psychological level -we find it very easy to think in very relative terms as options change from one time to another so we think of things as oh im going to get more or oh im going to get less this is all well and good except that changes in different directions actually -whether or not we think options are good or not and this leads to the second bias which economists have called loss aversion the idea is that we really hate it when things go into the red we really hate it when we have to lose out on some money -that means when were in a risk mindset excuse me when were in a loss mindset we actually become more risky which can actually be really worrying -the guy on the left and right both start with one piece of grape so it looks pretty good but theyre going to give the monkeys bonuses -the guy on the left is a safe bonus all the time he adds one to give the monkeys two the guy on the right is actually a risky bonus sometimes the monkeys get no bonus so this is a bonus of zero sometimes the monkeys get two extra -just blow up in our face weve watched the financial markets that we uniquely create these markets that were supposed to be foolproof weve watched them kind of collapse before our eyes -for a big bonus now they get three but this is the same choice you guys just faced do the monkeys actually want to play it safe -people here played it safe turns out the monkeys play it safe too qualitatively and quantitatively they choose exactly the same way as people when tested in the same thing you might say well maybe the monkeys just dont like -maybe we should see how they do with losses and so we ran a second version of this now the monkeys meet two guys who arent giving them bonuses theyre actually giving them less than they expect so they look like theyre starting out with a big amount these are three grapes the monkeys really psyched for this -but now they learn these guys are going to give them less than they expect they guy on the left is a safe loss every single time hes going to take one of these away and give the monkeys just -the guy on the right is the risky loss sometimes he gives no loss so the monkeys are really psyched but sometimes he actually gives a big loss taking away two to give the monkeys only one -the remarkable thing to us is that when you give monkeys this choice they do the same irrational thing that people do they actually become more risky depending on how the experimenters started -some of the kind of not so nice things we do like steal it and so on but they also do some of the irrational things we do they systematically get things wrong and in the same ways that we do -lawrence lessig right -me then my good old old days of right wing lunacy let me come back to now -now when im a little leftist im certainly left handed so at least a lefty and i wonder can we on the left expect to build this ecology of freedom now -in a world where we know the extraordinarily powerful influences against it where even -icons of the left like this entertain and push bills that would effectively ban the requirement of open access for government funded research the president who has supported -a process that secretly negotiates agreements which effectively lock us into the insane system of dmca that we have adopted and likely lock us down a path of three strikes youre out -finally truth will be brought here okay see its done its almost done here we go youngest republican okay were finished -of course the rest of the world are increasingly adopting not a single example of reform has been produced yet and were not going to see this change in this system anytime soon -so heres the lessons -openness that i think we need to learn -openness is a commitment to a certain set of values we need to speak of those values -the value of freedom its a value of community its a value of the limits in regulation its a value respecting the creator -now if we can learn those values from at least some influences on the right if we can take them and incorporate them maybe we could do a little trade we learn those values on the left -and maybe theyll do health care or -thats it -they go to church now you know i mean -indeed they sell books about potluck dinners they serve food to poor people they share they give they give away for free and its the very same people -i -wall st firms who on sundays show up and share and not only food right -about what we learn from conservatives -these very same people are strong believers in lots of -in the limits on the markets they are in many important places against markets -indeed they like all of us celebrate this kind of relationship but theyre very keen that we dont let money drop into that relationship else it turns into something like this -want to regulate us those conservatives to stop us from allowing the market to spread in those places because they -and im at a stage in life where im yearning for my old days so i want to confess to you that when i was a kid -there are places for the market and places where the market should not exist where we should be free -to enjoy the fellowship of others they recognize both of these things have to live together and -it was the first great republican president of the twentieth century who taught us about environmental thinking teddy roosevelt they first taught us about ecology in the context of -natural resources and then they began to teach us in the context of innovation economics they understand in that context free they understand free is an important essential -part of the cultural ecology as well thats the thing i want you to think about -now i know you dont believe me really here so heres exhibit number one i want to share with you my latest -hero julian sanchez a libertarian who works at the for many people evil cato institute -so what he does is he begins to tell us about these -indeed i was a conservative i was a young republican a teenage republican a leader in the teenage republicans indeed -they decided they wanted to do the same -he wants us to learn from this heres lesson number one -in the sense that theyre emulating the original mashup and the guy who shot it obviously has a strong eye and some experience with video -is also basically just a group of friends having an authentic social moment and screwing around together it should feel familiar and kind of resonate for anyone whos had a sing a long or a dance party with a group of good friends ll or -so thats importantly different from the earlier videos we looked at because here remix isnt just about an individual doing something alone in his basement it becomes an act of social creativity -and its not just that it yields a different kind of product at the end its that potentially it changes the way that we relate to each other -all of our normal social interactions become a kind of invitation to this sort of collective expression its our real social lives themselves that are transmuted into -and so this libertarian draws from these two -one remix is about individuals using our shared culture as a kind of language to communicate something to an audience stage two social remix is really about using it to mediate peoples relationships to each -first within each video the brat pack characters are used as a kind of template for performing the social reality of each group -dialogue between the videos where once the basic structure is established it becomes a kind of platform for articulating the similarities and differences between the groups social and physical worlds -and then heres for me the critical key to what julian has to say -now i know what youre thinking -over our social realities social realities that are now inevitably permeated by pop culture i think its important that we keep these two different kinds of public goods in mind if were -only focused on how to maximize the supply of one i think we risk suppressing this different and richer and in some ways maybe even more -youre thinking thats not what the internets say youre thinking wikipedia doesnt say this fact and indeed this is just one of the examples of the junk that flows across the tubes in these internets here wikipedia -right bingo point freedom needs this opportunity to both have the commercial success of the great commercial works -the opportunity to build this different kind of culture and for that to happen you need ideas like fair use to be central and protected to enable this kind of -gets that culture now my concern is we dems too often not so much all right take for example this great company -in the good old days when this republican ran that company their greatest work -was work that built on the past right all of the great disney works were works that took works that were in the public domain -and remixed them or waited until they entered the public domain to remix them to celebrate this add on remix creativity indeed mickey mouse himself of course -as steamboat willie is a remix of the then very dominant very popular steamboat bill by buster keaton this man -of creativity but -the company passes through this dark stage -to this democrat wildly different this is the mastermind behind the eventual passage of what we call the sonny bono copyright term extension act extending the term of existing copyrights by twenty -strike it down we had the assistance of nobel prize winners including this right wing nobel prize winner milton friedman who said he would join our brief only if the word no brainer was in the -but apparently no brains existed in this place when democrats passed and signed this bill into law now tiny little -quibble of a footnote sonny bono you might say was a republican but i dont buy it this guy -second example think about this cultural hero icon on the left -creator of this -that this guy this former congressman from erie pennsylvania was at the age of twenty one of the youngest people at the republican national convention but its just not true -he built star wars mashups inviting people to come and use their creative energy to produce a new generation of attention towards this extraordinarily important cultural icon read the license -the license for these remixers assigns all of the rights to the remix back to lucas the mashup is owned by lucas indeed -anything you add to the mashup music you might add lucas has a worldwide perpetual right to exploit that for free there is no -creator here to be recognized the creator doesnt have any rights the creator is sharecropper in this story and we should remember who employed the sharecroppers the -stuff and not a generation of sharecroppers now i think there are lessons we should learn here -and for that sharing activity to happen we have to have well protected spaces of fair use -thats number one number two this ecology of sharing needs freedom within which to create -this explains the right wing non profit creative commons -indeed it drives me so nuts let me just change this -so that we go from a all rights reserved world to a some rights reserved world so that people can know the freedoms they have attached to the content building and creating on the basis of this creative -and a freedom to create without requiring permission first because the permission has already been granted and a respect for the creator because it builds upon -a copyright the creator has licensed freely and it explains the vast right wing conspiracy thats obviously developed around these -licenses as now more than three hundred and fifty million digital objects are out there licensed freely in this way -now that picture of an ecology of creativity the picture of an ecology of balanced creativity is that the ecology of creativity we have right now -well as you all know -not many of us believe we do i tripped on the reality of this ecology of creativity just last week i created a video which was based on a wireside chat that id given and i uploaded it to youtube -i then got this email from youtube weirdly notifying me that there was content in that owned by the mysterious wmg -that matched their content id so i didnt think much about it and then on twitter somebody said to me -your talk on youtube was dmcad was that your purpose imagining that i had this deep conspiracy to reveal the obvious flaws in the dmca answered no i didnt even think about it but then i went to the site and all of the audio in my site had been silenced -whole forty five minute video had been silenced -because there were snippets in that video a video about fair use that included warner music group music now -so -they still sold ads for that music if you played the silent video you could still buy the music but you couldnt hear -because it had been silenced so i did what the current regime says i must do to be free to -use youtube to talk about fair use i went to this site and i had to answer these questions and then in an extraordinarily bart simpson like juvenile way youve actually got to type -of the system of freedom we should be encouraging and the question i ask you is whos fighting it well interestingly in the last presidential election who was the number one -active opponent of this system of regulation in online speech -john mccain -letter attacking youtubes refusal to be more respectful of fair use with their extraordinary notice and take down system that led his campaign so many times to be thrown off -im going to share with you two projects that are investigations along these lines and well start with this -im among several other things an electrical engineer and that means that i spend a good amount of time designing and building new pieces of technology and more specifically designing and building electronics -so the next step for us in this process is now to find a way to let all of you build things like this -and so the way that were approaching -and what ive found is that the process -of designing and building electronics is problematic in all sorts of ways so its a really slow process its really expensive -and the outcome of that process namely electronic circuit boards are limited in all sorts of kind of interesting ways so theyre really small generally -and so what if you could design and build electronics like this -so what if you could do it extremely quickly extremely inexpensively and maybe more interestingly really fluidly and expressively and even improvisationally wouldnt that be so cool and that wouldnt that open up all sorts of new possibilities -so bearing that in mind as a chemist i wanted to ask myself -the question frustrated by biology what is the minimal unit of matter that can undergo darwinian evolution and this seems quite a profound question and as a chemist were not used to profound questions every day so when i thought about it then suddenly i realized that -biology gave us the answer and in fact -the smallest unit of matter that can evolve independently is in fact a single cell a bacteria so this raises three really important questions what is life -is biology special -biologists seem to think so -try and do in the next fifteen minutes or so is tell you about an idea of how were going to make matter come alive now this may seem a bit ambitious but when you look at yourself you look at your hands -so heres some inorganic life this is a dead crystal and im going to do something to it and its going to become alive and you can see its kind of pollinating germinating growing this is an inorganic tube and all these crystals here under the microscope were dead a few minutes ago and they look alive -of course theyre not alive its a chemistry experiment where ive made a crystal garden -but when i saw this i was really fascinated because it seemed lifelike and as i pause for a few seconds have a look at the screen -you can see theres architecture growing filling the void and this is dead so i was positive that if somehow we can make things mimic life lets go one step further lets see if we can actually make life -but theres a problem because up until maybe a decade ago we were told that life was impossible and that we were the most incredible miracle in the universe in fact we were the only people in the universe -the emergence of the first cells was as probable as the emergence of the stars and in fact lets take that one step further lets say that if the physics of fusion is encoded into the universe maybe the physics of life is as well -and so the problem with chemists and this is a massive advantage as well is we like to focus on our elements in biology carbon takes center stage and in a universe where carbon exists and organic biology then we have all this wonderful diversity of life in fact -but before we can make life lets think for a second what life really is characterized by and forgive the complicated diagram this is just a collection of pathways in the cell -and the cell is obviously for us a fascinating thing synthetic biologists are manipulating it -chemists are trying to study the molecules to look at disease and you have all these pathways going on at the same time you have regulation information is transcribed catalysts are made stuff is happening but what does a cell do well it divides it competes it survives -now this quest started four billion years ago on planet earth theres been four billion years of organic biological life -and i think that is where we have to start in terms of thinking about building from our ideas in life but what else is life characterized by -and so what we have here is a description of single cells replicating metabolizing burning through chemistries and so we have to understand that if were going to make artificial life or understand the origin of life we need to power it somehow -so before we can really start to make life -we have to really think about where it came from and darwin himself mused in a letter to a colleague that he thought that life probably emerged in some warm little pond somewhere -maybe not in scotland maybe in africa maybe somewhere else but the real honest answer is we just dont know -because there is a problem with the origin imagine way back four and a half billion years ago there is a vast chemical soup of stuff and from this stuff we came so when you think about the improbable nature of what im going to tell you in the next few minutes just remember we came from stuff on planet earth -and as an inorganic chemist my friends and colleagues make this distinction between the organic living world and the inorganic dead world and what im going to try and do is plant some ideas about how we can transform inorganic dead matter into living matter into inorganic biology -and we went through a variety of worlds the rna people would talk about the rna world we somehow got to proteins and dna we then got to the last ancestor evolution kicked in and thats the cool bit and here we are -but theres a roadblock that you cant get past you can decode the genome you can look back you can link us all together by a mitochondrial dna but we cant get further than the last ancestor -the last visible cell that we could sequence or think back in history so we dont know how we got here so there are two options intelligent design direct and indirect so god or -my friend now -talking about e t putting us there or some other life just pushes the problem further on -im not a politician im a scientist the other thing we need to think about is the emergence of chemical complexity this seems most likely so we have some kind of primordial soup and this one happens to be a good source of all twenty amino acids and somehow -these amino acids are combined and life begins but life begins what does that mean what is life what is this stuff of life so in the one thousand nine hundred and fifty s miller urey did their fantastic -chemical frankenstein experiment where they did the equivalent in the chemical world they took the basic ingredients put them in a single jar and ignited them and put a lot of voltage through and they had a look at what was in the soup and they found amino acids -but nothing came out there was no cell so the whole areas been stuck for a while -and it got reignited in the eighty s when analytical technologies and computer technologies were coming on -in my own laboratory the way were trying to create inorganic life is by using many different reaction formats so what were trying to do is do reactions not in one flask but in -tens of flasks and connect them together as you can see with this flow system all these pipes we can do it microfluidically we can do it lithographically we can do it in a three d printer we can do it in droplets for colleagues and the key thing is to have lots of complex chemistry just bubbling away -i need some information and i need a container because if i want evolution i need containers to compete so if you have a container its like getting in your car this is my car and im going to -drive around and show off my car and i imagine you have a similar thing in cellular biology with the emergence of life -so these things together give us evolution -before we do that i want to kind of put biology in its place -so what were going to try and do is come up with an inorganic lego kit of molecules and so forgive the molecules on the screen but these are a very simple kit theres only maybe three or four different types of building blocks present and we can aggregate them together and make literally thousands and thousands of really big nano molecular molecules -and just a few months ago in my lab we were able to take these very same molecules and make cells with them and you can see on the screen a cell being made and were now going to put some chemistry inside and do some chemistry in this cell and all i wanted to show you is we can set up -molecules in membranes in real cells and then it sets up a kind of molecular darwinism a molecular survival of the fittest and this movie here shows this competition between molecules molecules are competing for stuff -and im absolutely enthralled by biology i love to do synthetic biology i love things that are alive i love manipulating the infrastructure of biology -if we can somehow encourage these molecules to talk to each other and make the right shapes and compete they will start to form cells that will replicate and compete if we manage to do that forget the molecular detail -does evolution control the sophistication of matter in the universe is there some driving force through evolution that allows matter to compete -for exploring this evolution so you imagine if were able to create a self sustaining artificial life form not only will this tell us about the origin of life that its possible that the universe doesnt need carbon to be alive it can use anything -we can then take it one step further and develop new technologies because we can then use software control for evolution to code in so imagine we make a little cell we want to put it out in the environment and we want it to be powered by the sun -but within that infrastructure we have to remember that the driving force of biology is really coming from evolution and evolution although it was established well over one hundred years ago by charles darwin and a vast number of other people evolution still is a little bit intangible -what we do is we evolve it in a box with a light on and we dont use design anymore we find what works we should take our inspiration from biology biology doesnt care about the design unless it works so this will reorganize the way we design things -but not only just that we will start to think about how we can start to develop a symbiotic relationship with biology wouldnt it be great if you could take these artificial biological cells -and fuse them with biological ones to correct problems that we couldnt really deal with the real issue in cellular biology is we are never going to understand -everything because its a multidimensional problem put there by evolution evolution cannot be cut apart -you need to somehow find the fitness function and the profound realization for me is that if this works the concept of the selfish gene gets kicked up a level and we really start talking about selfish matter -but you are made of stuff and you are using stuff and you enslave stuff so using evolution in biology and in inorganic biology for me is quite appealing quite exciting and were really becoming very close to understanding the key steps that makes dead stuff come alive -and again when youre thinking about -how improbable this is remember five billion years ago we were not here and there was no life so what will that tell us about the origin of life and the meaning of life -but perhaps for me as a chemist i want to keep away from general terms i want to think about specifics so what does it mean about defining life we really struggle to do this and i think if we can make inorganic biology and we can make matter become evolvable that will in fact define life -i propose to you that matter that can evolve is alive and this gives us the idea of making evolvable matter thank you very much -and when i talk about darwinian evolution i mean one thing and one thing only and that is survival of the fittest and so forget about evolution in a kind of metaphysical way think about evolution in terms of offspring competing and some winning -and so you can make your molecule in the printer using this software -so what could this mean well ultimately it could mean that you could print your own medicine -and this is what were doing in the lab at the moment but to take baby steps to get there first of all we want to look at drug design and production or drug discovery and manufacturing because if we can manufacture it after weve discovered it we could deploy it anywhere you dont need to go to the chemist anymore -so this allows you on the fly molecular assembly but perhaps for me the core bit going into the future is this idea of taking your own stem cells with your genes and your environment and you print your own personal medicine and if that doesnt seem fanciful enough -where do you think were going to go well -youre going to have your own personal -matter fabricator beam me up scotty -chemistry now what would this mean and how would we do it -well to start to do this we took a three d printer and we started to print our beakers and our test tubes on one side and then print the molecule at the same time on the other side and combine them together in what we call reactionware and so by printing the vessel -and doing the chemistry at the same time we may start to access this universal toolkit of chemistry -biological and chemical networks like a search engine so if you have a cell thats ill that you need to cure or bacteria that you want to kill if you have this embedded in your device at the same time and you do the chemistry you may be able to make drugs in a new way -so how are we doing this in the lab well it requires software -it requires hardware and it requires chemical inks and so the really cool bit is the idea is that we want to have a universal set of inks that we put out with the printer and you download the blueprint the organic chemistry for that molecule and you make it in the device -is the exact precise immediate impact of these changes on natural climate patterns winds ocean currents -their entire camp every item of gear was ferried eight hundred and eighty five miles from mcmurdo station the main u s supply base on the coast of antarctica -wais divide itself though is a circle of tents in the snow -in blizzard winds the crew sling ropes between the tents so that people can feel their way safely to the nearest ice house and to the nearest outhouse -it snows so heavily there the installation was almost immediately buried indeed the researchers picked this site because ice and snow accumulates here ten times faster than anywhere else in antarctica -they have to dig themselves out every day -chilly commute -to the bottom of the world -but under the surface -is a hive of industrial activity centered around an eight million dollar drill assembly -ten times a day they extract the ten foot long cylinder of compressed ice crystals that contain the unsullied air and trace chemicals laid down by snow season after season for thousands of years -the highest driest windiest and yes coldest region on earth more arid than the sahara and in parts colder than mars -its really a time machine at the peak of activity earlier this year the researchers lowered the drill an extra hundred feet deeper into the ice every day and another three hundred and sixty five years deeper into the past -they inspect it they check it for cracks -for drill damage for spalls for chips -more importantly they prepare -for inspection and analysis by twenty seven independent laboratories in the united states and europe -who will examine it for forty different trace chemicals related to climate some in parts per quadrillion yes i said that with a q quadrillion -they cut the cylinders up into three foot sections for easier handling and shipment back to these labs some eight thousand miles from the drill site -each cylinder is a parfait of time -this ice formed as snow fifteen thousand eight hundred years ago when our ancestors were daubing themselves with paint and considering the radical new technology of the alphabet -bathed in polarized light and cut in cross section this ancient ice reveals itself as a mosaic of colors each one showing how conditions at depth in the ice have affected this -the ice of antarctica glows with a light so dazzling it blinds the unprotected eye early explorers rubbed cocaine in their eyes to kill the pain of it -at depths where pressures can reach a ton per square inch -every year it begins with a snowflake -and by digging into fresh snow we can see how this process is ongoing today -this wall of undisturbed snow back lit by sunlight shows the striations of winter and summer snow layer upon layer -each storm scours the atmosphere washing out dust soot trace chemicals -and depositing them on the snow pack -year after year millennia after millennia -from this we can detect an extraordinary number of things we can see -most importantly -these cylinders and this snow trap air -each cylinder is about ten percent ancient air a pristine time capsule of greenhouse gases carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide all unchanged from the day that snow formed and first fell -and this is the object of their scrutiny but -dont we already know what we need to know about greenhouse gases why do we need to study this anymore dont we already know how they affect temperatures -the weight of the ice is such that the entire continent sags below sea level beneath its weight yet the ice of antarctica is a calendar of climate change -dont we already know the consequenses of a changing climate on our settled civilization the truth is we only know the outlines -and what we dont completely understand we cant properly fix indeed we run the risk of making things worse consider -the single most successful international environmental effort of the twentieth century the montreal protocol in which the nations of earth banded together to protect the planet from the harmful effects of ozone destroying chemicals used -at that time in air conditioners refrigerators and other cooling devices we banned those chemicals and we replaced them -with other substances that molecule per molecule are a hundred times more potent as heat trapping greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide -this process requires -they have to in fact make sure this ice never gets warmer than about twenty degrees below zero otherwise the key gases inside it will dissipate so in the coldest place on earth -they work inside a refrigerator -as they handle the ice in fact they keep an extra pair of gloves warming in an oven -so that when their work gloves freeze and their fingers stiffen they can don a fresh pair they work against the clock and against the thermometer -it records the annual rise and fall of greenhouse gases and temperatures going back before the onset of the last ice ages nowhere on earth offers us such a perfect record -so far theyve packed up about four thousand five hundred ft of ice cores for shipment back to the united states this past season they manhandled them across the ice to waiting aircraft -the one hundred and ninth air national guard flew the most recent shipment of ice -back to the coast of antarctica where it was boarded onto a freighter -shipped across the tropics to california -unloaded put on a truck driven across the desert -was this planets last empty quarter the blind spot in our expanding vision of the world -early explorers sailed off the edge of the map -and they found a place where the normal rules of time and temperature seem suspended -here the ice seems a living presence -the wind that rubs against it gives it voice -and here scientists are drilling into the past of our planet to find clues to the future of climate change -this past january i traveled to a place called wais divide about six hundred miles from the south pole it is the best place on the planet many say to study the history of climate change -about forty five scientists from the university of wisconsin the desert research institute in nevada and others have been working to answer an essential question about global warming -what is the exact relationship between levels of greenhouse gases and planetary temperatures its urgent work -we know that temperatures are rising this past may was the warmest worldwide on record and we know that levels of greenhouse gases are rising too what we dont know -is that it works because scientists are a community bound together by an ethic and here are some of the ethical -so about three years ago i was in london -one of the principles is that everybody -who is part of the community gets to -and argue as hard as they can for what they believe but we a re all disciplined by the understanding that the only people who are going to decide you know whether i a m right or somebody else is right are the people in our -for the tradition and community we a re in and rebellion that the community -to get anywhere that makes science work and being in this process of being in a community that reasons from shared evidence to conclusions -i believe teaches us about democracy not only is there a relationship between the ethics of science and the ethics of being a citizen in democracy -and somebody called howard burton came to me and said i represent a group of people -society that they live in and i want to talk about three stages in that evolution the first science -is in the center then there are these crystal spheres the sun the moon the planets and finally the celestial sphere where the stars are and everything in this universe has a place -law of motion was that everything goes to its natural place which was of course the rule of the society that aristotle -lived in and more importantly the medieval society that through christianity embraced aristotle and blessed it -and we want to start an institute in theoretical physics we have about dollar one hundred and twenty million and we want to do it well we want to be in the forefront fields and we want to do it differently we want to get out of this thing -and the idea is that everything is defined where something is is defined with respect to this -last sphere the celestial sphere outside of which is this eternal perfect realm where lives god who is the ultimate judge of everything -that is both aristotelian cosmology and in a certain sense medieval society now in the seventeenth century there was a revolution in thinking about -space and time and motion and so forth of newton and at the same time there was a revolution in social thought -john locke and his collaborators and they were very closely associated in fact newton and locke were friends their way of thinking about -space and time and motion on the one hand and a society on the other hand were closely related and let me show you in a newtonian universe there a s no center -thank you there are particles and they move around with respect to a fixed absolute framework -of space and time it a s meaningful to say absolutely where something is in space because that a s defining not with respect to say -where other things are but with respect to this absolute notion of space which for newton was god now similarly in locke a s society there are -which are independent of what else is happening in the society of who else there is of the history and so forth -no role in anything that happens but is in a certain sense everywhere because space is just the way that god knows where everything is according to -so this is the foundations of what a s called traditionally liberal political theory and newtonian physics now -in the twentieth century we had a revolution that was initiated at the beginning of the twentieth century and which is still going on -it was begun with the invention of relativity theory and quantum theory and merging them together to make the final quantum theory of space and time and gravity -is the culmination of that something that a s going on right now and in this universe there a s nothing fixed and absolute zilch ok this universe is described by being a network of relationships -where the young people have all the ideas and the old people have all the power and decide what science gets done it took me about twenty five seconds to decide that that was a good idea three years later -and also if you a re embedded in such a network of relationships your view of the world has to do with what information comes to you through the network -this is quantum theory this is also if you talk to legal scholars the foundations of new ideas in legal thought they a re thinking about the same things and -they make the analogy to relativity theory and cosmology often so there a s an interesting discussion going on there this last view of cosmology is -called the relational view so the main slogan here is that there a s nothing outside the universe which means that there a s no place -to put an explanation for something outside so in such a relational universe if you come upon something that a s ordered and structured like this device here or that device there -beautiful like all the living things all of you guys in the room guys in physics by the way is a generic -and -then you want to know you a re a person you want to know how is it made and in a relational universe the only possible explanation was -somehow it made itself there must be mechanisms of self organization inside the universe that make things because there a s no place to put a maker -outside as there was in the aristotelian and the newtonian universe so in a relational universe we must have processes of self organization -now darwin taught us that there are processes of self organization that suffice to explain all of us and everything we see so it works but not only that if you think about how natural selection works -then it turns out that natural selection would only make sense in such a relational universe that is natural selection -works on properties like fitness which are about relationships of some species to some other species -properties are relational now not only that but einstein taught us that gravity -is the result of the world being relational if it wasn a t for gravity there wouldn a t be life because gravity -causes stars to form and live for a very long time keeping pieces of the world like the surface of the earth out of thermal equilibrium for billions of years so life can -in the twentieth century we saw the independent development of two big themes in science in the biological sciences -they explored the implications of the notion that order and complexity and structure arise in a self organized way -that was the triumph of neo darwinism and so forth and slowly that idea is leaking out to the cognitive sciences the human sciences economics et cetera -at the same time we physicists have been busy trying to make sense of and build on and integrate the discoveries of quantum theory and relativity and what we a ve been working out is the implications really -here -our thinking about space and time and cosmology and our thinking about society are both going to continue to evolve and what they a re evolving towards -is the union of these two big ideas darwinism and relationalism -if you think about democracy from this perspective -a new pluralistic notion of democracy would be one that recognizes that there are many different interests many different agendas many different individuals many different points of view each one is incomplete -because you a re embedded in a network or relationships any actor in a democracy is embedded in a network of relationships and you understand some things better than other things -the way in which we continually address our network of relations in order to achieve a better life and a better society and i also think that science will never go away -in fact i a m finished science will never go away -so we think a lot about what really makes science work the first thing that anybody who knows science and has been around science is that the stuff you learn in school as a scientific method is wrong there is no -somehow we manage to reason together as a community from incomplete evidence to conclusions that we all agree about -and this is by the way is something that a democratic society also has to do so how does it work well my belief -or orphaned it seems that writers know that the child -outside of family -reflects on what family truly is more than what it promotes itself to be that is they also use extraordinary skills to deal with extraordinary situations on a daily basis -eighteen years as a child of the state in childrens homes and foster care you could say that im an expert on the subject -how have we not made the connection and why have we not made the connection between how has that happened between these incredible characters of popular culture and religions -and the fostered adopted or orphaned child in our midst its not our pity -i know famous musicians i know actors and film stars and millionaires and novelists and top lawyers -television executives and magazine editors and national journalists and dustbinmen and hairdressers all who were looked after children fostered adopted or orphaned and many of them grow into their adult lives in -fear of speaking of their background as if it may somehow weaken their standing in the foreground as if it were somehow kryptonite as if it were a time bomb strapped on the inside children in care -whove had a life in care deserve the right to own and live the memory of their own childhood -it is that simple my own mother -and i should say this here -she same to this country in the late sixty s and she was you know she found herself pregnant as women did in the late sixty s you know what i mean they found themselves pregnant and she sort of she had no idea of -and in being an expert i want to let you know that being an expert does in no way make you right in light of the truth -you were separated from your family by the state you were separated from your family and placed into mother and baby homes you were appointed a social worker -the adoptive parents were lined up it was the primary purpose of the social worker the aim to get the woman at her most vulnerable time in her entire life to sign the adoption papers so the adoption papers -the adoption papers were signed the child was given to the adoptive parents and the mother shipped back to her community to say that shed been on a little break -a little break -a little break the first secret of shame for a woman for being a woman a little -the mother the earth and the child the crop -its kind of easy to patronize the past to forego our responsibilities in the present what happened then is a direct reflection -of what is happening now everybody believed themselves to be doing the right thing by god and by the state for the big society -if youre in care -legally the government is your parent loco parentis margaret thatcher was my mother -fast tracking adoption -so anyway she comes here one thousand nine hundred and sixty seven shes pregnant -it was a summer of hate -you know i have to say this in the houses its her plan -to have me fostered for a short period of time while she studies but the social worker he had a different agenda -he found the foster parents and he said to them treat this as an adoption hes yours forever his name -i was a message they said i was a sign from god they said i was norman mark greenwood -i tried praying i swear i tried praying god can i have a bike for christmas but i would always answer myself -and then i was supposed to determine whether that was the voice of god or it was the voice of the -who knew -and i was on the cusp of sort of adolescence -so i was starting to take biscuits from the tin without asking i was starting to stay out a little bit late etc etc now in their religiosity in their naivete my mom and dad which i believed them to be forever as they said they were -my mom and dad conceived that i had the devil inside of me -i should say this here because this is how they engineered my leaving -my most honest and truthful answer -so this was an opportunity if they were asking me whether i loved them or not then i mustnt love them which led me to the miracle of thought that i thought they wanted me to get to i will ask god for forgiveness and his light will shine through me to them how fantastic -superman was a foster child cinderella was a foster child lisbeth salander the girl with the dragon tattoo was fostered and institutionalized batman -this was an opportunity the theology was perfect the timing unquestionable and the answer as honest as a sinner could get i mustnt love you i said to them -but i will ask god for forgiveness because you dont love us norman clearly youve chosen your path -twenty four hours later my social worker this strange man who used to visit me every couple of months hes waiting for me in the car as i say goodbye to my parents i didnt say goodbye to anybody not my mother my father my sisters my brothers my aunts my uncles my cousins my grandparents nobody -on the way to the childrens home i started to ask myself whats happened to me its not that id had the rug pulled from beneath me as much as the entire floor had been taken away -when i got to the for the next four -five years i was held in four different childrens homes -on the third childrens home at fifteen i started to rebel and what i did was i got three tins of paint airfix paint that you use for models -and i was it was a big childrens home big victorian childrens home and i was in a little turret at the top of it and i poured them red yellow and green the colors of africa down the tiles -they could do anything to me -they had a padded cell -they would march me down corridors in last size order they -i was put in a dormitory with a confirmed nazi sympathizer all of the staff were ex police interesting and ex probation officers -was orphaned lyra belacqua from philip pullmans northern lights was fostered jane eyre adopted roald dahls james from james and the giant peach matilda moses moses -the man who ran it was an ex army officer every time i had a visit by a person who i did not know who would feed me grapes once every three months -i was strip searched -that home was full of young boys who were on remand for things like murder -and this was the preparation that i was being given after seventeen years as a child of the state -i have to tell this story i have to tell it because there was no one to put two and two together -im not defining a good family from a bad family im just saying that you know when your birthday is by virtue of the fact that -somebody tells you when your birthday is a mother a father a sister a brother an aunt an uncle a cousin a grandparent it matters to someone and therefore it matters to you understand i was fourteen years old tucked away in myself into myself and i wasnt touched either physically touched im reporting back -was to find my family and the other was to write poetry in creativity i saw light in the imagination i saw the endless possibility of life the endless truth -the permanent creation of reality the place where anger was an expression in the search for love -ive just got to say it to you all i found all of my family in my adult life i spent all of my adult life finding them and ive now got a fully dysfunctional family just like everybody else -but im reporting back to you to say quite simply that you can define how strong a democracy is -imma cop something dope just wait youll see -come out of the station west fourth near the park brothers shooting hoops and someone remarks hey homes where you get -dont take my air jordans away youd think hed be worried about staying alive as i took off with his sneakers there was tears in his eyes very next day -because now i needs a new jacket to wear -cost a hundred with tax -the last fifteen years that i have been performing all i ever wanted to do was transcend poetry to the world -the hunger and thirst was and still remains how do i get people who hate poetry -yo wack -you know what the problem is with you homie you dont read other peoples poetry and you dont got any subordination for verbal measures to tonal consideration -i should have quit i mean i thought -poetry was just self expression i didnt know you actually have to have creative control -when he was writing a broadway show i would be outside of the door i would wake him up at like six thirty in the morning to ask him whos the best poet -i remember eating the eyes of a fish right out of the sea because he told me it was brain food -on a poet named etheridge knight and the oral nature of poetry and from that point reggie stopped becoming the best to me because what etheridge knight taught me -was that i could make my words sound like music -broadway baby -and attack the poetry with my body but that wasnt the biggest lesson i ever learned the biggest lesson i learned was many years later when i went to beverly hills and i ran into a talent agent who looked at me up and down -ive traveled all the way from cleveland and essex in east new york took the local six line up to the hookers of hunts point who were in my way on my way to master the art of space and the one to infinite amount of man woman and child you can fit in there only so i can push them to the back of the wall with my experience -by a bully who didnt know -that it was his father who gave it to my mother and thats a double entendre -im so experienced that when you went to the fell school and all the rich little fairy boys decided to sponsor a child in it that was me but kicked me out when i was caught teaching the fairy boys how to rob the pats off a pair of lee jeans and bring them to vim let me see chekhov pull that off -sanford meisner was my uncle artie yelling silently to himself somethings always wrong when nothings always right method acting -is nothing but a mixture of multiple personalities -boards dont hit back -guess it makes me feel special inside -when im wearing fresh gear i dont have to hide and i really must get some new gear soon or my ego will pop like a ten cent balloon but security is tight at all the shops every day there are more and more cops my crew is laughing at me because im wearing old gear schools almost over summer is near and im sportin torn jordans -only one thing left to do -cut school friday catch the subway downtown check out my victims hangin around maybe ill get lucky and find easy prey got to get some new gear theres no other way im ready and willing im packing my gun this is serious business this aint no fun and i cant have my posse laughin at me -dont move the wrist over the heart -here i must take advantage of i switch it with the five of clubs so -which card shall i use queen or five -five six seven eight you say the same card all the time eight nine -this is a kind of optical deal right -when i put one card at a table look its not one card its look its a bunch of cards that gives -now some hard stuffs -i think we keep the queen here -now to the -dont look at the -is high frequency -and its enough with a fraction of a second to destroy the retina completely right sorry my i should have mentioned that yeah but you can relax because it takes half an hour before it works so you have plenty of time to see -put the laser here -now when i deal the cards in the -yes did the camera got it no -another group -but you see the hand -that was the reason right you see the cards yes -one guy laughed so now to find the queen -do it this way take -to this position from this without moving the wrist -now a little more difficult -anyone name -here i have to peek lots of cards i think there are lots of -i dont know how many but ten fifteen spades in a deck at least right -now the shortcut -i start with the -yeah ace ah yeah spades -same mistake as before right so -i arrange the spades the clubs -but it was six six moves now with one -and now and then i get some extra sympathy points -right -nine -i start here palm down you can follow -ace of diamonds -and now look ace of diamonds will guide -now a little more difficult thing maybe you think i have the cards in order already -that should be -you i drop the cards -so in this case -you help me if i drop the card face up -you reverse it lg ok -that was the warming -no diamonds good -see the pattern -maybe its important -figure out so many outs when i miss some cards but i love it -i will do it i will try to find find the the diamonds but i will do it the hard way -its too easy to do it right away right -i think i will do it -look shake the the -it was a womens -yeah good yeah you can take the nostril too because some guys -guys think i can peek through the -my favorite topic is -right good satisfied looks good like -and elegance right -i like her yeah i said be a little be a little tough and it was ok one more the last -now you must agree that -i must rely on other senses right -i work with vibration -so what was the -maybe ill stand up half diamonds ill start with ace of diamonds -just kidding warming up king -and i give you a diamonds so they so you put them here in a nice row right -ace of diamonds yes -i never ever miss two this is interesting -but the wrong color spades sorry -the the deck is a gift to you after so let the skepticals here in this examine them right remind me its a gift -right -i -no -and you can sit over there one item here was water right -i will give my tribute to water -you see that in the screen and this is face up and its not at the bottom here so next card will be was it five zoe five yeah i i will reverse it face up here -the -seven -i do this i know where it -i think its enough with water for me the other guys can talk about -and then -again i love -jack you with -five seconds yeah five five seconds -you -control cards and so on and -the master of shortcuts its of course nature but i will demonstrate -to do it quick i work with -so -i have studied the poker i like -i dont gamble but -so if we are -if we have a five person and i will do a five handed poker game -now i will interact so a different -the time so not the same person can answer so we have an agreement -which one shall have a good -which number one two three four or five -ways to get -to make it a little the critical moment is -if a card shark gather the card together immediately when he -to get rid of difficulties and go to the point to find an answer probably much quicker than arthur did so -he deals the card now -so i think number three i have arranged them in a full house with queens -i will explain -five i start with -so here you see the contrast when i -also the other hand is good if all the other guys has good hands too so these guys has actually a -a kind -no reaction that with even ok and this these look in order im probably hopefully -three four five six seven -i will have the winning hand ten jack queen king ace yeah -mix them now if you are interested i will demonstrate some -i work with kind of estimation -shuffle tracking -violate the common sense -the first term is estimation -here i can estimate exactly how many cards are put between the my royal flush -of course i can count the card but this is much quicker right you agree -so here i have actually -i know exactly where the cards are so here i can make a bet and this is actually one of the points where i get my money so here ten jack queen king -next is a -i do it quick i call this -so here i think i i know about where the cards are i -the cards and youll say stop when i point to -here you see some are missing and thats the -now another term called shuffle tracking shuffle tracking means i keep track of the -even if another person person shuffle this is a little risky so because if you look now i can still see it you agree -up if you do this -have to calculate but actually i dont like to calculate i work direct with the right brain if you pass the left brain you have to take care of logic and common sense direct in the right brain thats much better -of the same -and if you work with in the right atmosphere with humor you have thats the password to the -the common the logic says you must turn the -cosmic bank of knowledge -where you can find any solution of any problem -ok now i drop the cards -the -when im sober i do this much quicker but -not in order it that was -no now and then i put in a mistake just to emphasize how difficult it is right -last night i forgot that that was a mistake but now im glad i remember it so -bought here sorry i have a little pad to make it a -this deck is bought here in america its called bicycle -is very flexible but not so many people know -if you check if you press at the right the right -i will first -you see how thin and flexible this deck is right now you can carry -so you dont see it make no reaction -so but here -is the camera getting too much no -then when we will have it back -how you can do it without moving the wrist -but not too much -have to push it down again here please if you push -heaps everyone see -them together so they are -and then i will demonstrate a thing from -russian satellite -shortcuts i talk about shortcuts now i go very quick through the deck and try to find some pattern the new chaos theory is already old right -you know i think you are familiar with familiar with -spirals and all these things and its much -to memorize cards in a pattern way and not -then its the left brain but if you just look and talk in another language -so now -jack of spades -i think jack of spades is number twelve from the top -one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven -so -you said spades yes ah my fault dont applaud this was clubs -so jack of spades -two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty twenty one twenty two twenty -now i do it quicker better -the time when i lift the heap i peek -right molded -three four five six then i calculate yeah good -another person another -so i will do it quick very quick but in slow motion so you can follow -i -good -the thing i did i peeked i know where the card were -and i -i chose it so another person another -do it the the regular speed right -maybe you -so thank you another person another card -five of clubs say stop when the cards are in -the -over the heart dont move the wrist -i think we we save five of clubs and now a card with a contrast of five of clubs -i will do the most difficult thing -for example you are sitting in las vegas and youre betting and you let the other guys -forward dont move the wrist -by mistake feel its just the regular one -and now when i lift -be your card what was your -so thats a -so here i grab -you know this five of clubs -and queen of hearts yes -and in fact we did sometimes do physics together we never published a paper together but we did have a lot of fun -i remember once he told me a story about a joke that the students played on him they took him i think it was for his birthday they took him for lunch they took him for lunch to a sandwich place in pasadena it may still exist i dont know -decided when i was asked to do this that what i really wanted to talk about was my friend richard feynman i was one of the fortunate few that really did get to know him and enjoyed his presence -celebrity sandwiches was their thing you could get a marilyn monroe sandwich you could get a humphrey bogart sandwich -the students went there in advance -and without skipping a beat at all he said well -i remember sometime during the eighty s the mid eighty s dick and i and sidney coleman would meet a couple of times up in san francisco at some very rich guys house up in san francisco for dinner -and the last time the rich guy invited us he also invited a couple of philosophers these guys were philosophers of mind -and im going to tell you the richard feynman that i knew im sure there are other people here who could tell you about the richard feynman they knew and it would probably be a different richard feynman richard feynman was a very complex man he was a man of many many parts he was of course foremost a very very very great scientist -their specialty was the philosophy of consciousness -and they were full of all kinds of jargon im trying to remember the words -can you build a machine that thinks like a human being that is conscious -but the amazing thing was feynman had to leave a little early he wasnt feeling too well so he left a little bit early and sidney and i were left there with the two philosophers -and the amazing thing is these guys were flying they were so happy they had met the great man they had been instructed by the great man they had an enormous amount of fun having their faces shoved in the mud -dick he was my friend i did call him dick dick and i had a certain a little bit of a rapport i think it may have been a special rapport that he and i had we liked each other we liked the same kind of things i also liked the kind of intellectual macho games -sometimes i would win mostly he would win but we both enjoyed them -and dick became convinced at some point that he and i had some kind of similarity of personality i dont think he was right i think the only point of similarity between us is we both like to talk about ourselves -but he was convinced of this and he was curious the man was incredibly curious and he wanted to understand what it was and why it was that there was this funny connection -and one day we were walking we were in france we were in la zouche we were up in the mountains one thousand nine hundred and seventy six we were up in the mountains and feynman said to me he said leonardo the reason he called me leonardo is because we were in europe and he was practicing his french -and i said well my real hero was my father he was a working man had a fifth grade education -he was a master mechanic and he taught me how to use tools he taught me all sorts of things about mechanical things he even taught me the pythagorean theorem he didnt call it the hypotenuse he called it the shortcut distance and feynmans eyes just opened up he went off like a light bulb -and he said he had had basically exactly the same relationship with his father in fact he had been convinced at one -he was an actor you saw him act i also had the good fortune to be in those lectures up in the balcony -time that to be a good -being dick he of course wanted to check this he wanted to go out and do an experiment so well he did he went out and did an experiment he asked all his friends that he thought were good physicists -was it your mom or your pop that influenced you and to a man they were all men to a man every single one of them said my mother -but he was very excited that he had finally met somebody who had the same experience with my father as he had with his father and for some time he was convinced this was the reason we got along so well i dont know maybe who knows but let me tell you a little bit about feynman the physicist -most elementary solution to a problem that was possible if it wasnt possible you had to use something fancier but -in the one thousand nine hundred and fifty s people were trying to figure out how superfluid helium worked -he was a drum player he was a teacher par excellence -there was a theory it was due to a russian mathematical physicist and it was a complicated theory ill tell you what that theory was soon enough it was a terribly complicated theory full of very difficult integrals and formulas and mathematics and so forth -and it sort of worked but it didnt work very well the only way it worked is when the helium atoms were very very far apart the helium atoms had to be very far apart and unfortunately the helium atoms in liquid helium are right on top of each other -guided by a small number of simple principles the small number of simple principles were very very simple the first one was that when helium atoms touch each other they repel the implication of that is that the wave function has to go to zero it has to vanish when the helium atoms touch each other -the other fact is that the ground state the lowest energy state of a quantum system the wave function is always very smooth has the minimum number of wiggles -so he sat down and i imagine he had nothing more than a simple piece of paper and a pencil and he tried to write down and did write down the simplest function that he could think of which had the boundary conditions -the thing was that that simple thing that he wrote down explained everything that was known at the time about liquid helium and then some -ive always wondered whether the professionals the real professional helium physicists were just a little bit embarrassed by this -they had their super powerful technique and they couldnt do as well incidentally ill tell you what that super powerful technique was it was the technique of feynman diagrams -moving real fast because theyre moving real fast -relativity says the internal motions go very slow -the electron hits it suddenly its like taking a very sudden snapshot of the proton -what do you see you see a frozen bunch of partons they dont move and because they dont move during the course of the experiment you dont have to worry about how theyre moving you dont have to worry about the forces between them -you just get to think of it as a population of frozen partons -this was the key to analyzing these experiments extremely effective it really did somebody said the word revolution is a bad word i suppose it is so i wont say revolution but it certainly evolved very very deeply our understanding of the proton and of particles beyond that -well i had some more that i was going to tell you about my connection with feynman what he was like but i see i have exactly half a minute so i think ill just finish up by saying -the man had somehow a lot of room at the bottom and what i mean by that is a lot of room in my case i cant speak for anybody else -i actually dont think feynman would have liked this event i think he would have said i dont need this but -phrases and snippets taken out of context in what i call the highlighter version which is the one favored by both muslim fundamentalists and anti muslim -so this past spring as i was gearing up to begin writing a biography of muhammad i realized i needed to read the koran properly as properly as i could -my arabics reduced by now to wielding a dictionary so i took four well known translations and decided to read them side by side verse by verse along with a transliteration and the original seventh century arabic -now i did have -an advantage -my last book was about the story behind the shia sunni split and for that id worked closely with the earliest islamic histories -so i knew the events to which the koran constantly refers its frame of reference i knew enough that is to know that id be a tourist in the -koran an informed one an experienced one even but still an outsider an agnostic jew reading -may have heard about the korans idea of paradise being seventy two virgins and i promise i will come back to those virgins but in fact here in the northwest were living very close to the real koranic idea -so i read slowly -set aside three weeks for this project and that i think is what is meant by hubris because -it turned out to be three months -i did resist the temptation to skip to the back where the shorter and more clearly mystical chapters -but every time i thought i was beginning to get a handle on the koran that feeling of i get it now it would slip away overnight and -in the morning wondering if i wasnt lost in a strange land and yet the terrain was very familiar -the koran declares that it comes to renew the message of the torah and the gospels so one third of it reprises the stories of biblical figures like abraham moses joseph mary -jesus god himself was utterly familar from his earlier manifestation as yahweh jealously insisting on no other gods -the presence of camels mountains desert wells and springs took me back to the year i spent wandering the sinai desert -and then there was the language the rhythmic cadence of it reminding me of evenings spent listening to bedouin elders recite hours long narrative poems entirely from memory -and i began to grasp why its said that the koran is really the koran only in arabic -take the faatihah the seven verse opening chapter that is the lords prayer and the shema israel of islam combined -its just twenty nine words in arabic but anywhere from sixty five to seventy two in translation and yet the more you add the more seems to go missing -the arabic has an incantatory almost hypnotic quality that begs to be heard rather than -defined thirty six times as gardens watered by running streams since i live on a houseboat on the running stream of lake union -it wants to be chanted out loud to sound its music in the ear and on the tongue so the koran in english is a kind of shadow of itself -called his version an interpretation but all is not lost in translation -as the koran promises patience is rewarded and there are many surprises a degree of environmental awareness for instance and of humans as mere stewards of gods creation -unmatched in the bible and where the bible is addressed exclusively to men using the second and third person masculine the koran includes women talking for instance of -believing men and believing women honorable men and honorable women -or take the infamous verse about killing the unbelievers yes it does say that but in a very specific context -the anticipated conquest of the sanctuary city of mecca where fighting was usually forbidden -and the permission comes hedged about with qualifiers not you must kill unbelievers in mecca but you can you are allowed to but only after a grace period is over -and only if theres no other pact in place and only if they try to stop you getting to the kaaba and -you first and even then god is merciful forgiveness is supreme and so essentially -better if you -this makes perfect sense to me but the thing is how come its news to most people -some of these verses are definite in meaning it says and others are ambiguous the perverse at heart will seek out the ambiguities -the phrase god is subtle appears again and again and indeed the whole -most of us have been led to believe as in for instance that little matter of virgins and -old fashioned orientalism comes into play here the word used four times is -as dark eyed maidens with swelling breasts or as fair high bosomed virgins -yet all there is in the original arabic is that one word houris not a swelling breast nor a high bosom in -now this may be a way of saying pure beings like in angels or it may be like the greek kouros or kara an eternal youth but the truth is -i know many well intentioned non muslims whove begun reading the koran but given up disconcerted by its otherness -and thats the point because the koran is quite clear when it says that youll be a new creation -and that you will be recreated in a form unknown to you which seems to me a far more appealing prospect -number seventy two never -seventy two virgins in the koran that idea only came into being three hundred years later and most islamic scholars see it as the equivalent of people with wings sitting on -harps paradise is quite the opposite its not -its plenty its gardens watered by -the historian thomas carlyle considered muhammad one of the worlds greatest heroes yet even he called the koran as toilsome reading as i ever undertook a wearisome confused jumble -part of the problem i think is that we imagine that the koran can be read as we usually read a book as though we can curl up with it on a rainy afternoon with a bowl of popcorn within reach -as though god and the koran is entirely in the voice of god speaking to muhammad were just another author on the best -still some boundaries are larger than others -so a human encountering the divine as muslims believe muhammad -is a strange thing to do its a journey into the foreign territory of somebody elses life -there were no choirs of angels no music of the spheres no elation no ecstasy no golden aura surrounding him no sense of an absolute fore ordained role as the messenger of god -that is he did none of the things that might make it easy to cry foul to put down the whole story as a pious fable -quite the contrary -in his own reported words he was convinced at first that what had happened couldnt have been real -in fact he was so sure that he could only be majnun possessed by a jinn that when he found himself still alive his first -impulse was to finish the job himself to leap off the highest cliff and escape the terror of what hed experienced by putting an end to all experience -so the man who fled down the mountain that night trembled not with joy but with a stark primordial -and that panicked disorientation that sundering of everything familiar that daunting awareness of something beyond human comprehension -this might be somewhat difficult to grasp now that we use the word awesome to describe a new app or a viral video with the exception perhaps of a massive earthquake were protected from real awe we close the doors and hunker down convinced that were in control -or at least hoping for control we do our best to ignore the fact that we dont always have it and that not everything can be explained yet whether youre a rationalist or a mystic -whether you think the words muhammad heard that night came from inside himself or from outside whats clear is that he did experience them -and that he did so with a force that would shatter his sense of himself and his world and transform this otherwise modest man into a radical advocate for social and economic -justice fear was the only sane response the only human response -too human for some like conservative muslim theologians who maintain that the account of his wanting to kill himself shouldnt even be mentioned despite the fact that its in the earliest islamic biographies -they insist that he never doubted for even a single moment let alone despaired -demanding perfection -they refuse to tolerate human imperfection yet what exactly is imperfect about doubt -because doubt is essential -if this seems a startling idea at first consider that doubt as graham greene once put it is -five years ago for instance i found myself waking each morning in misty seattle to what i knew was an impossible question -the heart of the matter abolish all doubt and whats left is not faith but absolute heartless conviction -youre certain that you possess the truth inevitably offered with an implied uppercase t -in short the arrogance of fundamentalism -it has to be one of the multiple ironies of history that a favorite expletive of muslim fundamentalists is the same one once used by the christian fundamentalists known as crusaders -they found the perfect antidote to thought and the ideal refuge of the hard demands of real faith they dont have to struggle for it like jacob wrestling through the night with the angel or like jesus in his forty days and nights in the wilderness or like muhammad not only that night on the mountain but throughout his years as a prophet -what actually happened one desert night half the world and almost half of history away what happened that is on the night in the year six hundred and ten when muhammad received the first revelation of the koran on a mountain just outside mecca -and yet we the vast and still far too silent majority have ceded the public arena to this extremist minority -weve allowed judaism to be claimed by violently messianic west bank settlers christianity by homophobic hypocrites and misogynistic bigots islam by suicide -it involves an ongoing struggle a continual questioning of what we think we know a wrestling with issues and ideas it goes hand in hand with doubt in a never ending conversation with it and sometimes -in conscious defiance of it and this conscious defiance is why i as an agnostic can still have faith -i have faith for instance that peace in the middle east is possible despite the ever accumulating mass of evidence to the contrary -im not convinced of this i can hardly say i believe it i can only have faith in it commit myself that is to the idea of it -and i do this precisely because of the temptation to throw up my hands in resignation and retreat into silence because despair -in fact most of us do whether were atheist or theist or anywhere in between or beyond for that matter -we insist on faith in the future and in each other -this is the core mystical moment of islam and as such of course it defies empirical analysis yet the question wouldnt let go of me -call it impossibly idealistic if you must but one thing is sure call it human -could muhammad have so radically changed his world without such faith without the refusal to cede to the arrogance of closed minded certainty i think not -hed be torn apart by the bitter divisiveness of sectarianism -hed call out terrorism for what it is not only criminal but an obscene travesty of everything he believed in and struggled -and hed commit himself fully to the hard and thorny process -and i plead guilty as charged because all exploration physical or intellectual is inevitably in some sense an act of transgression of crossing boundaries -by focusing so much on ourselves and our gadgets we have rendered the individuals on the other end into invisibility -as tiny and interchangeable as the parts of a mobile phone chinese workers are not forced into factories because of our insatiable desire for ipods they choose to leave their homes in order to earn money to learn new skills -and to see the world in the ongoing debate about globalization whats been missing is the voices of the workers themselves -my mother tells me to come home and get married but if i marry now before i have fully developed myself -i can only marry an ordinary worker so im not in a rush -now after i get off work i study english because in the future our customers wont be only chinese so we must learn more languages all of these speakers by the way are young women eighteen or nineteen years old -so i spent two years getting to know assembly line workers like these in the south china factory city called dongguan -certain subjects came up over and over how much money they made what kind of husband they hoped to marry whether they should jump to another factory or stay where they were -other subjects came up almost never including living conditions that to me looked close to prison life ten or fifteen workers in one room fifty people sharing a single bathroom days and nights ruled by the factory clock -everyone they knew lived in similar circumstances and it was still better than the dormitories and homes of rural china -the workers rarely spoke about the products they made and they often had great difficulty explaining what exactly they did -when i asked lu qingmin the young woman i got to know best what exactly she did on the factory floor she said something to me in chinese that sounded like qiu xi only much later did i realize that she had been saying qc or quality control -she couldnt even tell me what she did on the factory floor all she could do was parrot a garbled abbreviation in a language she didnt even understand -karl marx saw this as the tragedy of capitalism the alienation of the worker from the product of his labor -unlike say a traditional maker of shoes or cabinets the worker in an industrial factory has no control no pleasure and no true satisfaction or understanding in her own work -imagine the teenage farm girl who makes less than a dollar an hour stitching your running shoes or the young chinese man who jumps off a rooftop after working overtime assembling your ipad -but like so many theories that marx arrived at sitting in the reading room of the british museum he got this one wrong -just because a person spends her time making a piece of something does not mean that she becomes that a piece of something what she does with the money she earns what she learns in that place and how it changes her these are the things that matter -what a factory makes is never the point and the workers could not care less who buys their products journalistic coverage -for example an entry level line assembly line worker in china in an iphone plant would have to shell out two and a half months wages -for an iphone but how meaningful is this calculation really for example i recently wrote an article in the new yorker magazine but i cant afford to buy an ad in it -but who cares i dont want an ad in the new yorker and most of these workers dont really want iphones their calculations are different how long should i stay in this factory how much money can i save how much will it take to buy an apartment or a car to get married or to put my child through school -the workers i got to know had a curiously abstract relationship with the product of their labor -about a year after i met lu qingmin or min she invited me home to her family village for the chinese new year on the train home she gave me a present a coach brand change purse with brown leather trim i thanked her assuming it was fake like almost everything else for sale in dongguan -after we got home min gave her mother another present a pink dooney bourke handbag and a few nights later her sister was showing off a maroon lesportsac shoulder bag -slowly it was dawning on me that these handbags were made by their factory and every single one of them was authentic -we the beneficiaries of globalization seem to exploit these victims with every purchase we make and the injustice feels embedded in the products themselves -one bag will sell for six thousand she paused and said i dont know if that -once when mins older sisters friend got married she brought a handbag along as a wedding present another time after min had already left the handbag factory her younger sister came to visit bringing two coach signature handbags as gifts -i looked in the zippered pocket of one and i found a printed card in english which read -an american classic in one thousand nine hundred and forty one the burnished patina of an all american baseball glove -inspired the founder of coach to create a new collection of handbags from the same luxuriously soft gloved hand leather -six skilled leatherworkers crafted twelve signature handbags with perfect proportions and a timeless flair they were fresh functional and women everywhere adored them a new american classic was born -i wonder what karl marx would have made of min and her sisters their relationship with the product of their labor was more complicated surprising and funny than he could have imagined -and yet his view of the world persists and our tendency to see the workers as faceless masses to imagine that we can know what theyre really thinking -the first time i met min she had just turned eighteen and quit her first job on the assembly line of an electronics factory -over the next two years i watched as she switched jobs five times eventually landing a lucrative post in the purchasing department of a hardware factory -later she married a fellow migrant worker moved with him to his village gave birth to two daughters and saved enough money to buy a secondhand buick for herself and an apartment for her parents -she recently returned to dongguan on her own to take a job in a factory that makes construction cranes temporarily leaving her husband and children back in the village in a recent email to me she explained -a person should have some ambition while she is young so that in old age she can look back on her life and feel that it was not lived to no purpose -across china there are one hundred and fifty million workers like her one third of them women who have left their villages to work in the factories the hotels the restaurants and the construction sites of the big cities together they make up the largest migration in history -and it is globalization this chain that begins in a chinese farming village and ends with iphones in our pockets and nikes on our feet and coach handbags on our arms that has changed the way these millions of people work and marry and live and think -when i first went to dongguan i worried that it would be depressing to spend so much time with workers i also worried that nothing would ever happen to them or that they would have nothing to say to me -so this simple narrative equating western demand and chinese suffering is appealing especially at a time when many of us already feel guilty about our impact on the world but its also inaccurate and disrespectful -instead i found young women who were smart and funny and brave and generous by opening up their lives to me they taught me so much about factories and about china and about how to live in the world -this is the coach purse that min gave me on the train home to visit her family -i keep it with me to remind me of the ties that tie me to the young women i wrote about ties that are not economic but personal in nature measured not in money but in memories -this purse is also a reminder that the things that you imagine sitting in your office or in the library are not how you find them when you actually go out into the world thank you -really really rudimentary things you know like how to type a document in word or how to say really simple things in english -you can help their social mobility and their self improvement when you talk to workers thats what they want they do not say i want better hot water in the showers i want a nicer room i want a tv set i mean it would be nice to have those things but thats not why theyre in the city and thats not what they care about -upward downward sideways but generally upward if you spend enough time its upward and i met people who had moved to the city ten years ago and who are now basically urban middle class people -so the trajectory is definitely upward its just hard to see when youre suddenly sucked into the city it looks like everyones poor and desperate but thats not really how it is certainly the factory conditions are really tough and its nothing you or i would want to do but -we must be peculiarly self obsessed to imagine that we have the power to drive tens of millions of people on the other side of the world to migrate and suffer in such terrible ways -from their perspective where theyre coming from is much worse and where theyre going is hopefully much better and i just wanted to give that context of whats going on in their minds not what necessarily is going on in yours ca thanks so much for your talk thank you -in fact china makes goods for markets all over the world including its own thanks to a combination of factors its low costs its large and educated workforce and a flexible manufacturing system that responds quickly to market demands -it may even be your story i dont look like a typical domestic violence survivor i have a b a in english from harvard college an mba in marketing from wharton business school ive spent most of my career working for fortune five hundred companies including johnson johnson leo burnett and the washington post -ive been married for almost twenty years to my second husband and we have three kids together -my dog is a black lab and i drive a honda odyssey minivan -all races all religions all income and education levels its everywhere -and my second message is that everyone thinks domestic violence happens to women that its a womens issue not exactly -over eighty five percent of abusers are men -and domestic abuse happens only in intimate interdependent long term relationships -m here today to talk about a disturbing question which has an equally disturbing answer -in other words in families the last place we would want or expect to find violence -which is one reason domestic abuse is so confusing i would have told you myself that i was the last person on earth who would stay with a man who beats me but in fact i was a very typical victim because of my age i was twenty two and in the united states -women ages sixteen to twenty four are three times as likely to be domestic violence victims as women of other ages -and over five hundred women and girls this age are killed every year by abusive partners boyfriends and husbands in the united states -i was also a very typical victim because i knew nothing about domestic violence its warning signs or its patterns -i met conor -on a cold rainy january night -he sat next to me on the new york city subway -and he started chatting me up -he told me two things one was that he too had just graduated from an ivy league school -and that he worked at a very impressive wall street bank -my topic is the secrets of domestic -but what made the biggest impression on me that first meeting was that he was smart and funny -and he looked like a farm boy he had these big cheeks these big apple cheeks and this wheat blond hair and he seemed so sweet -one of the smartest things conor did from the very beginning was to create the illusion that i was the dominant partner in the relationship -he did this especially at the beginning by idolizing me -and the question im going to tackle -we started dating and he loved everything about me that i was smart that id gone to harvard that i was passionate about helping teenage girls and my job he wanted to know everything about my family and my childhood and my hopes and dreams conor believed in me as a writer and a woman in a way that no one else -is the one question everyone always asks -he had been savagely and repeatedly physically abused by his stepfather and the abuse had gotten so bad that he had had to drop out of school in eighth grade even though he was very smart and hed spent almost twenty years rebuilding his life which is why -that ivy league degree and the wall street job and his bright shiny future meant so much to him -if you had told me -that this smart -funny sensitive man who adored me -would one day dictate whether or not i wore makeup -how short my skirts were -where i lived what jobs i took who my friends were and where i spent christmas -i would have laughed at you because there was not a hint of violence or control or anger in conor -why does she stay why would anyone stay with a man who beats her -that the first stage in any domestic violence relationship -is to seduce and charm the victim -i also didnt know that the second step is to isolate the victim now conor did not -come home one day and announce -im not a psychiatrist a social worker -instead conor came home one friday evening -and he told me that he had quit his job that day his dream job -and he said that he had quit his job because of me -because i had made him feel so safe and loved that he didnt need to prove himself on wall street anymore and he just wanted to get out of the city and away from his abusive dysfunctional family and move to a tiny town in new england where he could start his life over with me by his side -or an expert in domestic violence -now the last thing i wanted to do was leave new york -and my dream job -but i thought you made sacrifices for your soulmate -im just one woman with a story to tell -i had no idea -i was falling into crazy love -that i was walking headfirst into a carefully laid physical financial and psychological trap -the next step in the domestic violence pattern is to introduce the threat of violence and see how she reacts -and heres where those guns come in -as soon as we moved to new england -you know that place where connor was supposed to feel so safe -i was twenty two i had just graduated from harvard college i had moved to new york city for my first job as a writer and editor at seventeen magazine -he bought three guns he kept one in the glove compartment of our car -he kept one under the pillows on our bed -and the third one he kept in his pocket at all times -and he said that he needed those guns because of the trauma hed experienced as a young boy he needed them to feel protected but those guns were really a message for me -and even though he hadnt raised a hand to me my life was already in grave danger every minute of every day -conor first physically attacked -i was working on my computer trying to finish a freelance writing assignment and i got frustrated -and conor used my anger as an excuse to put both of his hands around my neck -and to squeeze so tightly that i could not breathe or scream -and he used the chokehold -to hit my head repeatedly against the wall -five days later -the ten bruises on my neck had just faded -despite what had happened i was sure we were going to live happily ever -it was an isolated incident and he was never going to hurt me again -it happened twice more on the honeymoon -the first time i was driving to find a secret beach -and i got lost and he punched me in the side of my head so hard -i had my first apartment my first little green american express card -that the other side of my head repeatedly hit the drivers side window -and then a few days later driving home from our honeymoon -he got frustrated by traffic -and he threw a cold big mac in my face conor proceeded to beat me once or twice a week for the next two and a half years of our marriage -i was mistaken in thinking that i was unique and alone in this situation one in three american women experiences domestic violence or stalking at some point in her life -and the cdc reports that fifteen million children are abused every year -back to my question -and i had a very big secret -i didnt know he was abusing -even though he held those loaded guns to my head pushed me down stairs threatened to kill our dog pulled the key out of the car ignition as i drove down the highway poured coffee grinds on my head -as i dressed for a job interview i never once thought of myself as a battered wife -instead i was a very strong woman in love with a deeply troubled man -my secret was -and i was the only person on earth -who could help conor face his demons -the other question everybody asks is -why didnt i walk out -i could have left any time to me this is the saddest and most painful question that people ask -because we victims know something you usually dont -its incredibly dangerous to leave an abuser because the final step in the domestic violence pattern is kill her -over seventy percent of domestic violence murders happen after the victim has ended the relationship -other outcomes include long term stalking -even after the abuser remarries denial of financial resources and manipulation of the family court system to terrify the victim and her children who are regularly forced by family court judges to spend unsupervised time with the man who beat their mother -pointed at my head by the man who i thought was my soulmate -and still we ask why doesnt she just leave -i was able to leave -because of one final sadistic beating that broke through my denial -i realized that the man who i loved so much -was going to kill me if i let him -so i broke the silence -i told everyone -many many times -and im here today -because you all helped me -we tend to stereotype victims as grisly headlines self destructive women damaged goods the question why does she stay -is code for some people for -the man who i loved -but since publishing crazy love -i have heard hundreds of stories from men and women who also got out -who learned an invaluable life lesson -from what happened and who rebuilt lives joyous -happy lives as employees wives and mothers lives completely free of violence -more than anybody on earth -like me -i remarried a kind and gentle man -and we have those three kids i have that black lab -and i have that minivan what i will never have again -held a gun to my head and threatened to kill me -i promise you -there are several people listening to me right now -who are currently being abused -or who were abused as children -or who are abusers themselves -more times than i can even remember -abuse could be affecting your daughter your sister your best friend -talk about what you heard here -abuse thrives only in silence -im here to tell you the story of crazy love -you have the power -to end domestic violence -simply by shining a spotlight on -we victims need everyone we need every one of you -to understand the secrets of domestic -show abuse the light of day by talking about it with your children your coworkers your friends and family recast survivors as wonderful lovable people -a psychological trap disguised as love one that millions of women and even a few -with full futures -recognize the early signs of violence and conscientiously intervene deescalate it show victims a safe way out -together we can make our beds -thank you -fall into every year -and people ask me lewis what can we do about climate change and i say to them i think we need to do three things the first thing we need to do is we need to break this problem down into manageable chunks -you saw during that video all those flags those flags represented the countries from which my team came from and equally when it comes to climate change -every single country is going to have to make cuts britain america japan south africa the congo all of us together were all on the same ship together -the second thing we need to do is we need to just look back at how far we have come in such a short period of time -i remember just a few years ago speaking about climate change and people heckling me in the back and saying it doesnt even -ive just come back from giving a series of speeches in some of the poorest townships in south africa to young children as young as ten years old -five children sitting behind a desk and even in those poorest conditions they all had a very very good grasp -of climate change we need to believe in ourselves now is the time to believe weve come a long way -doing good but the most important thing we must do is i think we must all walk to the end -our lives and turn around and ask ourselves a most fundamental question and that is -for the first time and it was so beautiful that ive been back there ever since for the last seven years i love the place -but i have seen that place change beyond all description just in that short period of time i have seen polar bears walking across very very thin ice in search of food -i have swum in front of glaciers which have retreated so much and i have also every year seen less and less sea ice -and i wanted the world to know what was happening up there in the two years before my swim twenty three percent of the arctic sea ice cover -just melted away and i wanted to really shake the lapels of world leaders to get them to understand what is happening -i want to talk to you about swimming across the north pole across the most northern place in the whole world and perhaps the best place to start is with my late father -so i decided to do this symbolic swim at the top of the world in a place which should be frozen over but which now is rapidly unfreezing -and the message was very clear climate change is for real and we need to do something about it and we need to do something about it right now -well swimming across the north pole its not an ordinary thing to do i mean just to put it in perspective -the passengers who fell off the titanic fell into water of just five degrees centigrade fresh water freezes at zero -and the water at the north pole is minus one point seven its fucking freezing -im sorry but there is no other way to describe it -and so i had to assemble an incredible team around me to help me with this task i -it couldnt be further from the truth for me -and i then went and did a huge amount of training swimming in icy water backwards and forwards but the most important thing was to train my mind to prepare myself for what was going to happen -and i had to visualize the swim i had to see it from the beginning all the way to the end i had to taste the salt water in my mouth i had to see my coach screaming for me -he was a great storyteller he could tell a story about an event and so you felt you were absolutely there at the moment -in my mind -and then after a year of training i felt ready i felt confident that i could actually do this swim so myself and the five members of the team we hitched a ride on an icebreaker which was going to the north pole -and on day four we decided to just do a quick five minute test swim i had never swum in water of minus one point seven degrees before -the ice and i then got into my swimming costume and i dived into the sea i have never in my life felt anything like that moment -i could barely breathe i was gasping for air i was hyperventilating so much and within seconds my hands were numb and it was the paradox is that youre in freezing cold water but actually youre on fire -i swam as hard as i could for five minutes i remember just trying to get out of the water i climbed out of the ice and i remember taking the goggles off my face and looking down at my hands -in sheer shock because my fingers had swollen so much that they were like sausages and they were swollen so much i couldnt even close them -what had happened is that we are made partially of water and when water freezes it expands and so what had actually happened is that the cells in my fingers -had frozen and expanded and they had burst and i was in so much agony i immediately got rushed onto the ship -and into a hot shower and i remember standing underneath the hot shower and trying to defrost my fingers and i thought -in two days time i was going to do this swim across the north pole i was going to try and do a twenty minute swim for one kilometer across the north pole -and this dream which i had had ever since i was a young boy with my father was just going out the window there is no possibility that this was going to happen -and i remember then getting out of the shower and realizing i couldnt even feel my hands and for a swimmer you need to feel your hands because you need to be able to grab the water and pull it through with you -the next morning i woke up and i was in such a state of depression and all i could think about was -for those of you who dont know him hes the great british explorer a number of years ago he tried to ski all the way to the north pole he accidentally fell through the ice into the sea and after just three minutes in that water -he went to a local hospital and there they said ran there is no possibility of us being able to save these fingers we are going to actually have to take them off and ran -and all i could think of was if that happened to ran after three minutes and i can feel my hands after five minutes -loud and the light was so intense that he actually had to put his hands in front of his face to protect his eyes and he said that he could actually see an -what on earth is going to happen if i try twenty minutes at the very best im going to end up losing some fingers and at worst i didnt even want to think about it -we carried on sailing through the ice packs towards the north pole and my close friend david saw the way i was thinking and he came up to me and he said lewis ive known you since you were eighteen years old -ive known you and i know lewis deep down right deep down here that you are going to make this swim -i so believe in you lewis ive seen the way youve been training and i realize the reason why youre going to do this this is such an important swim -we stand at a very very important moment in this history and youre going to make a symbolic swim here -to try to shake the lapels of world leaders lewis have the courage to go in there because we are going to look after you every moment of -and i just i got so much confidence from him saying that because he knew me so well -so we carried on sailing and we arrived at the north pole and we stopped the ship and it was just as the scientists had predicted there were open patches of sea everywhere -and i went down into my cabin and i put on my swimming costume and then the doctor strapped on a chest monitor which measures my core body temperature and my heart rate and then we walked out onto the ice -and i remember looking into the ice and there were big chunks of white ice in there and the water -of his fingers because the light was so bright and i know that watching that atomic bomb going off had a very very big impact on my late father -completely black i had never seen black water before and it is four thousand two hundred meters deep -ice -sailing out of harbor now and its at this stage -one can have a bit of a wobble -just looks so gray around here and looks so -think that in thirty forty years they could become extinct its a very frightening very -every holiday i had as a young boy was in a national park what he was trying to do with me was to inspire me to protect the world and show me just how fragile the world is he also told me -years of training and planning and preparation -here and do my swim its -i really really wanted to go to the arctic there was something about that place which drew me to it and well sometimes it takes a long time for a dream to come true but seven years ago i went to the arctic -id just like to end off by just saying this it took my four months again to feel my hands but was it worth it yes absolutely it was there are very very few people who dont know now about what is happening in the arctic -because you know were made partially of water when water freezes it expands and so the cells in my fingers had frozen and expanded and burst -and the most immediate thought when i came out of that water was the following -im never ever going to do another cold water -in my life again anyway last year i heard about the himalayas and the melting of -and left in its place this big lake and i firmly believe that what were seeing in the himalayas is the next great big battleground -on this earth nearly two billion people so one in three people on this earth rely on the water from the himalayas and with a population increasing as quickly as it is -last year when i was here i was speaking to you about a swim which i did across the north pole and while that swim took place three years ago i can remember it as if it was yesterday i remember standing on the edge of the ice about to dive into the water -and so i decided to walk up to mt everest the highest mountain on this earth and go and do a symbolic swim underneath the summit of mt everest -now i dont know if any of you have had the opportunity to go to mt everest but its quite an ordeal getting up there twenty eight great big powerful yaks -the other thing which was so challenging about this swim is not just the altitude i wanted to do the swim at five thousand three hundred meters above sea level so its right up in the heavens its very very difficult to breath you get altitude sickness -was the year where they decided to do a big cleanup operation on mt everest many many people have died on mt everest and this was the year they decided to go and recover all the bodies of the mountaineers and then bring them down the mountain -and when youre walking up the mountain to -to do something which no human has ever done before and in fact no fish there are no fish up there swimming at five thousand three hundred meters when youre trying to do that and then the bodies are coming past you it humbles you -and you also realize very very clearly that nature -is so much more powerful than we are -and we walked up this pathway all the way up and to the right hand side of us was this great khumbu glacier and all the way along the glacier we saw these big pools of melting ice and then we got up to this -i put on my ipod i listened to some music i got myself as aggressive as possible but controlled aggression and then i hurled myself into that water -i swam as quickly as i could for the first hundred meters and then i realized very very quickly i had a huge problem on my hands i could barely breathe i was gasping for air i then began to choke -and thinking to myself i have never ever seen any place on this earth which is just so frightening the water is completely black -and then it quickly led to me vomiting in the water and it all happened so quickly -i then i dont know how it happened but i went underwater and luckily the water was quite shallow and i was able to push myself off the bottom of the lake and get up and then take -of air and then i said carry on carry on carry on i carried on for another five or six strokes and then i had nothing in my body and i went down to the bottom of the lake -and i dont where i got it from but i was able to somehow pull myself -and as quickly as possible get to the side of the lake -ive heard it said -i got myself to the side of the lake my crew -me and then we walked as quickly as we could down over the rubble down to our camp and there -we sat down and we did a debrief about what had gone wrong -there on mt everest -and my team just gave it to me straight -they said lewis you need to have a radical tactical shift if you want to do this swim -the water is minus one point seven degrees centigrade or twenty nine degrees fahrenheit its flipping freezing in that water -every single thing which you have learned in the past twenty three years of swimming you must forget every single thing which -we want you to walk up the hill in another two days time take some time to rest and think about things we want you to walk -up the mountain in two days time and instead of swimming fast swim as slowly as possible instead of swimming crawl -swim breaststroke -and remember never ever swim with aggression this is the time to swim with real humility and so we walked back up -to the mountain two days later -and i stood there on the edge of the lake -and i looked up at mt everest and she is one of the most beautiful mountains on the earth and i said to myself -just do this slowly and i swam across the lake -of sherpas who taught me this the first one is that just because something has worked in the past so well doesnt mean its going to work in the future -now before i do anything i ask myself what type of mindset do i require to successfully -and taking that into the world of climate change which is frankly the mt everest of all problems -just because weve lived the way we have lived for so long just because we have consumed the way we have for so long and populated the earth the way we have for so long -and then a thought came across my mind if things go pear shaped on this swim how long will it take for my frozen body -doesnt mean that we can carry on the way we are carrying on the warning signs are all there when i was born the worlds population was three point five billion people -and ive come here to ask you today -can you take in your relationship to the environment -which will ensure that our children and our grandchildren live in a safe world and a secure world and most importantly in a sustainable world and i ask you please to go away from here -and think about that one radical tactical shift which you could make which will make that big difference -and then commit a hundred percent to doing it blog about it tweet about it talk about it and commit a hundred percent -because very very few things are impossible to achieve if we really put our whole minds to it so thank you very very much -to sink the four and a half kilometers to the bottom of the ocean and then i said to myself ive just got to get this thought out of my mind as quickly as possible and the only way i can dive into that freezing cold water and swim a kilometer -by listening to my ipod and really revving myself up listening to everything from beautiful opera all the way across to puff daddy and then committing myself a hundred percent there is nothing more powerful than the made up -and then walking up to the edge of the ice and just diving into the water and that swim took me eighteen minutes and fifty seconds and it felt like eighteen days -i go to another village on the same assignment -and they asked me to live with the village chief -the womens chief of the village -has this little girl fair color like me -i go around the world to speak -her mother died while giving birth to her -for two weeks she became my companion -and bought her her first doll -the night before i left -two months later both of those villages fell -and people ask me questions about the challenges -into another war -in the peak of our activism -the minister of gender liberia called me and said leymah i have a nine year old for you -i want you to bring her home because we dont have safe homes the story of this little girl -she had been raped by her paternal grandfather -every day for six months -she came to me bloated -shed lie beside me and say auntie -i wish to be well -i wish to go to school -two thousand and ten -a young woman stands before president sirleaf -and gives her testimony -of how she and her siblings live together -their father and mother died during the war shes nineteen her dream is to go to college to be able to support them shes highly athletic one of the things that happens is that she applies for a scholarship -some of my regrets -she goes to school on the first day the director of sports whos responsible for getting her into the program asks her to come out of class -and for the next three years her fate will be having sex with him every day as a favor for getting her in school -the u n has the convention on the rights of the child -countries like america weve heard things like no child left behind other countries come with different things there is a millennium development called three that focuses on girls -a single mother of four -all of these great works by great people aimed at getting young people to where we want to get them globally i think has failed -three months after the birth of my fourth child -in liberia for example -teen prostitution is at its peak -in one community were told you wake up in the morning and see used condoms like used chewing gum paper -girls as young as twelve being prostituted for less than a dollar a night -and then someone asked me just before my tedtalk a few days ago so where is the hope -several years ago a few friends of mine decided we needed to bridge the disconnect between our generation and the generation of young women its not enough to say you have two nobel laureates from the republic of liberia when your girls kids are totally out there and no hope or seemingly no hope -i went to do a job -we created a space called the young girls transformative project -we go into rural communities -and all we do like has been done -as a research assistant -when these girls sit -you unlock intelligence -you unlock passion -you unlock focus -one young woman i met teen mother of four -never thought about finishing high school graduated successfully -never thought about going to college enrolled in college -one day she said to me my wish is to finish college and be able to support my children shes at a place where she cant find money to go to school -she sells water sells soft drinks and sells recharge cards for cellphones and you would think she would take that money and put it back -into her education -and finds single mothers in her community to send back to school -i wish for a better life -i wish for food for my children i wish that sexual abuse and exploitation in schools would stop this is the dream of the african girl -several years ago there was one african girl -this girl had a son -who wished for a piece of doughnut -and they gave me lodging with a single mother -protested a brutal dictator -fearlessly spoke -the wish of peace came true -this young woman wished also to go to school -she went to school this young woman wished for other things to happen it happened for her -im now on a journey -to fulfill the wish in my tiny capacity of little african girls the wish of being educated -we set up a foundation were giving full four year scholarships to girls from villages that we see with potential -i dont have much to ask of you ive also been to places in this u s -somewhere in texas a wish for a better life somewhere in new york a wish for a better life somewhere in new jersey -will you journey with me -to help that girl -be it an african girl -or an american girl -fulfill her wish fulfill her dream -all of these great innovators -in different parts of the world and all theyre asking us to do -is create that space to unlock the intelligence -unlock the passion -she was the laughing stock of the community -thank you so much -right now in liberia what do you see as the main issue that troubles you -as part of my work -im doing these tours -in different villages and towns thirteen fifteen hours on dirt roads -and there is no community that ive gone into -you and your child -because you have all of these vices -so what troubles me -i want to look back twenty years from now -because of that nobel laureate -because i know it doesnt take a lot -tell us one hopeful thing that youve seen happening -we went there to work with these girls -and we could not find twenty five girls in high school -all of these girls went to the gold mine and they were predominantly prostitutes doing other things -we took fifty of those girls -and we worked with them and this was at the beginning of elections -this is one place where women were never even the older ones barely sat in the circle with the men -the mother came to me knelt down -these little girls turned to him and said we will vote you out of office hes out of office today -thank you thank you -to be a nurse -when confucian tradition requires obedience -i was trained to become a gymnast for two years in hunan china in the one thousand nine hundred and seventy s when i was in the first grade the government wanted to transfer me to a school for athletes all expenses paid -books banned in china of course -the good earth is about chinese peasant life thats just not convenient for propaganda got it the bible is interesting but strange -but the fifth commandment gave me an epiphany you shall honor your father and mother -and to restart my relationship with my parents -because this is what chinese students grew up with it had never occurred to me china doesnt have to be at the center of the world -a map actually carries somebodys view comparative reading actually is nothing new its a standard practice in the academic world there are even research fields such as comparative religion and comparative literature -for the christ the temptations are economic -political and spiritual -but my tiger mother said no my parents wanted me to become an engineer like them after surviving the cultural revolution they firmly believed theres only one sure way to happiness a safe and well paid job it is not important if i like the job or not -so if you know a foreign language its also fun to read your favorite books in two languages the way of chuang tzu thomas merton tao the watercourse way alan watts instead of lost in translation i found there is much to gain -for example its through translation that i realized happiness in chinese literally means fast joy -to connect with people of the past and the present i know i shall never feel lonely or powerless again -its most important purpose is to get us in touch with where dreams come from where passion comes from where happiness comes from even a shattered dream can do that for you -so because of books im here today -but my dream was to become -a chinese opera singer that is me playing my imaginary piano -only my friends supported me but they were kids just as powerless as i was -so at age fifteen -i knew i was too old to be trained -my dream would never come true -i was afraid that for the rest of my life -climate change were trying to reduce the stress in our personal lives and in our communities and on the planet -also theres been this recent distrust of big brands global big brands in a bunch of different industries -and thats created an opening research is showing here in the states and in canada and western europe that most of us are much more open to local companies or brands that maybe we havent heard of whereas before we went with the big brands that we were sure we trusted -and last is that were more connected now to more people on the planet than ever before -except for if youre sitting next to someone -speaking to you about what i call the mesh its essentially a fundamental shift in our relationship with stuff with the things in our lives and its starting to look at not always and not for everything -and move things that way its also web and mobile allow us to be connected and create all kinds of platforms and systems -and the investment of those technologies and that infrastructure is really our inheritance it allows us to engage in really new and interesting ways -and so for me a mesh company the classic mesh company -brings together these three things our ability to connect to each other most of us are walking around with these mobile devices that are gps enabled and web enabled allows us to find each other and find things in time and space and third -is that physical things are readable on a map so restaurants a variety of venues but also with gps and other technology like rfid and it continues to expand beyond that -we can also track things that are moving like a car a taxicab a transit system a box thats moving through time and space and so that sets up for making access to get goods and services more convenient and less costly in many cases than owning them -for example i want to use zipcar how many people here have experienced car sharing or bike sharing -brought it to cambridge and they started two women robin chase being the other person who started -they made it fresh they made it aspirational if you were a member of the club when youre a member of a club youre a zipster the cars they picked didnt look like ex cop cars that were hollowed out or something they picked these sexy cars they targeted to universities they made sure that -but in certain moments of time access to certain kinds of goods and service will trump ownership of them and so its the pursuit of better things easily shared and we come from a long tradition of sharing weve shared transportation -the demographic for who they were targeting and the car was all matching it was a very nice experience and the cars were clean and reliable and it all worked and so from a branding perspective -they got a lot right but they understood fundamentally that they are not a car -but when youre sharing a car and you have a car share service you might use an e v to commute you get a truck because youre doing a home project when you pick your aunt up at the airport you get a sedan and youre going to the mountains to ski you get different accessories put on the car for doing that sort of thing -meanwhile these guys are sitting back collecting all sorts of data about our behavior and how we interact with the service -and so its not only an option for them but i believe its an imperative -for zipcar and other mesh companies to actually just wow us to be like a concierge service because we give them so much information and they are entitled to really see how it is that were moving theyre in really good shape to anticipate what were going to want next -and so what percent of the day do you think the average person uses a car what percentage -and so basically even if you think its ten percent ninety percent of the time something that costs us a lot of money personally and also we organize our cities around it and all sorts of things ninety percent of the time its sitting around so for this reason i think -one of the other themes with the mesh is essentially that if we squeeze hard on things that weve thrown away theres a lot of value in those things what set up with zipcar zipcar started in two thousand -in the last year two thousand and ten two car companies started one thats in the u k called whipcar and the other one relayrides in the u s theyre both peer to peer car sharing services -because the two things that really work for car sharing is one -weve shared wine and food and other sorts of fabulous experiences in coffee bars in amsterdam -zipcar started a decade earlier in two thousand it took them six years to get one thousand cars in service -whipcar which started april of last year it took them six months to get one thousand cars in the service so really interesting people are making anywhere between two hundred and seven hundred dollars a month letting their neighbors use their car when theyre not using it so its like vacation rentals for cars -since im here and i hope some people in the audience are in the car business -it would be really great if any minute now you guys could start rolling share ready cars off because it just creates more flexibility it allows us as owners to have other options and i think were going there anyway -the opportunity and the challenge with mesh businesses and those are businesses like zipcar or netflix that are full mesh businesses or other ones where you have a lot of the car companies -weve also shared other sorts of entertainment sports arenas public parks concert halls libraries universities all these things are share platforms but sharing ultimately starts and ends with what i refer to as the mother of all share platforms -is to make sharing irresistible -we know also because were connected in social networks that its easy to create delight in one little place its contagious because were all connected to each other so if i have a terrific experience and i tweet it or i tell five people standing next to me -news travels the opposite as we know is also true often more true -so here we have ludotruck which is in l a doing the things that gourmet food trucks do and theyve gathered quite a following -in general and maybe again its because im a tech entrepreneur i look at things as platforms platforms are invitations so creating craigslist or itunes and the iphone developer network there are all these networks facebook as well these platforms invite all sorts of developers and all sorts of -people to come with their ideas and their opportunity to create and target an application for a particular audience and honestly its full of surprises because i dont think any of us in this room could have predicted the sorts of applications that have happened at facebook around facebook for example -two years ago when mark announced that they were going to go with a platform -so in this way i think that cities are platforms and certainly detroit is a platform -the invitation of bringing makers and artists and entrepreneurs it really helps stimulate this fiery creativity and helps a city to thrive -its inviting participation and cities have historically invited all sorts of participation now were saying that theres other options as well so for example city departments can open up transit data google has made available transit data api and so theres about seven or eight cities already in the u s -that have provided the transit data and different developers are building applications so i was having a coffee in portland -and half of a latte in and the little board in the cafe all of a sudden starts showing me that the next bus is coming in three minutes and the train is coming in sixteen minutes and so its reliable real data thats right in my face where i am so i can finish the latte -that space is not vital the areas around it lack vitality and vibrancy and engagement -essentially there are all sorts of restaurants in oakland near where i live theres a pop up general store every three weeks and they do a fantastic job of making a very social -and as i think about the mesh and i think about well whats driving it how come its happening now i think theres a number of vectors that i want to give you as background one is the recession that the recession has caused us to rethink our relationship with the things in our lives relative to the value so -event happening for foodies super fun and it happens in a very transitional neighborhood subsequent to that after its been going for about a year now they actually started to lease and -create and extend an area that was edgy artsy is now starting -to become much cooler and engage a lot more people so -this is an example the crafty fox is this woman whos into crafts and she does these pop up crafts fairs around london but these sorts of things are happening in many different environments -from my perspective one of the things pop up stores do is create perishability and urgency it creates two of the favorite words of any businessperson sold out and the opportunity to really focus trust and attention -so a lot of what we see in the mesh and a lot of what we have in the platform that we built allows us to define refine and scale it allows us to test things as an entrepreneur to go to market to be in conversation with people listen refine something and go back -its very cost effective and its very mesh y the infrastructure enables that -in closing and as were moving towards the end i just also want to encourage and im willing to share my failures as well though not from the stage -is by sharing failures and one quick example is velib in two thousand and seven came forward in paris with a very bold proposition -a very big bike sharing service they made a lot of mistakes they had some number of big successes but they were very transparent or they had to be in the way that they -so the opportunity when were connected is also to share failures and successes -starting to align the value with the true cost -secondly population growth and density into cities more people smaller spaces less stuff -not been fast enough theyve been quite expensive but today it is becoming a reality that they are now becoming successful many barriers are breaking down that means that you guys will soon be able to access one of these machines if not this minute and -it typically reads cad data which is a product design data created on professional product design programs and here you can see an engineer it could be an architect or it could be a professional product designer create a product in three d -and this data gets sent to a machine that slices the data into two dimensional representations of that product all the way through almost like slicing it like salami -reality today -this material thats deposited either starts as a liquid form or a material powder form -and over time quite rapidly actually in a number of hours we can build a physical product ready to take out of the machine and use and this is quite -an extraordinary idea but it is reality today -so all these products that you can see on the screen were made in the same way they were all three d printed and -you can see theyre ranging from shoes -because were taking this data in three d form slicing it up before it gets past the machine we can actually create structures that are more intricate than any other manufacturing technology or in fact are impossible to build in any other way -and you can create parts with moving components hinges parts within parts so in some cases we can abolish totally the need for manual labor -it sounds great it is great -we can have three d printers today that build structures like these this is almost three meters high -and this was built by depositing artificial sandstone layer upon layer in layers of about five millimeters to ten mm in thickness slowly growing this structure this was created by an architectural firm called shiro and you can actually walk into it -and on the other end of the spectrum this is a microstructure its created depositing layers of about four microns so really the resolution is quite incredible the detail that you can get today is quite amazing -so whos using it typically because we can create products very rapidly its been used by -product designers or anyone who wanted to prototype a product and very quickly -create or reiterate a design and actually whats quite amazing about this technology as well is that you can create bespoke products en masse theres very little economies of scale -so you can now create one offs very easily -architects for example -building of the free university in berlin and it was designed by foster and partners again not buildable in any other way and very hard to even create this by hand -now this is an engine component it was developed by a company called within technologies and three t rpd -which means its a more efficient product you cant create this with standard manufacturing techniques even if you tried to do it manually -for you very rapidly a physical object -and then taking this idea of creating a very detailed structure we can apply it to honeycomb structures and use them within implants typically an implant is more effective within the body -if its more porous because our body tissue will grow into it theres a lower chance of rejection -but its very hard to create that in standard ways with three d printing were seeing today that we can create much better implants and in fact because we can create bespoke products en masse one offs we can create implants that are specific to individuals -and the reason we can do this is through an emerging technology called additive manufacturing or three d printing this is a three d printer -so as you can see this technology and the quality of what comes out of the machines is fantastic and were starting to see it being used for final end products -which is quite incredible but then it begs the question why dont we all have one in our home because simply most of us here today dont know how to create the data that a three d printer reads -if i gave you a three d printer you wouldnt know how to direct it to make what you want it to but there are more and more technologies software and processes today that are breaking down those barriers i believe were at a tipping point where this is now -something that we cant avoid -you can download products from the web anything you would have on your desktop -like pens whistles lemon squeezers you can use software like google sketchup -to create products from scratch very easily -but what interests my company the most is the fact that you can create individual unique products en masse theres no need to do a run of thousands of millions -or send that product to be injection molded in china you can just make it physically on the spot -which means that we can now present to the public -imagine that you can now engage with a brand -and interact so that you can pass your personal attributes to the products that youre about to buy -view the product in three d this is the sort of three d data that a machine will read -what color that product will be perhaps what material and also you can engage in shape manipulation of that product but within boundaries that are safe because obviously the public are not professional product designers the piece of software will keep an individual within the bounds of the possible -and when somebody is ready to purchase the product in their personalized design they click enter and this data gets converted into the data that a three d printer reads and gets passed to a three d printer -perhaps on someones desktop -heres the product being built -you can see this came out of the machine in one piece and the electronics were inserted later its this lamp as you can see here -and we would pass that data with material into a machine and a process that would happen in the machine would mean layer by layer that product would be built and we can take out the physical product and ready to use or to perhaps assemble into something else -scanning teeth today you can have your teeth scanned and dental coatings made in this way to fit you while you wait at the dentist a machine will quietly be creating this for you ready to insert in the teeth -and the idea of now creating implants scanning data an mri scan of somebody can now be converted into three d data and we can create very specific implants for them -and applying this to the idea of building up whats in our bodies you know this is pair of lungs and the bronchial tree its very intricate you couldnt really create this or simulate it in any other way -but with mri data we can just build the product as you can see very intricately -so just to finalize were all individual we all have different preferences different needs we like different things were all different sizes and our companies the same businesses want different things -but if these machines have been around for almost thirty years why dont we know about them because typically theyve been -too inefficient inaccessible -he has a dream -that he will become free and become educated with the help of local activists like free the slaves -i want to shine a light on slavery -when i was working in the field i brought lots of candles with me and with the help of my interpreter -i imparted to the people i was photographing that i wanted to illuminate their stories -and their plight so when it was safe for them -and that we will do whatever we can -to help make a difference in their lives i truly believe if we can see one another as fellow human beings then it becomes very difficult to tolerate atrocities like slavery -these images are not of issues they are of people -real people like you and me all deserving of the same rights dignity and respect in their lives there is not a day that goes by that i dont think of these many beautiful -the beast of bondage -can continue to live in the shadows thank you very much -amongst all the astonishing people i met there -i met a supporter of free the slaves an ngo dedicated to eradicating modern day slavery -we started talking about slavery and really i started learning about slavery for i had certainly known it existed in the world but not to such a degree -after we finished talking i felt so horrible and honestly ashamed at my own lack of knowledge of this atrocity in my own lifetime and i thought if i dont know -how many other people dont know it started burning a hole in my stomach so within weeks i flew down to los angeles to meet with the director of free the slaves and offer them my help -thus began my journey into modern day slavery oddly i had been to many of these places before -some i even considered like my second home -but this time i would see the skeletons hidden in the closet a conservative estimate tells us there are more than twenty seven -million people enslaved in the world today thats double the amount of people taken from africa during the entire trans atlantic slave trade a hundred and fifty years ago an agricultural slave cost about three times the annual salary of an american worker -each year many have been tricked by false promises of a good education a better job -i can -people producing them are disposable slavery exists everywhere nearly in the world and yet it is illegal -everywhere in the world -and nepal i was introduced to the brick kilns this strange and awesome sight was like walking into ancient egypt or dantes inferno enveloped in temperatures of one hundred and thirty degrees men women children -entire families in fact were cloaked in a heavy blanket of dust while mechanically stacking bricks on their head up to eighteen at a time and carrying them from the scorching kilns to trucks hundreds of yards away -deadened by monotony and exhaustion they work silently doing this task over and over for sixteen or seventeen hours a day there were no breaks for food -no water breaks and the severe dehydration made urinating pretty much inconsequential -so pervasive was the heat and the dust -that my camera became too hot to even touch and ceased working -every twenty minutes id have to run back to our cruiser to clean out my gear and run it under an air conditioner to revive it and as i sat there -i thought my camera is getting far better treatment than these people back in the kilns i wanted to cry -but the abolitionist next to me quickly grabbed me and he said lisa -dont do that just dont do that here and he very clearly explained to me that emotional displays are very dangerous in a place like this not just for me -i couldnt offer them any direct help i couldnt give them money nothing -i wasnt a citizen of that country i could get them in a worse situation than they were already in id have to rely on free the slaves to work within the system for their liberation and i trusted -in the himalayas i found children carrying stone for miles down mountainous terrain to trucks waiting at roads below -the big sheets of slate were heavier than the children carrying them and the kids hoisted them from their heads using these handmade harnesses of sticks and rope and torn cloth -because this has been the case all their lives they have nothing -to compare it to when these villagers claimed their freedom the slaveholders burned down all -but the woman in the center rallied for them to persevere and abolitionists on the ground helped them get a quarry lease of their own so that now they do the same back breaking work but they do it for themselves -and they get paid for it and they do it in freedom -sex trafficking is what we often think of when we hear the word slavery and because of this worldwide awareness i was warned that it would be difficult for me to work safely within this particular industry -in kathmandu i was escorted by women who had previously been sex slaves themselves they ushered me down a narrow set of stairs that led to this dirty dimly fluorescent lit basement -this wasnt a brothel per se it was more like a restaurant cabin restaurants as theyre known in the trade are venues for forced prostitution -each has small private rooms where the slaves women along with young girls and boys some as young as seven years old are forced to entertain the clients encouraging them to buy more food and alcohol -each cubicle is dark and dingy -identified with a painted number on the wall and partitioned by plywood and a curtain -standing in the near darkness i remember feeling this quick hot fear and in that instant i could only imagine what it must be like to be trapped -have no escape at all -and as we take in such a difficult subject its important to note that slavery including sex trafficking occurs in our own backyard as well -tens of hundreds of people are enslaved in agriculture in restaurants in domestic servitude and the list can go on -recently the new york times reported that between one hundred thousand and three hundred thousand american children are sold into sex slavery every year its all around us we just dont see -the textile industry is another one we often think of when we hear about slave labor -i visited villages in india where entire families were enslaved in the silk trade this is a family portrait the dyed black hands -my interpreter told me their stories we have -when my hand slips i suddenly remember a miner i had met days before who had lost his grip and fell countless feet down that shaft -no freedom they said we hope still though that we could leave this house someday and go someplace else where we actually get paid for our dyeing -its estimated that more than four thousand children are enslaved on lake volta the largest man made lake in the world -when we first arrived i went to have a quick look i saw what seemed to be a family fishing on a boat two older brothers some younger kids makes sense right -wrong they were all enslaved children are taken from their families and trafficked and vanished -and theyre forced to work endless hours on these boats on the lake even though they do not know how to swim -this young child is eight years old he was trembling when our boat approached frightened it would run over his tiny canoe he was petrified he would be knocked in the water -the skeletal tree limbs submerged in lake volta -often catch the fishing nets and weary frightened children are thrown into the water -for as long as he can recall hes been forced to work on the lake terrified of his master he will not run away and since hes been treated with cruelty all his life he passes that down to the younger slaves that he manages -i met these boys at five in the morning when they were hauling in the last of their nets but they had been working since one a m in the cold windy night and its important to note that these nets weigh more than a thousand -as i stand talking to you today these men are still deep in that hole risking their lives without payment or compensation -kofi was rescued from a fishing village i met him at a shelter where free the slaves rehabilitates victims of slavery -here hes seen taking a bath at the well pouring big buckets of water over his head -kofi is the embodiment of possibility who will he become -because someone took a stand and made a difference in his life driving down a road in ghana with partners of free the slaves a fellow abolitionist on a moped suddenly sped up to our cruiser and tapped on the window -he told us to follow him -as we started down the path -we pushed aside the vines blocking the way and after about an hour of walking in found that the trail had become flooded -by recent rains so i hoisted the photo gear above my head as we descended into these waters up to my chest after another two hours of hiking the winding trail abruptly ended at a clearing -and before us was a mass of holes that could fit into the size of a football field and all of them -and often dying i got to climb out of that hole -were full of enslaved people laboring many women had children strapped to their backs while they were panning for gold wading in water poisoned -by mercury mercury is used in the extraction process -these miners are enslaved in a mine shaft in another part of ghana -when they came out of the shaft they were soaking wet from their own sweat i remember looking into their tired bloodshot eyes for many of them had been underground for seventy two -and i got to go home -at first glance the pounding site seems full of -we see some less fortunate working on the fringes and children too -all of them are victim to injury illness and violence -in fact its very likely that this muscular person -but they likely never will because theyre trapped in slavery for the last twenty eight years ive been documenting indigenous cultures in more than seventy countries on six continents and in two thousand and nine i had the great honor of being the sole exhibitor at the vancouver peace -when his father died -which further forced him -into being enslaved in the mines when i met him he had been working in the mines for fourteen years -and the leg injury that you see here -low interest loan on a different kind of car or whatever it is youre going to need to actually reduce your gasoline dependence -but in order to do this one of the things we really need to do is we need to remember we are people of the hydrocarbon we need to keep or minds on the molecules and not get -distracted by the theater not get distracted by the cognitive dissonance of the green possibilities that are out there we need to kind of get down and do the gritty work of reducing our dependence upon this fuel and these molecules thank you -it goes all the way over to these big thick galumphy ones that have hundreds of carbons and they have thousands of hydrogens and they have vanadium and heavy metals and sulfur and all kinds of craziness -oil doesnt sink it floats if it sank it would be a whole different story as far as an oil spill and the other thing it does is it spreads out the moment it hits the water it spreads out to be really thin so you have a hard time corralling it the next thing that happens is -the light ends evaporate and some of the toxic things float into the water column and kill fish eggs and smaller fish and things like that and -and then the asphaltenes and this is the crucial thing the asphaltenes get whipped by the waves into a frothy emulsion something like mayonnaise it triples the amount -oily messy goo that you have in the water and it makes it very hard to handle it also makes it very viscous when the prestige sank off the coast of spain -there were big floating cushions the size of sofa cushions of emulsified oil with the consistency or the viscosity of chewing gum its incredibly hard to clean up and every single oil is different when it hits water -when the chemistry of the oil and water also hits our politics its absolutely explosive for the first time american consumers -will kind of see the oil supply chain in front of themselves they have a eureka moment when we suddenly understand oil in a different context -i am helpless over this and this is what happens to us at the gas pump and actually gas pumps are specifically designed to diffuse that anger -you might notice that many gas pumps including this one are designed to look like atmiss ive talked to engineers thats specifically to diffuse our anger because supposedly we feel good about -shows you how bad it is but actually i mean this feeling of helplessness comes in because most americans actually feel that oil prices are the result of a conspiracy not -but before i talk about the political chemistry i actually need to talk about the chemistry of oil this is a photograph from when i visited prudhoe bay in alaska in two thousand and two to watch the minerals management service testing -we have designed this system where if you want to get a job -its much more important to have a car that runs to have a job and keep a job than to have a ged and thats actually very perverse now theres another perverse thing about the way we buy gas which is that wed rather be doing anything else -this is bps gas station in downtown los angeles it is green it is a shrine to greenishness now you think why would something so lame work on people so smart well -the reason is is because when were buying gas were very invested in this sort of cognitive dissonance i mean were angry at the one hand -and we want to be somewhere else we dont want to be buying oil we want to be doing something green and we get kind of in on our own con -i mean and this is funny it looks funny here but in fact thats why the slogan beyond petroleum worked but its an inherent part of our energy policy -parcel of the way that we deal with oil and its really important to dealing with this oil spill okay so the politics of oil are very moral in the united states the oil industry is like a huge gigantic -octopus of engineering and finance and everything else but we actually see it in very moral terms this is an early on photograph you can see we had these gushers -early journalists looked at these spills and they said this is a filthy industry but they also saw in it that people were getting rich for doing nothing -they werent farmers they were just getting rich for stuff coming out of the ground its the beverly hillbillies basically but in the beginning this was seen as a very morally problematic thing long before it became funny -and then of course there was john d rockefeller and the thing about john d is that he went into this chaotic wild east of oil industry -and he rationalized it into a vertically integrated company a multinational it was terrifying you think walmart is a terrifying business model now imagine what this looked like in the eighteen sixties or eighteen seventies -and it also the kind of root of how we see oil as a conspiracy but whats really amazing is that -their ability to burn oil spills in ice and what you see here is you see a little bit of crude oil you see some ice cubes and you see two sandwich baggies of napalm the napalm is burning there quite nicely -a thin nose like a thorn there were no lips there were puffs under the little colorless eyes with creases running from them -i mean this is a very pervasive this is part of our dna and then theres this guy okay so you might be wondering why it is that every time we have high oil prices or an oil spill we call these ceos down to washington -the whole oil industry into these ceos and we take it as you know we look at it on a moral level rather than looking at it on a legal and financial level and so -not saying these guys arent liable to answer questions im just saying that when you focus on whether they are or are not a bunch of greedy bastards -really reducing the amount of oil and reducing our dependence on oil so im saying this is kind of a distraction but it makes for good theater and its powerfully cathartic as you probably saw last week -so the thing about water oil spills is that they are very politically galvanizing i mean these pictures this is from the santa barbara spill -put in place the national environmental policy act the clean air act the clean water act everything that we are really stemmed from this period -i think its important to kind of look at these pictures of the birds and understand what happens to us he we are normally were standing at the gas pump and were feeling kind of helpless we look at these pictures -and the thing is is that oil is really an abstraction for us as the american consumer were four percent of the worlds population we use twenty five percent of the worlds oil production -and we understand for the first time our role in this supply chain we connect the dots in the supply chain and we have this kind of as voters we have kind of a eureka moment -this is why these moments of these oil spills are so important but its also really important that we dont get distracted by the theater or the morals of it we actually need to go in and work on the roots of the problem -one of the things that happened with the two previous oil spills was that we really worked on some of the symptoms we were very reactive as opposed to being proactive -about what happened and so what we did was actually we made moratoriums on the east and west coasts on drilling we stopped drilling in -but we didnt actually reduce the amount of oil that we consumed in fact its continued to increase the only thing that really reduces the amount of oil that we consume is much higher prices -as you can see our own production has fallen off as our reservoirs have gotten old and expensive to drill out we only have two percent of the worlds oil reserves sixty five percent of them are in the persian gulf -which is two times the size of maryland has had thousands of oil spills a year i mean weve essentially been exporting oil spills when we import oil from places without tight environmental regulations -and we dont understand what oil is until you check out its molecules and you dont really understand that until you see this stuff burn -but in fact these guys actually live in a war zone theres a thousand battle related deaths a year in this area twice the size of maryland and its all related to the oil and these guys -i mean if they were in the u s they might be actually here in this room they have degrees in political science degrees in business theyre entrepreneurs they dont actually want to be doing what theyre doing and its sort of one of the other -we put in a big oil project in chad with exxon so the u s taxpayer paid for it the world bank exxon paid for it we put it in there was a tremendous banditry problem i was there in two thousand and three we were driving along this dark -dark road and the guy in the green stepped out and i was just like ahhh this is it and then the guy in the exxon -chad has become much more unstable and we are not paying for that price at the pump we pay for it in our taxes on april fifteenth we do the same thing with the price of -so this is what happens as that burn gets going it takes off its a big woosh i highly recommend that you get a chance to see crude oil burn someday because you will never need to hear another -pump we pay for it on april fifteenth and we cant even calculate the cost of this involvement -the other place that is sort of supporting our dependence on oil and our increased consumption is the gulf of mexico which was not part of the moratoriums -now whats happened in the gulf of mexico as you can see this is the minerals management diagram of wells for gas and oil its become this intense industrialized zone it doesnt have the same resonance for us that the arctic national wildlife refuge has but it should i mean its a bird sanctuary -also every time you buy gasoline in the united states half of it is actually being refined along the coast because the gulf actually has about fifty percent of our refining capacity -and a lot of our marine terminals as well so the people of the gulf have essentially been subsidizing the rest of us through a less clean environment -and finally american families also pay a price for oil now on the one hand the price at the pump is not really very high when you consider the actual cost of the oil -but on the other hand the fact that people have no other transit options means that they pay a large amount of their income into -theyre actually spending more on their car and fuel than they are on taxes or on health care and the same thing happens at the fiftieth percentile around eighty thousand -so what im going to talk to you about now is what do we have to do this time what are the laws what do we have to do to keep ourselves focused one thing is we need to stay away from the theater we need to stay away from the moratoriums -we need to focus really back again on the molecules the moratoriums are fine but we do need to focus on the molecules on the oil -one of the things that we also need to do is we need to try to not kind of fool ourselves into thinking that you can have a green world before you reduce the amount of oil that we use we need to focus on reducing the -what you see in this top drawing is a schematic of how petroleum gets used in the u s economy it comes in on the side the useful stuff is the dark gray and the unuseful stuff which is called the rejected energy -the waste goes up to the top now you can see that the waste far outweighs the actually useful amount and one of the things that we need to do is not only fix the fuel efficiency of our vehicles -and make them much more efficient but we also need to fix the economy in general we need to remove the perverse incentives to use more fuel for example we have an insurance system where the person who drives twenty thousand miles a year -pays the same insurance as somebody who drives three thousand we actually encourage people to drive more we have policies that reward sprawl we have all kinds of policies we need to have more mobility choices -we need to make the gas price better reflect the real cost of oil and we need to shift subsidies from the oil industry which is at least ten billion dollars a year -into something that allows middle class people to find better ways to commute whether thats getting a much more efficient car and also kind of building markets for new cars and new fuels down the road this is where we need to be -oil is a stew of hydrocarbon molecules it starts of with the very small ones which are one carbon four hydrogen thats methane it just floats off then theres all sorts of intermediate ones with middle amounts of carbon youve probably heard of benzene rings theyre very carcinogenic -we need to kind of rationalize this whole thing and you can find more about this policy its called strong which is -now supposedly oil taxes are the third rail of american politics the no fly zone i actually i agree that a dollar a gallon on oil is probably too much -that we could actually significantly reduce our gasoline consumption and at the same time we would give people time to prepare time to respond and we would be raising money and raising consciousness at the same time let me give you a little sense of how this would work -this is a gas receipt hypothetically for a year from now the first thing that you have on the tax is you have a tax for a stronger america thirty three cents so youre not helpless at the pump -and the second thing that you have is a kind of warning sign very similar to what you would find on a cigarette pack -and what it says is the national academy of sciences estimates that every gallon of gas you burn in your car creates twenty nine cents in health care costs thats a lot -and so this you can see that youre paying considerably less than the health care costs on the tax and also the hope is that you -start to be connected to the whole greater system and at the same time you have a number that you can call to get more information on commuting or -by making myself invisible i try to explore and question the contradictory and often inter canceling relationship between our civilization and its development -and there will be and should be those who spend a lifetime pursuing a very highly defined area -but this singlemindedness will not yield the flexibilities of mind the multiplicity of perspectives -the capacities for collaboration and innovation this country needs that is where you come in what is certain -is that the individual talent exhibited in such abundance here needs to turn its attention to that collaborative messy -but for me -frustrating contentious and impossible world of politics and public policy president obama and his team simply can not do it alone -unlike them in my world the slate was not clean and what was written -if the question of where to start seems overwhelming you are at the beginning not the end of this adventure being overwhelmed is the first step -if you are serious about trying to get at things that really matter on a scale that makes a difference -so what do you do when you feel overwhelmed -well you have two things you have a mind and you have other people -start with those and change the world -on it was not encouraging in truth liberal arts education no longer exists at least genuine liberal arts education in this country -we have professionalized liberal arts to the point where they no longer provide the breadth of -are not the first people who come to mind when the subject is the uses of the creative imagination so i thought id start by telling you how i got here -and the enhanced capacity for civic engagement that is their signature -over the past century the expert has dethroned the educated generalist to become the sole model of intellectual accomplishment -has -had its moments but the price of its dominance is enormous subject matters are broken up into smaller and smaller pieces -with increasing emphasis on the technical and the obscure we have even managed to make the study of literature arcane -you may think you know what is going on in that jane austen novel that is until your first encounter with postmodern deconstructionism -the progression of todays college student is to jettison every interest except one -and within that one to continually narrow the focus learning more and more about less and less -this despite the evidence all around us of the interconnectedness of things lest you think i exaggerate here are the beginnings of the a b cs of anthropology -as one moves up the ladder values other than technical competence are viewed with increasing suspicion questions such as -what kind of a world are we making what kind of a world should we be making what kind of a world can we be making are treated with more -and more skepticism and move off the table in so doing the guardians of secular democracy in effect -yield the connection between education and values to fundamentalists who you can be sure -have no compunctions about using education to further their values the absolutes of a theocracy meanwhile -the values and voices of democracy are silent either we have lost touch with those values or no better believe they need not or cannot be taught -this aversion to social values may seem at odds with the explosion of community service programs but despite the attention paid to these efforts they remain emphatically extracurricular -in effect civic mindedness is treated as outside the realm of what purports to be serious thinking and adult purposes simply put -when the impulse is to change the world the academy is more likely to engender a learned helplessness than to create a sense of empowerment this brew -they were trying to figure out how to rebuild their universities since education under the soviet union was essentially propaganda serving the purposes of a state -when it comes to pursuing the vital connections between education and the public good between intellectual integrity and human freedom which were at the heart -of the challenge posed to and by -my european colleagues when the astronomical distance between the realities of the academy and the visionary intensity of this challenge were more than enough i can assure you to give one pause -what was happening outside higher education made backing off unthinkable whether it was threats to the environment inequities in the distribution of wealth -lack of a sane policy or a sustainable policy with respect to the continuing uses of energy we were in desperate straits and that was only the beginning -the corrupting of our political life had become a living nightmare nothing was exempt -a harrowing predilection for the uses of force had become commonplace with an equal distaste for the alternative forms of influence at the same time -all of our firepower was impotent when it came to halting or even stemming the slaughter in rwanda darfur -our public education once a model for the world has become most noteworthy for its failures -they appreciated that it would take wholesale transformations if they were to provide an education worthy of free men and women -despite having a research establishment that is the envy of the world more than half of the american public dont believe in evolution and dont press your luck about how much those who do believe in it actually understand -this nation with -all its material intellectual and spiritual resources seems utterly helpless -to reverse the freefall in any of these areas equally startling from my point of view is the -that no one was drawing any connections between what is happening to the body politic and what is happening in our leading educational institutions -we may be at the top of the list when it comes to influencing access to personal wealth -we are not even on the list when it comes to our responsibility for the health of this democracy we are playing with fire -you can be sure jefferson knew what he was talking about when he said if a nation expects to be ignorant and free -in a state of civilization it expects what never was and never will be -on a more personal note -this betrayal of our principles our decency our hope made it impossible for me to avoid the question -what will i say years from now when people ask where were you as president of a leading liberal arts college famous for its innovative history there were no excuses -given this rare opportunity to start fresh they chose liberal arts as the most compelling model -so the conversation began at bennington knowing that if we were to regain the integrity of liberal education it would take radical rethinking of basic assumptions beginning with our priorities -our ways of approaching agency and authority turn inside out to reflect the reality that no one has the answers to the challenges facing citizens in this century -and everyone has the responsibility for trying and participating in finding them -bennington would continue to teach the arts and sciences as areas of immersion that acknowledge differences in personal and professional objectives but the balances redressed -our shared purposes assume an equal if not greater importance when the design emerged it was surprisingly simple and straightforward -the idea is to make the political social challenges themselves from health and education to the uses of force the organizers of the curriculum -they would assume the commanding role of traditional disciplines but structures designed to connect rather than divide mutually dependent circles rather than isolating -and the point is not to treat these topics as topics of study but as frameworks of action the challenge -to figure out what it will take to actually do something that makes a significant and sustainable difference -the importance of coming to grips with values like justice equity truth becomes increasingly evident as students discover that interest alone -cannot tell them what they need to know when the issue is rethinking education our approach to health -or strategies for achieving an economics of equity the value of the -also comes alive it provides a lot of company you are not the first to try to figure this out -just as you are unlikely to be the last even more valuable -as well as the intended consequences of ideas in the language of my students deep thought matters when youre contemplating what to do about things that matter -a new liberal arts that can support this action oriented curriculum has begun to emerge rhetoric -the art of organizing the world of words to maximum effect design the art of organizing the world of things -as is a capacity to discriminate systematically between what is at the core and what is at the periphery -and when making connections is of the essence the power of technology emerges with special intensity -but so does the importance of content the more powerful our reach the more important the question about what -when improvisation resourcefulness imagination are key artists at long last take their place at the table when strategies of action are in the process of being -in this dramatically expanded ideal of a liberal arts education where the continuum of thought and action is its lifes blood knowledge honed outside the academy becomes essential -social activists business leaders lawyers politicians professionals will join the faculty as active and ongoing participants -they spoke with a passion an urgency an intellectual conviction that for me was a voice i had not heard in decades -in this wedding of liberal education to the advancement of the public good students in turn continuously move outside the classroom to engage the world directly -and of course this new wine needs new bottles if we are to capture the liveliness and dynamism of this idea -the most important discovery we made in our focus on public action was to appreciate that the hard choices are not between good and evil -but between competing goods this discovery is transforming it undercuts self righteousness radically alters the tone and character of controversy -and enriches dramatically the possibilities for finding common ground ideology zealotry unsubstantiated opinions simply -this is a political education to be sure -but it is a politics of principle not of partisanship so the challenge for bennington is to do it -on the cover of benningtons two thousand and eight holiday card is the architects sketch of a building opening in two thousand and ten that is to be a center for the advancement of public action -will embody and sustain this new educational commitment think of it as a kind of secular church the words on the card describe what will happen inside -we intend to turn the intellectual and imaginative power passion and -of our students faculty and staff -to developing strategies for acting on the critical challenges of our time -so we are doing our job -a dream long forgotten for in truth we had moved light years from the passions that animated them -while these past weeks have been a time of national exhilaration in this country it would be tragic if you thought this meant your job was -the glacial silence we have experienced in the face of the shredding of the constitution the unraveling of our public institutions -the deterioration of our infrastructure is not limited to the universities we the people -have become inured to our own irrelevance when it comes to doing anything significant about anything that matters concerning governance beyond waiting another four years -we persist also in being sidelined by the idea of the expert as the only one capable of coming up with answers despite the overwhelming evidence to the contrary -the problem is there is no such thing as a viable democracy made up of experts zealots politicians and spectators -next we wrap the entire hall almost like this olivetti keyboard with a material with a wood material that basically covers all the surfaces wall ceiling floor stage -steps everything boxes but its acoustically engineered to focus the sound into the house and back to the stage and heres an acoustic shelf looking up the hall just a section of the stage -just everything is lined it incorporates every single thing that you could possibly imagine is tucked into this high performance skin -so no walls no roof no purpose just a mass of atomized water a big cloud and this proposal was a reaction to the over saturation of emergent technologies in recent national and world expositions -house the audience with the performers we add one little detail one piece of architectural excess a special effect lighting we very strongly believe that -the theatrics of a concert hall is as much in the space of intermission and the space of arrival as it is -when the concert starts so what we wanted to do was produce these this effect this lighting effect which made us have to bioengineer the wood walls -and what it entails is the use of resin of this very thick resin with a veneer of the same kind of wood thats used throughout the hall in a kind of seamless -that wraps the hall in light like a belt of light -rather than separating like a proscenium would separate the audience from performers it connects audience with players and this is -a mockup that is in salt lake city that gives you a sense of what this is going to look like in full scale -and this is a guy from salt lake city this is what they look like -and for us i mean its really kind of a very strange thing but the moments in the hall that the buzz kind of dies down when the -waiting for the performance to begin very similar to the parting of curtains or the raising of a chandelier the walls will -just exude this glow temporarily stealing attention from the stage and this is tully in construction now i have no ending to say except that im a couple of minutes over thank you very much -which feeds or has been feeding our insatiable appetite for visual stimulation with an ever greater digital virtuosity high definition in our opinion has become the new orthodoxy -and we ask the question can we use technology high technology in to to make an expo pavilion thats decidedly low definition -that also challenges the conventions of space and skin and rethinks our dependence on vision -so this is how we sought to do it waters pumped from the lake and is filtered and shot as a fine mist through an array of high pressure fog nozzles thirty five thousand of them -aside from keeping the rain out and producing some usable space architecture is nothing but a special effects machine -and it processes this data in a central computer that calibrates the degree of water pressure and distribution of water throughout -and its a responsive system thats trained on actual weather so this is just in construction and -the interface and basically the system is kind of reading the real weather and producing kind of semi artificial and real weather so were very interested in creating weather -the -so this is an exhibition -sustained by -by the fog and this is very much -that delights and disturbs the senses our work is across media the work comes in all shapes and sizes its small and large this is -so -you know once disoriented can actually ascend to the angel deck above and then just come down under those lips into the water bar so all the waters of the world are served there so we thought that you know after being -at the water and moving through the water and breathing the water you could also drink this building and -so it is sort of a theme but it goes a little bit you know deeper than that we really wanted -to bring out our absolute dependence on this master sense and maybe share our kind of sensibility with our other senses you know when we did this project -it was a kind of tough sell because the swiss said well why are we going to spend you know ten million dollars producing an effect that we already have in natural abundance that we hate -and you know we thought well we tried to convince them and in the end you know they adapted this as a national icon -that came to represent swiss doubt which we you know it was kind of a meaning machine that everybody kind of laid on their own meanings off of anyway its a temporary structure that was ultimately destroyed and so its now a memory -of an apparition actually but it continues to live in edible form and this is the highest honor to be bestowed upon an architect in switzerland -to have a chocolate bar anyway moving along so in the eighties and nineties we were mostly known for independent work -such as installation artist architect commissioned projects by museums and non for profit organizations -and we did a lot of media work also a lot of experimental theater projects in two thousand and three the whitney mounted a retrospective -of our work that featured a lot of this work from the eighties and nineties however the work itself -resisted the very nature of a retrospective and this is just some of the stuff that was in the show this was a piece on tourism -the problem of the retrospective was something we were very we were very uncomfortable with its a kind of invention of the museum thats supposed to -and one of the recurring themes that by the way in the work was a kind of hostility toward the museum itself -stuff the thing that all the work has in common is that it challenges the assumptions about conventions of space -and what you see is actually the red dotted line shows the track of this performing element which was a new piece that created that we created for the -which was a robotic drill basically that went all the way around cruised the museum went all around the walls and did a lot of damage -so the drill was mounted on this robotic arm we worked with by the way honeybee robotics this is the brain honeybee robotics designed the mars doctoriller and it was really very -much fun to work with them they werent doing their primary work which was for the government while they were helping us with this in any case the way it works is that -and these are everyday conventions conventions that are so obvious that we are blinded by their familiarity and ive assembled a sampling of -an intelligent navigator basically maps the entire surface of these walls so unfolded its about three hundred linear feet -both sides of the wall aligned opening views from gallery to gallery clusters of holes randomly opened up sections of wall and so this was a three month performance piece in which -the wall was made into kind of an increasingly unstable element and also the acoustic separation was destroyed also the visual separation and there was also this constant -groan which was very annoying and this is one of the blackout spaces where theres a video piece that became totally -and this acoustical nuisance and visual nuisance basically exposed the discomfort of the work to this encompassing nature of the retrospective -was really great when it started to break up all of the curatorial text moving along to a project that we finished about a year ago -in the institute of contemporary art in boston which is on the waterfront and theres not enough time to really introduce the building but ill simply say that the building negotiates between this -outwardly focused nature of the site you know its a really great waterfront site in boston -work that all share a kind of productive nihilism thats used in the service of creating a particular special effect and that is something like nothing or something next to nothing -and this contradictory other desire to have an inwardly focused museum so the nature of the building is that it looks at looking i mean thats its primary objective both its program and its architectural conceit -the building incorporates the site but it dispenses it in very small doses in the way that the museum is choreographed so you come in -and youre basically squeezed by the theater by the belly of the theater into this very compressed space where the view is turned off then you come up -in this glass elevator right near the curtain wall this is this elevators about the size of a new york city studio apartment and then this is a -view going up and then you could come into the theater which can actually deny the view or open it up and become a backdrop and many musicians choose to use the -theater glass walls totally open the view is denied in the galleries where we just receive just natural light and then exposed again in the north gallery with a panoramic view the original intention of this space -which was unfortunately never realized was to use lenticular glass which allowed only a kind of perpendicular view out in this very narrow space that connects east and west galleries the intention was really to not get a climax -but to have the view stalk you so the view would open up as you walked from one end to the other -this was eliminated because the view was too good and the mayor said no we just want this open the architect lost here but culminating and thats where this hooks into the theme of my little talk -is this mediatheque which is suspended from the cantilevered portion of the building so this is an eighty foot cantilever its quite substantial so its already sticking out into space enough and then from that is this -is this small area called the mediatheque the mediatheque has something like sixteen stations where the public can get onto the server and look at digital artworks -or also curated artworks off the web and this was really a kind of very important -its done through a form of subtraction or obstruction or interference in a world that we naturally -part of this building and here is a point where architecture this is like technology free architecture is only a framing device -it only edits the harbor view the industrial harbor just through its walls its floors and its ceiling -to only expose the water itself the texture of water much like a hypnotic effect created by electronic snow or a lava lamp or something like that -and here is where we really felt that there was a great convergence of the technological and the natural in the project but there is just no information its just its just hypnosis -moving along to lincoln center these are the guys that did the project in the first place fifty years ago were taking over now doing work -that ranges in scale from small scale repairs to major renovations and major facility expansions -but were doing it with a lot less testosterone this is the extent of the work thats to be completed by two thousand and ten and for the purposes of this talk i wanted to isolate -just a part of a project thats even a part of a project that touches a little bit on this theme of architectural special effects and it happens to be our current -sleepwalk through this is an image that won us a competition for an exhibition pavilion for the swiss expo two thousand and two on lake neuchatel near geneva -obsession and it plays a little bit with the purging and adding of distraction its -hall and its tucked under the juilliard building and descends several levels under the street so this is the entrance to tully hall as it used to be -and one of the things that we were asked to do was give it a street identity expand the lobbies and make it visually accessible and this building which is just naturally hermetic -canopy the underside of three levels of expansion of juilliard about forty five thousand square feet cutting it to the -angle of broadway and then exposing using that canopy to frame tully hall before and after shot -the hall itself which is kind of where were really doing a massive amount of work so the hall is a multi purpose hall the clients have asked us to produce a great -they asked us to bring an intimacy how do you bring an intimacy into a hall intimacy for us means a lot of different things it means acoustic intimacy and it means visual intimacy one thing is that the subway is running and rumbling right under the hall another thing that could be fixed is the shape of the hall its like a coffin it basically sends all the sound -and we wanted to use the water not only as a context but as a primary building material we wanted to make an architecture of atmosphere -gutter ball effect down the aisles the walls are made of absorptive surface half absorptive half reflective which is not very good for concert sound this is avery fisher hall -but the notion of junk visual junk was very very important to us to get rid of visual noise because we cant eliminate a single seat -the architecture is restricted to eighteen inches so its a very very thin architecture first we do a kind of partial box and box separation to take away the distraction of the subway noise -the national mall the mall is a symbol of -american democracy and whats fantastic is that this symbol is not a thing its not an image its not an artifact actually its a space and its kind of -conventionally divide space into private and public realms and we know these legal distinctions very well because weve become experts at protecting our private property and private space but were less attuned to the nuances of the public -just defined by a line of buildings on either side -its a space where citizens can voice their discontent and show their power -its a place where pivotal moments in american history have taken place and theyre inscribed in there forever like the march on washington for jobs and freedom and the great speech that martin luther king gave there -the vietnam protests the commemoration of all that died in the pandemic of aids the march for womens reproductive rights -right up until almost the present the mall is the greatest civic stage in this country for dissent -and its synonymous with free speech even if youre not sure what it is that you have to say it may just be a place for civic commiseration -there is a huge disconnect -we believe between the communicative and discursive space of the mall and the museums that line it to either side -and that is that those museums are usually passive they have passive relationships between the museum as the presenter and the audience as the receiver of information and so you can see dinosaurs and insects and collections of locomotives and all of that -but youre really not involved youre being talked to -when richard koshalek -took over as director of the hirshhorn in two thousand and nine -together always and all the time there could be some very special relationship that could be forged here -in its uniqueness the question is is it possible ultimately for art to insert itself -into the dialogue of national and world affairs and could the museum be an agent of cultural diplomacy there are over one hundred and eighty embassies in washington d c there are over five hundred think tanks -there should be a way of harnessing all of that intellectual and global energy into and somehow through the museum there should be some kind of brain trust -so the hirshhorn as we began to think about it and as we evolved the mission with richard and his team its really his life blood -but beyond exhibiting contemporary art the hirshhorn will become a public forum -a place of discourse for issues around -culture -politics and policy -it would have the global reach of the world economic forum it would have the interdisciplinarity of the ted conference it would have the informality of the town square -and for this new initiative the hirshhorn would have to expand or appropriate a site for a contemporary deployable structure -what translates generic public space into qualitative space i mean this is something that our studio has been working on for the past decade and were doing this through some case studies -this is it this is the hirshhorn so a two hundred and thirty foot diameter concrete doughnut designed in the early seventy s by gordon bunshaft its hulking its silent its cloistered its arrogant its a design challenge -architects love to hate it one redeeming feature is its lifted up off the ground -and its got this void and its got an empty core kind of in the spirit and that facade very much corporate and federal style and around that space the ring is actually galleries very very difficult to mount shows in there -when the hirshhorn opened ada louise huxstable the new york times critic had some choice words neo penitentiary modern a maimed -almost four decades later how will this building expand -for a new progressive program -where would it go it cant go in the mall there is no space there it cant go in the courtyard its already taken up by landscape and by sculptures well theres always the hole -but how could it take the space of that hole and not be buried in it invisibly how could it become iconic and what language would it take the hirshhorn sits among the malls momumental institutions most are neoclassical heavy and opaque made of stone or concrete -and the question is if one inhabits that space what is the material -a large chunk of our work has been put into transforming this neglected industrial ruin into a viable post industrial space that looks forward and backward at the same time -the expansion takes the shape of its container -and it oozes out wherever it can the top and sides -but more poetically -we like to think of the structure as inhaling the democratic air of the mall bringing it into itself -that was the lounge its basically one big volume of air that just oozes out in every direction the membrane is translucent its made of silcon coated glass fiber and its inflated twice a year for one month at a time this is the view from the inside -so you might have been wondering -its a combination of iconoclasm -and adoration -there was also some creative interpretation involved the congressional buildings act of one thousand nine hundred and ten limits the height of buildings in d c to one hundred and thirty feet except for spires towers domes and minarettes this pretty much exempts monuments of the church and state -and the bubble is one hundred and fifty three ft thats the pantheon next to it its about one point two million cubic feet of compressed air -and another huge chunk of our work has gone into making relevant a site thats grown out of sync with its time weve been working on democratizing lincoln center for a public that doesnt usually have dollar three hundred to spend on an opera ticket -and so we argued it on the merits of being a dome -so there it is very stately -among all the stately buildings in the mall and while this hirshhorn is not landmarked its very very historically sensitive and so we couldnt really touch its surfaces we couldnt leave any traces behind -so we strained it from the edges and we held it by cables its a study of some bondage techniques which are actually very very important because its hit by wind all the time theres one permanent steel ring at the top -but it cant be seen from any vantage point on the mall -there are also some restrictions about how much it could be lit it glows from within its translucent but it cant be more lit than the capitol or some of the monuments so its -down the hierarchy on lighting so it comes to the site twice a year its taken off the delivery truck its hoisted and then its inflated with this low pressure air -and then its restrained with the cables and then its ballasted with water at the very bottom -this is a very strange moment where we were asked by the bureaucracy at the mall how much time would it take to install -and we said well the first erection would take one week and they really connected with that idea and -this is a point cloud there are extreme pressures this is a very very unusual building in that theres no gravity load but theres load in every direction and im just going to zip through -these slides and this is the space in action so flexible interior for discussions just like this but in the round luminous and reconfigurable could be used for anything for performances films for installations -and the very first program will be one of cultural dialogue and diplomacy organized in partnership with the council on foreign relations form and content are together here the bubble is an anti monument -the ideals of participatory democracy are represented through suppleness rather than rigidity art and politics occupy an ambiguous site outside the museum walls but inside of the museums core blending its air with the democratic air of the mall -so weve been eating drinking thinking living public space for quite a long time and its taught us really one thing and that is -thank you -to truly make good public space -you have to erase the distinctions between architecture urbanism landscape media design -and so on it really goes beyond distinction now were moving onto washington d c and were working on another transformation and that is for the existing hirshhorn museum thats sited on the most revered public space in america -now when were young we dont always know we know there are rules out there but we dont always know -even though we are imprinted at birth -with these things -were told what the most important color in the world is -told what shape were supposed to be -told -now the rules that im talking about are constantly being monitored by the -culture were being corrected and the primary policemen are women because we are the carriers of the tradition we pass it down from generation to generation -not only we always have this vague notion that somethings expected of us and on top of all off these rules -they keep changing -we -dont know whats going on half the time so it puts us in a very tenuous position -now if you dont like these rules -and many of us dont i know i -and i still dont even though i follow them half the time not quite aware that im following them what better way than to change them with humor -it takes what we know and it twists it it takes the codes of behavior and the codes of dress and it makes it unexpected and thats what elicits a laugh -now what if you put together women and humor i think you can get change because women are on the ground floor -and we know the traditions so well we can bring a different voice to the table now i started drawing in the middle of a lot of chaos -i grew up not far from here in washington d c during the civil rights movement the assassinations the watergate hearings and then the feminist movement and i think i was drawing trying to figure out what was going on and then also my family was in chaos -and i drew to try to bring my -i was afraid of womanhood -when i was a little older in my -i realized there are not many women in cartooning and i thought well maybe i can break the little glass ceiling of cartooning and so i did i became a cartoonist and then i thought -in my forties i started thinking well why dont i do something i always loved political cartoons so why dont i do something with the content of my cartoons to make people think about the stupid rules that were following as well as laugh -not that im not afraid now but ive learned -now my -is a particularly american perspective i cant help it i live here even though ive traveled a lot i still think like an american -but i believe that the rules that im talking about are universal of course that each culture has its different codes of behavior and dress and traditions -and each woman has to deal with these same things that we do here in the u s consequently we have women because were on the ground we know the tradition we have amazing antenna -now my work lately has been to collaborate with international cartoonists which i so enjoy and its given me a greater appreciation for the power of cartoons to -get at the truth to get at the issues quickly and succinctly and not only that it can get to the viewer through not only the intellect but through the heart -my work also has allowed me to collaborate with women cartoonists from across the world countries such as saudi arabia iran -turkey argentina france and we have -together and laughed and talked and shared our difficulties and these women are working so hard to get their voices heard in some very difficult circumstances but i feel blessed to be -we talk about how women have such strong perceptions because of our tenuous position and our role as tradition keepers that we can have the great potential to be change agents -and i think i truly believe that we change this thing -the fifties and sixties when i was growing up little girls were supposed to be kind and thoughtful and pretty and gentle and soft and we were supposed to fit into roles that were sort of shadowy -really not quite clear what -there were plenty of role models all around us we had our mothers our -sisters and of course the ever present media bombarding us with images and words telling us how to be -now my mother was different -she was a homemaker but she and i didnt go out and do girlie things together and she didnt buy me pink outfits instead she knew what i needed and she bought me a book of cartoons and i just ate it up -i drew and i drew and since i knew that humor was acceptable in my family i could draw do what i wanted to do and not have to perform -speak i was very shy and i could still get approval -i was launched as a cartoonist -the time of the phone call i just had a baby i successfully completed a management buyout to the company i was working with and the last thing i wanted to do was to go back home and touring the high security -is exactly what i did because i wanted to know what had turned my best friend into a terrorist and why shed never tried to recruit me -so this is exactly what i did now i -the answer very quickly i actually had failed the psychological profiling of a terrorist the center committee of the red brigades had judged me too single minded and too opinionated to become a good terrorist -my friend on the other hand she was a good terrorist because she was very good at following orders she also embraced violence because she believed that the only way to unblock what at the time was -show you how terrorism actually interacts with our daily life fifteen years ago i received a phone call from a friend -known as a blocked democracy italy a country run by the same party for thirty five years was -i was interviewing the red brigades i also discovered that their life was not ruled by politics or ideology but actually was ruled by economics they were constantly short of -they were constantly searching for cash now contrary to what many people believe terrorism is actually a very expensive business ill give you an idea -in the nineteen seventies the turnover of the red brigades on a yearly basis was seven million dollars -this is roughly between one hundred and one hundred and fifty million today now you know if you live underground its really hard to produce this amount of money -this also explains why when i was interviewing the red brigades and then later on other arms organizations including members of al zarqawi group in the middle east -at the time he was looking after the rights of political prisoners in italian jails he asked me if i wanted to interview the red brigades -the political vision of a terrorist organization is decided by the leadership which generally is never more than five to seven people all the others do day in and day out is search for money -for example i was interviewing this part timer from the red brigades it was -he loved sailing he was a really keen sailor and he had this beautiful boat and he told me that the best time of his life was when he was a member of the red brigades -sailing every summer back and forth from lebanon where he would pick up soviet weapons from the plo and then carry them all the way to sardinia where the other arms organization from europe would go and take their share -of the arms for that service the red brigades were actually paid a fee which went to fund their organization so because i am a trained economist and i think in economic terms all of the sudden i -maybe there is something here maybe there is a link a commercial link between one organization and another one but it was only when -i interviewed mario moretti the head of the red brigades the man who kidnapped and killed aldo moro -italian former prime minister that i finally realized that terrorism is actually business -was back in the city of london having lunch with a fellow banker or an economist this guy thought in the same way i did -now as many of you may remember the red brigades was a terrorist marxist organization which was very active in italy from the nineteen sixties until the mid nineteen eighties -so i decided that i wanted to investigate the economics of terrorism naturally nobody wanted to fund my research -in fact i think many people thought that i was a bit crazy you know that woman that goes around to foundations asking for money thinking about the economics of terrorism -which has been created by arms organizations since the end of world war ii and what is even more shocking is that this system -the evolution of our own system of our western capitalism and there are three main stages the first one is the state sponsor of -of course is the globalization of terrorism so -fully funding arms organizations a mix of legal and illegal activities is used so the link between crime and terror is established very early on -for example the iran contra affair then comes the late nineteen seventies early eighties and -groups successfully carry out the privatization of terrorism so they -the sponsor and start funding themselves now again we see a mix of legal and illegal activities so -as part of their strategy the red brigades never spoke with anybody not even with their lawyers they sat in silence through their trails waving occasionally at family and friends -and the ira which control the private transportation system in northern ireland did exactly the same thing so -every single time that somebody got into a taxi in belfast without knowing actually was funding the ira -but the great change came of course with globalization and deregulation this is when -to link up also financially with each other but above all they started to do serious business with the world of crime -and together they money laundered their dirty business through the same channel this is when we see the birth of the transnational arms -this is an organization that can raise money across border but also that is able to carry out attacks in more than one country -comes back at times of great transformation globalization being one of those transformations it is at this times in which -now i calculated how big was this international economic system composed by crime terror and illegal economy before nine eleven -and it is a staggering one point five trillion dollars it is trillions its not billions this is about twice the gdp of the united kingdom soon will be more considering where this country is going -now -all this money flew into the u s economy because the bulk of the money was denominated in u s dollars -and the money laundering was taking place inside the united states the entry point of course of most of this money -facilities so this was a vital injection of cash into the u s economy -now when i went to look at the figures of the u s money supply the u s money supply is the amount of dollars that -the federal reserves prints every year in order to satisfy the increase in the demand for dollars which of course reflects the growth of the economy -these were money taken out in suitcases or in containers in cash of course these were money taken out by criminals and money launderers -these were money taken out to fund the growth of the terror illegal and criminal economy -so you see what is the relationship the united states actually -a country that is the reserve currency of the world what does it mean that means that it has a privilege that other countries do not -can borrow against the total amount of dollars in circulation in the world this privilege is called seigniorage no -country can do that all the other countries for example the united kingdom can borrow only -inside its own borders so here is the implication of the relationship between the worlds of crime terror and illegal economy and our economy the -when i asked my friend why the red brigades want to talk to me he said that the female members of -in the nineteen nineties was borrowing against the growth of the terror illegal and criminal economy -this is how close we are with this world -now this situation changed of course after nine eleven because george bush launched the war on terror part of the war on terror was the introduction of the patriot act -many of you know that the patriot act is a legislation that greatly reduces the liberties of americans in order to protect them against -is a section of the patriot act which refers specifically to finance and it is in fact an anti money laundering legislation -from doing any businesses with off shore facilities it closed that door between the money laundering in dollars and the u s economy -also gave the u s monetary authorities the right to monitor any dollar transaction taking place anywhere in the world -now you can imagine what was the reaction of the international finance and banking all the bankers said to their clients get out of the dollars -actually supported my name in particular one person had put it forward she was my childhood friend -and go and invest somewhere else now the euro was a newly born currency of great opportunity for business and of course for investment and this is what people -and terror people simply moved their money laundering -activities away from the united states into europe -why did this happen this happened because -was a unilateral legislation it was introduced only in the united states and it was introduced only for the u s dollars in europe a similar legislation was not -so within six months europe became the epicenter of the money laundering activities of the world -so this is how incredible are the relationship between the world of crime and the world of terror and our own life -so why did i tell you this story i told you this story because you must understand that there is a world that goes well beyond the headlines of the newspapers -this is the only way for you to step into the dark side and have a look at it and believe me -its going to be scary its going to be frightful but its going to enlighten you and above all its not going to be boring -it reminds us that we are a part of nature and we need to take care of it -what motivated me to film their behavior was something that i asked my scientific advisers what motivates the pollinators well their answer was -its all about risk and reward like a wide eyed kid id say why is that -and theyd say well because they want to survive -and that blew my mind because i realized that nature had invented reproduction as a mechanism for life to move forward as a life force that passes right through us and makes us a link in the evolution of life rarely seen by the naked eye -here at ted you know i think there might be some presentations that will go over my head but the most amazing concepts are the ones that go right under my feet -this intersection between the animal world and the plant world is truly a magic moment -its the mystical moment where life regenerates itself over and over again -so here is some nectar from my film i hope youll drink tweet and plant some seeds to pollinate a friendly garden and always take time to smell the flowers and let it fill you with beauty and rediscover that sense of wonder here are some images -the little things in life sometimes that we forget about like pollination that we take for granted -and you cant tell the story about pollinators bees bats hummingbirds butterflies without telling the story about the invention of flowers and how they co evolved over fifty million years ive been filming time lapse flowers twenty four hours a day seven days a week for over thirty five years -to watch them move is a dance im never going to get tired of it fills me with wonder and it opens my heart beauty and seduction i believe is natures tool for survival -because we will protect what we fall in love with their relationship is a love story that feeds the earth -it reminds us that we are a part of nature and were not separate from it -when i heard about the vanishing bees colony collapse disorder it motivated me to take action we depend on pollinators for over a third of the fruits and vegetables we eat and many scientists believe its the most serious issue facing mankind -its like the canary in the coalmine if they disappear so do we -to every one of us because its clear that its all connected in one -journey we all want to be on -to feel like were connected to a universe that celebrates life did you know that eighty percent of the information we receive comes through our eyes and if you compare light energy to musical scales it would only be one octave that the naked eye could see which is right in the middle -appreciation and gratitude -and i didnt have a phone or tv but i had u s mail -and life was good back then if you could remember it -if you do nothing else but to cultivate -that response -two days later it would end up on my front door which was way better than having to fight the traffic of hollywood music i didnt have much money -open your heart to -the incredible gifts that civilization gives to us -but i had time and a sense of wonder music so i started shooting time lapse -to shoot a four minute roll of film -because thats all i could afford ive been shooting time lapse flowers continuously non stop twenty four hours a day seven days a week for over thirty years -and to see them move is a dance ill never get tired of their beauty immerses us with color taste touch it also provides a third of the food we -finishing my bread here and ive been baking it and ill try not to burn my hands let me share with those of you here in the first row -share some of the food with you take some of my bread and as you eat it and as you try it please come and stand up -the question is really why is this so and i think it is because we feel that this kind of -first wheat varieties and to the farmers of today whove been making this and you dont even know who they are every meal you -contains ingredients from all across the world everything makes us so privileged that we can eat this food that we dont struggle every day and -i think evolutionarily speaking is unique weve never had that before so enjoy your bread eat it and feel privileged thank you very much -really is about authenticity its about a traditional way of living a way that is perhaps more real more honest -im not at all a cook so dont fear this is not going to be a cooking demonstration but i do want to talk to you about something that i think is dear to all of us and that is bread -this is an image from tuscany where we feel agriculture is still about beauty and life is really too and this is about good taste good traditions -why do we have this image why do we feel that this is more true than this well i think it has a lot to do with our history -in the ten thousand years since agriculture evolved most of our ancestors have actually been agriculturalists or they were closely related to food production -and we have this mythical image of how life was in rural areas in the past art has helped us to maintain that kind of -it was a mythical past of course the reality is quite different these poor farmers working the land by hand or with their animals -had yield levels that are comparable to the poorest farmers today in west africa but we have somehow in the course of the last few -centuries or even decades started to cultivate an image of a mythical rural agricultural past -only two hundred years ago that we had the advent of the industrial revolution and while im starting to make some bread for you here -its very important to understand what that revolution did to us it brought us power it brought -all that is a real great improvement as we shall see of course we also particularly in the last decade -and it means that you now eat products which can come from all around the world that is the reality of our modern life now you may prefer this loaf of bread excuse my hands but this is how it is -but actually the real relevant bread historically is this white wonder loaf and dont despise the white bread because -i think symbolizes the fact that bread and food have become plentiful and affordable to all -we are not really conscious of that much but it has changed the world this tiny bread that is tasteless in some ways and has a lot of problems has changed the world -so what is happening well the best way to look at that is to do a tiny bit of simplistic statistics with the advent of the industrial revolution with modernization of agriculture in the last -few decades since the nineteen sixties food availability per head in this world has increased by twenty five percent -and the world population in the meantime has doubled that means that we have now more food available than ever before in human history -and that is the result directly of being so successful at increasing the scale and volume of our production -and this is true as you can see for all countries including the so called developing countries what happened to our bread in the meantime -as food became plentiful here it also meant that we were able to decrease the number of people working in agriculture -to something like on average in the high income countries five percent or less of the population in the u s only one percent of the people are actually farmers and it frees us all up -to do other things to sit at ted meetings and not to worry about our food that is historically a really unique situation -never before has the responsibility to feed the world been in the hands of so few people and never before have so -one of these californian low carb diets bread is standard bread is not only standard in the western diet as i will show to you it is actually the mainstay of modern life -so as food became more plentiful bread became cheaper as it became cheaper bread manufacturers decided to add in all kinds of things we added in more sugar we add in raisins -and oil and milk and all kinds of things to make bread from a simple food into kind of a support for calories -and today bread now is associated with obesity which is very strange it is the basic most fundamental food that weve had in the last ten thousand years wheat is the most important crop the first crop -we domesticated and the most important crop we still grow today but this is now this strange concoction of high calories -find bread much more handy to use than rice or cassava so bread has become from a main staple -a source of calories associated with obesity and also a source of modernity of modern life and the whiter the bread in many countries the better it is -so this is the story of bread as we know it now but of course the price of mass production has been that we moved large scale and large scale has meant -what we need to do is to go back to understanding what our food is about and this is where i have to query all of you how many of you can actually tell wheat -so im going to bake bread for you in the meantime im also talking to you so my life is going to complicated bear with me first of all a little bit of audience -apart from other cereals how many of you can actually make a bread in this way without starting with a bread machine or just some kind of packaged flavor -can you bake bread do you know how much a loaf of bread actually costs we have become very removed from what our bread really is which again evolutionarily speaking is very strange in fact not many of you know that -bread of course was not a european invention it was invented by farmers in iraq and syria in particular the tiny spike on the left to the center -is actually the forefather of wheat this is where it all comes from and where these farmers who actually ten thousand years ago put us on the road of -now it is not surprising that with this massification and large scale production there is a counter movement that emerged very much also here in california -dont we all agree i certainly agree i would love to go back to tuscany to this kind of traditional setting gastronomy good food -this is a fallacy and the fallacy comes from idealizing a past that we have forgotten about if we do this if we want to stay with traditional small scale farming -we are going actually to relegate these poor farmers and their husbands among whom i have lived for many years working without electricity and water to try to improve their food production we relegate them to poverty -what they want are implements to increase their production something to fertilize the soil something to protect their crop and to bring it to a market -we cannot just think that small scale is the solution to the world food problem its a luxury solution for us who can afford it if you want to afford it -in fact we do not want this poor woman to work the land like this if we say just small scale production as is the tendency here to go back to local food means that a poor man like hans rosling cannot even eat oranges anymore because in scandinavia we dont have oranges -so local food production is out but also we do not want to relegate to poverty in the rural areas and we do not want to relegate the urban poor to starvation so we must find other solutions -the main driver of that is actually meat and meat consumption in southeast asia and china in particular is what drives the prices of cereals -that need for animal protein is going to continue we can discuss alternatives in another talk perhaps one day but this is our driving force so what can we do can we find a solution to produce more -yes but we need mechanization and im making a real plea here i feel so strongly that you cannot ask a small farmer -to work the land and bend over to grow a hectare of rice one hundred and fifty thousand times just to plant a crop and weed it you cannot ask people to work under these conditions we need -we will not do that through small farmers markets because these people have no small farmers markets at their disposal -they have low incomes and they benefit from cheap affordable safe and diverse food thats what we must aim for in the next twenty to thirty years but yes there are some solutions and let me just do -i didnt know this word until i arrived -one simple conceptual thing if i plot science as a proxy for control of the production process and scale what you see is that weve started in the left hand corner with traditional agriculture which was -small scale and low control weve moved towards large scale and very high control what i want us to do is to keep up the science and even get more science in there -and this is more or less a whole meal handmade small bakery loaf of bread -go to a kind of regional scale not just in terms of the scale of the fields but in terms of the entire food network -thats where we should move and the ultimate may be but it doesnt apply to cereals that we have entirely closed ecosystems the horticultural systems right at the top left hand corner -so we need to think differently about agriculture science agriculture science for most people and there are not many farmers among you here -has this name of being bad of being about pollution about large scale about the destruction of the environment that is not necessary we need more science and not less and we need good science so what kind of science can we have well first of all -i think we can do much better on the existing technologies use biotechnology where useful particularly in pest and disease resistance -there are also robots for example who can recognize weeds with a resolution of half an inch we have much cleverer -here we go i want to see a show of hands who prefers the whole meal bread -and we need to think very dispassionately about the comparative advantages of small scale and large scale -we need to think that land is multi functional it has different functions there are different ways in which we must use it for residential for nature for agriculture purposes -and we also need to re examine livestock go regional and go to urban food systems i want to see fish ponds in parking lots and basements i want to have horticulture -and greenhouses on top of residential areas and i want to use the energy that comes from those greenhouses and from the fermentation of crops to heat our residential areas -all kinds of ways we can do it we cannot solve the world food problem by using biological agriculture but we can do a lot more -and the main thing that i would really ask all of you as you go back to your countries or as you stay here ask your government for an integrated -food policy food is as important as energy as security as the environment everything is linked together -so we can do that in fact in a densely populated country like the river delta where i live in the netherlands we have combined these functions so this is not science fiction we -okay let me do this differently is anybody preferring the wonderbread at all -but there is something you must do its not enough for me to say lets get more bold science into agriculture you must go back and think about your own food chain talk to farmers when was the last time you went to a farm and talked to a farmer -talk to people in restaurants understand where you are in the food chain where your food comes from understand that you are part of this enormous chain of events and that frees you up to do other things -and above all to me food is about respect its about understanding when you eat that there are also many people who are still in this situation -who are still struggling for their daily food and the kind of simplistic solutions that we sometimes have to think that doing everything by hand is going to be the solution -is really not morally justified we need to help to lift them out of poverty we need to make them proud of being a farmer because they allow us to survive -never before as i said has the responsibility for food been in the hands of so few and never before have we had the luxury of taking it for granted because it is now so cheap -tentative male hands -and i think there is nobody else who has expressed better to me the idea that food in the end in our own tradition -is something holy its not about nutrients and calories its about sharing its about honesty its about identity who said this so beautifully -was mahatma gandhi seventy five years ago when he spoke about bread he did not speak about rice in india he said -to those who have to go without two meals a day god can only appear as bread and so -the chimpanzee -and also the bonobos -we have a common past and we have a common future and it is important to remember that all of these great apes -have come on as long and as an interesting evolutionary journey as we ourselves have -today and its this journey that is of such interest to humanity and its this journey that has been the focus of the past three generations of my family -as weve been in east africa looking for the fossil remains of our ancestors to try and piece together our -and this is how we look for them a group of dedicated young men and women walk very slowly out across vast areas -of africa looking for small fragments of bone fossil bone that may be on the surface -who are we that is the big question and essentially we are just an upright walking big brained super intelligent ape this could be -thats an example of what we may do as we walk across the landscape in northern kenya looking for fossils -many of you in the audience can see the fossil thats in this picture but if you look very carefully there is a jaw lower jaw of a four point one million year old upright walking ape as it was found -at lake turkana on the west side -its extremely time consuming labor intensive and it is something that -a lot more people to begin to piece together our past we still really havent got a very complete picture of it -we find a fossil we mark it today weve got great technology we have gps we mark it with a gps fix and we also take -digital photograph of the specimen so we could essentially put it back on the surface exactly where we found it and we can bring all this information into big gis packages today -when we then find something very important like the bones of a human ancestor we begin to excavate it extremely -and slowly using dental picks and fine paintbrushes and all the sediment is then put through these screens -and where we go again through it very carefully looking for small bone fragments and its then washed and these things are so exciting they are so often -the only or the very first time that anybody has ever seen the remains and heres a very special moment when -my mother and myself were digging up some remains -human ancestors and it is one of the most special things to ever do with your mother -not many people can say that but now let me take you back to africa -two million years ago -id just like to point out if you look at the map of africa it does actually look like a hominid skull -we belong to the family called the hominidae -in its shape -now were going to go to the east african and the rift valley it essentially runs up from the gulf of aden or runs down to lake malawi -and the rift valley is a depression its a basin and rivers flow down from the highlands into the basin carrying sediment preserving -the bones of animals that lived there if you want to become a fossil you actually need to die somewhere where your bones will be rapidly buried you then -we are the species called homo sapiens sapiens and its important to remember that -that the earth moves in such a way as to bring the bones back up to the surface and then you hope that one of us lot will walk around and find small pieces of -so it is absolutely surprising that we know as much as we do know today -about our ancestors because its incredibly difficult a for these things to become to be preserved and secondly for them to have been brought back up to the surface and we really -north here theres a big river that flows into the lake thats been carrying sediment and preserving the remains of the animals that lived there -fossil sites run up and down both lengths of that lake basin which represents some twenty thousand square miles thats a huge job that weve got on our hands -two million years ago at lake turkana homo erectus one of our human ancestors actually lived -in terms of our place in the world today and our future on planet earth we are one species -in this region you can see some of the major fossil sites that weve been working in the north but essentially two million years ago -in the far right corner lived alongside three other species of -and here is a skull of a homo erectus which i just -but it is not -being a single species on planet earth is the norm in fact if you go back in time it is -that there are multiple species of hominids or of human ancestors that coexist at any one time where did these things come from -thats what were still trying to find answers to and it is important to realize that there is diversity in all different species and -that have been found -from lake turkana but i was very lucky to have been brought up in kenya essentially accompanying my parents to lake turkana in search of human remains and we were able -to dig up when we got old enough fossils such as this a slender snouted crocodile -of about five and a half thousand mammalian species that exist on planet earth today -and we dug up giant tortoises and elephants and things like that but when i was twelve as i was in this -a very exciting expedition was in place on the west side when they found essentially -skeleton -i could relate to this homo erectus skeleton very well because i was the same age that -he was when he died -him to be -dark skinned his brothers certainly were able to run long distances chasing prey probably sweating heavily as they did so he was very able to use stones effectively as tools and -this individual himself this one that im holding up here actually had a bad back hed probably had an injury as a child -he had a scoliosis and therefore must have been looked after quite carefully by other female and probably much smaller members of his family group to have got to where he did -in life age twelve unfortunately for him he fell into a swamp and couldnt get out essentially his bones were rapidly buried and beautifully preserved and he remained there -and thats just a tiny fraction of all species that have ever lived on the planet in past times were one species out of -until one point six million years later when this very famous fossil hunter kamoya kimeu walked along a small hillside -and found that small piece of his skull lying on the surface amongst the pebbles recognized it as being hominid -was begun immediately and more and more little bits of skull started to be extracted from the sediment -and what was so fun about it was this the skull pieces got closer and closer to the roots of the tree -and fairly recently the tree had grown up -that the skull had captured nice water in the hillside and so it had decided to grow its roots in and around this holding it in place and preventing it from washing away down slope -we began to find limb bones we found finger bones the bones of the pelvis vertebrae ribs -ever been seen before -in homo erectus it was truly exciting he had a body very similar to our own -he was on the threshold of becoming human -well shortly afterwards members of his species started to move northwards -out of africa and you start to see fossils of homo erectus in georgia china -and also in parts of indonesia -so homo erectus was -human ancestor to leave africa and begin its spread across the globe -some exciting finds again as i mentioned from dmanisi in the republic of georgia but also surprising finds recently announced from the island of flores in indonesia where a group of these -and have become dwarfed and theyre only about a meter in height but they lived only eighteen thousand years ago -and that is truly extraordinary to think about -we evolved essentially from an african stock again -about two hundred thousand years as a fully fledged us and we only left africa about seventy thousand years ago and until thirty thousand years ago at least three upright walking apes shared the -the question now is well who are we were certainly a polluting wasteful aggressive species with a few nice things thrown in -perhaps -is this a good evolutionary adaptation or is it going to lead us to being the shortest lived hominid species on planet earth -planet earth today -what is it that really makes us us i think its our collective intelligence its our ability to write things down our language and our consciousness -from very primitive beginnings with a very crude toolkit of stones we now have a -except for the bonobos and its important to remember that because the bonobos are so human and they share ninety nine percent of their genes -has reminded us -have reached extraordinary numbers of people on this planet human ancestors really only survive on planet earth if you look at the -fossil record for about on average a million years at a time weve only been around for the past two hundred thousand years as a species yet -weve reached a population of more than six and a half billion people and last year our population grew by eighty million i mean these are extraordinary numbers -you can see here again taken from al gores book but whats happened is our technology has removed the checks and balances on our population growth -we have to control our numbers and i think this is as important as anything else thats being done in the world today but we have to control our numbers because we -really hold it together as a species -my father so appropriately put it that we are certainly the only animal that makes conscious choices that are bad for our survival as a species -and we share our origins with a handful of the living great apes its important to remember -can we hold it together -its important to remember that we all evolved in africa we all have an african origin -we have a common past and we share a common future -speaking were just a -sitting on the edge of a precipice and we have -and the technology -our hands to communicate what needs to be done to hold it together today -we could tell every single human being out there if we really wanted to but will we do that -or will we just let nature take its course -well to end on a very positive note i think evolutionarily speaking this is probably a fairly good thing in the end ill leave it at that thank you very much -that we evolved now i know thats a dirty word for some people but we evolved from common ancestors with the gorillas -is made up of atoms that come from what i call the upper east side of the periodic table a nice safe neighborhood -you -want to leave it if you want to have a career in perfumery some people have tried in the nineteen twenties to add things from -the fragrance that you will -bad parts and it didn a t really work these are the five atoms from which just about everything that you a re going to smell in real life from coffee to fragrance are made of -the top note that you smelled at the very beginning the cut grass green what we call in perfumery they a re weird terms and this would be called a green note because it smells of something green like cut grass this is cis three hexanol and -smell you will never be able to smell this way again it a s a fragrance called beyond paradise which you can find in any store -i had to learn chemistry on the fly in the last three years a very expensive high school chemistry education -this has six carbon atoms so hexa hexanol it has one double bond it has an alcohol on the end so -if you dress it up with atoms hydrogen atoms that a s what it looks like when you have it on your computer but actually it a s sort of more like this in the sense that the atoms have -a certain sphere that you cannot penetrate they repel ok now why does this thing smell -or violets well there are really two theories but the first theory is it must be the shape -you know the fit between a protein and whatever it is grabbing in this case a smell -and i will try and explain to you what a s wrong with this notion and the other theory is that we smell molecular vibrations now this is a totally insane idea and when i first came across it -in the early nineties i thought my predecessor malcolm dyson and bob wright had really taken leave of their senses and i a ll explain to you why this was the case -in normal receptors you have a molecule coming in it gets into the protein which is schematic here and it causes this thing to switch to turn to move in some way by binding -in certain parts and the attraction the forces between the molecule and the protein cause the motion this is a shape based idea -now -wrong with shape is summarized in this slide the way -i expect everybody to memorize these compounds this is one page of work from a chemist a s workbook ok -im most grateful to them for this and it a s been split up in successive bits and a chord so what you a re smelling now is the top note and then will come what they call the heart the lush heart note -two hundred thousand dollars roughly if you keep them on the low salaries with no benefits so this is a profoundly inefficient process -and my definition of a theory is it a s not just something that you teach people it a s labor saving a theory is something that enables you to do less work i love the idea of doing less work so -let me explain to you why a very simple fact that tells you why this shape theory really does not work very well -this is cis three hexanol it smells of cut grass this is -and this smells of rotten eggs ok now you will have noticed that vodka never smells of rotten eggs if it does you put the glass down you go to a different bar this is -in other words we never get the o h we never mistake it for an s h ok like -at no concentration even pure you know if you smelt pure ethanol it doesn a t smell of rotten eggs conversely there is no concentration at which the sulphur compound will smell like vodka -very hard to explain this by molecular recognition now i showed this to a physicist friend of mine who has a profound distaste for biology and he says that a s easy the things are a different color -of the o h stretch translated into the audible range -quite a different frequency now this kind of interesting because it tells you that you should be looking for a particular fact which is this nothing in the world smells like rotten eggs except s h ok now fact b -the eden top note is named after the eden project in the u k the lush heart note melaleuca bark note which does not contain any melaleuca bark because it a s totally forbidden -nothing in the world has that frequency except s h if you look on this imagine a piano keyboard the s h stretch -is in the middle of a part of the keyboard that has been so to speak damaged and there are no neighboring notes nothing is close to it you have a unique smell a unique vibration so -now -searching high and low for several months i discovered that there was a type of molecule called a borane which has exactly the same vibration now the good news is -so -this was not what they call a laboratory scale experiment and they wouldn a t have liked it at my college however i managed to hold of a borane eventually and -and it really does have the same if you calculate if you measure the vibrational frequencies they are the same as s h now -does it smell of sulphur well if you go back in the literature there a s a man who knew more about boranes than anyone -alive then or since alfred stock he synthesized all of them and in an enormous forty page paper in german -he says at one point my wife is german and she translated it for me and at one point he says ganz widerlich geruch an absolutely repulsive smell which is good -after that the complete fragrance now what you are smelling is -slight fly in the ointment is this that if we smell molecular vibrations we must have a spectroscope in our nose -now this is a spectroscope ok on my laboratory bench and it a s fair to say that if you look up somebody a s nose you a re unlikely to see anything resembling this and this is the main objection to the theory ok great we smell vibrations how -when people ask this kind of question they neglect something which is that physicists are really clever unlike biologists -a combination of i asked how many molecules there were in there and nobody would tell me so i put it through a gc a gas chromatograph that i have in my office and it a s about four hundred -this is a joke i a m a biologist ok so it a s a joke against myself bob jacklovich and john lamb at ford motor company in the days when ford was spending vast amounts of money on fundamental research discovered -a way to build a spectroscope that was intrinsically nanoscale in other words no mirrors no lasers no prisms no nonsense just a tiny device and he built this device and this device uses electron tunnelling -now i could do the dance of electron tunneling but i a ve done a video instead which is much more interesting here a s how it works electrons are fuzzy creatures and they can jump across gaps -but only at equal energy if the energy differs they can a t jump unlike us they won a t fall off -now if something absorbs the energy the electron can travel so here you have a system you have something and there a s plenty of that stuff in biology some substance giving an electron -and the electron tries to jump and only when a molecule comes along that has the right vibration does the reaction happen ok this is the basis for the device -that these two guys at ford built and every single part of this mechanism is actually plausible in biology -in other words i a ve taken off the shelf components and i a ve made a spectroscope what a s nice about this idea if you have a philosophical bent of mind is that then it tells you that the nose -the ear and the eye are all vibrational senses of course it doesn a t matter because it could also be that they a re not but it has a certain -it has a certain ring to it which is attractive to people who read too much nineteenth century german literature -and then a magnificent thing happened i left academia and joined the real world of business and -the first things that happened was we started going around to fragrance companies asking for what they needed because of course if you could calculate smell -so what you a re smelling is several hundred molecules -you don a t need chemists you need a computer a mac will do it if you know how to program the thing right ok so you can try a thousand molecules you can try ten thousand molecules in a weekend -you cannot make a coumarin he says to me i bet you cannot make a coumarin now coumarin is a very common -a material in fragrance which is derived from a bean that comes from south america and it is the classic synthetic aroma chemical -the problem is it a s a carcinogen so nobody likes particularly to you know aftershave with carcinogens -there are some reckless people but it a s not worth it ok so they asked us to make a new coumarin and so we started doing calculations and the first thing you do is you calculate -do not get the impression that this is very subjective you are all smelling pretty much the same thing ok smell has this reputation of being -the vibrational spectrum of coumarin and you smooth it out so that you have a nice picture of what this sort of chord so to speak of coumarin is -and then you start cranking the computer to find other molecules related or unrelated that have the same vibrations -we actually in this case i a m sorry to say -it happened it was serendipitous because i got a phone call from our chief chemist and he said look i a ve just found this such a beautiful reaction that even if this compound doesn a t smell of coumarin i want to do it it a s just such a nifty -one step i mean chemists have weird minds one step ninety percent yield you know and you get this lovely crystalline compound let us try it and i said first of all let me do the calculation -on that compound bottom right which is related to coumarin but has an extra pentagon inserted into the molecule -a little ten gram vial on the table in front of perfumers and it smells like coumarin and it isn a t coumarin and you a ve found it in three weeks this focuses everybody a s mind wonderfully -people often ask me is your theory accepted and i said well by whom i mean most you know there a s three attitudes you a re right and i don a t know why which is the most rational one at this point -right and i don a t care how you do it in a sense you bring me the molecules you know and you a re completely wrong and i a m sure you a re completely wrong -ok now we a re dealing with people who only want results and this is the commercial world and they tell us that even if we do it by astrology they a re happy -not actually doing it by astrology but for the last three years i a ve had what i consider to be the best job in the entire universe which is to put my -hobby which is you know fragrance and all the magnificent things plus a little bit of biophysics a small amount of self taught chemistry at the service of something that actually works thank you very much -while the smell wafts over you let me tell you the history of an idea -however theres more to know about your parent star than just how much light you receive overall and ill tell you why -this is our star this is our sun its shown here in visible light thats the light that you can see with your own human eyes youll notice that it looks pretty much like the iconic yellow ball that sun that we all draw when were children but youll notice something else and thats that the face of the sun has freckles -systems outside our own are like distant cities whose lights we can see twinkling but whose streets we cant walk by studying those twinkling lights though we can learn about how stars and planets interact to form their own ecosystem and make habitats that are amenable to life -these freckles are called sunspots and they are just one of the manifestations of the suns magnetic field they also cause the light from the star to vary and we can measure this very very precisely with kepler and trace their effects however -these are just the tip of the iceberg if we had uv eyes or x ray eyes we would really see the dynamic and dramatic effects of our suns magnetic activity the kind of thing that happens on other stars as well -just think even when its cloudy outside these kind of events are happening in the sky above you all the time -so when we want to learn whether a planet is habitable whether it might be amenable to life we want to know not only how much total light it receives and how warm it is -the uv and the x rays that are created by its star and that bathe it in this bath of high energy radiation -and so we cant really look at planets around other stars in the same kind of detail that we can look at planets in our own solar system im showing here venus earth and mars three planets in our own solar system that are roughly the same size but only one of which is really a good place to live -but what we can do in the meantime is measure the light from our stars -and learn about this relationship between the planets and their parent stars to suss out clues about which planets might be good places to look for life in the universe -kepler wont find a planet around every single star it looks at but really every measurement it makes is precious -and what were looking for is the tiny dimming of light that is caused by a planet passing in front of one of these stars and blocking some of that starlight from getting to us -in just over two years of operations weve found over one thousand two hundred potential new planetary systems around other stars to give you some perspective in the previous two decades of searching we had only known about four hundred prior to kepler -when we see these little dips in the light we can determine a number of things for one thing we can determine that theres a planet there but also how big that planet is and how far it is away from its parent star -but thats the nicest thing that could happen since this is peer pressure -peer pressure used to help patients -since this could be used for obesity it could be used to stop smoking in patients -but on the other hand it also could be used to get people from out of their chairs and try to work together in some kind of gaming activity to get more control of their health as of next week it will soon be available there will be this little blood pressure meter -connected to an iphone or something or other -and people will be able from their homes to take their blood pressure -send it into their doctor and eventually share it with others for instance for over a hundred dollars -and this is the point where patients get into position and can collect not only their own control again be captain of their own ship -but also can help us in health care due to the challenges that we face like health care -cost explosion doubled demand and things like that -make techniques that are easy to use and start with this to embrace patients in the team and you can do this with techniques like this -i would like to share with you introduced by a little video -and i really think that the most important thing of it is that we stopped listening to patients and one of the things we did at radboud university is we appointed a chief listening officer not in a very scientific way she puts up a little cup of coffee or cup of tea and asks patients family relatives -a -the other thing is we know where all the gas stations are and sure we could find fast food chains but where -would be the nearest aed to help this patient we asked around and nobody knew -so what we did we crowdsourced the netherlands we set up a website -and asked the crowd if you see an aed please submit it -tell us where it is tell us when its open since sometimes in office hours sometimes its closed of course and over ten thousand aeds already in the netherlands already have been submitted -and as of today we would like to introduce this not only as aed four eu which is what the product is called but also aed four us -and we would like to start this on a worldwide level -and were asking all of our colleagues in the rest of the world colleague universities to help us to find and work and act like a hub to crowd source all these aeds all around the world that whenever youre on holiday -and somebody collapses might it be your own relative -or someone just in front of you you can find this the other thing we would like to ask is of companies also all over the world that will be able to help us validate these aeds these might be courier services or cable guys for instance just to see whether the aed thats submitted still is in place -its a very simple thing its got one knob on off -and every morning i hop on it and yes ive got a challenge as you might see -and i put my challenge on ninety five kg but the thing is that its made this simple that whenever i hop on it sends my data through google health as well -but theres another thing as some of you might know ive got more than four thousand followers on twitter so every morning -i was introduced to robyn the swedish pop star and she was also exploring how technology coexists with raw human emotion and she talked about how technology with these new feathers this new face paint this punk the way that we identify with the world and we made this music video -im fascinated with the idea of what happens when you merge biology with technology and i remember reading about this idea of being able to reprogram biology in the future away from disease and aging and i thought about this concept of imagine if we could reprogram our own body odor -modify and biologically enhance it and how would that change the way that we communicate with each other or the way that we attract sexual partners and would we revert back to being more like animals more primal modes of communication -i worked with a synthetic biologist and i created a swallowable perfume which is a cosmetic pill that you eat -and the fragrance comes out through the skins surface when you perspire it completely blows apart the way that perfume is and provides a whole new format its perfume coming from the inside out it redefines the role of skin and our bodies become an atomizer -ive learned that theres no boundaries and if i look at the evolution of my work i can see threads and connections that make sense but when i look towards the future the next project is completely unknown and wide open -i feel like i have all these ideas existing embedded inside of me and its these conversations and these experiences that connect these ideas and they kind of instinctively come out -as a body architect ive created this limitless and boundless platform for me to discover whatever i want and i feel like ive just got started -so heres to another day at the office -i worked at philips electronics in the far future design research lab looking twenty years into the future i explored the human skin and how technology can transform the body -we transformed our apartments into our -we were creating visual imagery provoking human evolution -i set up my studio in the red light district and obsessively wrapped myself in plumbing tubing and found a way to redefine the skin and create this dynamic textile -and i wrote down a little formula on a piece of paper and it looked like the kfc special spice you know so i was like okay so weve got the formula ready now we need to get this thing into practice -fast forward four years later -after having written a forty page business plan on the cell phone having written my patent on the cell phone im the youngest patent holder in the country and -one of the things we learned was that poor communities dont buy products in bulk -they buy products on demand a person in alex doesnt buy a box of cigarettes they buy one cigarette each day even though its more expensive -so we packaged drybath in these innovative little sachets you just snap them in half and you squeeze it out and the cool part is one sachet substitutes one bath for five rand -after creating that model we also learned a lot in terms of implementing the product we realized that even rich kids from the suburbs really want drybath -and also we would save two hours a day for kids who are in rural areas two hours more for school two hours more for homework two hours more to just be a kid -after seeing that global impact we narrowed it down to our key value proposition which was cleanliness and convenience -and growing up in these tough situations at the age of seventeen i was relaxing with a couple of friends of mine in winter and we were sunbathing the limpopo sun gets really hot in winter -whats stopping you -and another key thing that i learned a lot throughout this whole process last year google named me as one of the brightest young minds in the world im also currently the best student entrepreneur in the world the first african to get that accolade -multiple infections of trachoma can leave you permanently blind the disease leaves eight million people permanently blind each and every year the shocking part about it is that to avoid being infected with trachoma all you have to do is wash your face no medicine no pills no injections -so after seeing these shocking statistics i thought to myself okay even if im not just doing it for myself and the fact that i dont want to bathe i at least need to do it to try to save the world -which is something that we started here at carnegie mellon then we turned it into a startup company and then about a year and a half ago google actually acquired this company so let me tell you what this project started -when i first heard this i was quite proud of myself i thought look at the impact that my research has had but then i started feeling bad see heres the thing each time you type a captcha essentially you waste ten seconds of your time -and if you multiply that by two hundred million you get that humanity as a whole is wasting about five hundred thousand hours every day typing these annoying captchas -so then i started feeling bad -so see heres the thing while youre typing a captcha during those ten seconds your brain is doing something amazing your brain is doing something that computers cannot yet do -so can we get you to do useful work for those ten seconds another way of putting it is is there some humongous problem that we cannot yet get computers to solve yet we can split into tiny ten second chunks such that each time somebody solves a captcha they solve a little bit of this problem -and the answer to that is yes and this is what were doing now so what you may not know is that nowadays while youre typing a captcha not only are you authenticating yourself as a human but in addition youre actually helping us to digitize books -so what were doing now is were taking all of the words that the computer cannot recognize -and were getting people to read them for us while theyre typing a captcha on the internet so the next time you type a captcha these words that youre typing are actually words that are coming from books that are being digitized that the computer could not recognize -but since it doesnt know the answer for it it cannot grade it for you -so what we do is we give you another word one for which the system does know the answer we dont tell you which ones which and we say please type both and if you type the correct word for the one for which the system already knows the answer it assumes you are human and it also gets some confidence that you typed the other word correctly -and if we repeat this process to like ten different people and all of them agree on what the new word is then we get one more word digitized accurately so this is how the system works and basically since we released it about three or four years ago a lot of websites have started switching from -the old captcha where people wasted their time to the new captcha where people are helping to digitize books so for example ticketmaster so every time you buy tickets on ticketmaster you help to digitize a book facebook every time you add a friend or poke somebody you help to digitize a book -two and a half million books a year and this is all being done one word at a time by just people typing captchas on the internet -theres nothing wrong with it but if you present it along with another randomly chosen word bad things can happen -now of course were not just insulting people see heres the thing since were presenting two randomly chosen words -to a really big internet meme that tens of thousands of people have participated in which is called captcha art im sure some of you have heard about it heres how it works imagine youre using the internet and you see a captcha that you think is somewhat peculiar like this captcha -this is the number of distinct people that have helped us digitize at least one word out of a book through recaptcha seven hundred and fifty million which is a little over ten percent of the worlds population has helped us digitize human knowledge and it is numbers like these that motivate my research agenda so the question that motivates my research is the following -so for example in the case of ticketmaster the reason you have to type these distorted characters is to prevent scalpers from writing a program that can buy millions of tickets two at a time -if you look at humanitys large scale achievements these really big things that humanity has gotten together and done historically like for example -building the pyramids of egypt or the panama canal or putting a man on the moon -there is a curious fact about them and it is that they were all done with about the same number off people its weird they were all done with about one hundred thousand people -and the reason for that is because before the internet -coordinating more than one hundred thousand people let alone paying them was essentially impossible but now with the internet ive just shown you a project where weve gotten seven hundred and fifty million people to help us digitize human knowledge so the question that motivates my research is if we can put a man on the moon with one hundred thousand what can we do with one hundred million so -based on this question weve had a lot of different projects that weve been working on let me tell you about one that im most excited about this is something that weve been semi quietly working on for the last year and a half or so it hasnt yet been launched its called duolingo since it hasnt been launched -so i posed the question to my graduate student by the way you did hear me correctly his last name is hacker so i posed this question to him -how can we get one hundred million people translating the web into every major language for free -okay so theres a lot of things to say about this question first of all translating the web -so let me show you an example of something that was translated with a machine actually it was a forum post it was somebody who was trying to ask a question about javascript it was translated from japanese into english so ill just let you read this person starts apologizing for the fact that its -i dont even know if there exists one hundred million people out there using the web who are bilingual enough to help us translate -thats a big problem the other problem youre going to run into is a lack of motivation -how are we going to motivate people to actually translate the web for free normally you have to pay people to do this so how are we going to motivate them to do it for free now when we were starting to think about this we were blocked by these two things but then we realized theres actually a way to solve both these problems with the same solution theres a way to kill two birds with one stone -and that is to transform language translation into something that millions of people want to do and that also helps with the problem of lack of bilinguals and that is language education -people really really want to learn a foreign language and its not just because theyre being forced to do so in school for example in the united states alone there are over five million people who have paid over dollar five hundred for software to learn a new language -and so basically theyre learning by doing so the way this works is whenever youre a just a beginner we give you very very simple sentences theres of course a lot of very simple sentences on the web we give you very very simple sentences along with what each word means -and as you translate them and as you see how other people translate them you start learning the language and as you get more and more advanced we give you more and more complex sentences to translate but at all times youre learning by doing now the crazy thing about this method is that it actually really works -first of all people are really really learning a language were mostly done building it and now were testing it people really can learn a language with it -and they learn it about as well as the leading language learning software so people really do learn a language and not only do they learn it as well but actually its way more interesting because you see with duolingo people are actually learning with real content as opposed to learning with made up sentences people are learning with real content which is inherently interesting -the translations that we get are as accurate as those of professional language translators -which is very surprising so let me show you one example this is a sentence that was translated from german into english the top is the german the middle is an english translation that was done by somebody who was a professional english translator who we paid twenty cents a word -for this translation and the bottom is a translation by users of duolingo none of whom knew any german before they started using the site -the site actually can translate pretty fast so let me show you this is our estimates of how fast we could translate wikipedia from english into spanish -remember this is fifty million dollars worth of value so if we wanted to translate wikipedia into spanish we could do it in five weeks with one hundred thousand active users and we could do it in about eighty hours with a million active users since all the projects that my group has worked on so far have gotten millions of users were hopeful that well be able to translate extremely fast with this project -now the thing that im most excited about with duolingo is i think this provides a fair business model for language education -so heres the thing the current business model for language education is the student pays -youre translating stuff which for example we could charge somebody for translations so this is how we could monetize this since people are creating value while theyre learning they dont have to pay their money they pay with their time but the magical thing here is that theyre paying with their time but that is time that would have had to have been spent anyways learning the language -that doesnt guarantee that what comes next will be a society built on democratic values -but generally the trends that start in egypt have historically spread across the mena region the middle east and north africa region -so when arab socialism started in egypt it spread across the region in the eighty s and ninety s when islamism started in the region it spread across the mena region as a whole and the aspiration that we have at the moment as young arabs are proving today and instantly rebranding themselves -but i believe now that were moving into a new age and that age the new york times dubbed recently as the age of behavior -as being prepared to die for more than just terrorism -is that there is a chance that democratic culture can start in the region and spread across to the rest of the countries that are surrounding that but that will require helping these societies transition from having merely political coalitions to building genuinely grassroots based social movements -that advocate for the democratic culture and weve made a start for that in pakistan with a movement called khudi -where we are working on the ground to encourage the youth to create genuine buy in for the democratic culture and its with that thought that ill end and my time is up and thank you for your time -how i define the age of behavior is a period of transnational allegiances where identity is defined more so by ideas and narratives and these ideas and narratives that bump people across borders are increasingly beginning to affect the way in which people behave now this is not all necessarily good news -because its also my belief that hatred -has gone global just as much -up until the last six months the people who have been capitalizing most on the age of behavior and the transnational allegiances using -digital activism and other sorts of borderless technologies those whove been benefiting from this have been extremists -and thats something which id like to elaborate on -if we look at the phenomenon of -far right fascists -one thing theyve been very good at -one thing that theyve actually been exceeding in is communicating across borders using technologies to organize themselves to propagate their message -and to create truly global phenomena now i should know -because for thirteen years of my life i was involved in an extreme islamist organization -and i was actually a potent force in spreading ideas across borders and i witnessed the rise of islamist extremism as distinct from islam the faith -and the way in which it influenced my co religionists across the world and my story my personal story is truly evidence for the age of behavior that im attempting to elaborate upon here i was by the way im an essex lad born and raised in essex in the u k anyone whos from england knows the -reputation we have from essex -having been born in essex at the age of sixteen -have you ever wondered how such a situation can be turned around have you ever looked at the arab uprisings and thought how could we have predicted that or how could we have better prepared for that -i joined an organization at the age of seventeen i was recruiting people from cambridge university to this organization at the age of nineteen i was on the national leadership of this organization in the u k -by the age of twenty four i found myself convicted in prison in egypt -being blacklisted from three countries in the world for attempting to overthrow their governments -being subjected to torture in egyptian jails and sentenced to five years as a prisoner of conscience -now that journey and what took me from essex all the way across the world by the way we were laughing at democratic activists -we felt they were from the age of yesteryear we felt that they were out of date i learned how to use email -from the extremist organization that i used -i learned how to effectively communicate across borders without being detected eventually i was detected of course in egypt -but the way in which i learned to use technology to my advantage was because i was within an extremist organization that was forced to think beyond the confines of the nation state the age of behavior where ideas and narratives were increasingly defining behavior -and identity and allegiances -so as i said we looked to the status quo and ridiculed it and its not just islamist extremists that did this but even if you look across the mood music in europe of late far right fascism is also on the rise a form of anti islam -rhetoric is also on the rise and its transnational and the consequences that this is having -is that its affecting the political climate across europe -whats actually happening is that what were previously localized parochialisms individual or groupings of extremists who were isolated from one another have become interconnected -well my personal story -in a globalized way and have thus become or are becoming mainstream -because the internet and connection technologies are connecting them across the world -if you look at the rise of far right fascism across europe of late you will see some things that are happening that are influencing domestic politics yet the phenomenon is transnational in certain countries mosque minarets are being banned in others headscarves are being banned in others kosher and halal meat are being banned as we speak -my personal journey what brings me to the ted stage here today -and on the flip side -we have transnational islamist extremists doing the same thing across their own societies and so they are pockets of parochialism that are being connected in a way that makes them feel like they are mainstream now that never would have been possible before they would have felt isolated -until these sorts of technologies came around and connected them in a way that made them feel part of a larger phenomenon -is a demonstration of exactly whats been happening in muslim majority countries over the course of the last decades at least and beyond -well i believe theyre getting left far behind and ill give you -an example here at this stage if any of you remembers the christmas day bomb plot -was represented by his father the head of the nigerian bank warning the cia -the old mentality with a capital o as represented by the nation state -not yet fully into the age of behavior not recognizing the power of transnational social movements got left behind and the christmas day bomber almost succeeded in attacking the united states of america -i want to share some of that story with you but also some of my ideas around change and the role of social movements in creating change in muslim majority societies -again with the example of the far right that we find -so why are they succeeding and why are democracy aspirants falling behind -if i asked you to think of the ideas of al qaeda thats something that comes to your mind immediately if i ask you to think of their narratives the west being at war with islam the need to defend islam against the west these narratives they come to your mind immediately incidentally the difference between ideas and narratives the idea is the cause -so the ideas and the narratives of al qaeda come to your mind immediately if i ask you to think of their symbols and their leaders they come to your mind immediately one of their leaders was killed in pakistan recently -so these symbols and these leaders come to your mind immediately -and i ask you to think of -the symbols and the leaders for democracy in pakistan today youll be hard pressed to think beyond -the assassination of benazir bhutto which means by definition that particular leader no longer exists one of the problems were facing is in my view that there are no globalized youth led -so let me begin by first of all giving a very very brief history of time if i may indulge -grassroots social movements advocating for democratic culture across muslim majority societies there is no equivalent of the al qaeda without the terrorism for democracy across muslim majority societies there are no ideas and narratives and leaders and symbols advocating the democratic culture on the ground -so that begs the next question -and i believe thats for four reasons i believe number one its complacency because those who aspire to democratic culture -in medieval societies there were defined allegiances an identity was defined primarily by religion and then we moved on into an era in the nineteenth century with the rise of a european nation state where identities and allegiances were defined by ethnicity -the second i believe -is political correctness -but actually going out to propagate that view is associated with either neoconservativism or with islamist extremism to go around saying that i believe democratic culture -is the best that weve arrived at as a form of political organizing -is associated with extremism and the third -ask people to vote for them as the democratic party but then the other parties ask them to vote for them as the military party wanting to rule by military dictatorship and then you have a third party saying vote for us well establish a theocracy so democracy has become -merely one political choice among many other forms of political choices available in those societies -and what happens as a result of this is when those parties are elected -and inevitably they fail or inevitably they make political mistakes democracy takes the blame for their political mistakes -and then people say weve tried democracy it doesnt really work lets bring the military back again -and the fourth reason i believe is what ive labeled here on the slide as the ideology of resistance what i mean by that is if the world superpower today was a communist -it would be much easier for democracy activists to use democracy activism as a form of resistance against colonialism than it is today with the world superpower being america occupying certain lands -when talking about those reasons lets break down certain preconceptions is it just about grievances is it just about -the majority of those who join extremist organizations are highly educated -statistically they are educated on average above the education levels of western society -anecdotally we can demonstrate that if poverty was the only factor well bin laden is from one of the richest families in saudi arabia -international aid and development has been going on for years -but extremism in those societies in many of those societies has been on the rise and what i believe is missing -so identity was primarily defined by ethnicity and the nation state reflected that in the age of globalization we moved on -is genuine grassroots activism on the ground in addition to international aid in addition to education in addition to health not exclusive to these things but in addition to them is propagating a genuine demand for democracy on the ground and this is where i believe neoconservatism had it upside down -neoconservatism had the philosophy that you go in with a supply led approach to impose democratic values from the top down -whereas islamists and far right organizations for decades have been building demand for their ideology on the grassroots -theyve been building civilizational demand for their values on the grassroots and weve been seeing those societies slowly transition -and whats needed is a genuine transnational -youth led movement that works to actively advocate for the democratic culture which is necessarily more than just elections -but without freedom of speech you cant have free and fair elections without human rights you dont have the protection granted to you to campaign -without freedom of belief you dont have the right to join organizations so whats needed is those organizations on the ground advocating for the democratic culture itself -i call it the era of citizenship where people could be from multi racial multi ethnic backgrounds but all be equal as citizens in a state you could be american italian you could be american irish you could be british pakistani -to create the demand on the ground for this culture -alongside other choices such as military rule and theocracy -whereas if we start building this demand on the ground on a civilizational level rather than merely on a political level a level above politics -movements that are not political parties but are rather creating this civilizational demand for this democratic culture what well have in the end is this ideal that you see on the slide here the ideal that people should vote in an existing democracy not for a democracy -but to get to that stage where democracy builds the fabric of society and the political choices within that fabric but are certainly not theocratic and military dictatorship -now to conclude how does that happen well -egypt is a good starting point the arab uprisings have demonstrated that this is already beginning but what happened in the arab uprisings and what happened in egypt was particularly cathartic for me -what happened there was a political coalition gathered together for a political goal and that was to remove the leader -we need to move one step beyond that now we need to see how we can help those societies move from political coalitions loosely based political coalitions to civilizational coalitions that are working for the ideals and narratives of the democratic culture on the ground because its not enough to remove a leader or ruler or dictator -so is this a good idea i remember when you were -then the voice of the united states will not be heard and it was the first time that i had that feeling -reluctant female mode and decide that i had to speak on behalf of our country and so that happened more at various times but i really think that there was a great advantage in many ways to being a woman -i think we are a lot better at personal relationships and then have the capability obviously of telling it like it is when its necessary -that we have to remember that while many of us have had huge opportunities and pat you have been a real leader in your field -is that there are a lot of women that are not capable of worrying and taking care of themselves and understanding that women have to help other women and so what i have felt and i have looked at this from a -national security issue when i was secretary of state i decided that womens issues -had to be central to american foreign policy not just because im a feminist but because i believe that societies are better off when women are politically and economically empowered -that values are passed down the health situation is better education is better there is greater economic prosperity so i think that it behooves us those of us that live in various countries where we do have -the bottom line that i decided was actually womens issues are the hardest issues because they are the ones that have to do with life and death in so many aspects and because as i said it is really central to the way that we think about things now -for instance some of the wars that took place when i was in office a lot of them the women were the main victims of it for instance when i started there were wars in the balkans -the women in bosnia were being raped we then managed to set up a war crimes tribunal to deal specifically with those kinds of issues and by the way one of the things that i did at that stage was i had just arrived at the u n and when i was there -jamaica lichtenstein and me so being an american i decided to set up a caucus laughter and -which he deserved he had invaded another country and so all of a sudden a poem appeared in the papers in baghdad comparing me to many things but among them an unparalleled serpent and so i happened to have a snake pin so i wore it when we talked about iraq -and yet we hear there are more women at the negotiating tables now you were at those negotiating tables when they werent -there is a way when there are more women at the table -that theres an attempt to develop some understanding so for instance what i did when i went to burundi wed got tutsi and hutu women together to talk about some of the problems that had taken place in rwanda -and so i think the capability of women to put themselves i think were better about putting ourselves into the other guys shoes and having more empathy i think it helps in terms of the support if there are other women in the room when i was secretary of state there were only thirteen other women foreign ministers -and so it was nice when one of them would show up for instance she is now the president of finland but tarja halonen was -of women in a series of foreign policy positions the other thing that i think is really important a lot of national security policy isnt just about foreign policy but its about budgets military budgets and how the debts of countries work out -if you have women in a variety of foreign policy posts they can support each other when there are budget decisions being made in their own countries -to meet the press they zeroed in said why are you wearing that snake pin i said because saddam hussein compared me to an unparalleled serpent and then i thought well this is fun so i went out -women to be in political office to figure out how they can in fact develop political voices -i think we also need to be supportive when businesses are being created and just make sure that women help each other now i have a saying that i feel very strongly about because -i am of a certain age where when i started in my career believe it or not there were other women who criticized me why arent you in the carpool line or arent your children suffering because youre not there all the time -and i think we have a tendency to make each other feel guilty in fact i think guilt is every womans middle name and so i think what needs to happen is we need to help each other and my motto is that theres a special place in hell for women who dont help each other -just as all these wonderful things were hearing about here at the ted conference that we take for granted in the world right now were really knowledge and ideas that came up in the fifties the sixties and the seventies -thats the substrate that were exploring today whether its the internet genetic engineering laser scanners guided missiles fiber optics high definition television -alvin aileys suite otis or sarah jones your revolution will not be between these thighs which by the way is banned by the fcc or ska all of these things without question -what i want to do today is to spend some time talking about some stuff thats sort of given me a little bit of existential angst for lack of a better word -im really worried to be quite frank im concerned im skeptical that were doing very much of anything were in a sense failing -to act in the future we are purposefully consciously being laggards were lagging behind -who was a psychiatrist from martinque said each generation must out of relative obscurity discover its mission and fulfill or betray it -what is our mission what do we have to do i think our mission is to reconcile to reintegrate science and the arts because right now theres a schism that exists in popular culture -you know people have this idea that science and the arts are really separate we think of them as separate and different things and this idea was probably introduced centuries ago but its really becoming critical now -because were making decisions about our society every day that if we keep thinking that the arts are separate from the sciences -and we keep thinking its cute to say i dont understand anything about this one i dont understand anything about the other one then we are going to have problems now i know no one here at ted thinks this all of us we already know that theyre very connected but im going to let you know that some folks in the outside world -the past couple of years and basically these three quotes tell whats going on when god made the color purple god was just showing off alice walker wrote in the color purple -believe it or not they think its neat when they say you know scientists and science is not creative maybe scientists are ingenious but theyre not -and then we have this tendency that career counselors and various people say things like artists are not analytical theyre ingenious perhaps -but not analytical and when these concepts underlie our teaching and what we think about the world then we have a problem because we stymie support for everything by accepting this dichotomy whether its -when we attempt to accommodate it in our world and we try to build our foundation for the world were messing up the future because who wants to be -who wants to be illogical talent would run from either of these fields if you said you have to choose either then theyre going to go to something where they think well i can be creative and logical at the same time now i grew up in the sixties and ill admit it -old enough to be a hippie i know there are people here you know the younger generation of wanna be hippies -was that there was hope for the future we thought everyone could participate there -wonderful incredible ideas that were always percolating and so much of whats cool or hot today is really based on some of those concepts whether its people trying to use a prime directive from star trek being -that three dimensional weaving and fax machines that i read about in my weekly readers as the technology and engineering was just getting started but the sixties left me with a problem -you see i -always assumed i would go into space because i followed all of this but i also loved the arts and sciences you see when i was growing up as a little girl and a teenager -i loved designing and making doll clothes and wanted to be a fashion designer i took art and ceramics i loved dance lola falana alvin ailey jerome robins -and zora neale hurston in dust tracks on a road research is a formalized curiosity its poking and prying with a purpose -and i also avidly followed the gemini and the apollo programs i had science projects and -of astronomy books i took calculus and philosophy i wondered about the infinity and the big bang theory and when i was at stanford i found myself my senior year -and i found myself the last quarter juggling chemical engineering separation processes logic classes nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy -and also producing and choreographing a dance production and i had to do the lighting and the design work -i was trying to figure out do i go to new york city to try to become a professional dancer or do i go to medical school now my mother helped me figure that one out -their science and math folks ask me why did you take up what you took up i had to say because it represents human creativity -the creativity that allowed us that we were required to have to conceive and build and launch the space shuttle springs from the same source of imagination and analysis that it took to carve a bundu statue -or the ingenuity it took to design choreograph and stage cry each one of them are different manifestations incarnations of creativity -and then finally when i think about the near future you know we have this attitude well whatever happens happens -avatars of human creativity and thats what we have to reconcile in our minds how these things fit together the difference between arts and sciences is not -einstein said in fact the most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious it is the source of all true art and science -dance requires us to express and want to express the jubilation in life but then you have to figure out exactly what movement do i do to make sure that it comes across correctly -the difference between arts and sciences is also not constructive versus deconstructive right a lot people think of the sciences as deconstructive you have to pull things apart -so that goes along with the cheshire cat saying if you dont care much where you want to get to it doesnt much matter which way you go but i think it does matter which way we go and what road we take -is deconstructive because you see a piece and you remove what doesnt need to be there biotechnology is constructive orchestral arranging is constructive so in fact we use constructive and deconstructive techniques in everything -the difference between science and the arts is not that they are different sides of the same coin even or even different parts of the same continuum but rather they are manifestations of the same thing -our experience to influence the universe external to ourselves it doesnt rely on us -it -right -people say intuitive thats like -the -and -i came up with -we -a -the -the -the world our society is going to be building on the basic knowledge and abstract ideas the discoveries that we came up with today -but moving mountains can be dangerous let me try and explain why doctory areas cover more than one third of the earths land surfaces some are already deserts others are being seriously degraded by the -just south of the sahara we find the sahel the name means edge of the desert and this is the region most closely associated with desertification it was here in the late sixties and early seventies -that major droughts brought three million people to become dependent upon emergency food aid with about up to two hundred and fifty thousand dying -this is a catastrophe waiting to happen again and its one that gets very little attention in our accelerated media culture desertification is simply too slow to reach the headlines -its nothing like a tsunami or a katrina too few crying children and smashed up houses -to be at a conference dedicated to things not seen and present my proposal to build a six thousand kilometer long wall across the entire african continent -is a major threat on all continents affecting some one hundred and ten countries and about seventy percent of the worlds agricultural drylands -it seriously threatens the livelihoods of millions of people -and it is largely an issue that weve created for ourselves through unsustainable use of scarce resources so we get climate change we get droughts increased desertification crashing food systems water scarcity -if we fail to take this seriously but how far away is it i went to sokoto in northern nigeria to try and find out how far away it is -the dunes here move southward at a pace of around six hundred meters a year thats the sahara eating up almost one meter a day of the arable land physically pushing people away -from their homes here i am im the second person on -this is where the village used to be it took us about ten minutes to climb up to the top of that dune which goes to show why they had to move to a -thats the kind of forced migration that desertification can lead to if you happen to live close to the desert border you can pretty much calculate how long it will be before you have to carry your kids away and abandon your home and your life as you know -now -about the size of the great wall of china this would hardly be an invisible structure and yet its made from parts that are invisible or near invisible to the naked eye bacteria and grains of sand -four years ago twenty three african countries came together to create the great green wall sahara a fantastic project the initial plan called for a shelter belt of trees to be planted right across the african continent from mauritania in the west -all the way to djibouti in the east if you want to stop a sand dune from moving what you need to make sure to do is to stop the grains from avalanching over its crest -and a good way of doing that the most efficient way is to use some kind of sand catcher trees or cacti are good for this but one of the problems with planting trees is that the people in these regions are so poor that -now there is an alternative to just planting trees and hoping that they -it creates physical spaces habitable spaces inside of the sand dunes if people live inside of the green barrier they can help support the trees protect them from humans and from some of the forces of nature -we can have the wind excavate it for us so the wind carries the sand onto the site and then it carries the redundant sand away from the structure for us -but by now youre probably asking how am i planning to solidify a sand dune how do we glue those grains of sand together -and the answer is perhaps that you use these guys bacillus pasteurii a micro organism that is readily available in wetlands and marshes and does precisely that it takes a pile of -now as architects were trained to solve problems but i dont really believe in architectural problems i only believe in opportunities which is why ill show you a threat -and it creates sandstone out of it these images from the american society for microbiology show us the process what happens is you pour bacillus pasteurii onto a pile of -and it starts filling up the voids in between the grains a chemical process produces calcite which is a kind of natural cement that binds the grains together the whole cementation process takes about twenty four hours -here i am playing the part of the mad scientist working with the bugs at ucl in london trying to solidify them so how much would this cost -not an economist very much not but i did quite literally a back of the envelope calculation and it seems that for a cubic meter of concrete we would have to pay in the region of ninety dollars -and after an initial cost of sixty bucks to buy the bacteria which youll never have to pay again one cubic meter of bacterial sand would be about eleven dollars -how do we construct something like this well ill quickly show you two options the first is to create a kind of balloon structure fill it with bacteria then allow the sand to wash over the balloon -the balloon as it were disseminating the bacteria into the sand and solidifying it then a few years afterwards using permacultural strategies we green that part of the -the second alternative would be to use injection piles so we pushed the piles down through the dune and we create an initial bacterial surface we then pull the piles up through the -and an architectural response the threat is desertification my response is a sandstone wall made from bacteria and solidified sand stretching across the desert -then creating these habitable spaces inside of the desert dunes but what should they look like well i was inspired for my architectural form by tafoni which look a little bit like this this is a -these are cavernous rock structures that i found on the site in sokoto and i realized that if i scaled them up they would provide me good -spatial qualities for ventilation for thermal comfort and for other things now part of the formal control over this structure would be lost to nature -do their work and i think this creates a kind of boundless beauty actually i think there is really something in that articulation that is quite -we see the result the traces if you like of the bacillus pasteurii being harnessed to sculpt the desert into these habitable environments some people believe -this would spread uncontrollably and that the bacteria would kill everything in its way thats not true at all its a natural process it goes on in nature today and the bacteria die as soon as we stop feeding them so there it is -the world is likely to lose one third of its arable land by the end of the century -in a period of -if nothing else i would like for this scheme to initiate a discussion but if i had something like a ted wish it would be to actually get it built to start building this -itself its not only something that supports trees but something that connects people and countries together i would like to conclude by showing you an animation of the structure -now sand is a magical material of beautiful contradictions it is simple and complex -and leave you with a sentence by jorge luis borges borges said that nothing is built on stone -ethical financial my design as it takes you down the rabbit hole is -with many challenges -and difficulties in the real world -is really the time to -it is peaceful and violent it is always the same never the same endlessly fascinating one billion grains of sand -come into existence in the world each second thats a cyclical process as rocks and mountains die -some of those grains may then accumulate on a massive scale into a sand dune in a way the static stone mountain becomes a moving mountain of -and then my aunt frances dies and before she died she tried to pay with sweet n low packets for her bagel -and that was a good thing to help the you know the cause but then he came back -and i look at a beautiful bowl of fruit and i look at a dress that i sewed for friends of mine and it says ich habe genug which is a bach cantata which i once thought meant ive had it -i cant take it anymore give me a break but i was wrong it means i have enough and that is utterly true i happen to be alive end of discussion thank you -and things happened and i decided i really hated my writing that it was awful awful purple prose -and i decided that i wanted to tell but i still wanted to tell a narrative story and i still wanted to tell my stories so i decided that i would start to draw how hard could that be and so -what i am always thinking about -what happened was that i started just becoming an editorial illustrator through you know sheer whatever sheer ignorance and we started a -if you know too much youre stymied so the premise in the studio was there are no boundaries there is no fear and i and my full time job i landed the best job on earth was to daydream and to actually come up -is what this session is about which is called simplicity and almost i would almost call it being simple minded but in the best sense of the word -with absurd ideas that fortunately there were enough people there and it was a team it was a collective it was not just me coming up with crazy ideas but -the point was that i was there as myself as a dreamer and so some of the things i mean it was a long history of m company and clearly we also needed to make some money so we decided -we would create a series of products and some of the watches there attempting to be beautiful and humorous maybe not attempting hopefully succeeding -that to be able to talk about content to break apart what you normally expect to use humor and surprise elegance and -humanity in your work was really important to us it was a very high it was a very impersonal time in design and we wanted to say -the content is whats important not the package not the wrapping you really have to be journalists you have to be inventors you have to use your imagination more importantly than anything so -the good news is that i have a dog and though i dont know if i believe in luck i dont know what i believe in its a very complicated question but -i do know that before i go away i crank his tail seven times so whenever he sees a suitcase in the house because everybodys always you know leaving theyre always cranking this wonderful dogs tail and he runs to the other room but -i am able to make the transition from working for children and from working for adults to children and back and forth because you know i can say that im immature and in a way -true i dont really i mean i could tell you that i didnt understand -im not proud of it but i didnt understand lets say ninety five percent of the talks at this conference but i have been taking beautiful notes of drawings and i have a gorgeous onion from -s talk and i have a beautiful page of doodles from jonathan woodhams talk so good things come out of you know incomprehension -which i will do a painting of and then it will end up in my work so im open to the possibilities of not knowing and finding out something new so -in writing for children it seems simple -and it is you have to condense a story into thirty two pages usually and what you have to do is you really have to edit down to what you want to say and hopefully -how to die period thats all im trying to do all day long and im also trying to have some meals and have some snacks and you know and yell at my children and do all the normal things that keep you grounded -not talking down to kids and youre not talking in such a way that you you know couldnt stand reading it after one time so i hopefully am writing you know books that are good for children and for adults -the painting reflects i dont think differently for children than i do for adults i try to use the same kind of imagination the same kind of whimsy the same kind of love of language so -you know and i have lots of wonderful looking friends this is andrew gatz and he walked in through the door and i said you sit down there you know i take lots of photos and the bertoia chair in the background is my favorite chair so -i get to put in all of the things that i love hopefully a dialog between adults and children will happen on many different levels and hopefully different different kinds of humor will evolve and the books are really journals of my life i never -because my life is too random and too confused and i enjoy it that way but anyway so i was in we were in venice -and this is our room and i had this dream that i was wearing this fantastic green gown and i was looking out the window and it was really a beautiful thing and so i was able to put that into this -well he has some hair but well he used to have hair and with him i was able to do a project that was really fantastic i work for the new yorker and i do covers and -nine eleven happened and it was you know a complete and utter end of the world as we knew it -and rick and i were on our way to a party in the bronx and somebody said bronxistan and somebody said fareerristan and we -came up with this new yorker cover which we were able to we didnt know what we were doing we werent trying to be funny we werent trying to be well we were trying to be funny actually thats not true -we hoped wed be funny but we didnt know it would be a cover and we didnt know that that image at the moment that it happened would be something that would be so wonderful for a lot of people and it really became the -so i was fortunate enough to be born a very dreamy child my older sister was busy torturing my parents and they were busy torturing her -i dont know you know it was one of those moments people started laughing at what was going on and from you know fattushis to taxistan to you know for the fashtoonks botoxia pashmina khlintunesia -you know we were able to take the city and make fun of this completely foreign who are whats going on over here who are these people what are these tribes and -david remnick who was really wonderful about it had one problem he didnt like al zheimer al zheimers because he thought it would insult people with alzheimers but you know we said david whos -theyre not so it stayed in and it was and you know it was a good thing -in the course of my life i never know whats going to happen and thats kind of the beauty part and we were on cape cod a place obviously of great inspiration and i picked up this book -the elements of style at a yard sale and i didnt and id never used it in school because i was too busy writing poems and flunking out and -i dont know what sitting in cafes but i picked it up and i started reading it and i thought this book is amazing i said who people should know about this book so -decided it needed a few it needed a lift it needed a few illustrations and basically i called the you know i convinced the white estate and what an intersection of like you know -polish jew you know main wasp family here i am saying id like to do something to this book and they said yes and they left me completely alone which was a gorgeous wonderful thing and -e b white wrote such wonderful whimsical and actually strunk and then you come to the rules and you know there are lots of grammar things do you mind me asking a question do you mind my asking a question -could should or would should could and would is coco chanels lover should is edith sitwell and could is an august sander subject and he noticed a large stain in the center of the rug -i was lucky enough to be completely ignored which is a fabulous thing actually i want to tell you so i was able to completely daydream my way through my life -so theres a kind of british understatement murder mystery theme that i really love very much -or you can ignore them which i do or you can i dont know what you know eat a sandwich so -what i did when i was painting was i started singing because i really adore singing and i think that music is the highest form of all art so i commissioned a wonderful composer nico muhly who -wrote nine songs using the text and we performed this fantastic evening -he wrote music for both amateurs and professionals i played the clattering teacup and the slinky in the main reading room of the new york public library -where youre supposed to be very very quiet and it was a phenomenally wonderful event which we hopefully will do some more -who knows the new york times select the op ed page asked me to do a column and they said you can do whatever you want so once a month for the last year ive been doing -column called the principles of uncertainty which you know i dont know who heisenberg is but i know i can throw that around now you know its the principles of uncertainty so -you know im going to read quickly and probably im going to edit some because i dont have that much time left a few of the columns and basically i was -how can i tell you everything that is in my heart impossible to begin enough no begin with the hapless dodo and i talk about the dodo and how the dodo became extinct -and then he died and there was no more spinoza extinct and then we dont have a stuffed spinoza but we do have a stuffed pavlovs dog -and i visited him in the museum of hygiene in st petersburg in russia and there he is with this horrible electrical box on his rump -in this fantastic decrepit palace -and i think it must have been a very very dark day when the bolsheviks arrived maybe amongst themselves they had a few good laughs but stalin was a paranoid man even more than my father -you dont even know and -where i met a man who was trying to blow up the math building of nyu and i was writing terrible poetry and knitting sweaters for him -s family fled russia how could the young nabokov sitting innocently and elegantly in a red chair leafing through a book and butterflies imagine such displacement such loss -and then i want to tell you that this is a map so my beautiful mothers family fled russia as well too many pogroms leaving the shack the wild blueberry woods the geese -the river sluch they went to palestine and then america and my mother drew this map for me of the united states of america and that is my dna over here because that -who i grew up with had no use for facts whatsoever facts were actually -from our home and so if you see that texas you know texas and california are under canada and that south carolina is on top of north carolina this is the home that i grew up in -ok so its a miracle that im here today -but actually its not its actually a wonderful thing but then she says tel aviv and lenin which is the town they came from and sorry the rest unknown thank you but in her lexicon means sorry the rest unknown is sorry the rest unknown go to hell because she couldnt care less -of february is that februarys a really wretched month in new york and the images for me conjure up these really awful things -not so awful i received a box in the mail and it was wrapped with newspaper and there was the picture of the man on the newspaper and he was dead -and i say i hope hes not really dead just enjoying a refreshing lie down in the snow but the caption says he is dead and actually he was i think hes dead though i dont know maybe hes not dead -and feminists hated us and the whole thing was wretched from beginning to end but -and this woman leans over in anguish not about that man but about all sad things it happens quite often in february -theres consoling -this man is angry because somebody threw onions all over the staircase and basically you know i guess onions are a theme here and he says it is impossible not to lie it is february and not lying is impossible and i really spend a lot of time wondering -how much truth do we tell what is that were actually what story are we actually telling how do we know when we are ourselves how do we actually know that these sentences coming out of our mouths are real stories you know are real sentences -or are they fake sentences that we think we ought to be saying im going to quickly go through this -a quote by bertrand russell all the labor of all the ages all the devotion all the inspiration all the noonday brightness of human genius are destined to extinction -so now my friends if that is true and it is true what is the point a complicated question and so you know i talk to my friends and i go to plays where theyre singing russian songs oh my god you know what could we have no we dont have time -i taped my aunt i taped my aunt singing a song in russian from the you know could we have it for a second do you have -i kept writing bad poetry and he didnt blow up the math building but he went to cuba but i gave him the money because i was from riverdale so i had more money than he did -used -in the ocean every day of the year until she was about eighty five -so and thats a song about how everybodys miserable because you know were from russia -i went to visit kitty carlisle hart and she is ninety six and when i brought her a copy of the elements of style she said she would treasure it and then i said oh and she was talking about moss hart and i said you know when you met him you knew it was him and she said i knew it was he so -i was the one who should have kept the book but it was a really wonderful moment -and she dated george gershwin so you know get out gershwin died at the age of thirty eight hes buried in the same cemetery as my husband -i dont want to talk about that now i do want to talk the absolute icing on this cemetery cake is the barricini family mausoleum nearby i think the barricini family should open a store there and sell chocolate -and i would like to run it for them and i went to visit louise bourgeoise whos also still working and i looked at her sink which is really amazing and left and then i photograph and do a painting of a sofa on the street and a woman who lives on our street lolita -in his new marketing strategy his response was a grant program i dont think he understood that i wasnt asking -for funding i was making him an offer -was that this top down approach is still around now dont get me wrong we need money -but grassroots groups are needed at the table during the decision making process -of the ninety percent of the energy that mister gore reminded us that we waste every day dont add wasting our energy intelligence and hard earned experience to that -come from so far to meet you like this please dont waste me -by working together we can become one of those small rapidly growing groups of individuals -who actually have the audacity and courage to believe that we actually can change the world we might have come to this conference from very very different stations in life -but believe me we all share one incredibly powerful thing we have nothing to lose and everything to gain ciao bellos -and just like my new dog it was an idea that got bigger than id imagined we garnered much support along the way and the hunts point riverside park became the first waterfront park that the south bronx had had in more than sixty years -we leveraged that ten thousand dollar seed grant more than three hundred times into a three million dollar park and in the fall im actually going to i exchange marriage vows with -my buttons back there which he does all the time -if youre here today and im very happy that you are youve all heard about how sustainable development will save us from ourselves however when were not at ted -but those of us living in environmental justice communities are the canary in the coalmine we feel the problems right now and have for some time -as a black person in america i am twice as likely as a white person to live in an area where air pollution poses the greatest risk to my health i am five times more likely to live within walking distance of a power plant or chemical facility which i do -these land use decisions created the hostile conditions that lead to problems like obesity diabetes and asthma why would someone leave their home to go for a brisk walk in a toxic neighborhood -our twenty seven percent obesity rate is high even for this country and diabetes comes with it one out of four south bronx children has asthma our asthma hospitalization rate is seven times higher than the national average -these impacts are coming everyones way and we all pay dearly for solid waste costs health problems associated with pollution and more odiously the cost of imprisoning our young black and latino men -who possess untold amounts of untapped potential fifty percent of our residents live at or below the poverty line twenty five percent of us are unemployed low income citizens often use emergency room visits as primary care -this comes at a high cost to taxpayers and produces no proportional benefits poor people are not only still poor they are still unhealthy -we are often told that a real sustainability policy agenda is just not feasible especially in large urban areas like new york city and thats because most people with decision making powers in both the public and the private sector -and wont destroy us all in the long term none of us want that and we all have that in common so what else do we have in common well first of all were all incredibly good looking -ok -i grew up with a crack house across the street -yeah im a poor black child from the ghetto these things make me different from you -but the things we have in common set me apart from most of the people in my community and i am in between these two worlds with enough of my heart to fight for justice in the other -so how did things get so different for us in the late forties my dad a pullman porter son of a slave bought a house in the hunts point section of the south bronx and a few years later he married my mom -at the time the community was a mostly white working class neighborhood my dad was not alone and as others like him pursued their own version of the american dream white flight became common in the south bronx and in many cities around the country -red lining was used by banks wherein certain sections of the city including ours were deemed off limits to any sort of investment -many landlords believed it was more profitable to torch their buildings and collect insurance money rather than to sell under those conditions -dead or injured former tenants notwithstanding hunts point was formerly a walk to work community but now residents had neither work nor home to walk to -a national highway construction boom was added to our problems in new york state robert moses spearheaded an aggressive highway expansion campaign one of its primary goals was to make it easier for residents of wealthy communities in westchester county to -go to manhattan the south bronx which lies in between did not stand a chance residents were often given less than a months notice before their buildings were razed six hundred thousand people were displaced -the common perception was that only pimps and pushers and prostitutes were from the south bronx and if you are told from your earliest days -that nothing good is going to come from your community that is bad and ugly how could it not reflect on you so now my familys property was worthless save for that it was our home and all we had and luckily for me -that home and the love inside of it along with help from teachers mentors and friends along the way was enough now why is this story important -the disinvestment that began in the nineteen sixties set the stage for all the environmental injustices that were to come antiquated zoning and land use regulations are still used to this day to continue putting polluting facilities in my neighborhood -are these factors taken into consideration when land use policy is decided what costs are associated with these decisions and who pays who profits -does anything justify what the local community goes through this was planning in quotes that did not have our best interests in mind -i wrote a one and a quarter million federal transportation grant to design the plan for a waterfront esplanade with dedicated on street bike paths -they provide opportunities to be more physically active as well as local economic development think bike shops juice stands we secured twenty million dollars to build first phase projects this is lafayette avenue -she turned out to be a much bigger dog than id anticipated when she came into my life we were fighting against a huge waste facility planned for the east river waterfront -and as redesigned by matthews nielsen landscape architects and once this path is constructed itll connect the south bronx with more than four hundred acres of randalls island park -right now were separated by about twenty five feet of water but this link will change that as we nurture the natural environment its abundance will give us back even more we run a project called the bronx ecological stewardship training -which provides job training in the fields of ecological restorations so that folks from our community have the skills to compete for these well paying jobs little by little were seeding the area with green collar jobs then the people that have both a financial and personal stake in their environment -even during rush hour it goes virtually unused the community created an alternative transportation plan that allows for the removal of the highway -we have the opportunity now to bring together all the stakeholders to re envision how this twenty eight acres can be better utilized for parkland affordable housing and local economic development we also built the citys new york citys first green and cool roof demonstration project -on top of our offices cool roofs are highly reflective surfaces that dont absorb solar heat and pass it on to the building or atmosphere green roofs are soil and living plants -both can be used instead of petroleum based roofing materials that absorb heat contribute to urban heat island effect and degrade under the sun which we in turn breathe -so so cool anyway the demonstration project is a springboard for our own green roof installation business bringing jobs and sustainable economic activity to the south -that too anyway i know chris told us not to do pitches up here but since i have all of your attention we need investors end of pitch its better to ask for forgiveness than permission -ok katrina -prior to katrina the south bronx and new orleans ninth ward had a lot in common both were largely populated by poor people of color -both hotbeds of cultural innovation think hip hop and jazz both are waterfront communities that host both industries and residents in close proximity of one another -in the post katrina era we have still more in common were at best ignored and maligned and abused at worst by negligent -but we have emerged with valuable lessons about how to dig ourselves out we are more than simply national symbols of urban blight -or problems to be solved by empty campaign promises of presidents come and gone now will we let the gulf coast languish for a decade or two like the south bronx did or will we take -this presentation today only represents some of what ive been through like a tiny little bit youve no clue but ill tell you later if you -four power plants the worlds largest food distribution center as well as other industries that bring more than sixty thousand diesel truck trips to the area each week -but i know its the bottom line or ones perception of it that motivates people in the end im interested in what i like to call the triple bottom line that sustainable development can produce -have the potential to create positive returns for all concerned the developers government and the community where these projects go up at present thats not happening in new york city -and we are operating with a comprehensive urban planning deficit a parade of government subsidies is going to proposed big box and stadium developments in the south bronx but there is scant coordination between city agencies on how to deal with the cumulative -of increased traffic pollution solid waste and the impacts on open space and their approaches to local economic and job development -are so lame its not even funny because on top of that the worlds richest sports team is replacing the house that ruth built by destroying -two well loved community parks now well have even less than that stat i told you about earlier and although less than twenty five percent of south bronx residents own cars these projects include thousands of new parking spaces yet zip in terms of mass -i am not anti development ours is a city not a wilderness preserve and ive embraced my inner capitalist and -so i dont have a problem with developers making money theres enough precedent out there to show that a sustainable community friendly development -can still make a fortune fellow tedsters bill mcdonough and amory lovins both heroes of mine by the way -have shown that you can actually do that i do have a problem with developments that hyper exploit politically vulnerable communities for profit that it continues is a shame upon us all because we are all responsible for the future that we create -but one of the things i do to remind myself of greater possibilities is to learn from visionaries in other cities this is my version of globalization lets take bogota -latino surrounded by runaway gun violence and drug trafficking a reputation not unlike that of the south bronx -however this city was blessed in the late nineteen nineties with a highly influential mayor named enrique -he looked at the demographics few bogatanos own cars yet a huge portion of the citys resources was dedicated to serving them -but as people began to see that they were being put first on issues reflecting their day to day lives incredible things happened people stopped littering crime rates dropped because the streets were alive with people -his administration attacked several typical urban problems at one time and on a third world budget at that we have no excuse in this country im sorry -but the bottom line is their people first agenda was not meant to penalize those who could actually afford cars but rather to provide opportunities for all bogatanos to participate in the citys resurgence -that development should not come at the expense of the majority of the population is still considered a radical idea here in the us but bogotas example has the power to change that -lived in this area all my life and you could not get to the river because of all the lovely facilities that id mentioned earlier then while jogging with my dog one morning she pulled me into what i thought was just another -you however are blessed with the gift of influence thats why youre here and why you value the information we exchange use your influence in support of comprehensive sustainable change everywhere dont just talk about it -this is a nationwide policy agenda im trying to build and as you all know politics are personal help me make green the new black -support investments with a triple bottom line return help me democratize sustainability by bringing everyone to the table and insisting that comprehensive planning -can be addressed everywhere oh good glad i have a little more time listen when i spoke to mister gore the other day after breakfast i asked him how environmental justice activists were going to be included -so i want everyone to understand the critical importance of shifting charity into enterprise i started my firm to help communities across the country realize their own potential to improve everything -about the quality of life for their people home security is next on my to do list what we need are people who see the value in investing in these types of local enterprises who will partner with folks like me to identify -the growth trends and climate adaptation as well as understand the growing social costs of business as usual we need to work together to embrace and repair our land -repair our power systems and repair ourselves its time to stop building the shopping malls the prisons -the stadiums and other tributes to all of our collective failures it is time that we start building living monuments to hope and possibility thank you very much -so these young men and women learned job readiness and life skills through bee keeping and became productive citizens in the process talk about a sweet beginning -now im going to take you to los angeles and lots of people know that l a has its issues but im going to talk about l a s water issues right now -they have not enough water on most days and too much to handle when it rains currently twenty percent of californias energy -consumption is used to pump water into mostly southern california their spending loads loads to channel that rainwater out into the ocean when it rains and floods as well -now andy lipkis is working to help l a cut infrastructure costs associated with water management and urban heat island linking trees people and technology to create a more livable city -so today im going to tell you about some people who didnt move out of their neighborhoods the first one is happening -all that green stuff actually naturally absorbs storm water also helps cool our cities because come to think about it do you really want air conditioning or -is it a cooler room that you want how you get it shouldnt make that much of a difference so a few years ago l a -county decided that they needed to spend two point five billion dollars to repair the city schools and -his team discovered that they were going to spend two hundred million of those dollars on asphalt to surround the schools themselves and -by presenting a really strong economic case they convinced the l a government that replacing that asphalt with trees and other greenery that the schools themselves would save the system more on energy than they spend on horticultural infrastructure -so ultimately twenty million sq ft of asphalt was replaced or avoided and electrical consumption for air conditioning went down while employment for people to maintain -family has eight generations in a town called whitesville west virginia and if anyone should be clinging to the former glory of the coal mining history -right here in chicago brenda palms farber was hired to help ex convicts reenter society and keep them from going back into prison -and of the town it should be judy but the way coal is mined right now is different from the deep mines that her father and her fathers father would go down into and that employed essentially thousands and thousands of people now two dozen men -can tear down a mountain in several months and only for about a few years worth of coal that kind of technology is called mountaintop removal it can make a mountain go from this to this -in a few short months just imagine that the air surrounding these places its filled with the residue of explosives and coal when we visited it gave some of the people we were with this strange little cough after being only there for just a few hours or so not just miners but everybody -and judy saw her landscape being destroyed and her water poisoned and the coal companies just move on after the mountain was emptied leaving even more unemployment in their wake -but she also saw the difference in potential wind energy on an intact mountain and one that was reduced in elevation by over two thousand -three years of dirty energy with not many jobs or centuries of clean energy with the potential for developing expertise and improvements in efficiency based on technical skills and developing local knowledge about how to get the most out of that -she calculated the up front cost and the payback over time and its a net plus on so many levels for the local national and global economy -its a longer payback than mountaintop removal but the wind energy actually pays back forever now mountaintop removal pays very little money to the locals and it gives them a lot of misery the -is turned into goo most people are still unemployed leading to most of the same kinds of social problems that unemployed people in inner cities also experience -literally her hometown is called whitesville west virginia i mean they are not -for the birthplace of hip hop title or anything like that but the back of -she gave me says save the endangered hillbillies -so -and hillbillies we got it together and totally understand that this is what its all about -but just a few months ago judy was diagnosed with stage three lung cancer -yeah and it has since moved to her bones and her brain -so bizarre that shes suffering from the same thing that she tried so hard to protect people from but her dream of coal river mountain wind is her legacy and she might not -get to see -that mountaintop but rather than writing yet some kind of manifesto or something shes leaving behind a business plan to make it happen thats what my homegirl is doing so im so proud of that -but these three people dont know each other but they do have an awful lot in common theyre all problem solvers and theyre just some of the many examples that i really am privileged to see -meet and learn from in the examples of the work that i do now i was really lucky to have them all featured on my corporation for public radio -and how the moneys flowing to meet those demands and when the cheapest solutions involve reducing the number of jobs youre left with unemployed people and those people -in fact they make up some of what i call the most expensive citizens and they include generationally impoverished traumatized vets returning from the middle east -so these three guys all understand how to productively channel dollars through our local economies to meet existing market demands -reduce the social problems that we have now and prevent new problems in the future and there are plenty of other examples like that one problem -they leave much to be recycled and where is this waste handled usually in poor communities and we know that eco industrial business these kinds of business models theres a model in europe called the eco industrial park where you either the waste of one company is the raw material for another -or you use recycled materials to make goods that you can actually use and sell we can create these local markets and incentives for recycled materials to be used as raw materials for manufacturing -and in my hometown we actually tried to do one of these in the bronx but our mayor decided what he wanted to see was a jail on that same spot fortunately because we wanted to create hundreds of jobs but -mega agricultural operations often are responsible for poisoning our waterways and our land and it produces this incredibly unhealthy product that costs us billions in health care and lost productivity -and so we know urban ag is a big buzz topic this time of the year but its mostly gardening which has some -value in community building lots of it but its not in terms of creating jobs or for food production the numbers just arent there -part of my work now is really laying the groundwork to integrate urban ag and rural food systems to hasten the demise of the three thousand mile salad by creating a national brand of urban grown produce that -in every city that uses regional growing power and augments it with indoor growing facilities owned and operated by small growers where now there are only consumers this can support seasonal farmers -around metro areas who are losing out because they really cant meet the year round demand for produce its not a competition with rural farm its actually -not so obvious solution create a business that produces skin care products from honey okay it might be obvious to some of you it wasnt to me its the basis of growing a form of social innovation that has real potential -senior centers schools daycare centers and produce a network of regional jobs as well this is smart infrastructure -and how we manage our built in environment affects the health and well being of people every single day our municipalities rural and urban play the operational course -to become part of the tax base and imagine a national business model that creates local jobs and smart infrastructure to improve local economic stability -so im hoping you can see a little theme here these examples indicate a trend i havent created it and its not happening by accident -im noticing that its happening all over the country and the good news is that its growing and we all need to be invested in it it is an essential pillar to this countrys recovery -i call it home security the recession has us reeling and fearful and theres something in the air these days that is also very empowering its a realization that we are the key to our own recovery -now is the time for us to act in our own communities where we think local and we act local and when we do that our neighbors be they next door or in the next state or in the next country will be just fine -of the local is the global home security means rebuilding our natural defenses putting people to work restoring our natural systems -with the same solution yields great cost savings wealth generation and national security many great and inspiring solutions have been generated across -but its not like the old saying charity begins at home i recently read a book called love leadership by john hope bryant and its about leading in a world -she hired seemingly unemployable men and women to care for the bees harvest the honey and make value added products that they marketed themselves and that were later sold at whole foods -that really does seem to be operating on the basis of fear and reading that book made me reexamine that theory because i need to explain what i mean by that see my dad -was a great great man in many ways he grew up in the segregated south escaped lynching and all that during some really hard times and he provided a really stable home -for me and my siblings and a whole bunch of other people that fell on hard times but like all of us he had some problems and -his was gambling compulsively to him that phrase charity begins at home meant that my payday -or someone elses would just happen to coincide with his lucky day so you need to help him out and sometimes i would loan him money from my after school or -summer jobs and he always had the great intention of paying me back with interest of course after he hit it big -so im not that unhappy about that but listen i did feel obligated to him and i grew up -then i grew up and im a grown woman now and i have learned a few things along the way to me charity often is just about giving because youre supposed to -or because its what youve always done or its about giving until it hurts im about providing the means to build something that will grow and intensify its original investment -and not just require greater giving next year im not trying to feed the habit i spent some years watching how good intentions for community empowerment that were supposed to be there to support -the community and empower it actually left people in the same if not worse position than they were in before and over the past twenty years weve spent record amounts philanthropic dollars on social problems yet -she combined employment experience and training with life skills they needed like anger management and teamwork and also how to talk to -and i know a little bit about these issues because for many years i spent a long time in the non profit industrial complex and im a recovering executive director two years clean -but during that time i realized that it was about -the greater our success the less money came in from foundations and i tell you being on the ted stage and winning a macarthur in the same exact year -gave everyone the impression that i had arrived and by the time id moved on i was actually covering a third of my agencys budget -deficit with speaking fees and i think because early on frankly my programs were just a little bit ahead of their time but since then the park that was just a dump and was featured at a ted two thousand and six talk -this little thing but i did in fact get married in it over here there goes my dog who led me to the park in my wedding -future employers about how their experiences actually demonstrated the lessons that they had learned and their eagerness to learn more less than four percent of the folks that went through her program actually go back to jail -the south bronx greenway was also just a drawing on the stage back in two thousand and six since then we got about fifty million dollars in stimulus package money to come and get here and we love this because i love construction now because were watching these things actually -that made all of you happy and then i asked you to rate that coffee the average score in this room for coffee would be about sixty on a scale of zero to one hundred -if however you allowed me to -you into coffee clusters maybe three or four coffee clusters and i could make coffee just for each of those individual clusters your scores would go from sixty to seventy five or seventy eight -as far as i know -the difference between coffee at sixty and coffee at seventy eight is a difference between coffee that makes you wince and coffee that makes you -is about measuring things and howard is very interested in measuring things and he graduated with his doctorate from harvard and he set up a little consulting shop -the final and i think most beautiful lesson of howard moskowitz that in embracing the diversity -of human beings we will find a surer way to true happiness -in white plains new york and one of his first clients was this is many years ago back in the early seventies one of his first clients was pepsi -and pepsi came to howard and they said you know theres this new thing called aspartame and we would like to make diet pepsi wed like you to figure out how much aspartame we should put in each can of diet pepsi in order to have the perfect drink -now that sounds like an incredibly -and thats what howard thought because pepsi told him look -were working with a band between eight and twelve percent anything below eight percent sweetness is not sweet enough -i think i was supposed to talk about my new book which -now if i gave you this problem to do you would all say its very simple what we do is you make up a big experimental batch of pepsi at every degree of sweetness eight percent eight point one eight point two eight point three all the way up to twelve -and we try this out with thousands of people and we plot the results on a curve and we take the most popular concentration right really simple -now most people in that business in the world of testing food -called blink and its about snap judgments and first impressions -and such are not dismayed when the data comes back a mess they think well you know figuring out what people think about colas not that easy -you know maybe we made an error somewhere along the way you know lets just make an educated guess and they simply point and they go for ten percent right -howard is not so easily placated howard is a man of a certain degree of intellectual standards and this was not good enough for him and this question bedeviled him for years and he would think it through and say what was wrong why could we not make sense of -this experiment with diet pepsi -and one day he was sitting in a diner in white plains about to go trying to dream up some work for nescafe and suddenly like a bolt of lightning the answer came to him and that is that when they analyzed the diet pepsi data they were asking the wrong question -it comes out in january and i hope -they were looking for the perfect pepsi -this was an enormous revelation -you all buy it in triplicate but i was thinking about this and i realized that although my new book makes me happy and -would look at him with a blank look and they would say what are you talking about this is craziness and they would say you know move next tried to get business nobody would hire him -he was obsessed though and he talked about it and talked about it and talked about it howard loves the yiddish expression to a worm in horseradish the world is horseradish this -was his horseradish he was obsessed with it -and finally he had a breakthrough -and they said mister moskowitz doctor moskowitz we want to make the perfect pickle and he said there is no perfect pickle there are only perfect pickles -he came back to them and he said you dont just need -to improve your regular you need to create zesty -next to ragu which was the dominant spaghetti sauce of the seventies and eighties now in the industry i dont know whether you care about this or how much time i have to go into this but -it was technically speaking this is an aside prego is a better tomato sauce than ragu the quality of the tomato paste is much better the spice mix is far superior -i think would make my mother happy -on right and the ragu would all go to the bottom and the prego would sit on top -its not really about happiness so i decided instead -and howard looked at their product line and he said what you have is a dead tomato society -got together with the campbells soup kitchen and he made forty five varieties of spaghetti sauce and he varied them according to every conceivable way that you can vary tomato sauce -by sweetness by level of garlic by tartness by sourness by tomatoey ness by visible solids my favorite term -sauce business -every conceivable way you can vary spaghetti sauce he varied spaghetti sauce and then he took this whole raft of forty five -i would talk about someone who i think has done as much to make americans happy as perhaps anyone over the last twenty years -the spaghetti sauce was -at the end of that process after doing it for months and months he had a mountain of data about how the american people feel -about spaghetti sauce and then he analyzed the data now did he look for the most popular brand variety of spaghetti sauce no howard doesnt believe that there is such a thing -and sure enough if you sit down -and you analyze all this data on spaghetti sauce you realize that all americans fall into one of three groups -there are people who like their spaghetti sauce plain -there are people who like their spaghetti sauce spicy -and there are people who like it extra chunky -and of those three facts -the third one was the most significant because at the time in the early nineteen eighties if you went to a supermarket you would not find extra chunky spaghetti sauce -and prego turned to howard and they said you telling me that one third of americans crave extra chunky -spaghetti sauce and yet no one is servicing their needs and he said yes -a man who is a great personal hero of mine someone by the name of howard moskowitz who is most famous for reinventing spaghetti sauce -and prego then went back -and completely reformulated their spaghetti sauce and came out with a line of extra chunky that immediately and completely took over the spaghetti sauce business in this country -and over the next ten years they made six hundred million dollars off their line of extra chunky sauces -weve been thinking all wrong and thats when you started getting seven different kinds of vinegar and fourteen different kinds of mustard and seventy one different kinds of olive oil and then eventually even ragu -hired howard and howard did the exact same thing for ragu that he did for prego and today if you go to the supermarket a really good one and you look at how many ragus there are do you know how many they are -in six varieties -extra chunky garden -thats howards doing that is howards gift to the american people now why is that important -it is in fact enormously important ill explain to you -what howard did is he fundamentally changed the way the food industry thinks about making you -and for years and years and years and years ragu and prego would have focus groups and they would sit all you people down and they would say what do you want in a spaghetti sauce tell us -howards about this high -for all those years -no one ever said they wanted extra chunky -a critically important step in understanding our own desires and tastes is to realize that we cannot always explain what we want -what you want in a coffee -round and hes in his sixties and he has -rich hearty roast -most of you like milky weak coffee -you will never ever say to someone who asks you what you want that i want a milky weak -number two thing that howard did is he made us realize -another very critical point -he made us realize in the importance of what -big huge glasses and -what were they obsessed with in the early eighties they were obsessed with mustard -there were two mustards frenchs and guldens what were they yellow mustard whats in yellow mustard yellow mustard seeds turmeric and paprika that was mustard grey poupon came along with a dijon -much more volatile brown mustard seed -some white wine a nose hit much more delicate aromatics and what do they do they put it in a little tiny glass jar -bottle the way the frenchs and guldens did they decided to charge four dollars and then they had those ads right with the guy in the rolls royce and hes eating the grey poupon the other rolls royce pulls up and he says do you have any grey poupon -the way to get to make people happy -is to give them something that is more expensive something to aspire to -to make them turn their back on what they think they like now and reach out for something higher up the mustard hierarchy a better mustard a more expensive mustard a mustard of more sophistication and culture -mustard exists just like tomato sauce on a horizontal plane -he fundamentally -and perhaps the most important -is howard confronted the notion of the platonic dish -of medieval history and by profession hes a psychophysicist now i should tell you that -for the longest time in the food industry -there was a sense that there was one way a perfect way to make a dish -you go to chez panisse they give you the red tail sashimi with roasted pumpkin seeds in a something something reduction they dont give you five options on the reduction right they dont say do you want the extra chunky reduction or do you want -just get the reduction why because the chef at chez panisse has a platonic notion about red tail sashimi this is the way it ought to be -and she serves it that way time and time again and if you quarrel with her she will say you know what youre wrong -this is the best way it ought to be in -now that same idea fueled the commercial food industry as well -they had a notion a platonic notion of what tomato sauce was and where did that come from it came from italy -its blended its -the culture of tomato sauce was -we talked about authentic -i have no idea what psychophysics is although at some point in my life i dated a girl for two years who was getting her doctorate in psychophysics which should tell you something about that relationship -you just put a little bit over it and it sunk down to the bottom of the pasta thats what it was and why were we attached to that because we thought that what it took to make people happy was to provide them with the most culturally authentic tomato sauce -and b we thought that if we gave them the culturally authentic tomato sauce then they would embrace it and thats what would please the maximum number of people -and the reason we thought that in other words people in the cooking world were looking for cooking universals -they were looking for one way to treat all of us and its good reason for them to be obsessed with the idea of universals because all of science -that changed right what is the great revolution in science of the last ten fifteen years it is the movement from the search for universals to the understanding of variability -now in medical science we dont want to know how necessarily just how cancer works we want to know how your cancer is different from my cancer -and for that we owe him a great vote of thanks -give you one last illustration of variability -and that is oh im sorry howard not only believed that but he took it a second step which was to say that -when we pursue universal principles in food -just making an error we are actually doing ourselves a massive disservice and the example he used was coffee -coffee is something he did a lot of work with -if i were to ask all of you to try and come up with a brand of coffee a type of coffee a brew -he has a very very small important mustache and he is domineering and narcissistic and driven and has an extraordinary ego and he works sixteen hour days and he has very strong feelings about alternating current -and he feels like a suntan is a sign of moral weakness and he drinks lots of coffee and he does his best work sitting in his mothers kitchen in zurich for hours in complete -silence with nothing but a slide rule -in any case carl norden emigrates to the united states just before the first world war and sets up shop on lafayette street in downtown manhattan and he becomes obsessed with the question of how to drop bombs from an airplane -now if you think about it in the age before gps and radar that was obviously a really difficult problem its a complicated physics problem -youve got a plane thats thousands of feet up in the air going at hundreds of miles an hour and youre trying to drop an object a bomb towards some stationary target in the face of all kinds of winds and cloud cover and all kinds of other impediments and all sorts of people -moving up to the first world war and between the wars tried to solve this problem and nearly everybody came up short -the bombsights that were available were incredibly crude but carl norden is really the one -take this particular object visually sight the target because theyre in the plexiglas cone of the bomber -and then they plug in the altitude of the plane the speed of the plane the speed of the wind and the coordinates of the target and the bombsight will tell him when to drop the bomb -seven years ago or so -and as norden famously says before that bombsight came along -now i cannot tell you -how incredibly excited the u s military was by the news of the norden bombsight it was like manna from heaven -here was an army that had just had experience in the first world war where millions of men fought each other in the trenches getting nowhere making no progress and here someone -had come up with a device that allowed them to fly up in the skies high above enemy territory and destroy whatever they wanted with pinpoint accuracy -and the u s military spends one point five billion dollars billion dollars in one thousand nine hundred and forty dollars developing the norden bombsight and to put that in perspective -the total cost of the manhattan project was three billion dollars half as much money was spent on this norden bombsight as was spent on the most famous military industrial project of the modern era -and there were people strategists within the u s military who genuinely thought that this single device was going to spell the difference between defeat and victory when it came to the battle against the nazis and against the japanese -and for norden as well this device had incredible moral importance because norden was a committed christian in fact he would always get upset when people referred to the bombsight as his invention because in his eyes only god could invent things he was simple the instrument of gods will -and what was gods will well gods will was that -and what did the norden bombsight do well it allowed you to do that it allowed you to bomb only those things that you absolutely needed and wanted to bomb -so in the years leading up to the second -and whenever the norden bombsight is taken onto a plane its escorted there by a series of armed guards and its carried in a box with a canvas shroud over it and the box is handcuffed to one of the guards its never allowed to be photographed -so what happens during the second world war well -over seven years and so i though i would come and try and put spaghetti sauce behind me -conditions arent perfect first of all its really hard to use really hard to use and not all of the people who are of those fifty thousand men who are bombardiers have -the ability to properly program an analog computer secondly it breaks down a lot its full of all kinds of gyroscopes and pulleys and gadgets and ball bearings and they dont work as well as they ought to in the heat of battle -so they started flying them at high altitudes at incredibly high speeds and the norden bombsight doesnt work as well under those conditions but most of all the norden bombsight -and then to give you a sense of just how inaccurate the norden bombsight was there was a famous case in one thousand nine hundred and forty four where the allies bombed a chemical plant in leuna germany and the chemical plant -comprised seven hundred and fifty seven acres and over the course of twenty two bombing missions the allies dropped eighty five thousand bombs on this seven hundred and fifty seven acre -chemical plant using the norden bombsight -well what percentage of those bombs do you think actually landed inside the seven hundred acre perimeter of the plant -ten percent ten percent -and of those ten percent that landed sixteen percent didnt even go off they were duds the leuna chemical plant after one of the most extensive bombings in the history of the war was up and running -within weeks and by the way all those precautions to keep the norden bombsight out of the hands of the nazis -we live in a time where there are all kinds of really really smart people running around saying that theyve invented gadgets that will forever change our world theyve invented websites that will allow people to be free theyve invented some kind of this thing or this thing or this thing that will make our world forever better -if you go into the military youll find lots of carl nordens as well -and the mans name is carl norden carl norden was born in one thousand eight hundred and eighty and he was swiss and of course the swiss can be divided into two general categories those who make small exquisite expensive objects and those who handle the money of those who -the u s military the air force sent two squadrons of f fifteen e fighter eagles to the iraqi desert equipped with these five million dollar cameras that allowed them to see the entire desert floor and their mission was to find and to destroy remember the scud missile launchers -those surface to air missiles that the iraqis were launching at the israelis the mission of the two squadrons was to get rid of all the scud missile launchers and so they flew missions day and night and they dropped thousands of bombs and they fired thousands of missiles in an attempt to get rid of this particular scourge -and after the war was over there was an audit done as the army always does the air force always does and they asked the question how many scuds did we actually destroy -the issue was they didnt know where the scud launchers were the problem with bombs and pickle barrels is not getting the bomb inside the pickle barrel its knowing how to find the pickle barrel thats always been the harder problem when it comes to fighting wars or take the battle in afghanistan -what is the signature weapon of the cias war in northwest pakistan its the drone -what is the drone well it is the grandson of the norden mark fifteen bombsight it is this weapon of devastating accuracy and precision and over the course of the last six years in northwest pakistan the cia has flown hundreds of -drone missiles and its used those drones to kill two thousand suspected pakistani and taliban militants now what is the accuracy of those drones well its -ninety five percent of the people we kill need to be killed right that is one of the most extraordinary records in the history of modern warfare -but do you know what the crucial thing is in that exact same period that weve been using these drones with devastating accuracy the number of attacks of suicide attacks and terrorist attacks against american forces in afghanistan has increased tenfold -as we have gotten more and more efficient in killing them -they have become angrier and angrier and more and more motivated to kill us i have not described to you a success story ive described to you the opposite of a success story and this is the problem with our infatuation with -problems but our problems are much more complex than that -the issue isnt the accuracy of the bombs you have its how you use the bombs you have and more importantly whether you ought to use bombs at all -expensive objects and carl norden is very firmly in the former camp -theres a postscript -to the norden story of carl norden and his fabulous bombsight and that is on august sixth one thousand nine hundred and forty five a b twenty nine bomber -called the enola gay flew over japan and using a norden bombsight dropped a very large thermonuclear device on the city of hiroshima and as was typical with the norden bombsight the bomb actually missed its target by eight hundred ft but of course it didnt matter -and thats the greatest irony of all when it comes to the norden bombsight -the air forces one point five billion dollar bombsight was used to drop its three billion dollar bomb which didnt need a bombsight -no one told carl norden that his bombsight was used over hiroshima he was a committed christian he thought he had designed something that would reduce the toll of suffering in war it would have broken his heart -hes an engineer he goes to the federal polytech in zurich in fact one of his classmates is a young man named lenin who would go on to break small expensive exquisite objects and hes a swiss engineer -the philistines who are the biggest of enemies of the kingdom of israel are living in the coastal plain theyre originally from crete theyre a seafaring people -and they may start to make their way through one of the valleys of the shephelah up into the mountains because what they want to do is occupy the highland area right by bethlehem and split the kingdom of israel in two -i wanted to tell a story that really obsessed me when i was writing my new book and its a story of something that happened -and the kingdom of israel which is headed by king saul obviously catches wind of this and saul brings his army down from the mountains and he confronts the philistines in the valley of elah one of the most beautiful of the valleys of the shephelah -and the israelites dig in along the northern ridge and the philistines dig in along the southern ridge and the two armies just sit there for weeks and stare at each other because theyre deadlocked -neither can attack the other because to attack the other side youve got to come down the mountain into the valley and then up the other side and youre completely exposed -so finally to break the deadlock the philistines send their mightiest warrior -down into the valley floor and he calls out and he says to the israelites send your mightiest warrior down -this was a tradition in ancient warfare called single combat it was a way of settling disputes without incurring the bloodshed of a major battle and the philistine who is sent down their mighty warrior is a giant hes six foot nine -hes outfitted head to toe in this glittering bronze armor -and finally the only person who will come forward is this young shepherd boy and he goes up to saul and he says ill fight him and saul says you cant fight him thats ridiculous youre this kid this is this mighty warrior -but the shepherd is adamant he says no no no you dont understand i have been defending my flock against lions and wolves for years i think i can do it and saul has no choice hes got no one else whos come forward so he says all right and then he turns to the kid and he says but youve got to wear this armor you cant go as you are -so he tries to give the shepherd his armor and the shepherd says no he says i cant wear this stuff the biblical verse is i cannot wear this for i have not proved it meaning ive never worn armor before youve got to be crazy -so he reaches down instead on the ground and picks up five stones and puts them in his shepherds bag and starts to walk down the mountainside to meet the giant -and the giant sees this figure approaching and calls out come to me so i can feed your flesh to the birds of the heavens and the beasts of the field he issues this kind of taunt towards this person coming to fight him -and the shepherd draws closer and closer and the giant sees that hes carrying a staff thats all hes carrying instead of a weapon just this shepherds staff and he says hes insulted am i a dog that you would come to me with sticks and the shepherd boy takes one -and the philistines see this and they turn and they just run -and of course the name of the giant is goliath and the name of the shepherd boy is david and the reason that story has obsessed me over the course of writing my book is that everything i thought i knew about that story turned out to be wrong -so david in that story is supposed to be the underdog right in fact that term david and goliath has entered our language as a metaphor for improbable victories by some weak party over someone far stronger now why do we call david an underdog -well we call him an underdog because hes a kid a little kid and goliath is this big strong giant -we also call him an underdog because goliath is an experienced warrior and david is just a shepherd but most importantly we call him an underdog because all he has is its that goliath -in ancient warfare there are three kinds of warriors theres cavalry men on horseback and with chariots -ancient palestine had a along its eastern border theres a mountain range still same is true of israel today and in the mountain range are all of the ancient cities of that region -theres heavy infantry which are foot soldiers armed foot soldiers with swords and shields and some kind of armor and theres artillery and artillery are archers but more importantly slingers and a slinger is someone who has a leather pouch with two long cords attached to it -and they put a projectile either a rock or a lead ball inside the pouch and they whirl it around like this and they let one of the cords go and the effect is to send the projectile forward towards its target -thats what david has and its important to understand that that sling is not a slingshot its not this right its not a childs toy its in fact an incredibly devastating weapon when david -rolls it around like this hes turning the sling around probably at six or seven revolutions per second -and that means that when the rock is released its going forward really fast probably thirty five meters per second thats substantially faster than a baseball thrown by even the finest of baseball pitchers more than that -accuracy we know from historical records that slingers experienced slingers could hit and maim or even kill a target at distances of up to two hundred yards -so jerusalem bethlehem hebron and then theres a coastal plain along the mediterranean where tel aviv is now -from medieval tapestries we know that slingers were capable of hitting birds in flight they were incredibly accurate when david lines up and hes not two hundred yards away from goliath hes quite close to goliath when he lines up and fires that thing at goliath -if you go back over the history of ancient warfare you will find time and time again that slingers were the decisive factor against infantry in one kind of battle -the key phrase is come to me -come up to me because were going to fight hand to hand like this -saul has the same expectation david says i want to fight goliath and saul tries to give him his armor because saul is thinking oh when you say fight goliath you mean -fight him in hand to hand combat infantry on infantry but david has absolutely no expectation hes not going to fight him that way why would he hes a shepherd hes spent his entire career using a sling to defend his flock against lions and wolves thats where his strength lies -and connecting the mountain range with the coastal plain is an area called the shephelah -so here he is this shepherd experienced in the use of a devastating weapon up against this lumbering giant weighed down by a hundred pounds of armor and these incredibly heavy weapons that are useful only in short range combat -goliath is a sitting duck he doesnt have a chance so why do we keep calling david an underdog and why do we keep referring to his victory as improbable -things that are in retrospect quite puzzling and dont square with his image as this mighty warrior -which is a series of valleys and ridges that run east to west and you can follow the shephelah go through the shephelah to get from the coastal plain to the mountains and the shephelah if youve been to israel youll know its just about the most beautiful part of israel its gorgeous with -so to begin with the bible says that goliath is led onto the valley floor by an attendant now that is weird right here is this mighty warrior challenging the israelites to one on one combat why is he being led by the hand by some -like this hes not even carrying a sword why does goliath not react to that its as if hes oblivious to whats going on that day and then theres that strange comment he makes to david am i a dog that you should come to me with -sticks sticks david only has one stick -well it turns out that theres been a great deal of speculation within the medical community over the years about whether there is something fundamentally wrong with goliath an attempt to make sense of all of those apparent anomalies -far out of the norm theres an explanation for it so the most common form of giantism is a condition called acromegaly and acromegaly is caused by a benign tumor on your pituitary gland -that causes an overproduction of human growth hormone and throughout history many of the most famous giants have all had acromegaly -so the tallest person of all time was a guy named robert wadlow -who was still growing when he died at the age of twenty four and he was eight foot eleven -he had acromegaly do you remember the wrestler andre the giant famous he had acromegaly theres even speculation that abraham lincoln had acromegaly anyone whos unusually tall thats the first explanation we come up with -and acromegaly has a very distinct set of side effects associated with it principally having to do with vision the pituitary tumor as it grows often starts to compress the visual nerves -forests of oak and wheat fields and vineyards but more importantly though in the history of that region its served its had a real strategic function -in your brain with the result that people with acromegaly have either double vision or they are profoundly nearsighted -so when people have started to speculate about what might have been wrong with goliath theyve said wait a minute he looks and sounds an awful lot like someone who has acromegaly and that would also explain so much of what was strange about his behavior that day why does he move so slowly -to david that he doesnt understand that davids not going to fight him until the very last moment because he cant see him when he says come to me that i might feed your flesh to the birds of the heavens and the beasts of the field -when david has only one -so the israelites up on the mountain ridge looking down on him thought he was this extraordinarily powerful foe what they didnt understand was that the very thing that was the source of his apparent strength -was also the source of his greatest weakness and there is i think in that a very important lesson for all of us giants are not as strong and powerful as they seem and sometimes the shepherd boy has a sling in his pocket -and that is it is the means by which hostile armies on the coastal plain find their way get up into the mountains and threaten those living in the mountains and three thousand years ago thats exactly what happens -trained at a young age to capitalize letters taught now that capitalism raises you but you have to step on someone else to get there this is a training ground -the need for degrees has left so many people frozen -homework is stressful -seven forty five a m -but i believe theyre succeeding at what theyre built to do to train you to keep you on track to track down an american dream that has failed so many of us -the decency to honor their names -lockers left open like teenage boys mouths when teenage girls wear clothes that covers their insecurities but exposes everything else -masculinity mimicked by men who grew up with no fathers camouflage worn by bullies who are dangerously armed but need hugs teachers paid less than what it costs them to be here oceans of adolescents come here to receive lessons -but never learn to swim part like the red sea when the bell rings this -social lines are barbed wire -they -the god indra has sinned in that he has sinned against -to wash away his sins so indra arrived and performed the sacrifice of the horse and so it transpired that a horse was killed -a god was mad sin free a brahmins ego was appeased a woman -was ruined and a one eyed monkey was left -very confused at what we humans call justice -in india there is a rape every three minutes in india only twenty five percent of rapes -come to a police station and of these twenty five percent that come to a police station -only in four percent of the cases thats a lot of women who dont get justice and its not only about women -look around you look at your own countries there is a certain pattern in who gets charged with crimes -if youre in australia its mostly aboriginals who are in jail if youre in india its either muslims or adivasis our tribals the naxalites if youre in the u s its mostly the blacks -is a trend here and the brahmins and the gods like in my story always get to tell their truth as the truth -so have we all become one eyed two eyed instead of one eyed monkeys have we stopped seeing injustice -i have told this story close to five hundred and fifty times in audiences in forty countries to school students to -black tie dinners at the smithsonian and so on and so forth and every time it hits something now if i were to go into the same crowd and say i want to lecture you about justice and injustice they would say thank you very much we have other things to do and that is the astonishing power of -the one eyed monkey recognized the woman a sekhri she was the wife of an even more famous brahmin -can go through were other things cant you cant have barriers because it breaks through your prejudices breaks through -and in a world where attitudes are so difficult to change we need a language that reaches through -hitler knew it he used wagner to make all the nazis feel wonderful and aryan and mister berlusconi knows it as he sits atop this huge empire of media and television and so on and so -and all of the wonderful creative minds in all the advertising agencies and who help corporate sell us things we absolutely dont require they also know the power of the -for me it came very early when i was a young child my mother who was a choreographer came upon a phenomenon that worried her -it was a phenomenon where young brides were committing suicide in rural gujarat because they were forced to bring more and more money for their in laws families and she created a dance piece which then prime minister nehru saw -he came to talk to her and said what is this about she told him and he set out the first inquiry into what today we -watch her better the one eyed monkey climbed onto the tree just then with a loud bang the heavens opened and the god indra jumped into the -fat black mamas in the bronx used to come and say hey girl thats it and then these trendy young things in the sorbonne would -this is what -they get cholera they get diarrhea they get jaundice and they die and governments have not been able to provide clean water -they try and build it they try and build pipelines it doesnt happen and the mncs give them machines that they can not afford so what do you do do you let them die -most houses in asia and india have a cotton garment and it was discovered and who endorses this that a clean cotton garment folded eight times over -can reduce bacteria up to eighty percent from water sift through so why arent governments blaring this on television why isnt it on every poster across the third -i -here -the -the -saw the woman a sekhri ah hah the woman paid him no heed so indra attracted threw her onto the floor and proceeded to -and -i think its safe to say that all of us here are deeply concerned about the escalating violence in our daily lives while universities are trying to devise courses in conflict resolution and governments are trying to stop skirmishes at -we are surrounded by violence whether its road rage or whether its domestic violence whether its a teacher beating up a student and killing her because she hasnt done her homework its -so why are we not doing something to actually attend that problem on a day to day basis what are we doing to try and make children and young people realize that violence is something that we -in that we can stop and that there are other ways of actually taking violence taking anger taking frustrations into different things that do not harm other people well here is one such way -you are peaceful people -were -gene -and -you -that -gangs from this neighborhood killing gangs from -he realized at once what had happened so he petitioned the higher gods so that he may have justice -spawned thousands of young people wanting to volunteer for social change in venezuela one of the most popular soap operas has a heroine called crystal and when onscreen crystal got breast cancer -seventy five thousand more young women went to have mammographies done and of course the vagina monologues we know about and there are stand up comics who are talking about racial issues about ethnic issues -so why is it that if we think that we all agree that we need a better world -we need a more just world why is it that we are not using the one language that has consistently showed us that we can break down barriers that we can reach people -what i need to say to the planners of the world the governments the strategists is you have treated the arts as the cherry on the cake it needs to be the yeast -because any future planning if two thousand and forty eight is when we want to get there -unless the arts are put with the scientists with the economists with all those who prepare for the future badly -were not going to get there and unless this is actually internalized it wont happen so what is it that we require what is it that we need -so the god vishnu arrived are there any witnesses just a one eyed monkey said the brahmin now the one -we need to break down our vision of what planners are of what the correct way of a path is and to say all these years of -simple things so something has got to give and that is what i want can i have my last audio track please -once there was a princess who whistled beautifully -her father the king said dont whistle her mother the queen said hai dont whistle but the princess continued whistling -the years went by and the princess grew up into a beautiful young woman -who whistled even more beautifully -her father the king said who will marry a whistling princess her mother the queen said who will marry a whistling princess but the king had an idea -he announced a swayamvara he invited all the princes to come and defeat his daughter at whistling whoever defeats my daughter shall have half my -some whistled badly some -said father mother dont worry i have an idea i am going to go to each of these young men and i am going to ask them if they -defeated correctly and if somebody answers that shall be my wish so she went up to each and said do you accept that i have defeated you and they said me -thats not possible till finally one prince said princess i accept you have defeated me -really wanted for the woman a sekhri to get justice so she retold events exactly as -father mother -hold it up an android a blackberry wow thats a lot almost everybody today has a mobile phone -but -today i will talk about me and my mobile phone and how it changed -my life and -i will talk about this these are thirty five thousand eight hundred and thirty lines of information raw data -and why are these informations there -because in the summer of two thousand and six the e u commission tabled a directive this directive is called data retention directive this directive says that each phone company in europe -each internet service company all over europe has to store a wide range of information about the users -this is my -all this information is stored for at least six months up to two years by your phone company -they said we dont want this data retention we want self determination in the digital age and we dont want that phone companies and internet companies have to store all this information about -mobile phone -and some even said this would be stasi two point -and -but then i said i want to have this information because this is my life you are protocoling so i decided to start a lawsuit against them because i wanted to have this information but deutsche telekom said no we will not give you this information -so at the end i had a settlement with them ill put down the lawsuit and they will send me all the information i ask for because in the mean time the german constitutional court ruled that the implementation of this e u directive into german law was unconstitutional -so i got this ugly brown envelope with a c d inside and on the c d this was on -thirty five thousand eight hundred thirty lines of information -so i was a little bit skeptical what should i do with it because you can see where i am where i sleep at night -and you can even see how i go from frankfurt by train to cologne and how often i call in between all this is possible with this information -it is not only about me -its about all of us first its only like -and then there are some friends calling me and they call each other and after a while you are calling you and you are calling you and you have this great communication network -you can see all of this you can see the hubs like who are the leaders in the group if you have access to this information you can see what your society is doing if you have access to this information you can control your society -this is a blueprint for countries like china and iran -like i said at the beginning -today state agencies and companies want to store as much information as they can -get about us online and offline they want to have the possibility to track our lives and they want to store them for all time -but self determination and living in the digital age is no contradiction but you have to fight for your self determination today you have to fight for it every day -protest in egypt -so when you go home tell your friends that privacy is a value of the twenty first century and its not outdated when you go home tell your representative only because -companies and state agencies have the possibility to store certain information they dont have to do it -and if you -and with a mobile phone you can record a song load it up to soundcloud and become famous all this is possible with your mobile phone im a child of one thousand nine hundred and eighty four and i live in the city of berlin -so in the future -every time you use your mobile phone let it be a reminder to you that you have to fight for self determination in the digital age thank you -lets go back to that time to this city here you can see how hundreds of thousands of people stood up and protested for change this is autumn one thousand nine -you see im a saudi woman who had been put in jail for driving a car in a country where women are not supposed to drive cars just for giving me his car keys my own brother -was detained twice and he was harassed to the point he had to quit his job as a geologist leave the country with his wife and two year old son -my father had to sit in a friday sermon listening to the imam condemning women drivers and calling them prostitutes amongst tons of worshippers some of them our friends and family of my own father -it all hit me -it came into focus that those kids did not mean to be rude to my son they were just influenced by the adults around them -and it wasnt about me and it wasnt a punishment for taking the wheel and driving a few miles it was a punishment for daring to challenge the societys rules -you know that all over the world people fight for their freedom fight for their rights some battle oppressive governments others battle oppressive societies which battle do you think is harder -but my story goes beyond this moment of truth of mine allow me to give you a briefing about my story -but its been twenty years since anyone tried to do anything about it a whole generation ago he broke the good bad news in my face -but there is no law banning you from driving -it was a few weeks later we started receiving all these man wolves will rape you if you go and drive a courageous woman her name is najla hariri shes a saudi woman in the city of jeddah she drove a car and she announced but she didnt record a video we needed proof -the saudi authorities remained very quiet that really creeped us out i was in the campaign with other saudi women and even men activists -we wanted to know how the authorities would respond on the actual day june seventeen when women go out and drive so this time i asked my brother to come with me and drive by a police car it went fast -released arrested again he was sent to detention for one day and i was sent to jail -and i kept my abaya its a black cloak we wear in saudi arabia before we leave the house -outside the jail the whole country went into a frenzy some attacking me badly and others supportive and even collecting signatures in a petition to be sent to the king to release me -the -so i think by now everyone knows that we cant drive or women are not allowed to drive in saudi arabia but maybe few know why allow me to help you answer this question -so they need to take permission from this guardian whether verbal or written all their lives we are minors until the day we die -whats worst when they become codified as laws in the system and when women themselves believe in their inferiority and they even fight those who try -to question these rules so for me it wasnt only about these attacks i had to face it was about living two totally different perceptions of my personality of my person the villain back in my home country and the hero outside -during these nine days i was in jail but in my home country it was a totally different picture it was more like this manal al sharif faces charges of disturbing public order and -inciting women to drive i know manal al sharif withdraws from the campaign ah its okay this is my favorite manal al sharif breaks down and confesses foreign forces incited me -while the opposite hashtag oslohero there was like a handful of tweets written they even started a poll -more than thirteen thousand voters answered this poll whether they considered me a traitor or not after that speech ninety percent said yes shes a traitor -but you learn lessons from these things that happen to you i learned to be always there the first thing i got out of jail -of course after i took a shower i went online -and ive been always very respectful to those people who are opining to me i would listen to what they say and i would never defend myself with words only i would use actions when they said i should withdraw from the campaign i filed the first lawsuit against the general directorate of traffic police for not issuing me a drivers license -there are a lot of people also very big support like those three thousand people who signed the petition to release me -he wouldnt tell me what happened -the same time finally that council after rejecting our petition four times for women driving they finally accepted it last february -so -or what if we sent it out to a few thousand or controversially and not without its risks what happens if we just gave it to the whole public -then we could all be engaged in helping weve already seen examples of this working well the organized crime and corruption reporting project is staffed by journalists and citizens where they are crowd sourcing -what dictators and terrorists are doing with public funds around the world and in a more dramatic case weve seen in mexico a country that has been racked by fifty thousand narcotics related murders in the past six years -whether or not you realize it we are at the dawn of a technological arms race an arms race between people who are using technology for good and those who are using it for ill the threat is serious and the time to prepare for it is now -i can assure you that the terrorists and criminals are my personal belief is that rather than having a small elite force of highly trained government agents here to protect us all -were much better off having average and ordinary citizens approaching this problem as a group and seeing what we can do if we all do our part i think well be in a much better space the tools to change the world are in everybodys hands how we use them is not just up to me its up to all of us -this was a technology i would frequently deploy as a police officer this technology has become outdated in our current world -it doesnt scale it doesnt work globally and it surely doesnt work virtually weve seen paradigm shifts in crime and terrorism they call for a shift to a more open form and a more participatory form of law enforcement -twenty years later criminals are still using mobile phones -so i invite you to join me after all public safety is too important to leave to the professionals thank you -but theyre also building their own mobile phone networks like this one which has been deployed in all thirty one states of mexico by the narcos they have a national encrypted radio communications system -think about that think about the innovation that went into that think about the infrastructure to build it and then think about this why cant i get a cell phone signal in san francisco -we consistently underestimate what criminals and terrorists can do technology has made our world increasingly open and for the most part thats great -the future of crime and terrorism and frankly im afraid -they threw these hand grenades at innocent people as they sat eating in cafes and waited to catch trains on their way home from work -but heavy artillery is nothing new in terrorist operations guns and bombs are nothing new what was different this time is the way that the terrorists used modern information communications technologies to locate additional victims and slaughter them -they were armed with mobile phones they had blackberries they had access to satellite imagery they had satellite phones and they even had night vision goggles -but perhaps their greatest innovation was this -weve all seen pictures like this on television and in the news this is an operations center and the terrorists built their very own op center across the border in pakistan -where they monitored the bbc al jazeera cnn and indian local stations they also monitored the internet and social media -to monitor the progress of their attacks and how many people they had killed -they did all of this in real time the innovation of the terrorist operations center gave terrorists unparalleled situational awareness and tactical advantage over the police and over the government -what did they do with this they used it to great effect at one point during the sixty hour siege the terrorists were going room to room trying to find additional victims -they came upon a suite on the top floor of the hotel and they kicked down the door and they found a man hiding by his bed and they said to him who are you and what are you doing here and the man replied -im just an innocent schoolteacher -of course the terrorists knew -that no indian schoolteacher stays at a suite in the taj they picked up his identification and they phoned his name in to the terrorist war room -where the terrorist war room googled him and found a picture and called their operatives on the ground and said your hostage is he heavyset -is he bald in front -does he wear glasses yes -yes yes came the answers the op center had found him and they had a match he was not a schoolteacher he was the second wealthiest businessman in india and after discovering this information the terrorist war room gave the order to the terrorists on the ground in mumbai -we all worry about our privacy settings on facebook -but the fact of the matter is our openness can be used against us terrorists are doing this a search engine can determine who shall live -during the mumbai siege terrorists were so dependent on technology that several witnesses reported that as the terrorists were shooting hostages with one hand they were checking their mobile phone messages in the very other hand -in the end three hundred people were gravely wounded and over one hundred and seventy two men women and children lost their lives that day -think about what happened during this sixty hour siege on mumbai ten men armed not just with weapons but with technology were able to bring a city of twenty million people -to a standstill ten people brought twenty million people to a standstill and this traveled around the world -and thats informed my perspective on things ive been a street police officer an undercover investigator a counter terrorism strategist and ive worked in more than seventy countries around the world ive had to see more than my fair share of violence and the darker underbelly of society -this is what radicals can do -with openness -this was done nearly four years ago -what could terrorists do today with the technologies available that we have what will they do tomorrow -the ability of one to affect many is scaling exponentially and its scaling for good and its scaling for evil -its not just about terrorism though theres also been a big paradigm shift in crime you see -you can now commit more crime as well in the old days it was a knife and a gun then criminals moved to robbing trains you could rob two hundred people on a train a great innovation -moving forward the internet allowed things to scale even more in fact many of you will remember the recent sony playstation hack in that incident over one hundred million people were robbed -think about that when in the history of humanity has it ever been possible for one person to rob one hundred -million -of course its not just about stealing things there are other avenues of technology that criminals can exploit -many of you will remember this super cute video from the last -and cute they dont all have drumsticks some can be armed with hd cameras and do countersurveillance on protesters or as in this little bit of movie magic quadcopters can be -loaded with firearms and automatic weapons little robots -every time a new technology -being introduced criminals are there to exploit it weve all seen three d printers we know with them that you can print in many materials ranging from plastic to chocolate to metal and even concrete with great precision i actually was able to make this -just the other day a very cute little ducky -but i wonder to myself for those people that strap -and thats informed my opinions -bombs to their chests and blow themselves up how might they use -three d printers perhaps -my work with criminals and terrorists has actually been highly educational they have taught me a lot and id like to be able to share some of these observations with you -the uk i know has some very strict firearms laws -you neednt bring the gun into the uk anymore you just bring the three d printer and print the gun while youre here and of course the magazines for your bullets but as these get bigger in the future what other items will you be able to print the technologies are allowing bigger printers as we move forward -that the internet of things will soon be -the internet of things to be hacked all of the physical objects in our space are being transformed into information technologies and that has a radical implication for our security because more connections to more devices means more vulnerabilities -criminals understand this terrorists understand this hackers understand this if you control the code you control the world -this is the future that awaits us there has not yet been an operating system or a technology that hasnt been hacked -thats troubling since the human body itself is now becoming an information technology -as weve seen here were transforming ourselves into cyborgs every year thousands of cochlear implants diabetic pumps pacemakers and defibrillators are being implanted in people in the united states there are sixty thousand people who have a pacemaker that connects to the internet -the defibrillators allow a physician at a distance to give a shock to a heart in case a patient needs it but if you dont need it and somebody else gives you the shock -today im going to show you the flip side of all those technologies that we marvel at the ones that we love in the hands of the ted community these are awesome tools which will bring about great change for our world -operating system dna and to hackers dna is just another operating system waiting to be hacked its a great challenge for them there are people already working on hacking the software of life and while most of them are doing this to great good and to help us all -some wont be so how will criminals abuse this well with synthetic biology you can do some pretty neat things -for example i predict that we will move away from a plant based narcotics world to a synthetic one why do you need the plants anymore you can just take the dna code from marijuana -or poppies or coca leaves and cut and past that gene and put it into yeast and you can take those yeast and make them make the cocaine for you or the marijuana or any other drug -so how we use yeast in the future is going to be really interesting in fact we may have some really interesting bread and beer as we go into this next century -the cost of sequencing the human genome is dropping precipitously it was proceeding at moores law pace but then in two thousand and eight something changed the technologies got better and now -dna sequencing is proceeding at a pace five times that of moores law -that has significant implications for us -it took us thirty years to get from the introduction of the personal computer to the level of cybercrime we have today -but looking at how biology is proceeding so rapidly and knowing criminals and terrorists as i do we may get there a lot faster with biocrime in the future -it will be easy for anybody to go ahead and print their own bio virus enhanced versions of ebola or anthrax weaponized flu we recently saw a case where some researchers made the h five n one avian influenza virus more potent -it already has a seventy percent mortality rate if you get it but its hard to get engineers by moving around a small number of genetic changes were able to weaponize it and make it much more easy for human beings to catch so that not thousands of people would die but tens of millions you see you can -go ahead and create new pandemics and the researchers who did this were so proud of their accomplishments they wanted to publish it openly so that everybody could see this -but in the hands of suicide bombers the future can look quite different -and get access to this information -but it goes deeper than that -dna researcher andrew hessel has pointed out quite rightly that if you can use cancer treatments modern cancer treatments to go after one cell while leaving all the other cells around it intact -then you can also go after any one persons cell personalized cancer treatments are the flip side of personalized bioweapons -how will we protect them in the future what to do -what to do about all this thats what i get asked all the time for those of you who follow me on twitter i will be tweeting out the answer later on today -actually its a bit more complex than that and there are no magic bullets i dont have all the answers but i know a few things in the wake of nine eleven the best security minds -i started observing technology and how criminals were using it as a young patrol officer in those days this was the height of technology laugh though you will all the drug dealers and gang members with whom i dealt had one of these long before any police officer i knew did -put together all their innovation and this is what they created -for security if youre expecting the people who built this to protect you from the coming robopocalypse -doesnt scale globally at least it hasnt and our current system of guns border guards big gates and fences are outdated in the new world into which were moving -so how might we prepare for some of these specific threats like attacking a president or a prime minister this would be the natural government response to hide away all our government leaders in hermetically sealed bubbles but this is not going to work the cost of doing a dna sequence is going to be trivial anybody will have it and we will all have them in the future -so maybe theres a more radical way that we can look at this what happens if we were to take the presidents dna or a king or queens and put it out to a group of a few hundred trusted researchers so they could study that dna and do penetration testing against it as a means of helping our leaders -in india and over the course of half an hour not one syringe was filmed being unwrapped they started with two and -so you can imagine the scale of this problem and in fact in india alone sixty two percent of all injections given are unsafe -these kids in pakistan dont go to school they are lucky they already have a job and that job is that they go around and pick up syringes from the back of hospitals wash them and in the course of this obviously picking them up they injure themselves -and then they repackage them and sell them out on markets for literally more money than a sterile syringe in the first place which is quite bizarre -an interesting photo their father while we were talking to him picked up a syringe and pricked his finger i dont know whether you can see the drop of blood on the end -and a quarter years ago i read a newspaper article which said that one day syringes would be one of the major causes of the spread of aids the transmission of aids i thought this was unacceptable so i decided to do something about it -and immediately whipped out a box of matches lit one and burned the blood off the end of his finger giving me full assurance that that was the way that you stopped the transmission of hiv -in china recycling is a major issue and they are collected en mass you can see the scale of it here and sorted out by hand back into the right sizes and then put back out on the street -so recycling and reuse are the major issues here but there was one interesting anecdote that i found in indonesia in all schools in indonesia there is usually a toy seller in the playground the toy seller -in this case had syringes which they usually do next door to the diggers which is obviously what you would expect -and they use them in the breaks for water pistols they squirt them at each other which is lovely and innocent and they are having great fun but they also drink from -in their breaks because its hot and they squirt the water into their mouths and these are used with traces of blood visible so we need a better product and we need better information and i think if i can just borrow this camera -i was going to show you my invention which i came up with -so its a normal looking syringe you load it up in the normal way this is made on existing equipment in fourteen factories that we license -you give the injection and then put it down if someone then tries to reuse it it locks and breaks afterwards its very very simple -as a normal syringe and in comparison a coca cola is ten times the price and that will stop reusing a syringe twenty or thirty times and i have an information charity which has -huge scale amount of work in india and were very proud of giving information to people so that little kids like this dont do stupid things thank -sadly its come true malaria as we all know kills approximately one million people a year the reuse of syringes now exceeds that and kills -one point three million people a year -this young girl and her friend that i met in an orphanage in delhi were hiv positive from a syringe -and what was so sad about this particular story was that once their parents had found out and dont forget their parents took them to the doctor -the parents threw them out on the street and hence they ended up in an orphanage and it comes from situations like this where you have either skilled or unskilled practitioners -blindly giving an injection to someone and the injection is so valuable that the people basically trust the doctor being second to god which ive heard many times -to do the right thing but in fact theyre not and you can understand obviously the transmission problem between people in high virus areas -this video we took undercover which shows you over a half an hour period a tray of medicines of forty two vials which are being delivered with only two syringes in a public hospital -but i promise you it was the right question this was to agnes de mille agnes de mille is one of the great choreographers -in our history she basically created the dances in oklahoma transforming the american theater an amazing woman at the time that i proposed to her that -by the way i would have proposed to her she was extraordinary but proposed to her that she come on she said come to my apartment she lived new york -which at that point when i created this program seemed really old sixties seventies eighties and nineties for obvious reasons it doesnt seem that old anymore -come to my apartment and well talk for those fifteen minutes and then well decide whether we proceed and so i showed up in this -dark rambling new york apartment and she called out to me and she was in bed i had known that she had had a stroke and that was some ten years before and so she spent almost all of her life in bed -but i speak of the life force her hair was askew she wasnt about to make up for this occasion and she was sitting there surrounded by books and her most -unhappy about this she was resigned she said i keep this will by my bed memento mori and i change it all the time -just because i want to and she was loving the prospect of death as much as she had loved life i thought this is somebody ive got to get -in this series she agreed she came on of course she was wheelchaired on half of her body was stricken the other half not -she was of course done up for the occasion but this was a woman in great physical distress and we had a conversation and then i asked -this unthinkable question i said was it a problem for you in your life that you were not beautiful and -and why did i do that well for one thing were a youth obsessed culture and i thought really what we need is an elders program to just sit at the feet of amazing people and hear them talk -the audience just you know theyre always on the side of the interviewee and they felt that this was a kind of assault but -this was the question she had wanted somebody to ask her whole life and she began to talk about her childhood when she was beautiful -light steps and so forth and then she said and then puberty hit and she began to talk about things that had happened to her body and her face -and how she could no longer count on her beauty and her family then treated her like the ugly sister -of the beautiful one for whom all the ballet lessons were given and she had to go along just to be with her sister for company and in that process she made a number of decisions -first of all was that dance even though it hadnt been offered to her was her life and secondly she had better be although she did dance for a while a choreographer -because then her looks didnt matter but she was thrilled to get that out as a real real fact in her life -it was an amazing privilege to do this series there were other moments like that very few moments of silence -the key point was empathy because everybody in their lives is really waiting for people to ask them questions -so that they can be truthful about who they are and how they became what they are and i commend that to you -but the second part of it and the the older i get the more convinced i am that thats true its amazing what people will say when they know how the story turned out -even if youre not doing interviews just be that way with your friends and particularly the older members of your family thank you very much -thats the one advantage that older people have well they have other little bit of advantage but they also have some disadvantages but the one thing they or we have -is that weve reached the point in life where we know how the story turned out so we can then go back in our lives if weve got an interviewer who gets -the national portrait gallery is the place dedicated to presenting great american lives amazing people and -and begin to reflect on how we got there all of those accidents that wound up creating the life narrative that we inherited -so i thought okay now what is it going to take to make this work there are many kinds of interviews we know them there are the journalist interviews which are the interrogation that is expected -this is somewhat against resistance and caginess on the part of the interviewee then theres the celebrity interview where its more important whos asking the question than who answers thats barbara walters and -others like that and we like that thats frost nixon where frost seems to be as important as nixon in that process fair enough but i wanted interviews that were different i wanted to be -as i later thought of it empathic which is to say to feel what they wanted to say and to be an agent of their self revelation -by the way this was always done in public this was not an oral history program this was all about three hundred people sitting at the feet of this individual and having me be the brush in their self portrait -now it turns out that i was pretty good at that i didnt know it coming into it and the only reason i really now that -is because of one interview i did with senator william fullbright and that was six months after hed had a stroke -and he had never appeared in public since that point this was not a devastating stroke but it did affect his speaking and so forth -thats what its about we use portraiture as a way to deliver those lives but thats it and so im not going to talk about the painted portrait today -and i thought it was worth a chance he thought it was worth a chance and so we got up on the stage and we an hour conversion about his life and after -a woman rushed up to me essentially did and she said where did you train as a doctor and i said i have no training as a doctor i never claimed that -and she said well something very weird was happening when he started a sentence particularly in the early parts of the interview -and paused you gave him the word the bridge to get to the end of the sentence and by the end of it he was speaking complete sentences on -i didnt know what was going on but i was so part of the process of getting that out so i thought okay fine ive got empathy or empathy at any rate is whats critical to this kind of interview -but then i began to think of other things who makes a great interview in this context it had nothing to do with their -it was about their energy its energy that creates extraordinary interviews and extraordinary lives im convinced of it and it had nothing to do with the energy -im going to talk about a program i started there which from my point of view is the proudest thing i did -of being young these were people through their nineties in fact the first person i interviewed was george abbott who was ninety seven -and abbott was filled with the life force i guess thats the way i think about it filled with it and so he filled the room -and we had an extraordinary conversation he was supposed to be the toughest interview that anybody would ever do because he was famous for being silent -for never ever saying anything except maybe a word or two and in fact he did wind up opening up by the way -very gruff voice from a woman i didnt know who she was and she said did you get george abbott to talk and i said yeah apparently i did and she said im his old -and i could never do it and then she made me go up with the tape of it and -that george abbott actually could talk so you know you want energy you want the life force but -you really want them also to think that they have a story worth sharing the worst interviews that you can ever have are with people who are modest -i started to worry about the fact that a lot of people dont get their portraits painted anymore and theyre amazing people and we want to deliver them to future generations so how do we do that -never ever get up on a stage with somebody whos modest because all of these people have been assembled -to listen to them and they sit there and they say aw shucks it was an accident theres nothing that ever happens that justifies people taking -good hours of the day to be with them the worst interview i ever did william l shirer the journalist who did the rise and fall of the third -this guy had met hitler and gandhi within six months and every time id ask him about it hed say oh i just happened to be there didnt matter whatever -awful i never would ever agree to interview a modest person they have to think that they did something and that they want to share it with you but it comes down in the end to -how do you get through all the barriers we have all of us are public and private beings -and if all youre going to get from the interviewee is their public self theres no point in it its pre programmed its infomercial -and we all have infomercials about our lives we know the great lines we know the great moments we know what were not going to share -and the point of this was not to embarrass anybody this wasnt and some of you will remember mike wallaces old interviews tough -of the public self and the more public they had been the more entrenched that -person that outer person was and let me tell you at once the worse moment and the best moment that happened in this interview series it all has to do -with that shell that most of us have and particularly certain people -and so i came up with the idea of the living self portrait series and the living self portrait series was the idea of basically my being a brush in the hand of amazing people who would come and i would interview -woman named clare boothe luce itll be your generational determinant as to whether her name means much to you -she did so much she was a playwright she did an extraordinary play called the women she was -a congresswoman when there werent very many congresswomen she was editor of vanity fair one of the great phenomenal women -and incidentally i call her the eleanor roosevelt of the right she was sort of adored -on the right the way eleanor roosevelt was on the left and in fact when we did the interview i did the living self portrait with her -there were three former directors of the cia basically sitting at her feet just enjoying her presence and i thought this is going to be a piece of cake because i always have -you dont get it on the stage so she and i had a delightful conversation we were on the stage and then -by the way spectacular it was all part of clare boothe luces look she was in a great evening gown she was eighty -she stonewalled me it was unbelievable anything that i would ask she would turn around dismiss -and i was basically up there any of you in the moderate to full entertainment world know what it is to die onstage and i was dying she was absolutely not -giving me a thing and i began to wonder what was going on and you think while you talk and basically i thought i got it -when we were alone i was her audience now im her competitor for the audience thats the problem here and shes fighting me -for that and so then i asked her a question i didnt know how i was going to get out of it i asked her a question about -her days as a playwright and again characteristically instead of saying oh yes i was a playwright and -that and then she went off on a tear and she said oh well there was that one time that i was an actress it was for a charity in connecticut when i was a congresswoman and i got up there and she went on and on and then i got on the stage -she looked at me and it was like the successful arm wrestle and then after that she delivered an extraordinary account -of what her life really was like i have to end that one this is my tribute to clare boothe luce again a remarkable person im not politically attracted to her but through her life force -of how you encounter people in that kind of situation what you try to find out about them and when people deliver and when they dont and why -im attracted to her and the way she died she had toward the end a brain tumor thats probably as terrible -a way to die as you can imagine and very few of us were invited to a dinner party -and she was in horrible pain we all knew that she stayed in her room everybody came the butler passed around canapes the usual sort of thing then at a certain moment the door opened -and she walked out perfectly dressed completely composed the public self the beauty the intellect -and she walked around and talked to every person there and then went back into the room and was never seen again -she wanted the control of her final moment and she did it amazingly now there are other ways that you get somebody to open up -and this is just a brief reference it wasnt this arm wrestle but it was a little surprising for the person involved i interviewed steve martin it wasnt all that long ago -and we were sitting there and almost toward the beginning of the interview i turned to him and i said -mister martin it is said that all comedians have unhappy -was yours unhappy and he looked at me you know as if to say this is how youre going to start this thing right off and then he turned to me not stupidly and he said what was your childhood like -now i had two preconditions one was that they be american thats just because in the nature of the national portrait gallery its created to look at american lives -and i said these are all arm wrestles but theyre affectionate and i said my father was loving and supportive which is why im not funny -he looked at me and then we heard the big sad story his father was an sob and in fact he was another comedian with an unhappy childhood but then we were off and running so the question is what is -the key thats going to allow this to proceed now these are arm wrestle questions but i want to tell you about -one was an interview i did with one of the great american biographers again some of you will know him most of you wont dumas malone -he did a five volume biography of thomas jefferson spent virtually his whole life with thomas jefferson -and by the way at one point i asked him would you like to have met him and he said well of course but actually -i know him better than anyone who ever met him because i got to read all of his letters so he was very satisfied with the kind of relationship they had over fifty years and i asked -one question i said did jefferson ever disappoint you -and here is this man who had given his whole life to uncovering jefferson and connecting with him -and he said well im going to do a bad southern accent dumas malone was from mississippi originally but he said well he said im afraid so -he said you know ive read everything and sometimes mister jefferson would smooth the truth a bit and he -that was easy but then i made the decision maybe arbitrary that they needed to be people of a certain age -he said i understand that he said we southerners do like a smooth surface so that -there were times when he just didnt want the confrontation and he said now john adams was too honest -and he started to talk about that and later on he invited me to his house and i met his wife who was from massachusetts and he and she had exactly the relationship of thomas jefferson and john adams -the new englander and abrasive and he was this courtly fellow but really the most important question i ever asked and most of the times when i talk about it people kind of suck in their breath at my audacity or cruelty -the u s economy benefited by fifty seven billion dollars per year its a number very large -a contribution to the economy of the united states for free and so i looked up what the economy was paying for the war in iraq in the same year -eighty billion u s dollars well we know that that was not a cheap war so insects -just for free contribute to the economy of the united states with about the same order of magnitude just for free without everyone knowing -and not only in the states but in any country in any economy what do they do they remove dung they pollinate our crops -a third of all the fruits that we eat are all a result of insects taking care of the reproduction of plants they control pests and theyre food for animals theyre at the start of food chains -going to show you again something about our diets -of people that are eating insects and here you see me in a small provincial town in china lijiang about two million inhabitants if you go out for dinner -like in a fish restaurant where you can select which fish you want to eat you can select which insects you would like to -theres more than one thousand species of insects that are being eaten all around the globe thats quite a bit more than just a few -and i would like to know what the audience is and so who of you ever ate insects -mammals that were eating like a cow or a pig or a sheep more than one thousand species an enormous variety -and now you may think okay in this provincial town in china theyre doing that but not us well weve seen already that quite some of you already ate insects maybe occasionally -some fruits get some insect damage those are the fruits if theyre tomato that go to the tomato soup if they dont have any damage they go to the grocery and thats your view of a tomato -can be all kinds of things in there no problem -in fact why would we put these balls in the soup theres meat in there anyway -in fact all our processed foods contain more proteins than we would be aware of so anything is a protein source already -now you may say okay so were eating five hundred grams just by accident were even doing this on purpose in a lot of food items that we have -i have only two items here on the slide pink cookies or surimi sticks or if you like campari a lot of our food products that are of a red color -dyed with a natural dye the surimi sticks is crab meat or is being sold as crab meat is white fish thats being dyed with cochineal cochineal is a product -of an insect that lives off the cacti its being produced in large amounts one hundred and fifty to one hundred and eighty metric tons per year in the canary islands in peru and its big business -one gram of cochineal costs about thirty euros one gram of gold is thirty euros -so its a very precious thing that were using to dye our foods now the situation in the world is going to change -for you and me for everyone on this earth the human population is growing very rapidly and is growing exponentially -eighty percent out there that really eats insects but this is quite good -if you look at the figures up there it says that we have a third more mouths to feed but we need agricultural production increase of seventy percent and thats especially because this world population in increasing and its increasing -not only in numbers but were also getting wealthier and anyone that gets wealthier starts to eat more and also starts to eat more meat and meat in fact is something -costs a lot of our agricultural production our diet consists for some part of animal proteins and at the moment most of us here get it -from livestock from fish from game and we eat quite a lot of it in the developed world its on average eighty kg per person per year -why not eat insects well first what are insects insects are animals that walk around on six legs and here you see just a selection theres six million species of insects on this planet -which goes up to one hundred and twenty in the united states and a bit lower in some other countries but on average eighty kg per person per year -and its still increasing so if a third of the world population is going to increase its meat consumption -of course we are not there to say its only for us its not for them they have the same share that we have -to start with i should say that we are eating way too much meat in the western world we could do with much much less and i know ive been a vegetarian for a long time -first problem that were facing is human health pigs are quite like us theyre even models in medicine and we can even transplant organs from a pig to a human -that means that pigs also share diseases with us and a pig disease a pig virus and a human virus can both proliferate and because of their kind of reproduction they can -combine and produce a new virus this has happened in the netherlands in the nineteen nineties during the classical swine fever outbreak you get a new disease that can be deadly -we eat insects theyre so distantly related from us that this doesnt happen so thats one point for insects -what would you do with ten kg of input you can get either one or nine kg of output so far were taking the -or up to five kg of output were not taking the bonus yet were not taking the nine kg of output yet so thats two points for insects -so less waste furthermore per kg of manure you have much much less ammonia and fewer greenhouse gases when you have insect manure than when you have cow manure -so you have less waste and the waste that you have is not as environmental malign as it is with cow dung so thats three points for insects -have been all kinds of analysese and in terms of protein or fat or vitamins its very good in fact its comparable -to anything we eat as meat at the moment and even in terms of calories it is very good one kg of grasshoppers has the same amount of calories as ten hot dogs or six big macs so thats four points for insects -i can go on and i could make many more points for insects but time doesnt allow this so the question is why not eat insects i gave you at least four arguments in favor well have to -even if you dont like it youll have to get used to this because at the moment seventy percent of all our agricultural land is being used to produce livestock thats not only the land where the livestock is walking -and feeding but its also other areas where the feed is being produced and being transported -we can increase it a bit at the expense of rainforests but theres a limitation very soon -of all animals on earth of all animal species eighty percent walks on six legs but if we would count all the individuals and take an average weight of them -you remember that we need to increase agricultural production by seventy percent were not going to make it that way we could much better from meat from beef to insects -and then eighty percent of the world already eats insects so we are just a minority in a country like the u k the usa the netherlands anywhere -on the left hand side you see a market in laos where they have abundantly present all kinds of insects that you choose for dinner for the night on the right hand side you see a grasshopper -so people there are eating them not because theyre hungry but because they think its a delicacy its just very good food -you can vary enormously it has many benefits in fact we have delicacy thats very much like this grasshopper -a delicacy being sold at a high price who wouldnt like to eat a shrimp there are a few people who dont like shrimp but shrimp -or crabs or crayfish are very closely related they are delicacies in fact a locust is a shrimp of the land and it would make very good into our -so why are we not eating insects yet well thats just a matter of mindset were not used to it and we see insects as these organisms that are very different from us thats why were changing the perception of insects and im working very hard with my colleague -in telling people what insects are what magnificent things they are what magnificent jobs they do in nature and in fact without insects we would not be here in this room -it would amount to something like two hundred to two thousand kg for each of you and me on earth that means that in terms of -because if the insects die out we will soon die out as well if we die out the insects will continue very -maybe by two thousand and twenty youll buy them just knowing that this is an insect that youre going to eat and theyre being made in the most wonderful ways a dutch chocolate maker -well in the netherlands we have an innovative minister of agriculture and she puts the insects on the menu in her restaurant in her ministry and when she got all the ministers of agriculture of the e u over to the hague recently -she went to a high class restaurant and they ate insects all together -and they ate insects at the same moment and this was still big big news i think soon it will not be big news anymore when we all eat insects because its just a normal way of doing so you can try it yourself -today and i would say enjoy and im going to show to bruno some first tries and he can have the first -so i did just that -then contributors from all over the world began showing up prototyping new machines during dedicated project visits so far we have prototyped eight of the fifty machines and now the project is beginning to grow on its own -we know that open source has succeeded with tools for managing knowledge and creativity and the same is starting to happen with hardware too were focusing on hardware because it is hardware that can change peoples lives in such tangible material ways -if we can lower the barriers to farming building manufacturing then we can unleash just massive amounts of human potential thats not only in the developing world -my name is marcin farmer technologist i was born in poland now in the u s -our tools are being made for the american farmer builder entrepreneur maker weve seen lots of excitement from these people who can now start a construction business parts -our goal is a repository of published designs so clear so complete that a single burned dvd is effectively a civilization starter kit -ive planted a hundred trees in a day -and built a tractor in six days from what ive seen this is only the beginning if this idea is truly sound then the implications are significant -a greater distribution of the means of production environmentally sound supply chains and a newly relevant diy maker culture can hope to transcend artificial scarcity -i started a group called open source ecology weve identified the fifty most important machines that we think it takes for modern life to exist things from tractors bread ovens circuit makers -were exploring the limits of what we all can do to make a better world with open hardware technology thank you -i was useless i had no practical skills the world presented me with options and i took them i guess you can call it the consumer lifestyle so i started a farm in missouri and learned about the economics of farming -i bought a tractor then it broke i paid to get it repaired then it broke again then pretty soon i was broke too -realized that the truly appropriate low cost tools that i needed to start a sustainable farm and settlement just didnt exist yet i needed tools that were robust modular -highly efficient and optimized low cost made from local and recycled materials that would last a lifetime not designed for obsolescence i found that i would have to build them myself -but people lie every day -its a fundamental -type of magic i like and im a magician is a magic that uses technology to create illusions -i didnt deceive you you -thats when we convince ourselves that a lie is the truth sometimes its -the brain is very good at forgetting -bad experiences are quickly forgotten -bad experiences -so i would like to show you something ive been working on its an application that i think will be useful for artists multimedia artists in particular it synchronizes videos across multiple screens of mobile devices and i borrowed these three ipods from people here in the audience to show you what i mean -our self deception becomes a positive illusion why movies are able to take us onto extraordinary adventures -why we believe romeo when he says he loves juliet and why -single notes of music when played together become a sonata and conjure up meaning -thats clair de lune its composer called -debussy said that art -one of my favorite magicians -is karl germain -right in front of your eyes -that was the most beautiful -i use a lot of tricks which means that sometimes i have -we are all very good at suspending our disbelief we do it every day while reading novels -watching television -without this ability there is no magic it was -what id like to show you today is something in the way of an experiment todays its debut its a demonstration of augmented reality and the visuals youre about to see are not prerecorded they are live and reacting to me in real time i like to think of it as a kind of -creation and loss -but audiences dont come to see the magician die they come to see him live because the best stories always have a happy ending -we connect events -and emotions and instinctively transform them into a sequence that can be easily understood -these are the digital campfires around which the audience gathers -technological magic so -a sense of community and if the story is -fingers crossed and keep your eyes on the big screen -augmented reality -is the melding of the real world with -it seems the perfect medium to investigate -it is a deception we enjoy -it was the poet samuel taylor coleridge who first suggested this receptive state -so magic is an excellent way for staying ahead of the reality curve to make possible today what science will make a reality tomorrow as a cyber magician i combine elements of illusion and science -and over here is high tide and in the middle -magic for boys and girls -well to this -i just say no no actually in german its nein nein laughter magic isnt that intense i have to warn you though if you ever play with someone who deals cards like this -to give us a feel of how future technologies might be experienced -and most important card of all the one with this very significant mark on it -youve probably all heard of googles project glass its new technology you look through them and the world you see is augmented with data names of places monuments buildings -maybe one day even the names of the strangers that pass you on the street -so these are my -let me show you what i mean all we need is a playing card any card will do like this and let me mark it so we can recognize it when we see it again -but how could he convince the public that the millions of volts required to make -his final resting place -at the nikola tesla museum in belgrade -his legacy is with us still -but this was only the beginning -so let the story begin -terribly sorry -floor -wake up -and about three years ago i started an exercise in openness and inclusiveness by reaching out into the open source software community to create new digital tools for magic -tools that could eventually be shared with other artists to start them off further on in the process and to get them to the poetry faster -today id like to show you something which came out of these collaborations its an augmented reality projection tracking and mapping system or a digital storytelling tool could we bring down the lights please -my take -straight down below it and then they shuttle back and forth between the dung at the soil surface and a nest they make underground so the question is how do they deal with this material and most dung beetles actually wrap it into a package of some sort -from these things doing behaviors that you and i couldnt possibly do -ten percent of the species actually make a ball -so this is a very proud owner of a beautiful dung ball you can see its a male because hes got a little hair on the back of his legs there and hes clearly very pleased about what hes sitting on there and then hes about to become a victim of a vicious smash and grab -and so valuable resources -have to be looked after and guarded in a particular way and we think the reason they roll the balls away is because of this because of the competition that is involved in getting hold of that dung -so this dung pat was actually well it was a dung pat fifteen minutes before this photograph was taken and we think its the intense competition that makes the beetles -so well adapted to rolling balls of dung -its head is down its walking backwards its the most bizarre way to actually transport your food in any particular direction and at the same time its got to deal with the heat this is africa its hot so what i want to share with you now are some of the experiments that myself and my colleagues have used -to investigate how dung beetles -deal with these problems -so watch this -the first is how it deals with this obstacle that weve put in its way see look it does a little dance -and then it carries on in exactly the same direction that it took in the first place -so clearly this animal knows where its going and it knows where it wants to go and thats a very very important thing because if you think about it youre at the dung pile youve got this great big pie that you want to get away from everybody else and the quickest way to do it is in a straight line -so we gave them some more tasks -so this animal has actually had the whole world turned under its feet its turned by ninety degrees but it doesnt flinch it knows exactly where it wants to go and it heads off in that particular direction -so our next question then was how are they doing this what are they doing and there was a cue that was available to us it was that every now and then theyd climb on top of the ball and theyd take a look at the world around -does it does a little double dance -and then it heads back in exactly the same direction it went in the first -but the sun is at the horizon over here and we know that when the sun is at the horizon say its over on this side there is a north south a huge pathway across the sky of polarized light that we cant see that the beetles can see -okay so what weve got so far is -and it was this particular little behavior the dance -so what are they doing when they do this dance how far can we push them before they will reorientate themselves and in this experiment here what we did was we forced them into a channel -and you can see he wasnt particularly forced into this particular channel and we gradually displaced the beetle by one hundred and eighty degrees -so the question is where do we start this story and it seems appropriate to start at the end because -bush watching dung beetles on nice hot days we noticed that there was another behavior associated with the dance behavior every now and then when they climb on top of the ball they wipe their face -and you see him do it again -now we thought now what could be going on here -clearly the ground is very hot and when the ground is hot they dance more often and when they do this particular dance they wipe the bottom of their face and we thought that it could be a thermoregulatory behavior we thought that maybe what theyre doing is trying to get off the hot soil and also spitting onto their face to cool their head down -this is a waste product that comes out of other animals but it still contains nutrients and there are sufficient nutrients in there for dung beetles basically to make a living and so dung beetles eat -so what we did was design a couple of arenas one was hot one was cold we shaded this one we left that one hot and then what we did was we filmed them with a thermal camera so what youre looking at here -against the background so the background here is around about fifty degrees centigrade -and mine and whats of interest here is that little brain is quite cool but if we contrast now what happens in a hot environment look at the temperature of the soil its up around fifty five to sixty degrees centigrade watch how often the beetle dances -and look at its front legs theyre roaringly hot -so the ball leaves a little thermal shadow and the beetle climbs on top of the ball and wipes its face -and all the time its trying to cool itself down we think and avoid the hot sand that its walking across and what we did then was put little boots -and if you look over here with boots -this is a dung beetle -can you spot the difference they dont normally go this slowly its in slow motion but its walking forwards and its actually taking a pellet of dry dung with it -this is a different species in the same genus but exactly the same foraging behavior -now theres two ways it could be doing that and we can test that by displacing the beetle to a new position when its at the foraging site -so according to dung beetles dung is pretty good unless youre prepared to get dung under your fingernails and root through the dung itself youll never see ninety percent of the dung beetle species because they go directly into the dung -and what its doing here if its using path integration is its counting its steps or measuring the distance out in this direction it knows the bearing home and it knows it should be in that direction if you displace it it ends up in the wrong place so lets see what happens -when we put this beetle to the test with a similar experiment so heres our cunning experimenter -he displaces the beetle and now we have to see -what is going to take place -the forage has been displaced to a new position if hes using landmark orientation he should be able to find the burrow because hell be able to recognize the landmarks around it if hes using path integration then it should end up in the wrong spot over here so lets watch what happens -it hasnt a clue -it starts to search for its house in the right distance away from the food -to find its way around and the callous experimenter leads it -that use a compass and they use the sun as a compass to find their way around and -they have some sort of system for measuring that distance and we know that these species here actually count the steps thats what they use as an odometer a step counting system to find their way back home we dont know yet what dung beetles use -so what have we learned from these animals with a brain thats the size of a grain of rice -well we know that they can roll balls in a straight line using celestial cues -we know that the dance behavior is an orientation behavior and its also a thermoregulation behavior and we also know that they use a path integration system for finding their way home so for a small animal dealing with a fairly revolting substance we can actually learn an awful lot -twenty one okay good how many do you have in -eighteen so it goes to this lady here twenty one is the closest it actually has the number of symmetries in the rubiks cube has twenty five digits so now i need to name this object so what is your name -the next generation maybe the fact that he stayed up all night doing mathematics was the fact that he was such a bad shot that morning and got killed but contained inside those documents -g h -was a new language a language to understand one of the most fundamental concepts of science namely symmetry -now symmetry is almost natures language it helps us to understand so many different bits of the scientific world for example molecular structure what crystals are possible we can understand through the mathematics of symmetry -to make predictions about the fundamental particles we might see there it seems that they are all facets of some strange symmetrical shape in a higher dimensional space -and i think galileo summed up very nicely the power of mathematics to understand the scientific world around us he wrote the universe cannot be read until we have learnt the language and become familiar with the characters in which it is written -it is written in mathematical language and the letters are triangles circles and other geometric figures without which means that its humanly impossible to comprehend a single -thirty two a gunshot was heard ringing out -and i said to professor kurokawa wow the architects must have really been kicking themselves when they realized that theyd made a mistake and put this one upside down -he said no no no it was a very deliberate act and he referred me to this lovely quote from the japanese essays in idleness from the fourteenth century in which the -in everything uniformity is undesirable leaving something incomplete makes it interesting and gives one the feeling that there is room for growth even when building the imperial palace they always leave one place unfinished -was walking to market that morning ran towards where the gunshot had come from and found a young man writhing in agony on the floor clearly shot -i had to chose one building in the world to be cast out on a desert island to live the rest of my life being an addict of symmetry i would probably chose the alhambra in granada this is a palace celebrating symmetry -but i wanted to try and enrich him i think one of the problems about school mathematics is it doesnt look at how mathematics is embedded in the world we live in so i wanted to open his eyes up to how much symmetry is running through the alhambra -art and so what is symmetry the alhambra somehow asks all of these questions what is symmetry when are two of these walls do they have the same symmetries can we say whether they discovered all of the symmetries in the alhambra -and it was galois who produced a language to be able to answer some of these questions for galois symmetry unlike for thomas mann which was something still and deathly -for galois symmetry was all about motion what can you do to a symmetrical object move it in some way so it looks the same as before you -i like to describe it as the magic trick moves what can you do to something you close your eyes i do something put it back down again it looks like it did before it started -so for example the walls in the alhambra i can take all of these tiles and fix them at the yellow place rotate them by ninety degrees put them all back down again and they fit perfectly down there -if you open your eyes again you wouldnt know that theyd moved but its the motion that really characterizes the symmetry inside the alhambra -so lets take these two symmetrical objects here lets take the twisted six pointed starfish what can i do to the starfish which makes it look the same well there i rotated it by a sixth of a turn and still it looks like it did before i started -i could rotate it by a third of a turn or a half a turn or put it back down on its image or two thirds of a -and a fifth symmetry i can rotate it by five sixths of a turn and those are things that i can do to the symmetrical object that make it look like it did before i started -now for galois there was actually a sixth symmetry can anybody think what else i could do to this which would leave it like i did before i started -i cant flip it because ive put a little twist on it havent i its got no reflective symmetry but what i could do is just leave it where it is pick it up and put it down again -galois this was like the zeroth symmetry actually the invention of the number zero was a very modern concept seventh century a d by the indians it seems -galois was taken to the local hospital where he died the next day in the arms of his brother and the last words he said to his brother -to talk about nothing and this is the same idea this is a symmetrical so everything has symmetry where you just leave it where it is so this object has six symmetries -and what about the triangle well i can rotate by a third of a turn clockwise or a third of a turn anticlockwise -but now this has some reflectional symmetry i can reflect it in the line through x or the line through y or the -a great believer that mathematics is not a spectator sport and you have to do some mathematics in order to really understand it so here is a little question for you and im going to give a prize at the end of my talk for the person who gets closest to the -the rubiks cube how many symmetries does a rubiks cube have how many things can i do to this object and put it down so it still looks like a cube -but how they interact with each other which really characterizes the symmetry of an object if i do one magic trick move followed by another -cry for me alfred i need all the courage i can muster to die at the age of twenty -the combination is a third magic trick move and here we see galois starting to develop a language to see the substance of the things unseen the sort of abstract idea of the symmetry underlying this physical -for example what if i turn the starfish by a sixth of a turn and then a third of a turn so ive given names the capital letters a b c d e f -are the names for the rotations b for example rotates the little yellow dot to the b on the starfish and so on so what if i do -which is a sixth of a turn followed by c which is a third of a turn well lets do that a sixth of a turn followed by a third of a turn the combined effect is as if i had just rotated it by half a turn in one -so the little table here records how the algebra of these symmetries work i do one followed by another the answer is its rotation d -and then the sixth of a turn of course it doesnt make any difference it still ends up at half a turn and there is some symmetry here in the way the symmetries interact with each other -in fact revolutionary politics for which galois was famous but a few years earlier while still at school -but this is completely different to the symmetries of the triangle lets see what happens if we do two symmetries with the triangle one after the other lets do a rotation by a third of a turn -now lets do it in a different order lets do the reflection in x first followed by the rotation by a third of a turn anticlockwise -the combined effect the triangle ends up somewhere completely different its as if it was reflected in the line through y now it matters what order you do the operations in -and this enables us to distinguish why the symmetries of these objects they both have six symmetries so why shouldnt we say they have the same symmetries -but the way the symmetries interact enable us weve now got a language to distinguish why these symmetries are fundamentally different -you can try this when you go down to the pub later on take a beer mat and rotate it by a quarter of a turn then flip it and then do it in the other order and the picture will be facing in the opposite direction -now galois produced some laws for how these tables how symmetries interact its almost like little sudoku tables you dont see any symmetry -here ive got one two three people sitting on one two three chairs the people on the chairs are very different but the number the abstract idea of the number is the same -the point where all the triangles meet what about the center of a triangle i can rotate by a third of a turn around the center of the triangle and everything matches up -now lets move to the very different looking wall in the alhambra and we find the same symmetries here and the same interaction so there was a sixth of a turn a third of a turn where the z pieces -and the half a turn is halfway between the six pointed stars and although these walls look very different -galois has produced a language to say that in fact the symmetries underlying these are exactly the same and its a symmetry we call six three two -is another example in the alhambra this is a wall a ceiling and a floor they all look very different but this language allows us to say that they are representations of the same symmetrical abstract object -which we call four four two nothing to do with football but because of the fact that there are two places where you can rotate by a quarter of a turn and one -this is how he wrote most of his mathematics so the night before that duel he realized this possibly is his last chance to try and explain his great breakthrough -it turns out they almost did you can prove using galois language there are actually only seventeen different symmetries that you can do in the walls in the alhambra -and they if you try to produce a different wall with this eighteenth one it will have to have the same symmetries as one of these -but these are things that we can see and the power of galois mathematical language is it also allows us to create symmetrical objects -the unseen world beyond the two dimensional three dimensional all the way through to the four or five or infinite dimensional space and thats where i work i create -show you a picture of this symmetrical object but here is the language which describes how the symmetries interact now this new symmetrical object does not have a name yet -now people like getting their names on things on craters on the moon or new species of animals so im going to give you the chance to get your name on a new symmetrical -which hasnt been named before and this thing species die away and moons kind of get hit by meteors and explode but this mathematical object will live forever it will make you immortal -this symmetrical object what you have to do is to answer the question i asked you at the beginning how many symmetries does a rubiks cube -you out rather than you all shouting out i want you to count how many digits there are in that number okay if youve got it as a factorial youve got to expand the factorials -now if you want to play i want you to stand up okay if you think youve got an estimate for how many digits right weve already got one competitor here -down he wins it automatically okay excellent so weve got four here five six great excellent that should get us going all right -how many digits are there in your number -so you should have sat down earlier lets have the other -during the twenty up again okay if i told you twenty or less stand up because this one i think there were a few here the people who just last sat down okay how many digits do you have in your number -life had they started school -and when her carbon copied questionnaire started to come back one thing and one thing only jumped out with the statistical clarity of a kind that most scientists -can only dream of by a rate of two to one the children who had died had had mothers who had been x rayed when pregnant now that -nevertheless alice stewart rushed -it was fully twenty five years before the british and medical british and american medical establishments -it was open it was freely available but nobody wanted to know -a child a week was dying -but nothing changed openness alone -alice was unusual partly because of course she was a woman which was pretty rare in the one thousand nine hundred and fifty s and she was brilliant she was one of the at the time the youngest fellow to be elected to the royal college of physicians she was unusual too because she continued to work after she got married after she had kids -alice was very warm very empathetic with her patients george frankly preferred numbers to people but he said this fantastic thing about their working relationship he said my job -is to prove dr stewart -wrong -he actively sought disconfirmation different ways of looking at her models at her statistics different ways of crunching the data in order to disprove her -he saw his job as creating conflict around her theories because it was only by not being able to prove that she was wrong that george could give alice the confidence she -needed to know that she was right its a fantastic model -such collaborators alice and george were very good at conflict they saw it -as thinking so what -well first of all it requires that we find people who are very different from ourselves that means we have to resist the neurobiological drive which means that we really prefer people mostly like ourselves and it means we have to seek out people with different -that requires a lot of patience and a lot of energy and the more ive thought about this the more i think really that thats a kind -if you dont really care -and it also means that we have to be prepared to change our minds alices daughter told me that every time alice went head to head with a fellow scientist they made her think and think and think -and even after she got divorced and was a single parent she continued her medical work and she was unusual because she was really interested in a new science the emerging field of epidemiology the study of patterns in disease -of lives so how do organizations think -of conflict -in surveys of european and american executives fully eighty five percent of them acknowledged that they had issues or concerns at work that they were afraid to raise afraid of the -eighty five percent -is a really big number -it means that organizations mostly cant do what george and alice so triumphantly did they cant think together -and it means that people like many of us who have run organizations and gone out of our way to try to find the very best people we can mostly fail -and then we have to get really good at -that could really hurt people he was afraid of doing damage to the patients he was trying to help but when he looked around his organization nobody else seemed to be at all worried -so he didnt really want to say anything after all maybe they knew something he didnt maybe hed look stupid but he kept -was leave a job -joe and i found a way for him to raise his concerns and what happened then is what almost always happens in this situation it turned out everybody had exactly the same questions and doubts so now joe had allies they could think together -but like every scientist she appreciated that to make her mark what she needed to do was find a hard problem -and yes there was a lot of conflict and debate and argument but that allowed everyone around the table to be creative -to solve the problem -and to change the device -joe was what a lot of people might think of -and his colleagues dont think of him as a crank -and solve it -well the university of delft -requires that its phd students have to submit five statements that theyre prepared to defend it doesnt really matter what the statements are -the hard problem that alice chose was the rising incidence of childhood cancers most disease is correlated with poverty but in the case of childhood cancers the children who were dying seemed mostly to come from -from information that is secret -handle dont want to handle -the conflict that it provokes but when we dare to break that silence or when we dare to see and we create conflict we enable ourselves and the people around us to do our very -open networks are essential -but the truth wont set us free until we develop the skills and -families so what she wanted to know could explain this anomaly -now alice had trouble getting funding for her research in the end she got just one thousand pounds from the lady tata memorial prize and that meant she knew she only had one shot at collecting her data -then a few years later her mother died and that seemed stranger still because her mother came from a long line of people who just seemed to live -forever in fact gaylas uncle is still alive to this day and learning how to waltz it didnt make sense that gaylas mother should die so young it was an anomaly -the northwest corner of the united states right up near the canadian border theres a little town called libby montana -and she kept puzzling over anomalies and as she did other ones came to mind she remembered for example when her mother had broken a leg and went into the hospital and she had a lot of x rays and two of them were leg x rays which made sense but six of them were chest x rays -which didnt she puzzled and puzzled over every piece of her life and her parents life trying to understand what she was seeing she thought about her town the town -had a vermiculite mine in it vermiculite was used for soil conditioners to make plants grow faster and better vermiculite was used to insulate lofts huge amounts of it put under the roof to keep houses warm during the long montana winters -when she figured out the puzzle she started telling everyone she could what had happened what had been done to her parents and to the people that she saw on oxygen tanks at home in the afternoons -but she was really amazed she thought when everybody knows theyll want to do something but actually nobody wanted to know -in fact she became so annoying as she kept insisting on telling this story to her neighbors to her friends to other people in the community -and its surrounded by pine trees and lakes and just amazing wildlife and these enormous trees that scream up into the sky -but gayla didnt stop she kept doing research the advent of the internet definitely helped her she talked to anybody she could she argued and argued and finally she struck lucky -when a researcher came through town studying the history of mines in the area and she told him her story and at first of course like everyone he didnt believe her but he went back to seattle and he did his own -nevertheless people still didnt want to know they said things like well if it were really dangerous someone would have told us if thats really why everyone was dying the doctors would have told us -some of the guys used to very heavy jobs said i dont want to be a victim i cant possibly be a victim and anyway every industry has its accidents -but still gayla went on and finally she succeeded in getting a federal agency to come to town and to screen the inhabitants of the town -fifteen thousand people and what they discovered was that the town had a mortality rate eighty times higher than anywhere in the united states -look in the playground where your grandchildren are playing its lined with vermiculite this wasnt ignorance it was willful blindness -and -willful blindness is a legal concept which means if theres information that you could know and you should know but you somehow manage not to know the law deems that youre willfully blind you have chosen -not to know -theres a lot of willful blindness around these days you can see willful blindness in banks -when thousands of people sold mortgages to people who couldnt afford them you could see them in banks when interest rates were manipulated and everyone around knew what was going on but everyone studiously ignored it -you can see willful blindness in the catholic church where decades of child abuse went ignored you could see willful blindness in the run up to the iraq war -willful blindness exists on epic scales like those and it also exists on very small scales in peoples families in peoples homes and communities and particularly in organizations and institutions -companies that have been studied for willful blindness can be asked questions like are there issues at work that people are afraid to raise -and when academics have done studies like this of corporations in the united states what they find is eighty five percent of people say yes -a little isolated and in libby montana theres a rather unusual woman named gayla benefield -eighty five percent of people know theres a problem but they wont say anything and when i duplicated the research in europe -asking all the same questions i found exactly the same number eighty five percent -thats a lot of silence its a lot of blindness and whats really interesting is that when i go to companies in switzerland they tell me this is a uniquely swiss problem and when i go to germany they say oh yes this is the german disease -and when i go to companies in england they say oh yeah the british are really bad at this -and the truth is this is a human problem were all under certain circumstances willfully blind -what the research shows is that some people are blind out of fear theyre afraid of retaliation -and some people are blind because they think well seeing anything is just futile nothings ever going to change if we make a protest if we protest against the iraq war nothing changes so why bother better not to see this stuff at all -and the -she always felt a little bit of an outsider although shes been there almost all her life a woman of russian extraction she told me when she went to school she was the only girl who ever chose to do mechanical drawing -but what ive found going around the world and talking to whistleblowers -what happens to them they are crushed nobody would want to go through something like that -and yet when i talk to whistleblowers the recurrent tone that i hear is pride -i think of joe darby we all remember the photographs of abu ghraib which so shocked the world and showed the kind of war that was being fought in iraq -but i wonder who remembers joe darby the very obedient good soldier who found those photographs and handed them in -and he said you know im not the kind of guy to rat people out but some things just cross the line ignorance is bliss they say but you cant put up -with things like this i talked to steve bolsin a british doctor who fought for five years to draw attention to a dangerous surgeon who was killing babies -and i asked him why he did it and he said well it was really my daughter who prompted me to do it she came up to me one night and she just said dad you cant let the kids die -or i think of cynthia thomas -by their mental condition and the refusal of the military to recognize and acknowledge post traumatic stress syndrome -later in life she got a job going house to house reading utility meters gas meters electricity meters and she was doing the work in the middle of the day and one thing particularly caught her notice which was -she set up a cafe in the middle of a military town to give them legal psychological and medical assistance -and she said to me she said you know margaret i always used to say i didnt know what i wanted to be when i grow up -but ive found myself in this cause -and ill never be the same -we all enjoy so many freedoms today hard won freedoms the freedom to write and publish without fear of censorship a freedom that wasnt here the last time i came to hungary a freedom to vote which women in particular had to fight so hard for -the freedom for people of different ethnicities and cultures and sexual orientation to live the way that they want but freedom doesnt exist if you dont use it -and what theyre very prepared to do is recognize that yes this is going to be an argument and yes im going to have a lot of rows with my neighbors and my colleagues and my friends -but im going to become very good at this conflict im going to take on the naysayers because theyll make my argument better and stronger i can collaborate with my opponents to become better at what i do -these are people of immense persistence incredible patience and an absolute determination not to be blind and not to be silent -when i went to libby montana i visited the asbestosis clinic that gayla benefield brought into being -a place where at first some of the people who wanted help and needed medical attention went in the back door because they didnt want to acknowledge that shed been right i -i sat in a diner and i watched as trucks drove up and down the highway carting away the earth out of gardens -in the middle of the day she met a lot of men who were at home -and replacing it with fresh uncontaminated soil -i took my twelve year old daughter with me because i really wanted her to meet gayla and she said why whats the big deal -the really important thing about gayla is she is ordinary shes like you and shes like me she had freedom and she was ready to use it thank you very much -and a lot of them seemed to be on oxygen tanks -then a few years later her father died at the age of fifty nine five days before he was due to receive his pension hed been a miner she thought he must just have been worn out by the work but -the system compares every moment of one to the other to see if theres a match now this means that we can identify a match even if the copy used is just a portion of the original file plays it in slow motion and has degraded audio and video quality -and we do this every time that a video is uploaded to youtube and thats over twenty hours of video every minute when we find a match we apply the policy that the rights owner has set down -and the scale and the speed of this system is truly breathtaking were not just talking about a few videos -were talking about over one hundred years of video every day between new uploads and the legacy scans we regularly do across all of the content on the site -so if youre in the audience today or maybe youre watching this talk in some other time or place you are a participant in the digital rights ecosystem -well most rights owners instead of blocking will allow the copy to be published and then they benefit through the exposure advertising and linked sales -about this is if the processional of the wedding was this much fun can you imagine how much fun the reception must have been -i mean who are these people i totally want to go to that wedding -so their little wedding video went on to get over forty million views -and instead of sony blocking they allowed the upload to occur and -eighteen months old went back to number four on the itunes charts so sony is generating revenue from both of these -whether youre an artist a technologist a lawyer or a fan the handling of copyright directly impacts your life now rights management is no longer simply a question of ownership -its truly an ecosystem of culture because its not just amateurs borrowing from big studios but sometimes big studios borrowing back -so why has no one ever solved this problem before its because its a big problem and its complicated and messy its not uncommon for a single video to have multiple rights owners -so we have to manage many claims to the same video youtubes content id system addresses all of these cases but the system only works through the participation of rights owners -if you have content that others are uploading to youtube you should register in the content id system and then youll have the choice about how your content is used -and think carefully about the policies that you attach to that content by simply blocking all reuse youll miss out on new art forms new audiences new distribution channels and new revenue streams -its a complex web of relationships and a critical part of our cultural landscape youtube cares deeply about the rights of content owners -but in order to give them choices about what they can do with copies mash ups and more we need to first identify when copyrighted material is uploaded to our site -a fan saw it on tv recorded with her camera phone and uploaded it to youtube now because sony music had registered chris browns video in our content id system -well it starts with content owners delivering assets into our database along with a usage policy that tells us what to do when we find a match -now this heat map is going to show you how the brain of the system works here we can see the original reference file being compared to the user generated content -and indeed there are now thousands and thousands of models that people have contributed all over the world as part of -the totality of this project involves tens of thousands of hours of human labor ninety nine percent of it done by women on the right hand side that bit there is part of an installation -that is about twelve feet long my sister and i started this project in two thousand and five because in that year at least in the science press there was a lot of talk about global warming and the effect that global warming was having on coral reefs -very delicate organisms and they are devastated by any rise in sea temperatures it causes these vast bleaching events that are the first signs of corals of being sick and if the bleaching doesnt go away if the temperatures dont go down -reefs start to die a great deal of this has been happening in the great barrier reef particularly in coral reefs all over the world this is our invocation in crochet of a bleached -we have a new organization together called the institute for figuring which is a little organization we started to promote -to do projects about aesthetic and poetic dimensions of science and mathematics and i went and put a little announcement up on our site asking for people to join us in this enterprise -today as june said to talk about a project that my twin sister and i have been doing for the past three and half years were crocheting a coral reef -to our surprise one of the first people who called was the andy warhol museum and they said they were having an exhibition about artists response to global warming and theyd like our coral reef to be part of it i laughed and said well weve only just started it you can have a little bit of it -so in two thousand and seven we had an exhibition a small exhibition of this crochet reef and then some people in chicago came along and they said in late two thousand and seven the theme of the chicago humanities festival -is global warming and weve got this three thousand square foot gallery and we want you to fill it with your reef and i naively by this stage said oh yes sure -now i say naively because actually my profession is as a science writer what i do is i write books about the cultural history of physics -ive written books about the history of space the history of physics and religion and i write articles for people like the new york times and the l a times so i had no idea what it meant to fill a three thousand square foot gallery -so i said yes to this proposition and i went home and i told my sister christine and she nearly had a fit because christine is a professor at one of l a s major art colleges calarts -eight months later we did fill -the chicago cultural centers three thousand square foot gallery by this stage the project had taken on a viral dimension of its own which got completely beyond -the people in chicago decided that as well as exhibiting our reefs what they wanted to do was have the local people there make a reef so we went -we did workshops and lectures and the people in chicago made a reef of their own and it was exhibited alongside ours there were hundreds of people involved in that -and its a project that weve actually been now joined by hundreds of people around the world who are doing it with us indeed thousands of people have actually been involved in this project in many of its different aspects -we got invited to do the whole thing in new york and in london and in los angeles in each of these cities the local citizens hundreds and hundreds of them have made reefs and more and more people get involved in this most of whom -weve never met so the whole thing has sort of morphed into this organic ever evolving creature thats actually gone way beyond christine and i -these people on why on earth are you crocheting a reef woolenness and wetness arent exactly two concepts that go together -a coral reef out of marble cast it in bronze but it turns out there is a very good reason why we are crocheting it -because many organisms in coral reefs have a very particular kind of structure the frilly crinolated forms that you see in corals and kelps and sponges and nudibranchs is a form of geometry known as hyperbolic geometry -and the only way that mathematicians know how to model this structure is with crochet it happens to be a fact its almost impossible to model this structure any other way and its almost impossible to do it on computers -so what is this hyperbolic geometry that corals and sea slugs embody the next few minutes is were all going to get raised up to the level of a sea slug -this sort of geometry revolutionized mathematics when it was first discovered in the nineteenth century -what she was doing was actually making a model of a mathematical structure that many mathematicians had thought it was actually impossible to model -indeed they thought that anything like this structure was impossible per se some of the best mathematicians spent hundreds of years trying to prove that this structure was impossible -so what is this impossible hyperbolic structure before hyperbolic geometry mathematicians knew about two kinds of space euclidean space and spherical space and they have different properties -its a project that now reaches across three continents its roots go into the fields of mathematics marine biology feminine handicraft -and what they do is they do it through the concept of parallel lines so here we have a line and a point outside the line -how can i define parallel lines i ask the question how many lines can i draw through the point but never meet the original line and you all know the answer does someone want to shout it out -right okay thats our definition of a parallel line its a definition really of euclidean space but there is another possibility that you all know of spherical space think of the surface of a sphere just like a beach ball the surface of the earth -i have a straight line on my spherical surface and i have a point outside the line how many straight lines can i draw through the point but never meet the original line -what do we mean to talk about a straight line on a curved surface now mathematicians have answered that question theyve understood there is a generalized concept of straightness its called a geodesic and on the surface of a sphere -a straight line is the biggest possible circle you can draw so its like the equator or the lines of longitude so we ask the question again how many straight lines can i draw through the point but never meet the original line -zero very good now mathematicians thought that was the only alternative its a bit suspicious isnt it there is two answers to the question so far zero and one -infinity you all got it right exactly -there is -this is what it looks like it has a straight line and there is an infinite number of lines that go through the point and never meet the original line this is the drawing -this nearly drove mathematicians bonkers because like you theyre sitting there feeling bamboozled thinking how can that be youre cheating the lines -thats only because im projecting it onto a flat surface mathematicians for several hundred years had to really struggle with -how could they see this what did it mean to actually have a physical model that looked like this its a bit like this -i can see it i can feel it i can touch it i can play with it and thats exactly what happened when daina taimina -ive stitched euclids parallel postulate on to the surface and the lines look curved but look i can prove to you that theyre straight because i can take any one of these lines and i can fold along it -its a straight line -in wool through a domestic feminine art is the proof that the most famous postulate in mathematics is wrong -you can stitch all sorts of mathematical theorems onto these surfaces the discovery of hyperbolic space ushered in the field of mathematics that is called non euclidean geometry this is actually the field of mathematics that underlies general relativity -and is actually ultimately going to show us about the shape of the universe so there is this direct line between feminine handicraft euclid and general relativity -now i said that mathematicians thought that this was impossible heres two creatures whove never heard of euclids parallel postulate didnt know it was impossible to violate and theyre simply getting on with it theyve been doing it for hundreds of millions of years -which is a particularly lovely thing to be saying right here in february two thousand and nine which as one of our previous speakers told us is the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of -i once asked the mathematicians why it was that mathematicians thought this structure was impossible when sea slugs have been doing -was interesting they said well i guess there arent that many mathematicians sitting around looking at sea slugs and thats true but it also goes deeper than that -it also says a whole lot of things about what mathematicians thought mathematics was what they thought it could and couldnt do what they thought it could and couldnt represent -even mathematicians who in some sense are the freest of all thinkers literally couldnt see not only the sea slugs around them -but the lettuce on their plate because lettuces and all those curly vegetables they also are embodiments of hyperbolic geometry -in some sense they literally they had such a symbolic view of mathematics they couldnt actually see what was going on on the lettuce in front of them -it turns out that the natural world is full of hyperbolic wonders and so too weve discovered that there is an infinite taxonomy of crochet hyperbolic creatures -we started out chrissy and i and our contributors doing the simple mathematically perfect models but we found that when we deviated from the specific -setness of the mathematical code that underlies is the simple algorithm crochet three increase one -when we deviated from that and made embellishments to the code the models immediately started to look more natural and all of our contributors who are an amazing collection of people around the world -do their own embellishments as it were we have this ever evolving crochet taxonomic tree of life -just as the morphology and the complexity of life on earth is never ending little embellishments and complexifications in the dna code lead to new things like giraffes or orchids -all of this im going to get to in the next eighteen minutes i hope but let me first begin by showing you some pictures of what this thing looks like -so too little embellishments in the crochet code lead to new and wondrous creatures in the evolutionary tree of crochet -so this project really has taken on this inner organic life of its own there is the totality of all the people who have come to it and their individual visions and their engagement with this mathematical mode -have these technologies we use them but why what is at stake here what does it matter for chrissy and i one of the things thats important here is that these things suggest the importance and value -of embodied knowledge we live in a society that completely tends to valorize -sort of modality crochet other -forms of play people can be engaged with the most abstract high powered theoretical ideas the kinds of ideas that normally you have to go -to university departments to study in higher mathematics which is where i first learned about hyperbolic space but you can do it through playing with material objects -just to give you an idea of scale that installation there is about six feet across and the tallest models are about -one of the ways that weve come to think about this is that what were trying to do with the institute for figuring and projects like this were trying to have kindergarten for grown ups -was actually a very formalized system of education established by a man named friedrich froebel who was a crystallographer in the nineteenth century he believed that the crystal was the model for all kinds of representation he developed -the value of education is something that froebel championed through -we live in a society now where we have lots of think tanks where great minds go to think about the world they write these great symbolic treatises called books and papers and op ed articles -we want to propose chrissy and i through the institute for figuring another alternative way of doing things which is the play tank -the play tank like the think tank is a place where people can go and engage with great ideas but what we want to propose is that the highest levels of abstraction things like mathematics computing logic et cetera all of this can be -two or three feet high this is some more images of it that one on the right is about five feet high the work involves hundreds of different crochet models -with not just through purely cerebral algebraic symbolic methods but by literally physically playing with ideas -why not strangers because strangers are part of a world of really rigid boundaries they belong to a world of people i know versus people i dont know and in the context of my digital relations im already doing things with people i dont know -the question isnt whether or not i know you the question is what can i do with you what can i learn with you what can we do together that benefits us both i spend a lot of time -thinking about how the social landscape is changing how new technologies create new constraints and new opportunities for people -the most important changes facing us today have to do with data and what data is doing to shape the kinds of digital relations that will be possible for us in the future the economies of the future depend on that our social lives in the future depend on that -the threat to worry about isnt strangers the threat to worry about is whether or not were getting our fair share of strangeness -now twentieth century psychologists and sociologists were thinking about strangers but they werent thinking so dynamically about human relations and they were thinking about strangers in the context of influencing practices -stanley milgram from the sixty s and seventy s the creator of the small world experiments which became later popularized as six degrees of separation -made the point that any two arbitrarily selected people were likely connected from between five to seven intermediary steps his point was that strangers are -mark granovetter stanford sociologist in one thousand nine hundred and seventy three in his seminal essay the strength of weak ties made the point that these weak ties that are a part of our networks these strangers are actually more effective at diffusing information to us than are our strong ties the people closest to us -he makes an additional indictment of our strong ties when he says that these people who are so close to us these strong ties in our lives actually have a homogenizing effect on us they produce sameness -my colleagues and i at intel have spent the last few years looking at the ways in which digital platforms are reshaping our everyday lives what kinds of new routines are possible weve been looking specifically at the kinds of digital platforms that have enabled us to take our possessions -those things that used to be very restricted to us and to our friends in our houses and to make them available to people we dont know -to the things in their lives change so do their relations with other people and yet recommendation system after recommendation system continues to miss the boat it continues to try to predict what i need based on some past characterization of who i am of what ive already done -security technology after security technology continues to design data protection in terms of threats and attacks -keeping me locked into really rigid kinds of relations categories like friends and family and contacts and colleagues dont tell me anything about my actual relations -a more effective way to think about my relations might be in terms of closeness and distance where at any given point in time with any single person i am both close and distant from that individual -all as a function of what i need to do right now people arent close or distant people are always a combination of the two and that combination is constantly changing -dont talk to strangers says stay from anyone whos not familiar to you stick with the people you know stick with people like you -what if technologies could intervene to disrupt the balance of certain kinds of relationships what if technologies could intervene to help me find the person that i need right now -strangeness is that calibration of closeness and distance that enables me to find the people that i need right now -that enables me to find the sources of intimacy of discovery and of inspiration that i need right now strangeness is not about meeting strangers it simply makes the point that we need to disrupt our zones of familiarity -so jogging those zones of familiarity is one way to think about strangeness and its a problem faced not just by individuals today but also by organizations -organizations that are trying to embrace massively new opportunities -whether youre a political party insisting to your detriment on a very rigid notion of who belongs and who does not whether youre the government protecting social institutions like marriage and restricting access of those institutions to the few -whether youre a teenager in her bedroom whos trying to jostle her relations with her parents strangeness is a way to think about how we pave the way to new kinds of relations -we have to change the norms -we have to change the norms in order to enable new kinds of technologies as a basis for new kinds of businesses -what interesting questions lie ahead for us in this world of no strangers -how might we think differently about our relations with people how might we think differently about our relations with distributed groups of people how might we think differently about our relations with technologies things that effectively become social participants in their own right -how appealing -my phrase for this value of being with not like us is strangeness and my point is that in todays digitally intensive world strangers are quite frankly not the point the point that we should be worried about is how much strangeness are we getting -why strangeness because our social relations are increasingly mediated by data and data turns our social relations into digital relations -and that means that our digital relations now depend extraordinarily on technology to bring to them a sense of robustness a sense of discovery a sense of surprise and unpredictability -and slowly coming to understand that the appeal of what i do may be connected to why i do it -so where my work as a graphic designer was to follow strategy my work -follows my heart and my interests with the guidance of my ego -to create work that is mutually beneficial to myself and a client now this is heresy in the design world the ego is not supposed to be involved in graphic design -but i find that for myself without exception the more i deal with the work as something of my own as something that is personal the more -qualities like does it bring joy -is there a sense of wonder and does it invoke curiosity -by reciting a -this is a scientific diagram by the way i dont have time to explain it but it has to do with dna and -so i have a particular imaginative approach to visual work -the things that interest me when im working are visual structure -surprise and anything that requires figuring things out so for this reason im particularly drawn to systems and patterns -oh beloved dentist -and puzzling it is i started by creating a series of tiling units and these tiling units i designed specifically so that they would contain parts of letter forms within their shapes -so that i could then join those pieces together to create letters and then words within the abstract patterning -your rubber fingers in my mouth your voice so soft and muffled lower the mask dear dentist lower the mask -so heres the word puzzle again -and here it is with the abstract surrounding and as you can see its extremely difficult to read but all -to do is fill certain areas of those letter forms and i can bring those words out of the background pattern -and this way working with the art director im able to bring it to just the right point that its puzzling for the audience they can figure out that theres something they have to read but its not impossible for them to read -so ultimately my goal is to create something unexpected -to this end i have worked in sugar for stefan sagmeister three time ted speaker and this -eating cereal for breakfast all of my life and for that same amount of time ive been spilling sugar on the table and just kind of playing with it with my fingers -and eventually i used this technique to create a piece of artwork and then i used it again to create six pieces for stefans book things in my life ive learned so far -and these were created without sketches just freehand -by putting the sugar down on a white surface and then manipulating it to get the words and designs out of it -okay in this presentation im going to be putting the right side of your brains through a fairly serious workout youre going to see -give to their parents which is in itself a form of honor -this what you can do with some household tinfoil -okay well its what i can do with some -im very -wonder in design as an impetus to -to say i wonder is to say i question i ask and to experience wonder is to experience -so im currently working on a book which plays with both senses of the word as i explore some of my own ideas and inquiries in -rather peacock like -the world is full of wonder but the world of graphic design for the most part is not -so im using my own writings as a kind of testing ground for a book that has an interdependency between word and image as a kind of -lot of imagery and its not always connected to what im talking about so i need you to kind of split your brains in half let the images flow over one side and listen to me on the other -force i think that one of the things that religions got right was the use of visual wonder to deliver a message -i think this true marriage of art and information is woefully underused in adult literature and im mystified as to why visual wealth is not more commonly used to enhance intellectual wealth -when we look at works like this we tend to associate them with childrens literature theres an implication -that ornamental graphics detract from the seriousness of the content but i really hope to have the opportunity to change that perception -but im nearly done for some reason i thought it would be a good idea to put an intermission -and this is it just to give you and me a -i do these valentines ive been sending out valentines on a fairly large scale since two thousand and five these are my valentines from two thousand and five and two thousand and six -and i started by doing just a single image like this and sending them out to each person but in -i got the cockamamie idea to hand draw each valentine for everyone on my mailing -i reduced my mailing list to one hundred and fifty people -and i drew each person their own unique valentine and put their name on it and numbered it and signed it and sent it out believe it or not i devised this as a time saving -i was very busy in the beginning of that year and i didnt know when i was going to find time to design and print a single valentine and i thought i could kind of do this piecemeal as i was traveling -so i am one of those people with a transformative personal story six years ago after twenty years in graphic design and typography -last year i took a more conceptual approach to the valentine i had this idea that i wanted people to receive a kind of mysterious love letter like a found fragment in their mailbox -i wanted it to be something that was not addressed to them or signed by me something that caused them to wonder what on earth this thing -and i specifically wrote four pages that dont connect there were four different versions of this and i -so that they begin in the middle of a sentence end in the middle of a sentence and theyre on the one hand universal so i -been a love letter to them and im just going to read one of them to you -youve never really been sure of this but i can assure you that this quirk youre so self conscious of is intensely endearing -just please accept that this piece of you escapes with your smile and those of us who notice are happy to catch it in passing -i changed the way i was working and the way most graphic designers work to pursue a more personal approach to my work -time spent with you is like chasing and catching small birds but without the scratches and bird shit -that is to say your thoughts and words flit and dart disconcertedly elusive at times but when caught and examined -such a wonder such a delightful reward theres no passing time with you only collecting the collecting of moments with the hope for preservation and at the same time release -and its so crushing to think that you may not know how truly wonderful you are how inspiring and delightful and really truly the most completely -so valentines day is coming up in a couple of days and these are currently arriving in mailboxes all around the world this year i got what i really have to say is a rather brilliant -to laser cut my -used christmas cards so i solicited friends to send me their used christmas cards and -i made five hundred of these each one of them is completely different im just really really thrilled with them i dont have that much else to say but -with only the humble attempt to simply make a living doing something that i loved -they turned out really well -i do spend a lot of time on my work and one of the things that ive been thinking about recently is what is worth while what is it thats worth spending my time on and my life on in this way -and yes sometimes im swayed by money but ultimately i dont consider that a worthy goal -the conditions i work under and the audience that im able to reach -so i might ask who is it for -what does it say and what does it do -you know i have to tell you its really -difficult for someone like me to come up on stage at this conference with these -something weird happened i became bizarrely popular -and -its very very common for designers and people in the visual arts to feel that were not contributing enough -or worse that all were doing is contributing to landfill -here i am im showing you some -but ive come to believe that truly imaginative visual work -is extremely important in society -work that is interesting unusual intriguing work that maybe opens up that sense of inquiry in the -that im seeding the imagination of the populace -because inspiration is cross pollinating -my current work seems to resonate with people in a way that has so taken me by surprise that i still frequently wonder what in the hell is going on -a philanthropist or a babysitter -and this isnt something that you can quantify or track or measure and we tend to undervalue things in society that we cant measure -but i really believe that a fully operating rich society needs these seeds coming from all directions and all disciplines -in order to keep the gears of inspiration and imagination flowing and cycling and growing -so thats why i do what i do -and why i spend so much time and effort on it -and why i work in the commercial public sphere as opposed to the isolated private sphere of fine art -actually really feel that its worthwhile to spend my valuable and limited time on this earth in this way and i thank you for allowing me to show it to you -and its become our pet project its successful its been running for twelve years -and we supply the conran shops and donna karan and so its kind of great this is our group our main group of weavers they come on a weekly basis to durban they all have bank accounts theyve all moved back to the rural area where they came from its a weekly turnaround of production -and the rest says it all thank you very much -rural to urban migration meant that newfound industrial materials started to replace hard to come by -away from the ethnic a little bit more contemporary -so i developed a whole range around mass produced range that obviously fitted into a much higher end decor market that could be exported and also service our local market we started experimenting as you can see in terms of shapes forms the scale became very important -and we supply the conran shops and donna karan and so its kind of great this is our group our main group of weavers -they come on a weekly basis to durban they all have bank accounts theyve all moved back to the rural area where they came from its a weekly turnaround of production -use of wire in southern africa dates back hundreds of years but modernization actually brought communication and a whole new material in the form of telephone wire -this is the community that i originally showed you the slide of and thats also modernized today and its supporting work for three hundred weavers and the rest says it all thank you very -the change from use starting to use contemporary materials these pieces date back from the forties to the late -in the nineties my interest and passion for transitional art forms led me to a new form which came from a squatter camp outside durban -and i got the opportunity to start working with this community at that point and started developing really and mentoring them in terms of scale in terms of the -and the project soon grew from five to fifty weavers in about a year soon we had outgrown the scrap yards what they could provide -at the same time i was thinking well theres lots of possibility here to produce contemporary products away from the ethnic a little bit more -so i developed a whole range around mass produced range that obviously fitted into a much higher end decor market that could be exported and also service our local -is it music and i say this rhetorically because of course by just about any standard we would have to concede that this is of course a piece of music but i put this here now because just to set it in your brains for the moment because were going to return to this question its going to be a kind of a refrain as we go through the presentation -so here we have this piece of music by beethoven and my problem with it is its boring i mean you -so this is an engaging enterprise for me and ive really leaned into that first person pronoun thing there and now my face appears twice so i think we can agree that this is a fundamentally solipsistic enterprise -at least when you play on the keyboard and if youre not doing things like listening to it after youve lit it on fire or something like that you know it gets a little bit boring and so pretty soon i go through other instruments they become familiar and eventually i find myself designing and constructing my own instrument and i brought one with me today and i thought i would play a little bit -on it for you so you can hear what it sounds like -you gotta have doorstops -present to you some of my music and some of my work as a composer presumably because it appeals to my well known and abundant -the cool thing about it is im the worlds greatest mouseketeer player -narcissism laughter and im not kidding i just think we should just say that and move forward -anyway but i guess my point is that all of these enterprises are engaging to me in their multiplicity -but as ive presented them to you today theyre actually solitary -enterprises and so pretty soon i want to commune with other people and so im delighted that in fact i get to compose works for them i get to write sometimes for soloists and i get to work with one person -sometimes full orchestras and i work with a lot of people and this is probably the capacity the role creatively for which im probably best known professionally now some of my scores as a composer look like this -and others look like this and some look like this and i make all of these by hand and its really tedious it takes a long long time to make these scores and right now im working on a piece thats one hundred and eighty pages in length and its just a big chunk of my life and im just pulling out -hair i have a lot of it and thats a good thing i suppose -and so thats pushed me to do other projects like this one this is an excerpt from a score called the metaphysics of notation the full score is seventy two feet wide its a bunch of crazy pictographic notation lets zoom in on one section of it right here you can see its rather detailed -i do all of this with drafting templates with straight edges with french curves and by freehand -and the seventy two feet was actually split into twelve six foot wide panels that were installed around the cantor arts center museum lobby balcony -and it appeared for one year in the museum and during that year it was experienced as visual art most of the week except as you can see in these pictures on fridays from noon til one and only during that time various performers came and interpreted these strange and undefined pictographic glyphs laughter now -this was a really exciting experience for me it was gratifying musically but i think the more important thing is it was exciting because i got to take on another role especially given that it appeared in a museum and that is as visual artist -with the role of the composer and so i decided to put that idea boredom as the focus of my presentation to you today -so one of the things is that i mean some people would say like oh youre being a dilettante and maybe thats true i can understand how i mean because i dont have a pedigree in visual art and i dont have any training -i can understand the question though but is it music i mean theres not any traditional notation -i can also understand that sort of implicit criticism in this piece s tog which i made when i was living in copenhagen i took the copenhagen subway map and i renamed all the stations to abstract musical provocations -and the players who are synchronized with stopwatches follow the timetables which are listed in minutes past the hour so this is a case of actually adapting something or maybe stealing something and then turning it into a musical notation -another adaptation would be this piece i took -the idea of the wristwatch and i turned it into a musical score i made my own faces and had a company fabricate them and the players follow these scores they follow the second hands and as they pass over the various symbols the players respond musically -and im going to share my music with you but i hope that im going to do so in a way that tells a story tells a story about how i used boredom as a catalyst for creativity and invention and how boredom actually forced me to change the fundamental question that i was asking in my discipline -heres another example from another piece and then its realization so in these two capacities ive been scavenger in the sense of taking like the subway map right or thief maybe and ive also been designer in the case of making the wristwatches and once again this is for me interesting -another role that i like to take on is that of the performance artist some of my pieces have these kind of weird theatric elements and i often perform them i want to show you a clip from a piece called echolalia this is actually being performed by brian mcwhorter who is an extraordinary performer lets watch a little bit of this and please notice the instrumentation -so yeah i get it with like the weird appliances and then the total absence of conventional instruments and this glut of conductors people might you know wonder yeah is this music -but lets move on to a piece where clearly im behaving myself and that is my concerto for orchestra youre going to notice a lot of conventional instruments in this -and how boredom also in a sense -this in fact is not the title of this piece i was a bit mischievous in fact to make it more interesting i put a space right in here and this is the actual title of the piece lets continue with that same excerpt -pushed me towards taking on roles beyond the sort of most traditional narrow definition of a composer what id like to do today is to start with an excerpt of a piece of music at the piano -but lets look at one last piece today im going to share with you this is going to be a piece called aphasia and its for hand gestures synchronized to sound and this invites yet another role and final one ill share with you which is that of the choreographer -and the score for the piece looks like this and it instructs me the performer to -make various hand gestures at very specific times synchronized with an audio tape and that audio tape is made up exclusively of vocal samples i recorded an awesome singer and i took the sound of his voice in my computer and i warped it in countless ways to come up with the soundtrack that youre about to hear -ive decided ultimately that this is the wrong question that this is not the important question the important question is is it interesting -and i follow this question not worrying about is it music not worrying about the definition of the thing that im making i allow my creativity -to push me in directions that are simply interesting to me and i dont worry about the likeness of the result to some notion some paradigm of what music composition is supposed to be and that has actually urged me in a sense to take on a whole bunch of different roles and so what i want you to think about is -to what extent might you change the fundamental question in your discipline and okay im going to put one extra little footnote in here because like i realized i mentioned some psychological defects earlier and we also along the way had a fair amount of -obsessive behavior and there was some delusional behavior and things like that and here i think we could say that this is an argument for -self loathing and a kind of schizophrenia at least in the popular use of the term and i really mean dissociative identity disorder okay laughter anyway despite those perils i would urge you to think about the possibility that you might take on roles in your own work whether they are neighboring or far flung from your professional definition and with that i thank you -into the master bedroom -to get a pair of shoes now i know what youre thinking but im no hero -i carried my payload -back downstairs where i met my nemesis and the precious dog by the front door -we took our treasures outside to the homeowner where not surprisingly his received much more attention than did mine a few weeks later the department received a letter from the homeowner thanking us for the valiant effort -new york i am the head of development for a non profit called robin hood when im not fighting poverty im fighting fires as the assistant captain of a volunteer fire company now in our town where the volunteers supplement a highly skilled career staff you have to get to the fire scene pretty early to get in on any action -basis and you know what ive learned they all matter so as i look around this room at people who either have achieved or are on their way to achieving remarkable levels of success i would offer this reminder dont wait -when i found the captain he was having a very engaging conversation with the homeowner who was surely having one of the worst days of her life -here it was the middle of the night she was standing outside in the pouring rain under an umbrella in her pajamas barefoot while her house was in flames -the other volunteer who had arrived just before me lets call him lex luther -got to the captain first and was asked to go inside -and save the homeowners dog the dog i was stunned with jealousy here was some lawyer or money manager who for the rest of his life gets to tell people that he went into a burning building to save a living creature -just because he beat me by five seconds well i was next the captain waved me over he said bezos i need you to go into the house i need you to go upstairs past the fire and i need you to get this woman a pair of shoes -seventy percent of the agricultural land on earth thirty percent of the earths land surface is directly or indirectly devoted to raising the animals -and this amount is predicted to double in the next forty years or so and if the numbers coming in from china are anything like what they look like now its not going to be forty years -there is no good reason for eating as much meat as we do and i say this as a man who has eaten a fair share of corned beef in his life -the most common argument is that we need nutrients even though we eat on average twice as much protein as even -the industry obsessed usda recommends but listen experts who are serious about disease reduction -now you can make all the jokes you want about cow farts but methane is twenty times more poisonous than co two and its not just methane -recommend that adults eat just over half a pound of meat per week what do you think we eat per day half a -a diet heavy in fruit and vegetables turn us into godless sissy liberals some of us might think that would be a good thing but -even if we were all steroid filled football players the answer is no in fact theres no diet on earth that meets basic nutritional needs that wont promote growth -and many will make you much healthier than ours does we dont eat animal products for sufficient nutrition we eat them to have an odd form of malnutrition and its killing us -to suggest that in the interests of personal and human health americans eat fifty percent less meat its not enough of a cut but its a start -it would seem absurd but thats exactly what should happen and what progressive -ive been writing about food more or less omnivorously one might say indiscriminately for about thirty years -during that time ive eaten and recommended eating just about everything ill never stop eating animals -livestock is also one of the biggest culprits in land degradation air and water pollution water shortages -but i do think that for the benefit of everyone the time has come to stop raising them industrially and stop eating them thoughtlessly ann coopers right -is not our ally here we have to take matters into our own hands not only by advocating for a better diet for everyone and thats the hard part -but by improving our own and that happens to be quite easy less meat less junk more plants its a simple formula eat food eat real food -we can continue to enjoy our food and we continue to eat well and we can eat even better we can continue the search for the ingredients we love and we can continue to spin yarns about our favorite meals -reduce not only calories but our carbon footprint we can make food more important not less and save ourselves by doing so we have to choose that -and loss of biodiversity theres more like half the antibiotics in this country are not administered to people but to animals -like this become kind of numbing so let me just say this if youre a progressive if youre driving a prius or youre shopping green or youre looking for organic you should probably be a semi vegetarian -now im no more anti cow than i am anti atom but its all in the way we use these things -that so called lifestyle diseases diabetes heart disease stroke some cancers are diseases that are far more prevalent here than anywhere in the rest of the world and thats the direct result of eating a western diet -our demand for meat dairy and refined carbohydrates the world consumes one billion cans or bottles of coke a day -our demand for these things not our need our want drives us to consume way more calories than are good for us and those calories are in foods that cause not prevent disease -now global warming was unforeseen we didnt know that pollution did more than cause bad visibility maybe a few lung diseases here and there but you know thats not such a big deal -the current health crisis however is a little more the work of the evil empire we were told we were assured that the more meat and dairy and poultry we ate the healthier -but the evidence is that plants and i want to make this clear its not the ingredients in plants its the plants its not the beta carotene its the -the evidence is very clear that plants promote health this evidence is overwhelming at this point you eat more plants you eat less other stuff you live longer not bad -but back to animals and junk food what do they have in common one we dont need either of them for health we dont need animal products and we certainly dont need white bread or coke -both have been marketed heavily creating unnatural demand were not born craving whoppers or skittles -their production has been supported by government agencies at the expense of a more health and earth friendly diet now -lets imagine a parallel lets pretend that our government supported an oil based economy while discouraging more sustainable forms of energy knowing all the while that the result would be pollution war and rising costs -isnt it yet they do that and they do this here its the same deal the sad thing is when it comes to diet is that even when well intentioned feds try to do right by us they fail -theyre outvoted by puppets of agribusiness or they are puppets of agribusiness so when the usda finally acknowledged that it was plants rather than animals that made people healthy -they encouraged us via their overly simplistic food pyramid to eat five servings of fruits and vegetables a day along with more carbs -so called low fat diets so called low carb diets these are not solutions but with lots of intelligent people focusing on whether food is organic or local -or whether were being nice to animals the most important issues just arent being addressed now dont get me wrong -i like animals and i dont think its just fine to industrialize their production and to churn them out like they were wrenches -but theres no way to treat animals well when youre killing ten billion of them a year thats our number ten billion if you strung all of them chickens cows pigs and lambs to the moon -go there and back five times there and back now my maths a little shaky but this is pretty good and it depends whether a pig is four feet long or five feet long but you get the idea -thats just the united states and with our hyper consumption of those animals producing greenhouse gases and heart disease -this years version of this now that is only a little bit hyperbolic and why do i say it -another red herring might be exemplified by the word locavore which was just named word of the year by the new oxford american dictionary seriously -for those of you who dont know is someone who eats only locally grown food which is fine if you live in california but for the rest of us its a bit of a sad joke -the official story the food pyramid and the hip locavore vision you have two versions of how to improve our eating -they both get it wrong though the first at least is populist and the second is elitist how we got to this place -is the history of food in the united states and im going to go through that at least the last hundred years or so very quickly right now -a hundred years ago guess what everyone was a locavore even new york had pig farms nearby and shipping food all over the place was a ridiculous notion -every family had a cook usually a mom and those moms bought and prepared food it was like your romantic vision of europe -because only once before has the fate of individual people and the fate of all of humanity been so intertwined there was the bomb and theres now -there was no snack food and until the twenties until clarence birdseye came along there was no frozen food there were no restaurant chains there were neighborhood restaurants run by local people but none of them would think to open another one -in the nineteen seventies doing julia child imitations can see where he got the idea of stabbing himself from this fabulous slide -back in those days before even julia back in those days there was no philosophy of food you just ate you didnt claim to be anything -food hardly anything contained more than one ingredient because it was an ingredient the cornflake hadnt been invented the pop tart the pringle cheez whiz none of that stuff goldfish -its hard to imagine people grew food and they ate food and again everyone ate local in new york an orange was a common christmas present because it came all the way from florida -from the thirties on road systems expanded trucks took the place of railroads fresh food began to travel more oranges became common in new york -the south and west became agricultural hubs and in other parts of the country suburbs took over farmland the effects of this are well known they are everywhere and the death of family farms is part of this puzzle as is -and where we go from here is going to determine not only the quality and the length of our individual lives but whether if we could see the earth a century from now wed recognize it its a holocaust of a different kind -thus arrived convenience it was sold to protofeminist housewives as a way to cut down on housework now i know -i for one and im not kidding didnt eat real spinach or broccoli till i was nineteen who needed it though meat was everywhere -what could be easier more filling or healthier for your family than broiling a steak but by then cattle were already raised unnaturally -rather than spending their lives eating grass for which their stomachs were designed they were forced to eat soy and corn -they have trouble digesting those grains of course but that wasnt a problem for producers new drugs kept them healthy -well they kept them alive healthy was another story thanks to farm subsidies the fine collaboration between agribusiness and congress -soy corn and cattle became king and chicken soon joined them on the throne it was during this period that the cycle of dietary and planetary destruction began the thing were only realizing just now -someone had to eat all that stuff -so we got fast food and this took care of the situation resoundingly home cooking remained the norm -and hiding under our desks isnt going to help start with the notion that global warming is not only real but dangerous -but its quality was down the tubes there were fewer meals with home cooked breads desserts and soups because all of them could be bought at any store not that they were any good but they were there -most moms cooked like mine a piece of broiled meat a quickly made salad with bottled dressing canned soup canned fruit salad -maybe baked or mashed potatoes or perhaps the stupidest food ever minute rice for dessert -store bought ice cream or cookies my mom is not here so i can say this now this kind of cooking drove me to learn how to cook for myself it wasnt all bad -by the seventies forward thinking people began to recognize the value of local ingredients we tended gardens we became interested in organic food we knew or we were vegetarians we werent all hippies either -some of us were eating in good restaurants and learning how to cook well meanwhile -since every scientist in the world now believes this and even president bush has seen the light or pretends to we can take this is a given -but mostly they didnt eat broccoli instead they were sold on yogurt yogurt being almost as good as broccoli -except in reality the way the industry sold yogurt was to convert it to something much more akin to ice cream similarly lets look at a granola bar -you think that that might be healthy food but in fact if you look at the ingredient list its closer in form to a snickers than it is to oatmeal -sadly it was at this time that the family dinner was put in a coma if not actually killed the beginning -of the heyday of value added food which contained as many soy and corn products as could be crammed into it think of the frozen chicken -the chicken is fed corn and then its meat is ground up and mixed with more corn products to add bulk and binder and then its fried in corn oil -all you do is nuke it what could be better and zapped horribly pathetically by the seventies home cooking was in such a sad state -that the high fat and spice contents of foods like mcnuggets and hot pockets and we all have our favorites actually made this stuff more appealing than the bland things that people were serving at home -then hear this please after energy production livestock is the second highest contributor to atmosphere altering gases -at the same time masses of women were entering the workforce and cooking simply wasnt important enough for men to share the burden -so now youve got your pizza nights youve got your microwave nights youve got your grazing nights youve got your fend for yourself nights and so on -leading the way whats leading the way meat junk food cheese the very stuff that will kill you so now we clamor for organic food thats good -and as evidence that things can actually change you can now find organic food in supermarkets and even in fast food outlets -but organic food isnt the answer either at least not the way its currently defined let me pose you a question can farm raised salmon be organic -when its feed has nothing to do with its natural diet even if the feed itself is supposedly organic and the fish themselves -tightly in pens swimming in their own filth and if that salmons from chile -and its killed down there and then flown five thousand miles whatever dumping how much carbon into the atmosphere i dont know packed in styrofoam of course -now here is where we all meet the locavores the organivores the vegetarians the vegans the -and those of us who are just plain interested in good food even though weve come to this from different points we all -nearly one fifth of all greenhouse gas is generated by livestock production more than transportation -on our knowledge to change the way that everyone thinks about food we need to start acting and this is not -only an issue of social justice as ann cooper said and of course shes completely right but its also one of global survival -which bring me full circle and points directly to the core issue the over production and over consumption of meat and junk food -as i said eighteen percent of greenhouse gases are attributed to livestock production how much livestock do you need to produce this -but to really show you how words and politics interact i want to take you back to the united states of america just after theyd achieved independence -and they had to face the question of what to call george washington their leader they didnt know what do you call the leader of a republican country -and this was debated in congress for ages and ages and there were all sorts of suggestions on the table which might have made it i mean some people wanted him to be called chief magistrate washington and other people his highness george washington and other people protector of the liberties of the people of the united states of america -washington not that catchy some people just wanted to call him king they thought it was tried and tested and they werent even being monarchical there they had the idea that you could be elected king for a fixed term -and you know it could have worked and everybody got insanely bored actually because this debate went on for three weeks i read a diary of this poor senator who just keeps coming back still on this subject -the reason for the delay and the boredom was that the house of representatives were against the senate -and that title -was president -and thats why the senate objected to it they said thats ridiculous you cant call him president this guy has to go and sign treaties and meet foreign dignitaries and whos going to take him seriously if hes got a silly little title like president of the united states of america -just because it sounds so good and what snollygoster means is a dishonest politician although there was a nineteenth century newspaper editor who defined it rather better when he said a snollygoster is a fellow who seeks office regardless of party -and after three weeks of debate in the end -the senate -did not cave in instead they agreed to use the title president for now -but they also wanted it absolutely set down that they didnt agree with it -not bloody president and that in the intercourse with foreign nations -second thing you can learn is that when a government says that this is a temporary measure -but the third thing you can learn and this is the really important one this is the point i want to leave you on is that the title president of the united states of america doesnt sound that humble at all -reality -and so the senate won in the end they got their title of respectability -and also the senates other worry the appearance of singularity well it was a singularity back -a hundred and forty seven -all because they want to sound like the guy whos got the five thousand nuclear warheads etc -and so in the end the senate won -and the house of representatives lost -because nobodys going to feel that humble when theyre told that they are now the president of the united states of america -and thats the important lesson i think you can take away and the one i want to leave you with politicians try to pick words and use words to shape reality and control reality but in fact -reality changes words -now i have no idea what talknophical is something to do with words i assume but its very important that words are at the center of politics and all politicians know they have to try and control language -it wasnt until for example one thousand seven hundred and seventy one that the british parliament allowed newspapers to report the exact words that were said in the debating chamber -but he was brave enough -most people think thats down to the metal its not its down to a campaigner for the freedom of the press -three million pages were translated into english alone -and so if language really is the solution to the crisis of visual theft if language really is the conduit of our cooperation the technology that our species derived to promote the free flow and exchange of ideas in our modern world we -confront a question and that question is whether in this modern globalized world we can really afford to have all these different languages -and we see this in the inexorable march towards standardization there are lots and lots of ways of measuring things weighing them and measuring their length -but the metric system is winning there are lots and lots of ways of measuring time but a really bizarre base sixty system known as hours and minutes and seconds is nearly universal around the world -there are many many ways of imprinting cds or dvds but those are all being standardized as well and you can probably think of many many more in your own everyday lives and so -our modern world now is confronting us with a dilemma and its the dilemma that this chinese man faces whos language is spoken by more people in the world than any other single language and yet he is sitting -his blackboard converting chinese phrases into english language phrases -and what this does is it raises the possibility to us that in a world in which we want to promote cooperation and exchange and in a world that might be dependent more than ever before on cooperation to maintain and enhance our levels of prosperity -his actions suggest to us it might be inevitable that we have to confront the idea that our destiny is to be one world with one language thank you -one question svante found that the -now god angered at this attempt to usurp his power destroyed the tower -the simple answer then is that genes alone dont all by themselves determine the outcome of very complicated things like language what we know about this foxp two and neanderthals is that they may have had fine motor control of their mouths who knows but that doesnt tell us they necessarily had language -and then to ensure that it would never be rebuilt he scattered the people by giving them different languages confused them by giving them different languages and this leads to the wonderful irony that our languages exist to prevent us from -communicating even today we know that there are words we cannot use phrases we cannot say because if we do so we might be accosted jailed or even killed -and all of this from a puff of air emanating from our mouths now all this fuss about a single one of our traits tells us theres something worth explaining and that is how and why did this remarkable trait evolve and why did it evolve only in our species -now its a little bit of a surprise that to get an answer to that question we have to go to tool use in the chimpanzees -now these chimpanzees are using tools and we take that as a sign of their intelligence but if they really were intelligent why would they use a stick to extract termites from the ground rather than a shovel -and if they really were intelligent why would they crack open nuts with a rock why wouldnt they just go to a shop and buy a bag of nuts that somebody else had already cracked open for them -dangerous and subversive trait that natural selection has ever devised -why not i mean thats what we do -now the reason the chimpanzees dont do that is that they lack what psychologists and anthropologists call social learning they seem to lack the ability to learn from others by copying or imitating or simply watching -as a result they cant improve on others ideas or learn from others mistakes benefit from others wisdom and so they just do the same thing over and over and over again -in fact we could go away for a million years and come back and these chimpanzees would be doing the same thing with the same sticks for the termites and the same rocks to crack open the nuts -its a piece of neural audio technology for rewiring other peoples minds im talking about your language of course because it allows you to implant a thought from your mind directly into someone elses mind and they can attempt to do the same to you without either of you having to perform surgery -but if we look at the fossil record we see that they made the same hand axe over and over and over again for one million years you can follow it through the fossil record -now if we make some guesses about how long homo erectus lived what their generation time was thats about forty thousand generations of parents to offspring and other individuals watching in which that hand axe didnt change -its not even clear that our very close genetic relatives the neanderthals had social learning sure enough their tools were more complicated than those of homo erectus -but they too showed very little change over the three hundred thousand years or so that those species the neanderthals lived in eurasia -okay so what this tells us is that contrary to the old adage monkey see monkey do -the surprise really is that all of the other animals really cannot do that at least not very much and even this picture has the suspicious taint of being rigged about it something from a barnum bailey circus -but by comparison we can learn we can learn by watching other people and copying or imitating what they can do we can then choose from among a range of options the best one -we can benefit from others ideas we can build on their wisdom and as a result our ideas do accumulate and our technology progresses -and this cumulative cultural adaptation as anthropologists call this accumulation of ideas -is responsible for everything around you in your bustling and teeming everyday lives i mean the world has changed -out of all proportion to what we would recognize even one thousand or two thousand years ago and all of this because of cumulative cultural adaptation the chairs youre sitting in the lights in this auditorium my microphone the ipads and ipods that you carry around with you all are a result of cumulative cultural adaptation -now to many commentators cumulative cultural adaptation or social learning is job done end of story -our species can make stuff therefore we prospered in a way that no other species has in fact we can even make the stuff of life as i just said all the stuff around us but in fact it turns out that some time around two hundred thousand years ago when our species first arose and acquired social learning -that this was really the beginning of our story not the end of our story because our acquisition of social learning would create a social and evolutionary dilemma the resolution of which its fair to say would determine not only the future course of our psychology but the future course of the entire world -instead when you speak youre actually using a form of telemetry not so different from the remote control device for your television its just that whereas that device relies on pulses of infrared light -and most importantly for this itll tell us why we have language -and the reason that dilemma arose is it turns out that social learning is visual theft -if i can learn by watching you i can steal your best ideas and i can benefit from your efforts without having to put in the time and energy that you did into developing them -if i can watch which lure you use to catch a fish or i can watch how you flake your hand axe to make it better or if i follow you secretly to your mushroom patch -i can benefit from your knowledge and wisdom and skills and maybe even catch that fish before you do social learning really is visual theft -and in any species that acquired it it would behoove you to hide your best ideas lest somebody steal them from you -and so some time around two hundred thousand years ago our species confronted this crisis -and we really had only two options for dealing with the conflicts that visual theft would bring -one of those options was that we could have retreated into small family groups because then the benefits of our ideas and knowledge would flow just to our relatives -had we chosen this option sometime around two hundred thousand years ago we would probably still be living like the neanderthals were when we first entered europe forty thousand years ago -and this is because in small groups there are fewer ideas there are fewer innovations and small groups are more prone to accidents and bad luck so if wed chosen that path our evolutionary path would have led into the forest and been a short one indeed -the other option we could choose was to develop the systems of communication that would allow us to share ideas and to cooperate amongst others -your language relies on pulses discrete pulses of sound and just as you use the remote control device to alter the internal settings of your television to suit your mood -choosing this option would mean that a vastly greater fund of accumulated knowledge and wisdom would become available to any one individual than would ever arise from within an individual family or an individual person on their own -well we chose the second option -and language is the result language evolved to solve the crisis of visual theft language is a piece of social technology for enhancing the benefits of cooperation for reaching agreements for striking deals and for coordinating our activities -and we take this utterly for granted because were a species that is so at home with language but you have to realize that even the simplest acts of exchange that we engage in -are utterly dependent upon language and to see why consider two scenarios from early in our evolution lets imagine that you are really good at making arrowheads but youre hopeless at making the wooden shafts with the flight feathers attached -two other people you know are very good at making the wooden shafts but theyre hopeless at making the arrowheads -so what you do is one of those people has not really acquired language yet and lets pretend the other one is good at language skills so what you do one day is you take a pile of arrowheads and you walk up to the one that cant speak very well and you put the arrowheads down in front of him hoping that hell get the idea that you want to trade your arrowheads for finished arrows -but he looks at the pile of arrowheads thinks theyre a gift picks them up smiles and walks off now you pursue this guy gesticulating a scuffle ensues and you get stabbed with one of your own arrowheads -you use your language to alter the settings inside someone elses brain to suit your interests languages are genes talking getting things that they want -once we have language we can put our ideas together and cooperate to have a prosperity that we couldnt have before we acquired it -and this is why our species has prospered around the world while the rest of the animals sit behind bars in zoos languishing thats why we build space shuttles and cathedrals while the rest of the world sticks sticks into the ground to extract termites -is true any species that acquires it should show an explosion of creativity and prosperity and this is exactly what the archeological record shows -if you look at our ancestors the neanderthals and the homo erectus our immediate ancestors theyre confined to small regions of the world but when our species arose about two hundred thousand years ago sometime after that we -language really is the most potent trait that has ever evolved -and just imagine the sense of wonder in a baby when it first discovers that merely by uttering a sound it can get objects to move across a room as if by magic and maybe even into its mouth -it is the most valuable trait we have for converting new lands and resources into more people and their genes that natural selection has ever devised language really is the voice of our genes -now having evolved language though we did something peculiar even bizarre as we spread out around the world -currently there are about seven or eight thousand different languages spoken on earth now you might say well this is just natural as we diverge our languages are naturally going to diverge but the real puzzle and irony is that the greatest density of different languages on earth is found where people are most -now incredible as this sounds i once met a papuan man and i asked him if this could possibly be true and he said to me oh no theyre far closer together than that -and its true there are places on that island where you can encounter a new language in under a mile and this is also true of some remote oceanic islands -and so it seems that we use our language not just to cooperate but to draw rings around our cooperative groups and to establish identities and perhaps to protect our knowledge and wisdom and skills from eavesdropping from outside -and we know this because when we study different language groups and associate them with their cultures we see that different languages slow the flow of ideas between groups -they slow the flow of technologies and they even slow the flow of genes now i cant speak for you but it seems to be the case that we dont have sex with people we cant talk to -now languages subversive power has been recognized throughout the ages in censorship in books you cant read phrases you cant use and words you cant say in fact -we have to counter that though against the evidence weve heard that we might have had some rather distasteful genetic dalliances with the neanderthals and the denisovans -in fact its a map of facebook friendship links and when you plot those friendship links by their latitude and longitude it literally draws a map of the world -our modern world is communicating with itself and with each other more than it has at any time in its past and that communication that connectivity around the world that globalization now raises a burden because -these different languages impose a barrier as weve just seen to the transfer of goods and ideas and technologies and wisdom and they impose a barrier to cooperation -and nowhere do we see that more clearly than in the european union whose twenty seven member countries speak twenty three official languages -the european union is now spending over one billion euros annually translating among their twenty three official languages thats something on the order of one point four five billion u s dollars on translation costs alone -now think of the absurdity of this situation if twenty seven individuals from those twenty seven member states sat around table speaking their twenty three languages some very simple mathematics will tell you that you need an army of two hundred and fifty three translators to anticipate all the pairwise possibilities -the european union employs a permanent staff of about two thousand five hundred translators and in two thousand and seven alone and im sure there are more recent figures something on the order of one point -so its really incredible for me to be a part of this and i want to say that i think were on the path of understanding metabolic flexibility in a fundamental way -these creatures are some of the most immortal life forms on our planet and they tend to spend most of their time in suspended animation -and that in the not too distant future an emt might give an injection of hydrogen sulfide or some related compound -to a person suffering severe injuries and that person might de animate a bit they might become a little more immortal -their metabolism will fall as though you were dimming a switch on a lamp at home -and then -they will have the time that will buy them the time to be transported to the hospital -to get the care they need and then after they -get that care like the mouse like the skier like the sixty five year old woman theyll wake up a miracle we hope not or maybe we just hope to make miracles a little more common -to suggest that this all sort of about little tiny creatures i want to bring it close to home in the immortal germ line of human beings -that is the eggs that sit in the ovaries they actually sit there in a state of suspended animation for up to fifty years in the life of each woman -so -then theres also my favorite example of suspended animation this is sea monkeys those of you with children you know about them -you go to the pet store or the toy store and you can buy these things you just open the bag and you just dump them in to the plastic aquarium and in about a week or so youll have little shrimps swimming around -talk to you today about my work on suspended animation now usually when i mention suspended animation people will flash me the vulcan sign and laugh but now im not talking about gorking people out to fly -well i wasnt so interested in the swimming i was interested in what was going on in the bag the bag on the toy store shelf where those shrimp sat in suspended animation indefinitely -so these -ideas of suspended animation are not just about cells and weird little organisms occasionally human beings -are briefly de animated and the stories of people who are briefly de animated that interest me the most are those having to do with the cold -ten years ago there was a skier in norway that was trapped in an icy waterfall -and she was there for two hours before they extracted her she was extremely cold and she had no heartbeat for all intents and purposes she was dead frozen -seven hours later still without a heartbeat they brought her back to life and she went on to be the head radiologist in the hospital that treated -a couple of years later so i get really excited about these things about a couple of years later there was a thirteen month old -the winter and they brought her back to life the next day she was doing so well they wanted to run tests on her she got cranky and just went home -so these are miracles right these are truly miraculous things that happen doctors have a saying that in fact youre not dead until youre warm and dead and its true -back to life without any neurologic problems thats over fifty percent so what i was trying to do is think of a way that -i have to tell you something very odd and that is that being exposed to low oxygen does not always kill -to mars or even pandora as much fun as that might be im talking about the concept of using suspended animation to help people out in trauma -so in this room theres twenty percent oxygen or so and if we reduce the oxygen concentration we will all be dead and in fact the animals we were working with in the lab -these little garden worms nematodes they were also dead when we exposed them to low oxygen and heres the thing that should freak you out -and that is that when we lower the oxygen concentration further by one hundred times to ten parts per million they were not dead -they were in suspended animation and we could bring them back to life without any harm and this precise oxygen concentration ten parts per million that caused suspended animation is conserved -we can see it in a variety of different organisms one of the creatures we see it in is a fish and we can turn its heartbeat on and off by going in and out of suspended animation like you would a light switch -so -this was pretty shocking to me -that we could do this and so i was wondering when we were trying to reproduce the work with the skier that we noticed that of course she had no oxygen consumption -and so maybe she was in a similar state of suspended animation but of course she was also extremely cold so we wondered what would happen if we took our suspended animals and exposed them to the cold -and so what we found out was that if you take animals that are animated like you and i and you make them cold that is these were the garden worms now theyre dead -right its a really good thing and so we were thinking about that about this relationship between these things and thinking about whether or not thats what happened to the skier -so what do i mean when i say suspended animation it is the process by which -we have from the time we are slapped on the butt until we take our last dying breath thats when were newborn to when were dead we cannot reduce our metabolic rate below whats called a standard or basal metabolic rate -but i knew that there were examples of creatures also mammals that do reduce their metabolic rate such as ground squirrels and bears they reduce their metabolic rate in the wintertime when they hibernate -so i wondered might we be able to find some agent or trigger that might induce such a state in us and so -we went looking for such things and this was a period of time when we failed tremendously ken robinson is here he talked about the glories of failure well we had a lot of -we tried many different chemicals and agents and we failed over and over again so one time i was at home -watching television while my wife was putting our child to bed and i was watching a television show -it was a television show it was a nova show on pbs about caves in new mexico and this particular cave was -and this cave is incredibly toxic to humans the researchers had to suit up just to enter it its filled with this toxic gas hydrogen sulfide -now hydrogen sulfide is curiously present in us we make it ourselves the highest concentration is in our brains -yet it was used as a chemical warfare agent in world war -you appear dead but if you were brought out into room air you can be reanimated without harm if they do that quickly so i thought wow i have to get some of -now -its post nine eleven america and when you go into the research institute and you say -hi id like to buy some concentrated compressed gas cylinders of a lethal gas -i have these ideas see about wanting to suspend people its really going to be okay so thats kind of a tough day but i said there really is -basis for thinking why you might want to do this as i said this agent is in us and in fact heres a curious thing it binds to the very place inside of your cells where oxygen binds -so here is the sort of big idea if you look out at nature -a person some hydrogen sulfide and might it be able to occupy that place like in a game of musical chairs where oxygen might bind -might we be able to use hydrogen sulfide in the presence of cold and we wanted to see whether we could reproduce this skier in a mammal -now mammals are warm blooded creatures and when we get cold we shake and we shiver right we try to keep our core temperature at thirty seven degrees by actually burning more oxygen -so -you find that as you tend to see suspended animation you tend to see immortality -it was interesting for us when we applied hydrogen sulfide to a mouse -it appeared dead its oxygen consumption rate fell by tenfold and heres the really important point -i told you hydrogen sulfide is in us its rapidly metabolized and all you have to do after six hours of being in this state of de animation is simply put the thing out in room air and it warms up and its none the worse for -now this was cosmic really because we had found a way to de animate a mammal -it was fine now in this state of de animation it could not go out dancing but it was not dead and it was not -so we started to think is this the agent that might have been present in the skier and might have she had more of it than someone else and might have been able -to reduce her demand for oxygen before she got so cold that she otherwise would have died as we found out with our worm experiments -so we wondered can we do anything useful with this capacity to control metabolic flexibility and -the things we wondered im sure some of you out there are economists and you know all about supply and demand and when supply is equal to demand everythings fine -but when supply falls in this case of oxygen and demand stays high youre dead -so what i just told you is we can now reduce demand we ought to lower supply to unprecedented low levels without killing the animal -and with money we got from darpa we could show just that if you give mice hydrogen sulfide you can lower their demand for oxygen -well this was really cool we also found out that we could subject animals to otherwise lethal blood loss and we could save them if we gave them -so these proof of concept experiments led me to say i should found a company and we should take this out to a wider playing field -de animate them a bit so theyre a little more immortal when they have that heart attack -so these are the thought leaders in trauma medicine all over the world saying this is true so it seems that exposure to hydrogen sulfide decreases damage that you receive from being exposed to otherwise lethal low oxygen -i should say that the concentrations of hydrogen sulfide required to get this benefit -are low incredibly low in fact so low that physicians will not have to lower or dim the metabolism of people much at all to see the benefit i just mentioned -an example of an organism or two that happens to be quite immortal would be plant seeds or bacterial spores -i want to say that were in human trials now and so -you the phase one safety studies are over and were doing fine were now moved on we have to get to phase two and phase three its going to take us a few years this has all moved very quickly -and the mouse experiments of hibernating mice happened in two thousand and five the first human studies were done in two thousand and eight and we should know in a couple of years whether it works or not -and this all happened really quickly because of a lot of help from a lot of people i want to mention that first of all my wife without whom this talk and my work would not be possible so thank you very much also -and also the wonderful scientists and business people at ikaria one thing those people did out there was take this technology -of hydrogen sulfide which is this start up company thats burning venture capital very quickly and they fused it with another company that sells another toxic gas thats more toxic than -and this gas that is delivered in over a thousand critical care hospitals worldwide now is approved on label and saves thousands of babies a year from certain death -the way you measure nanotechnology is in nanometers and one nanometer is a billionth of a meter and to put some scale to that if you had a nanoparticle that was one nanometer thick and you put it side by side and you had fifty thousand of them -youd be the width of a human hair -so very small but very useful and its not just water that this works with its a lot of water based materials like concrete water based paint mud and also some refined oils as well -you can see the difference -moving onto the next demonstration weve taken a pane of glass and weve coated the outside of it weve framed it with the nanotechnology coating and were going to pour this green tinted water inside the middle -and youre going to see its going to spread out on glass like youd normally think it would except when it hits the coating -and those spaces along with the nanoparticles reach up and grab the air molecules and cover the surface with air its an umbrella of air all across it -and that layer of air is what the water hits the mud hits the concrete hits and it glides right off -so if i put this inside this water here you can see a silver reflective coating around it -i mean many of you right now are probably going through your head everyone that sees this gets excited and says oh i could use it for this and this and this the applications in a general sense could be anything thats anti wetting weve certainly seen that today -it could be anything thats anti icing because if you dont have water you dont have ice it could be anti corrosion -no water no corrosion it could be anti bacterial -without water the bacteria wont survive -and it could be things that need to be self cleaning as well -what i have here is a cinder block that weve coated half with a nanotechnology spray that can be applied to almost any material -so imagine how something like this could help revolutionize your field of work -its called ultra ever dry -and when you apply it to any material it turns into a superhydrophobic shield -so this is a cinder block uncoated -and you can see that its porous it absorbs water -superhydrophobic is how we measure a drop of water on a surface the rounder it is the more hydrophobic it is and if its really round its superhydrophobic a freshly waxed car the water molecules slump -to about ninety degrees -a windshield coating is going to give you about one hundred and ten degrees but what youre seeing here is one hundred and sixty to one hundred and seventy five degrees and anything over one hundred and fifty is superhydrophobic so as part of the demonstration what i have is a pair of gloves -and weve coated one of the gloves -with the nanotechnology coating and lets see if you can tell which one and ill give you a hint -and were actually relying on them theyre helping us find the news theyre helping us figure out what is the best angle to take and what is the stuff that they want to hear so -a constant basis and the journalist is always playing catch up -to give an example of how we rely on the audience on the fifth of september in costa rica an earthquake hit it was a seven point six magnitude it was fairly big and sixty seconds is the amount of time it took for it to travel two hundred and fifty kilometers to managua so the ground shook in managua sixty seconds after it hit the epicenter -thirty seconds later the first message went onto twitter and this was someone saying temblor which means earthquake so sixty seconds was how long it took for the physical earthquake to travel thirty seconds later news of that earthquake had traveled all around the world instantly everyone in the world -hypothetically had the potential to know that an earthquake was happening in managua -and that happened because this one person had a documentary instinct which was to post a status update which is what we all do now so if something happens we put our status update or we post a photo we post a video and it all goes up into the cloud in a constant stream and -what that means is just constant huge volumes of data going up its actually staggering when you look at the numbers every minute -there are seventy two more hours of video on youtube so thats every second more than an hour of video gets uploaded and in photos instagram fifty eight photos are uploaded to instagram a second -more than three and a half thousand photos go up onto facebook so by the time im finished talking here therell be eight hundred and sixty four more hours of video on youtube than there were when i started -and two and a half million more photos on facebook and instagram than when i started -and that can be incredibly difficult when youre dealing with those volumes and nowhere was this brought home more than during hurricane sandy so what you had in hurricane sandy was a superstorm the likes of which we hadnt seen for a long time hitting the iphone capital of the universe -but joking aside there were images like this one from instagram which was subjected to a grilling by journalists they werent really sure it was filtered in instagram the lighting was questioned everything was questioned about it and it turned out to be true it was from avenue c in downtown manhattan which was flooded -and the reason that they could tell that it was real was because they could get to the source and in this case these guys were new york food bloggers they were well respected they were known so this one wasnt a debunk it was actually something that they could prove and that was the job of the journalist it was filtering all this stuff -and you were instead of going and finding the information and bringing it back to the reader you were holding back the stuff that was potentially damaging and finding the source becomes more and more important finding the good source and twitter is where most journalists now go its like the de facto real time newswire -if you know how to use it because there is so much on twitter -and a good example of how useful it can be but also how difficult was the egyptian revolution in two thousand and eleven as a non arabic speaker as someone who was looking from the outside from dublin -twitter lists and lists of good sources people we could establish were credible were really important and how do you build a list like that from scratch well it can be quite difficult but you have to know what to look for this visualization was done by an italian academic -hes called andre pannison and he basically took the twitter conversation in tahrir square on the day that hosni mubarak -so its a really interesting time to be a journalist but the upheaval that im interested in is not on the output side its on the input side its concern with how we get information and how we gather the news and thats changed because weve had a huge shift in the balance of power from -would eventually resign and the dots you can see are retweets so when someone retweets a message a connection is made between two dots and the more times that message is retweeted by other people the more you get to see these nodes these connections being made -and its an amazing way of visualizing the conversation but what you get is -hints at who is more interesting and who is worth investigating -and as the conversation grew and grew it became more and more lively and eventually you were left with this huge big rhythmic pointer of this conversation you could find the nodes though and then you went and you go right ive got to investigate these people these are the ones that are obviously making sense lets see who they are -now in the deluge of information this is where the real time web gets really interesting for a journalist like myself because we have more tools than ever to do that kind of investigation and when you start digging into the sources you can go further and further than you ever could before -sometimes you come across a piece of content that is so compelling you want to use it youre dying to use it -but how do you find if this person if its true if its faked or if its something thats old and thats been reposted so we set about going to work on this video and the only thing that we had to go on was the username on the youtube account there was only one video posted to that account and the username was rita krill and we didnt know -the first one was called spokeo which allowed us to look for rita krills so we looked all over the u s we found them in new york we found them in pennsylvania nevada and florida so we went and we looked for a second free internet tool called wolfram alpha and we checked the weather reports for the day in which this video had been uploaded -and when we went through all those various cities we found that in florida there were thunderstorms and rain on the day so we went to the white pages and we found we looked through the rita krills in the phonebook and we looked through a couple of different addresses -the news organizations to the audience and the audience for such a long time was in a position where they didnt have any way of affecting news or making any change they couldnt really connect and thats changed irrevocably my first connection with the news media was in one thousand nine hundred and eighty four the bbc had a one day strike -and we went back to google maps and we looked a little bit closer and sure enough theres the -sometimes the search for truth though is a little bit less flippant and it has much greater consequences syria has been really interesting for us because obviously a lot of the time youre trying to debunk stuff that can be potentially -war crime evidence so this is where youtube actually becomes the most important repository of information about whats going on in the world -syrian army officers bodies off the bridge and they were cursing and using blasphemous language and there were lots of counterclaims about who they were and whether or not they were what the video said it was so we talked to some sources in hama who we had been back and forth with on twitter and we asked them about this and the bridge was interesting to us because it was something we could identify -three different sources said three different things about the bridge they said one the bridge doesnt exist another one said the bridge does exist but its not in hama its somewhere else and the third one said i think the bridge does exist but the dam upstream of the bridge was closed so the river should actually have been dry so this doesnt make sense so that was the only one that gave us a clue -we looked through the video for other clues we saw the distinctive railings which we could use we looked at the curbs the curbs were throwing shadows south so we could tell the bridge was running east west across the river it had black and white curbs -as we looked at the river itself you could see theres a concrete stone on the west side theres a cloud of blood thats blood in the river so the river is flowing south to north thats what that tells me and also as you look away from the bridge theres a divot on the left hand side of the bank and the river narrows -so onto google maps we go and we start looking through literally every single bridge we go to the dam that we talked about we start just literally going through every time that road crosses the river crossing off the bridges that dont match were looking for one that crosses east west and we get to hama we get all the way from the dam to hama and theres no bridge -so we go a bit further we switch to the satellite view and we find another bridge and everything starts to line up the bridge looks like its crossing the river east to west so this could be our bridge -and we zoom right in we start to see that its got a median so its a two lane bridge -and its got the black and white curbs that we saw in the video and as we click through it you can see someones uploaded photos to go with the map which is very handy so we click into the photos and the photos start showing us more detail that we can cross reference with the video the first thing that we see is we see black and white curbing which is handy because weve seen that before -i wasnt happy i was angry i couldnt see my cartoons so i wrote a letter and its a very effective way of ending your hate mail love markham aged four still works -we see the distinctive railing that we saw the guys throwing the bodies over -using some free internet tools sitting in a cubicle in an office in dublin in the space of twenty minutes -and thats part of the joy of this although the web is running like a torrent theres so much information there that its incredibly hard to sift and getting harder every day if you use them intelligently you can find out incredible information given a couple of clues i could probably find out a lot of things about most of you in the audience that you might not like me finding out but what it tells me is that -at a time when theres more theres a greater abundance of information than there ever has been its harder to filter -we have greater tools we have free internet tools that allow us help us do this kind of investigation we have algorithms that are smarter than ever before and computers that are quicker than ever before but heres the thing algorithms are rules theyre binary theyre yes or no theyre black or white -truth is never binary truth is a value truth is emotional its fluid and above all its human -no matter how quick we get with computers no matter how much information we have youll never be able to remove the human from the truth seeking exercise because in the end it is a uniquely human trait thanks very much -im not sure if i had any impact on the one day strike but what i do know is that it took them three weeks to get back to me and that was the round journey it took that long for anyone to have any impact and get some feedback and thats changed now because as journalists we interact in real time were not in a position where the audience is reacting to news were reacting to the audience -the -so here is one without a skin we have a wingspan of about two meters the length is one meter and six and the weight it is only four hundred and fifty grams -and it is all out of carbon fiber in the middle we have a motor and we also have a gear in it -up -so we looked at the birds and we tried to make a model that is powerful ultralight and it must have excellent aerodynamic qualities that would fly by its own and only by flapping its wings -and then we can calculate the aerodynamic efficiency so therefore it rises up from passive torsion to active torsion from thirty percent up to eighty percent -next thing we have to do we have to control and regulate the whole structure only if you control and regulate it you will get that aerodynamic efficiency so the overall consumption of energy is about twenty five watts -so what would be better than to use the herring gull in its freedom circling and swooping over the sea and to use this as a role model -so we bring a team together there are generalists and also specialists in the field of aerodynamics in the field of building gliders and the task was to build an ultralight indoor flying model -that is able to fly over your heads so be careful later on -and -so bumblebees are one of the few kinds of bees in the world that are able to hold onto the flower and vibrate it and they do this by shaking their flight muscles at a frequency similar to the musical note c -so they vibrate the flower they sonicate it and that releases the pollen in this efficient swoosh and the pollen gathers all over the fuzzy bees body and she takes it home as food -tomato growers now put bumblebee colonies inside the greenhouse to pollinate the tomatoes because they get much more efficient pollination when its done naturally and they get better quality tomatoes -so -theres other maybe more personal reasons to care about bees theres over twenty thousand species of bees in the world and theyre absolutely gorgeous -these bees spend the majority of their life cycle hidden in the ground or within a hollow stem and very few of these beautiful species have evolved highly social behavior like honeybees -and this is our life without bees -now honeybees tend to be the charismatic representative for the other nineteen thousand nine hundred plus species because theres something about honeybees that draws people into their world -humans have been drawn to honeybees since early recorded history mostly to harvest their honey which is an amazing natural sweetener -i got drawn into the honeybee world completely by a fluke i was eighteen years old and bored and i picked up a book in the library on bees and i spent the night reading it i had never thought about insects living in complex societies it was like the best of science fiction come true -and even stranger there were these people these beekeepers that loved their bees like they were family and when i put down the book i knew i had to see this for myself so i went to work for a commercial beekeeper a family that owned two thousand hives of bees in new mexico and i was permanently hooked -honeybees can be considered a super organism where the colony is the organism and its comprised of forty thousand to fifty thousand individual bee organisms -now this society has no central authority nobodys in charge so how they come to collective decisions and how they allocate their tasks and divide their labor how they communicate where the flowers are all of their collective social behaviors are mindblowing -my personal favorite and one that ive studied for many years is their system of healthcare so bees have social healthcare -so in my lab we study how bees keep themselves healthy for example we study hygiene where some bees are able to locate and weed out sick individuals from the nest from the colony and it keeps the colony healthy -and more recently weve been studying resins that bees collect from plants so bees fly to some plants and they scrape these very very sticky resins off the leaves and they take them back to the nest where they cement them into the nest architecture where we call it propolis -weve found that propolis is a natural disinfectant its a natural antibiotic it kills off bacteria and molds and other germs within the colony and so it bolsters the colony health and their social immunity -humans have known about the power of propolis since biblical times weve been harvesting propolis out of bee colonies -for human medicine but we didnt know how good it was for the bees -so honeybees have these remarkable natural defenses that have kept them healthy and thriving for over fifty million years -so seven years ago when honeybee colonies were reported to be dying en masse first in the united states it was clear that there was something really really wrong in our collective conscience in a really primal way we know we cant afford to lose bees -but the ironic thing is that bees are not out there pollinating our food intentionally theyre out there because they need to eat -so whats going on -bees are dying from multiple and interacting causes and ill go through each of these the bottom line is bees dying reflects a flowerless landscape and a dysfunctional food system -we have half the number of managed hives in the united states now compared to one thousand nine hundred and forty five were down to about two million hives of bees we think and the reason is after world war ii we changed our farming practices -we stopped planting cover crops we stopped planting clover and alfalfa which are natural fertilizers that fix nitrogen in the soil and instead we started using synthetic fertilizers clover and alfalfa are highly nutritious food plants for bees -and after world war ii we started using herbicides to kill off the weeds in our farms many of these weeds are flowering plants that bees require for their survival -and we started growing larger and larger crop monocultures now we talk about food deserts places in our cities neighborhoods that have no grocery stores -the very farms that used to sustain bees are now agricultural food deserts dominated by one or two plant species like corn and soybeans -since world war ii we have been systematically eliminating many of the flowering plants that bees need for their survival -and these monocultures extend even to crops that are good for bees like almonds fifty years ago beekeepers would take a few colonies hives of bees into the almond orchards for pollination and also because the pollen in an almond blossom is really high in protein its really good for -and theyre trucked in in semi loads and they must be trucked out because after bloom the almond orchards are a vast and flowerless landscape -bees have been dying over the last fifty years and were planting more crops that need them there has been a three hundred percent increase in crop production that requires bee pollination -and then theres pesticides -after world war ii we started using pesticides on a large scale and this became necessary because of the monocultures that put out a feast for crop pests -recently researchers from penn state university have started looking at the pesticide residue in the loads of pollen that bees carry home as food and theyve found that every batch of pollen that a honeybee collects has at least six detectable pesticides in it -and this includes every class of insecticides herbicides fungicides and even inert and unlabeled ingredients that are part of the pesticide formulation that can be more toxic than the active ingredient -this small bee is holding up a large mirror how much is it going to take to contaminate humans -one of these class of insecticides the neonicontinoids is making headlines around the world right now youve probably heard about it this is a new class of insecticides it moves through the plant so that a crop pest a leaf eating insect would take a bite of the plant and get a lethal dose and die -if one of these neonics we call them is applied in a high concentration such as in this ground application enough of the compound moves through the plant and gets into the pollen and the nectar where a bee can consume in this case a high dose of this neurotoxin that makes the bee twitch -in parts of the world where there are no bees or where they plant varieties that are not attractive to bees people are paid to do the business of pollination by hand these people are moving pollen from flower to flower with a paintbrush -and die -in most agricultural settings on most of our farms its only the seed -and on top of everything else bees have their own set of diseases and parasites public enemy number one for bees is this thing its called varroa destructor its aptly named its this big blood sucking parasite that compromises the bees immune system and circulates viruses -let me put this all together for you -i dont know what it feels like to a bee to have a big bloodsucking parasite running around on it and i dont know what it feels like to a bee to have a virus but i do know what it feels like when i have a virus the flu and i know how difficult it is for me to get to the grocery store to get good nutrition -but what if i lived in a food desert -and what if i had to travel a long distance to get to the grocery store and i finally got my weak body out there and i consumed in my food enough of a pesticide a neurotoxin that i couldnt find my way home -and this is what we mean by multiple and interacting causes of death -so what are we going to do -what are we going to do about this big bee bummer that weve created it turns out its hopeful its hopeful -every one of you out there can help bees in two very direct and easy ways plant bee friendly flowers -and dont contaminate these flowers this bee food with pesticides -so go online and search for flowers that are native to your area and plant them plant them in a pot on your doorstep plant them in your front yard in your lawns in your boulevards campaign to have them planted in public gardens -now this business of hand pollination is actually not that uncommon tomato growers often pollinate their tomato flowers with a hand held vibrator now this ones the tomato tickler laughter now this is because -community spaces meadows set aside farmland we need a beautiful diversity of flowers that blooms over the entire growing season from spring to fall we need roadsides seeded in flowers for our bees but also for migrating butterflies and birds and other wildlife -and we need to think carefully about putting back in cover crops to nourish our soil and nourish our bees -and we need to diversify our farms we need to plant flowering crop borders and hedge rows to disrupt the agricultural food desert and begin to correct the dysfunctional food system that weve created -so maybe it seems like a really small countermeasure to a big huge problem just go plant flowers but when bees have access to good nutrition we have access to good nutrition through their pollination services -and when bees have access to good nutrition theyre better able to engage their own natural defenses their healthcare that they have relied on for millions of years -so the beauty of helping bees this way for me is that -every one of us needs to behave a little bit more like a bee society an insect society -where each of our individual actions can contribute to a grand solution an emergent property thats much greater than the mere sum of our individual actions -so let the small act of planting flowers and keeping them free of pesticides be the driver of large scale change -on behalf of the bees thank you -this maria spivak yeah at least in the united states an average of thirty percent of all bee hives are lost every winter about twenty years ago we were at a fifteen percent loss so -its getting precarious and so they can maintain the same number they can recuperate some of their loss were kind of at a tipping point we cant really afford to lose that many more -we need to be really appreciative of all the beekeepers out there -the pollen within a tomato flower is held very securely within the male part of the flower the anther and the only way to release this pollen is to vibrate it -life also has a kind of inheritable information now we as humans we store our information as dna in our genomes and we pass this information on to our offspring -if we couple the first two the body and the metabolism we can come up with a system that could perhaps move and replicate and if we coupled these now to inheritable information we can come up with a system that would be more lifelike and would perhaps evolve and so these are the things we will try to do in the lab make some experiments that have one or more of these characteristics of life -so how do we do this well we use a model system that we term a protocell you might think of this as kind of like a primitive cell -it is a simple chemical model of a living cell and if you consider for example a cell in your body may have on the order of millions of different types of molecules that need to come together play together in a complex network to produce something that we call alive -in the laboratory what we want to do is much the same but with on the order of tens of different types of molecules so a drastic reduction in complexity but still trying to produce something that looks lifelike -historically there has been a huge divide between what people consider to be non living systems on one side and living systems on the other side so we go from say this beautiful and complex crystal as non life and this rather beautiful and complex cat -and so what we do is we start simple and we work our way up to living systems consider for a moment this quote by leduc a hundred years ago -considering a kind of synthetic biology the synthesis of life should it ever occur will not be the sensational discovery which we usually associate with the idea thats his first statement so if we actually create life in the laboratories its probably not going to impact our lives at all -if we accept the theory of evolution then the first dawn of synthesis of life must consist in the production of forms intermediate between the inorganic and the organic world or between the non living and living world forms which possess only some of the rudimentary attributes of life so the ones i just discussed -this is how we can start to make a protocell we use this idea called self assembly what that means is i can mix some chemicals together in a test tube in my lab -and these chemicals will start to self associate to form larger and larger structures so say on the order of tens of thousands hundreds of thousands of molecules will come together to form a large structure that didnt exist before -and in this particular example what i took is some membrane molecules mixed those together in the right environment and within seconds it forms these rather complex and beautiful structures here these membranes are also quite similar morphologically and functionally to the membranes in your body and we can use these as they say to form the body of our protocell -likewise we can work with oil and water systems as you know when you put oil and water together they dont mix but through self assembly we can get a nice oil droplet to form and we can actually use this as a body for our artificial organism or for our protocell as you will see later so thats just forming some -body stuff right some architectures what about the other aspects of living systems so we came up with this protocell model here that im showing we started with a natural occurring clay called montmorillonite this is natural from the environment this clay it forms a surface that is say chemically active it could run a metabolism on it -certain kind of molecules like to associate with the clay for example in this case rna shown in red this is a relative of dna its an informational molecule it can come along and it starts to associate with the surface of this clay -this structure then can organize the formation of a membrane boundary around itself so it can make a body of liquid molecules around itself and thats shown in green here on this micrograph so just through self assembly mixing things together in the lab we can come up with say a metabolic surface -on the other side over the last hundred and fifty years or so science has kind of blurred this distinction between non living and living systems and now we consider that there may be a kind of continuum that exists between the two well just take one example here -with some informational molecules attached -inside of this membrane body right so were on a road towards living systems -but if you saw this protocell you would not confuse this with something that was actually alive its actually quite lifeless -once it forms it doesnt really do anything so something is missing some things are missing -so some things that are missing is for example if you had a flow of energy through a system what wed want is a protocell that can harvest some of that energy in order to maintain itself much like living systems do -so we came up with a different protocell model and this is actually simpler than the previous one in this protocell model its just an oil droplet but a chemical metabolism inside that allows this protocell to use energy to do something to actually become dynamic as well see here -it is moving around exploring its environment and remodeling its environment as you see by these chemical waves that are forming by the protocell so its acting in a sense like a living system trying to preserve itself -we take this same moving protocell here and we put it in another experiment get it moving then im going to add some food to the system and youll see that in blue here -right so i add some food source to the system the protocell moves it encounters the food it reconfigures itself and actually then is able to climb to the highest concentration of food in that system and stop there -that has a body it has a metabolism it can use energy it moves around it can sense its local environment and actually find resources in the environment to sustain itself now this doesnt have a brain it doesnt have a neural system this is just a sack of chemicals that is able to have this interesting and complex lifelike behavior -if we count the number of chemicals in that system actually including the water thats in the dish we have five chemicals that can do this -so then we put these protocells together in a single experiment to see what they would do and depending on the conditions we have some protocells on the left that are moving around and it likes to touch the other structures in its environment -on the other hand we have two moving protocells that like to circle each other and they form a kind of a dance a complex dance with each other right so not only do individual protocells have behavior what weve interpreted as behavior in this system but we also have basically population level behavior similar to what organisms have -so now that youre all experts on protocells -were going to play a game with these protocells were going to make two different kinds -so theres population -so then i repeated this experiment a bunch of times and one time something very interesting happened -so i added these protocells together to the system and protocell a and protocell b fused together to form a hybrid protocell ab that didnt happen before there it goes theres a protocell ab now in this system -now we have a dancing protocell -so since we can make some interesting protocells that we like interesting colors and interesting behaviors -and theyre very easy to make and they have interesting lifelike properties perhaps these protocells have something to tell us about the origin of life on the earth perhaps these represent an easily accessible step one of the first steps by which life got started on the early earth -certainly there were molecules present on the early earth -but what were going to be talking about here tonight are experiments done on this sort of non living end of this spectrum so actually doing chemical experiments in the laboratory -but they wouldnt have been these pure compounds that we worked with in the lab and i showed in these experiments rather theyd be a real complex mixture of all kinds of stuff -because uncontrolled chemical reactions produce a diverse mixture of organic compounds think of it like a primordial ooze okay and its a pool thats too difficult to fully characterize even by modern methods and the product looks brown like this tar here on the left a pure compound is shown on the right for contrast -so this is similar to what happens when you take pure sugar crystals in your kitchen you put them in a pan and you apply energy you turn up the heat you start making or breaking chemical bonds in the sugar forming a brownish caramel right -if you let that go unregulated youll continue to make and break chemical bonds forming an even more diverse mixture of molecules that then forms this kind of black tarry stuff in your pan right thats difficult to wash out -so thats what the origin of life would have looked like you needed to get life out of this junk that is present on the early earth four four point five billion years ago -so the challenge then is throw away all your pure chemicals in the lab and try to make some protocells with lifelike properties -from this kind of primordial ooze so were able to then see the self assembly of these oil droplet bodies again that weve seen previously and the black spots inside of there represent this kind of black tar this diverse very complex organic black tar and we put them into one of these experiments as youve seen earlier and then we watch -lively movement that comes out they look really good very nice movement and also they appear to have some kind of behavior where they kind of circle around each other and follow each other similar to what weve seen before but again -working with just primordial conditions no pure chemicals -these are also these tar fueled protocells are also able to locate resources in their environment im going to add some resource from the left here that defuses into the system and you can see -mixing together nonliving ingredients to make new structures and that these new structures might have some of the characteristics of living systems really what im talking about here is trying to create a kind of artificial life -they really like that they become very energetic and able to find the resource in the environment similar to what we saw before but again these are done in these primordial conditions really messy conditions not sort of sterile laboratory conditions -these are very dirty little protocells as a matter of fact laughter but they have lifelike properties is the point so doing these artificial life experiments -helps us define a potential path between non living and living systems and not only that but it helps us -broaden our view of what life is and what possible life there could be out there life that could be very different from life that we find here on earth and that leads me to the next term which is weird life -this is a term by steve benner this is used in reference to a report in two thousand and seven by the national research council in the united states wherein they tried to understand -how we can look for life elsewhere in the universe okay especially if that life is very different from life on earth if we went to another planet and we thought there might be life there how could we even recognize it as life -well they came up with three very general criteria first is and theyre listed here the first is the system has to be in non equilibrium that means the system cannot be dead in a matter of fact basically what that means is you have an input of energy into the system that life can use and exploit to maintain itself -this is similar to having the sun shining on the earth driving photosynthesis driving the ecosystem without the sun theres likely to be no life on this planet -secondly life needs to be in liquid form so that means even if we had some interesting structures interesting molecules together but they were frozen solid then this is not a good place for life and thirdly we need to be able to make and break chemical bonds and again this is important because life transforms resources from the environment into building blocks so it can maintain itself -so what are these characteristics that im talking about these are them we consider first that life has a body now this is necessary to distinguish the self from the environment life also has a metabolism now this is a process by which life can convert -now today i told you about very strange and weird protocells some that contain clay some that have primordial ooze in them -some that have basically oil instead of water inside of them most of these dont contain dna but yet they have lifelike properties -but these protocells satisfy these general requirements of living systems so by making these chemical artificial life experiments we hope not only to understand something fundamental about the origin of life and the existence of life on this planet but also what possible life there could be out there in the universe thank you -resources from the environment into building blocks so it can maintain and build itself -and within a decade it will have the largest economy in the world never before in the modern era -the west is rapidly losing its -and that is what is going to happen in the future and the second implication is that the world will inevitably as a consequence become increasingly -to us because itll be shaped by cultures and experiences and histories that we are not really familiar with -are unaware about the way the world is changing -some people ive got an english friend in china and he said the continent is sleepwalking into oblivion well maybe thats true maybe thats an exaggeration -but theres another problem which goes along with this that europe is increasingly out of touch with the world and that is a sort of -has the largest economy in the world been that of a developing country rather than a developed country secondly for the first time in the modern era -is no longer true if you want to feel the future if you want to taste the future try china theres old confucius -this is a railway station the like of which youve never seen before it doesnt even look like a railway station this is the new guangzhou railway station for -the high speed trains china already has a bigger network than any other country in the world and will soon have more than all the rest of the world put together -or take this now this is an idea but its an idea to by tried out shortly in a suburb of beijing here you have a -on the upper deck carries about two thousand people it travels on rails down a suburban road and the cars travel underneath it -so this is a solution to a situation where chinas going to have many many many cities over twenty million people okay so how would i like to finish -what should our attitude be towards this world that we see very rapidly developing -i think there will be good things about it and there will be bad things about it but i want to argue above all -picture positive for this world for two hundred years the world -was essentially -the arrival of countries like china and india between them thirty eight percent of the worlds population and others like indonesia and brazil and -the dominant country in the world which i think is what china will become will be not from the west and from very very different civilizational roots -the most important single act of democratization in the last two hundred years -as humanists we must welcome surely this transformation and we will have to learn about these civilizations -this big ship here was the one sailed in by zheng he in the early fifteenth century on his great voyages around the south china sea the east china sea and across the indian ocean to east africa -the little boat in front of it was the one in which eighty years later christopher columbus crossed the atlantic -i think theyre playing golf christ the chinese even invented golf welcome to the future thank you -now i know its a widespread assumption in the west that as countries modernize they also westernize this is an illusion -its an assumption that modernity is a product simply of competition markets and technology it is not it is also shaped equally by history and culture china is not like the west -and it will not become like the west it will remain in very fundamental respects very different -now the big question here is obviously how do we make sense of china how do we try to understand what china is and the problem we have -changing with really remarkable speed if you look at the chart at the top here -west at the moment by and large is that the conventional approach is that we understand it really in western terms using western ideas -we cant now i want to offer you three building blocks for trying to understand what china is like just as a beginning the first is this that china -not really a nation state okay its called itself a nation state for the last hundred years but everyone who knows anything about china knows its a lot older than this -this was what china looked like with the victory of the qin dynasty in two hundred and twenty one b c at the end of the warring state period the birth of modern china and you can see it against the boundaries of modern china -or immediately afterward the han dynasty still two thousand years ago and you can see already it occupies most of what we now know as eastern china which is where the vast majority of chinese lived then and -live now now what is extraordinary about this is what gives china its sense of being china what gives -the chinese the sense of what it is to be chinese comes not from the last hundred years not from the nation state period which is what happened in the west -from the period if you like of the civilization state im thinking here for example of -customs like ancestral worship of a very distinctive notion of the state likewise a very distinctive notion of the family social relationships like -unlike the western states and most countries in the world is shaped by its sense of civilization its existence as a civilization state rather than as a nation state and theres one -and that is this of course we know chinas big huge demographically and geographically with a population of one point three billion people what we often -really aware of is the fact that china is extremely diverse and very pluralistic -and in many ways very decentralized you cant run a place on this scale simply from beijing even though we think this to be the case its never been the case -so this is china a civilization state rather than a nation state and what does it mean well i think it has all sorts of profound implications ill give you two quick ones -and if you look at the chart for two thousand and fifty its projected that the chinese economy will be twice the size -the first is that the most important political value for the chinese is unity is the maintenance of -chinese civilization you know two thousand years ago europe breakdown the fragmentation of the holy roman empire it divided and its remained divided ever since china -the same time period went in exactly the opposite direction very painfully holding this huge civilization civilization state together the second is -one country two systems and ill lay a wager that barely anyone in the west believed them window dressing when china gets its hands on hong kong that wont be the case thirteen years on -one nation one system that is the nation state mentality but you cant run a country like china a civilization state on the basis of one civilization one system it -of the american economy and the indian economy will be almost the same size as the american economy -so actually the response of china to the question of hong kong as it will be to the question of taiwan was a natural response one civilization -many systems let me offer you another building block to try and understand china maybe not such a comfortable one -the chinese have a very very different conception of race to most other countries do you know of the -one point three billion chinese over ninety percent of them think they belong to the same race the -now this is completely different from the other worlds most populous countries india the united states indonesia brazil all of them -the chinese dont feel like that china is only multiracial really -the margins so the question is why well the reason i think essentially is again back to the civilization state -should bear in mind here that these projections were drawn up before the western financial crisis a couple of weeks ago i was looking at the latest projection by bnp paribas -nurtured by a growing and very powerful sense of cultural identity now the great advantage of this historical experience has been that -china could never have held together the han identity has been the cement which has held this country together -the great disadvantage of it is that the han have a very weak conception of cultural difference they really believe in -their own superiority and they are disrespectful of those who are not hence their attitude for example to the uyghurs and to -or let me give you my third building block the chinese state now the relationship between the state and society in china is very different from that in the west -now we in the west overwhelmingly seem to think in these days at least that the authority and legitimacy of the state is a function of democracy the problem with this proposition is that -the chinese state enjoys more legitimacy and more authority -amongst the chinese than is true with any western state -and the reason for this is because well there are two reasons i think and its obviously got nothing to do with democracy because in our terms the chinese certainly dont have a democracy and the reason for this is -because the state in china is given a very special it enjoys a very special significance as the representative the embodiment and the guardian -of chinese civilization of the civilization state this is as close as china gets to a kind of spiritual role -for when china will -and the second reason is because whereas in europe and north america the state -power is continuously challenged i mean in the european tradition historically against the church against other sectors of the aristocracy against merchants and so on -for one thousand years the power of the chinese state -has not been challenged its had no serious rivals so you can see that the way in which power has been constructed in china is very different from our experience in western -history the result by the way is that the chinese have a very different view of the state -whereas we tend to view it as an intruder a stranger certainly an organ whose powers need to be limited or defined and constrained the chinese dont see the -the chinese view the state as an intimate not just as an intimate actually as a member of the family not just in fact as a member of the family but as the head of the family the patriarch of the family -this is the chinese view of the state very very different to ours its embedded in society in a different kind of way to what is -the case in the west and i would suggest to you that actually what we are dealing with here in the chinese context -a new kind of paradigm which is different from anything weve had to think about in the past -that china believes in the market and the state i mean adam smith already writing in the late eighteenth century said the chinese market is larger and more developed and more sophisticated than anything -in europe and apart from the mao period that has remained more or less the case ever since but this is combined with an extremely strong -and ubiquitous state the state is everywhere in china i mean its leading firms many of them are still publicly owned private firms however large they are like lenovo depend in many ways on state patronage -twenty thats just a decade away china is going to change the world in two fundamental respects -this is a very old state tradition a very old tradition of statecraft i mean if you want an illustration of this the great wall is one -this is another this is the grand canal which was constructed in the first instance in the fifth century b c and was finally completed in the seventh century a d -it went for one thousand one hundred and fourteen miles linking beijing with hangzhou and shanghai -so theres a long history of extraordinary state infrastructural projects in china which i suppose helps us to explain what we see today which is something like the three gorges dam and many other expressions of state -competence within china so there we have three building blocks for trying to to understand the difference that is china the civilization state -the notion of race and the nature of the state and its relationship to society -and yet we still insist by and large in thinking that we can understand china -by simply drawing on western experience looking at it through western eyes using western concepts if you want to know why we unerringly seem to get china wrong our predictions about whats going to happen to china -are incorrect this is the reason unfortunately i think i have to say that i think -attitude towards china is that of a kind of little westerner mentality its kind of arrogant its arrogant in the sense that we think that we -first of all its a huge developing country with a population of one point three billion people which has been growing for over thirty years at around ten percent a year -best and therefore we have the universal measure and secondly its ignorant we refuse to really address the issue -of difference you know theres a very interesting passage in a book by paul cohen the american historian and paul cohen argues that the west -thinks of itself as probably the most cosmopolitan of all cultures but its not -in many ways its the most parochial because for two hundred years the west -has been so dominant in the world that its not really needed to understand other cultures -other civilizations because at the end of the day it could if necessary by force get its own way -whereas those cultures virtually the rest of the world in fact which have been in a far weaker position vis a vis the west have been thereby forced to understand the west because of the wests presence in those societies and -they are as a result more cosmopolitan in many ways than the west i mean take the question of east asia east asia japan korea china etc -the worlds population lives there now the largest economic region in the world and ill tell you now that east asianers people from east asia are far more -about the west than the west is about east asia now this point is very germane im afraid -to the present because whats happening back to that chart at the beginning the goldman sachs chart what is happening is that -very rapidly in historical terms the world is being driven and shaped not by the old developed countries -but by the developing world weve seen this in terms of the g twenty usurping very rapidly the position of the g seven -the g eight and there are two consequences of this first -done by the young einstein will continue as long as our civilization but for civilization to survive well need the wisdom of the old einstein humane global and farseeing -and whatever happens in this uniquely crucial century will resonate into the remote future -and perhaps far beyond the earth far beyond the earth as depicted here thank you very much -each one is like a sun with a retinue of planets orbiting around it and we can see places where stars are forming like the eagle nebula -we see stars dying in six billion years the sun will look like that and some stars die spectacularly in a supernova explosion leaving remnants like that -if you take ten thousand people at random nine thousand nine hundred and ninety nine have something in common their interests in business lie on or near the earths surface -scale we see entire galaxies of stars we see entire ecosystems where gas is being recycled and to the cosmologist these galaxies are just -the atoms as it were of the large scale universe this picture shows a patch of sky so small that it would take about one hundred patches like it to cover the full moon in the sky -a small telescope this would look quite blank but you see here hundreds of little faint smudges each is a galaxy -like ours or andromeda which looks so small and faint because its light has taken ten billion light years to get to us -the stars in those galaxies probably dont have planets around them the scant chance of life there thats because theres been no time for the -we believe that all of this emerged from a big bang a hot dense state -but you see as time goes on in giga years at the bottom you will see structures evolve as gravity feeds on small -and we compare simulated universes like that ill show you a better simulation at the end of my talk with what we actually see in the sky -the odd one out is an astronomer and i am one of that strange breed my talk will be in two parts -if my research group had a logo it would be this picture here an ouroboros where you see the micro world on the left -the world of the quantum and on the right the large scale universe of planets stars and galaxies -we know our universes are united though links between left and right the everyday world is determined by atoms how they stick together to make molecules stars are fueled by how the nuclei in those atoms react together -and as weve learned in the last few years galaxies are held together by the gravitational pull of so called dark matter particles in huge swarms far smaller even than atomic nuclei but -wed like to know the synthesis symbolized at the very top the micro world of the quantum is understood -is to link together cosmos and micro world with a unified theory symbolized as it were gastronomically at the top of that picture -ill talk first as an astronomer and then as a worried member of the human race but lets start off -and until we have that synthesis we wont be able to understand the very beginning of our universe because when our universe was itself the size of an -one idea incidentally and i had this hazard side to say im going to speculate from now on is that our big bang was not the only one one idea -is that our three dimensional universe may be embedded in a high dimensional space just as you can imagine -just a millimeter away from ours but were not aware of it because that millimeter is measured in some fourth spatial dimension and were imprisoned in our three -and so we believe that there may be a lot more to physical reality than what weve normally called our universe the aftermath of our big -another picture bottom right depicts our universe which on the horizon is not beyond that but even that is just one bubble as it were in some vaster reality -we have to go to many big bangs from one big bang perhaps these many big bangs displaying an immense variety of properties -by remembering that darwin showed how were the outcome of four billion years of evolution and what we try to do in astronomy and cosmology is to go back before darwins simple beginning -well lets go back to this picture theres one challenge symbolized at the top but theres another challenge to science -we clearly have to be large compared to atoms to have layer upon layer of complex structure we clearly have to be small compared to stars and planets otherwise wed be crushed by gravity and in fact we are midway -it would take as many human bodies to make up the sun as there are atoms in each of us the geometric mean of the mass of a proton and the mass of the sun is fifty kilograms within a factor of two of the mass of each person here well most of you anyway -the science of complexity is probably the greatest challenge of all greater than that of the very small on the left and the very large on the right -and its this science which is not only enlightening our understanding of the biological world but also -our world faster than ever and more than that its engendering new kinds of change and i now move on to the second -part of my talk and the book -our final century was mentioned if i was not a self effacing brit i would mention the book myself -and i would add that its available in paperback and in america it was called our final hour because americans like instant gratification -my -in this century not only has science changed the world faster than ever but in new and different ways targeted drugs genetic modification artificial intelligence -to set our earth in a cosmic context and let me just run through a few slides this was the impact that happened last week on a comet if theyd sent a nuke it would have been rather -bio and cybertechnologies are environmentally benign in that they offer marvelous prospects while nonetheless reducing pressure on energy and resources but they will have a dark side -in our interconnected world novel technology could empower just one fanatic or some weirdo with a mindset of those who now design computer viruses to trigger some kind -indeed catastrophe could arise simply from technical misadventure error rather than terror and -even a tiny probability of catastrophe is unacceptable when the downside could be of global consequence -in fact some years ago bill joy wrote an article expressing tremendous concern about robots taking us over et cetera i dont go along with all that but its interesting -had a simple solution it was what he called fine grained relinquishment he wanted to give up the dangerous kind of science and keep the good bits -now thats absurdly naive for two reasons first any scientific discovery has benign consequences as well as dangerous ones -and also when a scientist makes a discovery he or she normally has no clue what the applications are going to be and so what this means is that -we have to accept the risks if we are going to enjoy the benefits of science we have to accept that there will be hazards -and i think we have to go back to what happened in the post war era post world war ii when the nuclear scientists whod been involved in making the atomic bomb in many cases were concerned -that they should do all they could to alert the world to the dangers and they were inspired not by the young einstein who did the great -work in relativity but by the old einstein the icon of poster and t shirt who failed in his scientific efforts to unify -the physical laws he was premature but he was a moral compass inspiration to scientists who were -what actually happened last monday so thats another project for nasa thats mars from the european mars express -hes ninety six years old and he founded the pugwash movement he persuaded einstein as his last act to sign the famous memorandum of bertrand russell and he sets an example of the concerned scientist -and i think to harness science optimally to choose which doors to open and which to leave closed we need latter day counterparts of people like joseph rothblatt -we need not just campaigning physicists but we need biologists computer experts and environmentalists as well and i think academics and independent entrepreneurs -have a special obligation because they have more freedom than those in government service or company employees subject to commercial pressure i wrote my book our final century as a scientist -the immense future the stupendous time spans of the evolutionary past are now part of common culture -the sun has been shining for four and a half billion years but itll be another six billion years before its fuel runs out on that schematic picture a sort of timeless picture -and at new year this artists impression turned into reality when a parachute landed on titan saturns giant moon -and itll be another six billion before that happens and any remaining life on earth is vaporized -unthinking tendency to imagine that humans will be there experiencing the suns demise but any life and intelligence that exists then -here on earth and probably far beyond so we are still at the beginning of the emergence of complexity of our earth and beyond -a tiny fraction of the year but even in this concertinaed cosmic perspective -our century is very very special the first when humans can change themselves and their home -as i should have shown this earlier it will not be humans who witness the end point of the sun it will be creatures as different from us as we -and id like to end with a vignette as it were inspired by this image weve been familiar for forty years -with this image the fragile beauty of land ocean and clouds contrasted with the sterile moonscape on which the astronauts left their footprints -four point five billion year history of our earth what would they have seen over nearly all that immense time earths appearance would have changed very gradually -the only abrupt worldwide change would have been major asteroid impacts or volcanic super eruptions apart from those brief traumas nothing happens -the continental land masses drifted around ice cover waxed and waned successions of new species emerged evolved and became extinct -but in just a tiny sliver of the earths history the last one millionth part a few thousand years -the patterns of vegetation altered much faster than before this signaled the start of agriculture change has accelerated as human populations rose -then other things happened even more abruptly within just fifty years thats one hundredth of one millionth of the earths age -some journeyed to the moons and planets a race of advanced extraterrestrials watching our solar system from afar could confidently predict earths final doom in another six billion years -if we go beyond our solar system weve learned the stars arent twinkly points of light -what might these hypothetical aliens witness in the next hundred years will some spasm foreclose earths future or will the biosphere stabilize -id like you -who did something enormously important that changed your life -your assignment when youre learning the gratitude visit is to write a three hundred word testimonial to that person -and what happens is when we test people -one week later a month later three months later theyre both happier and less depressed -thousands of people to what extent does the pursuit of pleasure the pursuit of positive emotion -the pleasant life the pursuit of engagement time stopping for you and the pursuit of meaning contribute to life satisfaction -and our results surprised us but they were backward of what we thought it turns out the pursuit of pleasure has almost no contribution to life satisfaction -full life the sum is greater than the parts if youve got all three conversely if you have none of the three the empty life the sum is less than the parts and what were asking now is does the very same relationship -productivity a function of positive emotion engagement and meaning is health a function of positive engagement of pleasure and of meaning in life and there is reason to think the answer to both of those may well be yes -so chris said that the -but i found that the problems of psychology seemed to be parallel to the problems of technology entertainment and design in the following way we all know that technology entertainment and design have been and can be used for destructive purposes -we also know that technology entertainment and design can be used to relieve misery -and by the way the distinction between relieving misery and building happiness is extremely important i thought when i first became a therapist thirty years ago that if i was good enough to make someone not depressed not anxious not angry -that id make them happy -and i never found that i found the best you could ever do was to get to zero -but they were empty and it turns out the skills of happiness the skills of the pleasant life the skills of engagement the skills of meaning are -different from the skills of relieving misery -and so the parallel thing holds with technology entertainment and design i believe that is it is possible -for these three drivers of our world to increase happiness -to increase positive emotion and thats typically how theyve been used but once you fractionate happiness the way i do not just positive emotion thats not nearly enough theres flow in life and theres meaning in life -as laura lee told us design and i believe entertainment and technology can be used to increase meaning engagement in life as well so in conclusion the eleventh reason for optimism in addition to -with technology entertainment and design we can actually increase the amount of tonnage of human happiness on the planet -and if technology can in the next decade or two increase the pleasant life the good life and the meaningful life it will be good enough if entertainment can be diverted to also increase positive emotion meaning -so why was psychology good -can increase positive emotion -well for more than sixty years psychology worked within the disease model ten years ago when i was on an airplane and i introduced myself to my seatmate and told them what i did theyd move away from -american psychological association they tried to media train me -and because quite rightly they were saying psychology is about finding whats wrong with you spot the loony and now when i tell people what i do -they move toward me and what was good -and now fourteen of the disorders are treatable two of them actually curable and the other -thing that happened is that a science developed a science of mental illness that we found out that we could take fuzzy concepts like -depression alcoholism and measure them with rigor that we could create a classification of the mental illnesses that we could -understand the causality of the mental illnesses we could look across time at the same people people -for example who were genetically vulnerable to schizophrenia and ask what the contribution of mothering of genetics are and we could isolate third variables by doing experiments on the mental illnesses -and best of all we were able in the last fifty years to invent drug treatments and psychological treatments and then we were able to test them rigorously in random assignment placebo controlled designs throw out the things that didnt work keep the things that actively did -and the conclusion of that is that psychology and psychiatry over the last sixty years can actually claim that we can make miserable people less miserable -and i think thats terrific im proud of -the second cost was that we forgot about you people we forgot about improving normal lives we forgot about a mission to make relatively untroubled people happier more fulfilled more productive -and genius high talent became a dirty word no one works on that -and the third problem about the disease model is in our rush to do something about people in trouble -in our rush to do something about repairing damage -positive interventions so that was not good and so thats what led people like nancy etcoff dan gilbert mike csikszentmihalyi and myself to work in something i call positive psychology which has three aims the first is that psychology -should be just as concerned with human strength as it is with weakness -it should be just as concerned with building strength as with repairing damage it should be interested in the best things in life and it should be just as concerned with making the lives of normal people fulfilling and -with genius with nurturing high talent -so in the last ten years and the hope for the future weve seen the beginnings of a science of positive psychology a science of what makes life worth living it turns out that we can measure -so they came to me cnn and they said professor seligman -different forms of happiness and any of you for free -we created the opposite of the diagnostic manual of the insanities -we found that we could discover the causation of the positive states the relationship between -would you tell us about the state of psychology today wed like to interview you about that -six years ago we asked about extremely happy people and how do they differ from the rest of us -and it turns out theres one way theyre not more religious theyre not in better shape they dont have more money theyre not better looking they dont have more good events and fewer bad events the one way in which they differ theyre extremely social -they dont spend time alone each of them is in a romantic relationship and each has a rich repertoire of friends but watch out here this is merely correlational data not causal -and its about happiness in the first hollywood sense im going to talk about happiness of ebullience and giggling and good cheer -and im going to suggest to you thats not nearly enough in just a moment -we found we could begin to look at interventions over the centuries from the buddha to tony robbins about one hundred and twenty interventions have been proposed that allegedly make people happy -and we find that weve been able to manualize many of them and we actually carry out random assignment -and to ask that question happy is not a word i use very much weve had to break it down into what i think is askable about happy and i believe there are three different -is the pleasant life this is a life in which you have as much positive emotion as you possibly can and the skills to amplify it the second is a life of engagement a life in your work your parenting your love your leisure time stops for you -its having as many of the pleasures as you can as much positive emotion as you can -learning the skills savoring mindfulness that amplify them that stretch them over time and space but the -heritable about fifty percent heritable -and in fact -not very modifiable so the different tricks that matthieu ricard and i and others know about increasing the amount of positive emotion in your life are fifteen to twenty percent -and as i said its not particularly malleable -why positive psychology is more than positive emotion more than building pleasure in two of the three great arenas of life by the time len was thirty len was enormously successful -the first arena -was work by the time he was twenty -but in the third great arena of life love len is an abysmal failure -and the reason he was was that len is a cold -but it turned out there wasnt any sexual trauma it turned out that len grew up in long island and he played football and watched football and played bridge -and i want to say not contrary to what psychology told us about -the bottom fifty percent of the human race in positive affectivity i think len is one of the happiest people i know hes not consigned to the hell of unhappiness and thats because len like most of you is enormously capable of flow when he walks onto the floor of the american exchange -at nine thirty in the morning -time stops for him and it stops till the closing bell when the first card is played until ten days later the tournament is over time stops for -its thought and feeling but what mike told you yesterday during flow -you cant feel anything -time stops you have intense concentration and this is indeed the characteristic of what we think of as the good life -doctor seligman what is the state of psychology today -her highest strength was social intelligence so she re crafted bagging to make the encounter with her the social highlight of every customers day now obviously she failed but what she did was to take her highest strengths and re craft work to use them as much as possible -what you get out of that is not smiley ness you dont look like debbie reynolds you dont giggle a lot what you get is more -not good -to belong to and in the service of something larger than you are -the pleasant life the good life the meaningful life people are now hard at work on the question are there things that lastingly change those lives -and the answer seems -to be yes and ill just give you some samples of it its being done in a rigorous manner its being done in the same way that we test drugs to see what really works so we do -random assignment placebo controlled long term studies of different interventions and just to sample the kind of interventions that we find have an effect -when we teach people about the pleasant life how to have more pleasure in your life one of your assignments is to take the mindfulness skills the savoring skills and youre assigned to design a beautiful -in my early twenty s i did some graphic novels but they werent your usual graphic novels they were books telling a science fiction story through images and text -and most of the actors who are now starring in the movie adaptation they were already involved in these books portraying characters into a sort of experimental theatrical simplistic way -and one of these actors is the great stage director and actor robert lepage and i just love this guy ive been in love with this guy since i was a kid his career i admire a lot and i wanted this guy to be involved in my crazy project and he was -kind enough to lend his image to the character of eugene spaak who is a -and to write direct and produce the film myself -and robert is actually the very first example of how constraints can boost creativity -because this guy is the busiest man on the planet i mean his agenda is booked until two thousand and forty two and hes really hard to get and i wanted him to be in the movie to reprise his role in the movie -but the thing is had i waited for him until two thousand and forty two my film wouldnt be a futuristic film anymore so i just couldnt do that right but thats kind of a big problem how do you get somebody who is too busy to star in a movie -well i said as a joke in a production meeting and this is a true story by the way i said why dont we turn this guy into a hologram -because you know he is everywhere and nowhere on the planet at the same time and hes an illuminated being in my mind and hes in between reality and virtual reality so it would make perfect sense to turn this guy into a hologram -everybody around the table laughed but the joke was kind of a good solution so thats what we ended up doing -heres how we did it we shot robert with six cameras he was dressed in green and he was like in a green aquarium each camera was covering sixty degrees of his head so that in post production we could use pretty much any angle we needed and we shot only his head -six months later there was a guy on set a mime portraying the body the -vehicle for the head -and he was wearing a green hood -so that we could erase the green hood in postproduction and replace it with robert lepages head so he became like a renaissance man and heres what it looks like in the movie -and they carry a nice story with them -actually i knew -but my problem was i didnt have the money to pay for them i couldnt afford them so thats kind of a big problem too how do you get something that you cant afford -its shot on green screen yet this is the kind of movie that i wanted to make ever since i was a kid really back when i was reading some comic books and dreaming about what the future might be -and you know i woke up one morning with a pretty good idea i said what if i have somebody else pay for them -and i thought of cirque du soleil in montreal because -who better to understand the kind of crazy poetry that i wanted to put on screen so i found my way to guy laliberte cirque du soleils ceo and i presented my crazy idea to him with sketches like this and visual references and something -pretty amazing happened guy was interested by this idea not because i was asking for his money but because i came to him with a good idea -and the artist dominique engel brilliant guy he was happy too because he had a dream project to work on for a year and obviously i was happy because i got the instruments in my film for free which was kind of what i tried to do -so here they are and -my last example of how constraints can boost creativity comes from -the green because this is a weird color a crazy color and you need to replace the green screens eventually and you must figure that out sooner rather than later and i had again pretty much ideas in my mind as to what the world would be but -when american producers see my film they think that i had -and this guy is another guy i admire a lot and i wanted him to be involved in the movie as a production designer but people told me you know martin its impossible the guy is too busy and he will say no well i said you know what instead of -mimicking his style i might as well call the real guy and ask him and i sent him my books and he answered that he was interested in working on the film with me because he could be a big fish in a small aquarium in other words there was space for him to dream with me -so here i was with one of my childhood heroes drawing every single frame thats in the film -to turn that into montreal in the future -and it was an amazing collaboration to work with this great artist whom i admire but then you know eventually you have to turn all these drawings into reality -so again my solution was to aim for the best possible artist that i could think of and theres this guy in montreal another quebecois called carlos monzon and hes a very good vfx artist this guy had been -twenty three million but in fact i had ten percent of that budget i did mars et avril for only two point three million so you might wonder whats the deal here how did i do this -instead of working on the next spielberg movie he accepted to work on mine why because i offered him a space to dream so if you dont have -sixty artists to work full time for six months to do this crazy film -so i want to tell you that if you have some crazy ideas in your mind and that people tell you that its impossible to make well thats an even better reason to want to do it because people have a tendency to see the problems rather than the final result -who knows you might even end up going -the second aspect is love i got -the single best way is to get them to understand that what theyre being told is a whole lot of nonsense and then of course you have to do something about how to moderate that so that anybody can -of listen to you pollution energy shortage environmental diversity poverty how do we make stable societies longevity -okay therere lots of problems to worry about anyway the question i think people should talk about and its absolutely taboo is how many people should there be -and i think it should be about one hundred million or maybe five hundred million -and then notice that a great many of these problems disappear if you had one hundred million people properly spread out -if you ask people about what part of psychology do they think is hard and you say well what about thinking and emotions most people will say -then -if theres some garbage you throw it away preferably where you cant see it and it will rot or you throw it into the ocean and some fish will benefit from it -the problem is how many people should there be and its a sort of choice we have to make most people are about sixty inches high or more -and theres this cube loss so if you make them this big -by using nanotechnology i suppose then you could have -thousand times as many that would solve the problem but i dont see anybody doing any research on making people smaller now its nice to reduce the population but a lot of people want to have children -lucky youve got twenty three from each parent -you give them a scanner or whatever you need and they look at their chromosomes and each of them says which one he likes best or she -that be enough and then the children would get plenty of support and nurturing and mentoring and the world population would decline very rapidly and everybody would be totally happy -is a little further off in the future and theres this great novel that arthur clarke wrote twice called against the fall of night -are terribly hard theyre incredibly complex they cant i have no idea of how they work but thinking is really very straightforward its just sort of some kind of logical reasoning or something -and the city and the stars theyre both wonderful and largely the same except that computers happened in between -and arthur was looking at this old book and he said well that was wrong the future must have some computers so in the second version of it -there are one hundred billion or one thousand billion people on earth but theyre all stored on hard disks or floppies or whatever they have in the future -and you let a few million of them out at a time a person comes out they live for a thousand years doing whatever they do and then -when its time to go back for a billion years or a million i forget the numbers dont matter but there really arent very many people on earth at a time -and you get to think about yourself and your memories and before you go back into suspension you edit your memories and you change your personality and so forth the plot of the book is that -he says maybe this isnt the best way and wrecks the whole system i dont think the solutions that i proposed are good enough or smart enough -i think the big problem is that were not smart enough to understand which of the problems were facing are good enough therefore we have to build super intelligent machines like hal -as you remember at some point in the book for two thousand and one hal realizes that the universe is too big and grand and profound -for those really stupid astronauts if you contrast hals behavior with the triviality of the people on the spaceship -can see whats written between the lines well what are we going to do about that we could get smarter i think that were pretty smart as compared to chimpanzees -but were not smart enough to deal with the colossal problems that we face either in abstract mathematics or in figuring out economies or balancing the world around -but thats not the hard part so heres a list of problems that come up one nice problem is what do we do about health -so one thing we can do is live longer and nobody knows how hard that is but well probably find out in a few years you see theres two forks in the road we know that people live twice as long as chimpanzees almost -and nobody lives more than one hundred and twenty years for reasons that arent very well understood but lots of people now live to ninety or one hundred unless they shake hands too much or something like that -and so maybe if we lived two hundred years we could accumulate enough skills and knowledge to -solve some problems so thats one way of going about it and as i said we dont know how hard that is it might be after all most other mammals -live half as long as the chimpanzee so were sort of three and a half or four times have four times the longevity of most mammals -and in the case of the primates we have almost the same genes we only differ from chimpanzees in the present state of knowledge which is absolute hogwash -the other day i was reading something and the person said probably the largest single cause of disease is handshaking in the west -maybe by just a few hundred genes what i think is that the gene counters dont know what theyre doing yet and whatever you do dont read anything about genetics thats published within your lifetime -the stuff has a very short half life same with brain science -and -so it might be that if we just fix four or five genes we can live two hundred years or it might be that its just thirty or forty -and i doubt that its several hundred so this is something that people will be discussing and lots of ethicists you know an ethicist is somebody who sees something wrong with whatever you have in mind -very hard to find an ethicist who considers any change worth making because he says what about the consequences and of course were not responsible for the consequences of what were doing now are we -like all this complaint about clones and yet two random people will mate and have this child and both of them have some -pretty rotten genes and the child is likely to come out to be average which by chimpanzee standards is very good indeed -if we do have longevity then well have to face the population growth problem anyway because if people live two hundred or one thousand years then we cant let them have a child more than about once every two hundred or one thousand years -and so there wont be any workforce and one of the things laurie garrett pointed out and others have is that -a society that doesnt have people of working age is in real trouble and things are going to get worse because theres nobody to educate the children or to -and there was a little study about people who dont handshake and comparing them with ones who do handshake and i havent the foggiest idea of where you find the ones that dont handshake because they must be hiding -feed the old and when im talking about a long lifetime of course i dont want somebody whos two hundred years old to be like our image of what a two hundred year old is which is dead actually -you know theres about four hundred different parts of the brain which seem to have different functions -knows how most of them work in detail but we do know that therere lots of different things in there and they dont always work together i like freuds theory that most of them are cancelling each other out -and so if you think of yourself as a sort of a city with a hundred resources then when youre afraid -for example you may discard your long range goals but you may think deeply and focus on exactly how to achieve that particular goal you throw everything else away you become a monomaniac -all you care about is not stepping out on that platform and when youre hungry food becomes more attractive and so forth so i see emotions as -highly evolved sub sets of your capability emotion is not something added to thought an emotional state is what you get when you remove -i hope in the next few years to show that this will lead to smart machines and i guess i better skip all the rest of this which are some details on how we might make those smart machines -and the main idea is in fact that the core of a really smart machine is one that recognizes that a certain kind of problem is facing you this is a problem of such and such a type -and therefore theres a certain way or ways of thinking that are good for that problem so i think the future main problem of psychology is to classify types of predicaments types of situations types of obstacles -and also to classify available and possible ways to think and pair them up so you see its almost like a pavlovian -and the people who avoid that have thirty percent less infectious disease or something -we lost the first hundred years of psychology by really trivial theories where you say how do people learn how to react to a situation -what im saying is after we go through a lot of levels including designing a huge -messy system with thousands of parts well end up again with the central problem of psychology saying not what are the situations but what are the kinds of problems -and what are the kinds of strategies how do you learn them how do you connect them up how does a really creative person invent a new way of thinking -out of the available resources and so forth so i think in the next twenty years if we can get rid of all of the traditional -it was thirty one and a quarter percent so if you really want to solve the problem of epidemics and so forth lets start with that -and since i got that idea ive had to shake hundreds of hands and -i think the only way to avoid it is to have some horrible visible disease and then you dont have to explain education how do we improve education -i think the most curious one that i came across was a case report of a woman who had an orgasm every time she brushed her teeth this was -sensory motor action of brushing her teeth was triggering orgasm and she went to a neurologist who was fascinated he checked to see if it was something in the toothpaste but no it happened with any brand -they stimulated her gums with a toothpick to see if that was doing it no it was the whole you know motion -and the amazing thing to me is that now you would think this woman would like have excellent oral hygiene -she this is what it said in the journal paper she believed that she was possessed by demons and switched to mouthwash for her oral care its -interviewed when i was working on the book i interviewed a woman who can think herself to orgasm she was part of a study at rutgers university you gotta love that -i interviewed her in oakland in a sushi restaurant and i said so could you do it right here and she said yeah but id rather finish my meal if you -but afterwards she was kind enough to demonstrate on a bench outside it was remarkable it took about one minute and i said to her are you just doing this all the time -no honestly when i get home im usually too tired -she said that the last time she had done it was on the disneyland tram -you will trigger an orgasm and it is a fact that you can trigger spinal reflexes in dead people -a certain kind of dead person a beating heart cadaver now this is somebody who is braindead legally dead definitely checked out -but is being kept alive on a respirator so that their organs will be oxygenated for transplantation now in one of these braindead people -if you trigger the right spot you will see something every now and then there is a reflex called the lazarus reflex and this is -way out on a limb and say that it is the most diverting paper ever published in the journal of ultrasound in medicine the title is observations of in utero masturbation -very unsettling for people working in -you can trigger the lazarus -in a dead person why not the orgasm reflex i asked this question to a brain death expert stephanie mann who was foolish enough to return my emails i said so -could you concievably trigger an orgasm in a dead person she said yes if the sacral nerve is being oxygenated you conceivably could -writing a book ideal marriage you know very heavy hetero guy but he wrote in this book ideal marriage he said that he could differentiate between the semen of a young man which he said had a fresh exhilarating smell -the semen of mature men whose semen smelled quote remarkably like that of the flowers of the spanish chestnut sometimes quite freshly floral and then again sometimes extremely pungent -ninety nine in the state of israel a man began hiccuping and this was one of those cases that went on and on he tried everything his friends suggested nothing seemed to help -days went by at a certain point the man still hiccuping had sex with his wife and lo and behold the hiccups went away he told his doctor who -at a certain point they suggested that unattached hiccupers could try masturbation -now on the left you can see the hand thats the big arrow and the penis on the right the hand hovering -because there is like a whole demographic unattached -married single -in the nineteen hundreds early nineteen hundreds gynecologists a lot of gynecologists believed that when a woman has an orgasm the contractions serve to -suck the semen up through the cervix and sort of deliver it really quickly to the egg thereby upping the odds of conception it was called the upsuck theory -if you go all the way back to hippocrates physicians believed that orgasm in women was not just helpful for conception but -necessary doctors back then were routinely telling men the importance of pleasuring their wives -and over here we have in the words of radiologist israel meisner the -in his book -i loved this guy i got a lot of mileage out of theodore van de velde he had this line -his book that supposedly comes from the habsburg monarchy where there was an empress maria theresa who was having trouble -i dont know on the record somewhere -was five women and outfitted them with cervical caps containing artificial semen -and in the artificial semen was a radio opaque substance such that it would show up on an x ray this is the nineteen fifties -the penis in a fashion resembling masturbation movements bear in mind this was an ultrasound so it would have been moving images -women sat in front of an x ray device and they masturbated and masters and johnson looked to see if the semen was being sucked up did not find any evidence of upsuck -you may be wondering how do you make artificial semen -i have an answer for you i have two answers you can use flour and water or cornstarch and water i actually found three separate recipes in the literature -my favorite being the one that says you know they have the ingredients listed and then in a recipe it will say for example yield two dozen cupcakes this one said yield one ejaculate -less effective at head banging their way into the egg british sexologist roy levin has speculated that -this is perhaps why men evolved to be such enthusiastic and frequent masturbators he said if i keep tossing myself off i get fresh sperm being made which i thought was an interesting -idea theory so now you have an evolutionary excuse -there is considerable evidence for upsuck in the animal kingdom -pigs for instance in denmark the danish national committee for -pig production found out that if you sexually stimulate a sow while you artificially inseminate her you will see a six percent increase in the farrowing rate which is the number of piglets produced -so they came up with this plan this five point stimulation plan for the sows and they had the farmers there is posters they put in the barn and they have a dvd and i got a copy of this dvd -this is my unveiling because i am going to show you a clip -all looks very innocent hes going to be doing things with his hands that the boar would use his snout -lacking hands okay -the boar has a very odd courtship repertoire -the weight of the -a point in this video towards the beginning where they zoom in for a close up of his hand with his wedding ring as if to say its okay its just his job -now i said when i was in denmark my host was named anne marie and i said -why dont you just stimulate the clitoris of the pig why dont you have the farmers do that thats not one of your five steps she said i have to read you what she said because i love it she said -it was a big hurdle just to get farmers to touch underneath the vulva so we thought lets not mention the clitoris right now -because as i mentioned the clitoris is inside the vagina so possibly you know a little more arousing than it looks -and i also said to her now these sows i mean you may have noticed there the sow doesnt look to be in the throes of ecstasy and she said -you cant make that conclusion because animals dont register pain or pleasure on their faces in the same way that we do they tend to -pigs for example are more like dogs they use the upper half of the face the ears are very expressive so youre not really sure whats going on with the pig primates on the other hand we use our -this is the ejaculation face of the stump tailed macaque and interestingly this has been observed in female macaques but only when mounting another female -with women a lot of this is happening inside this did not stop masters and johnson they developed an artificial coition machine this is -kind of going like this and the woman would have sex with it that is what they would do pretty amazing sadly this device has been dismantled this just kills me not because i wanted to use it i wanted to see it -one fine day -this was not idle curiosity doctor kinsey had heard and there was a theory kind of going around at the time this being the nineteen forties -that the force with which semen is thrown against the cervix was a factor in fertility -in fact he found that in three quarters of the men the stuff -just kind of slopped out it wasnt spurted or thrown or ejected under great force however the record holder landed just shy of the eight foot mark which is impressive -his name is not mentioned -in his write up in his write up of this experiment in his book kinsey wrote -two sheets were laid down to protect the oriental carpets -is my second favorite line in the entire ouevre of alfred kinsey my favorite being cheese crumbs spread before a pair of copulating rats -above the level of their injury wherever that is there is such a thing as a knee orgasm in the literature -well theres also another interesting thing i said the electronics are open source because at the heart of this printer there is something im really attached to these arduino boards the motherboard that sort of powers this printer is a project ive been working on for the past seven years its an open source project i worked with -these friends of mine that i have here so the five of us two americans two italians and a spaniard -we -with people so we worked on arduino and a lot of other projects there to create platforms that would be simple for our students to use so that our students could just build things that worked but they dont have five years to become an electronics engineer we have one month -so lets look at what happens when you make a tool that anybody can just -discussion is this example of this cat feeder the gentleman who made this project had two cats one was sick and the other one was healthy so he had to make sure they ate the proper food so he made this thing that recognizes the cat from a chip -couple of sensors a few blinking leds and then suddenly you have a tool you build something that you cannot find on the market and i like this phrase scratch your own itch if you have an idea you just go and you make it this is the equivalent of sketching on paper -done with electronics so one of the features that i think is important about our work is that our hardware on top of being made with love in italy as you can see from the back of the circuit -and you can actually use it to make something or to modify to learn you know when i was learning about programming i learned by looking at other peoples code or looking at other peoples circuits in magazines and this is a good way to learn -so you know i like this idea that hardware becomes like a piece of culture that you share and you build upon like it was a song or a poem with creative commons -or the software is gpl so its open source as well the documentation and the hands on teaching methodology is also open source and released as the creative commons just the name is protected so that we can make sure that we can tell people what is arduino and what isnt -now arduino itself is made of a lot of different open source components that maybe individually are hard to use for a twelve year old kid so arduino wraps everything together into a mashup of open source technologies where we try to give them the best user experience to get something done quickly -so you have situations like this where some people in chile decided to make their own boards instead of buying them to organize a workshop and to save money -so this idea that you can manufacture objects digitally using these machines -or there are companies that make their own variations of arduino that fit in a certain market and theres probably maybe like a one hundred and fifty of them or something at the moment -this one is made by a company called adafruit which is run by this woman called limor fried also known as ladyada who is one of the heroes of the open source hardware movement and the maker movement -so this idea that you have a new sort of turbo charged diy community that believes in open source in collaboration collaborates online collaborates in different spaces -gathered all these people and sort of put them together as a community and you see a very technical project explained in a very simple language beautifully typeset or you have websites like this one like instructables -is something that the economist magazine defined as the third industrial revolution -where people actually teach each other about anything so this one is about arduino projects the page you see on the screen but effectively here you can learn how to make a cake -and everything else so -but then somebody actually launched this start up called matternet where they figured out that you could use this to actually -transport things from one village to another in africa and the fact that this was easy to find open source easy to hack enabled them to prototype their company really quickly or other projects -actually i argue that there is another revolution going on and its the one that has to do with open source hardware and the makers movement because the printer that my friend used to print the toy -and again this is made of all different parts you can find on all the websites that sell arduino compatible parts and you assemble it into a project or this is a project from the itp part of nyu where they met with this boy who has a severe disability cannot play with the ps three so they built this device -that allows the kid to play baseball although he has limited movement capability -is actually open source so you go to the same website you can download all the files that you need in order to make -all these solenoids pressing the buttons on spray cans so you just pull it over a wall and it just writes on the wall all the political messages -that printer the construction files the hardware the software all the instruction is there -they made one hundred of them and gave them to people around japan and essentially the data that they gathered gets published on this website called cosm another website they built -so you can actually get reliable real time information from the field and you can get unbiased information -or this machine here its from the diy bio movement and its one of the steps that you need in order to process dna and again its completely open source from the ground up -or you have students in developing countries making replicas of scientific instruments that cost a lot of money to make actually they just build them themselves for a lot less using arduino and a few parts this is a ph probe -and also this is part of a large community where there are thousands of people around the world that are actually making these kinds of printers and theres a lot of innovation happening because its all open source you dont need anybodys permission to create something great -or you get kids like these kids theyre from spain they learned how to program and to make robots when they were probably like eleven and then they started to use arduino to make these robots that play football they became world champions -so the idea is that the hardware the software the design of the object the fabrication everything about this project is open source and you can make it yourself -so we want other designers to pick this up and learn how to make great devices to learn how to make interactive products by starting from something real -but when you have this idea you know what happens to all these ideas theres like thousands of ideas that i you know it would take seven hours for me to do all the presentations i will not take all the seven hours -thank you but lets start from this example so the group of people that started this company called pebble -they actually went to kickstarter and they were asking for one hundred thousand dollars -to make a few of them to sell they got ten million dollars -they got a completely fully funded start up and they dont have to you know get vcs involved or anything just excite the people with their great project -the last project i want to show you is this its called ardusat its currently on kickstarter so if you want to contribute please do it its a satellite that goes into space which is probably the least open source thing you can imagine -and that space is like the personal computer in one thousand nine hundred and seventy six like the apples with the other companies are fighting and we will see in a few years there will be the apple of this kind of market come out -and run them so imagine if you as a high school can have the satellite for a week and do satellite space experiments like that -so as i said theres lots of examples and im going to stop here and i just want to thank the arduino community for being the best and just every day -see like this one in this office you do not work and write and draw on a sheet of paper but you draw directly on a kind of huge whiteboard cave like a -scientist so you like that can make some sport during your work in this office -you do not need to go out in order to be in contact with nature you include directly the nature in the floor of the office -its a great tool for me to understand what could be our real needs -this is an inspiration image to lead this project of the office it really helped me to design it i never show it to my client he would be so offended just for my workshop -i guess it may be the revenge of the guinea pig i was but its maybe the conviction as -monkey and homunculus we are all of us need to be considered according to our real nature thank you very much -and scientists amidst complexity amidst fluctuation and uniqueness what could be our real needs maybe the -in our daily life we are continuously disturbed by aggressive sounds and you know all those kind of sound puts us in a kind of -and prevent us from being quiet and focused so i wanted to create a kind of sound -so i worked with white noise d b is basically d b is the name of the product basically a white noise diffuser -and this noise is the most neutral it is the perfect sound for our ears and our brain so when you hear this sound you feel like a kind of -shelter preserved from noise pollution and when you hear the white noise your brain is immediately focused on it -and do not be disturbed any more by the other aggressive sound it seems to be magic but it is just physiology its just in your brain and in mine i hope -so -white noise a little bit active and reactive i create a ball a rolling ball able to -a weird freak with huge hands huge mouth and a tiny bottom -feel the affect of the white noise -a loving dispute with your girl or boyfriend you shout you say blah blah blah blah blah blah who is this guy and d b will probably roll toward you and turning around you is -so you would probably shut it at this point -anyway in this same kind of approach i designed k k is a daylight receiver transmitter -so this object is supposed to be displayed on your desk or on your piano where you are supposed to spend most of your time in the day -and this object will be able to know exactly the quantity of light you receive during the day and able to give you the quantity of light you need -actually this creature is the result of the penfield research he named it homunculus basically the homunculus is the visualization of a human being where -this object is completely covered by fiber opticals and the idea of those fiber opticals is to inform the object for sure but creates the idea of an eye sensibility -of the object i want by this design feel when you see it you see instinctively this object seems to be -very sensitive very reactive and this object know better than you and probably before you what you really need -you have to know that the lack of daylight can provoke some problem of energy or problem of libido so a huge problem -most of the projects i work on i live in calibration with scientists im just a designer so i need them so there can be some biologists psychiatrists mathematicians and so on and i submit them my -and this kind of relationship between designer and scientist start when i was at school early in my studies i was guinea pig for pharmaceutical industry -and the irony for me was of course i didnt do that for the sake of science progress i just do that to make money -anyway this project or this experience make me start a new project on the design of medicine you -have to know that today roughly one or two every drug pills is not taken correctly so even -i wanted to create new kind of medicine in order to create a new kind of relationship between the patient and the treatment so i turned normal pills into this im going to give you some example -each part of the body is proportional to the surface it takes in the brain so of course homunculus is definitely not -this one is an antibiotic and its purpose is to help patient to go to the end of the treatment and the concept is to -create a kind of onion a kind of structure in layers so you start with the darkest one and -you are helped to visualize the duration of the treatment and you are helped to visualize the decrease of the infection so the first day this is the big one and -you have to peel and eat one layer a day and your antibiotic goes smaller and clearer and youre waiting for recovery as you were waiting for the christmas day and you follow the treatment like that -to the end of the treatment and here you can get the white core and it means right you are in the recovery -thank you -this one is a third lung a pharmaceutical device for long term asthma treatment i designed to help kids to following the treatment -so the idea of this one is to create a relationship between the patient of the treatment but a relationship of dependency but in this case it is not the medication that is dependent on the patient -this is the kids will feel the therapeutic object need him so the idea is -all night long the elastic skin of the third lung will slowly inflate itself including air and molecules for sure -its you its me its our invisible reality this visualization could explain for example why newborns or smokers put instinctively their fingers in the -and when the kids wake up he can see the object need him and he take him to his mouth and breath the air it contains so -the kid to take care of himself is to take care of this living object and he do not feels anymore its relies on asthma treatment as the asthma treatment needs him -of living object approach i like the idea of a kind of invisible design as if the function of the object -exists in a kind of invisible field just around the objects themselves we could talk about a kind of soul of -a ghost compelling them and almost a kind of poltergeist effect so when a passive object like this one seems to be alive because it is starting to move -and the idea was to create some self moving benches in the main exhibition room so the living benches would be exactly like the ball and john was so excited by this idea -okay lets go i remember the day of the opening i was a little bit late when i bring the ten living -and self moving benches in the exhibition room john was just -it would be a great honor a great compliment for me if he hadnt decided to take all them off two hour before the opening so -i guess you wont be surprised if i tell you that pinocchio is one of my great influences pinocchio is probably one of my best design -my favorite one because it is kind of object with a conscience able to be modified by its surroundings and able to modify it as well -the other great influence is the mines canary in coal mines this canary was supposed to -be close to the miners and it was singing all day long and when it stops it means that it just died so this canary was -leaving alarm and very efficient one a very natural technology in order to say to the miners the air is too bad you have to go its an -so its for me a great product and i tried to design a kind of canary andrea is one andrea is a -toxic gasses from air contaminated indoor air so it uses some plants to do this job selected for their gas filtering ability -you have to know or you probably already know that indoor air pollution is more toxic than outdoor one so while im talking to you -the seat you are sit on are currently emitting some invisible and odorless toxic gas sorry for that -so you are currently breathing formaldehyde its the same for me -so anyway even if i do not understand science entirely for my design i essentially refer to it im fascinated by its ability to deeply investigate the human being its way of working its way of feeling -your sofa your plastic chair your kids toys give their own invisible reality -and this one is very toxic this is the reason why i created with david edward a scientist of harvard university an object able to absorb the toxic -the roots of the plant are not very effective bill wolverton from nasa analyzed it cleverly in seventies -so the idea is to create an object able to force the air and to be in contact at the right speed at the right place in all the effective part of the plant so this is the final object it will be launch next september -this one is -the idea of this object is to be able to get at home very local food the -used to get food taken in a radius of one hundred miles local river is able to provide you food directly in your living room -so the principle of this object is to create an ecosystem called aquaponics and the aquaponics is the dirty water of the fish by a water pump feeds the plants above -and the plants will filter by the roots the dirty water of the fish after it goes back into the fish -after that you have two options or you sit down in front of it like you would do in front your tv set amazing channel -and it really helps me to understand how we see how we hear how we breathe how our brain can inform or mislead us -or you start fishing and you make some sushis with a fish and the aromatic plants -because you can grow some potatoes no not potatoes but tomatoes aromatic plants and so on so now we can breath safely now we can -local food now we can be treated by smart medicine now we can be well balanced in our biorhythm with daylight but it was important to create a perfect place so i tried to -in order to work and create so i designed for an american scientist based in paris a very stimulative -you do not work anymore at your desk like a politician your seat your sleep and your play on a big geodesic island made of leather -a -every november tens of thousands of people try to write their own fifty thousand word novel from scratch in thirty days it turns out all you have to do is write one thousand six hundred and sixty seven words a day for a month so i did -by the way the secret is not to go to sleep until youve written your words for the day you might be sleep deprived but youll finish your novel now is my book the next great american novel -no i wrote it in a month -so heres one last thing id like to mention i learned that when i made small sustainable changes things i could keep doing they were more likely to stick theres nothing wrong with big crazy challenges in fact theyre a ton of fun but theyre less likely to stick -when i gave up sugar for thirty days day thirty one looked like this -and try something new for thirty days -the idea is actually pretty simple think about something youve always wanted to add to your life and try it for the next thirty days -it turns out thirty days is just about the right amount of time to add a new habit or subtract a habit like watching the news from your life theres a few things i learned while doing these thirty day challenges -the first was instead of the months flying by forgotten the time was much more memorable this was part of a challenge i did to take a picture every day for a month and i remember exactly where i was and what i was doing that day -i also noticed that as i started to do more and harder thirty day challenges my self confidence grew i went from desk dwelling computer nerd to the kind of guy who bikes to work for fun -even last year i ended up hiking up mt kilimanjaro the highest mountain in africa i would never have been that adventurous before i started my thirty day challenges i also figured out that if you really want something badly enough you can do anything for thirty days -but one of the puzzles this has revealed is that factors like these dont seem to have a particularly strong effect yes its better to make more money rather than less or to graduate from college instead of dropping out but the differences in happiness tend to be small which leaves the question what are the big causes of happiness -i think thats a question we havent really answered yet but i think something that has the potential to be an answer is that maybe happiness has an awful lot to do with the contents of our moment to moment experiences it certainly seems that were going about our lives that what were doing who were with -what were thinking about have a big influence on our happiness and yet these are the very factors that have been very difficult in fact almost impossible for scientists to study -a few years ago i came up with a way to study peoples happiness moment to moment as theyre going about their daily lives on a massive scale all over the world something wed never been able to do before called trackyourhappiness org it uses the iphone to monitor peoples happiness in real time -how does this work basically i send people signals at random points throughout the day and then i ask them a bunch of questions about their moment to moment experience at the instant just before the signal -people want a lot of things out of life but i think more than anything else they want happiness -the idea is that if we can watch how peoples happiness goes up and down over the course of the day minute to minute in some cases and try to understand how what people are doing who theyre with what theyre thinking about and all the other factors that describe our day -how those might relate to those changes in happiness we might be able to discover some of the things that really have a big influence on happiness -weve been fortunate with this project to collect quite a lot of data a lot more data of this kind than i think has ever been collected before over six hundred and fifty thousand real time reports -from over fifteen thousand people and its not just a lot of people its a really diverse group people from a wide range of ages from eighteen to late eighty s a wide range of incomes education levels people who are married divorced widowed etc -they collectively represent every one of eighty six occupational categories and hail from over eighty countries -aristotle called happiness the chief good the end towards which all other things aim -what id like to do with the rest of my time with you today is talk a little bit about one of the areas that weve been investigating and thats mind wandering as human beings we have this unique ability to have our minds stray away from the present this guy is sitting here working on his computer and yet he could be thinking about the vacation he had last month -youve probably heard people suggest that you should stay focused on the present be here now youve probably heard a hundred times maybe to really be happy we need to stay completely immersed and focused on our experience in the moment maybe these people are right maybe mind wandering is a bad thing -according to this view the reason we want a big house -in other words maybe the pleasures of the mind allow us to increase our happiness with mind wandering -well since im a scientist id like to try to -resolve this debate with some data and in particular id like to present some data to you from three questions that i ask with track your happiness remember this is from sort of moment to moment experience in peoples real lives there are three questions the first one is a happiness question how do you feel on a scale ranging from very bad to very good -second an activity question what are you doing on a list of twenty two different activities including things like eating and working and watching tv -and finally a mind wandering question are you thinking about something other than what youre currently doing -people could say no in other words im focused only on my task or yes i am thinking about something else and the topic of those thoughts are pleasant neutral or unpleasant any of those yes responses are what we called mind wandering -or a nice car or a good job isnt that these things are intrinsically valuable its that we expect them to bring us happiness -so what did we find -this graph shows happiness on the vertical axis and you can see that bar there representing how happy people are when theyre focused on the present when theyre not mind wandering as it turns out people are substantially less happy when their minds are wandering than when theyre not -now you might look at this result and say okay sure on average people are less happy when theyre mind wandering but surely when their minds are straying away from something that wasnt very enjoyable to begin with at least then mind wandering should be doing something good for us nope as it turns out people are less happy when theyre mind wandering no matter what theyre doing -for example people dont really like commuting to work very much its one of their least enjoyable activities and yet they are substantially happier when theyre focused only on their commute than when their mind is going off to something else -its amazing so how could this be happening -i think part of the reason a big part of the reason is that when our minds wander we often think about unpleasant things and they are enormously less happy when they do that our worries our anxieties our regrets -and yet even when people are thinking about something neutral theyre still considerably less happy than when theyre not mind wandering at all even when theyre thinking about something they would describe as pleasant theyre actually just slightly less happy than when they arent mind wandering -if mind wandering were a slot machine it would be like having the chance to lose fifty dollars twenty dollars or one dollar right youd never want to play -now in the last fifty years we americans have gotten a lot of the things that we want were richer we live longer we have access to technology that would have seemed like science fiction just a few years ago -were lucky in this data we have many responses from each person and so we can look and see does mind wandering tend to precede unhappiness or does unhappiness tend to precede mind wandering to get some insight into the causal direction -as it turns out there is a strong relationship between mind wandering now and being unhappy a short time later consistent with the idea that mind wandering is causing people to be unhappy in contrast theres no relationship between being unhappy now and mind wandering a short time later -in other words mind wandering very likely seems to be an actual cause and not merely a consequence of unhappiness -a few minutes ago i likened mind wandering to a slot machine youd never want to play well how often do peoples minds wander -turns out they wander a lot in fact really a lot forty seven percent of the time people are thinking about something other than what theyre currently doing -how does that depend on what people are doing this shows the rate of mind wandering across twenty two activities ranging from a high of sixty five percent laughter when people are taking a shower brushing their teeth to fifty percent when theyre working -to forty percent when theyre exercising all the way down to this one short bar on the right that i think some of you are probably laughing at ten percent of the time peoples minds are wandering when theyre having sex -the paradox of happiness is that even though the objective conditions of our lives have improved dramatically we havent actually gotten any happier -in my talk today ive told you a little bit about mind wandering a variable that i think turns out to be fairly important in the equation for happiness -my hope is that over time by tracking peoples moment to moment happiness and their experiences in daily life well be able to uncover a lot of important causes of happiness and then in the end a scientific understanding of happiness will help us create a future thats not only richer and healthier but happier as well -maybe because these conventional notions of progress havent delivered big benefits in terms of happiness theres been an increased interest in recent years in happiness itself -people have been debating the causes of happiness for a really long time in fact for thousands of years but it seems like many of those debates remain unresolved -now this has applications everywhere whether in things like art in museums like you just saw or in the world of say advertising or print journalism -so a newspaper becomes out of date as soon as its printed and here is this mornings newspaper and we have some wimbledon news which is great now what we can do is point at the front of the newspaper -so what i have here is a wireless router my american colleagues have told me ive got to call it a router so that everyone here understands laughter but nonetheless here is the device -so now what i can do is rather than getting the instructions -theyre not very animated -so as were talking about cambridge lets now move on to technical advancements because since we started putting this technology on mobile phones less than twelve months ago the speed and the processing in these devices has grown at a really phenomenal rate -and that means that i can now take cinema quality three d models and place them in the world around me so i have one over here tamara would you like to jump in -now we have lots of people who are doing this already -and weve talked a little bit about the educational side on the emotional side we have people whove done things like -in the last twenty years its really changed the way that we live and work and the way that we see the world and whats great is we sort of think this is the next paradigm shift because now we can literally take the content that we share we discover and that we enjoy and make it a part of the world around us -its completely free to download this application if you have a good wi fi connection or three g this process is very very quick oh there we are we can save it now its just going to do a tiny bit of processing to convert that image that we just took into a sort of digital fingerprint -let me start with this what we have here is a painting of the great -poet rabbie burns and its just a normal image but if we now switch inputs over to the phone running our technology you can see effectively what tamaras seeing on the screen and when she points at this image something magical happens -i want you to imagine how we got from making objects like this to making objects like this -both exactly the same size and shape to an uncanny degree ive tried to work out which is bigger and its almost impossible -and thats because theyre both designed to fit the human hand theyre both technologies in the end their similarity is not that interesting it just tells you they were both designed to fit the human hand -made the same tool for thirty thousand generations of course there were a few changes but tools changed slower than skeletons in those days -there was no progress no innovation its an extraordinary phenomenon but its true whereas the object on the right is obsolete after five years -here in oxford in the nineteen seventies the future of the world was bleak -and more than that its a confection of different ideas the idea of plastic the idea of a laser the idea of transistors theyve all been combined together in this technology -and its this combination this cumulative technology that intrigues me because i think its the secret to understanding whats happening in the world -my bodys an accumulation of ideas too the idea of skin cells the idea of brain cells the idea of liver cells theyve come together how does evolution do cumulative combinatorial things well it uses sexual reproduction -in an asexual species if you get two different mutations in different creatures a green one and a red one then one has to be better than the other one goes extinct for the other to survive -the population explosion was unstoppable global famine was inevitable a cancer epidemic caused by chemicals in the environment was going to shorten our lives -but if you have a sexual species then its possible for an individual to inherit both mutations from different lineages so what sex does is it enables the individual to draw upon -the genetic innovations of the whole species its not confined to its own lineage whats the process thats having the same effect in cultural evolution as sex is having in biological evolution -and i think the answer is exchange the habit of exchanging one thing for another its a unique human feature -no other animal does it you can teach them in the laboratory to do a little bit of exchange and indeed theres reciprocity in other animals but the exchange of one object for another never happens as adam smith said no made ever saw a dog make a fair exchange of a bone with another -you can have culture without exchange you can have as it were asexual culture chimpanzees killer whales these kinds of creatures they have culture they teach each other traditions -which are handed down from parent to offspring in this case chimpanzees teaching each other how to crack nuts with rocks but the difference is that -these cultures never expand never grow never accumulate never become combinatorial and the reason is because there is no -sex as it were there is no exchange of ideas chimpanzee troops have different cultures in different troops theres no exchange of ideas between them -adam takes four hours to make a spear and three hours to make an axe oz takes one hour to make a spear and two hours to make an axe so oz is better at both spears and axes than adam he doesnt need adam -the acid rain was falling on the forests the desert was advancing by a mile or two a year the oil was running out and a nuclear winter would finish us off -can make his own spears and axes well no because if you think about it if oz makes two spears and adam make two axes and then they trade -then they will each have saved an hour of work and the more they do this the more true its going to be because the more they do this the better adam is going to get at making axes and the better oz is going to get at making spears -so the gains from trade are only going to grow and this is one of the beauties of exchange is it actually creates the momentum for more specialization which creates the momentum for more exchange and so on -adam and oz both saved an hour of time that is prosperity the saving of time in satisfying your needs ask yourself how long you would have to work to -how long do you actually have to work to earn an hour of reading light if youre on the average wage in britain today and the answer is about half a second -go back to this image of the axe and the mouse and ask yourself who made them and for who -axe was made by someone for himself it was self sufficiency we call that poverty these days but the object on the right was made for me by other people -none of those things happened -how many other people tens hundreds thousands you know i think its probably millions because youve to include the man who grew the coffee which was brewed for the man who was on the oil rig who was drilling for oil which was going to be made into the -and thats the way society works thats what weve achieved -and astonishingly if you look at what actually happened in my lifetime the average per capita income of the average person on the planet in real terms adjusted for inflation has -as a species in the old days if you were rich you literally had people working for you thats how you got to be rich you employed them louis xiv had a lot of people working for him they made his silly outfits like this and -they did his silly hairstyles or whatever he had four hundred and ninety eight people to prepare his dinner every night but a modern tourist going around the palace of versailles and looking at louis xivs pictures -he has four hundred and ninety eight people doing his dinner tonight too theyre in bistros and cafes and restaurants and shops all over paris and theyre all ready to serve you at an hours notice with an excellent meal thats probably got higher quality than louis xiv even -and thats what weve done because were all working for each other were able to draw upon specialization and exchange to raise each others living standards -now you do get other animals working for each other too ants are a classic example workers work for queens and queens work for workers but theres a big difference -which is that it only happens within the colony theres no working for each other across the colonies and the reason for that is because theres a reproductive division of labor -that is to say they specialize with respect to reproduction the queen does it all in our species we dont like doing that its the one thing we insist on doing for ourselves is reproduction -even in england we -so when did this habit start and how long has it been going on and what does it mean well i think probably the oldest version of this is probably the sexual division of labor but ive got no evidence for that it just looks -like the first thing we did was work male for female and female for male in all hunter gatherer societies today theres a foraging division of labor between -on the whole hunting males and gathering females it isnt always quite that simple but theres a distinction between specialized roles between males and females -and the beauty of this system is that it benefits both sides the woman knows that in the hadzas case here digging roots to share with men in exchange for -and the man knows that he doesnt have to do any digging to get roots all he has to do is make sure that when he kills a warthog its big enough to share some -and so both sides raise each others standards of living through the sexual division of labor when did this happen we dont know but its possible that neanderthals didnt do this -they were a highly cooperative species they were a highly intelligent species their brains on average by the end were bigger than yours and mine in this room today -they were imaginative they buried their dead they had language probably because we know they had the foxp two gene of the same kind as us which was discovered here in oxford and it looks like they probably had linguistic skills they were brilliant people im not dissing the neanderthals but -theres no evidence of a sexual division of labor theres no evidence of gathering behavior by females -it looks like the females were cooperative hunters with the men and the other thing theres no evidence for is exchange between groups because the -the same valley there are modern human remains from about the same date thirty thousand years ago and some of those are from local chert but more but many of them are made from obsidian from a long way away -and when human beings began moving objects around like this it was evidence that they were exchanging between groups trade is ten times as old as farming -as discovered by a team here in oxford moving one hundred and twenty five miles inland from the mediterranean in algeria and thats evidence that people have started exchanging between groups and that will have led to specialization -how did we achieve that whether you think its a good thing or not how did we achieve that how did we become the only species that becomes more prosperous as it becomes more populous -how do you know that long distance movement means trade rather than migration well you look at modern hunter gatherers like aboriginals who quarried for stone axes at a place called mt isa which was -so long distance movement of tools is a sign of trade not migration what happens when you cut people off from exchange from -the ability to exchange and specialize and the answer is that not only do you slow down technological progress you can actually throw it into reverse -an example is tasmania when the sea level rose and tasmania became an island ten thousand years ago the people on it not only experienced slower -progress than people on the mainland they actually experienced regress they gave up the ability to make tools and fishing equipment and clothing -because the population of about four thousand people was simply not large enough to maintain the specialized skills necessary -to keep the technology they had its as if the people in this room were plonked on a desert island how many of the things in our pockets could we continue to make after ten thousand years -it didnt happen in tierra del fuego similar island similar people the reason because -is separated from south america by a much narrower straight and there was trading contact across that straight throughout ten thousand years the tasmanians were isolated -go back to this image again and ask yourself not only who made it and for who but who knew how to make it -the case of the stone axe the man who made it knew how to make it but who knows how to make a computer mouse -the size of the blob in this graph represents the size of the population and the level of the graph represents gdp per capita i think to answer that question you need to understand how human beings -the president of the computer mouse company doesnt know he just knows how to run a company the person on the assembly line doesnt know because he doesnt know how to drill an oil well to get -out to make plastic and so on we all know little bits but none of us knows the -i am of course quoting from a famous essay by leonard read the economist in the nineteen fifties called i pencil in which he wrote about how a pencil came to be made and how nobody knows even how to make a pencil -because the people who assemble it dont know how to mine graphite and they dont know how to fell trees and that kind of thing and what weve done in human society through exchange and specialization is -created the ability to do things that we dont even understand -but with technology we can actually do things that are beyond our capabilities weve gone beyond the capacity of the human mind to an extraordinary degree and by the way -thats one of the reasons that im not interested in the debate about i q about whether some groups have higher i q s that other groups its completely irrelevant -whats relevant to a society is how well people are communicating their ideas and how well theyre cooperating not how clever their individuals -so weve created something called the collective brain were just the nodes in the network were the neurons in this brain -its the interchange of ideas the meeting and mating of ideas between them that is causing technological progress incrementally bit by bit however bad things happen and in the future as we go forward -we will of course experience terrible things there will be wars there will be depressions there will be natural disasters awful things will happen in this century im absolutely sure -but im also that because of the connections people are making and the ability of ideas to meet and to mate as never before -also sure that technology will advance and therefore living standards will advance because through the cloud through crowd sourcing through the bottom up world that weve created where not just the elites -bring together their brains and enable their ideas to combine and recombine to meet and indeed to mate in other words you need to understand how ideas have sex -but everybody is able to have their ideas and make them meet and mate we are surely accelerating the rate of innovation thank you -climb called the dike route on peyrat dome up in the yosemite high country the interesting thing about this climb is its not that hard -but if youre the leader on it at the hardest move youre looking at about one hundred foot fall onto some low angle slabs -so youve got to focus you dont want to stop in the middle like coleridges kubla kahn youve got to keep going -rule number five know how to rest its amazing the best climbers are the ones that in the most extreme situations can get their bodies into some position -where they can rest regroup calm themselves focus and keep going -climb in the needles again in california fear really sucks because what it means is youre not focusing on what youre doing -sort of take it straight on and they follow the most obvious solution this is the devils tower in wyoming which is a columnar basalt formation -that most of you probably know from close encouters with this typically crack climbers would put their hands in and their toes in and just start climbing -the cracks are too small to get your toes into so the only way to climb is using your fingertips in the cracks -and using opposing pressure and forcing yourself up rule number eight strength doesnt always equal success in the thirty five years ive been a climbing guide and taught on indoor walls and stuff like that the most important thing ive learned -was guys will always try to do pull ups beginning guys its like they thrash they thrash they get fifteen feet up and they can do about fifteen pull ups right and then they just flame out women -are much more in balance because they dont have that idea that theyre going to be able to do one hundred pull ups -they think about how to get the weight over their feet because its sort of natural they carry you all day long so balance is really critical and keeping your weight on your feet -which is your strongest muscle and of course there is rule number nine i came up with rule number nine after i actually didnt plan for a fall and -about forty feet and cracked a rib once you get to that point where you know its going to happen you need to start thinking about -very sure success method but really truly often you think about letting go way before your body does so hang in there and you come up with some pretty peculiar solutions -how youre going to let go because that is the critical piece of not getting hurt how youre going to -fall on to the rope or if youre climbing without a rope fall to a place where you can actually control the fall -number two hesitation is bad this is a friction climb up in tuolumne meadows in the yosemite high country friction climbing doesnt have any sort of hard positive edges -youre climbing on little dimples and nubbins in the rock the most friction you have is when you first put your hand or your -on the rock and then from that point on youre basically falling so momentum is good dont stop -rule number three have a plan this is a climb called the naked edge in el dorado canyon outside of boulder this climber is on the last pitch of it hes actually right about where i fell -often what happens is youre planning so hard for like how do i get through the hardest part how do i get through the hardest part and then what happens you get to the last pitch its easy and youre completely flamed out dont do it -you have to plan ahead to get to the top but you also cant forget that each individual move you have to be able to complete this is a -the state of -in a state where theres nothing but loving kindness -to -the training we do that with objects we think of people suffering we think of people we love but at some point it can be a state which -already been shown the bell curve shows -a lot of french intellectuals that think happiness is not at all interesting -hundred and fifty controls -and what is being looked at is the difference between the right and the left frontal lobe in very short people who have more activity in the right side -of the prefrontal -they dont describe a lot of positive -the opposite on -more tendency to -to express and curiosity and so forth so theres a basic line for people and also it can be -you see a comic movie you go off to the left side if you are happy about something youll go more to the left side if you have a bout of depression youll go to the right side -the zero point five is the full standard -who meditated on compassion its something that is totally out of -so ive no time to go into all the different scientific results hopefully they -come but they found that this is after three and a half hours in a fmri its like -on happiness and there was a controversy and someone wrote an article saying dont impose on us the dirty work -also it has been shown in other labs for instance paul ekmans labs in berkeley that some meditators are able also to control their emotional response more than it could be -guy on a chair with all this kind of apparatus measuring your physiology and theres kind of a bomb that goes off its so instinctive response that in twenty years they never saw anyone who -some meditators without trying to stop it -open thinking that that bang is just going to be just a small -so the whole point of that -not sort of to make -thing of showing exceptional -beings who can jump or whatever its more to say that mind training matters -that this is not just a luxury this is not a supplementary -vitamin for the soul -something thats going to -we are ready to spend fifteen years achieving education -we love to do jogging fitness we do all kinds of things to remain beautiful yet we spend surprisingly little -of what matters most -we dont care about being happy we need to live with passion we like the ups and downs of life we like our suffering because its so good when it ceases for -we try to do in different places -just this one example is worth a lot of work this lady with bone tb left alone in a tent -going to die with her only daughter -one year later how she is -and just i leave you with the beauty of those -and jumping monks of tibet -i guess it is a result of globalization that you can find coca cola tins on top of everest and buddhist monk in monterey -this is what i see from the balcony of my -its about two meters by three and you are all welcome any time -now lets come to -it seems that no one wakes up in the morning thinking may i -which means that somehow -directly or indirectly in the short or the long term -somehow is related to a deep profound desire for -as pascal said even the one who hangs himself somehow -is looking for cessation of -but then if you look in the literature east and west -you can find incredible diversity -only believed in remembering the past imagining the future never the present -some people say happiness is right now its the quality of the freshness of the present moment -and that led to -that would be fine if it was just a secondary preoccupation in life -but now if it is something that is going to -we better know what it is -have some -that we dont know that is why so often although we seek happiness it seems we turn our back to it although we want to avoid suffering -and so i just came two days ago from the -one of the most common ones is -happiness and pleasure but if you look at the characteristics of those two -chocolate cake -first serving is delicious second one not so much then we -of things we get tired -i used to be a fan of bach i used to play it on the -i can hear it two three five times if i had to hear it twenty four hours non stop -very tiring -if you are feeling very cold you come near a fire its so wonderful -then after some moments you just go a little back and then -uses itself -and also again it can also its something that -it is not something that is radiating outside -like you can feel intense pleasure and some others around you can be suffering -what then will be happiness and happiness of course is such -so lets say well being -and so i think the best definition according to the -not -and all the joys and sorrows that can come ones way -and to show the place where -you that might be -in a way why not -you hit the solid rock when you are surfing on the top you are all elated so you go from elation to depression theres no -now if you look at the high sea -of the ocean is -me who began with being a molecular biologist in pasteur institute and found their way to the -to have everything to be happy that very sentence already reveals the doom of destruction of happiness to have everything if we miss something it collapses -and also when things go wrong we try to fix the outside so much -look at inner conditions -we know by experience that we can be what we call in little paradise and yet be completely unhappy within -was once in portugal and there was a lot of construction going on everywhere so one evening he said look you are doing all these things but -nice also to build something within and he said unless that -even you get high tech flat on the one hundredth floor of a super modern -if you are deeply unhappy within all you are going to look for is a window from which to -so these are a few images i was lucky to -so now at the -its wonderful to live longer -to have access to information education to be able to travel to have freedom -take and be there -so then when we ask oneself how to nurture the condition for happiness -those which will undermine -so then this needs to have some experience -we have to know from ourself there are certain state of mind that are conducive to this flourishing -this well being what the -in eastern tibet wonderful -there are some which are adverse -well being -and so if we look from our own experience -anger hatred -strong grasping -they dont leave us in such a good state after we have experienced it and also they are detrimental to others happiness -so we may consider -that the more those are invading our mind and -at the opposite everyone knows deep within -that an act of selfless generosity if from the distance without anyone knowing anything about it -we could save a childs life -this is from marlboro country -such a sense of -to change our way of being to transform ones mind -those -is change possible in our emotions in our traits in our moods -for that we have to ask what is nature -and if we look from the experiential point of -there is a primary quality of consciousness thats just the mere fact to be -is like a mirror that allows all images to rise -you can have ugly faces beautiful faces in the mirror the mirror allows that -the mirror is not tainted is not modified is not altered by those images -the bare consciousness pure awareness -tainted intrinsically -hatred or jealousy because then if it was always there like a dye that would permeate the -then it would be found all the time somewhere we know were not always angry always jealous always -so because the basic fabric of consciousness is this pure cognitive quality that differentiates it from a -there is a possibility for change because all emotions are fleeting that is the ground for mind training -mind training is based on the -this is the hottest day of the year somewhere in eastern tibet on august one st and the night before -want to harm and want to do good you cannot in the same gesture shake -so there are natural antidotes -so thats the way to proceed -a kind of sense of inner freedom -opposite to intense grasping and obsession -kindness against hatred -but of course each emotion then would need a particular antidote -another way is to try to find a general antidote to all emotions -and thats by looking at the very nature -usually when we feel annoyed hatred -with someone or obsessed with something -the mind goes again and again to that object each time it goes to the object it reinforces that obsession or that -so what we need to look now is instead of looking outward we -we camped and my tibetan friends said we are going to sleep outside -itself it looks very menacing like a billowing monsoon cloud -we think we could sit on the cloud but if you go there -likewise if you look at the thought of -if you do this again and again -so this is the principal of mind training -because we -time for all those faults in our mind the tendencies to -so it will take time to unfold them as well -way to go -mind transformation that is the -meaning -why we have enough space in the -it means familiarization with a new way of being new way of perceiving things which is more an adequation with reality with interdependence with the stream and continuous transformation which our being and our consciousness -the last twenty years -thought to be more or less fixed when we reached adult age now recently it has been found that it can change a lot -we heard who has done ten thousand hours of violin practice some area that controls the movements of fingers in the brain -change a lot increasing reinforcement of the synaptic connections so -can we do that with human qualities with loving kindness -with patience with openness -so thats what those great meditators have been doing -they do like three years retreat where they do meditate twelve hours a day and then the rest of their life they will do that three or four hours a day they are real olympic champions of mind training -so now we are going to speak of happiness as a frenchman i must say that -this is the place where the -and fifty six electrodes -so what did they find -the scientific embargo -has been to submitted to nature hopefully it will be accepted -well we also learned that vasari who was commissioned to remodel the hall of the five hundred between one thousand five hundred and sixty and one thousand five hundred and seventy four by the grand duke cosimo i of the medici family we have at least two instances when he saved masterpieces specifically -by placing a brick wall in front of it and leaving a small air gap one that we see here masaccio the church of santa maria novella in florence -so we just said well maybe visari has done something like that in the case of this great work of art by leonardo since he was a great admirer of leonardo da vinci and so we built some very sophisticated radio antennas just for probing both walls and searching for an air gap -and we did find many on the right panel of the east wall an air gap and thats where we believe the battle of anghiari or at least the part that we know has been painted which is called the fight for the standard should be located -well from there -unfortunately in two thousand and four the project came to a halt many political reasons so i decided to go back to my alma mater -and at the university of california san diego and i proposed to open up a research center for engineering sciences for cultural heritage -and in two thousand and seven we created cisa three as a research center for cultural heritage specifically art architecture and archaeology so students started to flow in and we started to build technologies because thats basically what we also needed in order to move forward and go and do fieldwork -we came back in the hall of the five hundred in two thousand and eleven and this time with a great group of students -and my colleague professor falko kuester who is now the director at cisa three and we came back just since we knew already where to look for to find out if there was still something left -of what it turns out to be a reddish color black color and there is some beige fragments that later on -we ran a much more sophisticated exams xrf x ray diffraction -this great masterpiece he was -named the number one artist influence at the time -i -see here the face of the madonna of the chair that when just shining a uv light on it you suddenly see another different lady -you see the unicorn a lot has been said and written about the unicorn but if you take an x ray of the unicorn it becomes a puppy dog -and laughter no problem but unfortunately continuing with the scientific examination of this painting came out that rafael did not paint the unicorn did not paint the puppy dog actually left the painting unfinished so all this writing about the exotic symbol of the unicorn -take this example otto marseus nice painting which is still life at the pitti gallery -and just have an infrared camera peering through and luckily for art historians it just was confirmed that there is a signature of otto marseus it even says when it was made and also the location so that was a good result sometimes its not that good -in the mid seventy s there were not great opportunities for a bioengineer like me -and so again authenticity and science could go together and change the way not attributions being made but at least lay the ground for a more objective or i should rather say less subjective attribution as it is done today -and just peering through this brown layer of this masterpiece to reveal what could have been underneath -well this happens to be the most important painting we have in italy by leonardo da vinci and look at the wonderful images of faces that nobody has seen for five centuries -look at these portraits theyre magnificent you see leonardo at work you see the geniality of his creation right directly on the ground layer of the -finding i should rather say an elephant laughter because of this elephant over seventy new images came out never seen for centuries -this was an epiphany we came to understand and to prove that the brown coating that we see today was not done by leonardo da vinci which left us only the other drawing that for five centuries we were not able to see so thanks only to technology -well the tablet well we thought well -so lets say that we go to a museum with a tablet -and we just aim the camera of the tablet to -and we see the elephant -and there are a lot of figures showing up -well we believe again that this should be the beginning the very first step to do real conservation and allowing us to really explore and to understand everything related to the state of our conservation the technique materials and also if when -we should restore -well our vision is to rediscover the spirit of the renaissance create a new discipline where engineering -for cultural heritage is actually a symbol of blending art and science together we definitely need a new breed of engineers that will go out and do this kind of work and rediscover for us these values these cultural values that we badly need especially today -and if you want to summarize in one just single word well this is what were trying to do were trying to give a future to our past in order -and it was only taken up in two thousand thanks to the interest and the enthusiasm of the guinness family well this time we focused on trying to reconstruct the way the hall of the five hundred was before the remodeling and the so called sala grande which was built in one thousand four -patients could do that test themselves right no expensive staff time required takes about dollar three hundred by the way in the neurologists clinic to do it so what i want to propose to you as an unconventional way in which we can try to achieve this because you see in one sense at least we are all virtuosos like my friend jan stripling -so here we have a video of the vibrating vocal folds -now this is healthy and this is somebody making speech sounds and we can think of ourselves as vocal ballet dancers because we have to coordinate all of these vocal organs when we make sounds and we all actually have the genes for it foxp two for example and like ballet it takes an extraordinary level of training i mean just think how long it takes a child to learn to speak -we see all the same symptoms we see vocal tremor weakness and rigidity the speech actually becomes quieter and more breathy after a while and thats one of the example symptoms of it so these vocal effects can actually be quite subtle in some cases -using voice signals alone so these voice based tests how do they stack up against expert clinical tests well theyre both non invasive -the neurologists test is non invasive they both use existing infrastructure you dont have to design a whole new set of hospitals to do it -and theyre both accurate okay but in addition voice based tests are non expert that means they can be self administered theyre high speed take about thirty seconds at most theyre ultra low cost and we all know what happens when something becomes ultra low cost -it becomes massively scalable so here are some amazing goals that i think we can deal with now we can reduce logistical difficulties with patients no need to go to the clinic for a routine checkup we can do high frequency monitoring to get objective data -we can perform low cost mass recruitment for clinical trials and we can make population scale screening feasible for the first time we have the opportunity to start to search for the early biomarkers of the disease before its too late -so taking the first steps towards this today were launching the parkinsons voice initiative with aculab and patientslikeme were aiming to record a very large number of voices worldwide to collect enough data to start to tackle these four goals we have local numbers accessible to three quarters of a billion people on the planet anyone healthy or with parkinsons can call in -so dancing is one of the most human of activities we delight at ballet virtuosos and tap dancers you will see later on now ballet requires an extraordinary level of expertise -and its getting it in different circumstances that matter because then we are looking at ironing out -and a high level of skill and probably a level of initial suitability that may well have a genetic component to it now -sadly neurological disorders such as parkinsons disease gradually destroy this extraordinary ability as it is doing to my friend jan stripling who was a virtuoso ballet dancer in his time so great progress and treatment has been made over the years however there are six point three million people worldwide who have the disease -and they have to live with incurable weakness tremor rigidity and the other symptoms that go along with the disease so what we need are objective tools -to detect the disease before its too late we need to be able to measure progression objectively and ultimately the only way were going to know when we actually have a cure is when we have an objective measure that can answer that for sure -as soon as i came out of my coma i realized that i was no longer the same runner i used to be so i decided if i couldnt run myself i wanted to make sure -that others could so out of my hospital bed i asked my husband to start taking notes and a few months later the marathon was born -but at that time even during my most vulnerable condition i needed to dream big i needed something to take me out of my pain an objective to look forward to -i didnt want to pity myself -nor to be pitied -and i thought by organizing such a marathon ill be able to pay back to my community build bridges with the outside -how do you introduce the concept of running to a nation that is constantly at the brink of war how do you ask those who were once fighting and killing each other to come together and run next to each other -more than that how do you convince people to run a distance of twenty six point two miles at a time they were not even familiar with the word marathon -so we had to start from scratch for -people from mosques churches -you know lebanon as a country has been once destroyed by a long and bloody civil war honestly i dont know why they call it civil war when there is nothing civil about it -and they shared their stories in return it was honesty and transparency that brought us together we spoke one common language to each other and that was from one human to another -once that trust was built everybody wanted to be part of the marathon to show the world the true colors of lebanon and the lebanese and their desire to live in peace -all determined and when the gunfire went off -so did our political problems but for every disaster we had the marathon found ways to bring people together -in two thousand and five our prime minister was assassinated and the country came to a complete standstill -so we organized a five kilometer united we run campaign over sixty thousand people came to the start line all wearing white t shirts -with no political slogans -that was a turning point for the marathon where people started looking at it as a platform for peace and unity -between two thousand and six up to two thousand and nine our country lebanon went through unstable years invasions and more assassinations that brought us close to a civil war the country was divided again so much that our parliament resigned -with syria to the north israel and palestine to the south and our government even up till this moment is still fragmented and unstable -we had no president for a year and no prime minister but we did have a marathon -we learned that political problems can be -overcome when the opposition party decided to shut down part of the city center we negotiated alternative routes -government protesters became sideline cheerleaders they even hosted juice stations -you know the marathon has really become one of -kind it gained credibility from both the lebanese and the international community last november two thousand and twelve over thirty three thousand runners from eighty five different nationalities -themes have included runs for the environment breast cancer for the love of lebanon for peace -or just simply to run -the first annual all women and girls race for empowerment which is one of its kind in the region has just taken place only a few weeks ago with -and this is only the beginning -for years the country has been divided between politics and religion -blocks for future peace -we are now one of the largest running events in the middle east but most importantly it is a platform for hope -however -from national marathons or from national events to smaller -regional races weve seen that people want to run -for a better future after all -peacemaking is not a sprint it is more of a marathon thank you -until one fateful morning and while training -i was hit by a bus -i nearly died -thank you imagining a solo cello concert one would most likely think of johann sebastian bach unaccompanied cello suites -as a child studying these eternal masterpieces -late at night after hours of practicing i would listen to janis joplin and billie holiday as the sounds of tango music would be creeping from my parents -stereo -it all became music to me i didnt hear the boundaries -i still start every day practicing playing bach his music never ceases to sound fresh and surprising to me -but as i was moving away from the traditional classical repertoire and trying to find new ways of musical expression i realized that with todays technological resources theres no reason to limit what can be produced -at one time from a single string instrument the power and coherency that comes from one person hearing perceiving and playing all the voices -makes a very different experience -the excitement from using multi tracking the way i did in the piece you will hear next comes from -the attempt to build and create a whole universe with many diverse layers all generated from a single source -my cello and my voice are layered to create this large sonic canvas -when composers write music for me i ask them to forget what they know about the cello i hope to arrive at new territories to discover sounds i have never heard before -i want to create endless possibilities with this cello i become the medium through which the music is being channeled and in the process when all is right -the music is transformed and so am i -and so i was in kuwait recently doing a comedy show with some other american comedians they all went through and then the border patrol saw my american passport ah ha american great then he opened it up born in iran wait -asking me questions he said what is your fathers name i said well hes passed away but his name was khosro he goes what is your grandfathers name -been looking for you for two hundred years -your grandfather has a parking violation its way overdue -you owe us two billion dollars -but as you can see when i talk -i speak with an american accent which you would think as an iranian american actor i should be able to play any part good bad what have you but a lot of times in hollywood when casting directors find out youre of middle eastern descent they go oh youre iranian great can you say i will kill you in the name of -i could say that but what if i were to say hello im your doctor -go great and then you hijack the hospital -i think youre missing the point here -i dont mind playing bad guys i want to play a bad guy i want to rob a bank i want to rob a bank in a film i want to rob a bank in a film but do it with a gun with a gun not with a bomb strapped around -i imagine the director maz i think your character would rob the bank with a bomb around -gimme all your money or ill blow myself -well then blow yourself up -just do it outside please -but the fact is theres good people everywhere thats what i try and show in my stand up theres good people everywhere all it takes in one person to mess it up like a couple months ago in times square in new york -and a few months before that there was a white american guy in austin texas who flew his airplane into the irs building and i happened to be in austin that day -doing a stand up comedy show now ill tell you as a middle eastern male when you show up around a lot of these activities -you start feeling guilty at one point -i was watching the news im like am i involved -i didnt get the memo whats going on -but what was interesting was the pakistani muslim guy see he gives a bad name to muslims and middle easterners and pakistanis from all over the world and one thing that happened there was also the pakistani taliban took credit for that failed car bombing -my question is why would you take credit for a failed car bombing -we just wanted to say we tried -and furthermore -it is the thought that -what happened was when the white guy flew his plane into the building i know all my middle eastern and muslim friends in the states were watching tv going please dont be middle eastern dont -and the name came out jack im like -but i kept watching the news in case they came back they were like before he did it he -why -but the fact is ive been lucky to get a chance to perform all over the world and i did a lot of shows in the middle east i just did a seven country solo tour i was in -oman and i was in saudi arabia i was in dubai and its great theres good people everywhere and you learn great things about these places i encourage people always to go visit these places for example dubai -cool place theyre obsessed with having the biggest tallest longest as we all know they have a mall there the dubai mall it is so big they have taxis in the mall -i was walking i heard beep beep im like what are you doing here -out of my way out of my way -you want some frozen yogurt -i have one gram five gram ten gram how many gram do you want -i bought five grams ten dollars ten dollars i said whats in this hes like good stuff man columbian top of the line top of -the other thing you learn sometimes when you travel to these countries in the middle east sometimes in latin american countries south american countries a lot of times when they build stuff theres no rules and regulations -for example i took my two year old son to the playground at the dubai mall and ive taken my two year old son to playgrounds all over the united states and when you put your two year old -on a slide in the united states they put something on the slide to slow the kid down as he comes down the slide not in the middle east -i put my two year old on the slide -off i went down i go wheres my son on the third floor sir on the third -you take a taxi you go to zara make a left try the yogurt its very good little expensive -thin mustache staring at me -so i went over excuse me sir are you my driver -i -you staring at me he goes i thought you were my -with this i try with my stand up to break stereotypes present middle easterners in a positive light muslims in a positive light and i hope that in the coming years -more film and television programs come out of hollywood presenting us in a positive light who knows maybe one day well even have our own james bond -these are dilemmas i have every day -right my name is bond jamal bond -til then ill keep telling jokes i hope you keep laughing have a good day thank -but i was born in iran im now an american citizen which means i have the american passport which means i can travel -because if you only have the iranian passport youre kind of limited to the countries you can go to with open arms you know syria venezuela north korea -im like oh come on man -trying to go places -the middle east is going crazy you know the middle east is going crazy when lebanon is the most peaceful place in the region -i was in lebanon i got used to three -i went to egypt i went to say hello to this one egyptian guy -i went one two i went for three he wasnt into it -i love coming to doha its such an international place this is like it feels like the united nations just here you land at the airport and youre welcomed by an indian lady -after the revolution three so with iranians you can tell whose side the person is on based on the number of kisses they give you -americans dont know a lot about us about the middle east im iranian and american im there i know ive traveled here theres so much we laugh right people dont know we laugh when i did the axis of evil comedy tour it came out on comedy central i went online to see what people were saying about it i ended up on a conservative website one guy wrote another guy he said i never knew these people -think about it you never see us laughing in american film or television right maybe like an evil like -who takes you to al maha services where you meet a filipino lady who hands you off to a south african lady who then takes you to a korean who takes you to a pakistani guy with the luggage who takes you to the car with a sri lankan you go to the hotel and you check in theres a lebanese -and i wish more americans would travel here i always encourage my friends travel see the middle east theres so much to see so many good people and its vice versa and it helps stop problems of misunderstanding and stereotypes from happening for example i dont know if you heard about this -a little while ago in the u s there was a muslim family walking down the aisle of an airplane talking about the safest place to sit on the plane -some passengers overheard them somehow misconstrued that as terrorist talk -got them kicked off the plane it was a family a mother father child walking down the aisle talking about the seating now as a middle eastern male i know theres certain things im not supposed to say on an airplane in the u s -if youre brown -heres my advice to my brown friends -the next time youre on an airplane in the u s just speak your mother tongue -that way no one knows what youre saying life goes on -they might say whats he talking about -thank you very much have a good night thank you -i -i was on my way home from the airport i got a job im working already -actually below that yellow sign i wish they hadnt wiped that because there was coca cola -we were so much bigger than coca cola in those days and no difference the people they chose were the people we chose -well known in the community they knew that customers were always right and they were terrific and they practiced the family planning themselves so they could supply pills and condoms -wherever there were people and you can see boats with the women selling things heres the floating market selling bananas and crabs and also contraceptives wherever you find people youll find contraceptives in thailand -and then we decided why not get to religion because in the philippines the catholic church was pretty strong and thai people were buddhist we went to them and they said look could you help us im there the one in blue not the yellow holding a bowl of holy water -to sprinkle holy water on pills and condoms -for the sanctity of the family -and this picture was sent throughout the country so some of the monks in the villages were doing the same thing themselves and the women were saying no wonder we have no side effects its been -now when i was a young man forty years ago -that was their perception and then we went to teachers -you need everybody to be involved in trying to provide whatever it is that make humanity a better place -so we went to the teachers over a quarter of a million were taught about family planning with a new alphabet a b for birth c for condom i for iud v for vasectomy -education class entertainment -the country was very very poor with lots and lots and lots of people living in poverty we decided to do something about -and the kids were doing it in school too we had relay races with condoms we had childrens condom blowing championship and before long -the condom was know as the girls best friend in thailand for poor people diamonds dont make it so the condom is the girls best friend -women who practice family planning if youre pregnant take care of your pregnancy if youre not pregnant you can take a loan out from us and that was run by them and after -thirty five thirty six years its still going on its part of the village development bank its not a real bank but its a fund microcredit -we didnt need a big organization to run it it was run by the villagers themselves and you probably hardly see a thai man there its always women women women women -and then we thought wed help america because americas been helping everyone whether they want help or not -and this is on the fourth of july we decided to provide vasectomy to all men but in particular american men to the front of the queue -but we didnt begin with a welfare program -right up to the ambassadors residence during his and the hotel gave us the ballroom for it very appropriate room -and since it was near lunch time they said all right well give you some lunch of course it must be american cola you get two brands coke and pepsi and then the food is either hamburger or hotdog and i thought a hotdog will be more symbolic -and here is this then young man called willy bohm who worked for the usaid obviously hes had his vasectomy because -or a poverty reduction program but we began with a family planning program -and he was very happy it made a lot of news in america and it angered some people also i said dont worry come over and ill do the whole lot of -and what happened in all this thing -and so thats the case of everyone joining in we didnt have a strong government we didnt have lots of doctors but its everybodys job who can change attitude and behavior -then aids came along and hit thailand and we had to stop doing a lot of good things to fight aids but unfortunately the government was in denial denial denial so our -they help us in our fight against hiv -and after i gave them statistics they said yes okay you can use all the radio stations television stations and thats when we went onto the airwaves -activity sets of activities so basically no one would accept family planning if their children didnt survive so the first step get to the children get to the mothers and then follow up with family planning -and then aids education in all schools starting from university and these are high school kids teaching high school kids and the best teachers -not the boys and they were terrific and these girls who go around teaching about safe sex and hiv were known as mother theresa -and then we went down one more step these are primary school kids third fourth grade going to every household in the village every household in the whole of thailand -giving aids information and a condom to every household given by these young kids and no parents objected because we were trying to save lives and this -was a lifesaver and we said everyone needs to be involved so you have the companies also realizing that sick staff dont work and dead customers dont buy so they all trained and then we have this captain condom with his -going to schools and night spots and they loved him you need a symbol of something in every country every program you need a symbol and this is probably the best thing -and then we gave condoms out everywhere on the streets everywhere everywhere in taxis you get condoms and also in traffic the policemen give you condoms our cops and -can you imagine new york policemen giving out condoms -of course i can and theyd enjoy it immensely i see them standing around right now everywhere imagine if they had condoms giving out to all sorts of people -and then new change we had hairbands clothing and the condom for your mobile phone during the rainy season -and these were the condoms that we introduced -one says weapon of mass protection we found you know somebody here was searching for the weapon of mass destruction but we have found the weapon of mass protection the condom -and then it says here with the american flag dont leave home without it but i have some to give out afterward but let me warn you these are thai sized so be very careful -so you can see that condoms -can do so many things look at this i gave this -to bill senior also stop global warming use condoms -and then this is the picture i mentioned to -the weapon of mass protection and let the next olympics save some lives why just run around -and then finally in thailand were buddhist we dont have a god so instead we say in rubber we trust -so you can see that we added everything to our endeavor to make life better for the people -we had condoms in all the refrigerators in the hotels and the schools because alcohol impairs judgment and then what happened after all this time everybody joined in -according to the u n new cases of hiv declined by ninety percent and according to the world bank seven point seven million lives -saved otherwise there wouldnt be many thais walking around today so it just showed you you could do something about it ninety percent of the funding came from thailand there was political commitment some financial commitment and everybody joined in -the fight so just dont leave it to the specialists and doctors and nurses we all need to help and then we decided to help people out of poverty now that we got -somewhat out of the way this time not with government alone but in cooperation with the business community because poor people are business people who -business skills and access to credit those are the things to be provided by the business community were trying to turn them into barefoot entrepreneurs little business people the only way out of poverty -through business enterprise so that was done the money goes from the company into the village via tree planting its not a free gift -they plant the trees and the money goes into their microcredit fund which we call the village development bank everybody joins in and they feel they own the -because they have brought the money in and before you can borrow the money you need to be trained and we believe if you want to help the poor those who are living in poverty access to credit must be a human right -access to credit must be a human right otherwise theyll never get out of poverty and then before getting a loan you must be trained heres what we call a barefoot -teaching people how to do business so that when they borrow money theyll succeed with the business these are some of the businesses mushrooms crabs -vegetables trees fruits and this is very interesting nike ice cream and nike biscuits this is a village sponsored by nike they said they should stop making shoes and clothes make these better because we can afford them -we said lets do it the women said we agree well use pills but we need a doctor to prescribe the pills -and then we have silk -thai silk now were making scottish tartans as you can see on the left -to sell to all people of scottish ancestors so anyone sitting in and watching tv get in touch with me -and then this is our answer to starbucks in thailand coffee and condoms see starbucks you awake we keep you awake and alive -can you imagine at every starbucks that you can also get condoms -and then now finally in education we want to change the school as being underutilized into a place where its a lifelong learning center for everyone we call this our school based integrated rural development and its a center a focal point -for economic and social development re do the school make it serve the community needs and here -a bamboo building all of them are bamboo this is a geodesic dome made of bamboo and im sure buckminster fuller would be very very proud to see a bamboo geodesic dome -and we had very very few doctors we didnt take no as an answer we took no as a question we went to the nurses and the midwives who were also women and did a fantastic job at explaining how to use the pill -and we use vegetables around the school ground so they raise their own vegetables and then finally i firmly believe -if we want the mdgs to work the millennium development goals we need to add family planning to it of course child mortality first -and then family planning everyone needs family planning service its underutilized so we have now found the weapon of mass protection and we also ask the next olympics to be involved -in saving lives and then finally that is our network and these -thats what psychologists call an aha moment that was the moment i realized thirty is not the new twenty -that was when i realized that this sort of benign neglect was a real problem and it had real consequences not just for alex and her love life but for the careers and the families and the futures of twentysomethings everywhere -there are fifty million twentysomethings in the united states right now were talking about fifteen percent of the population -or one hundred percent if you consider that no ones getting through adulthood without going through their twenty s first -raise your hand if youre in your twenty s i really want to see some twentysomethings here oh yay yalls awesome if you work with twentysomethings you love a twentysomething youre losing sleep over twentysomethings i want to see okay awesome twentysomethings really matter -that claiming your twenty s is one of the simplest yet most transformative things you can do for work for love -for your happiness maybe even for the world -this is not my opinion these are the facts -we know that the brain caps off its second and last growth spurt in your twenty s as it rewires itself for adulthood which means that whatever it is you want to change about yourself -now alex walked into her first session wearing jeans and a big slouchy top -and we know that female fertility peaks at age twenty eight and things get tricky after age thirty five -so your twenty s are the time to educate yourself about your body and your options -so when we think about child development we all know that the first five years are a critical period for language and attachment in the brain its a time when your ordinary day to day life has an inordinate impact on who you will become -and she dropped onto the couch in my office and kicked off her flats and told me she was there to talk about guy problems -but what we hear less about is that theres such a thing as adult development and our twenty s are that critical period of adult development -but this isnt what twentysomethings are hearing newspapers talk about the changing timetable of adulthood -researchers call the twenty s an extended adolescence -leonard bernstein said that to achieve great things you need a plan and not quite enough time -nothing happens you have robbed that person of his urgency and ambition and absolutely nothing -now when i heard this i was so relieved my classmate -or they say everybody says as long as i get started on a career by the time im thirty ill be fine -but then it starts to sound like this -my twenty s are almost over and i have nothing to show for myself -i had a better resume the day after i graduated from college -and then it starts to sound like this -dating in my twenty s was like musical chairs everybody was running around and having fun but then sometime around thirty it was like the music turned off and everybody started sitting down i didnt want to be the only one left standing up so sometimes i think i married my husband because he was the closest chair to me at thirty -many of these things are incompatible and as research is just starting to show -the post millennial midlife crisis isnt buying a red sports car its realizing you cant have that career you now want its realizing you cant have that child you now want or you cant give your child a sibling -too many thirtysomethings and fortysomethings look at themselves and at me sitting across the room and say about their twenty s what was i doing what was i thinking -i want to change what twentysomethings are doing and thinking heres a story about how that can go its a story about a woman named emma -at twenty five emma came to my office because she was in her words having an identity crisis she said she thought she might like to work in art or entertainment but she hadnt decided yet so shed spent the last few years waiting tables instead -because it was cheaper she lived with a boyfriend who displayed his temper more than his ambition -and as hard as her twenty s were her early life had been even harder -she often cried in our sessions but then would collect herself by saying you cant pick your family but you can pick your friends -well one day emma comes in and she hangs her head in her lap and she sobbed for most of the hour -shed just bought a new address book and shed spent the morning filling in her many contacts but then shed been left staring at that empty blank that comes after the words in case of emergency please call -she was nearly hysterical when she looked at me and said whos going to be there for me if i get in a car wreck -whos going to take care of me if i have cancer -now in that moment it took everything i had not to say i will -but what emma needed wasnt some therapist who really really cared emma needed a better life and i knew this was her chance -i had learned too much since i first worked with alex to just sit there while emmas defining decade went parading by -so over the next weeks and months i told emma three things that every twentysomething male or female deserves to hear -first i told emma to forget about having an identity crisis and get some identity capital -by get identity capital i mean do something that adds value to who you are -do something thats an investment in who you might want to be -i didnt know the future of emmas career and no one knows the future of work but i do know this -identity capital begets identity capital -so now is the time for that cross country job that internship that startup you want to try -im not discounting twentysomething exploration here but i am discounting exploration thats not supposed to count -which by the way is not exploration -second i told emma that the urban tribe is overrated best friends are great for giving rides to the airport but twentysomethings who huddle together with like minded peers limit who they know -and as far as i could tell she was right work happened later marriage happened later kids happened later even death happened later twentysomethings like alex and i had nothing but time -what they know how they think -how they speak and where they work -that new piece of capital that new person to date almost always comes from outside the inner circle new things come from what are called our weak ties -our friends of friends of friends -half of new jobs are never posted so reaching out to your neighbors boss is how you get that un posted job -its not cheating its the science of how information spreads -i told emma the time to start picking your family is now -now you may be thinking that thirty is actually a better time to settle down than twenty or even twenty five -and i agree with you but grabbing whoever youre living with or sleeping with when everyone on facebook starts walking down the aisle is not progress -the best time to work on your marriage is before you have one and that means being as intentional with love as you are with work picking your family is about consciously choosing who and what you want -rather than just making it work or killing time with whoever happens to be choosing you -so what happened to emma well we went through that address book and she found an old roommates cousin who worked at an art museum in another state that weak tie helped her get a job there that job offer gave her the reason to leave that live in boyfriend -now five years later shes a special events planner for museums shes married to a man she mindfully chose she loves her new career she loves her new family and she sent me a card that said now the emergency contact blanks dont seem big enough -but before long my supervisor pushed me to push alex about her love life i pushed back -bound for somewhere west -right after takeoff a slight change in course is the difference between landing in alaska or fiji likewise at twenty one or twenty five or even twenty nine -one good conversation one good break one good ted talk can have an enormous effect across years and even generations to come -so heres an idea worth spreading to every twentysomething you know -its as simple as what i learned to say to alex its what i now have the privilege of saying to twentysomethings like emma -i said sure shes dating down -shes sleeping with a knucklehead but its not like shes going to marry -and then my supervisor said not yet -but she might marry the next one -the problem is of course there arent enough women in newsrooms they reported just thirty seven percent of stories in print tv and radio even in stories on gender based violence -men get an overwhelming majority of print space and airtime case in point -this march the new york times ran a story by james mckinley about a gang rape of a young girl eleven years old in a small texas town mckinley writes that the communitys wondering how could their boys have been drawn into this -drawn into this like they were seduced into committing an act of violence and the first person he quotes says these boys will have to live with this the rest of their lives -your stories are constructed as reporters we research we interview we try to give a good picture of reality we also have our own unconscious biases but the times makes it sound like anyone would have reported this story the same way -i disagree with that -so three weeks later the times revisits the story this time it adds another byline to it with mckinleys erica -perhaps the addition of ms goode is what made this story more complete -the global media monitoring project has found that stories by female reporters are more likely to challenge stereotypes than those by male reporters -so for her graduate work she did a three part series on the murder of eleven women found buried on albuquerques west mesa -she tried to challenge those patterns and stereotypes in her work and she tried to show the challenges that journalists face from external sources their own internal biases and cultural norms and she worked with an editor at national public radio to try to get a story aired nationally -shes not sure that would have happened if the editor had not been a female -stories in the news are more than twice as likely to present women as victims than men and women are more likely to be defined by their body parts -texas state university professor cindy royal wondered in her blog how are young women like her students supposed to feel about their roles in technology reading wired chris anderson the editor of wired defended his choice and said there arent enough women prominent women in technology to sell a cover to sell an issue -part of that is true there arent as many prominent women in technology heres my problem with that argument media tells us every day whats important by the stories they choose and where they place them its called agenda setting -by the way apparently wired took all this to heart -this was its issue in april laughter thats limor fried the founder of adafruit industries in the rosie the riveter pose -it would help to have more women in positions of leadership in the media a recent global survey found that seventy three percent of the top media management jobs are still held by men but this is also about something far more complex our own unconscious biases and blind spots -shankar vedantam is the author of the hidden brain how our unconscious minds elect presidents control markets wage wars and save our lives -but he did have one suggestion he used to work for two editors who said every story had to have at least one female source -we make up half the population of the world but were just twenty four percent of the news subjects quoted in news stories -the dallas morning news won a pulitzer prize in one thousand nine hundred and ninety four for a series it did on women around the world but one of the reporters told me shes convinced it never would have happened if they had not had a female assistant foreign editor -and they would not have gotten some of those stories without female reporters and editors on the ground particularly one on female genital mutilation men would just not be allowed into those situations -this is an important point to consider because much of our foreign policy now revolves around countries where the treatment of women is an issue such as afghanistan -what were told in terms of arguments against leaving this country is that the fate of the women is primary -now im sure a male reporter in kabul can find women to interview not so sure about rural traditional areas where im guessing women cant talk to strange men -its important to keep talking about this in light of lara logan -she was the cbs news correspondent who was brutally sexually assaulted in egypts tahrir square right after this photo was taken almost immediately pundits weighed in blaming her and saying things like you know maybe women shouldnt be sent to cover those stories -and were just twenty percent of the experts quoted in stories and now with todays technology its possible to remove women from the picture completely this is a picture of president barack obama and his advisors tracking the killing of osama bin laden you can see hillary clinton on the right -i never heard anyone say this about anderson cooper and his crew who were attacked covering the same story -but this is not just a job for super journalists or my organization you all have a stake in a strong vibrant media -remember a complete picture of reality may depend upon it and ill leave you with a video clip that i first saw in two thousand and seven when i was a student in london its for the guardian newspaper its actually long before i ever thought about becoming a journalist but i was very interested in how we learn to perceive our world -seen from another point of view it gives quite a different impression but its only when you get the whole picture you can fully understand -but i think as a community we still have a lot to learn its staggering if you think about coca cola they sell one point five billion servings every single day -thats like every man woman and child on the planet having a serving of coke every week so why does this matter -well if were going to speed up the progress and go even faster on the set of millennium development goals that were set as a world we need to learn from the innovators and those innovators come from every single sector -i feel that if we can understand what makes something like coca cola ubiquitous we can apply those lessons then for the public good -i think there are really three things we can take away from coca cola they take real time data and immediately feed it back into the product -my favorite parts of my job at the gates foundation is that i get to travel to the developing world and i do that quite regularly and when i meet the mothers in so many of these remote places im really struck by the things that we have in common -they tap into local entrepreneurial talent and they do incredible marketing so lets start with the data -coke has a very clear bottom line they report to a set of shareholders they have to turn a profit so they take the data and they use it to measure progress -they have this very continuous feedback loop they learn something they put it back into the product they put it back into the market they have a whole team called knowledge and insight its a lot like other consumer companies -so if sales start to drop then the person can identify the problem and address the issue -lets contrast that for a minute to development -in development the evaluation comes at the very end of the project ive sat in a lot of those meetings and by then it is way too late to use the data -i had somebody from an ngo once describe it to me as bowling in the dark they said you roll the ball you hear some pins go down its dark you cant see which one goes down until the lights come on and then you an see your impact -real time data -turns on the lights so -they couldnt reach the distant markets because they had a system that was a lot like in the developed world which was a large truck rolling down the street and in africa the remote places its hard to find a good road -but coke noticed something they noticed that local people were taking the product buying it in bulk and then reselling it in these hard to reach places and so they took a bit of time to learn about that -and those local entrepreneurs then hire sales people who go out with bicycles and pushcarts and wheelbarrows to sell the product -there are now some three thousand of these centers employing about fifteen thousand people in africa in tanzania and uganda they represent ninety percent -they want what we want for our children and that is for their children to grow up successful to be healthy and to have a successful life -of cokes sales lets look at the development side what is it that governments and ngos can learn from coke -i think a great example of this is ethiopias new health extension program -the government noticed in ethiopia that many of the people were so far away from a health clinic they were over a days travel away from a health clinic so if youre in an emergency situation or if youre a mom about it deliver a baby forget it to get to the health care center -they decided that wasnt good enough so they went to india and studied the indian state of kerala that also had a system like this and they adapted it for ethiopia -and in two thousand and three the government of ethiopia started this new system in their own country they trained thirty five thousand health extension workers to deliver care directly to the people -now think about how this can change peoples lives -health extension workers can help with so many things whether its family planning prenatal care immunizations for the children or advising the woman to get to the facility on time for an on time delivery -but i also see lots of poverty and its quite jarring -that is having real impact in a country like ethiopia and its why you see their child mortality numbers coming down twenty five percent from two thousand to two thousand and eight -in ethiopia there are hundreds of thousands of children living because of this health extension worker program -so whats the next step for ethiopia well theyre already starting talk about this theyre starting to talk about how do you have the health community workers generate their own ideas -how do you incent them based on the impact that theyre getting out in those remote villages thats how you tap into local entrepreneurial talent and you unlock peoples potential -the third component of cokes success is marketing ultimately cokes success depends on one crucial fact -and that is that people want a coca cola -now the reason these micro entrepreneurs can sell or make a profit is they have to sell every single bottle in their pushcart or their wheelbarrow so they rely on coca cola -both in the scale and the scope of it my first trip in india i was in a persons home where they had dirt floors no running water no electricity and thats really what i see all over the world -in terms of its marketing and whats the secret to their marketing well its aspirational it is associates that product with a kind of life that people want to live -so even though its a global company they take a very local approach -cokes global campaign slogan is open happiness but they localize it and they dont just guess what makes people happy -they go to places like latin america and they realize that happiness there is associated with family life and in south africa they associate happiness with or community respect -now that played itself out in the world cup campaign lets listen to this song that coke created for it wavin flag by a somali hip hop artist -it reminds me of a song that i remember from my childhood id like to teach the world to -also went number one on the pop charts -both songs have something in common that same appeal of celebration and unity -so in short im startled by all the things that they dont -so how does health and development market -well its based on avoidance not aspirations im sure youve heard some of these messages use a condom dont get aids wash you hands you might not get diarrhea -it doesnt sound anything like wavin flag to me and i think we make a fundamental mistake we make an assumption that we think that if people need something -we dont have to make them want that and i think thats a mistake and theres some indications around the world that this is starting to change one example is sanitation -we know that a million and a half children die a year from diarrhea and a lot of it is because of open defecation but theres a solution you build a toilet -but what were finding around the world over and over again is if you build a toilet and you leave it there it doesnt get used people reuse it for a slab for their home they sometimes store grain in it ive even seen it used for a chicken coop -but what does marketing really entail that would make a sanitation solution get a result in diarrhea -but i am surprised by one thing that they do have -you work with the community you start to talk to them about why open defecation is something that shouldnt be done in the village and they agree to that but then you take the toilet and you position it as a modern trendy convenience -one state in northern india has gone so far as to link toilets to courtship and it works look at these headlines -im not kidding women are refusing to marry men without toilets no loo no i do now -theyre waiting to be circumcised can you you believe that -coke is everywhere in fact when i travel to the developing world coke feels ubiquitous -we know that circumcision reduces hiv infection by sixty percent in men and when we first heard this result inside the foundation i have to -so if we can start to understand -what people really want in health and development -we can change communities and we can change whole nations -lets talk about what happens when this all comes together when you tie the three things together -and polio i think is one of the most powerful examples weve seen a ninety nine percent reduction in polio in twenty years -and so when i come back from these trips and im thinking about development and im flying home and im thinking were trying to deliver condoms to people or vaccinations you know cokes success -lets look at a country like india they have over a billion people in this country -but they have thirty five thousand local doctors who report paralysis and clinicians a huge reporting system in chemists they have two and a half million vaccinators -but let me make the story a little bit more concrete for you let me tell you the story of shriram an eighteen month boy in bihar a northern state in india this year on august eighth he felt paralysis and on the thirteenth his parents took him to the doctor -on august fourteenth and fifteenth they took a stool sample and by the twenty fifth of august it was confirmed he had type one polio by august thirtieth a genetic test was done and we knew what strain of polio shriram had -now it could have come from one of two places it could have come from nepal just to the north across the border or from jharkhand a state just to the south -luckily the genetic testing proved that in fact this strand came north because had it come from the south it would have had a much wider impact in terms of transmission so many more people would have been affected -so whats the endgame well on september fourth there was a huge mop up campaign which is what you do in polio they went out and where shriram lives they vaccinated two million people -so in less than a month we went from one case of paralysis to a targeted vaccination program and im happy to say only one other person in that area got polio -thats how you keep a huge outbreak from spreading and it shows what can happen when local people have the data in their hands they can save lives -stops and makes you wonder how is it that they can get coke to these far flung places if they can do that why cant governments and ngos do the same thing and im not the first person to ask this question -now one of the challenges in polio still is marketing but it might not be what you think its not the marketing on the ground its not telling the parents if you see paralysis take your child to the doctor or get your child vaccinated -we have a problem with marketing in the donor community the g eight nations have been incredibly generous on polio over the last twenty years -but were starting to have something called polio fatigue and that is that the donor nations arent willing to fund polio any longer so by next summer were sighted to run out of money on -so we are ninety nine percent of the way there on this goal and were about to run short of money -and i think that if the marketing were more aspirational if we could focus as a community on how far weve come and how amazing it would be to eradicate this disease -we could put polio fatigue and polio behind us and if we could do that we could stop vaccinating everybody worldwide in all of our countries for polio and it would only be the second disease ever wiped off the face of the planet -and we are so close and this victory is so possible -so if cokes marketers came to me and asked me to define happiness id say my vision of happiness is a mother holding healthy baby in her arms -to me that is deep happiness -that happiness can be just as ubiquitous as coca cola thank you -and that your engineering is engaging -first question to answer for us so what tell us why your science is relevant to us dont just tell me that you study trabeculae but tell me that you study trabeculae which is the mesh like structure of our bones because its important to understanding and treating osteoporosis -and when youre describing your science -instead as einstein said make everything as simple as possible but no simpler you can clearly communicate your science without compromising the ideas -a few things to consider are having examples stories and analogies those are ways to engage and excite us about your content and when presenting your work -drop the bullet points have you ever wondered why theyre called bullet points laughter what do bullets do bullets kill and they will kill your presentation -a slide like this is not only boring but it relies too much on the language area of our brain and causes us to become overwhelmed -instead this example slide by genevieve brown is much more effective its showing that the special structure of trabeculae are so strong that they actually inspired the unique design of the eiffel tower -and the trick here is to use a single readable sentence that the audience can key into if they get a bit lost and then provide visuals which appeal to our other senses and create a deeper sense of understanding of whats being described -so i think these are just a few keys that can help the rest of us to open that door and see the wonderland that is science and engineering and because the engineers that ive worked with have taught me to become really in touch with my inner nerd i want to summarize with an equation laughter take your science -subtract your bullet points and your jargon -divide by relevance meaning share whats relevant to the audience -and i was scared laughter really scared scared of these students with their big brains and their big books and their big unfamiliar words but as these conversations unfolded i experienced what alice must have when she went down that rabbit hole and saw that door to a whole new world -thats just how i felt as i had those conversations with the students i was amazed at the ideas that they had and i wanted others to experience this wonderland as well and i believe the key to opening that door is great communication -we desperately need great communication from our scientists and engineers in order to change the world our scientists and engineers are the ones that are tackling our grandest challenges from energy to environment to health care among others -and if we dont know about it and understand it then the work isnt done and i believe its our responsibility as non scientists to have these interactions -but these great conversations cant occur if our scientists and engineers dont invite us in to see their wonderland so scientists and engineers please talk nerdy to us -i want to share a few keys on how you can do that to make sure that we can see that your science is sexy -im a blogger which probably to a lot of you means different things you may have heard about the kryptonite lock -sort of brouhaha where a blogger talked about how you hack or break into a kryptonite lock using a ballpoint pen and it spread all over kryptonite had to adjust the lock and they had to address it to -so -not typesetted on a old typewriter its on word so bloggers exposed this or they worked hard to expose this -you know blogs are scary this is what you see i see this and im sure scared and i swear on stage shitless about blogs because this is not something thats friendly but there are blogs that -changing the way we read news and consume media and you know these are great examples these people are reaching thousands if not millions of readers and thats incredibly important -you know we had during the hurricane you have msnbc posting about the hurricane on their blog updating it frequently this was possible because of the easy nature of blogging tools -you know you have my friend who has a blog on digital on pdrs personal recorders -he makes enough money just by running ads to support his family up in oregon thats all he does now and this is something that blogs has made possible and then you have something like this which is interplast its a wonderful organization -of people and doctors who go to developing nations to offer plastic surgery to those who need it so children with cleft palates they will get it and they document their story this is wonderful i am not -caring -thats what i am im a blogger i -i wasnt happy with my job because i was a designer but i wasnt being really stimulated i was an english major in college i didnt have any use for it but i missed writing -so i started to write a blog and i started to create things like these little stories and this was an illustration about my camp experience when i was eleven years old -and how i went to a ymca camp christian camp and basically by the end i had made my friends hate me so much that i hid in a bunk they couldnt find me they sent a search party and i overheard people saying -they wish i had killed myself jumped off bible peak so you can laugh this is ok this is who makes this is me this is what happened to me -and when i started my blog it was really this one goal i wanted i realized i said you know i am not going to be famous to the world but i could be famous to people on the internet -and i set a goal i said im going to win an award because i had never won an award in my entire life and i said im going to win this award the south by southwest weblog award and i -reached all of these people and i had tens of thousands of people reading about my life everyday and then i wrote a post about a banjo -i wrote a post about wanting to buy a banjo a three hundred dollar banjo which is a lot of money and i dont play instruments i dont know anything about music i like music and i -and i think i probably heard steve martin playing and i said i could do that and i said i said to my husband i said ben can i buy a banjo and hes like no and my -he told me you cannot buy a banjo this is youre just like your dad who buys who collects instruments and -i wrote a post about how i was so mad at him he was such a tyrant he would not let me buy this banjo and for those people who know me understood my joke this is mena this is how i make a joke at people because -the joke in this is that this person is not a tyrant this person is so loving and so sweet that he lets me dress him up and post pictures of him to my blog -if he knew i was showing this right now i put this in today he would kill me but the thing was i wrote this and my friends read it and theyre like oh that mena she wrote a post about you know wanting a stupid thing and being stupid -more nerve wracking but then i started thinking about my family i started thinking about my father and my grandfather and my great grandfather and i realized that -but i got emails from people that said oh my god your husband is such an asshole how much money does he spend on beer in a year -ok what who are these people and why are they reading this and i realized i dont want to reach these people i dont want to write for this public audience -and i started to kill my blog slowly im like i dont want to write this anymore and i slowly and slowly and i did tell personal stories from time to then i wrote this one and i put this up because of einstein today -personal that interests me and this is you know this is who who i am you know you see norman rockwell and you have art critics say you know norman rockwell is not art norman rockwell hangs in living rooms and bathrooms and this is not -something to be considered high art and i think this is like one of the most important things to us as you know humans -these things resonate to us and you know if you think about blogs you think of high art blogs the history paintings about you know -all biblical stories and then you have this these are the blogs that interest me the people that just tell stories and one story is about this baby and his name is odin and his father was a blogger -and he was writing his blog one day and his wife gave birth to her baby twenty five at twenty five weeks and he never expected this one day it was normal one day then the next day it was hell -all of these teds going through my blood -and this is a one pound baby and so odin was documented every single day pictures were taken every day day one day two you know you have day nine theyre talking about his apnea -thirty nine he gets pneumonia this his baby is so small and ive never encountered such a just -hes having failures breathing failures and heart failures and its slowing down and you dont know what to expect but then it gets better you know day ninety six he goes home -you see this post thats not something that youre going to see in a paper or a magazine but this is something that this person feels and people are excited about it you know twenty eight comments thats not a huge amount of people reading but twenty eight people matter -i had to be consider this my element so -and today he is a healthy baby who you know if you read his blog its snowdeal org his fathers blog he -so blogs you know so what youve probably heard these thing before we talked about the well and we talked about all these sort of things throughout our online history but i think blogs are basically just an evolution -and thats where we are today its this record of who you are your persona you have your google search where you say hey what is mena trott and then you find these things and youre happy or unhappy -but then you also find peoples blogs and those are the records of people that are writing daily not necessarily about the same topic but things that interest to them -we talk about the world flattens as being this panel and i am very optimistic whenever i think about blogs im like oh weve got to reach all these people millions and hundreds of millions and billions of people -the life record of a blog is something that i find incredibly important and we started with a slide of my -but you know this is basically the extent of the family that i know in terms of my direct line and i showed a norman rockwell painting before and this one -i grew up with looking at constantly i would spend hours looking at just the connections saying oh the little kid at the top has red hair so does that first generation up there and just these little things you know this is not -science but this was enough for me to be really so interested about how we have evolved and how we can trace our line -this is all i have i have a couple of facts about somebody i have their date of birth and their age and what they did in their household if they spoke english and thats it thats all i know of these people -which i really was appalled by and because i wanted to impress -and its pretty sad because how i only go back five generations and then its it i dont even know what happens on my moms side because shes from cuba and i dont have that many things -this is my great great grandmother this is the only picture i have and to think of what we have the ability to do with our blogs -photo that has greatly influenced me or a series of photos is this project thats done by an argentinean man or his and his wife and hes basically taking a picture of his family every day -for the past what is seventy six twenty oh my god im seventy seven twenty nine years twenty nine years -a joke originally about my graph that i left out is that you see all this math im just happy i was able to add it up to one hundred because thats my skill set -you all with slides since i saw the great presentations yesterday with graphs i made a graph that moves -so this you have you have these people aging and now this is them today or last year -a powerful thing to have to be able to track this i wish that i would have this of my family i know that -one day my children will be wondering or my grandchildren or my great grandchildren if i ever have children what i am going to -who i was and so i do something thats very narcissistic i am a blogger that is an amazing thing for me because it captures a moment in time every day i take a picture of myself ive been doing this since last year -and i talk about the makeup of me -because there are bad pictures -not to be there and so you see these things its not just always smiling now ive kind of evolved it so i have this look if you look at my drivers license i have the same look and its its a pretty -so this woman her name was emma and she was a blogger on our service typepad and she was a beta tester so she was there right when we opened you know there was one hundred people -and she wrote about her life dealing with cancer and she was writing and writing and writing and we all started reading it because we had so few blogs on the service we could keep track of everyone and she was writing one day and you know then she disappeared for a little bit -so so besides this freakish thing this is my science slide so this is math and this is science this is genetics this is my grandmother -and her sister came on -and she said that that emma had passed away and all of our support staff who had talked to her were were really emotional and it was a very hard day at the company -and it was this was one of those instances where i realized how much blogging affects our relationship and flattening this sort of world that this woman is in england and she lives -she lived a life where she was talking about her what she was doing but the big thing that -really influenced us was her sister wrote to me and she said you know and she wrote on this blog that writing her blog during the last couple of months of her life was probably the best thing that had happened to her and being able to talk to people being able to share -what was going on and being able to write and receive comments and that was amazing to be able to know that we had empowered that and that -blogging was something that she felt comfortable doing and that the idea that blogging doesnt have to be scary that we dont always have to be attack of the blogs that we can be people who are open and wanting to help and talk to people that was an amazing thing and -and this is where i get this mouth -and so i printed out her or i sent a pdf of her blog to her family and they passed it out at her memorial service and even in her her obituary they mentioned her blog because it was such a big part of her life and thats a huge thing -so thats this is her legacy and i think that my call to action to all of you is you know think about blogs think about what they are think about what youve thought of them you know and then -actually do it because its something that is really going to change our lives so thank you -a political tool so thats the update about this game -its like a training of their citizenship preparing for future democracy but it didnt change the chinese political system and also the chinese central government utilized this centralized -so whats the future -it prevents weird things from the north same was true for china -and also like facebook and google they claim they are friends of the mouse but sometimes we see them dating the cats -so my conclusion is very simple we chinese fight for our freedom you just watch your bad cats dont let them hook up with the chinese cats -only in this way in the future we will achieve the dreams of the mouse that we can tweet anytime anywhere without fear -thats the biggest digital boundary in the whole world its not only to defend the chinese regime from overseas from the universal values but also to prevent chinas own citizens to access the global free internet and even separate themselves into blocks not -united so basically the internet -the past several days -but we also use a very simple metaphor the cat and the mouse game to describe in the past fifteen years the continuing fight between chinese censorship government censorship the cat -i heard people talking about china and also i talked to friends about china -and the chinese internet users that means us the mouse -but sometimes this kind of a metaphor is too simple so today i want to upgrade it to two point zero version -in china we have five hundred million internet users thats the biggest population of netizens internet users in the whole world so even though chinas is a totally censored internet but still chinese internet -and chinese internet something is very challenging to me i want to make my friends understand -every single international web two point zero service and we chinese copycat every one -china is complicated so i always want to tell the story like one hand it is that the other hand is that -because we have three hundred million microbloggers in china its the entire population of the united states -so when these three hundred million people microbloggers even they block the tweet in our censored platform but itself the chinanet but itself can create very powerful energy which has never happened in the chinese history -you cant just tell a one sided story ill give an example china is a bric country bric country means brazil russia india and china this emerging economy really is helping the revival of the world economy but at the same time -ten million criticisms of the posting -and also recently very funny debate between the beijing environment ministry and the american embassy in beijing -because the ministry blamed the american embassy for intervening in chinese internal politics by disclosing the air quality data of beijing -so the up is the embassy data the pm two point five he showed one hundred and forty eight they showed its dangerous for the sensitive group so a suggestion its not good to go outside -ministrys data he shows fifty he says its good its good to go outside -but ninety nine percent of chinese microbloggers stand firmly on the embassys side i live in beijing every day i just watch the american embassys data to decide whether i should open my window -but -chinese is always cheating right -so because of this the chinese really regard this microblogging as a media not only a headline to media and also -the clone sina company is the guy who cloned twitter it even has its own name with weibo weibo is the chinese translation for microblog -it has its own innovation at the commenting area it makes the chinese weibo more like facebook rather than the original twitter so these innovations and clones as the weibo and microblogging when it came to china in two thousand -on the other hand china is a sick country -to exist for the chinese public -but also chinese social media is really changing chinese mindsets and chinese life for example they give the voiceless people a channel to make your voice heard we had a petition system its a remedy outside -the judicial system because the chinese central government wants to keep a myth the emperor is good the old local officials are thugs so thats why the petitioner the victims the peasants want to take the train to beijing to petition to the central government they want the emperor to settle the problem -so your sad stories by some chance your story will be picked up by reporters professors or celebrities one of them is yao chen she is the most popular microblogger in china who has about twenty one million followers theyre almost like a -for three hundred million people every day chatting together talking together its like a big ted right -but also it is like the first time a public sphere -so basically china is a sick bric country -it is automatically recorded and data mined -and reported to a poll for further political analyzing even if you want to have some gathering before you go there the police are already waiting for you -why because they have the data they have everything in their hands so they can use the one thousand nine hundred and eighty four scenario data mining of the dissident so the crackdown is very serious -without bribing the central cats he can do nothing only apologize -so these three years in the past three years social movements about microblogging really changed local government became more and more transparent because they cant access the data the server is in beijing -the story about the train crash -maybe the question is not about why ten million criticisms in five days but why the chinese central government allowed the five days of freedom of speech online its never happened before -but if you dare to retweet or mention any fake coup about beijing you definitely will be arrested -so this kind of freedom is a targeted and precise window so chinese in china censorship is normal something you find is freedom is weird something will happen behind -so if you are a fan of the game of thrones you definitely know how important a big wall is for an old kingdom -millions of chinese people in the cultural revolution to destroy every local government its very simple because chinese central government doesnt need to even lead the public opinion they just give them a target window to not censor people -to lick this boy and curled up around the fireplace to go to sleep a wild animal and id like to ask the question all of we need to think about this if it had not been illegal to keep these thylacines as pets then would the thylacine be extinct now -unlike a normal frog which lays its eggs in the water and goes away and wishes its froglets well -and im positive it wouldnt we need to think about this in todays world -could it be that getting animals close to us so that we value them maybe they wont go extinct and this is such a critical issue for us -because if we dont do that were going to watch more of these animals plunge off the precipice -this frog swallowed its fertilized eggs swallowed them into the stomach where it should be having food -didnt digest the eggs and turned its stomach into a uterus -in the stomach the eggs went on to develop into tadpoles and in the stomach the tadpoles went on to develop into frogs and they grew in the stomach -until eventually the poor old frog was at risk of bursting apart it has a little cough and a hiccup and out comes sprays of little frogs now when biologists saw this they were agog they thought this is incredible -do want to test this question were all interested in does extinction have to be forever im focused on two projects i want to tell you about one is the thylacine project -no animal let alone a frog has been known to do this to change one organ in the body into another and you can imagine the medical world went nuts over this as well if we could understand how that frog is managing the way its tummy works is there information here that we need to understand or could usefully use -to help ourselves now im not suggesting we want to raise our babies in our stomach -but i am suggesting its possible we might want to manage gastric secretion in the gut and just as everybody got excited about it bang it was extinct -i called up my friend professor mike tyler in the university of adelaide he was the last person who had this frog a colony of these things in his lab -and i said mike by any chance this was thirty or forty years ago by any chance had you kept any frozen tissue of this frog and he thought about it and he went to his deep freezer minus twenty degrees centigrade and he poured through everything in the freezer and there in the bottom was a jar and it contained tissues of these frogs -this was very exciting but there was no reason why we should expect that this would work because this tissue had not had any antifreeze put in it -cryoprotectants to look after it when it was frozen and normally when water freezes as you know it expands and the same thing happens in a cell if you freeze tissues the water expands damages or bursts the cell walls well we looked at the tissue under the microscope it actually didnt look bad the cell walls looked intact so we thought lets give it a go -what we did is something called somatic cell nuclear transplantation -the other one is the lazarus project and thats focused on the gastric brooding frog and it would be a fair question to ask well why have we focused on these two animals well point number one each of them represents a unique family of its own weve lost a whole family thats a big chunk of the global genome gone id like it back -we took the eggs of a related species a living frog and we inactivated the nucleus of the egg we used ultraviolet radiation to do that and then we took the dead nucleus from the dead tissue of the extinct frog and we inserted those nuclei into that egg now by rights -and just last february the last time we did these trials i saw a miracle starting to happen what we found was -most of these eggs didnt work but then suddenly one of them began to divide that was so exciting and then the egg divided again -and then again and pretty soon we had early stage embryos with hundreds of cells forming those we even dna tested some of these cells -and the dna of the extinct frog is in those cells so were very excited this is not a tadpole its not a frog but its a long way along the journey to producing or bringing back -an extinct species and this is news we havent announced this publicly before were excited weve got to get past this point we now want this ball of cells to start to gastrulate to turn in so that it will produce the other tissues itll go on and produce a tadpole and then a frog -watch this space i think were going to have this frog hopping glad to be back in the world again -we havent done it yet but keep those applause ready the second project i want to talk to you about is the thylacine project the thylacine looks a bit to most people like a dog or maybe like a tiger because it has stripes but its not related to any of those its a marsupial it raised its young in a pouch like a koala or a kangaroo would do -and it has a long history a long fascinating history that goes back twenty five million years but its also a tragic history -in those fossil rocks are some amazing animals we found marsupial lions we found carnivorous kangaroos its not what you usually think about as a kangaroo but these are meat eating kangaroos we found the biggest bird in the world bigger than that thing that was in madagascar and it too was a flesh eater it was a giant weird duck -the second reason is that we killed these things in the case of the thylacine regrettably we shot every one that we saw we slaughtered them -but what they were dropping on was not only other weird animals but also thylacines there were five different kinds of thylacines in those ancient forests -by ten thousand years ago they had disappeared from new guinea -and unfortunately by -four thousand years ago somebodies we dont know who this was introduced dingoes this is a very archaic kind of a dog into australia and as you can see dingoes are very similar in their body form to thylacines that similarity meant -they probably competed they were eating the same kinds of foods its even possible that aborigines were keeping some of these dingoes -as pets and therefore they may have had an advantage in the battle for survival all we know is soon after the dingoes were brought in thylacines were extinct in the australian mainland and after that they only survived in tasmania -then unfortunately the next sad part of the thylacine story is that europeans arrived in one thousand seven hundred and eighty eight and they brought with them the things they valued and that included sheep -in the case of the gastric brooding frog we may have fungicided it to death theres a dreadful fungus thats sort of moving through the world thats called the chytrid fungus and its nailing frogs all over the world we think thats probably what got this frog and humans are spreading this fungus -have a look at this bit of film footage it makes me very sad because while its a fascinating animal and its amazing to think -that we had the technology to film it before it actually plunged off that cliff of extinction -we didnt unfortunately at this same time have a molecule of concern about the welfare for this species these are photos of the last surviving thylacine benjamin who was in the beaumaris zoo in hobart to add insult to injury having swept this species nearly off the table -this animal when it died of neglect the keepers didnt let it into the hutch on a cold night in hobart -it died of exposure and in the morning when they found the body of benjamin they still cared so little for this animal that they threw the body in the dump -does it have to stay this way -couldnt we think about going into this pup -and extracting dna if its there -and then somewhere down the line in the future well use this dna to bring the thylacine back the geneticists laughed but this was six years before dolly -cloning was science fiction it had not happened but then suddenly cloning did happen and i thought when i became director of the australian museum im going to give this a go i put a team together we went into that pup to see what was in there and we did find thylacine dna it was -and that was a worry if the goal here was to get the dna out and use the dna down the track to try to bring a thylacine back what we didnt want happening when the information was shoved into the machine and the wheel turned around and the lights flashed was to have a wizened old horrible curator pop out the other end of the machine -and this introduces a very important ethical point and i think you will have heard this many times when this topic comes up what i think is important -so we went back to these specimens and we started digging around and particularly we looked into the teeth of skulls hard parts where humans had not been able to get their fingers and we found much better quality dna we found nuclear mitochondrial genes its there so we got it okay what could we do with this stuff well george church in his book -regenesis has mentioned many of the techniques that are rapidly advancing to work with fragmented dna -and then the tasmanian devil is going to pop a thylacine out the south end -critics of this project say hang on thylacine tasmanian devil thats going to hurt -and they spliced it into a mouse genome but they put a tag on it so that anything that this thylacine dna produced -would appear blue green in the mouse baby in other words if thylacine tissues were being produced by the thylacine dna it would be able to be recognized when the baby popped up it was filled with blue green tissues -and that tells us if we can get that genome back together get it into a live cell its going to produce thylacine stuff -is this a risk youve taken the bits of one animal -and youve mixed them into the cell of a different kind of an animal are we going to get a frankenstein you know some kind of weird hybrid chimera and the answer is no if the only nuclear dna that goes into this hybrid cell is thylacine dna thats the only thing that can pop out the other end of the devil -okay if we can do this -could we put it back this is a key question for everybody does it have to stay in a laboratory or could we put it back where it belongs could we put it back in the throne of the king of beasts in tasmania where it belongs restore that ecosystem or -has tasmania changed so much that thats no longer possible ive been to tasmania ive been to many of the areas where the thylacines were common ive even spoken to people like peter carter here -that has memories of what thylacines feel like what they smelled like what they sounded like he led them around on a rope he has personal experiences that i would give my left leg to have in my head -and tears came into his eyes -he looked at the hut we went inside there were the wooden boards on the sides of the hut where he and his father and his brother had slept at night and he told me as it all was flooding back in memories he said i remember the thylacines going around the hut -and the animals in those areas were the same that were there when the thylacine was around so could we put it back yes is that all we would do and this is an interesting question sometimes you might be able to put it back but is that the safest way to make sure it never goes extinct again and i dont think so -i think gradually as we see species all around the world -its kind of a mantra that wildlife is increasingly not safe in the wild wed love to think it is but we know it isnt we need other parallel strategies coming online and this one interests me some of the thylacines that were being turned into zoos sanctuaries even at the museums had collar marks on the neck -they were being kept as pets and we know a lot of bush tales and memories of people who had them as pets and they say they were wonderful friendly this particular one came in out of the forest -carefully cropped this sequence to be exactly the duration of a human eye blink so in the time that it would take you to blink your eye the fly has seen this looming predator estimated its position -initiated a motor pattern to fly it away beating its wings at two hundred and twenty times a second as it does so i think this is a fascinating behavior that shows how fast the flys brain can process information -now flight what does it take to fly well in order to fly just as in a human aircraft you need wings that can generate sufficient aerodynamic forces -you need an engine sufficient to generate the power required for flight and you need a controller and in the first human aircraft the controller was basically the brain of orville and wilbur sitting in the cockpit -now how does this compare to a fly -up watching star trek i love star trek star trek made me want to see alien creatures creatures from a far distant world but basically i figured out that i could find those alien creatures right on earth -and we tackle this problem by building giant dynamically scaled model robot insects that would flap in giant pools of mineral oil where we could study the aerodynamic forces -and it turns out that the insects flap their wings -in a very clever way at a very high angle of attack that creates a structure at the leading edge of the wing a little tornado like structure called a leading edge vortex and its that vortex that actually enables the wings to make enough force -for the animal to stay in the air but the thing thats actually most so whats fascinating is not so much that the wing has some interesting morphology whats clever is the way the fly flaps it which of course ultimately is controlled by the nervous system and this is what enables -flies to perform these remarkable aerial maneuvers now what about the engine -the engine of the fly is absolutely fascinating they have two types of flight muscle so called power muscle which is stretch activated which means that it activates itself and does not need to be controlled on a contraction by contraction basis -but attached to the base of the wing -is a set of little tiny control muscles that are not very powerful at all but theyre very fast and theyre able to reconfigure -the hinge of the wing on a stroke by stroke basis and this is what enables the fly to change its wing and generate the changes in aerodynamic forces which change its flight trajectory and of course the role of -the nervous system is to control all this so lets look at the controller now flies excel in the sorts of sensors -that they carry to this problem they have antennae that sense odors and detect wind detection they have a sophisticated eye which is the fastest visual system on the planet they have another set of eyes on the top of their head we have no idea what they do -they have sensors on their wing their wing is covered with sensors including sensors that sense deformation of the wing they can even taste with their wings -one of the most sophisticated sensors a fly has is a structure called the halteres the halteres are actually gyroscopes these devices beat -back and forth about two hundred hertz during flight and the animal can use them to sense its body rotation and initiate very very fast corrective maneuvers but all of this sensory information has to be processed by a brain and yes indeed -and what i do is i study insects im obsessed with insects particularly insect flight i think the evolution of insect flight is perhaps one of the most important events in the history of life without insects thered be no flowering plants without flowering plants there would be no clever fruit eating primates giving ted talks -flies have a brain a brain of about one hundred thousand neurons -now several people at this conference have already suggested that fruit flies could serve neuroscience because theyre a simple model of brain function and the basic punchline of my talk is id like to turn that over on its head i dont think theyre a simple model of anything -and i think that flies are a great model theyre a great model for flies laughter and lets -but remember that this kind of brain which is much much smaller instead of one hundred billion neurons it has one hundred thousand neurons but this is the most common form of brain on the planet and has been for four hundred million years and is it fair to say that its simple well its simple in the sense that it has fewer neurons but is that a fair metric -and i would propose its not a fair metric -the size of the brain -a mouse has about one thousand times as many neurons as a fly i used to study mice when i studied mice i used to talk really slowly -and then something happened when i started to work on flies laughter and i think -if you compare the natural history of flies and mice its really comparable they have to forage for food they have to engage in courtship they have sex they hide from predators they do a lot of the similar things but i would argue that flies do more so for example -im going to show you a sequence and i have to say some of my funding comes from the military so im showing this classified sequence and you cannot discuss it outside of this room -watch it very closely and youll see why my six year old son now wants to be a neuroscientist -wait for it -i want to get across that its not just a matter of numbers but also the challenge for a fly to compute -everything its brain has to compute with such tiny neurons so this is a beautiful image of a visual interneuron from a mouse that came from jeff lichtmans lab and you can see the wonderful images -with trying to compute information with tiny tiny neurons how small can neurons get well look at this interesting insect it looks sort of like a fly it has wings it has eyes it has antennae its legs complicated life history its a parasite it has to fly around and find caterpillars to parasatize -david and hidehiko and ketaki gave a very compelling story about the similarities between fruit flies and humans and there are many similarities and so you might think that if humans are similar to fruit flies the favorite behavior of a fruit fly might be this for example -and it has a brain of seven thousand neurons thats so small you know these things called cell bodies youve been hearing about where the nucleus of the neuron is this animal gets rid of them because they take up too much space so this is a session on frontiers in neuroscience i would posit that one frontier in neuroscience is to figure out how the brain of that thing works -but lets think about this how can you make a small number of neurons do a lot and i think from an engineering perspective you think of multiplexing you can take -a hardware and have that hardware do different things at different times or have different parts of the hardware doing different things and these are the two concepts id like to explore and theyre not concepts that ive come up with but concepts that have been proposed by others in the past -and one idea comes from lessons from chewing crabs and i dont mean chewing the crabs i grew up in baltimore and i chew crabs very very well -but im talking about the crabs actually doing the chewing crab chewing is actually really fascinating crabs have this complicated structure under their carapace called the gastric mill that grinds their food in a variety of different ways and heres an endoscopic movie of this structure -the amazing thing about this is that its controlled by a really tiny set of neurons about two dozen neurons -that can produce a vast variety of different motor -patterns and the reason it can do this is that this little tiny ganglion in the crab is actually inundated by many many neuromodulators you heard about neuromodulators earlier there are more neuromodulators that alter that innervate this structure than actually neurons in the structure -and theyre able to generate a complicated set of patterns and this is the work by eve marder and her many colleagues whove been studying this fascinating system that show how a smaller cluster of neurons can do many many many things -because of neuromodulation that can take place on a moment by moment basis -so this is basically multiplexing in time imagine a network of neurons with one neuromodulator you select one set of cells to perform one sort of behavior another neuromodulator another set of cells a different pattern and you can imagine you could extrapolate to a very very complicated system -is there any evidence that flies do this -well for many years in my laboratory and other laboratories around the world weve been studying fly behaviors in little flight simulators you can tether a fly to a little stick -you can measure the aerodynamic forces its creating you can let the fly play a little video game by letting it fly around in a visual display so let me show you a little tiny sequence of this -heres a fly and a large infrared view of the fly in the flight simulator and this is a game the flies love to play you allow them to steer towards the little stripe and theyll just steer towards that stripe forever its part of their visual guidance system -but very very recently its been possible to modify these sorts of behavioral arenas for physiologies so this is the preparation that one of my former post docs gaby maimon whos now at rockefeller developed -and its basically a flight simulator but under conditions where you actually can stick an electrode in the brain of the fly and record from a genetically identified neuron in the flys brain -and this is what one of these experiments looks like it was a sequence taken from another post doc in the lab bettina schnell the green trace at the bottom is the membrane potential of a neuron in the flys brain and youll see the fly start to fly and the fly is actually controlling the rotation of that visual pattern itself by its own wing motion -and you can see this visual interneuron respond to the pattern of wing motion as the fly flies so for the first time weve actually been able to record -from neurons in the flys brain while the fly is performing sophisticated behaviors such as flight and one of the lessons weve been learning is that the physiology of cells that weve been studying for many years in quiescent flies is not the same as the physiology of those cells when the flies actually engage in active behaviors -like flying and walking and so forth -and why is the physiology different well it turns out its these neuromodulators just like the neuromodulators in that little tiny ganglion in the crabs so heres a picture of the octopamine system octopamine is a neuromodulator that seems to play an important role in flight and other behaviors -that i think fruit flies excel at doing and so i want to show you a high speed video sequence of a fly shot at seven thousand frames per second in infrared lighting -but this is just one of many neuromodulators thats in the flys brain so i really think that as we learn more its going to turn out that the whole fly brain is just like a large version of this stomatogastric ganglion and thats one of the reasons why it can do so much with so few neurons -and malcolm burrows came up with a pretty interesting idea based on the fact that this neuron from a locust does not fire action potentials its a non spiking cell so a typical cell like the neurons in our brain has a region called the dendrites that receives input -and that input sums together and will produce action potentials that run down the axon and then activate all the output regions of the neuron but non spiking neurons are actually quite complicated because they can have input synapses and output synapses all interdigitated -and theres no single action potential that drives all the outputs at the same time so theres a possibility that you have computational compartments that allow the different parts of the neuron to do different things -at the same time so these basic concepts of multitasking in time -and to the right off screen is an electronic looming predator that is going to go at the fly the fly is going to sense this predator it is going to extend its legs out its going to sashay away to live to fly another day now i have -down the coast here in california the redwood forest grows to forty stories tall -but the buildings that we think about in wood are only four stories tall in most places on earth -even building codes actually limit the ability for us to build -much taller than four stories in many places and thats true here in the united states now there are exceptions but there needs to be some exceptions and things are going to change im hoping and the reason i think that way is that today half of us live in cities -and that number is going to grow to seventy five percent -cities and density mean that our buildings are going to continue to be big -and i think theres a role for wood to play in cities -and i feel that way because -three billion people in the world today over the next twenty years will need a new home -thats forty percent of the world that are going to need a new building built for them in the next -twenty years now one in three people living in cities today actually live in a slum -a hundred million people in the world -my grandfather taught me to work with wood when i was a little boy -cities are built in these two materials steel and concrete and theyre great materials theyre the materials of the last century -but theyre also materials with very high energy and very high greenhouse gas -emissions in their process -steel represents about three percent of mans greenhouse gas emissions and concrete is over five percent -so if you think about that eight percent of our contribution to greenhouse gases today comes from those two materials alone -we dont think about it a lot and unfortunately we actually dont even think about buildings i think as much as we should this is a u s statistic about the impact of greenhouse gases -and he also taught me the idea that if you cut down a tree to turn it into something honor that trees life and make it as beautiful as you -almost half of our greenhouse gases are related to the building industry and if we look at energy its the same story youll notice that transportations sort of second down that list but thats the conversation we mostly hear about -and although a lot of that is about energy -its also so much about carbon -the problem i see is that ultimately the clash of how we solve that problem of serving those three billion people that need a home -and climate change are a head on collision about to happen or already happening -that challenge means that we have to start thinking in new ways and i think wood is going to be part of that solution and im going to tell you the story of why as an architect wood is the only material big material that i can build with thats already grown by the power of the sun -when a tree grows in the forest and gives off oxygen and soaks up carbon dioxide -and it dies and it falls to the forest floor -it gives that carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere or into the ground if it burns in a forest fire its going to give that carbon back to the atmosphere as well -possibly can my little boy reminded me -one cubic meter of wood -will store one tonne of carbon dioxide -now our two solutions to climate are obviously to reduce our emissions and find storage wood is the only major material building material i can build with that actually does both those two things -so i believe that we have -an ethic that the earth grows our food and we need to move to an ethic in this century that the earth should grow our homes -now how are we going to do that when were urbanizing at this rate and we think about wood buildings only at four stories we need to reduce the concrete and steel and we need to grow bigger and what weve been working on is thirty story tall -buildings made of wood -weve been engineering them with an engineer named eric karsh who works with me on it -that for all the technology and all the toys in the world sometimes just a small block of wood if you stack it up tall actually is an incredibly inspiring thing -and weve been doing this new work because there are new wood products out there -for us to use and we call them mass timber panels these are panels made with young trees small growth trees small pieces of wood glued together to make panels that are enormous eight feet wide sixty four feet long and of various thicknesses -the way i describe this best ive found is to say that were all used to two by four construction when we think about wood thats what people jump to as a conclusion two by four construction is sort of like the little eight dot bricks of lego that we all played with as kids and you can make all kinds of cool things out of lego at that size and out of two by fours -but do remember when you were a kid and you kind of sifted through the pile in your basement and you found that big twenty four dot brick of lego and you were kind of like cool this is awesome i can build something really big and this is going to be great thats the change -mass timber panels are those twenty four dot bricks theyre changing the scale of what we can do and what weve developed is something we call fftt which is a creative commons solution to building -of building with these large panels where we tilt up six stories at a time if we want to -this animation shows you how the building goes together in a very simple way but these buildings are available for architects and engineers now to build on for different cultures in the world different architectural styles and characters in order for us -to build safely weve engineered these buildings actually to work in a vancouver context where were a high seismic zone even at thirty stories tall -now obviously every time i bring this up people even you know here at the conference say are you serious thirty stories hows that going to happen and theres a lot of really -good questions that are asked and important questions that we spent quite a long time working on the answers to as we put together our report and the peer reviewed report im just going to focus on a few of them and lets start with fire because i think fire is probably the first one that youre all thinking about right now fair enough and the way i describe it is this if i asked you to take a match and light it -these are my buildings i build all around the world out of our office in vancouver and new york -and hold up a log and try to get that log to go on fire it doesnt happen right we all know that but to build a fire you kind of start with small pieces of wood and you work your way up and eventually you can add the log to the fire -and when you do add the log to the fire of course it burns but it burns slowly -well mass timber panels these new products that were using are much like the log its hard to start them on fire and when they do they actually burn extraordinarily predictably and we can use fire science in order to predict and make these buildings as safe as concrete and as safe as steel -the next big issue deforestation eighteen percent of our -contribution to greenhouse gas emissions worldwide is the result of deforestation the last thing we want to do is cut down trees -and we build buildings of different sizes and styles and different materials depending on where we are but wood is the material that i love the most and im going to tell you the story about wood -or the last thing we want to do is cut down the wrong trees -there are models for sustainable forestry that allow us to cut trees properly and those are the only trees appropriate to use for these kinds of systems now i actually think that these ideas will change the economics of deforestation -in countries with deforestation issues we need to find a way to provide better value for the forest and actually encourage people to make money through very fast growth cycles ten twelve fifteen year old trees that make these products and allow us to build at this scale -weve calculated a twenty story building well grow enough wood in north america every thirteen minutes -thats how much it takes -the carbon story here is a really good one -if we built a twenty story building out of cement and concrete the process would result in the manufacturing of that cement and one thousand two hundred tonnes of carbon dioxide if we did it in wood in this solution wed sequester about three thousand one hundred tonnes for a net difference of four thousand three -hundred tonnes thats the equivalent of about nine hundred cars removed from the road in one year -think back to that three billion people that need a new home and maybe this is a contributor to reducing were at the beginning of a revolution i hope in the way we build because this is the first new way to build a skyscraper in probably one hundred years or more -but the challenge is changing societys perception of possibility and its a huge challenge the engineering is truthfully the easy part of this -and the way i describe it is this the first skyscraper technically and the definition of a skyscraper is ten stories tall believe it or not but the first skyscraper was this one in chicago and people were terrified to walk underneath this building -but only four years after it was built gustave eiffel was building the eiffel tower -and as he built the eiffel tower he changed the skylines of the cities of the world -changed and created a competition between places like new york city and chicago where developers started building bigger and bigger buildings and pushing the envelope up higher and higher with better and better engineering -we built this model in new york actually as a theoretical model on the campus of a technical university soon to come and the reason we picked this site to just show you what these buildings may look like because the exterior can change its really just the structure that were talking about -the reason we picked it is because this is a technical university and i believe that wood is the most technologically advanced material i can build with -but thats the way it should be natures fingerprints in the built environment -im looking for this opportunity to create an eiffel tower -we call it buildings are starting to go up around the world theres a building in london thats nine stories a new building that just finished in australia that i believe is ten or eleven were starting to push the height up of -in the not so distant future -but ive actually seen that happen in a wood building ive actually seen how people touch the wood and i think theres a reason for it -just like snowflakes no two pieces of wood can ever be the same anywhere on earth thats a wonderful thing i like to think that wood -gives mother nature fingerprints in our buildings -its mother natures fingerprints that make our buildings connect us to nature -and in doing so we can suddenly fold anything we can fold a million times faster we can fold in hundreds and hundreds of variations and as were seeking to make something three dimensional -we start not with a single surface but with a volume a simple volume the cube if we take its surfaces and fold them again and again and again and again then after sixteen iterations sixteen steps we end up with four hundred thousand surfaces and a shape that looks for instance like this -and if we change where we make the folds if we change the folding ratio then this cube turns into this one we can change the folding ratio again to produce this shape -or this shape so we exert control over the form by specifying the position of where were making the fold but essentially youre looking at a folded cube -and we can play with this we can apply different folding ratios to different parts of the form to create local conditions -what kind of forms could we design if we wouldnt work with references anymore if we had no bias if we had no preconceptions what kind of forms could we design if we could free ourselves from -we can begin to sculpt the form and because were doing the folding on the computer we are completely free of any physical constraints so that means that surfaces can intersect themselves they can become impossibly small we can make folds that we otherwise could not make -surfaces can become porous they can stretch they can tear -changes correspondingly but thats only half of the story ninety nine point nine percent of the folding ratios produce not this but this the geometric equivalent of noise -the forms that i showed before were made actually through very long trial and error a far more effective way to create forms i have found -is to use information that is already contained in forms a very simple form such as this one actually contains a lot of information that may not be visible to the human eye so for instance we can plot the length of the edges white surfaces have long edges black ones have short ones we can plot the planarity of the surfaces their curvature -how radial they are all information that may not be instantly visible to you but that we can bring out that we can articulate and that we can use to control the folding -so now im not specifying a single ratio anymore to fold it but instead im establishing a rule im establishing a link between a property of a surface and how that surface is folded -and because ive designed the process and not the form i can run the process again and again and again to produce a whole family of forms -these forms look elaborate but the process is a very minimal one there is a simple input its always a cube -so lets bring this process to architecture how and at what scale i chose to design a column columns are architectural archetypes theyve been used throughout history to express ideals about beauty about technology -a challenge to me was how we could express this new algorithmic order in a column -i started using four cylinders through a lot of experimentation these cylinders eventually evolved -into this and these columns -they have information at very many scales we can begin to zoom into them the closer one gets the more new features one discovers some formations are almost at the threshold of human visibility and unlike traditional architecture its a single process that creates both the overall form and the microscopic surface detail -the more interesting question perhaps is are these forms imaginable usually an architect can somehow envision the end state of what he is designing -in this case the process is deterministic theres no randomness involved at all but its not entirely predictable theres too many surfaces theres too much detail one cant see the end state so this leads to a new role for the architect -one needs a new method to explore all of the possibilities that are out -would they intrigue us would they delight us if so -for one thing -one can design many variants of a form in parallel and one can cultivate them and to go back to the analogy with nature one can begin to think in terms of populations one can talk about permutations about generations about crossing and breeding to come up with a design -and the architect is really he moves into the position of being an orchestrator of all of these processes -but enough of the theory at one point i simply wanted to jump inside -this image so to say i bought these red and blue three d glasses got up very close to the screen but still that wasnt the same as being able to walk around and touch things so there was only one possibility to bring the column out of the computer -theres been a lot of talk now about three d printing for me or for my purpose at this moment theres still too much of an unfavorable tradeoff between scale -on the one hand and resolution and speed on the other so instead we decided to take the column and we decided to build it as a layered model made out of very many slices thinly stacked over each other what youre looking at here is an x ray of the column that you just saw viewed from the top -unbeknownst to me at the time because we had only seen the outside the surfaces were continuing to fold themselves to grow on the inside of the column which was quite a surprising discovery from this shape we calculated a cutting line and then we gave this cutting line to a laser cutter -i propose we look to nature nature has been called the greatest architect of forms -to produce and youre seeing a segment of it here very many thin slices individually cut on top of each other -and this is a photo now its not a rendering and the column that we ended up with after a lot of work ended up looking remarkably like the one that we had designed in the computer almost all of the details almost all of the surface intricacies were preserved -but it was very labor intensive theres a huge disconnect at the moment still between the virtual -and the physical it took me several months to design the column but ultimately it takes the computer about thirty seconds to calculate all of the sixteen million faces -the physical model on the other hand is two thousand seven hundred layers one millimeter thick it weighs seven hundred kilos its made of sheet that can cover this entire auditorium and the cutting path that the laser followed goes from here to the airport and back again -but it is increasingly possible machines are getting faster its getting less expensive and theres some promising technological developments just on the horizon -and im not saying that we should copy nature im not saying we should mimic biology instead i propose that we can borrow natures processes we can abstract them and to create something that is new -these are images from the gwangju biennale and in this case i used abs plastic to produce the columns we used the bigger faster machine and they have a steel core inside so theyre structural they can bear loads for once -each column is effectively a hybrid of two columns you can see a different column in the mirror if theres a mirror behind the column that creates a sort of an optical illusion so where does this leave us -in short we have no constraints instead we have processes in our hands right now that allow us to create structures at all scales that we couldnt even have dreamt up -and if i may add at one point we will build them thank you -natures main process of creation morphogenesis is the splitting of one cell into two cells and these cells can either be identical or they can be distinct from each other through asymmetric cell division -if we abstract this process and simplify it as much as possible then we could start with a single sheet of paper one surface and we could make a fold and divide the surface into two surfaces were free to choose where we make the fold -and by doing so we can differentiate the surfaces through this very simple process we can create an astounding variety of forms now we can take this form and use the same process to generate three dimensional structures but rather than folding things by hand -this actually became my creative obsession i put aside all my freelance work after hours and started just focusing particularly on this problem -so i started sketching two days after katrina i started sketching and sketching and trying to brainstorm up ideas or solutions for this -but it was an obsession so i couldnt just stop there i started experimenting making models talking to experts in the field taking their feedback and refining -and i kept on refining and refining for nights and weekends for over five years now my obsession ended up driving me to create -full size prototypes in my own backyard laughter and actually spending my own personal savings on everything from tooling to patents and a variety of other costs -but in the end i ended up with this modular housing system that can react to any situation or disaster it can be put up in any environment -from an asphalt parking lot -to pastures or fields because it doesnt require any special setup or specialty tools -now at the foundation and kind of the core of this whole system is the exo housing unit which is just the individual shelter module and though its light light enough that you can actually lift it by hand and move it around and it actually sleeps four people -and you can arrange these things as kind of more for encampments and more of a city grid type layout -forty two million people were displaced by natural disasters in two thousand and ten now there was nothing particularly special about two thousand and ten because on average thirty one and a half million people are displaced by natural disasters every single year -now this fundamentally changes the way we respond to disasters because gone are the horrid conditions inside a sports arena or a gymnasium where people are crammed on these cots inside now we have instant neighborhoods -basically like a coffee cup they can actually stack together so we get extremely efficient transportation -and storage out of them in fact fifteen exos can fit on a single semi truck by itself this means the exo can actually be transported and set up faster than any other housing option available today -the doors can actually swap out -can actually serve as a living room bedroom or bathroom or an office a living space and secure storage -but i was quickly told that boy our government doesnt really work like that -but i was quickly told by some corporations that my personal passion project was not a brand fit because they didnt want their logos stamped across the ghettos of haiti -now usually when people hear statistics or stats like that you start thinking about places like haiti or other kind of exotic or maybe even impoverished areas but it happens right here in the united states every single year -so now we have prototypes that can show that four people can actually sleep securely and much more comfortably than a tent could ever provide -and on top of that now we have a whole plethora of other individuals that have come up and started to talk to us from doing it for mining camps mobile youth hostels right down to the world -respond to these painful phone calls that we get after disasters where we dont really have anything -from joplin missouri and tuscaloosa alabama -to the central texas wildfires that just happened recently -now how does the most powerful country in the world handle these displaced people -they cram them onto cots put all your personal belongings in a plastic garbage bag stick it underneath and put you on the floor of an entire sports arena or a gymnasium -so obviously theres a massive housing gap -and this really upset me -because academia tells you after a major disaster theres typically about an eighteen month time frame to we kinda recover start the recovery process but what most people dont realize is that on average it takes forty five to sixty days or more for the infamous fema trailers to even begin to show up before that time people are left to their own devices -which have had them reliably full -every sound the child hears uncorrected is muffled its degraded -the childs native language is such a case is not english -its not japanese -and then the child is stuck with it -there are many inherited faults that can make it noisier -and the native language for a child with such a brain -its not english its noisy -and yet when we look forward in the brain we see really remarkable advance -not normal a different strategy -by a machine that has different space constants and you can look in the brain of such a child and record those time constants they are about an order of magnitude longer -about eleven times longer in duration on average than in a normal child -abnormal neurology -these children increasingly in evaluation after evaluation in their operations in language and their operations in reading we document that abnormal neurology -the point is is that you can train the brain out of this a way to think about this is you can actually re refine the processing capacity of the machinery by changing -changing it in detail it takes about thirty hours on the average and weve accomplished that in about four hundred and thirty thousand kids today -actually about fifteen thousand children are being trained as we speak -and actually when you look at the impacts the impacts are substantial so here were looking at the normal distribution what were most interested in is these kids on the left side of the distribution this is from about three thousand children you can see that most of the children on the left side of the distribution are moving into the middle or the right -this is in a broad assessment of their language abilities this is like an iq test for language the impact in the distribution if you trained every child in the united states would be to shift the whole distribution to the right and narrow the distribution -this is a substantially large impact think of a classroom of children in the language arts think of the children on the slow side of the class -we have the potential to move most of those children to the middle or to the right -in addition to accurate language training -it also fixes memory and cognition speech fluency and speech production -and an important language dependent skill is enabled by this training that is to say reading and to a large extent it fixes the brain -you can look down in the brain of a child -in a variety of tasks that scientists have at stanford -and mit and ucsf and ucla and a number of other institutions and children operating in various language behaviors -can also take the same approach -to address problems in aging -noise is increasing in the brain and learning modulation and control is deteriorating and you can actually look down on the brain of such an individual and witness a change in the time constants and space constants with which for example the brain is representing language again -just as the brain came out of chaos at the beginning its going back into chaos in the -this results in declines in memory -in cognition and in postural ability and agility -it turns out you can train the brain of such an individual this is a small population of such individuals train equally intensively for about thirty hours these are eighty to ninety year olds -to the middle or the right side of the distribution -at risk for senility more or less immediately -are now in a protected position -the brain controls very refined perceptual abilities and it actually has a growing repertoire of cognitive skills this brain is very much a thinking machine -my issues are to try to get to rescuing older citizens more completely and in larger numbers because i think this can be done in this arena on a vast scale -which we all have residing in our skulls reminds me of an aphorism of a comment of woody allen to ask about what is the very best thing to have within your skull and its this machine -and the same for kids my main interest is how to elaborate this science to address other maladies im specifically interested in things like autism and cerebral palsy -your issues as it relates to this science -is how to maintain your own high functioning learning machine -and of course a well ordered life -in which learning is a continuous part of it is key -but also in your future is brain aerobics -get ready for it its going to be a part of every life not too far in the future -just like physical exercise is a part of every well organized life in the contemporary period the other way that we will ultimately come to consider this -literature and the science that is -its under your control -that your happiness your well being your abilities your capacities -and youre the responsible agent and party -of course a lot of people will ignore this advice it will be a long time before they really understand -now thats another issue and not my fault okay thank you -it has a person on board and in fact at this age it is substantially controlling its own self development -and by this age we see a remarkable evolution in its capacity to control movement -now movement has advanced to the point where it can actually control movement simultaneously in a complex sequence in complex ways as would be required for example for playing a complicated game like soccer -now this boy can bounce a soccer ball on his head -and where this boy comes from sao paulo brazil about forty percent of boys of his age have this ability -that our individual skills and abilities are very much shaped by our environments that environment extends into our contemporary culture the thing our brain is challenged with -because what weve done in our personal evolutions is build up a large repertoire of specific skills and abilities that are specific to our own individual histories -and in fact they result in a wonderful differentiation in humankind in the way that in fact no two of us are quite alike -every one of us has a different set of acquired skills and abilities that all derive out of the plasticity the adaptability of this really remarkable adaptive machine -in an adult brain of course weve built up a large repertoire of mastered skills and abilities that we can perform more or less automatically from memory -now we study this as the nerdy laboratory university based scientists that we are -and its constructed for change its all about change it confers on us the ability to do things tomorrow that we cant do today things today that we couldnt do yesterday -by engaging the brains of animals like rats -to engage them in learning new skills and abilities and we try to track the changes that occur as the new skill or ability is acquired -in fact we do this in individuals -of any age in these different species that is to say from infancies -infancy up to adulthood and old age -so we might engage a rat for example to acquire a new skill or ability that might involve the rat using its paw to master particular manual grasp -might look in an older individual who has mastered a complex set of abilities that might relate to reading musical notation or performing the mechanical acts of performance that apply to musical performance -from these studies we defined -the plastic history of the brain -the first great epoch is commonly called the critical period -and of course its born stupid -in which it doesnt take learning per se to drive -all it takes for example in the sound domain is exposure to sound -so for example i can rear an animal in an environment in which there is meaningless dumb sound -that i make just by exposure artificially important to the animal and its young brain and what i see -the last time you were in the presence of a baby this happens to be my granddaughter -is that the animals brain sets up its initial processing of that sound in a form thats idealized within the limits of its processing achievements to represent it in an organized and orderly way -the sound doesnt have to be valuable to the animal -i could raise the animal in something that could be hypothetically valuable -like the sounds that simulate the sounds of a native language of a child and i see the brain actually develop a processor that -specialized for that complex array a repertoire of sounds it actually exaggerates their separateness of representation in multi dimensional neuronal representational terms -or i can expose the animal to a completely meaningless and destructive sound i can raise an animal under conditions that would be equivalent to raising a baby under a moderately loud ceiling fan -in the presence of continuous noise -and when i do that i actually specialize the brain -to be a master processor for that meaningless sound and i frustrate its ability to represent any meaningful sound as a consequence -such things in the early history of babies occur in real babies and they account for for example the beautiful evolution of a language specific processor in every normally developing -and do they also account for development of defective processing in a substantial population of children who are more limited as a consequence in their language abilities at an older age -when she popped out despite the fact that her brain had actually been progressing in its development for several months before on the basis of her experiences in the -in this early period of plasticity the brain actually changes outside of a learning context -i dont have to be paying attention to what i hear -the input doesnt really have to be meaningful -begin to operate on it in a selective way -in the next great epoch of life which applies for most of life -the brain is actually refining its machinery -as it masters a wide repertoire of skills and abilities and in this epoch which extends from late in the first year of life -to death its actually doing this under behavioral control -and its focusing on skill after skill or ability after ability under specific attentional control its a function of whether a goal in a behavior is achieved or whether the individual is rewarded in the behavior -this is actually very powerful -she had very limited abilities as does every infant -this lifelong capacity for plasticity for brain change is powerfully expressed it is the basis of our real differentiation one individual from another -you can look down in the brain of an animal thats engaged in a specific skill and you can witness or document this change on a variety of levels so here is a very simple experiment it was actually conducted about five years ago -at the time of normal natural full term birth -the monkey actually mastered the task in about seven hundred practice tries -so in the beginning the monkey could not perform this task at all it had a success rate of about one in eight tries -the monkey gradually developed a strategy and seven hundred or so tries later the monkey is performing it flawlessly never fails hes successful in his retrieval of food with this tool every time -at this point the task is being performed in a beautifully stereotyped way -very beautifully regulated and highly repeated trial to trial -we can look down in the brain of the monkey and we see that its distorted -now this is a map down on the surface of the brain in which in a very elaborate experiment weve reconstructed the responses location by location in a highly detailed response mapping of the responses of its neurons -we see here a reconstruction of how the hand is represented in the brain -no real indication that there is any real thinking going on in fact there is little evidence that there is any cognitive ability in a very young infant -we look at the selectivity of responses in the cortex of the monkey we see that the monkey has actually changed the filter characteristics which represents input from the skin -of the fingertips that are engaged in other words there is still a single simple representation of the fingertips in this most organized of cortical areas of the surface of the skin of the body -monkey has like you -and yet now its represented in substantially finer grain the monkey is getting more detailed information from these surfaces and that is an unknown unsuspected maybe by you -part of acquiring the skill or ability -now actually weve looked in several different cortical areas in the monkey learning this task and each one of them changes in ways that are specific to the skill or ability -so for example we can look to the cortical area -we look in cortical areas that control specific movements and the sequences of movements that are required in the behavior and so forth they are all remodeled they all become specialized for the task at hand there are fifteen or twenty cortical areas that are changed specifically -when you learn a simple skill like this and that represents in your brain really massive change -it represents the change in a reliable way of the responses of tens of millions possibly hundreds of millions of neurons in your brain -it represents changes of hundreds of millions possibly billions of synaptic connections in your brain -this is constructed by physical change and the level of construction that occurs -what its all about is the selective representations of things that are important to the brain -because in most of the life of the brain this is under control of behavioral context its what you pay attention to its whats rewarding to you its what the brain regards itself as positive and important to you -and that underlies your specialization that is why you in your many skills and abilities are a unique specialist -a specialist thats vastly different -in your physical brain in detail -the brain of an individual one hundred years ago -in the details from the brain of the average individual one thousand years ago -now one of the characteristics of this change process -is that information is always related to other inputs or information that -in immediate time in context and thats because the brain is constructing representations of things that are correlated in little moments of time and that relate to one another in little moments of successive time -and they can only in a very primitive way and in a very limited way control their movements it would be several months before -the brain is recording all information and driving all change in temporal context -or yourself as the actor yourself as the thinker yourself as the mover -you you are constructed your self is constructed -from these billions of events -this is a marvelously constructed -thing that results in individual form -do something as simple as reach out and grasp under voluntary control an object and retrieve it usually to the mouth -now weve used this research to try to understand not just how a normal person develops and elaborates their skills and abilities but also try to understand -the origins of impairment -differences or variations that might limit the capacities of a child or an adult im going to talk about using these strategies -actually design brain plasticity based -to drive corrections in the machinery of a child -that increases the competence of the child as a language receiver and user and thereafter as a reader -im going to talk about experiments that involve actually using this brain science first of all to understand how it contributes to the loss of function as we age then by using it in a targeted approach -to recover function in old age -that have early language impairments and that are going to struggle to learn to read is that their language processor is created in a defective form -and we see a long steady progression of the evolution from the first wiggles -and the reason that it rises in a defective form is because early in the babys brains life -the machine process is noisy -its that simple its a signal to noise problem -i might say the noise problem could also occur on the basis of information provided -in the world from the ears -if any those of you who are older in the audience know -that when i was a child we understood that a child born with a cleft palate -with what we called mental retardation -we knew that they were going to be slow cognitively -we knew they were going to struggle to learn to develop normal language abilities -and we knew that they were going to struggle to learn to read -most of them would be intellectual and academic failures -to rolling over and sitting up and crawling standing walking before we get to that magical point in which we can motate in the world -thats disappeared that no longer applies -about thirty five years ago that if you simply fix the problem early enough -when the brain is still in this initial plastic period so it can set up this machinery adequately in this initial set up time in the critical period -none of that happens what are you doing by operating on the cleft palate to correct -to participate in the american dream and our economic society and i went back to berkeley and created my little formula that what is prosperity -its a function of having financial technology which serves as a multiplier effect on human capital social capital and real assets -and if we reflect on the last thirty years we see weve accomplished quite a bit sixty two million jobs created in our country -today i would take a few minutes to try to talk about creating value how you can leverage your own capabilities how you might be able to increase -sixty two million new jobs and with the concern about people being laid off today we have the worlds greatest job creation machine -its millions of small businesses many of which have access to capital through financial technology today that offset the continual drop and loss of jobs by large companies -in fact if you look in the nineteen eighties when financial technology really took hold in the early nineteen eighties youll see that the spread opened up dramatically small companies access to capital accelerated their job growth -and large companies continued to lay off people and reduce their size the most valuable company in the world today general electric -has increased in value almost twenty five fold in twenty years and employs today twenty five percent less people than it did twenty years ago -well what about other areas not just leveraging economic but one of the real growths in our economy in the united states in the past twenty years has been -and what can we do there now the amount of giving in america has increased dramatically from fifteen billion to one hundred and forty billion -over the past thirty five years however as a percentage of our economy it hasnt really changed that much its about two percent of our -and so the amount of dollars that are being given is actually pretty small compared to the amount of human capital the amount of time and effort and creativity that our populations been putting in -but the great growth in our society that many of you have participated in is the growth in private and family foundations -your effectiveness but more than that how you can make the world a better place for you your family your community -theyve grown from twenty two thousand when my brother and i founded the milken family foundation to fifty four thousand today theyve grown from about twenty five billion in assets to almost a half a trillion today -how can that half a trillion which is a gigantic number leverage itself in a world economy that dwarfs -but as many of you have participated venture philanthropy has grown up the people tend to be younger different ideas -trying to leverage on their companies assets their assets and their creativity at a very young age -like to take you back eight years briefly and talk about the challenge that i was faced with at cap cure prostate cancer was the most diagnosed cancer in america -no one ever spoke about it and there was little to no research this young man jonathan simons was one of our countrys leading scientists an m d ph d from johns hopkins he chose to go in the field of prostate cancer -he was told by his adviser are you sure you want to do this theres very little money in fact this would be career suicide if you pick this career -luckily for us he went ahead and picked this career and we at cap cure focused on supporting the jonathan simons of the world -today jonathan runs the cancer center at emory university and just received a grant from the woodruff foundation for one hundred million to move there from hopkins -it was projected with an increasing age of our population that this number would dramatically increase over the next eight years to well over fifty five thousand men passing away -in fact the difference in the last eight years between the projected rates and the actual rates amounts to seventy thousand american men -that is the same number of people that saw the superbowl this year in tampa seventy thousand families seventy thousand american men are alive today versus what we had projected just eight years ago -even leverage them more so i thought id first talk a little bit about financial technology and what its given the world an opportunity -this particular disease and we havent reached the levels of childhood leukemia -or testicular cancer where we have about a ninety five percent cure rate today in just eight years through increased public awareness -research measured in millions of dollars not billions of dollars weve dramatically changed the outlook -when we formed the milken foundation twenty years ago our major thrust is in education and as i interact with many of you in the audience this is one of your passions -a huge industry the second largest industry in our country how can you change education with a four hundred billion dollars being spent -in k twelve education in our country how can any foundation even the largest have a dramatic effect this was an issue my brother and i faced almost twenty years ago -and our solution was we had to find a way to motivate teachers let communities know that maybe the most important person in their community -was that teacher in first grade kindergarten second grade fifth grade eighth grade in their community single them out -to look at here and my own life was dramatically affected by my days at berkeley i chose to go there but the free speech movement allowed you to -we told them well weve changed a few things so were going to start at twenty five thousand per teacher if youre a teacher in southern illinois -twenty five years of teaching two masters degrees thats about your annual pay today -we tried to let the community know that they were the star but more than that we tried to let the teacher know how much we appreciated them -if you ever need to be uplifted join us in september october november on these tours around the country it is an uplifting feeling and a chance to meet americas heroes every day -like to show you a little film that captures what we tried to do these people that perform their work and their love every day trying to get them in the public -right here in boston for the second year in a row a pittsburgh public school teacher is the winner of a major national award -today in tampa one teacher got a big award that as bill logan tells us was a big -i came here today with a secret before you walk out of that door every one of you youre going to know what the secret -the awards purpose is to focus attention on americas very best teachers the milken family foundation award brings both fame and -this award receives a financial prize of this your principal will -engage it also provided me a very unusual opportunity my first financing assignment i was able to raise one thousand one hundred dollars to bail seven hundred people out of jail a dollar fifty a person with a fifty dollar deposit -excellence in education were here to talk about -one -gave you a chance to see my brother in that video that was his swing primarily through the north but if you have medical problems -one swing through the country is an uplifting feeling we hear about all the problems in education but there is greatness -three million people in our country working we have tried every year to pick those one hundred two hundred three hundred that are shining examples of -and we identified this teacher who had devoted thirty years of his life to education and he had a best friend living next door -his friend was the wealthiest member of the community but did not move over twenty years and still lived in the same house next to his other friend who was a teacher -well that day the day before he got a call telling him that he had won a major award this teacher and the award had a large financial -twenty five thousand dollar attachment to it he came home that night and told his wife that he was called -which happened when i was home from berkeley on vacation and the dream capital of the world was on fire troops were in the streets and i learned that civil rights -was a lot more than where you sat on the bus or where you go to school or where you can go to the bathroom but a right -which was all about that a moment and what i do as a creative artist is i develop vocabularies or languages of moving objects -what ive done for you here i developed a lot of those tricks and i put the choreography together but theyre not original techniques now im going to start showing you some original techniques -that come from the work that ive developed ok so a moment how would you define a moment well as a juggler -a moment -and do it so a moment -ok and then what i did as a juggler was say ok what can i do to make that something that is dependent on something else another -a moment -another -a moment -a moment -and comes back together time how can you look at time and what do you dedicate it to in exploring a particular thing -a guess as to what it is theres a mystery theres a mystery in the moment -ok can we show the video of the triangle are we ready to do that -yes this is the piece that i told you about its a much bigger piece that i do exploring the space of a geometric triangle -about the last session is you ever try juggling and driving the car with your knees at one hundred and twenty miles an hour -the only other thing that was a real shock i always drove motorcycles and when i bought my first car -it shocked me that it cost three times more than my parents house interesting anyway -balance constant movement to find an approach to stillness -cheating -making up the rules so you cant cheat so you learn -to approach stillness with different parts of your body to have a conversation with it -now its dependent on rhythm -center of balance when it falls going underneath so theres a rhythm to it the rhythm -as your skill increases you learn to find those tinier spaces those tinier movements -show you the beginnings of a piece that is about balance in some ways and also oh actually -not here heres one use for -can go with the sticks one music -kind of balance to it which is all about plumb i apprenticed with a carpenter and learned about plumb square and level -and this next piece which ill do a little segment of two sticks you can go -is again -with space and the lines in space in a different way -to that in a second but working with one ball now what if you attach something to it -or -this is a little thing that i made because i really like the idea of curves and balls together -and then -creating space and the rhythm of space using the surface of the balls the surface of the arms -which leads me to the next thing which is -here ok -actually leading up to something the newest thing that im working on this is not it this is exploring geometry and the rhythm of shape -what i just did was i worked with the mathematics the diameter and the circumference sometimes these pieces are -affects my choice of objects that i try to work with the next piece that im going to do which is the cylinders piece if you want to get that up it -has to do with cylinder seals from about five thousand years ago which were stones with designs that were used to roll over wet clay -about geometry and everything if you take the circle and you split it in half can you run s curve music im going to do just a short version of it -and thats what i was -that piece also -two minutes just to end the latest piece that im working on what i love is that i never know what im working on why im working on it theyre not ideas theyre instincts and the latest thing that im working on -something really i dont know what it is yet and thats good -i like not to know for as long as possible -well because then it tells me the truth instead of me imposing the truth and what it is is working with both positive and negative space but also with these curves -playing with the sense of space of filling in the space and then it started changing -become folding on themselves -try one other thing -work in three dimensions with your perceptions of space and time now i dont know exactly where its going but ive got a bit of effort involved in this thing and its going to change as i go through it -but i really like it feels right this may not be the right shape and ill look at this shape and then ill show you the first design i ever put to it -just to see just to play because i love all different kinds of things to play with lets see here to work with the positive and negative in a different way -and to change and to change so im off in my new direction with this to explore rhythm and space well see what i come -and as a golfer and as a kid one of the things that -now juggling can be a lot of fun play with skill and play with space play with rhythm and you can turn the mike on now im going to do a couple of pieces i do a big piece in a triangle -and these are three sections from it part of the challenge was to try to understand rhythm and space using not just my hands because a lot of juggling is hand oriented but using the rhythm of my body and feet and controlling the balls with my feet -really sort of seeped into my pores that i sort of lived my whole life is process and its the process of learning things one of the great things was that my father was an avid golfer but he was lefty -an attempt to explore space you see i think richard said something about -juggling gravity up down if you figure out what up and down really are -a complex physical set of skills to be able to throw a ball down and up and everything but then you add in sideways -i look at it somewhat as a way when you learn juggling what you learn is how to feel with your eyes and see with your hands because youre not looking at your hands youre looking at where the balls are or youre looking at the audience so this next part is really a way of understanding -and rhythm -with the obvious reference to the feet but its also time where the feet were where the balls were -time but grew to know stuff about and that was the mythology of skill so one of the things that i love to do is to explore skill -visual music rhythm and complexity im going to build towards complexity now juggling three balls is simple and normal -ok and remember youre transposing youre getting into a subculture here -and juggling the balls cross and all that ok if you keep them in their assigned pass -and since richard put me on this whole thing with music im supposed to actually be doing a project with tod machover with the mit media lab it relates a lot to music -you get out of the lights ok change the rhythm so its even or you can go back -and change the height now skill -but youre boxed in if you can only do it up and down that way so youve got to go after the space down there -and then you get -time doing something time slows down or your skill increases so your perceptions change its learning skills like being in a high speed car crash -things slow down as you learn as you learn as you learn you may not be able to affect it it almost drifts on you it goes but thats the closest approximation i can have -to it so complexity now how many here are jugglers -but tod couldnt come and the project is sort of somewhere im not sure whether its happening the way we thought or not but im going to explore skill and juggling and -ok so most of you are going to have a similar reaction to this -ok and whoever laughed there you understood it completely right -able to do something that other people cant do or cant understand all right so thats one way of doing it which is five balls down ok another way is the outside -and you could play with the rhythm same pattern make it faster and smaller make it wider -make it narrower bring it back up -now what i wanted to get to is that youre all very bright very tactile i have no idea how computer oriented or three dimensionally oriented you are but lets try something ok so since you all -dont understand what the five ball pattern is im going to give you a little clue -now do me a -follow the ball that i ask you -green yellow pink white -basically visual music i guess ok you can start the music thanks -ok you can do that yeah ok now lets actually learn something actually let me put you in that area of learning which is very insecure you want to do it yeah -hands -so what i want you to do is just listen to me and -index finger middle finger ring little little ring middle index and then open -one learning process that i see is this -another learning process that i see is this -breath -ok now one more time and -finger finger finger finger finger finger finger finger open finger finger finger finger finger finger finger finger -ok shake your hands out now -i assume a lot of you spend a lot of time at a computer ok so what youre doing is youre going la la la and youre getting this -but i want you to do is also with your eyes is follow the colored ball -white ball and -finger finger finger finger finger finger finger finger pink finger finger finger finger finger finger finger finger green finger finger finger finger yellow finger finger -people face throughout their lives a moment of learning a moment of challenge its a moment that you cant make sense of why the hell should i learn this -really have anything to do with anything in my life you know i cant decipher is it fun is it challenging am i supposed to cheat -and so many of the comments were exactly of this type where people got money and in fact it made them antisocial so i told you that it ruins peoples lives and that their friends bug them it also money often makes us feel very selfish and we do things only for ourselves well maybe the reason that money doesnt make us happy is that were always spending it on the wrong things -and in particular that were always spending it on ourselves and we thought i wonder what would happen if we made people spend more of their money -on other people so instead of being antisocial with your money what if you were a little more prosocial with your money and we thought lets make people do it -and see what happens so lets have some people do what they usually do and spend money on themselves and lets make some people give money away and measure their happiness and see if in fact they get happier so the first way that we did this on one vancouver morning we went out on the campus at university of british columbia -and we approached people and said do you want to be in an experiment they said yes we asked them how happy they were and then we gave them an envelope and one of the envelopes had things in it that said by five zero pm today spend this money on -yourself so we gave some examples of what you could spend it on other people in the morning got a slip of paper that said by five zero pm today spend this money on somebody else also inside the envelope was money and we manipulated how much money we gave them so some people got this slip of paper and five dollars some people got this slip of paper and twenty dollars -we let them go about their day they did whatever they wanted to do we found out that they did in fact spend it in the way that we asked them to we called them up at night and asked them whatd you spend it on and how happy do you feel now -what did they spend it on well these are college undergrads so a lot of what they spent it on for themselves were things like earrings and makeup one woman said she bought a stuffed animal for her niece people gave money to homeless people huge effect here of starbucks laughter so -just targeted toward yourself or targeted toward somebody else what did we find when we called them back at the end of the day people who spent money on other people got happier people who spent money on themselves nothing happened it didnt make them less happy it just didnt do much for them and the other thing we saw is the amount of money doesnt matter that much -so people thought that twenty dollars would be way better than five dollars in fact it doesnt matter how much money you spent what really matters is that you spent it on somebody else rather than on yourself we see this again and again when we give people money -to spend on other people instead of on themselves of course these are undergraduates in canada not the worlds most representative population theyre also fairly wealthy and affluent and all these other sorts of things we wanted to see if this holds true everywhere in the world -or just among wealthy countries so we went in fact to uganda and ran a very similar experiment so imagine instead of just people in canada we said name the last time you spent money on yourself or other people describe it how happy did it make you or in uganda name the last time you spent money on yourself or other people and describe that and then we asked them how happy they are -again and what we see is sort of amazing because theres human universals on what you do with your money -and then real cultural differences on what you do as well -so for example one guy from uganda says this he said i called a girl i wished to love -up till now heres a guy from -only cake just -this is a woman from canada we say name a time you spent money on somebody else she says i bought a present for my mom i drove to the mall in my car bought a present gave it to my mom perfectly nice thing to do its good to get gifts for people that you know compare that to this woman from uganda -i was walking and met a long time friend whose son was sick with malaria they had no money they went to a clinic -im at a business school so thats what we do so thats wrong and in fact if you -and i gave her this money this isnt dollar ten thousand its the local currency so its a very small amount of money in fact but -enormously different motivations here this is a real medical need literally a life saving donation above its just kind of i bought a gift for my mother -what we see again though is that the specific way that you spend on other people isnt nearly as important as the fact that you spend on other people in order to make yourself happy -which is really quite important so you dont have to do amazing things with your money to make yourself happy you can do small trivial things and yet still get these benefits from doing this these are only two countries we also wanted to go even broader and look at every country in the world -if we could to see what the relationship is between money and happiness we got data from the gallup organization which you know from all the political polls that have been happening lately they ask people did you donate money to charity recently and they ask them how happy are you with your life in general and we can see what the relationship is between those two things are they positively correlated giving money makes you happy or are they negatively -think that youre actually just not spending it right so that instead of spending it the way you usually spend it maybe if you spent it differently that might work a little bit better and before i tell you the ways that you can spend it that will make you happier lets think about the ways we usually spend it -correlated on this map green will mean theyre positively correlated and red means theyre negatively correlated and you can see the world is crazily green so in almost every country in the world where we have this data people who give money to charity are happier people that people who dont give money to charity i know youre all looking at that red country in the middle -i would be a jerk and not tell you what it is but in fact its central african republic you can make up stories maybe its different there for some reason or another just below that to the right is rwanda though which is amazingly green so almost everywhere we look we see that giving money away makes you happier than keeping it for yourself -what about your work life which is where we spend all the rest of our time when were not with the people we know we decided to infiltrate some companies and do a very similar thing so these are sales teams in belgium they work in teams they go out and sell to doctors and try to get them to buy drugs so we can look and see how well they sell things -as a function of being a member of a team some teams we give people on the team some money for themselves and say spend it however you want on yourself just like we did with the undergrads in canada but other teams we say heres fifteen euro spend it on one of your teammates this week buy them something as a gift or a present and give it to them -and then we can see well now weve got teams that spend on themselves and weve got these prosocial teams who we give money -to make the team a little bit better the reason i have a ridiculous pinata there is one of the teams pooled their money and bought a pinata and they all got around and smashed the pinata and all the candy fell out and things like that a very silly trivial thing to do but think of the difference on a team -that didnt do that at all that got fifteen euro put it in their pocket maybe bought themselves a coffee or teams that had this prosocial experience where they all bonded together to buy something -and do a group activity what we see is that in fact the teams that are prosocial sell more stuff than the teams that only got money for themselves -and one way to think about it is for every fifteen euro you give people for themselves they put it in their pocket they dont do anything different than they did before you dont get any money from that you actually lose money because it doesnt motivate them to perform any better but when you give them fifteen euro to spend on their teammates they do so much better on their teams that you actually get a huge win on investing this kind of money -and i realize that youre probably thinking to yourselves this is all fine but theres a context thats incredibly important for public policy and i cant imagine it would work there and basically that if he doesnt show me that it works here i dont believe anything he said and i know what youre all thinking about are dodgeball teams -the teams that spend money on themselves are just the same winning percentages as they were before the teams that we give the money to spend on each other they become different teams and in fact they dominate the league by the time theyre done across all of these different contexts your personal life you work life even silly things like intramural sports we see spending on other people has a bigger return for you than spending -on yourself and so ill just say i think if you think money cant buy happiness youre not spending it right the implication is not you should buy this product instead of that product and thats the way to make yourself happier its in fact that you should stop thinking about which product to buy for yourself -and try giving some of it to other people instead and we luckily have an opportunity for you -the teacher writes you a thank you note the kids write you a thank you note sometimes they send you pictures of them using the microscope its an extraordinary thing -find them and bug them for money and it ruins their social relationships in fact so they have more debt and worse friendships than they had before they won the lottery what was interesting about the article was people started commenting on the article readers of the thing -and instead of talking about how it had made them realize that money doesnt lead to happiness everyone instantly started saying you know what i would do if i won the lottery and fantasizing about what theyd do and heres just two of the ones we saw that are just really interesting to think about one person wrote in when i win im going to buy my own little mountain and have a little house on top -and given that level of investment it makes sense to use it so im going to talk about some projects that have explored these ideas and lets start with radical increases in resource efficiency when we were working on the eden project we had to create a very large greenhouse in a site that was not only irregular but it was continually changing because it was still being quarried -studying pollen grains and radiolaria and carbon molecules helped us devise the most efficient structural solution using hexagons and pentagons -the next move was that we wanted to try and maximize the size of those hexagons and to do that we had to find an alternative to glass which is really very limited in terms of its unit sizes -and in nature there are lots of examples of very efficient structures based on pressurized membranes so we started exploring this material called etfe its a high strength polymer and what you do is you put it together in three layers you weld it around the edge and then you inflate it -and the great thing about this stuff is you can make it in units of roughly seven times the size of glass and it was only one percent of the weight of double glazing so that was a factor one hundred saving -and what we found is that we got into a positive cycle in which one breakthrough facilitated another so with such large lightweight pillows we had much less steel with less steel we were getting more sunlight in -which meant we didnt have to put as much extra heat in winter and with less overall weight in the superstructure there were big savings in the foundations -and at the end of the project we worked out that the weight of that superstructure was actually less than the weight of the air inside the building so i think the eden project is a fairly good example of how ideas from biology can lead to radical increases in resource efficiency -delivering the same function but with a fraction of the resource input -and actually there are loads of examples in nature that you could turn to for similar solutions so for instance you could develop super efficient roof structures based on giant amazon water lilies whole buildings inspired by abalone shells super lightweight bridges inspired by plant cells theres a world of beauty and efficiency to explore here -using nature as a design tool -so now i want to go onto talking about the linear to closed loop idea the way we tend to use resources is we extract them we turn them into short life products and then dispose of them nature works very differently in ecosystems the waste from one organism becomes the nutrient for something else in that system -now the really clever bit is what they did with the cardboard waste and im just going to talk through this animation so they were paid to collect it from the restaurants they then shredded the cardboard and sold it to equestrian centers as horse bedding -the nearest weve come is with aramid fiber and to make that it involves extremes of temperature extremes of pressure and loads of pollution and yet the spider manages to do it at ambient temperature and pressure with raw materials of dead flies and water it does suggest weve still got a bit to learn -when that was soiled they were paid again to collect it they put it into worm recomposting systems which produced a lot of worms which they fed to siberian sturgeon which produced caviar which they sold back to the restaurants -so it transformed a linear process into a closed loop model and it created more value in the process -graham wiles has continued to add more and more elements to this turning waste streams into schemes that create value and just as natural systems tend to increase in diversity and resilience over time theres a real sense with this project that the number of possibilities just continue increasing -and i know its a quirky example but i think the implications of this are quite radical because it suggests that we could actually transform a big problem waste into a massive opportunity and particularly in cities we could look at the whole metabolism of cities and look at those as opportunities and thats what were doing on the next project im going to talk about the mobius project -then we would have an anaerobic digester which could deal with all the biodegradable waste from the local area turn that into heat for the greenhouse and electricity to feed back into the grid wed have a water treatment system treating wastewater turning that into fresh water and generating energy from the solids using just plants and micro organisms -wed have a fish farm fed with vegetable waste from the kitchen and worms from the compost and supplying fish back to the restaurant and wed also have a coffee shop and the waste grains from that could be used as a substrate for growing mushrooms -so you can see that were bringing together cycles of food energy and water and waste all within one building -and just for fun weve proposed this for a roundabout in central london which at the moment is a complete eyesore some of you may recognize this -and with just a little bit of planning we could transform a space dominated by traffic into one that provides open space for people reconnects people with food and transforms waste into closed loop opportunities -so the final project i want to talk about is the sahara forest project which were working on at the moment it may come as a surprise to some of you to hear that quite large areas of what are currently desert were actually forested a fairly short time ago so for instance when julius caesar arrived in north africa huge areas of north africa were covered in cedar and cypress forests -and during the evolution of life on the earth it was the colonization of the land by plants that helped create the benign climate we currently enjoy the converse is also true the more vegetation we lose the more thats likely to exacerbate climate change and lead to further desertification -this beetle can detect a forest fire at eighty kilometers away thats roughly ten thousand times the range of man made fire detectors and whats more this guy doesnt need a wire connected all the way back to a power station burning fossil fuels -and this animation this shows photosynthetic activity over the course of a number of years and what you can see is that the boundaries of those deserts shift quite a lot and that raises the question of whether we can intervene at the boundary conditions to halt or maybe even reverse desertification -and if you look at some of the organisms that have evolved to live in deserts there are some amazing examples of adaptations to water scarcity this is the namibian fog basking beetle and its evolved a way of harvesting its own fresh water in a desert -the way it does this is it comes out at night crawls to the top of a sand dune and because its got a matte black shell is able to radiate heat out to the night sky -and become slightly cooler than its surroundings -so when the moist breeze blows in off the sea you get these droplets of water forming on the beetles shell -just before sunrise he tips his shell up the water runs down into his mouth has a good drink goes off and hides for the rest of the day and the ingenuity if you could call it that goes even further because if you look closely at the beetles shell there are lots of little bumps on that shell and those bumps are hydrophilic they attract water -so even when theres only a small amount of moisture in the air its able to harvest that very effectively and channel it down to its mouth so amazing example of an adaptation -to a very resource constrained environment and in that sense very relevant to the kind of challenges were going to be facing over the next few years next few decades were working with the guy who invented the seawater greenhouse this is a greenhouse designed for arid coastal regions and the way it works is that you have this whole wall of evaporator grills -and you trickle seawater over that so that wind blows through it picks up a lot of moisture and is cooled in the process so inside its cool and humid which means the plants need less water to grow and then at the back of the greenhouse it condenses a lot of that humidity as freshwater in a process that is effectively identical to the beetle -so these two examples give a sense of what biomimicry can deliver if we could learn to make things and do things the way nature does we could achieve factor ten factor one hundred maybe even factor one thousand savings in resource and energy use -and what they found with the first seawater greenhouse that was built was it was producing slightly more freshwater than it needed for the plants inside so they just started spreading this on the land around -and the combination of that and the elevated humidity had quite a dramatic effect on the local area this photograph was taken on completion day and just one year later it looked like that so it was like a green inkblot spreading out from the building turning barren land back into biologically productive land and in that sense going beyond sustainable design to achieve restorative design -so we were keen to scale this up and apply biomimicry ideas to maximize the benefits -and when you think about nature often you think about it as being all about competition but actually in mature ecosystems youre just as likely to find examples of symbiotic relationships -so an important biomimicry principle is to find ways of bringing technologies together in symbiotic clusters and the technology that we settled on as an ideal partner for the seawater greenhouse is concentrated solar power which uses solar tracking mirrors to focus the suns heat to create electricity and just to give you some sense of the potential of csp -consider that we receive ten thousand times as much energy from the sun every year as we use in energy from all forms ten thousand times so our energy problems are not intractable its a challenge to our ingenuity -and the kind of synergies im talking about are firstly both these technologies work very well in hot sunny deserts -csp needs a supply of demineralized freshwater thats exactly what the seawater greenhouse produces csp produces a lot of waste heat well be able to make use of all that to evaporate more seawater and enhance the restorative benefits -and finally in the shade under the mirrors its possible to grow all sorts of crops that would not grow in direct sunlight so this is how this scheme would look the idea is we create this long hedge of greenhouses facing the wind -wed have concentrated solar power plants at intervals along the way some of you might be wondering what we would do with all the salts -and with biomimicry if youve got an underutilized resource you dont think how am i going to dispose of this you think what can i add to the system to create more value -and it turns out that different things crystallize out at different stages when you evaporate seawater the first thing to crystallize out is calcium carbonate and that builds up on the evaporators and thats what that image on the left is -gradually getting encrusted with the calcium carbonate so after a while we could take that out use it as a lightweight building block -and if were to make progress with the sustainability revolution i believe there are three really big changes we need to bring about firstly radical increases in resource efficiency -and if you think about the carbon in that that would have come out of the atmosphere into the sea and then locked away in a building product -the next thing is sodium chloride you can also compress that into a building block as they did here -this is a hotel in bolivia and then after that there are all sorts of compounds and elements that we can extract like phosphates that we need to get back into the desert soils to fertilize them and theres just about every element of the periodic table in seawater so it should be possible to extract valuable elements like lithium for high performance batteries and -in parts of the arabian gulf -the seawater the salinity is increasing steadily due to the discharge of waste brine from desalination plants and its pushing the ecosystem close to collapse now we would be able to make use of all that waste brine we could evaporate it to enhance the restorative benefits and capture the salts -transforming an urgent waste problem into a big opportunity -really the sahara forest project is a model for how we could create zero carbon food abundant renewable energy in some of the most water stressed parts of the planet as well as reversing desertification in certain areas -so returning to those big challenges that i mentioned at the beginning radical increases in resource efficiency closing loops and a solar economy theyre not just possible theyre critical and i firmly believe that studying the way nature solves problems will provide a lot of the solutions -but perhaps more than anything what this thinking provides is a really positive way of talking about sustainable design -far too much of the talk about the environment uses very negative language -but here its about synergies and abundance and optimizing and this is an important point antoine de saint exupery once said if you want to build a flotilla of ships you dont sit around talking about carpentry no you need to set peoples souls ablaze with visions of exploring distant shores and thats what we need to do so lets be positive -secondly shifting from a linear wasteful polluting way of using resources to a closed loop model and thirdly changing from a fossil fuel economy to a solar economy and for all three of these i believe biomimicry has a lot of the solutions that were going to need -you could look at nature as being like a catalog of products and all of those have benefited from a three point eight billion year research and development period -because there is no technology involved here except for those fences which could be you know theyre so cheap they could be all over africa in no time that you can we can take the food we need from the earth -heal the earth in the process this -is a way to reanimate the world -are something to be very hopeful about thank you very much -how was our role in this garden similar and different -and i realized we actually had quite a bit in common -its a simple idea about nature and i want to say a word for nature because we havent talked that much about it the last couple days i want to say a word for the soil and the bees and the plants and the animals -both of us were -and both of us probably if i can imagine the bees point of view thought we were calling the shots -and i had summoned those genes from a seed catalog across the country brought it and i was planting it and that -no doubt assumed that it had decided im going for that apple tree im going for that blossom im going to get the nectar and im -we have a grammar that suggests -the potatoes i weed the garden i domesticate the species but that day it occurred to me what if that grammar is nothing more than a self serving conceit -because of course the bee thinks hes in charge or shes in charge and but we know better we know -that whats going on between the bee and that flower is that bee has been cleverly manipulated by that flower and when i say manipulated im talking about in a darwinian sense right i mean -it has evolved a very specific set of traits color scent flavor pattern -that has lured that bee in and the bee has been cleverly fooled into taking the nectar and also picking up some powder on its leg -and tell you about a tool a very simple tool that i have found -thought always and in fact had written this in my first book this was a book about gardening -lawns were nature under cultures boot that they were totalitarian landscapes and that when we mowed them we were cruelly suppressing the species and never letting it set seed or die or have sex -and thats what the lawn was but then i realized no this is exactly what the grasses want us to do im a dupe im a dupe of the lawns whose -is to out compete the trees who it competes with who they compete with for sunlight and so by getting us to mow the -keep the trees from coming back which in new england happens very very quickly so i started looking at things this way and wrote a whole book about -bees that they like sweetness and they like this color and not that color that they like symmetry what could we find out about ourselves by doing the same thing -that a certain kind of potato a certain kind of drug a sativa indica cannabis cross has something to say about us and that -is what does it get -how does it meet the aldo leopold test which is does it make us better citizens of the biotic community get us to do things that -very powerful for i think changing our relationship to the natural world and to the other species on whom we depend -leads to the support and perpetuation of the biota rather than its destruction and i would submit that this idea does this -species points of view -helps us deal with this weird anomaly which is and this is in the realm of intellectual history which is that we have this darwinian revolution -one hundred and fifty years ago -we have this intellectual this darwinian revolution in which thanks to darwin we figured out we are just one species among many evolution is working on us the same way its working on all the others we are acted upon as well as acting -we are really in the fiber the fabric of life but the weird thing is we dont we have not absorbed this lesson one hundred and fifty years later none of us really believes this -the children of descartes who believe that -as soon as you start seeing things from the plants point of view or the animals point of view you realize that the real literary conceit is that -is this the idea that nature is opposed to culture the idea that consciousness is everything -is a cure for the disease of human self importance -you suddenly realize -that consciousness -which we value and we consider the you know the crown of the crowning achievement of nature human consciousness is really just another set of tools -for getting along in the world -and its kind of natural that we would think it was the best tool but you know as theres a comedian who said well whos telling me that consciousness is so good and so important -so when you look at the plants you realize that theyre other tools and theyre just as interesting ill give you two examples -it releases this volatile chemical that goes out into the world -its not my idea other people have hit on it but ive tried to take it to some new -and summons another species -that comes in -the spider mite defending the lima bean so what plants have while we have -and they have perfected that to a degree far beyond what we can imagine -and their complexity their sophistication is something to really marvel at and i think its really the scandal of the human genome project -you know we went into it thinking forty or fifty thousand human genes and we came out with only twenty three thousand just to give you grounds for comparison rice -just along different paths -so -cure for self importance way to sort of make us feel the darwinian idea and thats really what i do as a writer as a storyteller is try to make people kind of feel what we know and tell stories that -tell you where i got it like a lot of my ideas -to develop my understanding of the food system and what i learned in fact is that we are all now being manipulated by corn and the talk you heard about ethanol earlier today -to me is the final triumph of corn over good sense -it is part of -corns scheme for world domination -and you will see the amount of corn planted this year will be up dramatically from last year and there will be that much more habitat because weve decided ethanol is going to help us -like a lot of the tools i use i found it in the garden -so but let me so it helped me understand industrial agriculture which of course is a cartesian -its based on this idea that we bend other species to our will and that we are in charge and that we create these factories and we have these technological inputs and we get the food out of it or the fuel or whatever we want -let me take you to a very different kind of farm this is a farm in the shenandoah valley of virginia i went looking for a farm where these ideas about looking at things from the species point of view are actually implemented -im a very devoted gardener -and i found it in a man the farmers name is joel salatin and i spent a week as an apprentice on his farm and i took away from this some of the most hopeful news -about our relationship to nature that ive ever come across in twenty five years of writing about nature and that is this the farm is called polyface -and there was a day about seven years ago i was planting potatoes it was the first week of may this was new england when the apple trees are just vibrating with bloom theyre just white clouds above -that the cows and the pigs and the sheep and the turkeys and -what else what else does he have all the six different species rabbits actually are all performing ecological services for one another such that the manure of one is the lunch for the other and they take care of pests for one another -and his chickens his laying hens and ill show you how if you take this approach what you get ok -and this is a lot more than growing food as youll see this is a different way to think about nature and a way to get away from the zero sum notion that the cartesian idea that either natures winning or were winning -and that for us to get what we want nature is diminished so one day cattle in a pen the only technology involved here is this cheap electric fencing relatively new -to a car battery even i could carry a quarter acre paddock set it up in fifteen minutes cows graze one day they move ok they graze everything down intensive grazing -he waits three days and then we towed in something called the eggmobile the eggmobile is a very rickety contraption it looks like a prairie schooner made out of boards but it houses three hundred and fifty chickens -he tows this into the paddock three days later and opens the gangplank -turns them down and three hundred and fifty hens come streaming down the gangplank clucking gossiping as chickens will and they make a beeline for the cow patties -and what theyre doing is very interesting theyre digging through the cow patties for the maggots -the grubs the larvae of flies and the reason hes waited three days is because he knows that on the fourth day or the fifth day those larvae will hatch and theyll have a huge fly problem -i was here planting my chunks cutting up potatoes and planting it and the bees were working on this tree bumblebees just making this thing vibrate and one of the things i really like about gardening -in the process theyre spreading -very useful second ecosystem service and third while theyre in this -are of course defecating madly and their very nitrogenous manure is fertilizing this field -they then move out to the next one and in the course of just a few weeks the grass just enters this blaze of growth -and within four or five weeks he can do it again he can graze again he can cut he can bring in another species like the lambs or he can -make hay for the winter now -i want you to just look really close up onto whats happened there so its a very productive system and what i need to tell you is that on one hundred acres he gets forty thousand pounds of beef thirty thousand pounds of pork -well look how much food you can produce on one hundred acres if you do this kind of -cut from this height to this height and it immediately does something very interesting any one of you who gardens knows that there is something called the root shoot ratio -and plants need to keep the root mass in some rough balance with the leaf mass to be happy so when they lose a lot of leaf mass -this is how soil is created its created from the bottom up this is how the prairies were built the relationship between bison and grasses -is that it doesnt take all your concentration you really cant get hurt its not like woodworking and you can you have plenty of kind of mental space for speculation -and what i realized when i understood this and if you ask joel salatin what he is hell tell you hes not a chicken farmer hes not a -sheep farmer hes not a cattle rancher hes a grass -because grass is really the keystone species of such a system -is that -if you think about it this completely contradicts the tragic idea of nature we hold in our heads -which is that for us to get what we want nature is diminished more for us less for nature -here all this food comes off this farm -and at the end of the season there is actually more -and more biodiversity -its a remarkably hopeful thing to do there are a lot of farmers doing this today this is well beyond organic agriculture which is still a cartesian system more or less -and what it tells you is that if you begin to take account of other species take account of the soil that even with with nothing more than this perspectival idea -i was watching the devastating news of the asian tsunami as it rolled in playing out on tv the days and weeks that followed people fleeing to the hills being forced to drink contaminated water -face death that really stuck with me then -a few months later hurricane katrina slammed into the side of america okay i thought heres a first world country -lets see what they can do day one nothing day two nothing -you know it took five days to get water to the superdome people were shooting each other on the streets for tv sets and water -however -after a few failed prototypes i finally came up with this the lifesaver bottle okay now for the science bit before lifesaver the best hand filters were only capable of filtering down to about two hundred nanometers -the smallest bacteria is about two hundred nanometers so a two hundred nanometer bacteria is going to get through -a two hundred nanometer hole the smallest virus on the other hand is about twenty five nanometers -getting through -okay im going to give you a bit of a demonstration would you like to see that i spent all the time setting this up so i guess i should were in the fine city of oxford so -but i got to thinking you know if we were in the middle of a flood zone in bangladesh the water wouldnt look like this so ive gone and got some stuff to add into it and this is from my pond -have a smell of that mister cameraman -right were just going to pour that in there ugh michael pritchard okay weve got some runoff from a sewage plant farm so -the water thats been provided for you here at the conference over the past couple of days and im sure youll feel that its from a safe source but what if it -put that in -put that in there there we go and -some other bits and pieces chuck that in there and ive got a gift here from a friend of mines rabbit so were just -put that in there as well okay now -the lifesaver bottle works really simply -you just scoop the water up today im going to use a jug just to show you all lets get a bit of that -okay -okay -the -what if it was from a source like this then statistics would actually say that half of you would now be suffering with diarrhea -okay -and when its expired using failsafe technology the system will shut off protecting the user pop the cartridge out pop a new one in its good for another six thousand liters -so lets look at the applications traditionally in a crisis what do we do we ship water -then after a few weeks we set up camps and people are forced to come into the camps to get their safe drinking water -what happens when twenty thousand people congregate in a camp diseases spread more resources are required the problem just becomes self perpetuating -but by thinking differently and shipping these people can stay put they can make their own sterile drinking water and start to get on with rebuilding their homes and their lives -now it doesnt require a natural disaster for this to work using -the old thinking of national infrastructure and pipe work is too expensive when you run the numbers on a calculator you run out -so here is the thinking different bit instead of -there and dumps it onto the mountains rivers and streams and where do people live near water all weve go to do is make it sterile -how do we do that well we could use the lifesaver bottle or we could use one of these the same technology in a jerrycan this will process twenty five thousand liters of water -talked a lot in the past about statistics and the provision of safe drinking water for all but they just dont seem to get through and i think ive worked out why -thats good enough for a family of four for three years and how much does it cost about half -so by thinking differently and processing water at the point of use mothers and children -no longer have to walk four hours a day to collect their water they can get it from a source nearby -so with just eight billion dollars we can hit the millennium goals target of halving the number of people without access to safe drinking water -to put that into context the u k government spends about twelve billion pounds a year on foreign aid -but why stop there with twenty billion dollars everyone can have access to safe drinking water -so the three and a half billion people that suffer every year as a result and the two million kids that die every year -because using current thinking the scale of the problem just seems too huge to contemplate solving so we just switch off us -and aid agencies -well today id like to show you that through thinking differently the problem has been solved -by the way since ive been speaking another thirteen thousand people around the world are suffering now with diarrhea -and four children have just died -i invented lifesaver bottle because i got angry i like most of you was sitting down the day after christmas in two thousand and four -it seems to me that our discussion reflects the opposite that a better way -to mutual respect is to engage directly -give you a very short lecture on aristotle of ancient athens aristotles theory of justice -with the moral convictions citizens bring to public life -rather than to require that people leave their deepest -moral convictions outside politics before they enter that it seems to me is a way to begin to restore the art of democratic argument thank you very much -golf courses to same sex marriage that was a genius link now look youre a pioneer of open education your lecture series was one of the first to do it big whats your vision for the next phase of this -well i think that it is possible in the classroom we have arguments on some -of the most fiercely held moral convictions that students have about big public questions and i think we can do that in public life more generally and so my real dream would be to take -the public television series that weve created of the course its available now online free for everyone anywhere in the world -and then have a discussion here to see whether aristotles ideas actually inform the way we think and argue about questions today -and to see whether we can partner with institutions at universities in china in india in africa around the world to try to promote -civic education and also a richer kind of -at some point live in real time you could have this kind of conversation inviting questions but with people from china and india joining in -way of thinking and arguing engaging seriously with -big moral questions exploring cultural differences and connect through a live video hookup -students in beijing and mumbai and in cambridge massachusetts and create a global classroom thats what i would love to -so are you ready for the lecture -according to aristotle -justice means giving people what they deserve -thats it thats the lecture -take the example of flutes suppose were distributing flutes who should get the best ones -you can just call it out -at random you would do it by lottery -or by the first person to rush into the hall to get them -one thing the world needs one thing this country desperately needs is a better way of conducting our political debates we need to rediscover the lost art of democratic argument -how many say the best flute players -why actually that was aristotles answer -a harder question why -do you think those of you who voted this way that the best flutes should go to the best flute players -all right -its a good reason well all be better off if good music is played rather than terrible music -but -peter aristotle doesnt agree with you that thats the reason thats all right aristotle had a different reason for saying the best flutes should go to the best flute players he said -thats what flutes are for -to be played well he says that to reason about just distribution of a thing -we have to reason about and sometimes argue about the purpose -of the thing or the social activity in this case musical -when we think about justice aristotle says what we really need to think about is the essential nature of the activity in question -the qualities that are worth honoring and admiring and recognizing one of the reasons that the best flute players should get the best flutes is that musical performance is not only to make the rest of us happy -but to honor and recognize the excellence of the best musicians now flutes may seem the distribution of flutes may seem -casey martin a few years ago casey martin -did any of you hear about him he was a very good golfer but he had a disability he had a bad leg a circulatory problem -that made it very painful for him to walk the course in fact it carried risk of injury -he asked the pga the professional golfers association for permission to use a golf cart -in the pga tournaments they said no now that would give you an unfair advantage -and his case went all the way to the supreme court believe it or not the case over the golf cart -if you think about the arguments we have most of the time its shouting matches on cable television ideological food fights on the floor of congress -because the law says that the disabled must be accommodated -the accommodation does not -change the essential nature of the activity -he says im a great golfer i want to compete but i need a golf cart to get from one hole to the next suppose -you were on the supreme court suppose you were deciding the justice of this case -how many here would say that casey martin does have a right to use a golf cart and how many say no he doesnt all right lets take a poll show of hands how many would rule in favor of casey martin -and how many would not how many would say he doesnt all right we have a good division of opinion here someone who would not -be an unfair advantage -if he gets to ride in a golf cart -those of you i imagine most of you who would not give him the golf cart worry about an unfair advantage what about -those of you who say he should be given a golf cart how would you answer the objection yes -get charlie a microphone in case someone wants to reply tell us charlie why would you say he should be able to use a golf cart -i have a suggestion look at all the arguments we have these days over health care over bonuses and bailouts on wall street -who has an answer for charlie all right who has an answer for charlie what would you say the endurance element is a very important part of the game -not a -its interesting -in the case in the lower court they brought in golfing greats to testify on this very issue -is walking the course essential to the game and they brought in jack nicklaus and arnold palmer and what do you suppose they all said yes they agreed with warren -they said yes walking the course is strenuous physical exercise the fatigue factor is an important part of golf and so it would change the fundamental nature of the game to give him the golf cart -now notice something interesting -well i should tell you about the supreme court first the supreme court -decided what do you suppose they said -over the gap between rich and poor over affirmative action and same sex marriage lying just beneath the surface of those arguments -that casey martin must be provided a golf cart -two they ruled what was interesting about their ruling and about the discussion weve just had -is that the discussion about the right the justice of the matter depended on -figuring out what is -the essential nature of golf -the supreme court justices wrestled with that question and justice stevens writing for the majority said he had read all about the history of golf -the essential point of the game is to get very small ball from one place into a hole -in as few strokes as possible and that walking was not essential but incidental now there were two dissenters one of whom was justice scalia -he wouldnt have granted the cart -and he had a very interesting dissent its interesting because he rejected the aristotelian premise -to say that something is essential is ordinarily to say that it is necessary to the achievement of a certain object -but since it is the very nature of a game to have no object except amusement -that is what distinguishes games from productive activity -it is quite impossible to say that any of a games arbitrary rules is essential so there you have justice scalia taking on the aristotelian premise of the majoritys opinion -passions raging on all sides are big questions -justice scalias opinion is questionable -for two reasons first -no real sports fan would talk that way -if we had thought that the rules of the sports we care about are merely arbitrary rather than designed -to call forth the virtues and the excellences that we think are worthy of admiring we wouldnt care about the outcome of the game -its also objectionable on a second ground -on the face of it it seemed to be this debate about the golf cart an argument about fairness -whats an unfair advantage -but if fairness were the only thing at stake there would have been an easy and obvious solution what would it be -of moral philosophy big questions of justice but we too rarely articulate and defend -but letting everyone ride in a cart would have been i suspect more anathema -to the golfing greats -and to the -even than making an exception for casey martin why -because what was at stake in the dispute over the golf cart -let me put the point as delicately as possible golfers are a little sensitive about the athletic status of their game -after all theres no running or jumping and the ball stands still -so if golfing is the kind of game that can be played while riding around in a golf cart it would be hard to confer -on the golfing greats the status that we confer the honor and recognition that goes to truly great athletes -and argue about those big moral questions in our politics so what i would like to do today is have something of a discussion -flutes its hard to decide the question of what justice requires without grappling with the question what is the essential nature of the activity in question -what qualities what excellences connected with that activity are worthy of honor and recognition -lets take a final example thats prominent in contemporary political debate same sex marriage -there are those who favor state recognition -only of traditional marriage between one man and one woman -and there are those who favor state recognition of same sex marriage how many here favor -and how many favor the second same sex marriage -what ways of thinking about justice and morality underlie the arguments we have over marriage the opponents of same sex marriage say that the purpose of marriage fundamentally is procreation -whats worthy of honoring and recognizing and encouraging -and the defenders of same sex marriage say no procreation is not the only purpose of marriage what about a lifelong mutual loving commitment thats really what marriage is about -so with flutes with golf carts and even with a fiercely contested question like same sex marriage -first let me take a famous philosopher who wrote about those questions of justice and morality -aristotle has a point -very hard to argue about justice without first arguing about the purpose of social institutions -about what qualities are worthy of honor and recognition so lets step back from these cases and see how they shed light on the way we might -elevate the terms of political discourse in the united states and for that matter around the world there is a tendency to think -that if we engage too directly with moral questions in politics thats a recipe for disagreement -and for that matter a recipe for intolerance and coercion so better to shy away from to ignore the moral and the religious convictions that people bring to civic life -sir you want to empty your pockets please -so the question was can it actually find marijuana in students lockers and the answer is if you open enough of them yes -i am michael shermer the director of the skeptics society the publisher of skeptic magazine we investigate claims of the paranormal pseudo science and fringe groups and cults and claims of all kinds between -but in science we have to keep track of the misses not just the hits and thats probably the key lesson to my short talk here is that -i have an opinion of this myself because the business im in but in fact people it turns out are getting smarter three iq points per ten years going up sort of an interesting thing -whats the more likely explanation and before we say something is out of this world we should first make sure that its not in this world whats more likely that arnold had a little extraterrestrial help in his run for the governorship or that the world weekly news makes stuff up -and part of that the same theme is expressed nicely here in this sidney harris cartoon for those of you in the back it says here then a miracle -occurs i think you need to be more explicit here in step two -this single slide completely dismantles the intelligent design arguments theres nothing more to it than that -you can say a miracle occurs its just that it doesnt explain anything it doesnt offer anything theres nothing to test its the end of the conversation for intelligent design -its the beginning of the causal chain for science for intelligent design creationists its the end of the chain -so again we can ask this whats more likely are ufos alien spaceships or perceptual cognitive mistakes or even fakes -this is a ufo shot from my house in altadena california looking down over pasadena and if it looks a lot like a buick hubcap its because it is -so although its possible that most of these things are fake or illusions or so on and that some of them are real its more likely that all of them are fake like the crop circles on a more serious note in all of science were looking for a balance between -data and theory in the case of galileo he had two problems when he turned his telescope to saturn first of all there was no theory of planetary rings and second of all his data was grainy and fuzzy and he couldnt quite make out what it was he was looking at -theres a lot of that out there some people call us debunkers which is kind of a negative term but lets face it theres a lot -so he wrote that he had seen i have observed that the furthest planet has three bodies and this is what he ended up concluding that he saw so without a theory of planetary rings and with only grainy data -the solar system operated and then he had better telescopic more fine grain data in which he could figure out that as the earth is going around faster according to keplers laws than saturn then we catch up with it and we see the angles of the rings at different -and we are like the bunko squads of the police departments out there flushing out well were sort of like the ralph naders of bad ideas -and of course happy faces faces of all kinds are easy to see you can see the happy face on mars there if astronomers were frogs perhaps theyd see kermit the frog do you see him there little froggy legs -heres our lady of guadalupe and our lady of watsonville just down the street or is it up the street from here tree bark is particularly good because its nice and grainy branchy -black and white splotchy and you can get the pattern seeking humans are pattern seeking animals heres the virgin mary on the side of a -this casino paid twenty eight thousand five hundred dollars on ebay for the cheese sandwich -but who does it really look like the virgin mary -we went down investigated just to give you a size thats dawkins me and the amazing randi next to this two two and a half story size image all these candles so many thousands of candles people had lit in tribute to this -so we walked around the backside just to see what was going on here where it turns out wherever theres a sprinkler head and a palm tree you get the effect heres the virgin mary on the backside which they started to wipe off i guess you can only have one miracle per building -so is it really a miracle of mary or is it a miracle of marge -this with audio auditory illusions there is this film white noise with michael keaton about the dead talking back to us by the way this whole business of talking to the dead its not that big a deal anybody can do it turns out its getting the dead to talk back thats the -in this case supposedly these messages are hidden in electronic phenomena theres a reversespeech com web page on which i downloaded this stuff here is the forward this is the most famous one of all of these heres the -very -its the its produced by the quadro corporation of west virginia its called the quadro two thousand dowser rod -right here it is backwards and see if you can hear the hidden messages that are supposedly in -this was being sold to high school administrators for nine hundred dollars a piece its a piece of plastic with a radio shack antenna -cant miss it when i tell you -just end with -a positive nice little story about the skeptics is a nonprofit educational organization were always looking for little good things that people do and in england -nine million bicycles in beijing its a love story shes sort of the norah jones of the u k about how she much loves her guy and compared to nine million bicycles and so forth and she has this one passage here -that -nice at least she got it close in america it would be were six thousand light years from the edge but my friend simon singh the particle physicist now turned science educator and he wrote the book the big bang and so on -we know exactly how old how far from the edge you know its twelve its thirteen point seven billion light years and its not a guess we know within precise error -bars there how close it is and so we can say although not absolutely true that its pretty close to being true -and to his credit katie called him up after this op ed piece came out and said im so embarrassed i was a member of the astronomy club and i should have known better and she re cut the song so ill end with the new version -the -i -so the way it works is you go down the hallway -and you see if it tilts toward a particular locker and then you -the locker so it looks something like this -has kind of a right leaning bias so ill show well this is science so well do a controlled experiment itll go this way for sure -im going to end here with a short video clip that sort of brings all this together its just a minute and a half it ties together all this into the power of expectation and the power of belief go ahead and roll it -they chose for their fake auditions for -were hoping we can use part of this -and this is test on some lip balms that we have over here and these are our models who are going to help us -a leading brand would you have any problem kissing our models -you very much thank you -so like fox mulder on x files who wants to believe in ufos well we all do and the reason for that is because we have a belief engine in our brains essentially -we are pattern seeking primates we connect the dots a is connected to b b is connected to c and sometimes a really is connected to b and thats called association learning we find patterns we make those connections whether its pavlovs dog here -so since i was here last in six we discovered that global climate change is turning out to be a pretty serious issue so we covered that -in fact what skinner discovered is that if you put a pigeon in a box like this and he has to press one of these two keys and he tries to figure out what the pattern is and you give him a little reward -they will figure out any kind of pattern and whatever they were doing just before they got the reward they repeat that particular pattern sometimes it was even spinning around twice counterclockwise once clockwise -the key twice and thats called superstition and that im afraid we will always have with us -i call this process patternicity that is the tendency to find meaningful patterns in both meaningful and meaningless noise when we do this process we make two types of errors a type i error or false positive -is believing a pattern is real when its not our second type of error is a false negative a type ii error -not believing a pattern is real when it is so lets do a thought experiment you are a hominid three million years ago walking on the plains of africa -your next decision could be the most important one of your life well if you -is a dangerous predator and it turns out its just the wind youve made an error in cognition made a type i error false positive but no harm you just move away youre more cautious youre more vigilant -now the problem here is that patternicities will occur whenever the cost of making a type i error is less than the cost of making a type ii error this is the only equation in the talk by the way -we have a pattern detection problem that is assessing the difference between a type one and a type two error is highly problematic especially in split second -life and death situations so the default position is just believe all patterns are real all rustles in the grass are dangerous predators and not just the wind -its a horse head thats right it looks like a horse it must be a horse thats a pattern and is it really a horse or is it more like a frog -see our pattern detection device which appears to be located in the anterior cingulate cortex its our little detection device there -can be easily fooled and this is the problem for example what do you see here yes of course its a cow once i prime the brain its called cognitive priming once i prime the brain to see it -it pops back out again even without the pattern that ive imposed on it and what do you see here -some people see a dalmatian dog yes there it is and theres the prime so when i go back without the prime your brain already has the model so you can see it again -another update you will recall i introduced you guys to the quadro tracker its like a water dowsing device its just a hollow piece of plastic with an antenna that swivels around and you walk around -u t austin on corporate environments and whether feelings of uncertainty and out of control makes people see illusory patterns -that is almost everybody sees the planet saturn people that are put in a condition of feeling out of control are more likely to see something in this which is allegedly patternless -in other words the propensity to find these patterns goes up when theres a lack of control for example baseball players are notoriously superstitious when theyre batting -but not so much when theyre fielding because fielders are successful ninety to ninety five percent of the time the best batters fail seven out of ten times -so their superstitions their patternicities are all associated with feelings of lack of control and so forth -you show subjects the fish is degraded twenty percent fifty percent and then the one i showed you seventy percent a similar experiment was done by another psychologist named peter brugger -more meaningful patterns were perceived on the right hemisphere via the left visual field than the left hemisphere -so if you present subjects the images such that its going to end up on the right hemisphere instead of the left then theyre more likely to see patterns than if you put it on the -and it points to things like if youre looking for marijuana in students lockers itll point right to somebody oh sorry -left hemisphere our right hemisphere appears to be where a lot of this patternicity occurs so what were trying to do is bore into the brain to see where all this happens -and his colleague christine mohr gave subjects l dopa l dopas a drug as you know given for treating parkinsons disease which is related to a -these are patternicities theyre incorrect patterns theyre false positives theyre type one errors and if you give them drugs that -patterns like that decreases on the other hand amphetamines like cocaine are dopamine agonists they increase the amount of dopamine so youre more likely to -now so perhaps more dopamine is related to more creativity dopamine i think changes our signal to noise ratio that is -how accurate we are in finding patterns if its too low youre more likely to make too many type two errors you miss the real patterns you dont want to be too skeptical if -the really interesting good ideas just right youre creative and yet you dont fall for too much baloney -maybe you see patterns everywhere every time somebody looks at you you think people are staring at you you think people are talking about you and if you go too far on that thats just simply labeled as madness -so the signal to noise ratio then presents us with a pattern detection problem and of course you all know exactly what this is right and what pattern do you see here -pretty sexy feet i must say maybe a little photoshopped and of course the ambiguous figures that seem to flip flop back and forth it turns out what youre thinking about a lot influences what you -tend to see and you see the lamp here i know because the lights on here -of course thanks to the environmentalist movement were all sensitive to the plight of marine mammals so what you see in this -a dolphin tail there guys -if we can give you conflicting data again your acc is going to be going into hyperdrive if you look down here its fine if you look up here then you get conflicting data and then we have to flip the image for you to see that its a set up -like that well heres the late great jerry andrus impossible crate illusion in three d in which jerry is standing inside -the impossible crate and he was kind enough to post this and give us the reveal of course camera angle is everything the photographer is over there -and this board appears to overlap with this one and this one with that one and so on but even when i take it away the illusion is so powerful because of how are brains are wired to find those certain kinds of patterns -this is a fairly new one that throws us off because of the conflicting patterns of comparing this angle with that angle in fact it the exact same picture side by side -for forty thousand dollars apiece its just like this one completely worthless in which it allegedly worked by electrostatic magnetic ion attraction -so what youre doing is comparing that angle instead of with this one but that one and so your brain is fooled yet again your pattern detection devices are fooled -faces are easy to see because we have an additional evolved facial recognition software in our temporal lobes heres some faces on the side of a rock -not even sure if this is this might be photoshopped but anyway the point is still made now which one of these looks odd to you in a quick reaction which one looks -the one on the left okay so ill rotate it so itll be the one on the right and you are correct -now i said back in our little thought experiment youre a hominid walking on the plains of africa is it just the wind or a dangerous predator whats the difference between those -well the wind is inanimate the dangerous predator is an intentional agent and i call this process agenticity that is the tendency to infuse patterns with meaning intention and agency often invisible beings from the top down -this is an idea that we got from a fellow tedster here dan dennett who talked about taking the intentional stance so its a type of that expanded to explain i think a lot of different things souls spirits ghosts gods demons angels aliens intelligent designers -which translates to pseudoscientific baloney would be the nice word in which you string together a bunch of words that sound good but it does absolutely nothing in this case -and polythiesm and monotheism its the belief that aliens are somehow more advanced than us more moral than us and the narratives always are that theyre coming here to save us and rescue us -from on high the intelligent designers always portrayed as this super intelligent moral being that comes down to design life even the idea that government can rescue us -theres people there on any given day like when i went there here showing me where the different shooters were my favorite one was he was in the manhole and he popped out at the last second took that -whole other lecture but you know how we know that nine eleven was not orchestrated by the bush administration because it worked -at trespass points allowing people to go through because your little tracker device said they were okay actually cost lives so there is a danger to pseudoscience in believing in this sort of thing -so we are natural born dualists our agenticity process comes from the fact that we can enjoy movies like these because we can imagine in essence continuing on -we know that if you stimulate the temporal lobe you can produce a feeling of out of body experiences near death experiences which you can do by just touching an electrode to the temporal lobe there -or you can do it by loss of consciousness by accelerating in a centrifuge you get a hypoxia or a lower oxygen and the brain then senses that theres an out of body experience -you can use which i did went out and did michael persingers god helmet that bombards your temporal lobes with electromagnetic waves and you get a sense of out of body experience -is awash with music of improvisation thats been sliced diced layered and god knows distributed and sold -whats the long term effect of this on us or on music nobody knows -the question remains what happens when the music stops what sticks with people now that we have unlimited access to music what does stick with us well let me show you a story of what i mean by really sticking with us i was visiting a cousin of mine in an old age home -and i spied a very shaky old man making his way across the room on a walker he came over to a piano that was there and he balanced himself and began playing something like this -they didnt know all that much about it but they gave me the opportunity to discover it together with them and i think inspired by that memory its been my desire to try and bring it to as many other people as i can sort of pass it on through whatever means -suddenly got it and i said friend -by any chance are you trying to play this -well thats why i take every performance so seriously why it matters to me so much i never know who might be there who might be absorbing it and what will happen to it in their life -but now im excited that theres more chance than ever before possible of sharing this music -thats what drives my interest in projects like the tv series keeping score with the san francisco symphony that looks at the backstories of music and working -with the young musicians at the new world symphony on projects that explore the potential of the new performing arts centers for both entertainment and education and of course the new world -to be explorers together -sure the big events attract a lot of attention but what really matters is what goes on every single day -we need your perspectives your curiosity your voices and it excites me now to meet people who are hikers chefs code writers taxi drivers people i never would have guessed who loved the music and who are passing it on -you dont need to worry about knowing anything if youre curious if you have a capacity for wonder if youre alive you know all that you need to know -you can start anywhere ramble a bit follow traces get lost be surprised amused inspired all that what all that how is out there waiting for you to discover its why -to dive in and pass it on -and how people get this music how it comes into their lives really fascinates me one day in new york i was on the street and i saw some kids playing baseball between stoops and cars and fire hydrants and a tough slouchy kid got up to bat -and he ran around the bases -and i thought go figure how did this piece of eighteenth century austrian aristocratic entertainment -to do this tedtalk i was really chuckled because you see my fathers name was ted and much of my life especially my musical life is really a talk that im still having with him or the part of me that he continues to be -turn into the victory crow of this new york -classical music is an unbroken living tradition that goes back over one thousand years and every one of those years has had something unique and powerful to say to us about what its like to be alive -but what classical music does -is to distill all of these musics down to condense them to their absolute essence and from that essence create -a new language a language that speaks very lovingly -its a language thats still evolving -now over the centuries it grew into the big pieces we always think of like -to bring you back to a fragile and personal moment like this one from -the beethoven violin concerto -its so simple -four hundred and forty per second -but the way we react to different combinations of these phenomena is complex and emotional and not totally understood -and -and in the seventeenth century -it was more like this -happy with this last chord even though a while back it would have puzzled or annoyed you or sent some of you running from the room and the reason you like it is because youve inherited whether you knew it or not centuries worth -he was a self taught illustrator and musician he didnt read a note -of the musics powerful silent partner the way its been passed on notation now the impulse to notate or more exactly i should say encode music -in two hundred b c a man named sekulos wrote this song for his departed wife and inscribed it on her gravestone in the notational system of the greeks -and he was profoundly hearing impaired yet he was my greatest teacher -in these excerpts from the christmas mass puer natus est nobis for us is born -because even through the squeaks of his hearing aids his understanding of music was profound and for him it wasnt so much -well notation not only passed the music on notating and encoding the music changed its priorities entirely because it enabled the musicians to imagine music on a much vaster scale now -inspired moves of improvisation could be recorded saved considered -prioritized made into intricate designs and from this moment classical music became what it most essentially is a dialogue between the two powerful sides of our nature instinct and intelligence -and there began to be a real difference at this point between the art of improvisation and the art of composition -all possible moves testing them out prioritizing them out until he sees how they can form a powerful and coherent design of ultimate and enduring -the way the music goes as about what it witnesses and where it can take you and he did a painting of this experience which he called in the realm of music -but every musician strikes a different balance between faith and reason instinct and intelligence and every musical era had different priorities of these things different things to pass on different whats -the big what was to praise god and by the one thousand four hundred s music was being written that tried to mirror gods mind as could be seen in the design of the night sky -this -this of course was the birth of opera and its development put music on a radical new course the what now was not to mirror the mind of god but to follow the emotion turbulence of man -have with us the triads either the -major one -six hundred and fifty nine vibrations per second -or e flat -thirty seven freakin vibrations -so you can see in a system like this there was enormous subtle potential of representing human emotions and in fact as man began to understand more his complex and ambivalent nature harmony grew more complex to reflect it -emotions beyond the ability of words -printing put music the scores the codebooks of music into the hands of performers everywhere -this is when those big forms arose the symphonies the sonatas the concertos and in these big architectures of time -composers like beethoven could share the insights of a lifetime -a piece like beethovens fifth -basically witnessing how it was possible for him to go from sorrow and anger -over the course of a half an hour step by exacting step -of his route to the moment when he could make it across to joy -and it turned out the symphony could be used for more complex issues like -gripping ones of culture such as nationalism or -quest for freedom or the frontiers of -one thing until recently was always the same and that was -when the musicians stopped playing the music stopped -whats left what sticks with people in the audience at the end of a performance is it a melody or a rhythm or a mood or an attitude and how might that change their lives to me this is the intimate personal side of music its the passing on part its the why part of it -to me thats the most essential of all -mostly its been a person to person thing a teacher student performer audience thing -and then around one thousand eight hundred and eighty came this new technology that first mechanically then through analogs then digitally created a new and miraculous way of -passing things on -albeit an impersonal one -people could now hear music all the time even though it wasnt necessary for them to play an instrument read music or even go to concerts -and technology pushed composers to tremendous extremes using computers and synthesizers to create works of intellectually impenetrable complexity beyond the means of performers and audiences at the same time -technology by taking over the role that notation had always played shifted the balance within music between instinct and intelligence way over to the instinctive side the culture in which we live now -there is nothing in my story -that would land me here i wasnt raised with wealth or resources or any social standing to speak of -i was raised on the south side of chicago thats the real part of chicago -and i was the product of a working class community -my father was a city worker all of his life and my mother was a stay at home mom and she stayed at home to take care of me and my older brother -neither of them attended university my dad was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in the prime of his life -but even as it got harder for him to walk and get dressed in the morning i saw him struggle more and more my father never complained about his struggle -he was grateful for what he had he just woke up a little earlier and worked a little harder and my brother and i were raised with all that you really need -my first trip my first foreign trip as a first lady can you believe that -love strong values and a belief that with a good education and a whole lot of hard work that there was nothing that we could not do -i am an example of whats possible -when girls from the very beginning of their lives are loved and nurtured by the people around them -i was surrounded by extraordinary women in my life grandmothers teachers aunts cousins neighbors who taught me about quiet strength and dignity -and my mother the most important role model in my life who lives with us at the white house and helps to care for our two little daughters malia and sasha -shes an active presence in their lives as well as mine and is instilling in them the same values that she taught me and my brother things like compassion -i was also fortunate enough to be cherished and encouraged by some strong male role models as well -my father my brother uncles and grandfathers the men in my life taught me some important things as well -they taught me about what a respectful relationship should look like between men and women -they taught me about what a strong marriage feels like that its built on faith and commitment and an admiration for each others unique gifts -they taught me about what it means to be a father and to raise a family and not only to invest in your own home but to reach out and help -raise kids in the broader community and these were the same qualities that i looked for in my own husband barack obama -and when we first met one of the things that i remember is that he took me out on a date and his date was to go with him to a community meeting -i know -but when we met barack was a community organizer he worked -as he talked to the residents in that community center he talked about two concepts he talked about the world as it is and the world as it should be -and i talked about this throughout the entire campaign what he said that all too often is that we accept -the distance between those two ideas and sometimes we settle for the world as it is even when it doesnt reflect our values and aspirations -but barack reminded us on that day all of us in that room that we all know what our world should look like -to say that i am glad this is my first official visit the special relationship between the united states and the u k is based -we know what fairness and justice and opportunity look like we all know -and he urged the people in that meeting in that community to devote themselves to closing the gap between those two ideas to work together to try to make the world as it is and the world as it should be -one and the same and i think about that today because i am reminded and convinced that all of you in this school -are very important parts of closing that gap you are the women who will build the world as it should be -youre going to write the next chapter in history not just for yourselves but for your generation and generations to come -and thats why getting a good education is so important -thats why all of this that youre going through -the ups and the downs the teachers that you love and the teachers that you dont why its so important -because communities and countries and ultimately the world are only as strong as the health of their women -the difference between a struggling family and a healthy one is often the presence of an empowered woman or women at the center of that family -the difference between a broken community and a thriving one is often the healthy respect between men and women who appreciate the contributions each other makes to society -not only on the relationship between governments but the common language and the values that we share and im reminded of that by watching you all today -the difference between a languishing nation and one that will flourish is the recognition that we need equal access to education for both boys and girls -and this school named after the u k s first female doctor and the surrounding buildings named for mexican artist -frida kahlo mary seacole the jamaican nurse known as the black florence nightingale -the english author emily bronte honor women who fought sexism racism and ignorance to pursue -their passions to feed their own souls they allowed for no obstacles as the sign said back there without limitations -they knew no other way to live than to follow their dreams -and having done so -these women -moved many obstacles -and they opened many new doors for millions of female doctors and nurses and artists and authors all of whom have followed them -and by getting a good education -if you want to know the reason why im standing here its because of education i never cut class -sorry i dont know if anybody -i never did it i loved getting as i liked being smart i liked being on time i liked getting my work done -during my visit ive been especially honored to meet some of britains most extraordinary women women who are paving the way for all of you and im honored to meet you -i thought being smart was cooler than anything in the world and you too with these same values can control your own destiny you too can pave the way -you too can realize your dreams and then your job is to reach back -do the same thing history proves that it doesnt matter whether you come from a council estate or a country estate your success will be determined by your own fortitude -your own confidence your own individual hard work that is true that is the reality of the world that we live in you now have control over your own destiny and it wont be easy thats for sure -but you have everything you need everything you need to succeed you already have right here my husband works -in this big office they call it the oval office in the white house theres the desk that he sits at its called the resolute desk -it was built by the timber of her majestys ship resolute and given by queen victoria its an enduring symbol of the friendship between our two nations -and its name resolute is a reminder of the strength of character thats required not only to lead a country but to live a life of purpose as well -and i hope in pursuing your dreams you all remain resolute that you go forward without limits and that you use your talents because there are many weve seen them its there -that you use them to create the world as it should be because we are counting on you we are counting on every single one of you to be the very best that you can be -because the world is big and its full of challenges and we need strong smart confident young women -to stand up and take the reins we know you can do it we love you thank you so much -the future leaders of great britain and this world -and although the circumstances of our lives may seem very distant with me standing here as the first lady of the united states of america and you just getting through school -i want you to know that we have very much in common for nothing in my lifes path -would have predicted that id be standing here as the first african american first lady of the united states of america -i committed to his brother and his father right then and there im like all right heres the deal tonys going to speak were going to get him a machine and were going to figure out a way for him to do his art again because its a travesty that someone who still has all of that in him isnt able to communicate it -so i spoke at a conference a couple months after that i met these guys called grl graffiti research lab and they have a technology that allows them to project a light onto any surface and then with a laser pointer draw on it and it just registers the negative space so they go around and do art installations like this -a stephen hawking machine -into our house my wife and kids and i moved to our back garage and these hackers and programmers and conspiracy theorists and anarchists took over our house a lot of our friends thought we were absolutely stupid to do that and that we were going to come back and all the pictures on the wall would be removed and graf on the walls but -for over two weeks we programmed we went to the venice boardwalk my kids got involved my dog got involved -and we created this this is called the eyewriter -and you can see the description this is a cheap -pair of sunglasses that we bought at the venice beach boardwalk -some copper wire and some stuff from home depot and radio shack -we took a ps three camera hacked it open mounted it to an led light and now theres a device that is -free you build this yourself we publish the code for free you download the software for free and now weve created a device that has absolutely no limitations theres no insurance company that can say no theres no hospital that can say no anybody whos paralyzed now has access to actually draw or communicate using -and this is an amazing picture because this is his life support system and hes looking over his life support system we kicked his bed so that he could see out and we set up a projector on a wall out in the parking lot outside of his hospital and he drew again for the first time in front of his family and friends and you can only imagine what the -so tempt is now completely paralyzed he only has use of his eyes i was exposed to him i have a company that does design and animation so obviously graffiti is definitely an intricate part of what we admire and respect in the art world -thats kind of our battle cry thats what keeps us going and keeps us developing and weve got such a long way to go with this this is an amazing device but its the equivalent of an etch a sketch and someone who has that kind of artistic potential deserves so much more so were in the process of trying to figure out how to make it better faster stronger -thing about this and this is whats completing the -basically this is my point if you see something thats not possible -never done anything with ocular recognition technology but i just recognized something and associated myself with amazing people so that we could make something happen and this is the question i want everyone to ask yourself every single day when you come up with something you feel that needs to be done -if not now then when and if not me then who thank you -and so we decided that we were going to sponsor tony tempt and his cause so i went and met with his brother and father and said -and he said no unless youre in the upper echelon and youve got really amazing insurance you cant actually do that these devices arent accessible to people and i said well how do you actually communicate has everyone seen the movie the diving bell and the butterfly -thats how they communicate so run their finger along i said thats archaic how can that be so i showed up with the desire to just write a check -and instead i wrote a check that i had no freaking idea how i was going to cash -kind of neuroscience that i do and my colleagues do is almost like the weatherman -in particular about twelve years ago we created a preparation that we named brain machine interfaces and you have a scheme here that describes how it works the idea is lets have some sensors that listen to these storms this electrical firing -we are always chasing storms we want to see and measure storms brainstorms that is and we all talk about brainstorms in our daily lives -about half a second lets see if we can read these signals extract the motor messages that are embedded in it translate it into digital commands and send it to an artificial device that will reproduce the voluntary motor wheel of that brain -in real time and see if we can measure how well we can translate that message when we compare to the way the body does that -and if we can actually provide feedback sensory signals that go back from this robotic mechanical computational actuator that is now under the control of the brain back to the brain how the brain deals with that -of receiving messages from an artificial piece of machinery and thats exactly what we did ten years ago we started with a superstar monkey called aurora that became one of the superstars of this field -and aurora liked to play video games as you can see here she likes to use a joystick like any one of us any of our kids -to play this game and as a good primate she even tries to cheat before she gets the right answer so even before a target appears that shes supposed to cross with the cursor that shes controlling with this joystick aurora is trying to find the target no matter where it is -and if shes doing that because every time she crosses that target with the little cursor she gets a drop of brazilian orange juice and i can tell you any monkey will do anything for you if you get a little drop of brazilian orange juice actually any primate will do that think about that -well while aurora was playing this game as you saw and doing a thousand trials a day and getting ninety seven percent correct and three hundred and fifty milliliters of orange juice we are recording the brainstorms that are produced in her head -but we rarely see or listen to one so i always like to start these talks by actually introducing you to one of them actually the first time we recorded -and sending them to a robotic arm that was learning to reproduce the movements that aurora was making because the idea was to actually turn on this brain machine interface and have aurora play the game just by thinking without interference of her body -her brainstorms would control an arm that would move the cursor and cross the target and to our shock thats exactly what aurora did she played the game -in that outside world just by controlling an artificial device and aurora kept playing the game kept finding the little target and getting the orange juice that she wanted to get that she craved for well -the robotic arm that you see moving here thirty days later after the first video that i showed to you -is under the control of auroras brain and is moving the cursor to get to the target and aurora now knows that she can play the game with this robotic arm but she has not lost -the ability to use her biological arms to do what she pleases she can scratch her back she can scratch one of us she can play another game by all purposes and means auroras brain has incorporated that artificial device as an extension of her body -more than one neuron a hundred brain cells simultaneously we could measure the electrical sparks of a hundred cells in the same animal this is the first image we got the first ten seconds of this recording so we got a little snippet of a thought and we could see it in front of us -well we did that ten years ago just fast forward -ten years just last year we realized that you dont even need to have a robotic device you can just build a computational body an avatar -a monkey avatar and you can actually use it for our monkeys to either interact with them or you can train them to assume in a virtual world the first person perspective of that avatar and use her brain activity to control the movements of the avatars arms or legs -and what we did basically was to train the animals to learn how to control these avatars and explore objects that appear in the virtual world -and these objects are visually identical but when the avatar crosses the surface of these objects they send an electrical message that is proportional to the microtactile texture of the object that goes back directly to the monkeys brain -informing the brain what it is the avatar is touching and in just four weeks the brain learns to process this new sensation and acquires a new sensory pathway -like a new sense and you truly liberate the brain now because you are allowing the brain to send motor commands to move this avatar and the feedback that comes from the avatar is being processed directly by the brain without the interference of the skin -so what you see here is this is the design of the task youre going to see an animal basically touching these three targets and he has to select one because only one carries the reward the orange juice that they want to get and he has to select it by touch using a virtual arm an arm that doesnt exist -and thats exactly what they do this is a complete liberation of the -so when we look at the brains of these animals on the top panel you see the alignment of one hundred and twenty five cells showing what happens with the brain activity the electrical storms of this sample of neurons in the brain when the animal is using a joystick and thats a picture that every neurophysiologist knows -the bottom picture -i always tell the students that we could also call neuroscientists some sort of astronomer because we are dealing with a system that is only comparable in terms of number of cells to the number of galaxies that we have in the universe and here we are -the brain is assimilating that too as fast as we can measure -our violins our cars our bicycles our soccer balls our clothing they all become assimilated by this voracious amazing dynamic system called the brain how far can we take it -well in an experiment that we ran a few years ago we took this to the limit -we had an animal running on a treadmill at duke university on the east coast of the united states producing the brainstorms necessary to move and we had a robotic device a humanoid robot in kyoto japan at atr laboratories that was dreaming its entire life to be controlled by a brain -a human brain or a primate brain -what happens here is that the brain activity that generated the movements in the monkey was transmitted to japan and made this robot walk while footage of this walking was sent back to duke so that the monkey could see the legs of this robot walking in front of her -so she could be rewarded not by what her body was doing but for every correct step of the robot on the other side of the planet controlled by her -the monkey was moving a robot that was six times bigger across the planet this is one of the experiments in which that robot was able to walk autonomously this is cb one fulfilling its dream -out of billions of neurons just recording ten years ago a hundred we are doing a thousand now and we hope to understand something fundamental about our human nature because if you dont know yet everything that we use to define what human nature is comes from these storms -in japan under the control of the brain activity of a primate -so where are we taking all this what are we going to do with all this research besides studying the properties of this dynamic universe that we have between our ears -well the idea is to take all this knowledge and technology -and try to restore one of the most severe neurological problems that we have in the world millions of people have lost the ability to translate these brainstorms into action into movement although their brains continue to produce those storms and code for movements -they cannot cross a barrier that was created by a lesion on the spinal cord -so our idea is to create a bypass is to use these brain machine interfaces to read these signals larger scale brainstorms that contain the desire to move again -produced by this consortium this is a nonprofit consortium called the walk again project that is putting together scientists from europe from here in the united states and in brazil together to work to actually get this new body built -and translate them into movements of this new body but for this body to be assimilated as the new body that the brain controls -so i was told about ten years ago that this would never happen that this was close to impossible and i can only tell you that as a scientist i grew up in southern brazil in the mid sixty s watching a few crazy guys telling us that they would go to the moon -and i was five years old and i never understood why nasa didnt hire captain kirk and spock to do the job after all they were very proficient -but just seeing that as a kid made me believe as my grandmother used to tell me that impossible is just the possible that someone has not put in enough effort to make it come true -so they told me that its impossible to make someone walk -i think im going to follow my grandmothers advice thank you -so arousal is the area where most people learn from because thats where theyre pushed beyond -their comfort zone and that to enter going back to flow then they develop higher skills -control is also a good place to be because -snow had melted and there was i didnt have money to go to a movie but i found that on the i read in the newspapers that there was to be -there you feel comfortable but not very excited its not very challenging any more -and if you want to enter flow from control you have to increase the -so those two are ideal and complementary areas from which flow is easy to go into -the other combinations of challenge and skill become progressively less optimal relaxation is fine you still feel ok boredom begins to be very -and apathy becomes very negative you dont feel that youre doing anything you dont use your skills theres no challenge unfortunately a lot of -to that experience is watching television the next one is being in the bathroom sitting -and -even though sometimes watching television about seven to eight percent of the time is in flow but thats when you choose a program you really want to watch and you get -feedback from it so the question we are trying to address and im way over time is how to put more and more -everyday life in that flow channel and that is the kind of challenge that were trying to -understand and some of you obviously know how to do that spontaneously without any advice but unfortunately a lot of people dont and thats what -mandate is in a way to do -in the center of zurich -and it was -about flying saucers he was going to talk and i thought well since i cant go to the movies at least i will go -grew up in europe and -for free to listen to flying saucers -and the man who talked at that -evening lecture -was very interesting and it actually instead of talking about little green men he talked about how the psyche of the europeans had been traumatized by the war and now theyre projecting -flying saucers into the sky kind of -world war ii caught me when i was between seven and -he talked about how the mandalas of ancient hindu religion were kind of projected into the sky -as an attempt to regain some sense of order after the chaos of war -and this seemed very interesting to me and i started reading his books after that lecture and that was carl jung whose name or work i had no idea about -then i came to this country to study psychology and i started trying to understand -these roots of happiness this is a typical result that many people have presented and there are many variations on it but -ten years old and -their life is very happy and that hasnt changed at all whereas the personal income on a scale that has been held constant -for inflation has more than doubled almost tripled in that period -i realized how few of the grown ups that i -but you find essentially the same results namely that after a certain basic point which corresponds more or less to just a few one thousand dollars above the minimum -poverty level increases in material well being dont seem to affect how happy people are -and in fact you can find that the lack of basic resources material resources -the increase in material resources do not increase -so my research has been focused more -after finding out these things that actually -do we feel really happy and to -start that those studies about forty years ago i began to look at creative -able to withstand the -people first artists and scientists and so forth trying to understand -what made them feel that -it was -doing things for which many of them didnt expect either fame or fortune but which made their life meaningful and -doing this was one of the leading composers of american music back in the seventies and the interview was forty pages long but -tragedies that the war visited on them how few of them could -this little excerpt is a very good summary of what he was saying during the interview and it describes how he feels -when composing is going well and he says by describing it as an ecstatic state now ecstasy in greek meant simply to stand to the side of something and then it became -essentially an analogy for a mental state where you feel that you are not doing your ordinary everyday routines -so ecstasy is essentially a stepping into an alternative reality -and its interesting if you think about it how -when we think about the civilizations that we look up to as having been pinnacles of human achievement whether its -china greece hindu civilization or -what we know about them is really about their ecstasies not about their everyday life we know the temples they built so where people could come to experience a different reality -we know about the circuses the arenas the theaters -these are the remains of civilizations and they are the places that people went to -even resemble a normal contented satisfied happy life -experience life in a more concentrated -ordered form now this man doesnt need to go -to a place like this which is also this place this arena which is built like a greek amphitheatre is a place for ecstasy also -we are participating in a reality which is different from that of everyday life that were used to but this man doesnt need to go to there he needs just a piece of paper -he can put down little marks and as he does that he can imagine sounds that had not existed before in that particular combination -once he gets to that point of beginning to create like jennifer did in her improvisation a new reality that is -moment of ecstasy he enters that different reality -now he says also that this is so intense an experience that it feels almost as if he didnt exist -once -in order to hear me and understand what im saying you need to process about sixty bits per second thats why you cant hear more than two people you cant understand more than two people talking to you -job their home their -well when you are really involved in this -completely engaging process of creating something new as this man does -he doesnt have enough -attention left over to monitor how his body feels or his problems at home -he cant feel even that hes hungry or tired -his body disappears his identity disappears from his consciousness because he doesnt have enough -attention like none of us do to really do well something that requires a lot of -and at the same time to feel that he exists so existence is temporarily suspended -and he says that his hand seems to be moving by itself -i could look at my hand for two weeks and i wouldnt feel any awe or wonder because i cant compose so what is that telling you here but in other parts of the interview is that obviously this -process that hes describing can only happen to someone who is -well trained and who has developed technique and it has become a kind of -with less than ten years of -to be able to -begin to change something in a way that its better than what was there before now when that happens -the music just flows out and because all of these people i started interviewing this was an interview which is over thirty years old -and i tried as a child as a teenager to read philosophy and to get involved in art and -so many of the people described this as a spontaneous flow that i called this type of experience the flow experience and it happens in different -a poet describes it -in this form this is by a student of mine who interviewed some of the leading writers and poets in the united states and it describes -the same effortless spontaneous feeling that you get when you enter into this ecstatic state this poet describes it as opening a door that floats up in the sky -very similar description to what albert einstein gave as to how he imagined the forces of relativity when he was -but it happens in other activities for instance this is another student of mine -susan jackson from australia who -work with some of the leading athletes in the world and -you see here in this description of an olympic skater the same essential description of the phenomenology of the inner state of the person -you dont think it goes automatically if you merge yourself with the music and so forth -it happens also actually in the most recent book i wrote called good business where i interviewed some of the ceos -who had been nominated by their peers as being both very successful and very ethical very socially responsible you see that these people define success as -religion and many other -something that helps others and at the same time makes you feel happy as you are working at it and like all of these successful and responsible ceos say -you cant -have just one of these things to -be successful -if you want a meaningful -job and successful job anita roddick is another one of these ceos -ways that i could see as a possible answer to that question and finally i ended up -we interviewed she is the founder of body shop the cosmetic kind of natural cosmetic king its kind of a passion that comes from doing the best and having flow while youre working -this is an interesting little quote from masaru ibuka who was at that time -where engineers can feel the joy of technological innovation -be aware of their mission to society -and work to their hearts content i couldnt improve on this as a good example of how flow enters the workplace now when we do studies -we have with other colleagues around the world done over eight thousand interviews of people from dominican monks to blind nuns to himalayan climbers -navajo shepherds who enjoy their work and regardless of the culture regardless of education or whatever there are these seven -conditions that seem to be there when a person is in flow theres this focus that once it becomes intense leads to a sense of ecstasy a sense of clarity -you know exactly what you want to do from one moment to the other you get immediate feedback you know that what you need to do is possible to do even though difficult -and sense of time disappears you forget yourself you feel part of something larger and once those conditions are present what you are doing becomes -psychology by -doing for its own sake in our studies we represent the everyday life of people in this simple scheme -chance actually i was at a -and we can measure this very precisely actually because we give people electronic pagers that go off ten times a day and whenever they go off you say what youre doing how you feel -where you are what youre thinking about and two things that we measure is the amount of challenge people -average which is the center of the diagram that would be your mean level of challenge and skill which will be different from that of anybody else but you have a kind of a set point there -ski resort in switzerland without any money to actually enjoy myself because the -which would be in the middle -if we know what that set point is we can predict fairly accurately when you will be in flow and it will be when your challenges -skills are higher than average and you may be doing things very differently from other people -but for everyone that flow channel that area there will be when you are doing what you really like to do play the piano -probably be with your best friend -perhaps work if work is what provides flow for you and then the other areas become less and less positive arousal is still good because you are over -your skills are not quite as high as they should be but you can move into flow fairly easily by just developing a little more skill -now when you see these mountains most people think of garbage -we see above ground mines and the reason we see mines is because theres a lot of valuable raw materials that went into making all of this stuff in the first place and its becoming increasingly important -that we figure out how to extract these raw materials from these extremely complicated waste streams -because as weve heard all week at ted the worlds getting to be a smaller place with more people in it who want more and more stuff and of course they want the toys and the tools that many of us take for granted and what goes into making those toys and tools that we use every single day -its mostly many types of plastics and many types of metals and the metals we typically get from ore that we mine in ever widening mines and ever deepening mines around the world -and these practices have significant economic and environmental implications that were already starting to see today -the good news is we are starting to recover materials from our end of life stuff and starting to recycle our end of life stuff particularly in regions of the world like here in europe that have recycling policies in place that require that this stuff be recycled in a responsible manner -most of whats extracted from our end of life stuff if it makes it to a recycler are the metals -to put that in perspective and im using steel as a proxy here for metals because its the most common metal if your stuff makes it to a recycler -probably over ninety percent of the metals are going to be recovered and reused for another purpose -most of its incinerated or landfilled now most people think thats because plastics are a throw away material have very little value but actually plastics are several times more valuable than steel and theres more plastics produced and consumed around the world on a volume basis every year than steel -so why is such a plentiful and valuable material not recovered at anywhere near the rate of the less valuable material -i hope within the next ten minutes -to change the way you think about a lot of the stuff in your life and id like to start at the very beginning think back when you were just a kid how did look at the stuff in your life -so the traditional ways of separating materials just simply dont work for plastics -another consequence of metals being so easy to recycle by humans is that a lot of our stuff from the developed world and sadly to say particularly from the united states where we dont have any recycling policies in place like here in europe finds its way to developing countries for low cost recycling -people for as little as a dollar a day pick through our stuff they extract what they can which is mostly the metals circuit boards and so forth and they leave behind mostly what they cant recover which is again mostly the plastics or they burn the plastics to get to the metals in burn houses like you see here -and they extract the metals by hand -now while this may be the low economic cost solution -this is certainly not the low environmental or human health and safety solution -i call this environmental arbitrage -and its not fair its not safe and its not sustainable -now because the plastics are so plentiful and by the way those other methods dont lead to the recovery of plastics obviously -but people do try to recover the plastics this is just one example this is a photo i took standing on the rooftops of one of the largest slums in the world in mumbai india -none of these techniques result in any amount of recycling in any significant way and by the way please dont try this technique at home -so what are we to do about this space age material at least what we used to call a space aged material these plastics well i certainly believe that its far too valuable and far too abundant to keep putting back in the ground or certainly send up in smoke -so about twenty years ago i literally started in my garage tinkering around trying to figure out how to separate these very similar materials from each other and eventually enlisted a lot of my friends in the mining world actually and in the plastics world and we started going around to mining laboratories around the world because after all were doing above ground mining -and we eventually broke the code -this is the last frontier of recycling its the last major material to be recovered in any significant amount on the earth and we finally figured out how to do it and in the process we started recreating how the plastics industry makes plastics -its my stuff if i saw it first -the traditional way to make plastics is with oil or petrochemicals you breakdown the molecules you recombine them in very specific ways to make all the wonderful plastics that we enjoy each and every day we said theres got to be a more sustainable way to make plastics and not just sustainable from an environmental standpoint -sustainable from an economic standpoint as well -well a good place to start is with waste it certainly doesnt cost as much as oil and its plentiful as i hope that youve been able to see from the photographs -the entire pile is my stuff if im building something -and because were not breaking down the plastic into molecules and recombining them were using a mining approach to extract the materials we have significantly lower capital costs in our plant equipment we have enormous energy savings i dont know how many other projects on the planet right now can save eighty to ninety percent -of the energy compared to making something the traditional way and instead of plopping down several hundred million dollars to build a chemical plant that will only make one type of plastic for its entire life -our plants can make any type of plastic we feed them and we make a drop in replacement for that plastic thats made from petrochemicals -the more stuff thats mine the better and of course its your stuff -our customers get to enjoy huge co two savings they get to close the loop with their products and they get to make more sustainable products in the short time period i have i want to show you a little bit of a sense about how we do this -it starts with metal recyclers who shred our stuff into very small bits they recover the metals and leave behind whats called shredder residue its their waste a very complex mixture of materials but predominantly plastics -we take out the things that arent plastics such as the metals they missed carpeting foam rubber wood glass paper you name it even an occasional dead animal unfortunately -and it goes in the first part of our process here which is more like traditional recycling were sieving the material were using magnets were using air classification it looks like the willy wonka factory at this point -at the end of this process we have a mixed plastic composite many different types of plastics and many different grades of plastics -if its broken -this goes into the more sophisticated part of our process and the really hard work -multi step separation process begins we grind the plastic down to about the size of your small fingernail we use a very highly automated process to sort those plastics not only by type but by grade and out the end of that part of the process come little flakes of plastic one type one grade -we then use optical sorting to color sort this material we blend it in fifty thousand lb blending silos we push that material to extruders where we melt it push it through small die holes make spaghetti like plastic strands and we chop those strands into what are called pellets and this becomes -the currency of the plastics industry -this is the same material -and its going right back into your new stuff -now instead of your stuff ending up on a hillside in a developing country or literally going up in smoke -you can find your old stuff back on top of your desk in new products -to another form for another use later in time and finally i hope you agree with me to change that last toddler rule just a little bit to if its broken -we handle about one million pounds of peoples discarded stuff now a million pounds a day sounds like a lot of stuff -but its a tiny drop of the durable goods that are disposed each and every year around the world well less than one percent in fact the united nations estimates that theres about eighty five billion pounds a year of electronics waste that gets discarded around the world each and every year and thats one of the most rapidly growing parts of our waste stream -and if you throw in other durable goods like automobiles and so forth that number well more than doubles and of course the more developed the country the bigger these mountains -and throughout the book theres over an hour of documentary footage and interactive animations so you can open this one -one of the coolest things in this book are the interactive infographics this one shows the wind potential all around the united states but instead of just showing us the information we can take our finger -and explore and see state by state exactly how much wind potential there is we can do the same for geothermal energy -past year and a half my team at push pop press and charlie melcher and melcher media have been working on creating the first feature length interactive book -coming from the windmill is diverted into the battery and as the wind starts dying down any excess energy will be diverted back into the house the lights never -so thats push pop press first title al gores our choice thank you -its called our choice and the author is al gore -its the sequel to an inconvenient truth and it explores all the solutions that will solve the climate crisis -the book starts like this this is the cover -as the globe spins we can see our location and we can open the book -and swipe through the chapters to browse the book -or we can scroll through the pages at the bottom -and if we wanted to zoom into a page we can just open it up -and anything you see in the book you can pick up with two fingers and lift off the page and open up -and if you want to go back and read the book again -i mean how many people have an iphone on them right now how many people have their blackberries were plugged in were connected i would never suggest for a second that something bad has come out of the tech revolution good grief not to this crowd -but i would suggest that innovation without imitation is a complete waste of time and nobody celebrates imitation the way dirty jobs guys -it has to be done your iphone without those people making the same interface the same circuitry the same board over and over all that thats what makes it equally as possible as the genius that goes -blood flow is slowly retarded a week later the parts in question fall off great got it ok i call the spca to confirm this they confirm it i also call peta just for fun and they dont like it but they confirm it ok thats basically -inside of it so weve got this new toolbox you know our tools today dont look like shovels and picks they look like the stuff we walk around with and so the collective -effect of all of that -has been this marginalization of lots and lots of jobs and i realized probably too late in this game i hope not because i dont know if i can do two hundred more of these things but were going to do as many as we can -and to me the most important thing to know and to really come face to face with is that fact that i got it wrong about a lot of things not just the testicles on my chin -i got a lot wrong so were thinking by we i mean me that -the thing to do is to talk about a pr campaign for work manual labor skilled labor -kind of you know kind of lost a little -so -if i were running for anything and im not i would simply say that the jobs we hope to make and the jobs we hope to create arent going to stick unless theyre jobs that people want -how you do it so the next day i go out and im given a horse and we go get the lambs and we take them to a pen that we built and we go about the business of -and i know the point of this conference is to celebrate things that are near and dear to us but i also know that clean and dirty arent opposites theyre two sides of the same coin just like innovation and imitation like risk and responsibility -like peripetia and anagnorisis like that poor little lamb who i hope isnt quivering anymore and like my time thats gone its been great talking to you and get back -lamb goes on the post she opens it up alright great albert goes in i follow albert the crew is around i always watch the process done the first time before i try it being an apprentice you know you do that albert reaches in his pocket to pull out you know this black rubber band but what comes out instead is a knife -and im like thats not rubber at all you know -the dirty jobs crew and i were called to a little town in colorado called craig its only a couple dozen square miles its in the rockies and the job in question was sheep rancher -it was impressive in the space of about two seconds albert had the knife between the cartilage of the tail right next to the -the lamb and very quickly the tail was gone and in the bucket that i was holding a second later with a big thumb and a well calloused forefinger he had the scrotum firmly -in his grasp and he pulled it toward him like so and he took the knife and he put it on the tip now you had think you know whats coming michael you -he snips it throws the tip over his shoulder and then grabs the scrotum and pushes it upward and then his head -my view but what i hear is a slurping sound and a noise that sounds like velcro being yanked off a sticky wall and i am not even kidding -can we roll the video no im kidding we -i thought it best to talk in pictures so -i do something now ive never ever done on a dirty jobs shoot ever i say time out stop you guys know the show we use take one we dont do take two theres no writing theres no scripting theres no nonsense we dont fool around we dont rehearse -we shoot what we get i said stop this is nuts i mean -you know this is -we cant do this and alberts like what and im like i dont know what just happened but there are testicles in this bucket and thats not how we do it and he said well thats how we do it and i said -why would you do it this way and before i even let him explain i said i want to do it the right way with the rubber bands -my role on the show for those of you who havent seen it its pretty simple im an apprentice and i work with the people who actually do the jobs in question -he goes to his box and he pulls out a bag of these little rubber bands melanie picks up another lamb puts it on the post band goes on the tail band goes on the scrotum lamb goes on the ground lamb takes two steps falls -gets up shakes a little -obvious distress and im looking at the lamb and i say albert how long when does he get up hes like a day -day how long does it take them to fall off a week meanwhile the lamb that he had just did his little procedure on -you know hes just prancing around bleeding stopped hes you know nibbling on some grass frolicking and i was just so blown away -how wrong i was in that second and i was reminded how utterly wrong i am so much of the time -and i was especially reminded of what an ridiculously short straw i had that day because now i had to do what albert had just done and there are like one hundred of these lambs in the pen and suddenly this whole things starting to feel like a german porno and im like -i do the testicles emerge they look like thumbs coming right at you and he says bite em -just bite em off -and i heard him -how did how did i get here how did you know i mean how did i get here -its just its one of those moments where the brain goes off on its own and suddenly im standing there in the rockies and all i can think of is the aristotelian definition of a tragedy -you know aristotle says a tragedy is that moment when the hero comes face to face with his own identity -and im like what is this jacked up metaphor i dont like what im thinking right now and i cant get this thought out of my head and i cant get that vision out of my -so i did what i had to do i went in and i took them i took them like this and i yanked my face back and im standing there with -our network does its what dirty jobs is and im up to my neck in anagnorises every single day great the other word -thats the moment in the great tragedies you know euripides and sophocles the moment where oedipus -we check in to a hotel and i realize the next day that castration is going to be an absolute part of this work so -has his moment where he suddenly realizes that hot chick hes been sleeping with and having babies with is his mother ok thats -or peripeteia and this metaphor in my head i got anagnorisis and peripetia on my chin -i got to tell you its such a great device though when you start to look for peripetia you find it everywhere i mean bruce willis in the sixth sense right spends the whole movie -oh im living in a computer program thats weird these discoveries that lead to sudden realizations -and ive been having them over two hundred dirty jobs i have them all the time but that one that one drilled something home in a way that i just wasnt prepared for and as i stood there -looking at the happy lamb that i had just defiled but it looked ok -looking at that poor other little thing that id done it the right way on and i just was struck by if im wrong about -normally i never do any research at all but this is a touchy subject and i work for the discovery channel and we want to -im wrong so often in a literal way what other peripatetic misconceptions might i be able to comment upon because look -im not a social anthropologist but i have a friend who is and i talk to him and he says hey mike look i dont know if your brain is interested in this sort of thing or not but do you realize youve shot in -youve worked in mining youve worked in fishing youve worked in steel youve worked in every major industry youve had your back shoulder to shoulder with these guys that -and if you have something to say about their thoughts collectively it might be time to think about it because dude you know four years -thats in my head testicles are on my chin thoughts are bouncing around and after that shoot dirty jobs -really didnt change in terms of what the show is but it changed for me personally and now when i talk about the show i no longer just tell the story you heard and one hundred and ninety like it -i do but i also start to talk about some of the other things i got wrong some of the other notions of work -that ive just been assuming are sacrosanct and theyre not people with dirty jobs are happier than you think -whatever it is we do and we certainly want to do it with a lot of respect for -as a group theyre the happiest people i know and i dont want to start whistling look for the union label and all that happy worker crap im just telling you that these are balanced people who do unthinkable work roadkill picker uppers whistle while they work i swear to god i did it -theyve got this amazing sort of symmetry to their life and i see it over and over and over again so i started to wonder what would happen -if we challenged some of these sacred cows follow your passion weve been talking about it here for the last thirty six hours -passion its going to work out i can give you thirty examples right now bob combs the pig farmer in las vegas who collects the uneaten scraps of food from the casinos and feeds them them to his swine why because theres so much protein in the stuff we dont eat his pigs grow at twice the normal speed -the animals so i called the humane society and i say look im going to be castrating some lambs can you tell me the deal and theyre like yeah its pretty straightforward they use a -and he is one rich pig farmer and he is good for the environment and he spends his days doing this incredible service and he smells like hell but god bless him hes making a great living you ask him did you follow your passion here and hed laugh at you the guys worth -he just got offered like sixty million dollars for his farm and turned it down outside of vegas he didnt follow his passion he stepped back and he watched where everybody was -and he went the other way and i hear that story over and over matt froind a dairy farmer in new canaan connecticut who woke up one day and realized the crap from his cows was worth more than their milk -if he could use it to make these biodegradable flower pots now hes selling them to walmart follow his passion the -come on so i started to look at passion i started to look at efficiency versus effectiveness as tim talked about earlier thats a huge distinction -i started to look at teamwork and determination and basically all those platitudes they call successories that hang with that schmaltzy art in boardrooms around the world right now that stuff its suddenly all been turned on its head -safety safety first is me going back to you know osha and peta and the humane society -what if osha got it wrong i mean this is heresy what im about to say but what if its really safety third -band basically a rubber band like this only a little smaller this one was actually around the playing cards i got yesterday -i mean really what i mean to say is i value my safety on these crazy jobs as much as the people that im working with but the ones who really get it done theyre not out there talking about safety first -they know that other things come first the business of doing the work comes first the business of getting it done and -never forget up in the bering sea i was on a crab boat with the deadliest catch guys which i also work on in the first season were about one hundred miles off the coast of russia -fifty foot seas big waves green water coming over the wheelhouse right most hazardous environment id ever seen and i was back with a guy lashing the pots down -so im forty feet off the deck which is like looking down at the top of your shoe you know and its doing this in the ocean -but in that moment what he said next cant be repeated in the lower forty eight it cant be repeated on any factory floor or any construction site but he looked at me and he said son -hes my age by the way he calls me son i love that he says son im a captain of a crab boat my responsibility is not to get you home alive my responsibility is to get you home rich -at length about the many little distinctions we made and the endless list of ways that i got it wrong but what it all comes down to is this i formed a theory and im going to share it now in my remaining two minutes and thirty seconds it goes like this -it had a certain familiarity to it and i said well -weve declared war on work as a society all of us its a civil war its a cold war really we didnt -set out to do it and we didnt twist our mustache in some machiavellian way but weve done it and weve waged this war -what exactly is the process and they said the band is applied to the tail tightly and then another band is applied to the scrotum tightly -on at least four fronts certainly in hollywood the way we portray working people on tv its laughable if theres a plumber hes three hundred pounds and hes got a giant buttcrack admit it you see him all the time thats what plumbers look like -we turn them into heroes or we turn them into punchlines thats what tv does we try hard on dirty jobs not to do that which is why i do the work and i dont cheat but -weve waged this war on madison avenue i mean so many of the commercials that come out there in the way of a message whats really being said -your life would be better if you could work a little less if you didnt have to work so hard if you could get home a little earlier if you could retire a little faster if you could punch out a little sooner its all in there over and over again and again -washington i cant even begin to talk about the deals and policies in place that affect the bottom line reality of the available jobs because i dont really know i just know that thats a front in this war and right here guys silicon valley -at hawaii i worked at the waikiki aquarium and the aquarium had a lot of big fish tanks but not a lot of invertebrate displays and being the spineless guy i thought well -ill just go out in the field and collect these wonderful animals i had been learning about as a student and bring them in and i built these elaborate sets and put them on display -now the fish in the tanks were gorgeous to look at but they didnt really interact with people but the octopus did -if you walked up to an octopus tank especially early in the morning before anyone arrived the octopus would rise up and look at you and youre thinking is that guy really looking at me he is looking -you walk up to the front of the tank then you realize that these animals all have different personalities some of them would hold their ground others would slink into the back of the tank and disappear in the rocks and one in particular this amazing animal -i first became fascinated with octopus at an early age i grew up in mobile alabama somebodys got to be from mobile right and mobile sits at the confluence of five rivers forming this beautiful delta -up to the front of the tank and hes just staring at me and he had little horns come up above his eyes so i went right up to the front of the tank i was three or four inches from the front glass -the octopus was sitting on a perch a little rock and he came off the rock and he also came down right to the front of the glass so i was staring at this animal -this gravel hits the front of the glass and falls down he reaches up takes another armful of gravel releases it -then he lifts up an arm so i lift an arm then he lifts another arm -and i lift another arm and then i realize the octopus won the arms race because i was out and he had six left -but the only way i can describe what i was seeing that day was that this octopus was playing which is a pretty sophisticated behavior for a mere invertebrate -so about three years into my degree a funny thing happened on the way to the office which actually changed the course of my life a man came into the aquarium its a long story but essentially he sent me and a couple of friends of mine to the south pacific -to collect animals for him and as we left he gave us two sixteen mm movie cameras he said make a movie about this expedition -maybe i can do this all the time yeah ill be a filmmaker so i literally came back from that job quit school hung my filmmaking shingle and just never told anyone that i didnt know what i was doing its been a good ride -and the delta has alligators crawling in and out of rivers filled with fish and cypress trees dripping with snakes birds of every flavor its an absolute magical wonderland -and what i learned in school though was really beneficial if youre a wildlife filmmaker and youre going out into the field to film animals especially behavior it helps -to have a fundamental background on who these animals are how they work and you know a bit about their behaviors but where i really learned about octopus -was in the field as a filmmaker making films with them where youre allowed to spend large periods of time with the animals seeing octopus being octopus -in their ocean homes i remember i took a trip to australia went to an island called one tree island and apparently evolution -had occurred at a pretty rapid rate on one tree between the time they named it and the time i arrived because im sure there are at least three trees on that island when we were there -anyway one tree is situated right next to a beautiful coral reef in fact theres a surge channel where the tide is moving back and forth twice a day -and not uniquely but certainly the octopus in australia are masters at camouflage as a matter of fact theres one right there -so our first challenge was to find these things and that was a challenge indeed but the idea is we were there for a month and i wanted to acclimate the animals to us so that we could see behaviors without disturbing them so the first week was pretty much -to live in if youre a kid interested in animals to grow up in and this delta water flows to mobile bay and finally into the gulf of mexico and i remember my first real contact with octopus was probably at age five or six i was in the gulf -come back in a few hours come after the first week they ignored us it was like i dont know what that thing is but hes no threat to me so they went on about their business and from a a foot away were watching mating and -and fighting and it is just an unbelievable experience and one of the most fantastic displays that i remember or at least visually was a foraging behavior -and they had a lot of different techniques that they would use for foraging but this particular one used vision and they would see a coral head maybe ten feet away -and go through the water and land right on top of this coral head and then the web between the arms would completely engulf the coral head and they would fish out swim for crabs -and as soon as the crabs touched the arm it was lights out and i always wondered what happened under that web so we created a way to find out -i cant say octopus are responsible for my really strong interest for getting in subs and going deep but whatever the case i like that -its like nothing youve ever done if you ever really want to get away from it all and see something that you have never seen and have an excellent chance of seeing something no one -has ever seen get in a sub you climb in seal the hatch turn on a little oxygen turn on this scrubber which removes the co two in the air you breathe -and it gets quiet and it starts getting really nice -and as you go deeper that lovely blue water you were launched in gives way to darker and darker blue and finally its a rich lavender and after a couple of thousand feet -its ink black and now youve entered the realm of the mid water community -you could give an entire talk about the creatures that live in the mid water suffice to say though as far as im concerned -without question the most bizarre designs and outrageous behaviors are in the animals that live in the mid water community -swimming around and saw a little octopus on the bottom and i reached down and picked him up and immediately became fascinated and impressed by its speed and its strength and agility -but were going to zip right past this area this area that includes about ninety five percent of the living space on our planet -snaking around the entire globe and theyre big mountains thousands of feet tall some of which are tens of thousands of feet and bust through the surface creating islands like -and the top of this mountain range is splitting apart creating a rift valley and when you dive into that rift valley thats where the action is because literally thousands -of active volcanoes are going off at any point in time all along this forty thousand mile range and as these tectonic plates are spreading apart -magma lava is coming up and filling those gaps and youre looking land new land being created right before your eyes and over the tops of them -three to four thousand meters of water creating enormous pressure forcing water down through the cracks toward the center of the earth until it hits a magma chamber where it becomes super heated and super saturated with minerals -and this vent fluid is about six or seven hundred degrees fahrenheit the surrounding water is just a couple of degrees above freezing so it immediately cools and it can no longer hold in suspension -all of the material that its dissolved and it precipitates out forming black smoke and it forms these towers these chimneys that are ten twenty thirty feet tall -it was prying my fingers apart and moving to the back of my hand it was all i could do to hold on to this amazing creature -and all along the sides of these chimneys is shimmering with heat and loaded with life youve got black smokers going all over the place and chimneys that have tube worms that might be eight to ten feet long -and out of the tops of these tube worms are these beautiful red plumes and living amongst the tangle of tube worms is an entire community of animals shrimp fish lobsters crab -until thirty three years ago and it completely threw science on its head it made scientists rethink where life on earth might have actually begun -and before the discovery of these vents all life on earth the key to life on earth was believed to be the sun and photosynthesis but down there there is no -there is no photosynthesis its chemosynthetic environment down there driving it and its all so ephemeral -sort of calmed down in the palms of my hands and started flashing colors just pulsing all of these colors and as i looked at it it kind of tucked its arms under it raised into a spherical shape and turned chocolate brown with two white stripes -you might film this unbelievable hydrothermal vent which you think at the time has to be on another planet its amazing to think that this is actually on earth it looks like aliens in an alien environment -but you go back to this same vent eight years later and it can be completely dead theres no hot water all of the animals are gone theyre dead -of the hydrothermal vent community isnt really different from some of the areas ive seen in thirty five years of traveling around making films where -dead theres no coral algae growing on it and the waters -and this is the tropics its raining like crazy here so this rainwater is flooding down the hillside carrying with it sediments from the construction site smothering the coral and killing it -but encouragingly ive seen just the opposite ive been to a place that was a pretty trashed bay and i look at it just say yuck and go and work on the other side of the -five years later come back and that same bay is now gorgeous its beautiful its got living coral fish all over the place crystal clear water -how it happened is the local community galvanized they recognized what was happening on the hillside and put a stop to it enacted laws and made permits required -im going my gosh i had never seen anything like this in my life so i marveled for a moment and then decided it was time to release him so i put him down -to do responsible construction and golf course maintenance and stopped the sediments flowing into the bay and stopped the chemicals flowing into the bay and the bay recovered -the ocean has an amazing ability to recover if well just leave it alone i think margaret mead said it best -she said that a small group of thoughtful people could change the world indeed its the only thing that ever has and a small group of thoughtful people changed that bay im a big fan of grassroots organizations -ive been to a lot of lectures where at the end of it inevitably one of the first questions that comes up is but but what can i do im an individual im one person and these problems are so large and global and its just overwhelming -question my answer to that is dont look at the big overwhelming issues of the world look in your own backyard -look in your heart actually what do you really care about that isnt right where you live and fix it create a healing zone in your neighborhood and encourage others -to do the same and maybe these healing zones can sprinkle a map little dots on a map and in fact the way that we can communicate today -where alaska is instantly knowing whats going on in china and the kiwis to this and over in england they try to and everyone is talking to everyone else its not isolated points on a map anymore its a network -the octopus left my hands and then did the damnedest thing it landed on the bottom in the rubble and -do that and spread the word -the vent community animals cant really do much about the life and death thats going on where they live but up here we can in theory were thinking rational human beings -and we can make changes to our behavior that will influence and affect the environment like those people changed the health of that -now sylvias ted prize wish was to beseech us to do anything we could everything we could -to set aside not pin pricks but significant expanses of the ocean for preservation hope spots she calls them and i applaud that i loudly applaud that -and its my hope that some of these hope spots can be in the deep ocean an area that has historically been seriously neglected if not -the term deep six comes to mind if its too big or too toxic for a landfill deep six it so i hope that we can also keep some of these hope spots in the deep sea now -i dont get a wish but i certainly can say that i will do anything i can to support sylvia earles wish and that i do thank you very much -all right thats the boot sector of an infected floppy and if we take a closer look inside well see that right there it says welcome to the dungeon -and then it continues saying one thousand nine hundred and eighty six basit and amjad and basit and amjad are first names pakistani first names in fact theres a phone number -so lets see heres a couple of photos i took while i was in pakistan this is from the city of lahore which is around three hundred kilometers south from abbottabad where bin laden was caught heres a typical -street view and heres the street or road leading to this building which is seven hundred and thirty nizam block at allama iqbal town and i knocked on the door -so here standing up is basit -sitting down is his brother amjad these are the guys who wrote the first pc virus now of course -we had a very interesting discussion i asked them why i asked them how they feel about what they started -all the services we use all the connectivity all the entertainment all the business all the commerce -mount some drives go over there what we have here is a list of old viruses so let me just run some viruses on my computer for example -so it used to be fairly easy to know that youre infected by a virus when the viruses were written by hobbyists and teenagers -today they are no longer being written by hobbyists and teenagers -today viruses are a global problem what we have here in the background is an example of our systems that we run in our labs where we track virus infections worldwide so we can actually see in real time that weve just blocked viruses in sweden and taiwan and russia and elsewhere in fact -and its happening during our lifetimes -if i just connect back to our lab systems -through the web we can see in real time just some kind of idea of how many viruses how many new examples of malware we find every single day heres the latest virus weve found in a file called server exe and we found it -its just massive we find tens of thousands even hundreds of thousands and thats the last twenty minutes of malware every single day -im pretty sure that one day well be writing history books hundreds of years from now this time our generation will be remembered as the generation that got online -this is a website operating in moscow where -these guys are buying infected computers so if you are a virus writer and youre capable of infecting windows computers but you dont know what to do with them you can sell those infected computers somebody elses computers to these guys and theyll actually pay you money for those computers -so how do these guys then monetize those infected computers -well theres multiple different ways such as banking trojans which will steal money from your online banking accounts when you do online banking or keyloggers keyloggers silently sit on your computer hidden from view and they record everything you type -so youre sitting on your computer and youre doing google searches every single google search you type is saved and sent to the criminals every single email you write is saved and sent to the criminals same thing with every single password and so on -heres an example of a file we found from a server a couple of weeks ago thats the credit card number thats the expiration date thats the security code and thats the name of the owner of the card once you gain access to other peoples credit card information you can just go online and buy whatever you want with this information -and that obviously is a problem we now have a whole underground marketplace and business ecosystem built around online crime -these guys were running an operation called i m u a cybercrime operation through which they netted millions they are both -right now on the run nobody knows where they are u s officials just a couple of weeks ago froze a swiss bank account belonging to mr jain and that bank account had fourteen point nine million u s dollars on it -with security and problems with privacy -so let me show you something -this here is brain this is a floppy disk five and a quarter inch floppy disk infected by brain a its the first virus we ever found for pc computers -where brain came from we know -because it says so inside the code lets take a look -are using technology -against us the citizens -and the motives of online criminals -are very easy to understand these guys make money they use online attacks to make lots of money and lots and lots of -this is alfred gonzalez this is stephen watt -this is bjorn sundin this is matthew anderson tariq al daour and so -these guys make their fortunes online -but they make it through the illegal means of using things like banking trojans to steal money from our bank accounts while we do online -or with keyloggers -the u s secret service -and i claim its already today -that its more likely for any of us to become the victim of a crime online than -in the communist eastern germany -groups like anonymous -twelve months and have become a major player in the field of online attacks -so those are the three main attackers -criminals who do it for the money -if you owned a typewriter -you had to register it with the government -one of the leaders of the team -because of the diginotar hack -as the result of a hack like this -you had to register a sample sheet of text out of the typewriter -well diginotar is a c a they sell certificates what do you do with certificates well you need a certificate if you have a website that has https ssl encrypted services -services like -and this was done so the government could track where text was coming from if they found a paper -what about arab spring and things that have been happening for example -two thousand and eleven and when they were looting the building they found lots of papers among those papers -a set of tools for intercepting and in very large scale all the communication of the citizens -just a couple of weeks ago the so called state trojan was found which was a trojan used by german government officials to investigate their own citizens if you are -to watch all your communication to listen to your online discussions to collect -the -why should i worry because i have nothing to hide -and this is an argument which doesnt make sense -privacy is implied privacy is not up for discussion -who created that -this is not a question between -and these are the questions -and buy a color laser printer from -any major laser printer manufacturer and print a page that page will end up having -slight yellow dots printed on every single page in a pattern which makes the page unique to you and to your printer -this is happening to us -that really started me on a path to be able to do a kind of theme and variation based on a work by piero in this case that remarkable -the real piero della francesca -one of the greatest portraits in human history and these ill just show -these without comment its just a series of variations on the head of the duke of montefeltro whos a great great figure in the renaissance and probably the basis for machiavellis the -in battle which is why he is always shown in profile -and this is battista -and then i decided i could move them around a little -so that for the first time in history theyre facing the same direction -and then a visitor from another painting by piero this is from the resurrection of christ -as though the cast had just gotten of the set to have a chat and now four large panels this is upper left -right lower left lower -ive never understood the conflict between abstraction and -intellectual activity because you are always comparing the variation with the theme that you hold in your mind you might say that the theme is nature -i was driving in the country one day with my wife and i saw this sign and i said that is a fabulous piece of design and she said what are you talking about i said well its so persuasive because -the purpose of that sign is to get you into the -they use the word reliable but everybody says theyre reliable but reliable -so on and so the entire issue is detoxified by the use of dutchman now if you think im -at all in this all you have to do is substitute something else like -or even french -now swiss works but you know its going to cost a lot of money -im going to take you quickly through the actual process of doing a poster i do a lot of work for the school of visual arts where i teach and the director of this school a remarkable man named silas rhodes often -hold alike fantastic if too new or old be not the first by whom the new are tried nor yet the last to lay the old aside i could make nothing of -and everything that follows is a variation on the subject -and i really struggled with this one and the first thing i did which was sort of in the absence of another idea was say ill sort of write it out and make some words big and ill have some kind of -design on the back -somehow and i was hoping as one often does to stumble into something -so i took another sort of crack at it and youve got to keep it moving i xeroxed some words on pieces of colored paper and i pasted them down on an ugly board -i thought that something would come out of it like words rule fantastic new old first last pope -by alexander pope but i sort of made a mess out of it and then i thought id repeat it in some way so it was legible so it was going nowhere sometimes -in the middle of a resistant problem i write down things that i know about it -and then i did some variations of it but it still wasnt sort of coalescing graphically at all i had this other version which had something interesting about it -in terms of -able to put together in your mind from clues the w was clearly a w the n was clearly an n even though they were -very fragmentary and there wasnt a lot of information in it then i sort of got the words new and old and now i had regressed back to a point where there seemed to be no return i was -i -really desperate at this point and so i do something -truthfully ashamed of which is that i took two drawings i had made for another purpose -and i put them together -and it says dreams -the top and i was going to do a thing i say well change the copy let it say something about dreams and come to sva and youll sort of fulfill your dreams but to my credit i -embarrassed about doing that that i never submitted this sketch -and finally i arrived at the following -solution now it doesnt look terribly interesting but it does have something that distinguishes it from a lot of other posters -i guess about six years ago to do a -for one thing it transgresses the idea of what a posters supposed to be which is to be understood and seen -immediately and not explained i remember hearing all of you in the graphic arts if you have to explain it -and one day i woke up and i said well suppose thats not true -heres what it says in my explanation at the bottom left -it says thoughts this poem is impossible -silas usually has a better touch with his choice of quotations this one generates no -i am now exposing myself to my audience -right which is something you never want to do professionally -maybe the words can make the image without anything else happening whats the heart of this poem dont be trendy if you want to be serious is doing -the poster this way trendy in itself i guess one could reduce the idea further by suggesting that the new emerges behind and through the old -like this -and then i show you a little drawing you see you remember that old thing i discarded well i found a way to use it so theres that little alternative over there -that in some way would celebrate the birth of piero della francesca -each defines the other and then more self questioning am i being simple minded -as any ambition do you think this sort of thing could really attract a student to the school -well i think there are two fresh things here two fresh things one is the sort of -the willingness to expose myself to a critical audience and not to suggest that i am confident about -and it was very difficult for me to imagine how to -what im doing and as you know you have to have a front i mean youve got to be confident if you dont believe in your work who -so thats one thing sort of to introduce the idea of doubt to graphics that can be a big contribution the other thing is to actually give you two solutions for the price of -you get the big one if you dont like that how about the little -and that too is a relatively new idea and heres just a series of experiments where i ask the question -of does a poster have to be square now this is a little illusion that poster is not folded -its not folded thats a photograph and its cut on the diagonal -same cheap trick in the upper left hand -poster because simply because of using the isometric perspective in the computer it -in the space at times it seems to be wider at the back than the front and then it shifts and if you sit here long enough itll float off the page into the audience -and then an experiment a little bit about the nature of perspective where the outside shape is determined by the peculiarity of perspective but the shape of the bottle which is identical to the outside shape -pictures that were based on -is seen frontally and another -piece for the art directors club is anna rees casting long shadows this is not a poster from the school of visual arts there were ten artists -the idea was and it was a brilliant idea was to have ten posters distributed throughout the citys subway system so every time you got on the subway youd be passing a different poster all of which had a different -of what art is but i was absolutely stuck on the idea of art is and trying to -determine what art was -until i realized that i could look at piero as nature -but then i gave up and i said well art is whatever -the word hat was hidden in the word whatever and that led me to the inevitable conclusion but then again its -my list of didactic posters my intent is to have a literary accompaniment that explains the poster in case you dont get -this says note to the viewer i thought i might use a visual cliche of our time magrittes everyman to express the idea that art is mystery continuity and history -also convinced that in an age of computer manipulation surrealism has become banal a shadow of its former self -the phrase art is whatever expresses the current inclusiveness that surrounds art making a sort of it aint what you do its the way that you do it notion -that i would have the same -the shadow of magritte falls across the central part of the poster a poetic event that occurs as the shadow man isolates the word hat hidden in the word whatever -thing whatever -attitude towards looking -the one that i did not submit which i still like i wanted to use the same phrase -and -of course those are the remains and theyre so labeled but what really happens is you read it as art is whatever remains thank you -at piero della francesca as i would if i were looking out a -and that was enormously liberating to me and perhaps its not a very insightful observation but -so have a guess of how many cells he has in his body -and so the question i raised before becomes even more interesting if you thought about the enormity of this in every one of your bodies -so -so for various reasons we took this oncogene attached it to a blue marker and we injected it into the embryos now look at that -im afraid i used to be the cat -so we took the red cells you see the red cells are surrounded by blue other cells that squeeze them and behind it is material that people thought was mainly inert and it was just having a structure to keep the shape -and so we first photographed it with the electron microscope years and years ago -so what does this tell you this tells you that here also context overrides in different contexts cells do different things but how does context signal -so einstein said that for an idea -that does not first seem insane there is no hope -signals and actually tells the cells what to do -and on the left is the single normal cell human breast put in three dimensional gooey gel that has extracellular matrix it makes all these beautiful structures on the right you see it looks very ugly the cells continue to grow -and the microenvironment all right thus form and function -because arrogance kills curiosity curiosity and passion you need to always think what else needs to be discovered and maybe my discovery needs to be added to or maybe it needs to be changed so we have now made an amazing discovery a post doc in the lab -right now the ocean is actually a soup of plastic debris and theres nowhere you -with bacteria -sounds cool right audience yeah jy thank you but we had a problem -containers cosmetics and even food wraps phthalates are horrible because -we read that each year the vancouver municipal government monitors phthalate concentration levels in rivers to assess their safety so we figured if there are places along our fraser river that are contaminated with phthalates and if there are bacteria that are able to live in these areas -everything went well from there and we became amazing scientists -but this mistake turned out to be rather serendipitous we noticed that the unharmed cultures came from places of opposite contamination levels so this mistake actually led us to think that -then we monitored phthalate utilization and bacterial growth and found that they shared an inverse correlation so as bacterial populations increased phthalate concentrations decreased this means that our bacteria were actually living off of phthalates mw so now -i know some of you in the crowd are thinking well carbon dioxide is horrible its a greenhouse gas but if our bacteria did not evolve to break down phthalates they would have used some other kind of carbon source and aerobic respiration would have led it to have end products such as carbon dioxide anyway -we were also interested to see that although weve obtained greater diversity of bacteria biodegraders from the bird habitat site we obtained the most efficient degraders from the landfill site so this fully shows that nature evolves through natural selection -we have not only shown that bacteria can be the solution to plastic pollution but also that being open to uncertain outcomes and taking risks create opportunities for unexpected discoveries -we can apply this to wastewater treatment plants to clean up our rivers and other natural resources and perhaps one day well be able to tackle the problem of solid plastic waste -matter and construction debris its truly impossible to pick them out and environmentally eliminate them -this picture you see here is the great pacific gyre -the mta will confiscate your camera i was quite shocked by that and thought to myself well ok then ill follow the rats -then i started going into the tunnels which made me realize that theres a whole new dimension to the city that i never saw before and most people dont get to see -around the same time i met like minded individuals who call themselves urban explorers adventurers spelunkers -guerrilla historians et cetera i was welcomed into this loose internet based network of people who regularly explore -urban ruins such as abandoned subway stations tunnels sewers aqueducts factories hospitals shipyards and so on -when i took photographs in these locations i felt there was something missing in the pictures simply documenting these soon to be demolished structures wasnt enough for me -so i wanted to create a fictional character or an animal that dwells in these underground spaces and the simplest way to do it at the time was to model myself -i decided against clothing because i wanted the figure to be without any cultural implications or time specific elements -i wanted a simple way to represent a living body inhabiting these decaying derelict spaces -this was taken in the riviera sugar factory in red hook brooklyn its now an empty six acre lot waiting for a shopping mall right across from the new ikea -first went in i was scared because i heard dogs barking and i thought they were guard dogs but they happened to be wild dogs living there and it was right by the water so there were swans and ducks swimming around and -and i thought i would become a surgeon because i was interested in anatomy and dissecting animals really piqued my curiosity -when i got comfortable in the space it also felt like a big playground i would climb up the tanks and hop across exposed beams as if i went back in time and became a child again -when you go into spaces like this youre directly accessing the past because they sit untouched for -i love feeling the aura of a space that has so much history instead of looking at reproductions of it at home youre actually feeling the hand laid bricks -and shimmying up and down narrow cracks and getting wet and muddy and walking in a dark tunnel with a flashlight -this is a tunnel underneath the riverside park it was built in the nineteen thirties by robert moses -walking in this tunnel is very peaceful theres nobody around you and you hear the kids playing -in the park above you completely unaware of whats underneath when i was going out a lot to these places i was feeling a lot of -at the same time i fell in love with new york city -naked city is a nickname for new york and spleen embodies the melancholia and intertia that come from feeling alienated in an urban environment -this is the same tunnel you see the sunbeams coming from the ventilation ducts and the train approaching -this is a tunnel thats abandoned in hells kitchen i was there alone setting up and a homeless man approached i was basically intruding his living space -and when i was done he actually offered me his shirt to wipe off my feet and kindly walked me out it must have been a very unusual -i started to realize that i could look at the whole city as a living organism i wanted to dissect it and look into its unseen layers -one thing that struck me after this incident was that a space like that holds so many deleted memories of the city -that homeless man to me really represented an element of the unconscious of the city he told me that he was abused -above ground and was once in rikers island and at last he found peace and quiet in that space -the tunnel was once built for the prosperity of the city but is now a sanctuary for outcasts who are completely forgotten in the average urban dwellers everyday life -this is underneath my alma mater columbia university the tunnels are famous for having been used during the development of the manhattan project -this is the new york city farm colony which was a poorhouse in staten island from the eighteen nineties to the nineteen thirties -and the way to to it for me was through artistic means so eventually i decided to pursue an mfa instead of an m d -its located in newark when i was there three years ago the windows were broken and the walls were peeling but everything was left there as it was -you see the autopsy table morgue trays x ray machines and even used utensils which you see on -after exploring recently abandoned buildings i felt that everything could fall into ruins very fast your home your office a shopping mall -a church any man made structures around you i was reminded of how fragile our sense of security is and how vulnerable people truly are -i love to travel and berlin has become one of my favorite cities its full of history and also full of underground bunkers and -i saw the structure while i was on the train and i got off at the next station and met people there that gave me access to their -this is the actual catacombs in paris i explored there extensively in the off limits areas and fell in love right away -and in grad school i became interested in creatures that dwell in the hidden corners of the city -there are more than one hundred and eighty five miles of tunnels and only about a mile is open to the public as a museum -the first tunnels date back to sixty b c they were consistently dug as limestone -and by the eighteenth century the caving in of some of these quarries posed safety threats so the government -ordered reinforcing of the existing quarries and dug new observation tunnels in order to monitor and map the whole place -as you can see the system is very complex and vast its very dangerous to get lost in there -and at the same time there was a problem in the city with overflowing cemeteries so the bones were moved from the cemeteries into the quarries making them into the catacombs -also phone cables that were used in the fifties and many bunkers from the world war ii era this is a german bunker -in new york city rats are part of commuters daily lives most people ignore them or are frightened of them -nearby theres a french bunker and the whole tunnel system is so complex that the two parties never met -the tunnels are famous for having been used by the resistance which victor hugo wrote about in les miserables and i saw a lot of graffiti from the eighteen hundreds like this one -after exploring the underground of paris i decided to climb up and i climbed a gothic monument thats right in the middle of paris -this is the tower of saint jacques it was built in the early fifteen -i dont recommend sitting on a gargoyle in the middle of january -it was not very comfortable and all this time i never saw a single rat in any of these places until recently when i was in the london sewers -this was probably the toughest place to explore i had to wear a gas mask because of the toxic fumes -but i took a liking to them because they dwell on the fringes of society and even though theyre used in labs to promote human lives -this is a still from a film i worked on recently called blind door ive become more interested in capturing movement and -texture and the sixteen mm black and white film gave a different feel to it -and this is the first theater project i worked on i adapted and produced a doctoream play by august strindberg and it was performed -leaning towards more collaborative projects like these lately but whenever i get a chance i still work on my series -the last place i visited was the mayan ruins of copan honduras this was taken inside an archaeological tunnel -in the main temple i like doing more than just exploring these spaces i feel an obligation to -and humanize these spaces continually in order to preserve their memories in a creative way before theyre lost forever -also considered as pests i also started looking around in the city and trying to photograph them -one day in the subway i was snapping pictures of the tracks hoping to catch a rat or two and a man came up to me and said you cant take photographs here -the quickest way to a persons wallet is through the promise sex and love i expect some of you remember the i love you virus one of -great worldwide viruses that came i was very fortunate when the iloveyou virus came out because -the first person i received it from was an ex girlfriend of mine now she harbored all sorts of sentiments and emotions towards me at the time but love was not amongst them -and so as soon as i saw this drop into my inbox i dispatched it hastily to the recycle bin and spared myself a very nasty infection -so cybercrime do watch out for it one thing that we do know that the internet is doing is the internet is assisting these guys -these are mosquitos who carry the malarial parasite which infests our blood when the mosy has had a free meal at our expense now artesunate is a very effective drug at -like solidarity in poland when i was in my teens i then started writing about eastern europe and eventually i became the bbcs chief correspondent -whats happening is the malarial parasite is developing a resistance and they fear that the reason its developing -a resistance is because cambodians cant afford the drugs on the commercial market and so they buy it from the internet -and these pills contain only low doses of the active ingredient which is why things are the parasite is beginning to develop a resistance -the reason i say this is because we have to know that organized crime impacts all sorts of areas of our lives you dont have -to sleep with prostitutes or take drugs in order to have a relationship with organized crime they affect our bank accounts they affect our communications our pension funds -they even affect the food that we eat and our governments this is no longer -issue of sicilians from palermo and new york there is no romance involved with gangsters in the twenty one st century this is a mighty -these are grim economic times fellow tedsters grim economic times indeed and so -but i was also a touch worried about some of the nastier things lurking behind the wall it wasnt long for example before ethnic nationalism reared its bloody head -in eastern europe continued to do so after the revolutions there obviously there were characters like this -but there were also more unexpected people who played a critical role in what was going on in eastern europe like this character -i would like to cheer you up with one of the great albeit largely unknown commercial success stories of the past twenty years -luxury at the time it may come as a surprise but they played a critical role in the emergence of the market economy in eastern europe -now in bulgaria this photograph was taken in bulgaria when communism collapsed all over eastern europe -it wasnt just communism it was the state that collapsed as well that means your police force wasnt working the court system wasnt functioning properly -so what was a business man in the brave new world of east european capitalism going to do to make sure that his contracts -would be honored well he would turn to people who were called rather prosaically by sociologists privatized law enforcement agencies we prefer to know them as the mafia -when your state is collapsing your economy is heading south at a rate of knots -last people you want coming on to the labor market are fourteen thousand men and women whose chief skills are surveillance are smuggling -when i was working in the nineteen nineties i spent most of the time covering the appalling conflict -in yugoslavia and i couldnt help notice that the people who were perpetrating the appalling atrocities -but above all else by talking to the gangsters themselves and the balkans was a fabulous place to start why -well of course there was the issue of law and order collapsing but also as they say in the retail trade its location location location -heroin cocaine women being trafficked into prostitution and precious minerals and where were they heading -the european union which by now was beginning to reap the benefits of globalization transforming it into the most affluent consumer market in history eventually comprising some five hundred million people -and a significant minority of those five hundred million people like to spend some of their leisure time and spare cash -sleeping with prostitutes sticking fifty euro notes up their nose and employing illegal migrant -i refer to organized crime now organized crime has been around for a very long time i hear you say and these would be wise words indeed but in the last two decades -now organized crime in a globalizing world operates in the same way as any other business it has zones of production like afghanistan -and columbia it has zones of distribution like mexico and the balkans and then of course -it has zones of consumption like the european union japan and of course the united states -the zones of production and distribution tend to lie in the developing world and they are often threatened by appalling violence and bloodshed -take mexico for example six thousand people killed there in the last eighteen months as a direct consequence of the cocaine trade -have died there its not a conflict you read about much in the newspapers but its the biggest conflict on this planet since the second world war and why is it -because mafias from all around the world cooperate with local paramilitaries in order to seize the supplies of the rich mineral resources -of the region in the year two thousand eighty percent of the worlds coltan was sourced to the killing fields of the eastern democratic republic of congo -to western markets and it is this western desire to consume that is the primary driver of international organized crime -now let me show you some of my friends in action caught conveniently on film by the italian police and smuggling duty not paid cigarettes now cigarettes out the factory gate are very cheap the european union -it has experienced an unprecedented expansion now accounting for roughly fifteen percent of the worlds gdp i like to call it the global shadow economy or -then imposes the highest taxes on them in the world so if you can smuggle them into the e u there are very handsome profits to be -and i want to show you this to demonstrate the type of resources available to these groups this boat is worth one million euros when its new and its the fastest thing -made the trip across the adriatic from montenegro to italy every single night and as a consequence of this trade britain alone lost eight billion dollars in revenue and instead -to underwrite the wars in yugoslavia and line the pockets of unscrupulous individuals now italian police when this trade started -sometimes the gangsters would bring with them women being trafficked into prostitution and if the police intervened they would hurl the women into the sea -so that the police had to go and save them from drowning rather than chasing the bad guys so i have shown you this to demonstrate -how many boats how many vessels it takes to catch one of these guys and the answer is six vessels and remember twenty of these speed boats -coming across the adriatic every single night so what were these guys doing with all the money they were making well -this is where we come to globalization because that was not just the deregulation of global trade it was the liberalization of international financial markets -did that make it easy for the money launderers the last two decades have been the champagne era for dirty lucre -in the nineteen nineties we saw financial centers around the world competing for their business and there was simply no effective mechanism to prevent money laundering -and a lot of licit banks were also happy to accept deposits from very dubious sources -so what triggered this extraordinary growth in cross border crime well of course there is globalization technology -these things are an essential part of the money laundering parade and if you want to do something about illegal tax evasion and transnational organized crime money laundering you have to get rid of them -on a positive note we at last have someone in the white house who has consistently spoken out against these corrosive -entities and if anyone is concerned about what i believe is the necessity for -new legislation regulation effective regulation i say lets take a look at bernie madoff -to be spending the rest of his life in jail bernie madoff stole sixty five billion dollars -that puts him up there on the olympus of gangsters with the colombian cartels and the major russian crime syndicates -but he did this for decades in the very heart of wall street and no regulator picked up on it -so how many other madoffs are there on wall street or in the city of london fleecing ordinary folk and money laundering well i can tell you its quite a few of them -this one however is in central british columbia where i photographed it its one of the tens of thousands of mom and pop grow ops -in b c which ensure that over five percent of the provinces gdp is accounted for by this trade now i was taken -by inspector brian cantera of the royal canadian mounted police to a cavernous warehouse east of -to see some of the goods which are regularly confiscated by the rcmp from the smugglers who are sending it of course down south to the united states -is an insatiable market for b c bud as its called in part because its marketed as organic which of course goes down very well in california -even by the polices asmission this makes not a dent in the profits really of the major exporters since the beginning of globalization the global narcotics market has expanded -this however may all be about to change because something very strange is going on the united nations recognized earlier this -actually that canada has become a key area of distribution and production of ecstasy and other synthetic drugs -the collapse of communism all across eastern europe a most momentous episode in our post war history now its time for full disclosure -now that is a game changer because it shifts production away from the developing world and -into the western world when that happens it is a trend which is set to overwhelm our policing capacity -the drugs policy which weve had in place for forty years is long overdue for a very serious rethink in my opinion -now the recession well organized crime has already adapted very well to the recession not surprising the most opportunistic industry in the whole world and -it has no rules to its regulatory system except of course it has two business risks arrest by law enforcement which is frankly the least of their worries and -during a recession and so instead they have invaded financial and corporate crime in a big way but above all two sectors and that is counterfeit goods and cybercrime and its been terribly successful -this event meant a great deal to me personally i had started smuggling books across the iron curtain to democratic opposition groups in eastern europe -its really not that difficult and its actually much easier because the fascinating thing about cybercrime is that -its not so much the technology the key to cybercrime is what we call social engineering or to use the technical term for it theres one born every minute -you would not believe how easy it is to persuade people to do things with their computers -which are objectively not in their interest and it was very soon when the cybercriminals learned that the quickest way to do this of course -now i think were missing a trick here because i dont think people like max vision should be in jail and let me be blunt about this in china in russia and in loads of other countries that are developing cyber offensive capabilities this is exactly what they are doing -they are recruiting hackers both before and after they become involved in criminal and industrial espionage activities are mobilizing them on behalf of the state -we need to engage and find ways of offering guidance to these young people because they are a remarkable breed -and if we rely as we do at the moment solely on the criminal justice system and the threat of punitive sentences we will be nurturing a monster we cannot tame thank you very much for -so your idea worth spreading is hire hackers how -theyre just relentless and obsessive about what they do -you turn on the news and you say is there anyone left to hack -but all of the people who ive spoken to who have fallen foul of the law they have all said please please give us a chance to work in the legitimate industry we just never knew how to get there what we were doing we want to work with you -sony playstation network -done the government of turkey tick britains serious organized crime agency a breeze the cia falling off a log in fact a friend of mine from the security industry told me the other day that there are two types of companies in the world those that know theyve been hacked and those that dont i mean -this is a very un ted like thing to do but lets kick off the afternoon with a message from a mystery sponsor -at protecting our data but there is also a very serious aspect to anonymous they are ideologically driven they claim that they are battling a dastardly -conspiracy they say that governments are trying to take over the internet and control it and that they anonymous are the authentic voice of resistance be it against middle eastern dictatorships against global media corporations or against intelligence agencies -or whoever it is and their politics are not entirely unattractive okay theyre a little inchoate theres a strong whiff of half baked anarchism about them but one thing is true -we are at the beginning of a mighty struggle -for control of the internet -the web links everything and very soon it will mediate most human activity -because the internet has fashioned a new and complicated environment -for an old age dilemma that pits the demands of security with -the desire for freedom now -this is a very complicated struggle and unfortunately for mortals like you and me we probably cant understand it very well nonetheless in an unexpected attack of hubris a couple of years ago i decided i would try and do that -and i sort of get it -these were the various things that i was looking at as i was trying to understand it but in order to try and explain the whole thing i would need another eighteen minutes or so to do it so youre just going to have to take it on trust from me on this occasion -and let me assure you that all of these issues are involved in cybersecurity and control of the internet one way or the other but in a configuration that even stephen hawking would probably have difficulty trying to get -the hacker is absolutely central to many of the political social and economic issues affecting the net and so i thought to myself well these are the guys who i want to talk to and what do you know -nobody else does talk to the hackers theyre completely anonymous as it were so despite the fact -these guys the hackers who are doing -everything instead we prefer these really dazzling technological solutions which cost a huge amount of money and so nothing is going into the hackers -well i say nothing but actually there is one teeny weeny little research unit in turin italy called the hackers profiling project -funding but i think theyre doing very important work because where we have a surplus of technology in the cybersecurity industry we have -a definite lack of call me -now so far ive mentioned the hackers anonymous who are a politically motivated hacking group of course the criminal justice system treats them as common old garden criminals but interestingly anonymous does not make use of its hacked information for financial gain -but what about the real cybercriminals well -real organized crime on the internet goes back about ten years when a group of gifted ukrainian hackers -developed a website -this is how they were advertising themselves a decade ago on the net now carderplanet was very interesting cybercriminals would go there to buy and sell stolen credit card details -to exchange information about new malware that was out there -and remember this is a time when were seeing for the first time so called off the shelf malware this is ready for use out of the box stuff which you can deploy even if youre not a terribly sophisticated hacker and so -so the family as the inner core of carderplanet was known came up with this brilliant idea called the escrow system they appointed an officer -who would mediate between the vendor and the purchaser the vendor say had stolen credit card details the purchaser wanted to get a hold of them the purchaser would send -the administrative officer some dollars digitally and the vendor would sell the stolen credit card details and the officer would then verify if the stolen credit card worked -and if they did he then passed on the money to the vendor and the stolen credit card details to the purchaser and it was this which completely revolutionized cybercrime on the web and after that it just went wild we had a champagne -in new york taking out dollar ten thousand from an atm here dollar thirty thousand from an atm there using cloned credit cards he was making on average a week dollar one hundred and fifty thousand tax free of course -and he said that he had so much money stashed in his upper east side apartment at one point that he just didnt know what to do with it and actually fell into a depression but thats a slightly different story -which i wont go into now now the interesting thing about redbrigade is that he wasnt an advanced hacker he sort of understood the technology and he realized that security was very important if you were going to be a carder but he didnt spend his days and nights bent over a computer eating pizza -and this is because hackers are only -one element in a cybercriminal enterprise and often theyre the most -vulnerable element of all and i want to explain this to you by introducing you to six characters who i met while i was doing this research dimitry golubov aka script -what dimitry did was to transfer the gangster capitalism of his hometown onto the worldwide web and he did a great job in it you have to understand though that from his ninth birthday -but interestingly they have a sense of humor these guys hacked into fox news twitter account to announce president obamas assassination -founder of darkmarket born in colombo sri lanka as an eight year old he and his parents fled the sri lankan capital because singhalese mobs were roaming the city looking for tamils like renu to murder at eleven he was interrogated by the sri lankan military accused of being a terrorist -and his parents sent him on his own to britain as a refugee seeking political asylum at thirteen with only little english and being bullied at school he escaped into a world of computers where he showed great technical ability -and pirated his slide into criminality was incremental and when he finally woke up to his situation and understood the implications he was already in too deep -max vision aka iceman mastermind of cardersmarket born in meridian idaho max vision was one of the best -penetration testers working out of santa clara california in the late ninety s for private companies and voluntarily for the fbi now in the late one thousand nine hundred and ninety s he discovered a vulnerability on all u s government networks -and he went in and patched it up because this included nuclear research facilities -sparing the american government a huge security embarrassment but also because he was an inveterate hacker he left a tiny digital wormhole through which he alone could crawl but this was spotted by an eagle eye investigator and he was convicted -at his open prison he came under the influence of financial fraudsters -and those financial fraudsters persuaded him to work for them on his release -and this man with a planetary sized brain is now serving a thirteen year sentence -before arriving in britain in two thousand and five to take a masters in chemical engineering at manchester university -he impressed in the private sector developing chemical applications for the oil industry while simultaneously running a worldwide bank and credit card fraud operation that was worth millions until his arrest in two thousand -and eight and then finally cagatay evyapan aka cha zero one of the most remarkable hackers ever from ankara in turkey he combined the tremendous skills of a geek with -the suave social engineering skills of the master criminal one of the smartest people ive ever met -he also had the most effective virtual private network security arrangement the police have ever encountered amongst global cybercriminals now the important thing about all of these people -is they share certain characteristics despite the fact that they come from very different environments they are all people who learned their hacking skills in their early to mid teens -they are all people who demonstrate advanced ability in maths and the sciences remember that when they developed those hacking skills their moral compass had not yet developed and most of them with the exception of script and cha zero they did not -demonstrate any real social skills in the outside world only on the web and the other thing is -the high incidence of hackers like these who have characteristics which are consistent with aspergers syndrome now i discussed this with professor simon baron cohen whos the professor of developmental psychopathology at cambridge and he has done path breaking work on autism -and confirmed also for the authorities here that gary mckinnon -who is wanted by the united states for hacking into the pentagon suffers from aspergers and a secondary condition of depression -and baron cohen explained that certain disabilities can manifest themselves in the hacking and computing world as tremendous skills and that we should not be throwing in jail people who have such disabilities and skills because they have lost their way socially or been duped -being a victim of hacking for a change -and the creator very considerately offered a replay for her mom -another one was an interactive project where when you moved the mouse over the letters of happy mom day it reveals a special happy mothers day slogan -so my mom was happy and that made me happy -and i suddenly realized that the next day was mothers day and i hadnt gotten anything for my mom so i started thinking about what should i get my mom for mothers day i thought why dont i make her an interactive mothers day card -when you become fluent with language it means you can write an entry in your journal or tell a joke to someone or write a letter to a friend -and its similar with new technologies -but actually im sort of skeptical about this term im not so sure we should be thinking of young people as digital natives -when you really look at it how is it that young people spend most of their time using new technologies you often see them in situations like this -and theres no doubt that young people are very comfortable and familiar browsing and chatting and texting and gaming -but that doesnt really make you fluent -so young people today have lots of experience and lots of familiarity with interacting with new technologies but a lot less so of creating with new technologies and expressing themselves with new technologies its almost as if they can read but not write with new technologies -and im really interested in seeing how can we help young people become fluent so they can write with new technologies and that really means that they need to be able to write their own computer programs or code -so increasingly people are starting to recognize the importance of learning to code you know in recent years there have been hundreds of new organizations and websites that are helping young people learn to code -a few months later the country of estonia decided that all of its first graders should learn to code -using the scratch software that id been developing with my research group at the mit media lab -and that triggered a debate in the u k about whether all the children there should learn to code -now for some of you when you hear about this it might seem sort of strange about everybody learning to code -when many people think of coding they think of it as something -but coding doesnt have to be like this let me show you about what its like to code in scratch -so in scratch to code you just snap blocks together in this case you take a move block snap it into a stack and the stacks of blocks control the behaviors of the different characters in your game or your story in this case controlling the big fish -we developed it so that people could easily create their own interactive stories and games and animations and then share their creations with one another -so of course making a fish game isnt the only thing you can do with scratch of the millions of projects on the scratch website theres everything from animated stories -to school science projects to anime soap operas to virtual construction kits to recreations of classic video games to political opinion polls to trigonometry tutorials -to interactive artwork and yes interactive mothers day cards -heres an example from hong kong where some kids made a game and then built their own physical interface device and had a light sensor so the light sensor detects the hole in the board so as they move the physical saw the light sensor detects the hole -were going to continue to look at new ways of bringing together the physical world and the virtual world and connecting to the world around us this is an example from a new version of scratch that well be releasing in the next few months and were looking again to be able to push you in new directions heres an example -so its a little bit like microsoft kinect where you interact with gestures in the world but instead of just playing someone elses game you get to create the games and if you see someone elses game you can just say see inside -so i thought this would be an opportunity to use scratch to make an interactive card for my mom -the same way that this uses the camera to get information into scratch you can also use the microphone heres an example of a project using the microphone so im going to let all of you control this game using your voices -as kids are creating projects like this theyre learning to code -before making my own mothers day card i thought i would take a look at the scratch website so over the last several years kids around the world ages eight and up have shared their projects and i thought i wonder if of those three million projects whether anyone else has thought to put up mothers day cards -but even more importantly theyre coding to learn because as they learn to code it enables them to learn many other things opens up many new opportunities for learning again its useful to make an analogy to reading and writing -when you learn to read and write it opens up opportunities for you to learn so many other things when you learn to read you can then read to learn and its the same thing with coding if you learn to code you can code to learn now some of the things you can learn are sort of obvious you learn more about how computers work -but thats just where it starts when you learn to code it opens up for you to learn many other things let me show you an example -heres another project -and i saw this when i was visiting one of the computer clubhouses these are after school learning centers that we helped start that help young people from low income communities learn to express themselves creatively with new technologies -and when i went to one of the clubhouses a couple years ago i saw a thirteen year old boy who was using our scratch software to create a game somewhat like this one and he was very happy with his game and proud of his game -and he put it into the program exactly where the big fish eats the little fish -so then each time the big fish eats the little fish he will increment the score and the score will go up by one -when you learn ideas like this in scratch you can learn it in a way thats really meaningful and motivating for you that you can understand the reason for learning variables and we see that kids learn it more deeply and learn it better victor -so as kids like victor are creating projects like this theyre learning important concepts like variables but thats just the start -as victor worked on this project and created the scripts he was also learning about the process of design how to start with the glimmer of an idea and turn it into a fully fledged functioning project like you see here -so he was learning many different core principles of design about how to experiment with new ideas how to take complex ideas and break them down into simpler parts how to collaborate with other people on your projects about how to find and fix bugs when things go wrong -and i was surprised and delighted to see a list of dozens and dozens of mothers day cards that showed up on the scratch website many of them just in the past twenty four hours by procrastinators just like myself -how to keep persistent and to persevere in the face of frustrations when things arent working well -now who knows if victor is going to grow up and become a programmer or a professional computer scientist its probably not so likely but regardless of what he does hell be able to make use of these design skills that he learned regardless of whether he grows up to be a marketing manager or a mechanic or a community organizer -its not something that youre doing just to become a professional writer very few people become professional writers but its useful for everybody to learn how to read and write again the same thing with coding most people wont grow up to become professional computer scientists or programmers -coding can also enable you to express your ideas and feelings in your personal life let me end with just one more example -so this is an example that came from after i had sent the mothers day cards to my mom she decided that she wanted to learn scratch so she made this project for my birthday and sent me a happy birthday scratch card -now this project is not going to win any prizes for design and you can rest assured that my eighty three year old mom is not training to become a professional programmer or computer scientist -but working on this project enabled her to make a connection to someone that she cares about and enabled her to keep on learning new things and continuing to practice her creativity and developing new ways of expressing herself -so i started taking a look at them -so as we take a look and we see that michael bloomberg is learning to code all of the children of estonia learn to code even my mom has learned to code dont you think its about time that you might be thinking about learning to code -the program is now working in nine countries we have six hundred and seventy program sites were seeing about two hundred and thirty thousand women every month -were employing one thousand six hundred mentor mothers and last year they enrolled three hundred thousand hiv positive pregnant women and mothers that is twenty percent of the global -hiv positive pregnant women twenty percent of the world whats extraordinary is how simple the premise is mothers with hiv caring for mothers with hiv past patients taking care of present patients and empowerment through employment reducing stigma -but you go to rwanda a very small country eight thousand mothers with hiv who are pregnant and then you go to baragwanath hospital outside of johannesburg in south africa and -each person must know their hiv status those who are hiv negative must know how to stay negative those who are hiv infected must know how to take care of themselves -all of this is possible if we each contribute to this -eight thousand hiv positive pregnant women -giving birth a hospital the same as a country and to realize that this is just the tip of an iceberg that when you compare everything here to south africa it just pales because in south africa each year three hundred thousand mothers with hiv give birth to children -so we talk about pmtct and we refer to pmtct prevention of mother to child transmission i think theres an assumption amongst most people in the public that if a mother is hiv positive shes going to infect her child the reality is really very different -in resource rich countries with all the tests and treatment we currently have less than two percent of babies are born hiv positive ninety eight percent of babies are born hiv negative -to take a trip with me picture yourself -and yet the reality in resource poor countries in the absence of tests and treatment forty percent forty percent of children are infected forty percent versus two percent an enormous difference -so these programs and im going to refer to pmtct -driving down a small road in africa and as you drive along you look off to the side and this is what you see -its the drugs she receives to protect the baby thats inside the uterus and during delivery its the guidance she gets around infant feeding and safer sex -less than one comes from the united states -one on average comes from europe one hundred come from asia and the pacific and each day a thousand babies a thousand babies are born each day with hiv in africa -you see a field of graves and you stop and you get out of your car and you take a picture and you go into the town and you inquire whats going on here and people are initially reluctant to tell you and then someone says these are the recent aids deaths in our community -so again i look at the globe here and the disproportionate share of hiv in africa and lets look at another map and here again we see africa has a disproportionate share of the numbers of doctors that thin sliver you see here thats africa and its the same with nurses -the truth is sub saharan africa has twenty four percent of the global disease burden -and yet only three percent of the worlds health care workers -that means doctors and nurses simply dont have the time to take care of patients a nurse in a busy clinic will see fifty to one hundred patients in a day -the hiv test explain the results dispense a single dose of the drug nevirapine explain how to take it discuss infant feeding options reinforce infant feeding and test the baby in minutes -well fortunately since two thousand and one weve got new treatments new tests and were far more successful but we dont have any more nurses and so these are the tests a nurse now has to do in those same few minutes -its not possible it doesnt work -and so we need to find better ways of providing care -this is a picture of a maternal health clinic in africa mothers coming pregnant and with their babies these women are here for care but we know that just doing a test just giving someone a drug its not enough meds dont equal medical care -doctors and nurses frankly dont have the time or skills to tell people what to do in ways they understand im a doctor i tell people things to do and i expect them to follow my guidance because im a doctor i went to harvard -but the reality is if i tell a patient you should have safer sex you should always use a condom and yet in her relationship shes not empowered -whats going to happen if i tell her to take her medicines every day and yet no one in the household knows about her illness so its just not going to work -and so we need to do more we need to do it differently we need to do it in ways that are affordable and accessible and can be taken to scale which means it can be done everywhere -so i want to tell you a story i want to take you on a little trip -hiv isnt like other medical conditions its stigmatizing people are reluctant to talk about it theres a fear associated with it and im going to talk about hiv today about the deaths about the stigma its a medical story but more than that its a social story -imagine yourself if you can youre a young woman in africa youre going to the hospital or clinic you go in for a test and you find out that youre pregnant and youre delighted -and then they give you another test and they tell you youre hiv positive and youre devastated and the nurse takes you into a room and she tells you about the tests and hiv and the medicines you can take and how to take care of yourself and your baby and you hear none of it all youre hearing is im going to die -and my baby is going to die and then youre out on the street and you dont know where to go and you don -but were here to talk about possible solutions and some good news and i want to change the story a little bit -take the same mother and the nurse after she gives her her test takes her to a room the door opens and theres a room full of mothers mothers with babies and theyre sitting and theyre talking theyre listening theyre drinking tea theyre having sandwiches and she goes inside and woman comes up to her and says welcome to mothers two mothers -have a seat youre safe here were all hiv positive youre going to be okay youre going to live your baby is going to be hiv negative -we view mothers as a communitys single greatest resource -mothers take care of the children take care of the home so often the men are gone theyre working or theyre not part of the household -our organization mothers two mothers enlists women with hiv as care providers we bring mothers who have hiv whove been through these pmtct programs in the very facilities -to come back and work side by side with doctors and nurses as part of the health care team -these mothers we call them mentor mothers are able to engage women who just like themselves pregnant with babies have found out about being hiv positive who need support and education and they support them around the diagnosis and educate them about how to take their medicines how to take care of themselves how to take care of their babies -consider if you needed surgery you would want the best possible technical surgeon right but if you wanted to understand what that surgery would do to your life youd like to engage someone -someone whos had the procedure patients are experts on their own experience and they can share that experience with others this is the medical care that goes beyond just medicines -so the mothers who work for us they come from the communities in which they work theyre hired theyre paid as professional members of the health care teams just like doctors and nurses and we open bank accounts for them and theyre paid directly into the accounts because their moneys protected the men cant take it away from them -they go through two to three weeks of rigorous curriculum based education training -now doctors and nurses they too get trained but so often they only get trained once so theyre not aware of new medicines new guidelines as they come out our mentor mothers get trained every single year and retrained and so doctors and nurses they look up to them as experts -imagine that a woman a former patient being able to educate her doctor for the first time and educate the other patients that shes taking care of -this map depicts the global distribution of hiv and as you can see africa has a disproportionate share of the infection there are thirty three million people living with hiv in the world today of these two thirds twenty two million are living in sub saharan africa -our organization has three goals the first to prevent mother to child transmission the second keep mothers healthy keep mothers alive keep the children alive no more orphans and the third and maybe the most -so how do we do it well -maybe the most important engagement is the one to one seeing patients one to one educating them supporting them explaining how they can take care of themselves we go beyond that -we try to bring in the husbands the partners in africa its very very hard to engage men men are not frequently part of pregnancy care -but in rwanda in one country theyve got a policy that a woman cant come for care unless she brings the father of the baby with her -thats the rule and so the father and the mother together go through the counseling and the testing the father and the mother together they get the results and this is so important in breaking through the stigma -disclosure is so central to prevention how do you have safer sex how do you use a condom regularly if there hasnt been disclosure disclosure is so important to treatment because again people need the support of family members and friends to take their medicines regularly -we also work in groups now the groups its not like me lecturing but what happens is women they come together under the support and guidance of our mentor mothers they come together and they share their personal experiences and its through the sharing that people get tactics of how to take care of themselves how to disclose how to take medicines -and then theres the community outreach engaging women -in their communities if we can change the way households believe and think we can change the way communities believe and think and if we can change enough communities we can change national attitudes we can change national attitudes to women and national attitudes to hiv -the hardest barrier really is around stigma reduction we have the medicines we have the tests but how do you reduce the stigma and its important about disclosure so a couple years ago one of the mentor mothers came back and she told me a story -she had been asked by one of the clients to go to the home of the client because the client wanted to tell the mother and her brothers and sisters about her hiv status and she was afraid to go by herself and so the mentor mother went along with and the patient walked into the house and said to her mother and siblings i have something to tell you im -there are one point four million pregnant women in low and middle income countries living with hiv and of these ninety percent are in sub saharan africa -and then this older sister stood up and said i too am living with the virus and ive been ashamed -and then her younger brother stood up and said im also positive i thought you were going to throw me out of the family and you see where this is going the last sister stood up and said im also positive i thought you were going to hate me -and there they were all of them together for the first time being able to share this experience for the first time and to support each other for the first time -remember the images i showed you of how few doctors and nurses there are in africa and it is -a crisis in health care systems even as we have more tests and more drugs we cant reach people we dont have enough providers so we talk in terms of what we call task shifting task shifting is traditionally when you take health care services from one provider and have another provider do it typically its a doctor giving a job to a nurse and -the issue in africa is that there are fewer nurses really than doctors and so we need to find new paradigm for health care how do you build a better health care system -weve chosen to redefine the health care system as a doctor a nurse and a mentor mother and so what nurses do is that they ask the mentor mothers to explain how to take the drugs the side effects they delegate education about infant feeding family planning safer sex actions that nurses simple just dont have time for -we talk about things in relative terms and im going to talk about annual pregnancies and hiv positive mothers the united states a large country each year seven thousand mothers with hiv who give birth to a child -so we go back to the prevention of mother to child transmission the world is increasingly seeing these programs as the bridge to comprehensive maternal and child health and our organization helps women across that bridge -the care doesnt stop when the babys born we deal with the ongoing health of the mother and baby ensuring that they live healthy successful lives -our organization works on three levels the first at the patient level mothers and babies keeping babies from getting hiv keeping mothers healthy to raise them the second communities empowering women -they become leaders within their communities they change the way communities think we need to change attitudes to hiv we need to change attitudes to women in africa we have to do that and then -theyre not going to work the way theyre currently designed and so doctors and nurses who need to try to change peoples behaviors dont have the skills dont have the time our mentor mothers do and so in redefining the health care teams by bringing the mentor mothers in we can do that -i started the program in capetown south africa back in two thousand and one it was at that point just the spark of an idea referencing steven johnsons -very lovely speech yesterday on where ideas come from i was in the shower at the time i was alone -and what we do is we grow extracellular matrix from pigs we use a modified inkjet printer and we print geometry we print geometry where we can make industrial design objects like you know shoes leather belts handbags etc -where no sentient creature is harmed its victimless its meat from a test tube so our theory is that eventually we should be doing this with homes -so here is a typical stud wall an architectural construction and this is a section of our proposal for a meat house where you can see we use -fatty cells as insulation cilia for dealing with wind loads and sphincter muscles for the doors and windows -grow homes because we can right now america is in an unremitting state of trauma and theres a cause for that all right weve got -and we decided to put it in front of the cathedral so religion can confront the house of meat thats why we grow homes thanks very much -mchouses as an architect i have to confront something like this so whats a technology that will allow us to make ginormous houses -well its been around for two thousand five hundred years its called pleaching or grafting trees together or grafting inosculate matter into one contiguous vascular system -and we do something different than what we did in the past we add kind of a modicum of intelligence to that we use cnc to make scaffolding to train semi epithetic matter plants into a specific geometry -that makes a home that we call a fab tree hab it fits into the environment it is the environment it is the landscape right and you can have a hundred million of these homes and its great -because they suck carbon theyre perfect you can have one hundred million families or take things out of the suburbs because these are homes that are a part of the environment imagine pre growing a village -takes about seven to ten years and everything is green so not only do we do the veggie house we also -the in vitro meat habitat or homes that were doing research on now in brooklyn where as an architecture office for the first of its kind to put in a molecular cell biology lab -and of course when science says cheese and chocolate help you make better decisions well thats sure to grab peoples attention so there you have it the evolution of a headline -when this happened a part of me thought well whats the big deal so the media oversimplified a few things but in the end its just a news story and i think a lot of scientists have this attitude -but the problem is that this kind of thing happens all the time and it affects not just the stories you read in the news but also the products you see on the shelves when the headlines rolled what happened was the marketers came calling -i think these folks meant well but had i taken them up on their offers i would have been going beyond the science and good scientists are careful not to do this -but nevertheless neuroscience is turning up more and more in marketing heres one example neuro drinks a line of products including nuero bliss here which according to its label helps reduce stress enhances mood provides focused concentration and promotes a positive outlook -i have to say this sounds awesome -so when this came up in my local shop naturally i was curious about some of the research backing these claims so i went to the companys website looking to find some controlled trials of their products but i didnt find any -trial or no trial these claims are front and center on their label right next to a picture of a brain -and it turns out that pictures of brains have special properties a couple of researchers asked a few hundred people to read a scientific article -for half the people the article included a brain image and for the other half it was the same article but it didnt have a brain image at the end you see where this is going people were asked whether they agreed with the conclusions of the article -so this is how much people agree with the conclusions with no image and this is how much they agree with the same article that did include a brain image so the take home message here is do you want to sell it put a brain on it -now let me pause here and take a moment to say that neuroscience has advanced a lot in the last few decades and were constantly discovering amazing things about the brain like just a couple of weeks ago neuroscientists at mit figured out how to break habits in rats -just by controlling neural activity in a specific part of their brain -really cool stuff but the promise of neuroscience has led to some really high expectations and some overblown unproven claims -so what im going to do is show you how to spot a couple of classic moves dead giveaways really for whats variously been called neuro bunk neuro bollocks or my personal favorite neuro flapdoodle -so the first unproven claim is that you can use brain scans to read peoples thoughts and emotions -heres a study published by a team of researchers as an op ed in the new york times the headline -thats right according to scientists a cheese sandwich is the solution to all your tough decisions how do i know im the scientist who did the study -you love your iphone literally it quickly became the most emailed article on the site -now theres just one problem with this line of reasoning and thats that the insula does a lot -sure it is involved in positive emotions like love and compassion but its also involved in tons of other processes like memory language attention even anger disgust and pain -so chances are really really good that your insula is going off right now -but i wont kid myself to think this means you love me -so speaking of love and the brain theres a researcher known to some as dr love who claims that scientists have found the glue that holds society together -so dr love bases his argument on studies showing that when you boost peoples oxytocin this increases their trust empathy and cooperation -so hes calling oxytocin the moral molecule now these studies are scientifically valid and theyve been replicated but theyre not the whole story -a few years ago my colleagues and i were interested in how a brain chemical called serotonin would influence peoples decisions in social situations specifically we wanted to know how serotonin would affect the way people react when theyre treated unfairly so we did an experiment we manipulated peoples serotonin levels -other studies have shown that boosting oxytocin increases envy it increases gloating oxytocin can bias people to favor their own group at the expense of other groups and in some cases oxytocin can even decrease cooperation -so based on these studies i could say oxytocin is an immoral molecule and call myself dr strangelove -so weve seen neuro flapdoodle all over the headlines we see it in supermarkets on book covers what about the clinic spect imaging is a brain scanning technology that uses a radioactive tracer to track blood flow in the brain -for the bargain price of a few thousand dollars there are clinics in the u s that will give you one of these spect scans -and use the image to help diagnose your problems these scans the clinics say can help prevent alzheimers disease -solve weight and addiction issues overcome marital conflicts and treat of course a variety of mental illnesses ranging from depression to anxiety to adhd this sounds great a lot of people agree some of these clinics are pulling in tens of millions of dollars a year in business -theres just one problem the broad consensus in neuroscience is that we cant yet diagnose mental illness from a single brain scan -i am more excited than most people as a neuroscientist about the potential for neuroscience to treat mental illness and even maybe to make us better and smarter and if one day we can say that cheese and chocolate help us make better decisions count me in -but were not there yet we havent found a buy button inside the brain we cant tell whether someone is lying or in love just by looking at their brain scans and we cant turn sinners into saints with hormones -maybe someday we will but until then we have to be careful that we dont let overblown claims detract resources and attention away from the real science thats playing a much longer game -so heres where you come in if someone tries to sell you something with a brain on it dont just take them at their word ask the tough questions ask to see the evidence ask for the part of the story thats not being told -by giving them this really disgusting tasting artificial lemon flavored drink that works by taking away the raw ingredient for serotonin in the brain this is the amino acid tryptophan -the answers shouldnt be simple because the brain isnt simple but thats not stopping us from trying to figure it out anyway thank you -so what we found was when tryptophan was low people were more likely to take revenge when theyre treated unfairly -these are opium addicted people on the roofs of kabul ten years after the beginning of our war these are the nomad girls who became prostitutes for afghan businessmen -here -where every field hides a grave where millions of people have been deported or killed in the twentieth century -i was alone on foot and the afghan soldier was so surprised to see me that he forgot to stamp my passport but he gave me a cup of tea and i understood that his surprise was my protection -the movie premiered in january and since then and this isnt even the whole thing weve had nine hundred million media impressions for this film thats literally covering just like a two and a half week period thats only online no print no tv the film hasnt even been distributed yet its not even online its not even streaming its not even been out into other foreign countries yet -so ultimately -this film has already started to gain a lot of momentum and not bad for a project that almost every ad agency we talked to advised their clients not to take part -what i always believe is that if you take chances if you take risks that in those risks will come opportunity i believe that when you push people away from that youre pushing them more towards failure -i believe that when you train your employees to be risk averse then youre preparing your whole company to be reward challenged -i feel like that what has to happen moving forward is we need to encourage people to take risks we need to encourage people to not be afraid of opportunities that may scare them ultimately moving forward i think we have to embrace fear weve got to put that bear in a cage -that at the time didnt have a title -one big spoonful at a time we have to embrace risk and ultimately we have to embrace transparency -today more than ever a little honesty is going to go a long way and that being said through honesty and transparency my entire talk embrace transparency -didnt really have a lot of content and didnt really give much hint as to what the subject matter would actually be -has been brought to you -so what you were getting was this -your name here presents my ted talk -that you have no idea what the subject is and depending on the content could ultimately blow up in your face especially if i make you or your company look stupid for doing it but that being said -its a very good media opportunity -thats just a working title by the way -i knew that someone would buy the naming rights now if youd have asked me that a year ago i wouldnt have been able to tell you that with any certainty -but in the new project that im working on my new film we examine the world of marketing advertising and as i said earlier i put myself in some pretty horrible situations over the years -but nothing could prepare me -nothing could ready me for anything as difficult -or as dangerous -i -it is the ultimate respect -people are going to be to it -pursuing a couple big really obvious brands -turns out it really means we want nothing to do with your movie -this intersection of new media and old media and the fractured media landscape isnt the idea to get that new buzz worthy delivery vehicle thats going to get that message to the masses no thats what i thought -difficult and dangerous -but the problem was you see my idea had one fatal -flaw and that flaw -this would have been fine but what this image represents was the problem see when you do a google image search for transparency this is -and i spent thirty days eating nothing but this -this is one of the first images that comes up so -i like the way you roll sergey brin -this is was the problem transparency -free from pretense or deceit easily detected or seen through -readily understood characterized by visibility or accessibility of information especially concerning business practices that last line being probably the biggest problem you see we hear a lot about transparency these days our politicians say it our president says it even our ceos say it -fun in the beginning -but suddenly when it comes down to becoming a reality something suddenly changes but why well transparency is scary -and its also very risky -very dangerous in the end -he would say son theres three sides to every story theres your story theres my story -in fact most of my career ive been immersing myself into seemingly horrible situations for the whole goal of trying to -that i would have to go on my own id have to cut out the middleman and go to the companies myself -the greatest movie ever sold so how specifically will we see ban in the film -any time im ready to go any time i open up my medicine cabinet you will see ban deodorant -i want to help you calm down so maybe you should put some one before the interview so well offer one of these fabulous scents whether its a floral fusion or a paradise winds theyll have their chance we will have them geared for both male or female solid roll on or stick whatever it may be -examine societal issues in a way that make them engaging that make them interesting that hopefully break them down in a way that make them entertaining and -thats the two cent tour -so now i can answer any of your questions and give you the five cent tour -i think fresh is a great word that really spins this category into the positive versus -what about me what about a regular guy i need to go talk to the man on the street the people who are like me the regular joes they need to tell me about my brand -accessible to an audience -dark glamor i like a lot of black colors a lot of grays and stuff like that -so when i knew i was coming here to do a ted talk that was going to look at the world of branding and sponsorship i knew i would want to do something a little different -but i do often find myself at the intersection of dark glamor and casual fly -so as some of you may or may not have heard a couple weeks ago i -took out an ad on ebay -i sent out some facebook messages -will just focus on one of their strengths or the other instead of focusing on both most companies -some twitter messages -up attributes are things like being playful -being fresh like the fresh prince contemporary adventurous edgy -daring like errol flynn nimble or agile profane domineering magical or mystical like gandalf -are you reliable stable familiar safe secure sacred contemplative or wise like the dalai lama or yoda -over the course of this film -we had five hundred plus companies who were up and down companies saying no they didnt want any part of this project they wanted nothing to do with this film mainly because they would have no control they would have no control over the final product but we did get seventeen brand partners -who were willing to relinquish that control who wanted to be in business with someone as mindful and as playful as myself -and who ultimately empowered us to tell stories that normally we wouldnt be able to tell -stories that an advertiser would normally never get behind -they enabled us to tell the story about neuromarketing as we got into telling the story in this film about how now theyre using mris to target the desire centers of your brain for both commercials as well -was going to get the once in a lifetime opportunity because im sure chris anderson will never let it happen again -schools all across america -whats incredible for me is the projects that ive gotten the most feedback out of or ive had the most success in are ones where ive interacted with things directly and thats what these brands did they cut out the middleman they cut out their agencies and said maybe these agencies dont have my best interest in mind -im going to deal directly with the artist im going to work with him to create something different something thats going to get people thinking thats going to challenge the way we look at the world -and how has that been for them has it been successful well since the film premiered at the sundance film festival lets take a look according to burrelles -that all the forces that have to do with our natural environment have been fulfilled and our human environment -twenty years ago in a conference richard and i were at together i wrote a poem which seems to me to still hold for me -he who seeks truth shall find beauty he who seeks beauty shall find vanity he who seeks order shall find gratification -in jaipur because i talked about what makes a building -the servant of his fellow beings shall find the joy of self expression he who seeks self expression shall fall into the pit of arrogance arrogance is incompatible with nature -through nature the nature of the universe and the nature of -building of science and it seemed to me that this structure complex rich and yet -and so my first sketch after i left was to say lets cut the channel and make an island and make an island building and i got all excited and came back -and so the process began and they said you cant put it all on an island some of it has to be on the mainland because we dont want to turn our back to the community -there emerged a design the gallery sort of forming an island and you could walk through them or on the roof -and there were all kinds of exciting features you could come in through the landside buildings walk through the galleries into playgrounds theres a landscape if you were cheap you could walk on top of a bridge to the roof -the exhibits and then get totally seduced come back and pay the five dollars admission -and the client was happy well sort of happy because we were four million dollars over the budget but essentially happy but i was still troubled and i was troubled because i felt this was -so what id like to talk about is something that was very dear to karens heart which is how do we discover what is really particular -if i had to fulfill what i talked about a building for science there had to be some kind of a -out of this idea started spinning off many many kinds of variations of different -and when there were complaints about budget i said well its worth doing the island because you get twice for your money reflections and heres the building as it -with a channel overlooking downtown -and as seen from downtown -and the bike routes going right through the building so those traveling the river would see the exhibits and be drawn to the building -the toroidal geometry made for very efficient building every beam in this building is the same radius -how do you discover the uniqueness of a project as unique as a person because it seems to me that finding this uniqueness has to do with -all laminated wood every wall every concrete -going back to -which you see here the campus and i was asked to do a building and i was given all the artifacts of clothing and -drawings and i felt very troubled i worked on it for months and i couldnt deal with it because i felt people were coming out of the historic museum they are totally saturated -with information and to see yet another museum with information it would make them just unable to -digest and so i made a counter proposal i said no building there was a cave on the site we tunnel into the hill -flickering in the center -by an arrangement of -reflective glasses it reflects into infinity in all directions you walk through the space -voice reads the names ages and place of birth of the children this voice does not repeat for six months and then you descend to light and to the north and to life -well they said people wont understand theyll think its a discotheque you cant do that and they shelved the project and it sat there for ten years and then one day ed spiegel from los angeles who had lost his three year -dealing with the whole -at auschwitz came saw the model wrote the check and it got built ten years later -i got a call from the foreign ministry saying weve got the chief minister -of the punjab here he is on a state visit we took him on -chief minister badal said to me we sikhs have suffered a great deal as you have jews i was very moved by what i saw -we are going to build our national museum to tell the story of our people were about to embark on that id like you to come and design -and so you know its one of those things that you dont take too seriously but two weeks later i was in -this little town anandpur sahib outside chandigarh the capital of the punjab and the temple and also next to it the fortress -to finding the uniqueness of place and the uniqueness of a program in a building and so ill take you to wichita kansas where i was asked some years ago to do a science museum on a site -i got to work and they took me somewhere down there nine kilometers away from the town and the temple and said thats where we have chosen the location and i said -this just doesnt make any sense the pilgrims come here by the hundreds and thousands theyre not going to get into trucks and buses and go down there lets get back to the -town and walk to the site and i recommended they do it right there on that hill and this hill and bridge all the way into the town -and as things are a little easier in india the site was purchased within a week and we were working -and my proposal was to split the museum into two -the permanent exhibits at one end the auditorium library and changing exhibitions on the other to flood the valley into a -series of water gardens and to link it all to the fort and to the downtown and the structures rise from the sand cliffs theyre built in concrete and sandstones the roofs are -stainless steel they are facing south and reflecting light towards the temple itself pedestrians criss cross from one side to the other -and as you come from the north it is all masonry growing out of the sand cliffs as you come from -and the bridge was built -within the working drawings -a million people gathered for the celebrations -right downtown by the river and i thought the secret of the site is to make the building of the river -so much more comprehensive in terms of information and yad vashem needs to deal with three million visitors a year at this point they said -lets rebuild the museum but of course the sikhs might give you a job on a platter the jews make it hard international competition phase -and again i felt kind of uncomfortable with the notion that a building the size of the washington building -fifty thousand square feet will sit on that fragile hill and that we will go into galleries rooms with doors and sort of familiar rooms to tell the story of the holocaust -and i proposed that we cut through the mountain that was my first sketch just cut the whole museum through the mountain enter from one side of the mountain -come out from the other side of the mountain and then bring light through the mountain into the chambers -here you see the model a reception building and some underground parking you cross a bridge you enter this triangular -room sixty feet high which cuts right into the hill -and extends right through as you go -part of the river unfortunately though -and at night just one line of light cuts through the mountain which is a skylight on top of that -all the galleries as you move through them and so on -below grade -there are chambers carved in the rock concrete walls stone the natural rock when possible with the light shafts this is actually a spanish -quarry which sort of inspired the kind of spaces that these galleries could be and then coming towards the north -separated from the river by mcleans boulevard so i suggested lets reroute mcleans and that gave birth instantly to friends of mcleans boulevard -opens up it bursts out of the mountain into again a view of the light and of the city and -jerusalem hills -id like to conclude with a project ive been working on for two months its the headquarters for the institute of peace -in washington the us institute of peace the site chosen is across from the lincoln memorial -you see it there directly on the mall its the last building on the mall on access of the roosevelt bridge that comes in from virginia that too was a competition -it is something im just beginning to work on -but one recognizes the kind of uniqueness of the site if they were to be anywhere in washington they would be an office building a conference center a place for negotiating peace and so on all of which the building is -but by virtue of the choice of putting it on the mall and by the lincoln memorial this becomes the structure that is the symbol of peace on the mall and that was a lot of heat to deal with -the first sketch recognizes that the building is many spaces spaces where research goes on -conference centers a public building because it will be a museum devoted to peace making and these are the drawings that we submitted for the competition -the plans showing the spaces which radiate outwards from the entry -you see the structure as in the sequence of structures on the mall very transparent and inviting and looking in -and then as you enter it again looking in all directions towards the city -and what i felt about that building is that it really was a building that had to do with a lightness of being -this is where it is its sort of -evolving studies for the structure of the roof which demands maybe new materials -how to make white how to make it translucent how to make it glowing how to make it not capricious -and it took six months to -here studying in three dimensions how to give some kind again of an order a structure not something you feel you could just change because you stop the design of that particular process -and so it goes -the first image i showed the building committee was this astronomic observatory -id like to conclude by saying something -id like to conclude by relating all of what ive said to the term beauty and i know it is not a fashionable term these -and certainly not fashionable in the discourse of architectural schools but it seems to me that all this in one way or the other is a search for beauty beauty in the most profound -of fit i have a quote that -theodore cook who said beauty connotes humanity we call a natural object beautiful because we see that its form expresses fitness the perfect fulfillment of function -well i would have said the perfect fulfillment of purpose nevertheless beauty as the kind of fit something that tells us -but i want to challenge that i want to challenge that do you know why -because mps -do not keep the environment clean -and then the old world vultures where we have sixteen species from these sixteen eleven of them are facing a high risk of extinction -so why are vultures important -first of all they provide vital ecological services they clean up theyre our natural garbage collectors they clean up carcasses right to the bone they help to kill all the bacteria they help absorb anthrax that would otherwise spread and cause huge livestock losses and diseases in other animals -recent studies have shown that in areas where there are no vultures carcasses take up to three to four times to decompose and this has huge ramifications for the spread of diseases -there are ten thousand species of birds -vultures also have tremendous historical significance they have been associated in ancient egyptian culture -nekhbet was the symbol of the protector and the motherhood and together with the cobra symbolized the unity between upper and lower egypt -in hindu mythology jatayu was the vulture god and he risked his life -in order to save the goddess sita from the ten headed demon ravana -in tibetan culture they are performing very important sky burials in places like tibet there are no places to bury the dead or wood to cremate them so these vultures provide a natural disposal system -so what is the problem with vultures -we have eight species of vultures that occur in kenya of which six are highly threatened with extinction -the reason is that theyre getting poisoned and the reason that theyre getting poisoned is because theres human wildlife conflicts the pastoral communities are using this poison to target predators and in return the vultures are falling victim to this -in south asia in countries like india and pakistan four species of vultures are listed as critically endangered which means they have less than ten or fifteen years to go extinct and the reason is because they are falling prey by consuming livestock that has been treated with a painkilling drug like diclofenac -this drug has now been banned for veterinary use in india and they have taken a stand -when you see a vulture like this -because there are no vultures theres been a spread in the numbers of feral dogs at carcass dump sites and when you have feral dogs you have a huge time bomb of rabies the number of cases of rabies has increased tremendously in india -kenya is going to have one of the largest wind farms in africa three hundred and fifty three wind turbines are going to be up at lake turkana i am not against wind energy but we need to work with the governments because wind turbines do this to birds they slice them in half they are bird blending machines -the first thing that comes to your mind is these are disgusting ugly greedy creatures that are just after your flesh associated with politicians -in west africa theres a horrific trade -of dead vultures to serve the witchcraft and the fetish market -so whats being done well were conducting research on these birds were putting transmitters on them were trying to determine their basic ecology and see where they go -we can see that they travel different countries so if you focus on a problem locally its not going to help you we need to work with governments in regional levels -were working with local communities -were talking to them about appreciating vultures about the need from within to appreciate these wonderful creatures and the services that they provide -how can you help you can become active make noise -you can write a letter to your government and tell them that we need to focus on these very misunderstood creatures -volunteer your time to spread the word -spread the word when you walk out of this room you will be informed about vultures but speak to your families to your children to your neighbors about vultures -they are very graceful charles darwin said he changed his mind because he watched them fly effortlessly without energy in the skies -kenya this world will be much poorer without these wonderful species -first of all why do they have such a bad press -when charles darwin went across the atlantic in one thousand eight hundred and thirty two on the beagle he saw the turkey vulture and he said these are disgusting birds with bald scarlet heads -that are formed to revel in putridity -you could not get a worse insult and that from charles darwin -more recently if youve been following the kenyan press -that all or many or most of todays attested languages couldnt descend perhaps from one thats much younger than that like say twenty thousand years or something of that kind its what we call a bottleneck -may have been right you may just know more about everything than anyone so its been an honor thank you -well im involved in other things besides physics in fact mostly now in other things one thing is distant relationships among human languages -and the professional historical linguists in the us and in western europe -mostly try to stay away from any long distance relationships -big groupings groupings that go back -a long time longer than the familiar families they dont like that they think its crank i dont think its crank -and there are some brilliant linguists mostly russians who are working on that at santa fe institute and in moscow -and i would love to see where that leads does it really lead to a single ancestor some twenty twenty five thousand years ago and what if we go back beyond that single ancestor -must be older than the cave paintings and cave engravings and cave sculptures and dance steps in the soft clay in the caves in western europe in the aurignacian period some -thirty five thousand years ago or earlier i cant believe they did all those things and didnt also have a modern language so i would guess that the actual origin goes back at least that far and maybe further but that doesnt mean -the experiments had to be wrong and they were now our friend over there albert einstein used to pay very little attention when people said you know -theres a man with an experiment that seems to disagree with special relativity dc miller what about that and he would say -thank you for putting up these pictures of my colleagues over here -stuff like that work thats the -what do we mean by beautiful thats one thing ill try to make that clear partially clear why should it work and is this something to do with human beings ill let you in on the answer to the last one that i offer and that is it has nothing to do with human -somewhere in some other planet orbiting some very distant star maybe in a another galaxy there could well be -they could be out there very easily -and suppose they have you know very different sensory apparatus and so on they have seven tentacles and they have fourteen little funny looking compound eyes and a brain shaped like a pretzel -talking about them now im going try an experiment i dont do experiments normally im a theorist but im going see what happens if i press this -would they really have different laws there are lots of people who believe that and i think it is utter baloney -i think there are laws out there and we of course dont understand them at any given time very well -but we try and we try to get closer and closer and someday we may actually figure out the fundamental unified theory of the particles and forces -what i call the fundamental law we may not even be terribly far from it but even if we dont run across it in our lifetimes we can still think there is one out there and were just trying to get closer and closer to -i think thats the main point to be made we express these things mathematically and when the mathematics is very simple -when in terms of some mathematical notation you can write the theory in a very brief space without a lot of complication thats essentially what we mean by beauty or elegance -heres what i was saying about the -laws theyre really there -newton certainly believed that and -he said here it is the business of natural philosophy to find out those laws -the basic law lets say heres an assumption the assumption is that the basic law really takes the form of a unified theory of all the particles now some people call that a theory of everything thats wrong -because the theory is quantum mechanical and i wont go into a lot of stuff about quantum mechanics and what its like and so on youve heard a lot of wrong things about it anyway -there are even movies about it -stuff but the main thing here is that it predicts probabilities now sometimes those probabilities are -sure enough ok i used to work in this field of elementary particles what happens to matter if you chop it up very fine what is it made of and the laws of these particles -and in a lot of familiar cases they of course are but other times theyre not and you have only probabilities for different outcomes -so what that means is that the history of the universe is not determined just by the fundamental law -the fundamental law and this incredibly long series of accidents or chance outcomes that are there in addition -and the fundamental theory doesnt include those chance outcomes they are in addition -so its not a theory of everything and in fact a huge amount of the information in the universe around us comes from those accidents and not just from the fundamental -now its often said that -an onion and we keep doing that and build more powerful machines accelerators for particles -we look deeper and deeper into the structure of particles and in that way we get probably closer and closer to this fundamental law -is that as we do that -as we peel these skins of the onion and we get closer and closer to the underlying law we see that each skin has something in common with the previous one and with the next one -we write them out mathematically and we see they use very similar mathematics they require very similar mathematics -that is absolutely remarkable and that is a central feature of what im trying to say today -newton called it thats newton by the way that one this one is albert einstein hi al -and anyway he said nature conformable to herself -are valid throughout the universe and theyre very much connected with the history of the universe we know a lot about four forces there must be a lot more but those are at very very small distances and we havent really interacted with them very much yet -and so what -that the new phenomena the new skins the inner skins of the slightly smaller skins of the onion that we get to resemble the slightly larger ones -and -the kind of mathematics that we had for the previous skin is almost the same as what we need for the next skin and thats why the equations look so simple -use mathematics we already have -trivial example is this newton found the law of gravity -which goes like one over the square of the distance between the things gravitated coulomb in france -found the same law for electric charges heres an example of this similarity -you look at gravity you see a certain law then you look at electricity sure enough the same rule -its a very simple example there are lots of more sophisticated examples symmetry is very important in this discussion you know what it means a circle for example is symmetric under rotations about the center of the circle -you rotate around the center of the circle the circle remains unchanged you take a sphere in three dimensions you rotate around the center of the sphere and all those rotations leave the sphere alone they are symmetries of the sphere -so we say in general that theres a symmetry under certain operations if those operations leave the phenomenon or its description unchanged -theres a new notation in the nineteenth century that expressed this -and if you use that notation the equations get a lot simpler then einstein with his special theory of relativity looked at a whole set of symmetries of maxwells equations which are called special relativity -and those symmetries then make the equations even shorter and even prettier therefore -lets look you dont have to know what these things mean doesnt make any difference but you can just look at the form you can look at the form you see above at the top a long list of equations with three components for the three directions of space x y and z -then using vector analysis you use rotational symmetry and you get this next set -the main thing i want to talk about is this that we have this remarkable experience in this field of fundamental physics that beauty -then you use the symmetry of special relativity and you get an even simpler set down here showing that symmetry exhibits better and better the more and more symmetry you have the better you exhibit the simplicity and elegance -of the theory the last two the first equation says that electric charges and currents give rise to all the electric and magnetic fields -the next second equation says that there is no magnetism other than that the only magnetism comes from electric charges and currents someday we may find some slight hole in that argument but for the moment thats the case -now here is a very exciting development that many people have not heard of they should have heard of it but its a little tricky to explain in technical detail so i wont do it ill just mention -called by us frank yang and -bob mills put forward fifty years ago this generalization of maxwells equations with a new symmetry a whole new symmetry mathematics very similar but there was a whole new symmetry -they hoped that this would contribute somehow to particle physics -it didnt by itself contribute to particle physics but then some of us generalized it further and then it did and it gave a very beautiful description of the strong force and of the weak force -is a very successful criterion for choosing the right theory and why on earth could that be -so here we say again what we said before that each skin of the onion shows a similarity to the adjoining skins so the mathematics for the adjoining skins is very similar to what we need for the -and therefore it looks beautiful -so here are the themes we believe there is a unified theory underlying -steps toward unification exhibit the simplicity symmetry exhibits the simplicity -and then there is self similarity across the scales in other words from one skin of the onion to another one proximate self similarity -and that accounts for this phenomenon that will account for why beauty is a successful criterion for selecting the right theory -heres what newton himself said nature is very consonant and conformable to -one thing he was thinking of is something that most of us take for granted today but in his day it wasnt taken for granted -the story which is not absolutely -certain to be right but a lot of people told it four sources told it that when they had the plague in cambridge and he went down to his mothers farm -well heres an example from my own -that drew the apple down to the earth could be the same as the force regulating the motions of the planets and the moon -the same theory of gravity -this principle of nature being very remote from the conceptions of philosophers i forbore to describe it in that book least i should be accounted an extravagant freak -and so prejudice my readers against all those things which were the main design of the book now who today would claim that as a mere conceit of the human mind -that the force that causes the apple to fall to the ground is the same force that causes the planets and the moon to move around and so on everybody knows that its a property of gravitation -not something in the human mind the human mind can of course appreciate it and enjoy it use it but its not it doesnt stem from the human mind it stems from the character of gravity and thats true of all the things were talking about -they are properties of the fundamental law the fundamental law is such that the different skins of the onion resemble one another and therefore the math for one skin allows you to express -simply the phenomenon of the next skin -i say here that newton did a lot of things that year -and he could have written quite an essay on what i did over my -so we dont have to assume these principles -as separate metaphysical postulates -they follow from the fundamental theory -they are what we call emergent properties -you dont need -you dont need something more to get something more -life can emerge from -physics and chemistry plus a lot of accidents -the human mind can arise from neurobiology and a lot of accidents -doesnt diminish the importance of -and it was in disagreement with seven seven count them seven experiments -to know that they follow from more fundamental things plus accidents thats a general rule -and its critically important to realize that you dont need something more in order to get something more people keep asking that -when they read my book the quark and the jaguar and they say isnt there something more beyond what you have there presumably they mean something supernatural -anyway there isnt you dont need something more -to explain something more thank you very much -experiments were all wrong and we published before knowing that because we figured it was so beautiful its gotta be right -and the professional historical linguists -in the u s and in western europe -mostly try to stay away from any long distance relationships -big groupings groupings that go back -a long time longer than the familiar families they dont like that they think its crank i dont think its crank -and there are some brilliant linguists mostly russians who are working on that at santa fe institute and in moscow -and i would love to see where that leads -does it really lead to a single ancestor some twenty twenty five thousand years ago and what if we go back beyond that single ancestor -when there was presumably a competition among many languages how far back does that go how far back does modern language go how many tens of thousands of years does it go back -a -and if there was a big emphasis at the time to separate men from women -the rituals around the kaaba could have been designed accordingly but apparently that was not an issue at the time so the rituals came that way this is also i think confirmed by the fact that the seclusion of women in creating a divided society is something that you also do not find in the koran -the very core of islam the divine core of islam that all muslims and equally myself believe -and i think its not an accident that you dont find this idea in the very origin of islam -because many scholars who study the history of islamic thought muslim scholars or westerners think that actually the practice of dividing men and women physically came as a later development in islam as muslims adopted some preexisting cultures and traditions of the middle east seclusion of women was actually -few weeks ago i had a chance to go to saudi arabia and the first thing i wanted to do as a muslim was go to mecca and visit the kaaba the holiest shrine of islam -a byzantine and persian practice and muslims adopted that and made that a part of their religion -what we call today islamic law and especially islamic culture and there are many islamic cultures actually the one in saudi arabia is much different from -where i come from in istanbul or turkey but still if youre going to speak about a muslim culture this has a core the divine message which began the religion but then many traditions perceptions many practices were added on top of it and these were traditions of the middle east medieval traditions -who look at islamic culture and see some troubling aspects should not readily conclude that this is what islam ordains maybe its a middle eastern culture that became confused with islam there is a practice called female circumcision -its something terrible horrible it is basically an operation to deprive women of sexual pleasure -and westerners europeans or americans who didnt know about this before faced this practice -within some of the muslim communities who migrated from north africa -and theyve thought oh what a horrible religion that is which -ordains something like that but actually when you look at female circumcision you see that it has nothing to do with islam its just a north african practice -which predates islam it was there for thousands of years and quite tellingly some muslims do practice that the muslims in north africa not in other places -and i did that i put on my ritualistic dress i went to the holy mosque i did my prayers i observed all the rituals and meanwhile besides all the spirituality there was one mundane detail in the kaaba that was pretty interesting for me there was no separation of sexes -but also the non muslim communities of north africa the animists even some christians and even a jewish tribe in north africa is known to practice female circumcision -so what might look like a problem within islamic faith might turn out to be a tradition that muslims have subscribed -we had a tragic case of an honor killing within turkeys armenian community just a few months ago now these are things about general culture but im also very much interested in political culture -and whether liberty and democracy is appreciated or whether theres an authoritarian political culture in which the state is supposed to impose things on the citizens -and it is no secret that many islamic movements in the middle east tend to be authoritarian and some of the so called islamic regimes -such as saudi arabia iran and the worst case was the taliban in afghanistan they are pretty authoritarian no doubt about that for example in saudi arabia there is a phenomenon called the religious police -and the religious police imposes the supposed islamic way of life on every citizen by force like women are forced to cover their heads wear the hijab the islamic head cover now that is pretty authoritarian and thats something im very much critical of but -when i realized that the non muslim or the non islamic minded actors in the same geography sometimes behaved similarly i realized that the problem maybe lies in the political culture of the whole region not just islam let me give you an example in turkey where i come from which is a very hyper secular republic -until very recently we used to have -what i call secularism police which would guard the universities against veiled students -some muslims have been influenced by that but the secular minded people can be influenced by that maybe its a problem of the political culture and we have to think about how to change that political culture -now these are some of the questions i had in mind a few years ago when i sat down to write a book i said well i will make a research about how islam actually came -to be what it is today and what roads were taken and what roads could have been taken -the name of the book is islam without extremes a muslim case for liberty -and as the subtitle suggests -i looked at islamic tradition and the history of islamic thought from the perspective of individual liberty and i tried to find what are the strengths with regard to individual liberty and there are strengths in islamic tradition -islam actually as a monotheistic religion which defined man as a responsible agent by itself created the idea of the individual in the middle east and saved it from the communitarianism the collectivism of the tribe -you can derive many ideas from that but besides that i also saw problems within islamic tradition -but one thing was curious most of those problems turn out to be problems that emerged later not from the very divine core of islam the koran but from again traditions and mentalities or the interpretations of the koran that muslims made in the middle ages -the koran for example doesnt condone stoning there is no punishment on apostasy -there is no punishment on personal things like drinking -these things which make islamic law -the troubling aspects of islamic law were later developed into later interpretations of islam which means that muslims can today look at those things and say well -the core of our religion is here to stay with us its our faith and we will be loyal to it but we can change how it was interpreted because it was interpreted according to the time and milieu in the middle ages now we are living in a different world with different values and different political systems that interpretation is quite possible and feasible -now if i were the only person thinking that way we would be in trouble -but thats not the case at all actually from the nineteenth century on theres a whole revisionist reformist whatever you call it tradition a trend in islamic thinking and these were intellectuals or statesmen -of the nineteenth century and later twentieth century which looked at europe basically and saw that europe has many things to admire like science and technology but not just that also democracy parliament the idea of representation the idea of equal citizenship -these muslim thinkers and intellectuals and statesmen of the nineteenth century looked at europe saw these things they said why dont we have these things and they looked back at islamic tradition they saw that there are problematic aspects but theyre not the core of the religion so maybe they can be re understood and the koran can be reread in the modern world -that trend is generally called islamic modernism -and it was advanced by intellectuals and statesmen not just as an intellectual idea though but also as a political program and thats why actually in the nineteenth century the ottoman empire which then covered the whole middle east -made very important reforms reforms like giving christians and jews an equal citizenship status accepting a constitution accepting a representative parliament -advancing the idea of freedom of religion -and thats why the ottoman empire in its last decades turned into a proto democracy a constitutional monarchy and freedom was a very important political value at the time -which is strictly divided between the sexes in other words as men you are not simply supposed to be in the same physical space with women and i noticed this in a very funny way i left the kaaba to eat something in downtown mecca -similarly in the arab world there was what the great arab historian albert hourani defines as the liberal age he has a book arabic thought in the liberal age and the liberal age he defines as nineteenth century and early twentieth century -quite notably this was the dominant trend in the early twentieth century among islamic thinkers and statesmen and theologians -but there is a very curious pattern in the rest of the twentieth century because we see a sharp decline in this islamic modernist line and in place of that what happens is that islamism grows -as an ideology which is authoritarian which is quite strident which is quite anti western and which wants to shape society based on a utopian vision so islamism is the problematic idea that really created a lot of problems in the twentieth century islamic world -and even the very extreme forms of islamism led to terrorism in the name of islam -which is actually a practice that i think is against islam but some obviously extremists did not think that way but there is a curious question if islamic modernism was so popular in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries why did islamism become so popular in the rest of the twentieth century -and this is a question i think which needs to be discussed carefully and in my book i went into that question as well and actually you dont need to be a rocket scientist to understand that you just look at the political history of the twentieth century and you see things have changed a lot the context has changed in the nineteenth century when muslims were looking at europe as an example -they were independent they were more self confident in the early twentieth century with the fall of the ottoman empire the whole middle east was colonized -and when you have colonization what do you have -you have anti colonization so europe is not just an example now to emulate its an enemy to fight and to resist -so theres a very sharp decline in liberal ideas in the muslim world and what you see is more of a defensive rigid reactionary strain which led to arab socialism arab nationalism and ultimately to the islamist ideology -and when the colonial period ended what you had in place of that was generally secular dictators which say theyre a country but did not bring democracy to the country and established their own dictatorship -and i think the west at least some powers in the west particularly the united states made the mistake of supporting those secular dictators thinking that they were more helpful for their interests -i headed to the nearest burger king restaurant and i went there -but the fact that those dictators suppressed democracy in their country and suppressed islamic groups in their country actually made the islamists much more strident so in the twentieth century you had this vicious cycle in the arab world where you have a dictatorship suppressing its own people including the islamic pious and theyre reacting in reactionary ways -i noticed that there was a male section which was carefully separated from the female section and i had to pay order and eat at the male section its funny i said to myself -they did not share the same anti colonial hype that you can find in some other countries in the region secondly and most importantly -turkey became a democracy earlier than any of the countries we are talking about in one thousand nine hundred and fifty turkey had the first free and fair elections which ended the more autocratic secular regime which was the beginning of turkey and the pious muslims in turkey saw that they can change the political system by voting -and they realize that democracy is something that is compatible with islam compatible with their values and theyve been supportive of democracy -thats an experience that not every other muslim nation in the middle east had until very recently secondly in the past two decades thanks to globalization thanks to the market economy thanks to the rise of a middle class -we in turkey see what i define as a rebirth of islamic modernism now theres the more urban middle class pious muslims who again look at their tradition and see that there are some problems in the tradition -and they understand that they need to be changed and questioned and reformed and they look at europe and they see an example again to follow they see an example at least to take some inspiration from thats why the e u process turkeys effort to join the e u -has been supported inside turkey by the islamic pious -while some secular nations were against that well that process has been a little bit blurred by the fact that not all europeans are that welcoming but thats another discussion but the pro e u sentiment in turkey in the past decade has become almost an islamic cause and supported by the islamic liberals and the secular liberals as well -you can mingle with the opposite sex at the holy kaaba but not at the burger king quite ironic ironic and its also i think quite telling because the kaaba and the rituals around it are relics from the earliest phase of islam that of prophet muhammad -for some of the islamic movements or some of the countries in the arab world you must have all seen the arab spring which began in tunis and in egypt and arab masses just revolted against their dictators -they were asking for democracy they were asking for freedom and they did not turn out to be the islamist boogyman that the dictators were always using to justify their regime they said that we want freedom we want democracy we are muslim believers but we want to be -living as free people in free societies of course this is a long road democracy is not an overnight achievement its a process but this is a promising era in the muslim world and i believe that the islamic modernism which began in the nineteenth century but which had a setback -in the twentieth century because of the political troubles of the muslim world is having a rebirth -he was out there in parol delivering a baby i was waiting and when he did emerge he was ashen faced he told me that there had been two deaths the mother and child both had died the reason he told me was something called post partum hemorrhage -he explained this meant severe internal bleeding what was really shocking for me was that he said that this is entirely due to undiagnosed anemia -now anemia im an engineer but even i knew that anemia is something which is not supposed to be fatal it is something which probably the cure is known i mean folic acid iron tablets very cheap affordable cures exist -five minutes away from there i had the center the medical center which was distributing subsidized iron tablets so -like to build stuff ive always liked to build stuff -the whole nature of this thing completely shocked me and i knew that there had to be a way to prevent this -this struck me as i love to fix things i wanted to fix this i got a friend of mine an engineer and three other doctors abhishek joined the team and we wanted to solve this problem by the time i step down from here there will be ten people who have lost their lives through a completely completely preventable problem -now let me take you back to parol you saw the woman there the nurse in india this is called an asha worker its essentially a village health worker a matron she is really the center of the health care system public health care runs on the asha worker not the doctor -now we knew we had to design something which she could use we knew it had to be -these three things that the machine had to have we knew it had to be something which had no needles no pricking so it would have adoption it would not have medical waste all those problems -it had to be simple enough for that woman asha worker to use and thirdly it had to be something which she could carry in her kit she goes village to village doing screenings we thought we could build it so we built it -this is a machine called the touchb quik what it does is -it measures my hemoglobin oxygen and pulse rate i put it on my finger switch it on and in about twenty seconds itll give me on the little screen here a value of hemoglobin oxygen saturation and heart rate -this will help asha workers diagnose anemia at the point of care -i believe this is going to democratize health care -and we essentially pass light right through the tissue and from understanding how much of it is transmitted how much of it is scattered and how much of it is absorbed we can figure out -how much hemoglobin is there in the blood and this is something which is based on a principle called photoplethysmography we are actually really very excited about what else -non invasive techniques like this will be able to crack in the future one of the things which my intern here pratesh built is a mobile application which can now send all this data anywhere it wants to go theres a bunch of very exciting stuff which we are doing i would love to tell you a little bit more about it but fundamentally what i believe is that -the map behind of me is called basically the map of anemia its the death rates caused by anemia globally -youll notice of course that there are hot spots -south asia africa my business plan is very simple im just going to sell these to every clinic in the world thats a simple bottom line business plan and by the time im done in two thousand and twenty when the who publishes the data again this is going to be the map of anemia -i had absolutely no idea what was going to happen next i was in fact -busy trying to finish off my ph d which was in a completely unrelated area of how people interact contributors interact how articles are formed in wikipedia trying to figure out how quality emerges from the system i was also building -so at that time i was planning a road trip i visited a place called parol about two hours north of mumbai -paintings comics -to tell the world and each other about whats going on -obviously theres always the dark side of it and this is just one of the less gruesome pictures of the revolution and the cost that we have to pay -the solidarity of millions of yemenis across the country just demanding the one thing and finally lots of people are saying that yemens revolution is going to break the country -is it going to be so many different countries is it going to be another somalia but we want to tell the world that no under the one flag well still remain as yemeni -characterizations so lets talk about the personal story for a moment -us images from the yemen times -take us through those and introduce us to another yemen -but theres so much potential i wish i could show you my yemen i wish you could see -and even my mother i owe it to my family a story i studied in india and in my third year i started becoming confused -because i was yemeni but i was also mixing up with a lot of my friends in college and i went back home and i said daddy i dont know who i am im not a yemeni im not an indian and he said you are the bridge and -a womans got to do what a womans got to do -happening today in yemen this picture shows a revolution started by women and it shows women and men leading a mixed protest -but in assuming this responsibility and going about it as you have you have become a bridge between -an older and traditional society and the one that you are now creating at the paper and so along with changing who worked there you must have come up against another positioning that we always run into in particular with women and it has to do with outside image -dress the veiled woman so how have you dealt with this on a personal level as well as the women who worked for you -the other picture is the popularity of the real need for change so many people are there the intensity of the -and the more empowered the women become the more they are able to remove the veil for example or to drive their own car or to have a job or to be able to travel so -and so on its just a movement and i am a role model in yemen a lot of people look up to me a lot of young girls look up to me and i need to prove to them that yes you can still be married you can still be a mother and you can still be respected within the society but at the same time that doesnt mean you should just be one of the crowd -you can be yourself and have your face -tell that to the people in charge they think that if theres anything against them then we are being an opposition newspaper and very very difficult times some of my reporters were arrested we had some court cases my father was assassinated -and its very important to listen to our voice and this is probably something im going to share with you in western media probably and how -theres a lot of stereotypes thinking of yemen in one single frame this is what yemen is all about and thats not fair its not fair for me its not fair for my country a lot of reporters come to yemen and they want to write a story on al qaeda or terrorism -i love this picture i just wanted to show that over sixty percent of the yemeni population are fifteen years and below and they were excluded from decision making and now they are in the forefront of the news raising the flag -certainly when we look at the ways in which we have separated ourselves from others and weve created fear and danger often from lack of knowledge lack of real understanding how do you see the way that -western press in particular is covering this and all other stories out of the region but in particular in your country -think that youve done your homework and a story so i wish that the world would know my yemen my country my people -you yourself and what you do -or so we thought until a woman came rushing across the campus and dropped her bag on the floor pointed up to the sign and said whos falafel -true story -she was actually coming out of an amnesty international meeting -c comics announced the cover of our upcoming crossover on that cover you see batman superman and a fully clothed wonder woman with our saudi member of the ninety nine our emirati member and our libyan -and where religion can be twisted and purposely made where its not supposed to be by others in a world like that theyll always be a job for superman and the ninety nine thank you very much -and you hear the voice of his father jor el saying to earth i have sent to you my -these are clearly biblical archetypes and the thinking behind that was to create positive globally resonating storylines that could be tied to the same things that other people were pulling mean messages -the koran things like generosity and mercy and foresight and wisdom and dozens of others that no two people in the world would disagree about it doesnt matter what your religion is even if youre an atheist you dont raise your kid telling him you know make sure you lie three times a day -two thousand and ten the justice league of america will be teaming up with the ninety nine icons like batman superman wonder woman and their colleagues -all the books from bait al hikma library the most famous library in its day were thrown in the tigris river and the tigris changes color with ink its a story passed on generation after generation -i rewrote that story and in my version the librarians find out that this is going to happen and heres a side note if you want a comic book to do well make the librarians the hero it always works well -so -the librarians find out and they get together a special solution a chemical solution called kings water that when mixed with ninety nine stones would be able to save all that culture and history in the books -but the mongols get there first the books and the solution get thrown in the tigris river some librarians escape and over the course of days and weeks they dip the stones into the tigris and suck up that collective wisdom that we all think is lost to civilization -so thirty three of the stones are smuggled onto the nina the pinta and the santa maria and are spread in the new world -now its very easy to assume that those books because they were from a library called al hikma were muslim books but thats not the case because the caliph that built that library his name was al mamun he was -he had told his advisers get me all the scholars to translate any book they can get their hands on to into arabic and i will pay them its weight in gold after a while his advisers complained they said your highness the scholars are cheating theyre writing in big handwriting to take more -will be teaming up with icons jabbar noora jami and their colleagues its a story of intercultural intersections -to which he said let them be because what theyre giving us is worth a lot more than what were paying them so the idea of an open architecture an open knowledge is not new to my neck of the desert -the concept centers on something called the noor stones noor is arabic for light so these ninety nine stones a few kind of rules in the game number one you dont choose the stone the stone chooses you theres a king arthur element to the storyline -okay number two all of the ninety nine when they first get their stone or their power abuse it they use it for self interest and theres a very strong message in there that when you start abusing your stone you get taken advantage of by people who will exploit your powers -okay number three the ninety nine stones all have within them a mechanism that self updates now there are two groups that exist within the muslim world -then theres a group that believes the koran is a living breathing document and i captured that idea within these stones that self update now the main bad guy rughal does not want these stones to update so hes trying to get them to stop updating he cant use the stones -but he can stop them and by stopping them he has more of a fascist agenda where he gets some of the ninety nine to work for him theyre all wearing cookie cutter same color uniforms theyre not allowed to individually express who they are and what they are and he controls them from the top down -and what better group to have this conversation than those that grew out of fighting fascism in their respective histories -dress and the last point about the ninety nine noor stones is this so the ninety nine work in teams of three why three a couple of reasons number one we have a thing within islam that you dont leave a boy and a girl alone together because the third person is temptation or the devil -play the game and so this is the way i dealt with it they work of teams of three two boys and a girl two girls and a boy three boys three girls no problem and the swiss psychoanalyst carl jung also spoke about the importance of the number three in all cultures so i figure im covered well -i got accused in a few blogs that i was actually sent by the pope to preach the trinity and catholicism in the middle east so you -you believe who you want i gave you my version of the story so heres some of the characters that we have mujiba from malaysia her main power is shes able to answer any question shes the trivial pursuit queen if you want but when she first gets her power she starts going on game shows and making money -we have jabbar from saudi who starts breaking things when he has the power now mumita was a fun one to name mumita is the destroyer -so the ninety nine attributes of allah have the yin and the yang theres the powerful the hegemonous the strong and theres also the kind the generous im like are all the girls going to be kind and merciful and the guys all strong im like you know what ive met a few girls who were destroyers in my lifetime so -as fascism took over europe in the nineteen thirties an unlikely reaction came out of north america as -so i promised my investors this would not be another made in fifth world country production this was going to be superman or it wasnt worth my time or their money so from day one the people involved in the project bottom left is fabian nicieza writer for x men and power rangers -next to him dan panosian one of the character creators for the modern day x men top writer stuart moore a writer for iron man next to him is john mccrea who was an inker for spiderman -and we entered western consciousness with a tagline next ramadan the world will have new heroes back in two thousand and five -now i went to dubai to an arab thought foundation conference and i was waiting by the coffee for the right journalist didnt have a product but had energy and i found somebody from the new york times and i cornered him and i pitched him and i think i scared him -because he basically promised me we had no product but he said well give you a paragraph in the arts section if youll just go away so i said great so i called him up a few -weeks afterward i said hi hesa and he said hi i said happy new year he said thank you we had a baby i said congratulations like i care -right -got changed and swastikas were created out of crucifixes batman and superman were created by jewish young men in the united states and canada also going back to the bible -the article coming out he said naif islam and cartoon thats not timely you know maybe next week next month next year but you know itll come out -so a few days after that what happens what happens is the world erupts in the danish cartoon controversy i became timely -a theme park through a license in kuwait a year and a half ago called the ninety nine village theme park three hundred thousand sq ft twenty rides all with our characters a couple back to school licenses in spain and turkey -consider this like the prophets all the superheroes are missing parents supermans parents die on krypton before the age of one -the characters jabbar the one with the muscles and noora the one that can use light are actually wearing the cookie cutter fascist gray uniform because theyre being manipulated they dont know -i cant see where to grab hold i need more -whats happening -there must be something we can do i wont send any more commandos in until i know its safe -even if you dont believe in yourself right now -i believe in you you are noora the -what about the rest of us -stay away from -that man is not your friend -he gave me access -you want to reboot the -the ninety nine is technology its entertainment its design but thats only half the story as the father of five sons -i worry about who theyre going to be using as role models i worry because all around me even within my extended family i see religion being -as a psychologist i worry for the world in general but worry about the perception of how people see themselves in my part of the world -and all of them just like the prophets who get their message from god through gabriel get their message from above peter parker is in a library in manhattan when the spider descents from above and gives him his message through a bite -by you hero that just breaks you in so many ways i left bellevue went to business school and started this -ban valentines day red was made illegal any boys and girls caught flirting would get married off immediately -the second one was about a woman complaining because three minivans with six bearded men pulled up and started interrogating her on the spot for talking to a man who wasnt related to her and i asked the students -thought these incidents took place the first one they said saudi arabia there was no debate the second one they were actually split between saudi and afghanistan -us and this is dangerous its dangerous when a group self identifies itself as extreme -is one of my sons rayan whos a scooby doo addict you can tell by the glasses there he actually called me a meddling kid the other day -but i borrow a lesson that i learned from him last summer when we were in our home in new york he was out in the yard playing in his playhouse and i was in my office working and he came in baba i want you to come with me i want my toy yes rayan just go away he left his scooby doo in his house i said go away im working im busy -on the floor at three and a half and he looked at me and he said baba i want you to come with me to my office in my house i have work to do -the situation and brought himself down to my level -and with the ninety nine that is what we aim to do you know i think that theres a big parallel between bending the crucifix out of shape and creating swastikas and when i see pictures like this of parents or uncles who think its cute to have a little child holding -a koran and having a suicide bomber belt around them to protest something the hope is by linking enough positive things -to the koran that one day we can move this child from being proud in the way theyre proud there -to that -i think i think the ninety nine can and will achieve its mission -what youll see up there is that its really like the atmosphere of an open field and there are tremendous numbers of plants and animals that have adapted to make their way and their life in the canopy -and tell you about the ants there are ten thousand species of ants that taxonomists people who describe and name animals have named four thousand of those ants live exclusively in the forest canopy -one of the reasons i tell you about ants is because of my husband who is in fact an ant taxonomist and when we got married he promised to name an ant after me which he did -ant named after each one of us but my -passion in addition to jack and my children are the plants the so called epiphytes those plants that grow up on trees they dont have roots that go into trunks nor to the forest floor -but rather it is their leaves that are adapted to intercept the dissolved nutrients that come to them in the form of mist and -one thing i want to point out is that underneath these live epiphytes as they die and decompose they actually construct an arboreal soil both in the temperate zone and in the tropics -and these mosses generated by decomposing mainly mosses are like peat moss in your garden they have a tremendous capacity for holding on to nutrients and water -one of the surprising things i discovered is if you pull back with me on those mats of epiphytes what youll find underneath them are connections networks of what we call canopy roots -these are not epiphyte roots these are roots that emerge from the trunk and branch of the host trees themselves and so those epiphytes are actually paying the landlord a bit of rent in exchange for being supported high above the forest floor -i was interested and my canopy researcher colleagues have been interested in the dynamics of the canopy plants that live in the forest weve done stripping experiments where weve removed mats of epiphytes and looked at the rates of -we had predicted that they would grow back very quickly and that they would come in encroaching from the side what we found however was that they took an extremely long time over twenty years to regenerate -and i use this little image to say this is what happens to mosses if its gone its gone and if youre really lucky you might get something growing back from the bottom -so recolonization is really very slow these canopy communities are fragile -well when we look out you and i over that canopy of the intact primary forest what we see is this enormous carpet of carbon -one of the challenges that canopy researchers are attacking today is trying to understand the amount of carbon that is being sequestered we know its a lot but we do not yet know -the answers to how much and by what processes carbon is being taken out of the atmosphere held in its biomass and moving on through the ecosystem -so i hope ive showed you that canopy dwellers are not just insignificant bits of green up high in the canopy that tarzan and jane were interested in -but rather that they foster biodiversity contribute to ecosystem nutrient cycles and they also help to keep our -up in the canopy if you were sitting next to me if you turned around from those primary forest ecosystems you would also see scenes like this -scenes of forest destruction forest harvesting and forest fragmentation thereby making that intact tapestry of the canopy -unable to function in the marvelous ways that it has when it is not disturbed by humans ive also looked out on urban places like this and thought about people who are disassociated from trees in their lives -this troubles me here -two thousand and nine you know its not an easy thing to be a forest ecologist gripping ourselves with these kinds of questions and trying to figure out how we can answer them -well i think that i can do something i know that as a scientist i have information and as a human being i can communicate with anybody -we consult to the media about canopy questions we have a canopy newsletter we have an email listserv and so were trying to disseminate information about the importance of the canopy the beauty of the canopy the necessity of intact canopies -to people outside of academia we also recognize that a lot of the products that we make those videos and so forth -know they dont reach everybody and so weve been fostering projects that reach people outside of academia and outside of the choir that most ecologists preach to treetop barbie is a great example of that -what we do my students in my lab and i is we buy barbies from goodwill and value village we dress her in clothes that have been made by seamstresses and we send her out with a canopy handbook -and my feeling is thank you -taken this pop icon and we have just tweaked her a little bit to become an ambassador who can carry the message that being a woman scientist studying treetops is actually a really great thing -like to take you all on a journey up to the forest canopy and share with you what canopy researchers are asking and also -what i do is i bring together scientists and artists of all kinds we spend a week in the forest on these little platforms and we look at nature we look at trees we look at the canopy and we communicate and exchange and express what we see together -the results have been fantastic ill just give you a few examples this is a fantastic installation by bruce chao who is chair of the sculpture and glass blowing department at -rhode island school of design he saw nests in the canopy at one of our canopy confluences in the -weve had dance people up in the canopy jodi lomask and her wonderful troupe capacitor joined me in the canopy in my rainforest site in costa rica -made a fabulous dance called biome they danced in the forest and we are taking this dance my scientific outreach -how theyre communicating with other people outside of science lets start our journey on the forest floor of one of my study sites in costa rica -we brought musicians to the canopy and they made their music and its fantastic music we had wooden flutists we had oboists we had opera singers we had guitar players and we had rap singers and i brought a little segment to give you of duke bradys canopy rap -duke -so i engaged caution this rap singer with a group of young people from inner city takoma we went out to the forest i would pick up a branch caution would rap on it -and suddenly that branch was really cool and then the students would come into our sound studios they would make their own rap songs with their own beats -they ended up making a cd which they took home to their family and friends thereby expressing their own experiences with nature in their own medium -the final project ill talk about is one thats very close to my heart and it involves an economic and social value that is associated with epiphytic -in the pacific northwest theres a whole industry of moss harvesting from old growth forests these mosses are taken from the forest theyre used by the floraculture industry by florists -to make arrangements and make hanging baskets its a two hundred and sixty five million dollar industry and its increasing rapidly -i as an ecologist do about that well my thought was that i could learn how to grow mosses and that way we wouldnt have to take them out of the wild -and i thought if i had some partners that could help me with this that would be great and so i thought perhaps incarcerated men and women -who dont have access to nature who often have a lot of time they often have space and you dont need any sharp tools to work with mosses would be great -and they embraced the idea that they could help develop a research design in order to grow these mosses weve been successful -not by putting all of you into ropes and harnesses but rather showing you a very short clip from a national geographic film called heroes of the high frontier -as partners in figuring out which species grow the fastest and ive just been overwhelmed with how successful this has been because -we gave talks once a month and that actually ended up implementing some amazing sustainability projects at the prisons organic gardens worm culture recycling water catchment -and beekeeping our latest endeavor -with a grant with a grant from the department of corrections at washington state theyve asked us to expand this program to three more prisons -and our new project is having the inmates and ourselves learn how to raise the oregon spotted frog which is a highly endangered amphibian in washington state and oregon so they will raise them in captivity of course from -eggs to tadpoles and onward to frogs -they will have the pleasure many of them of seeing those frogs that theyve raised from eggs and helped develop helped nurture move out into protected wildlands to augment the number of endangered species -out there in the wild and so i think for many reasons ecological social economic and perhaps even spiritual this has been a tremendous project and im really looking forward to -this was filmed in monteverde costa rica and i think it gives us the best impression of what its like to climb a giant strangler fig -not only myself and my students doing it but also to promote and teach other scientists how to do this -as many of you are aware the world of academia is a rather inward looking one im trying to help researchers move more outward to have their own partnerships with -and bill gates could get together and make an opera about aids or perhaps al gore and naturally seven could make a song about climate change that would really make you clap your hands -so although its a little bit of a fantasy i think its also a reality given the duress that were feeling environmentally in these times it is time for scientists to reach outward and time for those outside of science to reach towards academia as well -i started my career -with trying to understand the mysteries of forests with the tools of science by making these partnerships that i described to you -i have really opened my mind and i have to say my heart to have a greater understanding to make other discoveries about nature and myself -when i look into my heart i see trees this is actually an image of a real heart there are trees in our hearts -there are trees in your hearts when we come to understand nature we are touching the most deep the most important parts of our self -in these partnerships i have also learned that people tend to compartmentalize themselves into it people and movie star people -and scientists but when we share nature when we share our perspectives about nature we find a common denominator -as a scientist and as a person and now as -part of the ted community -i feel that i have better tools to go out to trees to go out to forest to go out to nature to make new discoveries about nature and about humans place in nature wherever -and whomever you are thank you very much -and i began to think about ways that we might consider this lesson of trees to consider other entities that are also static and stuck but which cry for change and dynamicism -and one of those entities is our prisons prisons of course are where people who break our laws are stuck confined behind bars -and our prison system itself is stuck the united states has over two point three million incarcerated men and women that number is rising -the hundred of incarcerated people that are released sixty will return to prison funds for education for training and for rehabilitation are declining -so this despairing cycle of incarceration continues i decided to ask whether the lesson i had learned from trees as artists could be applied to a static institution such as our prisons -and i think the answer is yes in the year two thousand and seven i started a partnership with the washington state department of corrections working with four prisons we began bringing science -trees epitomize stasis trees are rooted in the ground in one place for many human generations -and scientists sustainability and conservation projects to four state prisons we give science lectures and the men here are choosing to come to our science lectures instead of watching television or weightlifting -that i think is movement we partnered with the nature conservancy for inmates at stafford creek corrections center to grow endangered prairie plants for restoration of relic prairie areas in washington state that i think is movement -we worked with the washington state department of fish and wildlife to grow endangered frogs the oregon spotted frog for later release into protected wetlands that i think is movement -and just recently weve begun to work with those men who are segregated in what we call supermax facilities theyve incurred violent infractions -by becoming violent with guards and with other prisoners theyre kept in bare cells like this for twenty three hours a day when they have meetings with their review boards or mental health professionals theyre placed in immobile booths like this -for one hour a day theyre brought to these bleak and bland exercise yards and although we cant bring trees and prairie plants and frogs into these environments -we are bringing images of nature into these exercise yards putting them on the walls so at least they get contact with visual images of nature -but if we shift our perspective from the trunk to the twigs trees become very dynamic entities moving and growing -this is mister lopez who has been in solitary confinement for eighteen months and hes providing input on the types of images that he believes would make him and his fellow inmates more serene more calm less apt to violence -and so what we see i think is that small collective movements of change can perhaps move an entity such as our own prison system in a direction of hope -we know that trees are static entities when we look at their trunks but if trees can create art if they can encircle the globe seven times in one year if prisoners can grow plants and raise frogs -then perhaps there are other static entities that we hold inside ourselves like grief like addictions like racism that can also change thank you very -and i decided to explore this movement by turning trees into artists i simply tied the end of a paintbrush onto a twig i waited for the wind to come up and held up a canvas and that produced art -piece of art you see on your left is painted by a western red cedar and that on your right by a douglas fir and what i learned was that different species have different -so to measure the distance that a single vine maple tree which produced this painting moved in a single year i simply measured and summed each of those lines -i multiplied them by the number of twigs per branch and the number of branches per tree and then divided that by the number of minutes per year and so i was able to calculate how far a single tree moved in a single year -you might have a guess the answer is actually one hundred and eighty six thousand five hundred and forty miles or seven times around the globe -and so simply by shifting our perspective from a single trunk to the many dynamic twigs we are able to see that trees are not simply static entities but rather extremely dynamic -the -in -happiness -in -of -that -a saber toothed tiger but if someone is giving a violin recital or arguing with their spouse we have a system that is -the body -and -we were -a whole other end of the -the -we medicate ourselves and so there is over -the -we -look -the system that is the pleasure system which simply says i -the -ninety five illegal drugs were a four hundred -and -one -about doing our campaigns to make their schools more green or to work on homeless issues and things like that were finding it eleven times more powerful than email -i was cutting my parents found out and so i stopped but i just started again an hour ago -or -he wont stop raping me he told me not to tell anyone its my dad are you there -that last ones an actual text message that we received and yeah were there i will not forget the day we got that text message and so it was that day that we decided we needed to build a crisis text hotline -most of you this is a device to buy sell play games watch videos i think it might be a lifeline i think actually it might be able to save more lives than penicillin -thats great -but the thing that really makes this awesome -is the data because im not really comfortable just helping that girl with counseling and referrals -i want to prevent this shit from happening -so think about a cop theres something in new york city the police did it it used to be just guess work police work -and then they started crime mapping and so they started following and watching petty thefts summonses all kinds of things charting the future essentially and they found things like when you see crystal meth on the street if you -add police presence you can curb the otherwise inevitable spate of assaults and robberies that would happen in fact the year after the nypd put compstat in place the murder rate -fell sixty percent so think about the data from a crisis text line there is -no census on bullying and dating abuse and eating disorders and cutting and rape no census maybe theres some studies some longitudinal studies that cost lots of money and took lots of time or maybe theres some anecdotal evidence -you could see the immediate impact of legislation or a hateful speech that somebody gives in a school assembly and see what happens as a result -this is really to me the power of texting and the power of data because while people are talking about data making it possible for facebook to mine my friend from the third grade or target to know when its time for me to buy more diapers or some dude to build a better baseball team -im actually really excited about the power of data and the power of texting to help that kid go to school to help that girl stop cutting in the bathroom -texting i know i say texting and a lot of you think sexting a lot of you think about the lewd photos -and absolutely to help that girl whose fathers raping her -thank you -that you see hopefully not your kids sending to somebody else or trying to translate the abbreviations lol lmao hmu i can help you with those later -but the parents in the room know that texting is actually the best way to communicate with your kids it might be the only way to communicate with your kids -for minority and urban youth i know this because at dosomething org which is the largest organization for teenagers and social change in america about six months ago we pivoted and started focusing on text messaging were now texting out to about two hundred thousand kids a week -now in indias case i believe there are six ideas which are responsible for where it has come today the first is really the notion of people -in the sixties and seventies we thought of people as a burden we thought of people as a liability today we talk of people as -human capital has been one of the fundamental changes in the indian mindset and this change in thinking of human capital is linked to the fact that india is going through a demographic dividend -as healthcare improves as infant mortality goes down fertility rates start dropping and india is experiencing that india is going to have a lot of young people with a demographic dividend for the next thirty years -what is unique about this demographic dividend is that india will be the only country in the world to have this demographic dividend in other words -india through the evolution of ideas now i believe this is an interesting way of looking at it because in every society especially an open democratic society -the fertility rate is almost equal to that of a west european country then there is the whole northern india which is going to be the bulk of the future demographic dividend -but a demographic dividend is only as good as the investment in your human capital only if the people have education -they have good health they have infrastructure they have roads to go to work they have lights to study at night only in those cases can you really get the benefit of a demographic dividend in other words if you dont really invest -in the human capital the same demographic dividend can be a demographic disaster therefore india is at a critical point where either it can leverage its demographic dividend or it can lead to a demographic disaster -the second thing in india has been the change in the role of entrepreneurs when india got independence entrepreneurs were seen as a bad lot as people who would exploit -but today after sixty years because of the rise of entrepreneurship entrepreneurs have become role models and they are contributing hugely to the society this exchange has contributed to the vitality and the whole economy -the third big thing i believe that has changed india is our attitude towards the english language english language was seen as a language of the imperialists -but today with globalization with outsourcing english has become a language of aspiration this has made it something that everybody wants to learn and the fact that we have english is now becoming a huge strategic asset -the next thing is technology forty years back computers were seen as something which was forbidding something which was intimidating something that reduced jobs -are recharged at less than twenty cents at each recharge that is the scale at which technology has liberated -and made it accessible and therefore technology has gone from being seen as something forbidding and intimidating to something -the unions to believe that they were actually computers and when they wanted to have more advanced more powerful computers they called them advanced ledger posting machines -so we have come a long way from those days where the telephone has become an instrument of empowerment and really has changed the way indians think of technology -and then i think the other point is that indians today are far more comfortable with globalization again after having lived for more than two hundred years under the east india company and under imperial rule -when democracy came to india sixty years back it was an elite concept it was a bunch of people who wanted to bring in democracy because they wanted to bring in the idea of -and parliament and constitution and so forth but today democracy has become a bottom up process where everybody has realized -the benefits of having a voice the benefits of being in an open society and therefore democracy has become embedded i believe these six factors -the rise of the notion of population as human capital the rise of indian entrepreneurs the rise of english as a language of aspiration technology as something empowering -but having said that then we come to what i call as ideas in progress those are the ideas where there is no argument in a society but you are not able to implement those things and really there are four things here -the nineteen eighties we had the reagan revolution which lead to deregulation and today after the global economic crisis there was a whole new set of rules about how the state should intervene so -one is the question of education for some reason whatever reason lack of money lack of priorities because of religion -so children are going to private schools today even in the slums of india more than fifty percent of urban kids are going into private schools so there is a big challenge in getting the schools to work but having said that there is an enormous desire -among everybody including the poor to educate their children so i believe primary education is an idea which is arrived but not yet implemented similarly infrastructure -for a long time infrastructure was not a priority those of you who have been to india have seen that its certainly not like china but today i believe finally infrastructure is something which is -upon and which people want to implement it is reflected in the political statements twenty years back the political slogan was -which meant food clothing and shelter and todays political slogan is bijli sarak paani which means electricity water and roads -because gandhi believed in villages and because the british ruled from the cities therefore nehru thought of new delhi as an un indian city -for a long time we have neglected our cities and that is reflected in the kinds of situations that you see but today finally after economic reforms and economic growth -i think the notion that cities are engines of economic growth cities are engines of creativity cities are engines of innovation -and i looked at india and said really there are four kinds of ideas which really make an impact on india the first to my mind -you didnt think of india as a market you didnt really bother about a single market because it didnt really matter and therefore you had a situation where every state had its own market for products -a form of internal globalization which is happening which is as important as external globalization these four factors i believe -the ones of primary education infrastructure urbanization and single market in my view are ideas in india which have been accepted but not implemented then we have -what i believe are the ideas in conflict the ideas that we argue about these are the arguments we have which cause gridlock what are those ideas -one is i think our ideological issues because of the historical indian background in the caste system and because of the fact that there have been many people who have been left out in the cold a lot of the politics is about how to make sure that -that and it leads to reservations and other techniques its also related to the way that we subsidize our people and all the left and right arguments that we have -is what i call as the ideas that have arrived these ideas have brought together something which has made india happen the way it is today -a lot of the indian problems are related to the ideology of caste and other things this policy is causing gridlock this is one of the factors which needs to be resolved the second one is the labor policies that we have -which make it so difficult for entrepreneurs to create standardized jobs in companies that ninety three percent of indian labor is in the unorganized sector -they have no benefits they dont have social security they dont have pension they dont have healthcare none of those things -to be in the formal sector and create the jobs for the millions of people that we need to create jobs for the third thing is our higher education -as a result of that our higher education is simply not keeping pace with indias demands that is leading to a lot of problems which we need to address -but most important i believe are the ideas we need to anticipate here india can look at what is happening in the west and elsewhere and look at what needs to be done the first thing is were very fortunate that technology is at a point -the second set of ideas i call ideas in progress those are ideas which have been accepted but not implemented yet -and many other things the second thing is the health issue india has equally horrible health problems of the higher state of cardiac issue the higher state of -the higher state of obesity so there is no point in replacing a set of poor country diseases with a set of rich country diseases therefore -the whole way we look at health we really need to put in place a strategy so that we dont go to the other extreme of health -and then again india does not have the luxury of making its environment dirty because it has to marry environment and development just to give an idea the world has to stabilize at something like -on a population of nine billion our average carbon emission will have to be about two tons per year india is already at two tons per year -the way we look at the environment the way we look at energy the way we create whole new paradigms of development now -why does this matter to you why does whats happening ten thousand miles away matter to all of you number one -this matters because this represents -more than a billion people a billion people one sixth of the world population it matters because this is a democracy -and you can have growth its important because if you solve these problems you can solve the problems of poverty in the world -when india was growing at about three three point five percent and the population was growing at two percent its per capita income was doubling every forty five years -and the fourth thing which i believe is most important ideas that we need to anticipate because when you are a developing country -when the economic growth goes to eight percent and population growth drops to one point five percent then per capita income is doubling every nine years in other words youre certainly fast forwarding this whole process -of a billion people going to prosperity and you must have a clear strategy which is important for india and important for the world that is why i think all of you should be equally concerned with it as i am thank you very much -in the world where you can see the problems that other countries are having you can actually anticipate what that did and do things very differently -this is where our story of endless growth has taken us to this blackhole at the center of my country a place of such planetary pain that like the bp gusher one can only stand to look at it for so long -as jared diamond and others have shown us this is how civilizations commit suicide by slamming their foot on the accelerator at the exact moment when they should be putting on the brakes -the problem is that our master narrative has an answer for that -at the very last minute we are going to get saved just like in every hollywood movie just like in the rapture -not the birds but they forgot this the fact that birds dine on grubs that robins eat lots of worms now saturated with ddt -but of course our secular religion is technology -now you may have noticed more and more headlines like these -the idea behind this form of geoengineering as its called is that as the planet heats up we may be able to shoot sulfates and aluminum particles -into the stratosphere to reflect some of the suns rays back to space thereby cooling the planet -the wackiest plan and im not making this up would put what is essentially a garden hose eighteen and a half miles high into the sky suspended by balloons to spew sulfur dioxide -so solving the problem of pollution with more pollution -of it as the ultimate junk shot -the serious scientists involved in this research all stress that these techniques are -the mere mention of geoengineering is being greeted in some circles particularly media circles with a relief tinged with euphoria -an escape hatch has been reached a new frontier has been found most importantly we dont have to change our lifestyles after all -you see for some people their savior is a guy in a flowing robe for other people its a guy with a garden hose -we badly need some new stories -we need stories that have different kinds of heroes willing to take different kinds of risks risks that confront recklessness head on that put the precautionary principle into practice -even if that means through direct action like hundreds of young people will to get arrested blocking dirty power plants or fighting mountaintop removal coal -we need stories that replace that linear narrative of endless growth with circular narratives -that remind us that what goes around comes around that this is our only home there is no escape hatch call it karma -call it physics action and reaction call it precaution the principle that reminds us that life is too precious to be risked for any profit thank you -the title silent spring -the meaning of this disaster with what it meant to witness a hole ripped in our world -with what it meant to watch the contents of the earth gush forth on live tv twenty four hours a day for months -with our lack of control -as the oil burst out of every attempt to contain it top hats top kills and most memorably -the junk shot the bright idea of firing old tires and golf balls down that hole in the world but even more striking than the ferocious power emanating from that well -recklessness with which that power was unleashed the carelessness the lack of planning that characterized the operation from drilling to -we have become far too willing to gamble with things that are precious and irreplaceable -and to do so without a back up plan without an exit strategy -and bp was hardly our first experience of this in recent years our leaders barrel into wars telling themselves happy stories about cakewalks and welcome parades -years of deadly damage control frankensteins of sieges and surges and counter insurgencies and once again no exit strategy -our financial wizards routinely fall victim to similar overconfidence -the best and the brightest reach for the financial equivalent of the junk shot in this case throwing massive amounts of much needed public money down a very different kind of -as with bp the hole does get plugged at least temporarily but not before exacting a tremendous price -why we keep letting this happen because we are in the midst of what may be our highest stakes gamble of all deciding what to do or not to do about climate change -have been tracking the travels of bps oil in the gulf of mexico -a great deal of time is spent in this country and around the world inside the climate debate on the question -what if the ipc scientists are all wrong -a far more relevant question as mit physicist evelyn fox keller puts it is what if those scientists are right -based on the precautionary principle -the theory that holds that when human health and the environment are significantly at risk and when the potential damage -is irreversible we cannot afford to wait for perfect scientific certainty better to err on the side of caution -this is the boat we were on by the way -the burden of proving that a practice is safe should not be placed on the public -that would be harmed but rather on the industry that stands to profit -but climate policy in the wealthy world to the extent that such a thing exists is not based on precaution but rather on cost benefit analysis -so rather than asking as precaution would demand what can we do as quickly as possible to avoid potential catastrophe -the scientists i was with were not studying the effect of the oil and dispersants on the big stuff the birds the turtles -we ask bizarre questions like this -or we ask how much hotter can we let the planet get and still survive -the way the assumption that we can safely control the earths awesomely complex climate system as if it had a thermostat making the planet not too hot not too cold but just right sort of goldilocks style -this is pure fantasy and its not coming from the climate scientists its coming from the economists imposing their mechanistic thinking on the science -the fact is that we simply dont know when the warming that we create will be utterly overwhelmed by feedback loops -so once again why do we take these crazy risks with the precious -the dolphins the glamorous stuff theyre looking at the really little stuff that gets eaten by the slightly less little stuff -a range of explanations may be popping into your mind by now like greed this is a popular explanation and theres lots of truth to it because taking big risks as we all know pays a lot of money -and greed and hubris are intimately intertwined when it comes to recklessness for instance if you happen to be a thirty five year old banker taking home one hundred times more than a brain surgeon -then you need a narrative you need a story that makes that disparity okay -and you actually dont have a lot of options youre either -an incredibly good scammer -and youre getting away with it you gamed the system or youre some kind of boy genius the likes of which the world has never seen -way tony hayward the former ceo of bp had a plaque on his desk inscribed with this inspirational slogan -what would you attempt to do if you knew you could not fail -now this is actually a popular plaque and this is a crowd of overachievers so im betting that some of you have this plaque -that eventually gets eaten by the big stuff -dont feel ashamed putting fear of failure out of your mind can be a very good thing if youre training for a triathlon or preparing to give a tedtalk -but personally i think people with the power to detonate our economy and ravage our ecology would do better -having a picture of icarus hanging -from the wall because maybe not that one in particular but i want them thinking about the possibility of failure all of the time so we have -what theyre finding is that even trace amounts of oil and dispersants can be highly toxic to phytoplankton which is very bad news because so much life depends on -weve got overconfidence hubris -im not going to belabor this point but studies do show that as investors women are much less prone to taking reckless risks -precisely because as weve already heard women tend not to suffer from overconfidence in the same way that -so it turns out that being paid less and praised less has its upsides for society at least -the flip side of this is that -being told that you are gifted chosen and born to rule has distinct societal downsides -because none of us at least in the global north neither men nor women are fully exempt from this message -the narrative of the newly discovered frontier and the conquering pioneer the narrative of manifest destiny the narrative of apocalypse and -gotten over them they pop up in the strangest places for instance i stumbled across this advertisement outside the womens washroom in the kansas city airport -its for motorolas new rugged cellphone and yes it really does say slap mother nature in the face -this is a crass version of our founding story we slapped mother nature around and won and we always win because dominating nature is our destiny -so contrary to what we heard a few months back -from tony hayward again -the gulf of mexico is a very big -the amount of oil and dispersant that we are putting into it is tiny in relation to the total water volume in other words the ocean is -how seventy five percent of that oil sort of magically disappeared and we didnt have to worry about it this disaster is still unfolding its still working its way up the food chain -she can take -it is this underlying assumption of limitlessness that makes it possible to take the reckless risks that we do -because this is our real master narrative however much we mess up there will always be more -more water more land more untapped resources a new bubble will replace the old one a new technology will come along to fix the messes we made with the last one -in a way that is the story of the settling of the americas the supposedly inexhaustible frontier to which europeans escaped -now the problem is that the story was always a lie the earth always did have limits they were just beyond our sights and now we are hitting those limits on multiple fronts -i believe that we know this yet we find ourselves trapped in a kind of narrative loop -not only do we continue to tell and retell the same tired stories but we are now doing so with a frenzy and a fury that frankly verges on camp -how else to explain the cultural space occupied by sarah palin now on the one hand exhorting us to drill baby drill because god put those resources into the ground -in order for us to exploit them and on the other glorying in the wilderness of alaskas untouched beauty on her hit reality tv show -the twin message is as comforting as it is mad -ignore those creeping fears that we have finally hit the wall there are still no limits there will always be another frontier so stop worrying and keep shopping -now would that this were just about sarah palin and her reality tv show in environmental circles we often here that rather than shifting to renewables we are continuing with business as usual -this assessment unfortunately is far too optimistic -the truth is that we have already exhausted so much of the easily accessible fossil fuels that we have already entered a far riskier business -era of extreme energy so that means -drilling for oil in the deepest water including the icy arctic seas where a clean up may simply be impossible it means large scale hydraulic fracking for gas -and massive strip mining operations for coal the likes of which we havent yet seen and most controversially it means the tar sands -im always surprised by how little people outside of canada know about the alberta tar sands which this year are projected to become the number one source of imported oil -to the united states its worth taking a moment to understand this practice because i believe it speaks to recklessness and the path were on like little else -this is where the tar sands live under one of the last magnificent boreal forests the oil is not liquid you cant just drill a hole and pump it out -so to get at it you first have to get rid of the trees -then you rip off the topsoil and get at that oily sand -the process requires a huge amount of water -she pointed out that the control men as she called them who carpet bombed towns and fields with toxic insecticides like ddt were only trying to kill the little stuff the insects -now looking at these images -its difficult to grasp the scale of this operation which can already be seen from space and could grow to an area the size of england -i find it helps actually to look at the dump trucks that move the earth the largest ever built thats a person down there by the wheel -this is not oil drilling its not even mining -it is terrestrial skinning -vast vivid landscapes are being gutted left monochromatic gray -that as im concerned this would be an abomination if it emitted not one particle of carbon -but the truth is that on average turning that gunk into crude oil -how else to describe this but as a form of mass insanity -talk to him and what i like to think of is this is an interface that re scripts -how we interact with natural systems specifically by changing who has information where they have it who can make sense of that information and what you can do about it -in this case instead of throwing chewing gum or doritos or whatever you have in your pocket at the fish -and so every time that desire to interact with the animals which is -at least as ubiquitous as that sign do not feed the animals and theres about three of them on every new york city park and yellowstone national park theres more -do not feed the animals signs than there are animals you might wish to feed but in that action that interaction by re scripting that -by changing it into an opportunity to offer food that is nutritionally appropriate that could augment the nutritional resources that we ourselves have depleted -are in the fish living in this particular -and allows them to pass it out as a harmless salt where its complexed by a reactive effectively removing it from bioavailability -but i wanted to say that interaction re scripting that interaction into collective action collective remediative action very different from the approach -being used on the other side on the hudson river where were dredging -pcbs after thirty years of -were dredging it and itll probably get shipped off to pennsylvania or the nearest third world country where it will continue to be toxic sludge -actually taking the opportunity that new technologies new interactive technologies present to re script our interactions -that can amount to something we can really begin to address some of our important environmental challenges thank you -number four and five were childhood obesity and diabetes related issues so all of those whats common about all of those -the environment is implicated radically implicated right this is not the germs that medicos were trained to deal with this is a different definition of health -health that has a great advantage because its external its shared we can do something about it as opposed to internal genetically predetermined -i was informed by this kind of unoriginal and trite idea that new technologies were an opportunity for social transformation which is what drove me then -where we met in a roundabout precisely because the roundabout iconified the headless social movement that informs much social transformation as opposed to the top down control of red light -micro decisions being made in situ by people not being told what to do but of course affords greater throughput fewer accidents and an interesting model of social movement -if you will what they are is an addition of tadpoles that are named after a local bureaucrat whose decisions affect your water quality so -an impatient concern for water quality would raise a tadpole bureaucrat in a sample of water in which theyre interested -sensitive than some of our senses for sensing responding in a biologically meaningful way to that whole class of industrial contaminants -and still its a delusion that drives me now i wanted to update what ive been doing since then but its still the same theme song -we call endocrine disruptors or hormone emulators but by taking your tadpole out for a walk in the evening theres a few action shots your neighbors are likely to say what are you doing -next time your neighbor sees you theyll say how is that tadpole doing and you can let them social network with your tadpole because the environmental health clinic has a social networking site -the two and a half year drop in the average age of onset of puberty in young girls and other related things the culmination of this is if youve successfully raised your tadpole -seen another quick protocol and im going to go through these quickly but just to give you the material sense of what were doing here instead of asking you for urine samples ill ask you for -anyone here lucky enough to share to cohabit with a mouse a domestic partnership with mice very lucky -and introduce you to my lab and current work which is the environmental health clinic that i run at -the quintessential model organism theyre even better models of environmental health because not only -the same mammalian biology but they share your diet largely they share your environmental stressors the asbestos levels and lead levels whatever your exposed to and theyre geographically more limited than you are because we dont know if youve been exposed to -coping with environmental stressors is tricky is anybody here on antidepressants -theres a lot of people in manhattan are and -testing if the -so this was prozac -this was zoloft this was a black jellybean and this was muscle relaxant all of which were the medications that the impatient was taking so do you think the mice self administered antidepressants -and what it is its a twist on health because really what im trying to do now is redefine what counts as health its a clinic like a health clinic at any other university -that they did this was vodka and solution gin and solution this guy also -water and the -export vodka gin -yes yes you know your mice well -i want to sort of point out the big advantage of framing health in this external way but we do have a few prescription products through this -very different from the medical model anything you do to improve your water quality or air quality or to understand it or to change it -the benefits are enjoyed by anyone you share -water quality or air quality with and that aggregating effect that collective action effect is actually something we can use to our advantage so i want to show you one prescription product in the clinic -called the no park this is a prescription to improve water quality many impatients are very concerned for water quality and air quality -what we do is we take a fire hydrant a no parking space associated with a fire hydrant and we prescribe the removal of the asphalt to create an engineered micro landscape -to create an infiltration opportunity because many of you will know that the biggest pollution burden that we have on the new york new jersey harbor right now is no longer the point sources -except people come to the clinic with environmental health concerns and they walk out with prescriptions for things they can do to improve environmental health -no longer the big polluters no longer the ges but that massive network of roads impervious surfaces that collect all that cadmium -brake liners or the oily hydrocarbon waste in every single storm event and medieval infrastructure washes it straight into the estuary system -that doesnt do a lot of good these are little opportunities to intercept those pollutants before they -if we did this in every single every fire hydrant we could redefine the emergency -that ninety nine percent of the time when a firetruck is not parking there its infiltrating -as opposed to coming to a clinic with medical concerns and walking out with prescriptions for pharmaceuticals -up to a seven inch rain event up to a hundred year storm so these are small actions that can amount to a significant effect to improve local environmental health -what to do somehow buying a local lettuce changing a light bulb -speed limit changing your tires regularly doesnt seem sufficient in the face of -and this is an interesting icon -you remember these fallout shelters what is the fallout shelter for the climate crisis this was civic mobilization churches school groups hospitals -private residents everyone build one of these in a matter of months and they still remain as icons of civic response in the face of shared uncertain collective threat fallout shelter for the climate crisis i would say looks something like this -its a handy dandy quote from hippocrates of the hippocratic oath that says the greater part of the soul lays outside the body treatment of the inner requires treatment of the -this which is an intensive urban agriculture facility thats due to go on my lab building at nyu what is does is a very -simple idea of taking eighty to ninety percent of the co two produced in manhattan is building related -we take just like a commercial greenhouse we take the co two from the building co two enriched air we force it through -the urban agriculture facility and then we resupply oxygen enriched air you cant actually build much on a roof theyre not designed for that so its on legs -so it focuses all the load on the masonry walls and the columns its built as a barn raising using open source hardware this is the quarter scale prototype that was functioning in spain -this is what it would have looked like fingers crossed nyu willing and what i want to show you is actually this is one of the components of it that weve just recently been testing -which is a solar chimney we have got seventeen of them now put around new york at the moment that passively draws air up you understand a solar chimney hot air rises -that actually removes about ninety five percent of the carbon black that stuff that with ozone is responsible for about half of global warmings effects because it changes it settles on the snow it changes the reflectors it changes the -but that suggests the issue that im trying to get at here that we have an opportunity to redefine what is health because this idea that health is internal and atomized and individual -when we put it through our solar chimney we remove actually about ninety five percent of that and then i swap it out with the -one of them that we have up now heres who put them up and who are avid pencil users okay so i want to show you just two more interfaces because -i think one of our big challenges is re imagining our relationship to natural systems not only through this model of -twisted personalized health but through the animals with whom we cohabit we are not alone the animals are moving in in fact urban migration now describes the movement of animals formerly known as wild -into urban centers you know coyote in central park a whale in the gowanus canal elk in westchester county its happening all over the developed world probably for loss of habitat but also because our cities -are a little bit more livable than they have been and every green space we create is an invitation for non humans to cohabit with us but weve kind of lacked imagination in how we could do that well or interestingly -to try and reform that relationship this is communication technology for birds i looks like this when a bird lands on it they trigger a sound file -is actually in the whitney museum where there were six of them each of which had a different argument on it different sound file they said things like this -what you need to do go down there and buy some of those health food bars the ones you call bird food and bring it here and scatter it around theres a good -so there was several of these the birds were able to jump from one to the other these are just your average urban pigeon and an early test -thats the sound of genetic mutations of the avian flu becoming a deadly human flu -you know what slows it down healthy sub populations of birds increasing biodiversity generally -it is in your interests that im healthy happy well fed hence you could share some of your nutritional resources instead of monopolizing them -that is share your lunch -and its true the final project id like to show you is a new interface for fish that has just been launched its actually officially launched next week -that float on the water project three foot up three foot down when a fish swims underneath a light goes on this is what it looks like -so theres another function on here this top light is im sorry if im making you seasick this top light is actually a water quality display -that shifts from red when the dissolved oxygen is low to a blue green when its dissolved oxygen is high and then you can also text -the fish so theres business cards down there thatll give you contact details and they text back when the buoys get your text they wink at you twice to say weve got your message -and the new york area and logged what they spent their patient hours on eighty to ninety percent of their time was spent on five things number one was -but perhaps the most popular has been that weve got another array of these boys in the bronx river where the first beaver -crazy as he is to have moved in and built a lodge in new york in two hundred and fifty years hangs out so updates from a beaver you can subscribe to updates from him -were laughing like because our styles are totally different as you can hear -and so you know donnell and i are actually in the process of writing new pieces of music together that we can play but we dont have any of those ready we just started yesterday -just quickly start out with a little bit of music here -thank you -before moms family had a piano in cape breton she learned to play the rhythms on a piece of board and the fiddlers would all congregate to play on the cold winters evenings and mom would be banging on this board -so when they bought a piano they bought it in toronto and had it -taken by train and brought in on a horse a horse and sleigh to the house it became the only piano in the region and mom said she could basically play as soon as the piano arrived she could play it because she had learned all these rhythms anyway we found the piano last -you had to wait until they were finished so of course what we would do is wed get on the piano and you wouldnt even get off to eat because you wouldnt want to give it up to your brother or sister and theyd wait and wait and wait and itd be midnight and youd be still sitting there on the piano but it was their way to get us to practice -in -thank you -to start well -my own upbringing in music and family and all of that but im even more excited -for you people to hear about donnells amazing family and maybe even a little bit about how we met and all that sort of thing but for those of you that may not be familiar with my upbringing -im from cape breton island nova scotia eastern canada which is a very very musical island -and my dad taught me to play fiddle when i was nine -my uncle is a very well known cape breton fiddler his names buddy macmaster and just a wonderful guy and we have -a great tradition at home called square dancing and we had parties great parties at our house and the neighbors houses and you talk about kitchen ceilidhs well ceilidh first of all is gaelic for party but -so ten chances to one the fellow who walked in the door could play it -it was a wonderful wonderful way to grow up and that is where my beginnings in music come from my surroundings my family just my bloodline in itself -ive actually known donnell for probably twelve years now and im going to get into a little bit of i guess how -you im kind of new to the ted experience and im glad to be here but -so out went the television -come from within or go from within because we didnt watch television we didnt listen to a lot of radio we went to church and to school sometimes and farmed and played music so we were able i think at a very critical age to develop our own style our own self -and my mother plays my father plays -and the style that came from the ottawa valley in ontario we call it french canadian style but it originated in logging camps years ago hundreds of men would go up for the winter to the camps in northern ontario and in quebec -and they were all different cultures and -the irish the french scottish german theyd all meet and of course at night theyd play cards and step dance and play fiddles and over the course of many years the ottawa valley fiddling kind of evolved and the ottawa valley step dancing evolved -so thats i kind of started out with that style and i quickly -well its just so interesting that donnells upbringing was very similar to mine -little did i think our children would be playing instruments you know playing music yeah twelve years er twenty years later little did she think her kids would be getting married -but anyway so then i got a phone call -he asked me out for supper -then we dated for two years broke up for ten got back together and got married -burials as a body was carried out from the wake site to the burial site the procession was led by a piper or a fiddle player -he died typhoid fever at the age of forty four i believe forty three or forty four at the time he was teaching classics -at trinity college in dublin a few years before he died -after he had resumed writing poetry but in secret he confessed to a friend in a letter that i found when i was doing me research -it is to explain death to a child and it deserves a piece of plain song music and my blood froze -when i read that because i had written the plain song music one hundred and thirty years after hed written the letter and the poem is called spring and fall -s -the -is -thank you so much -to -and -so a thats innovative dont you think -calming the audience down im supposed to be whipping you into a frenzy i -and -to bill gates -so much admiration for -to -who was a stockbroker in new york city for forty five years -but in the evenings he wrote nonsense for his children and this book was one of the most famous books in america for about thirty five years -the sleepy giant which is the song that i just sang is one of his poems now were going to do other poems for you and heres a preview of some of the poets this is rachel field -robert graves a very young robert graves christina -three hundred a a and seventy two -have nothing to say to us obsolete gone not so -what i really enjoyed about this project is reviving these peoples words taking them off the dead flat pages bringing them to life -bringing them to light so -she is -and -and -is -the -and -just fit for two a a where we can -the janitors -and -is -and the -in the -on -and -suits -the next poem is by e e cummings maggie -to -one day -and -now that my jaws a a are too weak for such -to do such a -at the -the next poem is if no one ever marries me it was written by laurence alma tadema she was the daughter of a very very famous dutch painter who had made his fame -in england he went there after the death of his wife of smallpox and brought his two young children one was his daughter laurence -a little bit of defiance and a little bit of resignation and regret -when -i became very curious about the poets after spending six years with them -and started to research their lives and then decided to write a book about it and the burning question about alma tadema was did she marry -manley hopkins a saintly man -he became a jesuit he converted from his anglican faith he was moved to by the tractarian movement -the oxford movement otherwise known as and he became a jesuit priest he burned all his poetry at the age of twenty four -because if you look closely enough things will appear this is not a box these are the renderings of my imagination from head to paper to screen to life -in upwake buildings wear suits zero tap dances on a giant keyboard clones himself with a scanner tames and whips the computer mice sails away into dreamscape from a single piece of paper -and launches into space i wanted to create environments that moved and morphed like an illusionist go from one world to another in a second -i wanted to have humor beauty simplicity and complexity and use metaphors to suggest ideas at the beginning of the show for example zero deejays dream and reality -will sit in one room for a couple of hours and listen the idea that in that room at that moment everyone -the use of animation and projection was a process of discovery i didnt use it as a special effect but as a partner on stage -there are no special effects in upwake no artifice its as lavish and intricate as it is simple and minimal -three hundred and forty four frames four and a half years and commissions later what started as a one person show became a collaborative work of nineteen most talented artists and here are some excerpts -at that moment we transcend space and time together theater awakens our senses and opens the door to our imagination -and our ability to imagine is what makes us explorers our ability to imagine makes us inventors and creators and unique -show that were now beginning to tour and in austin texas i was asked to give small demonstrations in schools during the afternoon when i arrived at one of the schools i certainly did not expect this -six hundred kids packed in a gymnasium waiting i was a little nervous performing with out animation costume really and make up -but the teachers came to me afterward and told me they hadnt seen the kids that attentive and i think the reason why is that i was able to use their language and their reality in order to transport them into another -its as much about bringing new disciplines inside this box as it is about taking theater out of its box -as a street performer i have learned that everybody wants to connect and that usually if youre a bit extraordinary if youre not exactly of human appearance then people -its as though you made something resonate within them its as though the mystery of the person theyre interacting with and connecting allows them to be themselves just a bit more because through your mask they let theirs go -being human is an art form i know theater can improve the quality of peoples lives and i know theater can heal ive worked as a doctor clown in a hospital for two years -i have seen sick kids and sad parents and doctors be lifted and transported in moments of pure joy i know theater unites us -zero wants to engage the generation of today and tomorrow tell various stories through different mediums comic books -a modern day business man going to work with his life in a suitcase stuck between dream and reality and not able to decipher the two -there is a revolution its a human and technological revolution its motion and emotion its information its visual its musical its -its conceptual its universal its beyond words and numbers its happening the natural progression of science and art finding each other to better touch and define the human experience -there is a revolution in the way that we think in the way that we share and the way that we express our stories -our evolution this is a time of communication connection and creative collaboration -charlie chaplin innovated motion pictures and told stories through music silence humor and poetry -he was social and his character the tramp spoke to millions he gave entertainment pleasure -in the science of today we become artists in the art of today we become scientists -i wanted upwake to have the same audiovisual qualities as a movie would and i wanted to let my imagination run wild so i began drawing the story that was moving in my head -we design our world we invent possibilities we teach touch and move -it is now that we can use the diversity of our talents to create intelligent meaningful and extraordinary work excel -you -if antoine de saint exupery the author of the little prince were here he would have drawn three holes inside that box and told you your sheep was inside -we asked those people actually we didnt ask them but when they conducted exit polls in every state in thirty seven states out of the fifty they asked a question that was pretty direct about race they asked this question -and people who voted for john mccain as a result of that factor maybe in combination with other factors and maybe alone were looking for this behavior among white voters or really -i want to talk about the election for the first time in the united states a predominantly white -black voters so you see big differences in different parts of the country on this question in louisiana about one in five white voters said yes one of the big reasons why i voted against barack obama is because -he was an african american if those people had voted for obama even half of them obama would have won louisiana safely same is true with i think all of these states you see at the top of the list meanwhile california -new york we can say oh were enlightened but you know certainly a much lower incidence of this admitted i suppose manifestation of racially based voting -group of voters voted for an african american candidate for president and in fact barack obama did quite well he won three hundred and seventy five electoral votes and he won about seventy million -this manifestation of racism in this big national experiment we had on november fourth and there are a couple of these that -and you see this part of the country the appalachians region is less educated its just a fact and you see the relationship there with the racially based voting patterns -the other variable thats important is the type of neighborhood that you live in states that are more rural even some of the states like -new hampshire and maine they exhibit a little bit of this racially based voting against barack obama so its the combination of these two things its education and the type of neighbors -so yes racism is predictable these things among maybe other variables but these things seem to predict it were going to drill down a little bit more now into something called the general social survey this is conducted by -the university of chicago every other year and they ask a series of really interesting questions in two thousand they had particularly interesting questions about racial attitudes -one simple question they asked is does anyone of the opposite race live in your neighborhood we can see different types of communities that the results are quite different in cites about eighty percent of people have -take the white people in the survey and split them between those who have black neighbors or really some neighbor of another race people who have only white neighbors -and we see in some variables in terms of political attitudes not a lot of difference this was eight years ago some people were more republican back then but you see -you favor a law banning interracial marriage there is a big difference people who dont have neighbors of a different race are about twice as likely -im a big fan of cities especially if we have cites that are diverse and sustainable and can support people of different ethnicities and different income groups i think cities -like new york so we can think more about things like street grids this is the neighborhood where i grew up in east lansing michigan its a traditional midwestern community which means you have real grid you have real neighborhoods and real trees and real streets you can walk on and you interact -a lot with your neighbors people you like people you might not know and as a result its a very tolerant community which is different i think than something like this which is in schaumburg illinois where every -little set of houses has their own cul de sac and drive through starbucks and stuff like that i think that actually this type of urban design which became more prevalent -in the nineteen seventies and nineteen eighties i think there is a relationship between that and the country becoming more conservative under ronald reagan -but also here is another idea we have is an intercollegiate exchange program where you have students going from new york abroad but frankly there are enough differences within the country now where maybe you can take a bunch of kids from -is the networking experience you get when you go to college where you do get a mix of people that you might not interact with otherwise but the point is this is all good news because when something is predictable -very -rednecks quote unquote with guns and we think people like this probably dont want to vote -we asked those people actually we didnt ask them but when they conducted exit polls in every state in thirty seven states out of the fifty they asked a question that was pretty direct about race they asked this question -in deciding your vote for president today was the race of the candidate a factor were looking for people that said yes race was a factor moreover it was an important factor in my decision -and people who voted for john mccain as a result of that factor maybe in combination with other factors and maybe alone were looking for this behavior among white voters or really non black voters -so you see big differences in different parts of the country on this question in louisiana about one in five -white voters said yes one of the big reasons why i voted against barack obama is because he was an african american if those people had voted for obama even half of them obama would have won louisiana safely same is true with i think all of these states you see on the top of the list meanwhile -california new york we can say oh were enlightened but you know certainly a much lower incidence of this admitted i suppose manifestation of racially based voting -here is the same data on a map you kind of see the relationship between the redder states of where more people responded and said yes barack obamas race was a problem for me you see -comparing the map to ninety six you see an overlap here this really seems to explain why barack obama did worse in this one part of the country so we have to ask why is racism predictable in some way is there something -driving this is it just about some weird stuff that goes on in arkansas that we dont understand and kentucky or are there more systematic factors at work and so we can look at a bunch of different variables -these are things that economists and political scientists look at all the time things like income and religion education which of these seem to drive this manifestation of racism in this big national experiment we had on november fourth and there are a couple of these that have -strong predictive relationships one of which is education where you see the states with the fewest years of schooling per adult are in red and you see this part of the country the kind of appalachians region is less educated its just a fact and you see the relationship there with the racially based voting patterns -the other variable thats important is the type of neighborhood that you live in -states that are more rural even to some extent of the states like new hampshire and maine they exhibit a little bit -of this racially based voting against barack obama so its the combination of these two things its education and the type of neighbors that you have which well talk about more in a moment and the thing about states like arkansas and tennessee is that theyre both very rural and they are educationally impoverished -so yes racism is predictable these things among maybe other variables but these things seem to predict it were going to drill down a little bit more now into something called the general social survey this is conducted by the university of chicago every other year -popular votes more than any other presidential candidate of any race of any party in history if you compare how obama did against how john kerry had done four years earlier -and they ask a series of really interesting questions in two thousand they had particularly interesting questions about racial attitudes one simple question they asked is does anyone of the opposite race live in your neighborhood we can see in different types of communities that the results are quite different in cites about eighty percent of people have -black neighbors or really some neighbor of another race and people who have only white neighbors -and we see in some variables in terms of political attitudes not a lot of difference this was eight years ago some people were more republican back -and even some questions about race for example affirmative action which is kind of a political question a policy question about race if you will not much difference here affirmative action is not very popular frankly with white voters period but people with black neighbors and people with mono racial neighborhoods feel no differently about it really -but if you probe a bit deeper and get a bit more personal if you will -do you favor a law banning interracial marriage -there is a big difference people who dont have neighbors of a different race are about twice as likely to oppose interracial marriage as people who do just based on who lives in your immediate neighborhood around you and likewise they asked not in two thousand but in the same survey in one thousand nine hundred and ninety six would you not vote for a qualified -democrats really like seeing this transition here where almost every state becomes bluer becomes more democratic even states obama lost like out west those states became more blue in the south in the northeast almost everywhere but with a couple of exceptions -urban versus rural its about who you live with racism is predictable and its predicted by interaction or lack thereof with people unlike you people of other races so if you want to address it the goal is to facilitate interaction with people of other races i have a couple of very obvious i suppose ideas for maybe how to do that -im a big fan of cities especially if we have -facilitate more of the kind of networking the kind of casual interaction than you might have on a daily basis but also -this type of urban design which became more prevalent in the one thousand nine hundred and seventy s and one thousand nine hundred and eighty s i think there is a relationship between that and the country becoming more conservative under ronald reagan but also here is another idea we have -is an intercollegiate exchange program where you have students going from new york abroad but frankly there are enough differences within the country now where maybe you can take a bunch of kids from nyu have them go study for a semester at the university of arkansas and vice versa do it at the high school level -predictable -here and there one exception is in massachusetts that was john kerrys home state no big surprise obama couldnt do better than kerry there or in arizona which is john mccains home obama didnt have much improvement but there is also this part of the country kind of in the middle region here this kind of arkansas tennessee -oklahoma west virginia region now if you look at ninety six bill clinton the last democrat to actually win -so when we think about parts of the country like arkansas you know there is a book written called whats the matter with kansas but really the question here obama did relatively well in kansas he lost badly but every democrat does he lost no worse than most people do but yeah whats the matter with arkansas -my translation medium is a very simple basket a basket is made up of horizontal and vertical elements -when i assign values to the vertical and horizontal elements i can use the changes of those data points over time to create the form -i use natural reed because natural reed has a lot of tension in it that i cannot fully control that means that it is the numbers that control the form not me -what i come up with are forms like these these forms are completely made up of weather data or science data every colored bead every colored string represents a weather element and together these elements not only construct the form but they also reveal behavioral relationships that may not come across through a two dimensional graph -when you step closer you actually see that it is indeed all made up of numbers the vertical elements are assigned a specific hour of the day so all the way around you have a twenty four hour timeline but its also used to assign a temperature range on that grid i can then weave the high tide readings water temperature air temperature and moon phases -i also translate weather data into musical scores and musical notation allows me a more nuanced way of translating information without compromising it so all of these scores are made up of weather data every single color dot every single line is a weather element and together these variables construct a score -i use these scores to collaborate with musicians this is the one thousand nine hundred and thirteen trio performing one of my pieces at the milwaukee art museum -what i love about this work is that it challenges our assumptions of what kind of visual vocabulary belongs in the world of art versus science -what you just heard are the interactions of barometric pressure wind and temperature readings that were recorded of hurricane noel in two thousand and seven the musicians played off a three dimensional graph of weather data like this every single bead every single colored band represents a weather element that can also be read as a musical note -i find weather extremely fascinating weather is an amalgam of systems that is inherently invisible to most of us so i use sculpture and music to make it not just visible but also tactile and audible all of my work begins very simple i extract information from a specific environment using very low tech -data collecting devices generally anything i can find in the hardware store i then compare my information to the things i find on the internet satellite images -weather data from weather stations as well as offshore buoys thats both historical as well as real data and then i compile all of these numbers on these clipboards that you see here these clipboards are filled with numbers and from all of these numbers i start with only two or three variables that begins my translation process -yeah you know i this whole talk has been a mile wide and an inch deep -but thats really what works for me -and so in some sense this talk today is my answer to that its a selection of a random bunch of the stuff that i do -the common or lowest common denominator is me thats it thank you -its very hard for me to make sense of it so im not sure that you can its the kind of thing that i sit up late at night thinking about sometimes often at four in the morning -so some people are afraid of what i do -some people think i am the nerd tony soprano and in response i have ordered a bulletproof pocket protector -so -im in chile in the atacama desert sitting in a hotel lobby because thats the only place that i can get a wi fi connection and i have this picture up on my screen and a woman comes up behind me -im not sure what these people think because i dont speak norsk -but im not thinking monsteret is a good thing -you know -so one of the things that i love to do is travel around the world and look at archaeological sites because archaeology gives us an opportunity to study past civilizations and see where -they succeeded and where they failed use science to you know work backwards and say well really what were they thinking -and recently i was in easter island -an incredibly mysterious place because no matter where you go in easter island youre struck by these statues called the moai -sixty four square miles -they made so far as we can tell nine hundred of them -why on earth -and if you havent read jared diamonds book collapse i totally recommend that you do hes a got a great chapter about it basically these people committed ecological suicide in order to make more of these -and -cut down the last tree and commit suicide because we need more identical statues -that look on the face why that brow i mean its such a powerful thing where did they get that inspiration and then i met yoyo -who is the native rapa nuian guide and if you look at yoyos face you kind of figure out where they got -many mysteries these statues everyone wants to know how did they made them how did they transport them -this woman in the foreground is jo anne van tilberg shes the leading archaeologist working easter island today -one interesting problem is the stone isnt very hard so this used to be completely smooth -and were going to do a very high res digitization first because its a way of preserving them second we have these ideas about how you can algorithmically then -learn a few of the mysteries about them how long have they been standing in what positions and maybe indirectly get at some of the issues of what caused them to be the way they are -and unfortunately i can be a little too honest i said no its its penguin shit -get a gratuitous picture of a moai with a comet -i also have an archaeological project going on in egypt going on is perhaps a little bit strong -another thing i do is i invent stuff -in fact i design nuclear reactors -this is the conventional nuclear fuel cycle the red line is what is done in most nuclear reactors its called the open fuel cycle -the white lines are whats called an advance fuel cycle where you -now this is the normal way its done its got the huge advantage that it does not create carbon pollution it has a lot of -which is a problem so our reactor eliminates these steps -which if we can actually make it work is a really cool thing -and you know excuse me -its the kind of very high risk but potentially very high return thing that we do -a totally different field we do a lot of stuff in solid state physics particularly in an area called metamaterials -a metamaterial is an artificial material which manipulates in this case electromagnetic radiation in a way that you couldnt otherwise -so this device here is an invisibility cloak -sense that she thought i was speaking -but if you were a microwave -this is how you would view it -you could do that with mirrors from one angle the cool thing is this does it from all angles -its you know today id like to say its a zero billion dollar business but in fact its negative -but some day some day maybe its going to work -we do a lot of work in biomedical -diseases in developing countries -my eyes by the way -now im also very interested in cooking while i was at microsoft i took a leave of absence and went to a chef school in france -but barbecues interesting because its one of these cult foods like chili or bouillabaisse various parts will have a cult food that people get enormously attached to -if this looks more complicated than the nuclear reactor thats because it is -but if you get to play with all those knobs and dials and of course really the controller over there does it all on software you can -this is a high speed centrifuge you should all have one in your kitchen beside your turbochef -oh boy does it clarify chicken stock you would not -turns out a its useful and for a geek like me its fun theory is red black is experiment -just been in the falkland islands taking pictures of penguins this is a gentoo penguin and she was still skeptical so literally a few minutes before that i downloaded this scientific paper -so im either really good at faking it or or this particular model seems to work -so another random thing i do is the search for extraterrestrial intelligence or seti -and you may be familiar with the movie contact which sort of popularized that it turns out there are real people who go out and search for extraterrestrials in a very scientific way -and jill has dedicated her life to this -but jill has what i call slow heroism -risking her professional life on something -and afterwards they came to me and they said so -you know that creepy rich guy in the movie -just a movie come on -so the seti institute with a little bit of help from me and a lot of help from paul allen and a variety of other people is building a dedicated radio telescope in hat creek california so they can do this seti work -about calculations on avian defecation which is really quite interesting because it turns out -can you imagine e t s phoning home and im not like -there you know horrible -so i do a lot of work on dinosaurs im known to tedsters as the guy that has sex with dinosaurs and i resemble that remark -talk about a different aspect of dinosaurs which is the finding of -now to find dinosaurs you hike around in horrible conditions -always find dinosaurs in deserts or badlands areas that have very little plant growth and have flash floods in the spring you know skiers pray for -hike around -and this is after you dig them up they look like this you hike around you see something like this now this is something i found so look at it very closely here -you can model this as -you say well gee thats kind of interesting what are all of these pieces -closely you can recognize actually from the shape that these are skull fragments -a big serration on the edge -this is what tyrannosaurus rex looks like in the ground -this is what its like to find a tyrannosaurus rex -which i was lucky enough to do a few years ago -this is what tyrannosaurus rex looks like in my living room -not the same one actually this is a cast which i had bought and then after buying the cast i found my own and i dont have room for two -so the thing thats wonderful for me about finding dinosaurs is that it is both an intellectual thing because youre trying to reconstruct the environment of millions of years ago -its something that can inform all sorts of science in unexpected ways the study of dinosaurs led to the realization that theres a problem with asteroid impact for example -the study of dinosaurs may literally one day save the planet study of the ancient climate -is very important in fact the mesozoic when dinosaurs lived had much higher co two than today was much warmer than today and is one of the interesting proof points for the effects of co two on climate -but besides being intellectually and scientifically interesting -is actually what most dinosaur research looks like this is one of my papers a pygostyle from a non avian -now im also really big on photography i travel all over the world taking pictures -heres a picture i took in the falkland islands -at this point she stops me -the last day the sun comes out the orcas come theyre right by the boat its fantastic and i get lots of pictures like this -a little bit later -i start getting some pictures like this -now to a human audience i need to explain that -if penthouse magazine had a marine mammal edition -this would be the centerfold -more and more activity near the boat and all of a sudden somebody -a variety of things you can learn from watching whales have sex -the first thing you learn -is the overwhelming importance of hands -i think paul simon is in the audience and he has he may not realize it but he wrote a song all about whale sex -what do you do -thats kind of what its like -the other interesting thing that i learned about whale sex they curl their toes too -i was stuck because i didnt have any way to describe what i do -and ive never been able to do that i just you know because yes ill focus passion on something -that was so engrossing and the whole industry was expanding so much that it did tend to crowd out most of the other things in my -last for about four hours with ice in it and we thought well thats not really good enough so we made this thing this lasts six months with no power -now this is our second generations prototype the third generation prototype is right now in uganda being tested -now the reason -we were able to come up with this is two key ideas one is that this is similar to a cryogenic dewar something youd keep liquid nitrogen or liquid helium in they have incredible insulation so lets put some incredible insulation here the other idea is kind of interesting -we invent my company invents all kinds of new technology in lots of different areas and we do that for a couple of reasons -which is you cant reach inside anymore because if you open it up and reach inside youd let let the heat in and the game would be over so the side of this thing actually looks like a coke machine it vends out little individual vials -so a simple idea which we hope is going to change the way vaccines are distributed in africa and around the world well move on to malaria -malaria is one of the great public health problems esther duflo talked a little bit about this two hundred and fifty million a year -every forty three seconds a child in africa dies twenty seven will die during my talk and theres no way for us here in this country to grasp really what that means to the people involved -another comment of esthers was that we react when theres a tragedy like haiti but that tragedy is ongoing so what can we do about it -a lot of things people have tried for many years for solving malaria you can spray the problem is theres environmental issues you can try to treat people and create awareness thats great except the places that have malaria really bad they dont have health care -a vaccine would be a terrific thing only they dont work yet people have tried for a long time theres a couple of interesting candidates its a very difficult thing to make a vaccine for -you can distribute bed nets and bed nets are very effective if you use them you dont always use them for that people fish with them -they dont always get to everyone and bed nets have an effect on the epidemic but youre never going to make it extinct with bed nets -its an incredibly complicated disease but thats actually one of the things we find interesting about it and why we work on malaria theres a lot of potential ways in -one of those ways might be better diagnosis so we hope this year to prototype each of these devices -one does an automatic malaria diagnosis in the same way that a diabetics glucose meter works you take a drop of blood -you put it in there and it automatically tells you today you need to do a complicated laboratory procedure create a bunch of microscope slides and have a trained person examine it the other thing is you know itd be even better if you didnt have to draw the -and if you look through the eye or you look at the vessels on the white of the eye -in fact you may be able to do this directly without drawing any blood at all or through your nail beds because as you actually look through your fingernails you can see blood vessels and once you see blood vessels we think we can see the malaria -and its a very interesting crystalline substance interesting anyway if youre a solid state physicist theres a lot of cool stuff we can do with it -this is our femtosecond laser lab so this creates pulses of light that last a femtosecond thats really really really short -this is a pulse of light thats only about one wavelength of light long so its a whole bunch of photons all coming and hitting simultaneously it creates a very high peak power it lets you do all kinds of interesting things -in particular it lets you find hemozoin so heres an image of red blood cells and now we can actually map where the hemozoin and where the malaria parasites are inside those red blood cells -in acute cases to actually take the malaria parasite and filter it out of the blood system sort of like doing dialysis but for relieving the parasite load -this is our thousand core supercomputer were kind of software guys and so nearly any problem that you pose we like to try to solve with some software -the problems that you have if youre trying to eradicate malaria or reduce it is you dont know whats the most effective thing to do okay we heard about bed nets earlier you spend a certain amount per bed net -or you could spray you can give drug administration theres all these different interventions but they have different kinds of effectiveness -how can you tell so weve created using our supercomputer the worlds best computer model of malaria which well show you now -we picked madagascar we have every road every village every almost square inch of madagascar we have all of the precipitation data -and the temperature data thats very important because the humidity and precipitation tell you whether youve got standing pools of water for the mosquitoes to breed -so that sets the stage on which you do this you then have to introduce the mosquitoes and you have to model that and how they come and go -we take some of our best inventors and we say are there problems where we have a good idea for solving a problem the world has and to solve it in -for the mosquitoes to breed and then of course the next year it come roaring back -to be able to simulate both the economic trade offs how many bed nets versus how much spraying or the social trade offs what happens if unrest breaks out -we also try to study our foe -this is a high speed camera view of a mosquito -and in a moment were going to see a view of the airflow -here were trying to visualize the airflow around the wings of the mosquito with little particles were illuminating with a laser by understanding how mosquitoes fly -the way we try to solve problems which is with dramatic crazy out of the box solutions bill gates is one of those smartest guys of ours that work on these problems and he also funds this work so thank you -so we thought weve done all these things that are focused on the plasmodium the parasite involved what can we do to the mosquito well lets try to kill it with consumer electronics -now that sounds silly but each of these devices has something interesting in it that maybe you could use your blu ray player has a very cheap blue laser -your laser printer has a mirror galvanometer thats used to steer a laser beam very accurately thats what makes those little dots on the page -of course theres signal processing and digital cameras so what if we could put all that together -to shoot them out of the sky with lasers -in our company this is what we call the pinky suck moment -what if we could do that now -for a moment and lets think of what could happen if we could do that -well we could protect very high value targets like clinics clinics are full of people that have malaria theyre sick and so theyre less able to defend themselves from the mosquitoes you really want to protect them of course if you do that you could also protect your backyard -and farmers could protect their crops that they want to sell to whole foods because our photons are one hundred percent organic -theyre completely natural -now it actually gets better than this you could if youre really smart you could shine a nonlethal laser on the -bug before you zap it and you could listen to the wing beat frequency and you could measure the size and then you could decide is this an insect i want to kill or an insect i dont want to kill -moores law made computing cheap so cheap we can weigh the life of an individual insect -decide thumbs up -or thumbs down -but the female needs the blood meal -so this sounds really crazy right -after thinking about this a little bit we thought you know it probably would be simpler to do this with a nonlethal laser so eric johanson who built the device actually with parts -and pablos holman over here hes got mosquitoes in the tank we have the device over here and were going to show you -what we have here is a tank on the other side of the stage and we have -this computer screen can actually see the mosquitoes as they fly around and pablos if he stirs up our mosquitoes a little -we can see them flying around now thats a fairly straightforward image processing routine and let me show you how it works -vaccination is one of the key techniques in public health a fantastic thing but in the developing world -here you can see that the insects are being tracked as theyre flying around -which is kind of fun -there you can see mosquitoes as they fly around being lit up this is slowed way down so that you have an opportunity to see whats happening here we have it running at high speed mode so this system that was built for ted is -that it is technically possible to actually deploy a system like this and were looking very hard at how to make it highly cost effective to use in places like africa and other parts of -so -is very -this is one of the first ones we did the energys a little bit high here -we kill them all the time weve never actually gotten the wings to shut off in midair the wing motor is very resilient i mean here were blowing wings off but the wing motor keeps all the way down -so thats what i have thanks very much -this is a picture called a cutaway this is actually the first picture i took in the book the idea here is to explain what happens when you steam broccoli and this magic view allows you to see all of whats happening while the broccoli steams -then each of the different little pieces around it explain some fact -and the hope was two fold one is you can actually explain what happens when you steam broccoli -but the other thing is that maybe we could seduce people into -stuff that was a little more technical maybe a little bit more scientific maybe a little bit more chef y than they otherwise would have because with that beautiful photo maybe i can also package this little box here -im going to tell you a little bit about reimagining food -well that first cutaway picture worked so we said okay lets do some more so heres another one we discovered why woks are the shape they are this shaped wok doesnt work very well this caught fire three times -but we had a philosophy which is it only has to look good for a thousandth of a second -and each of these text blocks explains a key thing thats going on in this case boiling water canning is for canning things that are already pretty acidic you dont have to heat them up as hot as you would something you do pressure canning because bacterial spores cant grow in the acid -so this is great for pickled vegetables which is what were canning here -heres our hamburger cutaway one of our philosophies in the book is that no dish is really intrinsically any better than any other dish so you can lavish all the same care all the same technique on a hamburger as you would on some much more fancy dish -and if you do lavish as much technique as possible and you try to make the highest quality hamburger it gets to be a little bit involved -the point of this cutaway is to show people a view of hamburgers they havent seen before and to explain the physics of hamburgers and the chemistry of hamburgers -most of the characteristic char grilled taste -doesnt come from the wood or the charcoal buying mesquite charcoal will not actually make that much difference mostly it comes from fat pyrolyzing or burning so its the fat that drips down and flares up that causes the characteristic taste now you might wonder how do we make these cutaways most people assume we use photoshop -and the answer is no not really we use a machine shop -and it turns out the best way to cut things in half is to actually cut them in half -so we have two halves of one of the best kitchens in the world -now you can also see a little bit how we did some of these shots we would glue a piece of pyrex or heat resistant glass in front we used a red very high temperature silicon to do that the great thing is when you cut something in half you have another half -so you photograph that in exactly the same position and then you can substitute in and that part does use photoshop just the edges so its very much like in a hollywood movie where a guy flies through the air supported by wires and then they take the wires away digitally so youre flying through the air -in most cases though there was no glass like for the hamburger we just cut the damn barbecue and so those coals that kept falling off the edge we kept having to put them back up but again it only has to work for a thousandth of a second -the wok shot caught fire three times what happens when you have your wok cut in half is the oil goes down into the fire -but to make them palatable we cut it out of a steel plate and put it in front of a fire and photographed it like this weve got lots of little tidbits in the book everybody knows that your various appliances have wattage right -but you probably dont know that much about james watt but now you will we put a biography of james watt in its a little couple paragraphs to explain why we call that unit of heat the watt and where he got his inspiration it turned out he was hired by a scottish distillery to understand why they were burning so damn much peat to distill the whiskey -we also did a lot of calculation i personally wrote thousands of lines of code to write this cookbook heres a calculation that shows how the intensity of a barbecue or other radiant heat source goes as you move away from it so as you move vertically away from this surface -the heat falls off as you move side to side it moves off that horn shaped region is what we call the sweet spot thats the place where the heat is even to within ten percent so thats the place where you really want to cook and its got this funny horn shaped thing which as far as i know again the first cookbook to ever do this -in the last twenty years people have realized that science has a tremendous amount to do with food in fact understanding why cooking works requires knowing the science of cooking some of the chemistry some of the physics and so forth -you know theres two ways you can make a product you can do lots of market research and do focus groups and figure out what people really want or you can just kind of go for it and make the book you want and hope other people like it -heres a step by step that shows grinding hamburger if you really want great hamburger it turns out it makes a difference if you align the grain -and its really simple as you can see here as it comes out of the grinder you just have a little tray and you just take it off in little -passes build it up slice it vertically heres the final hamburger this is the thirty hour hamburger we make every aspect of this burger the lettuce has got liquid smoke infused into it we also have things about how to make the bun theres a mushroom ketchup it goes on and on -now watch closely this is popcorn ill explain it here the popcorn is illustrating a key thing in physics isnt that beautiful we have a very high speed camera which we had lots of fun with on the book -the key physics principle here is when water boils to steam it expands by a factor of one thousand six hundred thats whats happening to the water inside that popcorn so its a great illustration of that -now im going to close with a video that is kind of unusual we have a chapter on gels and because people watch mythbusters and csi i thought well lets put in a recipe for a ballistics gelatin -here it is -and theyre nice big pages too -but thats not in any of those books theres also a tremendous number of techniques that chefs have developed some about new aesthetics new approaches to food theres a chef in spain named ferran adria hes developed a very avant garde cuisine a guy in england called heston blumenthal hes developed his avant garde cuisine -none of the techniques that these people have developed over the course of the last twenty years is in any of those books none of them are taught in cooking schools -in order to learn them you have to go work in those restaurants -and finally theres the old way of viewing food is the old way -and so a few years ago fours years ago actually i set out to say is there a way we can communicate science and technique and wonder is there a way we can show people food in a way they have not seen it before so we tried and ill show you what we came up with -the movement of these agents over into humans and by capturing this moment we might be able to move to a situation where we can catch them early -ok so this is a picture and im going to show you some pictures now from the field this is a picture of a central african hunter its actually a fairly common picture one of the things i want you to note from it is blood that you see a tremendous amount of blood contact -this was absolutely key for us this is a very intimate form of connection so if were going to study viral chatter we need to get to these populations who have intensive contact with wild animals -and ideally this is going to allow us to catch these things early on as theyre moving over into human populations and the basic objective of this work is not to just go out once and look at these individuals but to establish thousands of individuals in these populations that we would monitor -and this allows us to identify yet unknown viruses from exactly the right animals the ones that are actually being hunted -most people think about the beginnings of aids theyre gonna think back to the nineteen eighties and certainly this was the decade in which we discovered aids and the virus that causes it hiv -deep in a remote region of cameroon two hunters stalk their prey -their names are patrice and patee theyre searching for bush meat -have a series of traps of snares that theyve set up to catch wild pigs snakes monkeys rodents anything they can -patrice and patee have been out for hours but found nothing -the animals are simply gone -we stop for a drink of water -then there is a rustle in the brush -group of hunters approach -their packs loaded with wild game -from this animal right here greater spot nosed guenon every person who has one of those filter papers has at least at a minimum been through our basic health education about the risks associated with these activities which -but in fact this virus crossed over into into humans many decades before from chimpanzees where the virus originated into humans who hunt these apes -ok before i continue i think its important to take just a moment to talk about bushmeat bushmeat is the hunting of wild game ok and you can consider all sorts of different bushmeat im going to be talking about this -and that other diseases had the potential to enter like this why did we let these behaviors continue why did we not find some other solution to this theyre going to say -in regions of profound instability throughout the world where you have intense poverty where populations are growing and you dont have sustainable resources like this this is going to lead to food insecurity -this photo was taken before the great depression in brazzaville congo at this time there were thousands of individuals we think that were infected with hiv so i have a couple of really important questions for you -bushmeat is one of the central crises which is occurring in our population right now in humanity on this planet but it cant be the fault of somebody like this ok and solving it cannot be his responsibility alone -theres no easy solutions but what im saying to you is that we neglect this problem at our own peril so -my job at that time i was a post doctoral fellow and i was really tasked with setting this up -so i said to myself ok great were gonna collect all kinds of specimens were gonna go to all these different locations its going to be wonderful you know i looked at the map i picked out seventeen sites i figured no problem -we have a whole range of challenges about this work one of them is just obtaining trust from individuals that we work with in the field -the person you see on the right hand side is paul delong minutu hes one of the best communicators that ive really ever dealt with when i arrived i didnt speak a word of french and i still seemed to understand what it was he was saying -worked for years on the cameroonian national radio and television and he spoke about health issues he was a health corespondent so we figured wed hire this person -when he began to speak they would actually recognize his voice from the radio and this was somebody who had incredible potential to spread aspects of our message whether it be with regards to wildlife conservation or health prevention -often we run into obstacles this is us coming back from one of these very rural sites with specimens from two hundred individuals that we needed to get back to the lab within forty eight hours i like to show this shot this is ubald tamoufe whos the lead investigator in our cameroon site -which he did -just a few quick before and after shots this was our laboratory before -this is what it looks like now -early on in order to ship our specimens we had to have dry ice to get dry ice we had to go to the breweries beg borrow steal to get these folks to give it to us now we have our own liquid nitrogen i like to call our laboratory the coldest place in central africa it might be -and heres a shot of me this is the before shot of me -no comment -so what happened so during the ten years that weve been doing this work we actually surprised ourselves we made a number of -and what weve found is that if you look in the right place you can actually monitor the flow of these viruses into human populations that gave us a tremendous amount of hope what weve found -a whole range of new viruses in these individuals including new viruses in the same group as hiv so brand new retroviruses -and lets face it any new retrovirus in the human population its something we should be aware of its something we should be following its not something that we should be surprised by -had we been there in the forties and fifties sixties had we seen this disease had we understood exactly what was going on with it how might that have changed and completely transformed the nature of the way this pandemic -and critically what happens in central africa doesnt stay in central africa -so once we discovered that it was really possible that we could actually do this monitoring we decided to move this from research to really attempt to phase up to a global monitoring effort -through generous support and partnership scientifically with google org and the skoll foundation we were able to start the global viral forecasting initiative and begin work in four different sites in africa and asia -but really this is just the beginning from our perspective our objective right now in addition to deploying to these sites and getting everything moving is to identify new partners because we feel like this -effort needs to be extended to probably twenty or more sites throughout the world to viral hotspots because really the idea here is to cast an incredibly wide net -so that we can catch these things ideally before they make it to blood banks sexual networks airplanes and thats really our objective -there was a time not very long ago when the discovery of unknown organisms was something that held incredible awe for us it had potential to really change the way that we saw ourselves -and thought about ourselves many people i think on our planet right now despair and they think -weve reached a point where weve discovered most of the things im going tell you right now please dont despair if an intelligent extra terresterial was taxed with writing the encyclopedia of life on our planet -the dominant things that exist here we know almost nothing about and yet finally we have the tools which will allow us to actually explore that world and understand them -in fact this is not unique to hiv the vast majority of viruses come from animals and you can kind of think of this as a pyramid of this bubbling up of viruses from animals into human populations -but only at the very top of this pyramid do these things become completely human nevertheless we spend the vast majority of of our energy focused on this level of the pyramid -trying to tackle things that are already completely adapted to human beings that are going to be very very difficult to address as weve seen in the case of hiv so during the last fifteen years ive been -and he reached the point where he felt that there must be something out there that was smaller than the smallest forms of life that were ever known bacteria at the time -he came up with a name for his mystery agent he called it the virus latin for poison -and in uncovering viruses beijerinck really opened this entirely new world for us we now know that viruses make up the majority of the genetic information on our planet more than the genetic information of all other forms of life combined -and obviously theres been tremendous practical applications associated with this world things like the eradication of smallpox the advent of a vaccine against cervical cancer which we now know is mostly caused by human papillomavirus and beijerincks discovery this was not something that occurred five hundred years ago -we now have these amazing tools to allow us to explore the unseen world -things like deep sequencing which allow us to do much more than just skim the surface and look at individual genomes from a particular species but to look at entire metagenomes -the communities of teeming microorganisms in on and around us and to document all of the genetic information in these species we can apply these techniques to things from soil to skin and everything in between in my organization we now do this on a regular basis to identify -the causes of outbreaks that are unclear exactly what causes them -and just to give you a sense of how this works imagine that we took a nasal swab from every single one of you and this is something we commonly do to look for respiratory viruses like influenza -the first thing we would see is a tremendous amount of genetic information -and if we started looking into that genetic information wed see a number of usual suspects out there of course a lot of human genetic information but also bacterial and viral information mostly from things that are completely harmless within your nose but wed also see something very very surprising -as we started to look at this information we would see that about twenty percent of the genetic information in your nose doesnt match anything that weve ever seen before no plant animal fungus virus or bacteria basically we have no clue what this is -during his time at the american museum of natural history andrews led a range of expeditions to uncharted regions like here in the gobi desert he was quite a figure he was later its said the basis of the indiana jones character -and for the small group of us who actually study this kind of data a few of us have actually begun to call this information biological dark matter we know its not anything that weve seen before its sort of the equivalent of an uncharted continent -right within our own genetic information and theres a lot of it if you think twenty percent of genetic information in your nose is a lot -at first we thought that perhaps this was artifact these deep sequencing tools are relatively new but as they become more and more accurate weve determined that this information is a form of life or at least some of it is a form of life -and while the hypotheses for explaining the existence of biological dark matter are really only in their infancy theres a very very exciting possibility that exists -that as we explore these strings of as ts cs and gs we may uncover a completely new class of life -that like beijerinck will fundamentally change the way that we think about the nature of biology that perhaps will allow us to identify the cause of a cancer that afflicts us or identify the source of an outbreak that we arent familiar with or perhaps create a new tool in molecular biology im pleased to announce that along with -currently starting an initiative to explore biological dark matter for the existence of new forms of life -a little over a hundred years ago people were unaware of viruses the forms of life that make up most of the genetic information on our planet a hundred years from now people may marvel that we were perhaps completely unaware of a new class of life that literally was right under our noses -its true we may have charted all the continents on the planet -and when i was in beloit wisconsin i gave a public lecture to a group of middle school students and im here to tell you if theres anything more intimidating than talking here at ted itll be trying to hold the attention of a group of a thousand twelve year olds for a forty five minute lecture -and we may have discovered all the mammals that are out there but that doesnt mean that theres nothing left to explore on earth -beijerinck and his kind provide an important lesson for the next generation of explorers people like that young girl from beloit wisconsin -and i think if we phrase that lesson its something like this dont assume that what we currently think is out there is the full story go after the dark matter in whatever field you choose to explore -dont try that one -at the end of the lecture they asked a number of questions but there was one thats really stuck with me since then there was a young girl who stood up and she asked the question where should we explore -i think theres a sense that many of us have that the great age of exploration on earth is over that for the next generation theyre going to have to go to outer space or the deepest oceans in order to find something significant to explore but is that really the case -is there really nowhere significant for us to explore left here on earth -so beijerinck set out to discover the cause of tobacco mosaic disease what he did is he took the infected juice from tobacco plants and he would filter it through smaller and smaller filters -it was built entirely by hand i think they got a crane the last year it was built entirely by hand off bamboo scaffolding -say about film making is about this film in thinking about some of the wonderful talks weve heard here michael moschen and some of the talks about music -which is something they seem to be very proud of over there it took as long as the taj mahal unfortunately it took so long that lou never saw it finished he died -think about that when you see that building that sometimes the things we strive for so hard in life we never get to see finished and that really struck me about my father in the sense that he had such belief -that somehow doing these things giving in the way that he gave that something good would come out of it even in the middle of a war there was a war with pakistan at one point and the construction stopped totally and he kept working -because he felt well when the war is done theyll need this building so those are the two clips im going to show roll that tape -remember hearing him talk at penn and i came home and i said to my father and mother i just met this man doesnt have much work and hes sort of ugly funny voice -and hes a teacher at school i know youve never heard of him but just mark this day that someday you will hear of him because hes really an amazing man -this idea that there is a narrative line and that music exists in time a film also exists in time its an experience that you should go through emotionally -fling with ingrid bergman -he -he was in rome moshe safdie he was a real nomad and you know -a plane or im going to die in an airport or die jogging without an identification on me i dont know why i sort of carry that from that memory of the way -how accidental our existences are really and how full of -and in making this film i felt that so many of the documentaries ive seen were all about learning something or knowledge or driven by talking heads and driven by ideas and i wanted this film to be driven by emotions and really to follow my journey -the time here and enjoy the walking citys beauty and the -this is the nicest -well actually im here because im the -no hes been dead for twenty five years -so instead of doing the talking head thing instead its composed of scenes and we meet people along the way we only meet them once they dont come back several times -was almost impossible building for a country like ours in fifty years back it was nothing only paddy fields and since we invited him here he felt that he has got -he wanted to be a moses here he gave us democracy he is not a political man but in this guise he has given us the institution for -he didnt care for how much money this country has or whether he would be able to ever finish this building but somehow he has been able to do it build it here and this is the largest project he has got in here the poorest country in the world nk it cost him his life -yeah he paid he paid his life for this and that is why he is great and well remember him -but he was also human now his failure to satisfy the family life is an inevitable association of -he cared in a very different manner but it takes a lot of time -so it really chronicles a journey its something like life that once you get in it you cant get out -he was just like a child he was not at all matured he could not say no to anything and that is why that he can not say no to things we got this building today -see only that -way to really understand him but i think he has given us this building -we feel all the time for him thats why he -not see the very -that is inevitable for -two clips i want to show you the first one is a kind of hodgepodge its just three little moments four little moments with three of the people who are here tonight -its not the way they occur in the film because they are part of much larger scenes they play off each other in a wonderful way and that ends with a little clip of my father of -with sarah connor set the -the -that -to -that -the -telling the brain continually where am i now within my environment -place cells are also being recorded in humans so epilepsy patients sometimes need the electrical activity in their brain monitoring -and some of these patients played a video game where they drive around a small town and place cells in their hippocampi would fire become active start sending electrical impulses whenever they drove through a particular location in that town -so how does a place cell know where the rat or person is within its environment well these two cells here -show us that the boundaries of the environment are particularly important so the one on the top likes to fire sort of midway between the walls of the box that their rats in and when you expand the box the firing location expands the one below likes to fire whenever theres a wall close by to the south -and if you put another wall inside the box then the cell fires in both place wherever theres a wall to the south as the animal explores around in its box -so this predicts that sensing the distances and directions of boundaries around you extended buildings and so on is particularly important for the hippocampus -and indeed on the inputs to the hippocampus cells are found which project into the hippocampus -which do respond exactly to detecting boundaries or edges at particular distances and directions from the rat or mouse as its exploring around -so the cell on the left you can see it fires whenever the animal gets near to a wall or a boundary to the east whether its the edge or the wall of a square box or the circular wall of the circular box or even the drop at the edge of a table which the animals are running around -and the cell on the right there fires whenever theres a boundary to the south whether its the drop at the edge of the table or a wall or even the gap between two tables that are pulled apart so thats one way in which we think place cells determine where the animal is as its exploring around we can also test -where we think objects are like this goal flag in simple environments or indeed where your car would be -so we can have people explore an environment and see the location they have to remember -and then if we put them back in the environment generally theyre quite good at putting a marker down where they thought that flag or their car was -but on some trials we could change the shape and size of the environment like we did with the place cell in that case we can see how where they think the flag had been changes as a function of how you change the shape and size of the environment -and what you see for example if the flag was where that cross was in a small square environment -and then if you ask people where it was but youve made the environment bigger where they think the flag had been stretches out in exactly the same way that the place cell firing stretched out -its as if you remember where the flag was by storing the pattern of firing across all of your place cells at that location and then you can get back to that location by moving around so that you best match the current pattern of firing of your place cells with that stored pattern -that guides you back to the location that you want to remember -but we also know where we are through movement -so if we take some outbound path perhaps we park and we wander off we know because our own movements which we can integrate over this path roughly what the heading direction is to go back and place cells also get this kind of path integration input from a kind of cell called a grid cell -now grid cells are found again on the inputs to the hippocampus and theyre a bit like place cells but now as the rat explores around -each individual cell fires in a whole array of different locations -which are laid out across the environment in an amazingly regular triangular grid -and if you record from several grid cells shown here in different colors each one has a grid like firing pattern across the environment -and each cells grid like firing pattern is shifted slightly relative to the other cells so the red one fires on this grid -and as it moves around the electrical activity can pass from one of these cells to the next cell to keep track of where it is so that it can use its own movements to know where it is in its environment do people have grid cells -well because all of the grid like firing patterns have the same axes of symmetry the same orientations of grid shown in orange here -it means that the net activity of all of the grid cells in a particular part of the brain should change according to whether were running along these six directions or running along one of the six directions in between so we can put people in an mri scanner and have them do a little video game like the one i showed you and look for this signal -its made of neurons so the human brain has about a hundred billion neurons in it and the neurons communicate with each other by sending little pulses or spikes of electricity via connections to each other -and indeed you do see it in the human entorhinal cortex which is the same part of the brain -that you see grid cells in rats so back to homer -hes probably remembering where his car was in terms of the distances and directions to extended buildings and boundaries -around the location where he parked and that would be represented by the firing of boundary detecting cells hes also remembering the path he took out of the car park which would be represented in the firing of grid cells now both of these kinds of cells -can make the place cells fire and he can return to the location where he parked -by moving so as to find where it is that best matches the firing pattern of the place cells in his brain currently with the stored pattern where he parked his car and that guides him back to that location irrespective of visual cues like whether his cars actually there -maybe its been towed but he knows where it was so he knows to go and get it so beyond spatial memory -if we look for this grid like firing pattern -throughout the whole brain we see it in a whole series of locations which are always active when we do all kinds of autobiographical memory tasks like remembering the last time you went to a wedding for example so it may be that the neural mechanisms for representing the space around us are also used for generating visual imagery -so that we can recreate the spatial scene at least of the events that have happened to us when we want to imagine them so if this was happening your memories could start by place cells -activating each other via these dense interconnections and then reactivating boundary cells to create the spatial structure of the scene around your viewpoint and grid cells could move this viewpoint through that space another kind of cell head direction cells which i didnt mention yet they fire like a compass according to which way youre facing -they could define the viewing direction from which you want to generate an image for your visual imagery so you can imagine what happened when you were at this wedding for example -so were going to imagine were recording from a single neuron in the hippocampus of this rat here -and when it fires a little spike of electricity theres going to be a red dot and a click -so what we see is that this neuron knows whenever the rat has gone into one particular place in its environment and it signals to the rest of the brain by sending a little electrical spike -so we could show the firing rate of that neuron as a function of the animals location and if we record from lots of different neurons well see that different neurons fire when the animal goes in different parts of its environment like in this square box shown here so together they form a map for the rest of the brain -and the killer app for the rest of the planet is the instrumentation and the fabrication divide people locally developing solutions to local problems thank you -who wondered why instead of making bigger and bigger chips you dont make small chips put them in a viscous medium and pour out computing by the pound or by the square inch -this meeting has really been about a digital revolution but id like to argue that its done we -but theres no frame buffer io processor any of that stuff its just this material unlike this screen where the dots are placed carefully -this is a raw material if you add twice as much of it you have twice as much display if you shoot a gun through the middle nothing happens if you need more resource you just apply more computer -so thats the step after this of computing as a raw material thats still conventional bits the step after that is this is an earlier prototype in the lab this is high speed video slowed down -now integrating chemistry in computation where the bits are bubbles this is showing making bits this is showing once again slowed down so you can see it bits interacting to do logic and multiplexing and de multiplexing so now we can compute -the output arranges material as well as information and ultimately these are some slides from an early project i did computing where the bits are stored quantum mechanically in the nuclei of atoms so programs rearrange the nuclear structure of molecules -all of these are in the lab pushing further and further and further not as metaphor but literally integrating bits and atoms and they lead to the following recognition -we all know weve had a digital revolution but what is that well shannon took us in the forties from here to here -from a telephone being a speaker wire that degraded with distance to the internet and he proved the first threshold theorem that shows if you add information and remove it to a signal -weve had a digital revolution but we dont need to keep having it and id like to look after that to look what comes after the digital revolution -you can compute perfectly with an imperfect device and thats when we got the internet von neumann in the fifties did the same thing for computing he showed you can have an unreliable computer but restore its state to make it perfect -this was the last great analog computer at mit a differential analyzer and the more you ran it the worse the answer got after von neumann we have the pentium where the billionth transistor is as reliable as the first one -but all our fabrication is down in this lower left corner a state of the art airplane factory rotating metal wax at fixed metal or you maybe melt some plastic a ten billion dollar chip fab uses a process a village artisan would recognize you spread stuff around and bake it -all the intelligence is external to the system the materials dont have information yesterday you heard about molecular biology which fundamentally computes to build its an information processing system -weve had digital revolutions in communication and computation but precisely the same idea precisely the same math shannon and von neuman did hasnt yet come out to the physical world -so inspired by that colleagues in this program the center for bits and atoms at mit which is a group of people like me who never understood the boundary between physical science and computer science -i would even go further and say computer science is one of the worst things that ever happened to either computers or to science -the canon computer science many of them are great but the canon of computer science prematurely froze a model of computation -so let me start projecting forward these are some projects im involved in today at mit looking what comes after computers this first one -we started to figure out how you can compute to fabricate this was just a proof of principle he did of tiles that interact magnetically where you write a code much like protein folding -that specifies their structure so theres no feedback to a tool metrology the material itself codes for its structure in just the same ways that protein are fabricated -so you can for example do that you can do other things thats in two d it works in three d the video on the upper right i wont show for time shows self replication templating so something can make something that can make something -and were doing that now over maybe nine orders of magnitude those ideas have been used to show the best fidelity and direct rate dna to make an organism in functionalizing nanoclusters with peptide tails that code for their assembly so much like the magnets but now on nanometer scales -laser micro machining essentially three d printers that digitally fabricate functional systems all the way up to building buildings not by having blueprints but having the parts code for the structure of the building -so these are early examples in the lab of emerging technologies to digitize fabrication computers that dont control tools but computers that are tools where the output of a program rearranges atoms as well as bits -now to do that -with your tax dollars thank you i bought all these machines we made a modest proposal to the nsf we wanted to be able to make anything on any length scale -internet zero up here this is a web server that has the cost and complexity of an rfid tag about a dollar that can go in every light bulb and doorknob -all in one place because you cant segregate digital fabrication by a discipline or a length scale so we put together focused nano beam writers and supersonic water jet cutters and excimer micro machining systems -you -and this is getting commercialized very quickly and whats interesting about it isnt the cost its the way it encodes the internet it uses a kind of a morse code for the internet so you could send it optically you can communicate acoustically through a power line through rf -like this this student made a web browser for parrots lets parrots surf the net and talk to other -this students made an alarm clock you wrestle to prove youre awake this is one that defends a dress that defends your personal space this isnt technology for communication its technology to prevent it this is -that lets you see your music this is a student who made a machine that makes machines and he made it by making lego bricks that -so with that in turn twenty million dollars today does this twenty years from now well make star trek replicators that make anything -the students hijacked all the machines i bought to do personal fabrication today when you spend that much of your money theres a government requirement to do outreach which often means classes at a local school a website stuff thats just not that exciting -so i made a deal with my nsf program managers that instead of talking about it id give people the tools -both what the twenty million dollars does and where its going a laser cutter to do press fit assembly with three d from two d a sign cutter to plot in copper to do electromagnetics -a micron scale numerically controlled milling machine for precise structures programming tools for less that a dollar one hundred nanosecond microcontrollers it lets you work from microns and microseconds on up -and they exploded around the world this wasnt scheduled but they went from inner city boston to pobal in india to secondi takoradi on ghanas coast to soshanguve in a township in south africa to the far north of norway uncovering -it takes the original principle of the internet which is inter networking computers and now lets devices inter network that we can take the whole idea that gave birth to the internet -that theres really a fabrication and an instrumentation divide bigger than the digital divide and the way you close it is not it for the masses but it development for the masses -so in place after place we saw this same progression that wed open one of these fab labs where we didnt this is too crazy to think of we didnt think this up that we would get pulled to these places wed open it -the first step was just empowerment you can see it in their face just this joy of i can do it this is a girl in inner city boston who had just done a high tech on demand craft sale in the inner city community center -it goes on from there to serious hands on technical education informally out of schools -in ghana we had set up one of these labs we designed a network sensor and kids would show up and refuse to leave the lab there was a girl -didnt really know what she was doing or why she -the first time and ive shown this to engineers at big companies and they say they cant do this -any one thing shes doing they can do better but its distributed over many people and many sites and they cant do in an afternoon what this little girl in rural ghana is doing -and bring it down to the physical world in this internet zero this internet of devices so this is the next step from there to here and this is getting commercialized today -how to use it they invented a way to do a construction kit out of a cardboard box which as you see up there thats becoming a business -but their design was better than sauls design at mit so theres now three students at mit doing their theses on scaling the work of eight year old children -and i finally got whats been going on this is kernigan and ritchie inventing unix on a pdp pdps came between mainframes and minicomputers they were tens of thousands of dollars -step after that is a project on fungible computers fungible goods in economics can be extended and traded so -clear what was going on in the same sense we are now today in the minicomputer era of digital fabrication -the only problem with that is it breaks everybodys boundaries in dc i go to every agency that wants to talk -you know in the bay area i go to every organization you can think of they all want to talk about it but it breaks their organizational boundaries in fact its illegal for them in many cases -to equip ordinary people to create rather than consume technology and that problem is so severe that the ultimate invention coming from this community surprised me -the social engineering that the lab in far north of norway this is so far north its satellite dishes look at the ground rather than the sky because thats where the satellites are -the lab outgrew the little barn that it was in it was there because they wanted to find animals in the mountains -but it outgrew it so they built this extraordinary village for the lab this isnt a university its not a company its essentially a village for invention its a village for the outliers in society -and those have been growing up around these fab labs all around the world so this program has split into -half as much grain is half as much useful but half a baby or half a computer is less useful than a whole baby or a whole computer -so id like to leave you with two thoughts theres been a sea change in aid from top down mega projects to bottom up grassroots micro finance investing in the roots so that everybodys got that thats what works -but we still look at technology as top down mega projects computing communication energy for the rest of the planet are these top down mega projects if this room full of heroes is just clever enough you can solve the problems -the message coming from the fab labs is that the other five billion people on the planet arent just technical sinks theyre sources the real opportunity is to harness the inventive power of the world to locally design and produce solutions to local problems -i thought thats the projection twenty years hence into the future but its where we are today it breaks every organizational boundary we can think of the hardest thing at this point is the social engineering and the organizational engineering but its here today -and finally any talk like this on the future of computing is required to show moores law but my favorite version this is gordon moores original one -and weve been trying to make computers that work that way so what you see in the background is a prototype this was from a thesis of a student bill butow now at intel -is the transition from two d to three d from programming bits to programming atoms turns the ends of moores law scaling from the ultimate bug to the ultimate feature -favorite colors and i started to dream in colors so when i started to dream in color is when i felt that the software and my brain had united because -in my dreams it was my brain creating electronic sounds it wasnt the software so -thats when i started to feel like a cyborg its when i started to feel that the cybernetic device was no longer a device it had become a part of my body an extension of my senses and after some time -it even became a part of my official image -so life has changed dramatically since i hear color because -color is almost everywhere so -the biggest change for example is going to an art gallery i can listen to a picasso for example so its like im going to a concert hall because i can listen to the paintings -and supermarkets i find this is very shocking its very very attractive to walk along a supermarket its like going to a nightclub its full of different melodies -also the way i dress has changed before i used to dress in a way that it looked good now i dress in a way that it sounds good -also food the way i look at food has changed because now i can display the food on a plate so i can eat my favorite song laughter so depending on how i display it i can hear and i can compose music with food so imagine a restaurant where we can have -like lady gaga salads as starters -because i come from a grayscale world to me the sky is always gray flowers are always gray and television is still in black and white but since the age of twenty one instead of seeing color i can hear color -beauty has changed because -when i look at someone i hear their face so someone might look very beautiful but sound terrible laughter and it might happen the opposite the other way around so i really enjoy creating like sound portraits of people instead of drawing someones -face like drawing the shape i point at them with the eye and i write down the different notes i hear and then i create sound portraits heres some faces -that normal sounds started to become color i heard a telephone tone and it felt green because it sounded just like the color green the bbc beeps they sound turquoise and listening to mozart became a yellow experience so i started to -paint music and paint peoples voices because peoples voices have frequencies that i relate to color and heres some music translated into color -in two thousand and three i started a project with computer scientist adam montandon and -and the one on the right is martin luther king -so i got to a point when i was able to perceive three hundred and sixty colors just like human vision i was able to differentiate all the degrees of the color wheel but then i just -thought that this human vision wasnt good enough theres many many more colors around us that we cannot perceive but that electronic eyes can perceive so i decided to continue extending my color senses and i added infrared and i added ultraviolet -to the color to sound scale so now i can hear colors that the human eye cannot perceive for example perceiving infrared is good because you can actually -the result with further collaborations with peter kese from slovenia and matias lizana from barcelona is this electronic eye its a color sensor -i think life will be much more exciting when we stop creating applications for mobile phones and we start creating applications for our own body i think this will be a big big change that we will see during this century so i do encourage you all to think about which senses youd like to extend -i would encourage you to become a cyborg you wont be alone thank you -so ive been hearing color all the time for eight years since two thousand and four so i find -thousands of jews living in iran came to tehran to see it it became a great emblem a great subject of debate about what iran is at home and abroad -is iran still to be the defender of the oppressed will iran set free the people that the tyrants have enslaved and expropriated this is heady national rhetoric -it was all put together in a great pageant -the president himself and -for me to take this object to iran to be allowed to take this object to iran was to be allowed to be part of an extraordinary debate -led at the highest levels about what iran is what different irans there are and how the different histories of iran might shape the world today -its a debate thats still continuing -and it will continue to rumble because this object is one of the great declarations of a human aspiration it stands with -the american constitution it certainly says far more about real freedoms than magna carta it is a document that can mean so many things for iran and for the region a replica of this is at the united nations -in new york this autumn it will be present when the great debates about the future of the middle east take place -and i want to finish by asking you what the next story will be in which this object figures it will appear certainly in many more middle eastern stories and what story of the middle east what story of the world do you want to see reflecting what is said -and i want to begin with one episode from that sequence of events that most of you would be very familiar with -in the world of the middle east at the moment the debates are as you know shrill -but i think its possible that the most powerful and the wisest voice of all of them may well be the voice of this mute thing the cyrus cylinder -and the parallels between the events of five hundred and thirty nine bc and two thousand and three and in between are startling -what youre looking at is rembrandts painting now in the national gallery in london illustrating the text from the prophet daniel in the hebrew scriptures -and you all know roughly the story belshazzar the son of nebuchadnezzar nebuchadnezzar whod conquered israel sacked jerusalem and captured the people and taken the jews back to babylon not only the jews hed taken the temple vessels hed ransacked desecrated the temple -his son decides to have a feast and in order to make it even more exciting he added a bit of sacrilege to the rest of the fun and he brings out the temple vessels hes already at war with the iranians with the king of persia and that night -it is of course a great moment in the history of the jewish people its a great story its story we all know the writing on the wall is part of our everyday language -what happened next was remarkable -and its where our cylinder enters the story cyrus king of the persians has entered babylon without a fight the great empire of babylon which ran from central southern iraq to the mediterranean falls to cyrus and cyrus makes a declaration -and that is what this cylinder is the declaration made by the ruler guided by god who had toppled the iraqi despot -and was going to bring freedom to the people -by a victorious army that weve got -and its written as well see in due course by very skilled p r consultants so the hyperbole is not actually surprising and what is the great king the powerful king the king of the four quarters of the world going to do -he goes on to say that having conquered babylon he will at once let all the peoples that the babylonians nebuchadnezzar and belshazzar have captured and enslaved go free hell let them return to their countries and more important he will let them all recover -the gods the statues the temple vessels that had been confiscated -all the peoples that the babylonians had repressed and removed will go home and theyll take with them their gods and theyll be able to restore their altars and to worship their gods in their own way in their own place -this is the decree -this object is the evidence for the fact that the jews after the exile in babylon the years theyd spent sitting by the waters of babylon weeping when they remembered jerusalem those jews were allowed to go home -i want this morning to talk about the story the biography or rather the biographies of one particular object one remarkable thing -they were allowed to return to jerusalem and to rebuild the temple -this is the jewish version of the same story thus said cyrus king of persia all the kingdoms of the earth have the lord god of heaven given thee and he has charged me to build him a house in jerusalem who is there among you of his people the lord god be with him and let him go up -go up aaleh the central element still of the notion of return a central part of the life of judaism -as you all know that return from exile the second temple reshaped judaism and that change that great historic moment was made possible by cyrus the king of persia reported for us in hebrew in scripture and in babylonian in clay -two great texts what about the politics what was going on -was the fundamental shift in middle eastern history the empire of iran the medes and the persians united under cyrus became the first great world empire -it doesnt i agree look very much its about the size of a rugby ball its made of clay and its been fashioned into a cylinder shape covered with close writing -this empire is in fact the middle east as we now know it and its what shapes the middle east as we now know it it was the largest empire the world had known until then much more important it was the first -multicultural multifaith state on a huge scale and it had to be run in a quite new way -it had to be run in different languages the fact that this decree is in babylonian says one thing and it had to recognize their different habits different peoples different religions different faiths all of those are respected by cyrus -and the result of that was an empire that included the areas you see on the screen and which survived for two hundred years of stability until it was shattered by alexander -it left a dream of the middle east as a unit and a unit where people of different faiths could live together -the greek invasions ended that and of course alexander couldnt sustain a government and it fragmented but what cyrus represented remained absolutely central the greek historian xenophon -wrote his book cyropaedia promoting cyrus as the great ruler and throughout european culture afterward cyrus remained the model this is a sixteenth century image to show you how widespread his veneration actually was -xenophons book on cyrus on how you ran a diverse society was one of the great textbooks that inspired the founding fathers of the american revolution -jefferson was a great admirer the ideals of cyrus obviously speaking to those eighteenth century ideals of how you create religious tolerance in a new state -back in babylon things had not been going well after alexander the other empires babylon declines falls into ruins and all the traces of the great babylonian empire are lost -and it enters now another story it enters that great debate in the middle of the nineteenth century are the scriptures reliable can we trust them -but and this of course is where it becomes complicated the facts were true -hurrah for archeology but the interpretation was rather more complicated -because the cylinder account and the hebrew bible account differ in one key respect -the babylonian cylinder is written by the priests of the great god of bablyon marduk and not surprisingly they tell you that all this was done by marduk -marduk we hold called cyrus by his name marduk takes cyrus by the hand calls him to shepherd his people and gives him the rule of babylon -marduk tells cyrus that he will do these great generous things of setting the people free and this is why we should all be grateful to and worship marduk -the hebrew writers in the old testament you will not be surprised to learn take a rather different view of -not to marduk but to the lord god of israel the lord god of israel who also called cyrus by name also takes cyrus by the hand and talks of him shepherding his people -its a remarkable example of two different priestly appropriations of the same event two different religious takeovers of a political fact god we know is usually on the side of the big battalions the question is which god was it -and the debate unsettles everybody in the nineteenth century to realize that the hebrew scriptures are part of a much wider world of religion and its quite clear the cylinder is older than the text of isaiah and yet -jehovah is speaking in words very similar to those used by marduk -and theres a slight sense that isaiah knows this because he says -i think its recognized that cyrus doesnt realize that hes acting under orders from jehovah and equally hed have been surprised that he was acting under orders from marduk because interestingly of course cyrus is a good iranian with a totally different set of gods who are not mentioned in any of these texts -and the response to this by the jewish population in eastern europe is rhapsodic -the two great rulers who have allowed the return to jerusalem and the cyrus cylinder comes back into public view and the text of this as a demonstration of why what is going to happen -after the war is over in one thousand nine hundred and eighteen is part of a divine plan -you all know what happened -and another story of the cylinder begins the region the u k and the u s decide has to be kept safe from communism and the superpower that will be created to do this would be iran the shah -and so the shah invents an iranian history or a return to iranian history that puts him in the center of a great tradition -and produces coins showing himself -cyrus cylinder guarantor of the shah ten years later another story iranian revolution one thousand nine hundred and seventy nine islamic revolution no more cyrus were not interested in that history were interested in islamic iran -until iraq the new superpower that weve all decided should be in the region attacks -then another iran iraq war and it becomes critical for the iranians to remember their great past their great past when they fought iraq and won it becomes critical to find a symbol -that will pull together all iranians muslims and non muslims christians zoroastrians jews living in iran people who are devout not devout and the obvious emblem is cyrus -the story begins in the iran iraq war and that series of events that culminated in the invasion of iraq by foreign forces the removal of a despotic ruler and instant regime change -so when the british museum and tehran national musuem cooperate and work together as weve been doing the iranians ask for one thing only as a loan its the only object they want they want to borrow the cyrus cylinder and last year the cyrus cylinder went to -tehran for the second time its shown being presented here put into its case by the director of the national museum of tehran one of the many women in iran in very senior positions mrs ardakani it was a huge event this is the other side of that same picture -its seen in tehran by between one and two million people in the space of a few months this is beyond any blockbuster exhibition in the west -and its the subject of a huge debate about what this cylinder means what cyrus means but above all cyrus as articulated through this cylinder cyrus as the defender of the homeland the champion of course of iranian identity and of the iranian peoples tolerant of all faiths -two thousand and seven was -thats why i believe that if you live your life with a great attitude choosing to move forward and move on whenever life deals you a blow -living with a sense of awareness of the world around you embracing your inner three year old and seeing the tiny joys that make life so sweet and being authentic to yourself being you and being cool with that letting your heart lead you -i graduated from school and i went on a road trip with two of my closest friends -and putting yourself in experiences that satisfy you then i think youll live a life that is rich and is satisfying and i think you live a life that is truly awesome thank you -s a picture of me and my friend chris on the coast of the pacific ocean we actually saw seals out of our car window and we pulled over to take a quick picture of them and then blocked them with our giant heads -so you cant actually see them but it was breathtaking believe me -not just me first of all the news was so heavy its still heavy now and it was heavy before that but when you flip open a newspaper when you turned on the tv it was about ice caps melting -going on around the world earthquakes hurricanes and an economy that was wobbling on the brink of collapse and then eventually did -the awesome story it begins about forty years ago when my mom and my dad came to canada -so many of us losing our homes or our jobs or our retirements or our livelihoods -my marriage wasnt going well and we just were growing further and further apart -one day my wife came home from work and summoned the courage through a lot of tears to have a very honest conversation and she said -and it was -one of the most painful things id ever heard and certainly the most heartbreaking thing id ever heard -until only a month later when i heard something even more heartbreaking -my friend chris who i just showed you a picture of had been battling mental illness for some time and for those of you whose lives have been touched by mental illness you know how challenging it can be -i spoke to him on the phone at ten thirty pm on a sunday night we talked about the tv show we watched that evening -my mom left nairobi kenya my dad left a small village outside of amritsar india and they got here in the late nineteen sixties -and monday morning i found out that he -it was a really heavy time and as these dark clouds were circling me and i was -i said to myself that i really needed a way to focus on the positive somehow -so i came home from work one -and i logged onto the computer and i started up a tiny website called one thousand awesomethings com -i was trying to remind myself of the simple universal little pleasures that we all love but we just dont talk about enough things like waiters and waitresses who bring you free refills without asking being the first table to get called up to the dinner buffet at a wedding -wearing warm underwear from just out of the dryer or when cashiers open up a new check out lane at the grocery store and you get to be first in line -and slowly over time i started putting myself in a better mood i mean fifty thousand -blogs are started a day and so my blog was just one of those fifty thousand and nobody read it except for my mom -although i should say that my traffic did skyrocket and go up by one hundred percent when she forwarded it to my dad -they settled in a shady suburb about an hour east of toronto and they settled into a new life -i got excited when it started getting tens of hits and then i started getting excited when it started getting dozens and then hundreds -and then thousands and then millions -getting bigger and bigger and bigger and then i got a phone call -youve just won the best blog in the world award -was like that sounds totally fake -it turns out i -on a plane and i ended up walking a red carpet between sarah silverman and jimmy fallon and martha stewart and i went onstage to accept a webby award for best blog and the surprise and -the amazement of that was only overshadowed by my return to toronto when in my inbox ten literary agents were waiting for me to talk about putting this into a book -they saw their first dentist they ate their first hamburger and they had their first kids -over the last few years i havent had that much time to really think but lately i have had the opportunity to take a step back and ask myself -what is it over the last few years that helped me grow my website but also grow myself and ive summarized those things for me personally -three as they are attitude -talk about each one briefly -so attitude -my sister and i grew up here -were all going to get lumps and were all going to get bumps none of us can predict the future but we do know one thing about it and thats that it aint gonna go according to plan -we will all have high highs and big days and proud moments of smiles on graduation stages father daughter dances at weddings and -its sad and its not pleasant to talk about but -we had quiet happy childhoods we had close family good friends a quiet street we grew up taking for granted a lot of the things that my parents couldnt take for granted when they grew up things like -your husband might leave you your girlfriend could cheat -scenes -your mom could get cancer -your dad could get mean and there are times in life when you will be tossed in the well too with twists in your stomach and with holes in your heart -one you can swirl and twirl and gloom and doom forever or two you can grieve and then face the future with newly sober eyes -having a great attitude is about choosing option number two and choosing no matter how difficult it is no matter what pain hits you choosing to move forward and move on and take baby steps into the future -the second a is awareness -i love hanging out with three year olds -i love the way that they see the world because theyre seeing the world for the first time i love the way that they can stare at a bug crossing the sidewalk i love the way that -stare slack jawed at their first baseball game with wide eyes and a mitt on their hand soaking in the crack of the bat and the crunch of the peanuts and the smell of the hotdogs i love the way that theyll spend hours picking dandelions in the backyard and putting them into -having a sense of awareness is just about embracing your inner three year old -theyre in there and being aware is just about remembering that -you saw everything youve seen for the first time -so there was a time when it was your first time ever hitting a string of green lights on the way home from work there was the first time you walked by the open door of a bakery and smelt the bakery air or the first time you pulled a twenty dollar bill out of your old jacket pocket and said found money -the last a is -power always on in our houses things like schools across the street and hospitals down the road and popsicles in the backyard -or rosey grier as people used to call him grew up and grew into a three hundred lb six foot five linebacker in the nfl hes number seventy six in the picture -here he is pictured with the fearsome foursome these were four guys on the l a rams in the nineteen sixties you did not want to go up against they were tough football players doing what they love which was crushing skulls and separating shoulders on the football -but rosey grier also had another passion in his deeply authentic self he also loved needlepoint -he loved knitting he said that it calmed him down it relaxed him it took away his fear of flying -so much that after he retired from the nfl he started joining clubs and he even put out a -called rosey griers needlepoint -if you notice hes actually needlepointing his own face -what i love about this story is that -we grew up and we grew older i went to high school -so those are the three as -for the closing thought i want to take you all the way back to my parents coming to canada -i dont know what it would feel like -coming to a new country when youre in your mid twenties i dont know because i never did it but i would imagine that it would take a great attitude -i would imagine that youd have to be pretty aware of your surroundings and appreciating the small wonders that youre starting to see in your new world -and i think youd have to be really authentic youd have to be really true to yourself in order to get through what youre being exposed to -i graduated i moved out of the house i got a job i found a girl i settled down and i realize it sounds like a bad sitcom or a cat stevens song -its a great story because what happened was he got off the plane at the toronto airport and he was welcomed by a non profit group which im sure someone in this room runs -this non profit group had a big welcoming lunch for all the new immigrants to canada -was olives those little white onions there was rolled up turkey cold cuts rolled up ham cold cuts rolled up roast beef cold cuts and little cubes -tarts and there was pies lots and lots of pies -my dad tells the story he says the craziest thing was id never seen any of that before except bread -i didnt know what was meat what was vegetarian i was eating -i just couldnt believe how many things you can get here -when i was five years old my dad used to take me grocery shopping and he would -but life was pretty good life was pretty good two thousand and six was a great year under clear blue skies in july in the wine region of ontario i got married surrounded by one hundred and fifty family -date from morocco hes like do you know where morocco even -a -and -and then sailed all the way across the atlantic ocean and then put it in another truck and drove that all the way to a tiny grocery store just outside our house so they could sell it to us for twenty five cents -i dont believe that and hes like i dont believe it either things are amazing theres just so many things to be happy about -when i stop to think about it hes absolutely right there are so many things to be happy about we are the only species on the only life giving -rock in the entire universe that weve ever seen capable of experiencing so many of these things i mean were the only ones with -architecture and agriculture were the only ones with jewelry and democracy weve got airplanes highway lanes -interior design and horoscope signs weve got fashion magazines house party scenes you can watch a horror movie with monsters you can go to a concert and hear guitars jamming weve got books buffets and radio waves wedding brides and rollercoaster -you can sleep in clean sheets you can go to the movies and get good seats you can smell -air walk around with rain hair pop bubble wrap or -we got all that -we only got one hundred years to enjoy it -the telemarketer calling you during dinner -and friends -every politician in every country every actor in every movie every single person in your family everyone you love everyone in this room and you -so great that we only get such a short time to experience and enjoy all those tiny little moments that make it so sweet -and that moment is right now and those moments are counting down and those moments are always always always fleeting -more important the pan african student body is a continual source of strength pride and commitment to africa -we illustrate aims progress by coloring in the countries of africa -so here you can see behind this list -when a county is colored yellow weve received an application orange -weve accepted an application and green a student has graduated -much to say about that it was rather dull -so here is where we were after the first graduation in two thousand and four and we set ourselves a goal of turning the continent green -so theres two thousand and five six seven eight -well on the way to achieving our initial goal -we had some of the students filmed at home before they came to aims and ill just show you one -but i came back to africa at the age of seventeen as a volunteer teacher to -that -in particular -so tendai came to aims -my name is tendai mugwagwa and i was a student at aims in two thousand and three and two thousand and four after leaving aims i went on to do a masters in applied mathematics at the university of cape town in south africa -after that i came to the netherlands where im now doing a ph d in -very independently she communicates well with the -so all in all -which is a tiny country surrounded at that time by apartheid south africa -another student in the first year of aims was shehu and hes shown here with his favorite high school teacher and then entering university in northern nigeria -and after aims shehu wanted to do high energy physics and he came to cambridge hes about to finish his ph d and he was filmed recently with someone you all know -it -here are the current students at aims there are fifty three of them from twenty different countries including twenty -women so now im going to get to my ted business well we had a party this is africa we have good parties in africa and last month they threw a surprise party for me heres somebody youve seen already -well eighty percent of the men in lesotho worked in the mines over the border -and somehow stays smiling in spite of everything going on back home -but she wants to continue in physics and shes doing extremely well this is lydia -lydia is the first ever woman to graduate in mathematics in the central african republic and shes now at -well its not my ted wish its our wish as youve already gathered and our wish has two parts one is a dream and the others a plan ok -ted dream is that the next einstein will be african -in brutal conditions -striving for the heights of creative genius -we want to give thousands of people the motivation -the encouragement and the courage to obtain the high level skills they need to help africa -among them will be not only brilliant scientists im sure of that from what weve seen at aims theyll also be the african gates brins and pages of the future -what we need to do is to replicate it -we want to roll out fifteen aims centers in the next five years all over africa each will have a pan african student body -but specialize in a different area of science we want to use science to overcome the national and cultural barriers as it does at aims and we want to add elements to the curriculum we want to add entrepreneurship and policy skills -the expanded aims will be a coherent pan african institution and its graduates will form a powerful network working together for peace and progress across the continent -over the last -weve been visiting sites in africa looking at potential sites for new aims centers and here are the ones weve selected -and each of these centers has a strong local team -each is in a beautiful place an interesting place which international lecturers will be happy to visit and our partners across africa are extremely enthusiastic about this everyone wants an aims center in their country -and last november the conference of all the african ministers of science and technology held in mombasa -called for a comprehensive plan to roll out aims so we have political support right across the continent it wont be easy -at every site there will be huge challenges local scientists must play leading roles -and governments must be persuaded to buy in -the institutes have got to be relevant innovative cost effective and high quality why because we want africa to be rich -easy to remember the basic rules we need -so just in ending let me say the only people who can fix africa are talented young africans by unlocking and nurturing their creative potential we can create a step change in africas future -over time they will contribute to african development and to science in ways we can only imagine thank you -which got through to me -to try to take the kids outside as often as possible to try to connect the academic stuff with the real world -but i took them outside one day and i said i want you to estimate the height of the building and i expected them to put a ruler next to the wall size it up with a finger and make an estimate of the height -one little boy very small for his age he was the son of one of the poorest families in the village and he wasnt doing that he was scribbling with chalk on the pavement -well i hadnt thought of that one -and many experiences like this happened to me another one is that i met a miner he was home on his three month leave from the mines -sitting next to him one day -he said theres only one thing that i really loved at school -me -these and many similar experiences convinced me that there are just tons of bright kids in africa -inventive kids intellectual kids and starved of opportunity and if africa is going to get fixed its by them not -well after -i traveled across africa before returning to england -so gray and depressing in comparison and i went to cambridge -and there i fell for theoretical physics well im not going to explain this equation but theoretical physics is really an amazing subject we can write down all the laws of physics we know in one line -and admittedly its in a very shorthand notation -and it contains eighteen free parameters ok which we have to fit to the data -so its not the final story but its an incredibly powerful summary -of everything we know about nature at the most basic level -and apart from a few very important loose ends which youve heard about here like dark energy and dark matter this equation describes seems to describe everything about the universe and whats in it -what banged -about the big bang what banged -and shes right its a question weve all been avoiding the standard explanation is that the universe somehow sprang into existence full of a strange kind of energy inflationary energy -but the puzzle of why the universe emerged in that peculiar state is completely unsolved -now i worked on that theory for a while with stephen hawking and others -then i began to explore another alternative -the alternative is that the big bang wasnt the beginning -and the bang was just a violent event in a pre existing universe well this possibility is actually suggested by the latest theories -the unified theories which try to explain all those eighteen free parameters in a single framework which will hopefully predict all of them -and ill just share a cartoon of this idea here its all i can convey -according to these theories there are extra dimensions in space not just the three that were familiar with but at every point in the room there are more dimensions and in particular theres one rather strange one -in the most elegant unified theories we have the strange one looks likes this that we live in a three dimensional world -we live in one of these worlds and i can only show it as a sheet but its really three dimensional and a tiny distance away theres another -also three dimensional and theyre separated by a gap the gap is very tiny and ive blown it up so you can see it but its really a tiny fraction -of the size of an atomic nucleus i wont go into the details of why we think the universe is like this but it comes out of the math and trying to explain the physics that we know -well i got interested in this because it seemed to me that it was an obvious question which is what happens if these two three dimensional worlds should actually collide -and if they collide it would look a lot like the big bang but its slightly different than in the conventional picture the conventional picture of the big bang is a point -was simply astonishing to me to find an organization that appreciated both those sides -the bang is extended its not a point the density of matter is finite and we have a chance of a consistent set of equations that can describe the whole process -so to cut a long story short weve explored this alternative weve shown that it can fit all of the data that we have -and in this scenario not only was the big bang not the beginning as you can see from the picture it can happen over and over again it may be that we live in an endless universe both in space and in time and theres been -bangs in the past and there will be bangs in the future -and maybe we live in an endless universe -so i thought id start off by just telling you a little bit about myself and why i lead this schizophrenic life -well making and testing models of the universe -is for me the best way i have of enjoying and appreciating the universe we need to make the best -we really try to convince ourselves theyre wrong thats progress when we prove things wrong and gradually we hopefully move closer and closer to understanding the world -i pursued my career something -was always gnawing away inside me what about africa what about those kids id left behind -but scale the area according to some quantity -well i was born in south africa and my parents were imprisoned for resisting the racist regime -so heres just the standard area map of the world by the way africa is very large and the next map now shows africas gdp -and heres a projection for two thousand and fifteen -big changes are happening in the world -but theyre not helping africa what about africas population the population isnt out of proportion to its area but africa leads the world in deaths from often preventable causes malnutrition -and birth complications -then theres hiv aids -and then theres deaths from war -ok currently there are forty five thousand people a month dying in the congo -as a consequence of the war there over coltan and diamonds and other things its still going on -what about africas capacity to do something about these problems well heres the number of physicians in africa -heres the number of people in higher education -when they were released we left -and here most shocking to me the number of scientific research papers coming out of africa it just doesnt exist -and this was all very eloquently argued at ted africa -that all of the aid thats been given has completely failed to put africa onto its own two feet -and we went as refugees to kenya and tanzania both were very young countries then and full of hope for the future -my parents were both elected to the first parliament alongside nelson and winnie mandela they were the only other couple -and in two thousand and one i took a research leave to visit them -and while i was busy working i was working on these colliding worlds in the day and i learned that there was a desparate shortage of skills -in industry in government in education the ability to make and test models -not only to every single area of science today -but also to modern society itself -and if you dont have math -youre not going to enter the modern age -so i had an idea and the idea was very simple the idea was to set up an african institute for mathematical sciences or aims -try to give them a fantastic education -well as a cambridge professor i had many contacts and to my astonishment they backed me one hundred percent they said go and do it -we had an amazing childhood didnt have any money but we were outdoors most of the time we had fantastic friends -with the best lecturers in the world who i knew would come because of the interest in africa -and put them together and just let the sparks fly -so we bought a derelict hotel near cape town -its a eighty room art deco hotel from the nineteen twenties the area was kind of seedy so we got a eighty room hotel for one hundred thousand dollars its a beautiful building -we decided we would refurbish it -and then put out the word were going to start the best maths institute in africa in this hotel -well the new south africa is a very exciting country and those of you who havent been there you should go its very very interesting whats happening and we recruited wonderful staff highly motivated -the other thing thats happened which was good for us is the internet even though the internet is very expensive all over africa there are internet cafes everywhere and bright young africans are desperate -and theyre very ambitious -they want to be the next einstein -and we saw the wonders of the world like kilimanjaro serengeti and the olduvai gorge -and so when word came out that aims was opening it spread very quickly via e mail and our website and we got lots of applicants -well we designed aims as a twenty four hour learning environment and it was fantastic to start a university from the beginning you have to rethink what is the university for -and thats really exciting so we designed it to have interactive teaching no droning on -we emphasize problem solving working in groups every student discovering and maximizing their own potential and not chasing grades -we especially emphasize areas of great relevance to africas development -because in those areas scientists working in africa will have a competitive advantage theyll publish be invited to conferences theyll do well theyll have successful careers -well then we moved to london for high school -and aims has done extremely well here is a list of last years graduates graduated in june and what theyre currently doing forty eight of them -and where they are is indicated over here and where theyve gone so these are all postgraduate students and theyve all gone on to masters and ph d degrees in excellent places -and -instead of -thats -i -is about the evils of science so i think it a s perfect -my oh my walking by who a s the apple of my eye a a why its my -just day by day our dna so the -you call her phony she a s my clonie a a was wealthy but not healthy had no one to dwell with -we -and -the -say -and i approved this -asked my mother you know should i say anything in support of anyone and she said oh no just dis everybody except ralph nader -the -the grey skies to -the -the -is nothing i -they -funny -and -that -there was -was -just -its just me and my -yeah i was sad as a -angry -you -the psychological trauma of the young that have to play this role of child being child soldiers and -considering where you are coming from and when we consider the extent to which it a s not taken as seriously as it should be what would you have to say about that -in the process of my research i went i actually spent a bit of time in sierra leone researching this and i met i remember i met a lot of child soldiers ex combatants as -in a way i feel like that i feel like i a m coming home to talk about what i a ve been out away doing for twenty years now -like to be called i met psychosocial workers who worked with them -time with them aid workers ngos the whole lot but i remember on the flight back on my last trip i remember breaking down in tears and thinking to myself -if these kids if any kid in the west in the western world -of what any of those kids have gone through they will be on therapy for the rest of their natural lives -so for me the thought -we have all these children it a s a generation we have a whole generation of children who have been put through so much psychological trauma -damage and africa has to live with that but i a m just saying to factor that in factor that in with all this great advancement all this pronouncement of great achievement that a s really my thinking eo well -thank you again for coming to the ted stage that was a very moving piece na thank you eo thank you -and i will start with a brief taster of what i a ve been about a handful of films nothing much two feature films and a handful of short films so we a ll go with the first -this is very strange for me because i a m not used to doing this i usually stand on the other side of the light and now im feeling the pressure i put other people into -and -you -feed no one and it particularly dont feed your spliff habit it feeds my -my soul arguing with you is a waste of time -you -and its hard the previous speaker has been i think has really painted a very good background as to -a -i -you recruited to fight this -to express -i -a -what really the impulse behind my work and what drives me and my sense of loss and trying to find the answer to the big questions -the -really -for me and where im coming from in terms of cinema the first piece was really theres a young woman talking about nigeria that she has a feeling shell be happy there -the sentiments of someone thats been away from home and that was something that i went through you know and im still going through -been home for quite a while for about five years now ive been away twenty years in total -which is the time of abacha the military dictatorship the worst part of nigerian history this post colonial history -so for this girl to have these dreams is simply how we preserve a sense of what home is how -perhaps romantic but i think beautiful -because you -living as a black person in europe the glass ceiling that we all know about that we all talk about you know -and coming you know and his reality again this was my this was me talking about this was again the time of multiculturalism in -but this for me i mean coming here to do this feels like feels like there a s this sculptor that i like very much -what does a child like jamie the young boy think i mean with all this anger thats built up inside of him and what does happens with that -what of course happens with that is violence which is which we see when we you know we talk about the ghettos and we talk about you know south central l a and this kind of stuff which eventually sometimes when channeled becomes -i lived in england for eighteen years ive lived in france for about four and i feel actually thrown back twenty years living in france -and then the third piece the third piece for me is the question what is cinema to you what do you do with cinema theres a young the -so that whole thing that whole childhood echoes and takes me into the next piece -giacometti who after many years of living in france and learning you know studying and -working he returned home and he was asked what did you produce what have you done with so many years of being away and he sort of he showed a handful of figurines -and -ninety nine -a -that -and obviously they were is this what you spent years doing and we expected you know huge masterpieces -more than that begin a healing process -my name is -you know but what struck me is the understanding that in those little pieces was the culmination of a man -she -trial here for any crimes you committed -we were fighting for our freedom -if killing -then you have to charge every soldier -crime yes but i did not -you too are a retired general not so -so -our government was -lack of education was their way to -if i may ask do you pay for school in your country -we -about -you support corrupt governments like my own why because -anyone in this room -no -life search thought and everything just in a reduced small version -i cant do that -so you are -thank you just very quickly -my point really here is that while we a re making all these huge advancements what were doing which for me you know i think we should africa should move forward but -we should remember so we do not go back -of the themes that comes through very strongly in the piece we just watched is this sense of -if we can invest in places where you yourselves make money whilst creating jobs and helping people stand on their own feet -isnt that a wonderful opportunity isnt that the way to go and i want to say that some of the best people to invest in on the continent are the women -cd here im sorry that i didnt say anything on time otherwise i would have liked you to have seen this it says africa open for business -and this is a video that has actually won an award as the best documentary of the year understand that the woman who made it is going to be in tanzania where theyre having the session in june -but it shows you africans and particularly african women who against all odds have developed businesses some of them world class -on fifteenth of september two thousand and five mister diepreye alamieyeseigha a governor of one of the oil rich states of nigeria -one of the women in this video adenike ogunlesi making childrens clothes which she started as a hobby -and grew into a business mixing african materials such as we have -with materials from elsewhere so shell make a little pair of dungarees with corduroys with african material mixed in -very creative designs -has reached a stage where she even had an order from -for ten thousand pieces -so that shows you that -we have people who are capable of doing and the women are diligent they are focused they work hard i could go on giving examples beatrice gakuba of rwanda who opened up a flower business -and is now exporting to the dutch auction in amsterdam each morning and is employing two hundred other women and men to work with -however many of these are starved for capital to -because nobody believes outside of our countries that we can do -what is necessary nobody thinks in terms of a market nobody thinks theres opportunity but im standing here saying that those who miss the boat now -will miss it forever so if you want to be in africa think about investing -was arrested by the london metropolitan police on a visit to london -think about the beatrices think about -of this world who are doing incredible things -that are bringing them into the global economy whilst at the same time making sure that their fellow men and women are employed and that the children in those households get educated because their parents are earning adequate income so i invite you -when you go to tanzania listen carefully -because im sure you will hear -of the various openings that there will be for you to get involved -in something that will do good -for yourselves thank you very much -he was arrested because there were transfers of eight million dollars that went into some dormant accounts that belonged to him and his family -this arrest occurred because there was cooperation between the london metropolitan police and the economic and financial crimes commission of nigeria led by one of our most able and courageous people -was arraigned in london due to some slip ups he managed to escape dressed as a woman -and ran from london back to nigeria where according to our constitution those in office as governors president as in many countries have immunity and cannot be prosecuted -but what happened people were so outraged by this behavior that it was possible for his state legislature to impeach him -and get him out of office today alams as we call him for short is in jail -this is a story about the fact that people in africa are no longer willing to tolerate corruption from -this is a story about the -that people want their resources managed properly for their good and not taken out to places where theyll benefit just a few of the elite -and therefore when you hear about the corrupt africa -that the people and the governments are trying hard to fight this in some of the countries and that some successes are emerging does it mean the problem is over the answer is no theres still a long way to go but that theres a will there -much chris everybody who came up here said they were scared i dont know if im scared but this is my first time of -and that successes are being chalked up on this very important fight so when you hear about corruption dont just feel -that nothing is being done about this that you cant operate in any african country because of the overwhelming corruption that is not the case theres a will to fight -and in many countries that -is ongoing and is being -others like mine where there has been a long history of dictatorship in nigeria the fight is ongoing and we have a long way to go -but the truth of the matter is that this is going on -the results are showing independent monitoring by the world bank and other organizations show that in many instances the trend is downwards -in terms of corruption and governance is improving a study by the economic commission for africa showed -a clear trend upwards in governance in twenty eight african countries and let me say just one more thing before i leave this area of governance -that is that people talk about corruption corruption all the time when they talk about it you immediately think about africa thats the image african countries but let me say this -if alams was able to export eight million -dollars into an account in london -if the other people who had taken money estimated that twenty to forty billion now of developing countries monies sitting abroad in the developed countries if theyre able to do this what is that is that not corruption -addressing an audience like this and i dont have any smart technology for you to look at there are no slides so youll just have to be content with me -in this country if you receive stolen goods are you not prosecuted -so when we talk about this kind of corruption let us also think about what is happening on the other side of the globe where the moneys going and what can be done to stop it -an initiative now along with the world bank on asset recovery trying to do what we can to get the monies that have been taken abroad -the second thing i want to talk about is the will for reform -the subject of everybodys charity and care we are grateful -but we know that we -take charge of our own destinies if we have the will to reform and what is happening in many african countries now is a realization that no one can do it but -we have to do it we can invite partners who can support us but we have to start we have to reform our economies change our leadership become more democratic be more open -to change and to information and this is what we started to do in one of the largest countries on the continent nigeria in fact if youre not in nigeria youre not in africa i want to tell you that one in four sub saharan africans is nigerian -and it has one hundred and forty million dynamic people chaotic people but very interesting people youll never be bored -what we started to do was to realize that we had to take charge and reform ourselves and with the support of a leader who was willing at the time to do the reforms -we put forward a comprehensive reform program which we developed ourselves not the international monetary fund not the world bank where i worked for twenty one years and rose to be a vice president -what i want to do this morning is share with you a couple of stories and talk about a different africa -no one can do it for you you have to do it for yourself we put together a program that would one get the state out of businesses it had nothing -it had no business being in the state should not be in the business of producing goods and services because its inefficient and incompetent so we decided to privatize many -we as a result we decided to liberalize many of our markets can you believe that prior to this reform which started at the end of two thousand and three when i left washington to go and take up the post of finance minister -we had a telecommunications company that was only able to develop four thousand five hundred landlines in its entire thirty year history -having a telephone in my country was a huge luxury you couldnt get it you had to bribe you had to do everything to get -when president obasanjo supported and launched the liberalization of the telecommunications sector -we went from four thousand five hundred landlines -to thirty two million gsm lines and counting nigeria -we are getting investments of about one billion dollars a year in telecoms and nobody knows -in a market in a country that is a poor country with an average per capita income just under five hundred dollars -so the market is there -when they kept this under wraps but soon others got to know -so privatization is one of the things weve done -the other thing weve also done -is to manage our finances better -because nobodys going to help you and support you -being corrupt and not managing its own public finances well so what did we try to do we introduced a fiscal rule -the africa of malaria the africa of poverty the africa of conflict and the africa of disasters -that de linked our budget from the oil price before we used to just budget on whatever oil we bring in because oil is the -biggest most revenue earning sector in the economy seventy percent of our revenues come from oil we de linked that -and once we did it we began to budget at a price slightly lower than the oil price and save whatever was above that price -we didnt know we could pull it off it was very controversial but what it immediately did was that the volatility that had been present in terms of our economic development where -if oil prices were high we would grow very fast when they crashed we crashed and we could hardly even pay anything any salaries in the economy -that smoothened out we were able to save just before i left twenty seven billion dollars -whereas and this went to our reserves -proper management of our finances and that shores up our economy makes it stable our exchange rate that used to fluctuate all the time is now fairly stable and being managed so that business people have a predictability -while it is true that those things are going on theres an africa that you dont hear about very much and sometimes im puzzled and i ask myself why -prices in the economy -we brought inflation down from twenty eight percent to about eleven percent -and we had gdp grow -from an average of two point three percent the previous decade to about six point five percent -so all the changes and reforms we were able to make have shown up in results that are measurable in the economy -and what is more important because we want to get away from oil and diversify and there are so many opportunities in this one big country as in many countries in africa -what was remarkable is that much of this growth came not from the oil sector alone but from non oil -and i could go on and on and this is to illustrate to you that once you get the macro economy straightened out the opportunities in various -we have opportunities in agriculture like i said we have opportunities in solid minerals we have a lot of minerals that no one has even invested in or explored -and we realized that without the proper legislation to make that possible that wouldnt happen so weve now got a mining code that is comparable with some of the best in the world -this was an investment opportunity for someone that excited the imagination of people -and now we have a situation in which the businesses in this mall are doing four times the turnover that they had projected so huge things in construction real estate mortgage markets financial services we had eighty nine banks -too many not doing their real business we consolidated them from eighty nine to twenty five banks by requiring that they increase their capital share capital -this is the africa that is changing that chris alluded to this is the africa of opportunity this is the africa where people want to take charge of their own futures and their own destinies -and that strengthening of the banking system has attracted a lot of investment from outside barclays bank of the u k is bringing in five hundred million -has brought in one hundred and forty million and i can go on dollars on and on into the system we are doing the same with the insurance sector so in financial services a great deal of opportunity in tourism -in many african countries -a great opportunity and thats what many people know east africa -the wildlife the elephants and so on but managing the tourism market in a way that can really benefit the people is very important -so what am i trying to say im trying to tell you that theres a new wave on the continent -a new wave of openness and democratization in which since two thousand more than two thirds of african countries have had multi party democratic elections -not all of them have been perfect or will be but the trend is very clear -im trying to tell you that since the past three years the average rate of growth on the continent has moved from about two point five percent to about five percent per annum this is better than the performance of many oecd countries -that things are changing -and you know you have the neighborhood effect where if something is going on in one part of the continent it looks like the entire continent is affected but you should know that this continent is not is a continent of many countries -and this is the africa where people are looking for partnerships to do this thats what i want to talk about today and i want to start by telling you a story about that change in africa -not one country -and if we are down to three or four conflicts it means that there are plenty of opportunities to invest in stable -growing exciting economies -and i want to just make one point about -this investment the best way to help africans -is to help them to stand on their own feet -and the best way to do that -is by helping create jobs -no issue with fighting malaria and putting money in that and saving childrens lives thats not what im saying that -but imagine the impact on a family if the parents can be employed and make sure their children go to school that they can buy the drugs to fight the disease themselves -that is coming towards our way how can we get government to combine properly with these private foundations with the international organizations and with our private sector -i firmly believe in that private sector thing too but it cannot do it alone so there might be a few ideas -that could work they said this is about proliferating and sharing ideas so -private sector and the african that we can put together as a partnership so that aid can be a facilitator that is all aid can be -two percent we are now at five percent and its going to projected six and seven percent even and inflation has come down -reasons why china is a bit popular with africans now one of the reasons is not only just that you know these people are stupid and china is coming to take resources -will help you build it dont shy away from infrastructure in fact the chinese minister of finance said to me when i asked him what are we doing wrong in nigeria -he said there are two things you need only infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure and discipline you are undisciplined -i repeat it for the continent its the same we need infrastructure infrastructure and discipline so we can make a catalytic to help us provide some of that -now i realize im not saying health and education -provide that as well but im saying its not either or lets see how aid can be a facilitator in partnership one idea second thing for the private sector -people are afraid to take risks on the continent why cant some of this aid be used as a kind of guarantee mechanisms to enable people -finally because they are both -its very very difficult to wrap up to speak at the end of a conference like this -i dont need to repeat it but there are people women creating jobs and we know studies have shown that when you put resources -in the hand of the woman in fact theres an econometric study the world bank review done in two thousand showing that transfers into the hands of -the household more for the economy and all that so im saying that one of the takeaways from here im not saying the men are not important obviously if you leave the husbands out -they do theyll come back home and get disgruntled and it will result in difficulties we dont want we dont want men beating their wives because they dont have a job and so on but at -we also i want to push this because the reason is the men automatically they get not automatically but they tend to get more support but i want you to realize that -people creating jobs beatrice gakuba has -two hundred jobs from her flower business in rwanda we have ibukun awosika in nigeria with the furniture the -twenty million she will create another one hundred two hundred more jobs so take away from here is how -who are ready business people who want to expand and create more jobs and lastly what are you going to do to be part of this -of aid government private sector and the african as an individual thank -twelve or thirteen billion now this is a huge achievement you know weve built up reserves why is that important its because it shows off our economies shows off our currencies and gives a platform on which -in two thousand and five remittances i just took one country nigeria you know skyrocketing skyrocketing is too dramatic but increasing dramatically -and in many other countries this is happening why is this important because it shows confidence that people are now confident to bring if your people in the diaspora -now why is all this important to have to go really fast its important that we build this platform that we have the president kikwete and others -of our leaders who are saying look we must do something different because we are confronted with a challenge sixty two percent of our population is below the age of -twenty four what does this mean this means that we have to -on how our youth are going to be engaged in productive endeavor in their lives you have to focus on how to create jobs make sure they dont fall into disease that they get an education but -most of all that they are productively engaged in life and that they are creating the kind of productive environment in our countries that will make things happen -and you know to support this i just recently one of the things ive done since leaving government is to start an opinion research organization in nigeria most of our countries dont even have any opinion research people dont have voice -there is no way you can know what people want one of the things we asked them recently was whats their top issue like in every other country where this has been done jobs -is the top issue i want to leave this up here and come back to it but before i get to this slide -i just wanted to run you through this and to say that for me the next stage of building this platform that now enables us to move -of some of the things that have gone on here and then maybe offer some ideas which we can take away and take forward and work on -to build this including all those things that we tried to do in nigeria that dele referred to creating our own program to solve problems -like fighting corruption building institutions stabilizing the micro economy so now we have this platform we can build on and it brings us to the -versus private sector aid versus trade etcetera and someone stood up to say -one of the frustrating things is that its been a simplistic debate -and thats not what the debate should be about we are thats engaging in the wrong debate the issue here is how do we get a partnership that involves government donors -the private sector and ordinary african people taking charge of their own lives how do we combine all this -to move our continent forward to do the things that need doing that i talked about getting young people employed getting the creative juices flowing on this continent much of what -thats what id like to try and do we came here saying we want to talk about africa the next chapter -you have seen here so im afraid youve been engaging a little bit in the wrong debate we need to bring you back to say what is the combination of all these factors that is going to yield what we want -want to tell you something for me the issue about aid i dont think that africans need to now go -all the way over to the other side and feel bad about aid africa has been giving the other countries aid mo ibrahim said at a debate where -he dreams one day when africa will be giving aid and i said mo youre right -we have no but weve already been doing it the uk and the us could not have been built today without africa -it is all the resources that were taken from africa including human that built these countries -so when they try to give back we shouldnt be on the defensive the issue is not -but we are talking about africa the next chapter because we are looking at the old and the present chapter that were looking at and saying its not such a good thing -that the issue is how are we using what has been given what has been given back how are we using it is it being directed effectively -i want to tell you a little story why i dont mind if we get aid but we use it well -from -seven to seventy nigeria fought a war the nigeria biafra war and in the middle of that war i was fourteen years old we spent much of our time with my mother cooking -things were really bad we were down to almost nothing in terms of a meal a day people children were dying of kwashiorkor im sure some of you who are not so young -will remember those pictures well i was in the middle of it in the midst of all this my mother fell ill -with a stomach ailment for two or three days we thought she was going to die my father was not there he was in the army so i was the oldest person in the house my sister fell very ill -with malaria she was three years old and i was fifteen and she had such a high fever we tried everything it didnt look like it was going to work -the picture i showed you before and this picture of drought death and disease is what we usually see -i was scared because i knew her life depended on my getting to this woman we heard there was a woman doctor who was treating people i walked ten kilometers putting one foot in front of the other i got there and i saw huge crowds -i had to crawl in between the legs of these people with my sister strapped on my back find a way to a window and while they were trying to break down the door i climbed in through the window and jumped in -this woman told me it was in the nick of time by the time we jumped into that hall she was barely moving -she gave a shot of her chloroquine what i learned was the chloroquine then gave her some it must have been a re hydration and some other therapies and put us in a corner -in about two to three hours she started to move and then they toweled her down because she started sweating which was a good sign -and then my sister woke up -and about five or six hours later she said we could go home i strapped her on my back i walked the ten kilometers back and it was the shortest walk i ever had i was so happy -what we want to look at is africa the next chapter and thats this a healthy smiling beautiful african -or your person involved you dont care where what its aid you -to be alive and -so if we save people from hiv aids if we save them from malaria it means they can form the base of production for our economy -and by the same token as someone said yesterday if we dont and they die their children will become a burden on the economy so even from an economic -that i say look lets channel these resources we get into something productive however -and i think its worth remembering what weve heard through the conference right from the first day where i heard that all the important statistics have been given -we have to use it well what has happened in europe do you all know that spain -it is on the back of this that the whole of southern spain has developed into a services economy did you know that ireland got three billion -is one of the fastest growing economies in the european union today for which many people even from -other parts of the world are going there to find jobs what did they do with the three billion dollars in aid they used it to build an information -they didnt say no you know were not going to take this today the european union is busy transferring aid my frustration is if they can build infrastructure in spain -about where we are now about how the continent is doing much better and the importance of that is that we have a platform to build on so im not going to spend too much time just to -which is roads highways other things that they can build i say then why do they refuse to use the same aid to build the same infrastructure in our countries -when we ask them and tell them what we need one of my worries today is that we have many foundations now now we talk about the world bank imf and accountability and all that and the eu we also have -citizens now who have a lot of money some of them in this audience with private foundations and one day these foundations have so much money they will overtake -the official aid that is being given but i fear and im very grateful to all of them for what they are trying to do on the continent but im also worried i wake up with a gnawing in my belly -because i see a new set of aid entrepreneurs on the continent and theyre also going from country to country -and many times trying to find what to do but im not really sure that their assistance is also being channeled in the right -and many of them are not really familiar with the continent they are just discovering and many times i dont see africans working with -and many times i get the impression that they are not really even interested in hearing from africans who might know -show you refresh your memories that we are here for africa the next chapter because for the first time -we on their boards when they make decisions about where to channel money are we there will we make the same mistake that we made before -have our presidents and our leaders everyone is talking about have they ever called these people together and said look your foundation and your foundation you have so much money we are grateful lets sit down and really tell you -and say to all these people bringing their money sit down and we dont do it because there are so many of us we dont -weve not called the bill gates and the soros and everybody else who is helping -and say sit down lets have a conference with you as a continent here are our priorities here is where we want you to channel this money each one should not be an entrepreneur going out and finding what is best were not trying to stop them -there really is a platform to build on we really do have it going right that the continent is growing at rates that people had thought would not happen after -to help them help us better and what is disappointing me is that we are not doing this ten years from now -i dont think the decline of western civilization is inevitable because i dont think history operates in this kind of life cycle model -beautifully illustrated by thomas coles course of empire paintings thats not the way history works thats not the way the west rose and i dont think its the way the west will fall -complex civilizations do that because they operate most of the time -on the edge of chaos thats one of the most profound insights to come out of the historical study of complex institutions like civilizations -no we may hang on despite the huge burdens of debt that weve accumulated despite the evidence that weve lost our work ethic and other parts of our historical mojo -but one thing is for sure the great divergence is over folks thanks very much -just curious about your take on the other region of the world thats booming which is latin america whats your view on that -he was an expert in latin american history he said i dont know ill have to think about that that tells you something really important i think if you look at what is happening in brazil in particular but also chile which was in many ways the one that led the way in transforming the institutions of economic life theres a very bright future indeed -so my story really is as much about that convergence in the americas as its a convergence story in eurasia -for differences in the cost of living its based on purchasing power parity the average american is nearly twenty times richer than the average chinese by -talk about billions lets talk about past and future -this wasnt just an economic story if you take the ten countries that went on to become -the western empires in one thousand five hundred they were really quite tiny five percent of the worlds land surface sixteen percent of its population maybe twenty percent of its income -fifty eight percent of the worlds territory about the same percentage of its population and a really huge nearly three quarters share of global economic output and notice most of that went to the motherland to the imperial metropoles not to their colonial possessions -one empire was the least original thing that the west did after one thousand five hundred everybody did empire -billions we know that about one hundred and six billion people have ever lived and we know that most of them are dead -samuel johnson the great lexicographer posed it through his character rasselas in his novel rasselas prince of abissinia published in one thousand seven hundred and fifty nine by what means are the europeans thus powerful or why -plant colonies in their ports and give laws to their natural princes -the same wind that carries them back would bring us thither thats a great question and you know what it was also being asked at roughly the same time by the resterners by the people in the rest of the world like ibrahim muteferrika -the man who introduced printing very belatedly to the ottoman empire who said in a book published in one thousand seven hundred and thirty one why do christian nations which were so weak in the past compared with muslim nations begin to dominate so many lands in modern times and even defeat the once victorious ottoman armies -unlike rasselas muteferrika had an answer to that question which was correct -he said it was because they have laws and rules invented -and we also know that most of them live or lived in asia and we also know that most of them were or are very poor did not live -its not geography you may think we can explain the great divergence in terms of geography we know thats wrong because we conducted two great natural experiments in the twentieth century to see if geography mattered more than institutions we took all the germans we divided them roughly in two -and we gave the ones in the east communism -and you see the result within an incredibly short period of time people living in the german democratic republic produced trabants the trabbi one of the worlds worst ever cars while people in the west produced the mercedes benz if you still dont believe me -we conducted the experiment also in the korean peninsula and we decided wed take koreans in roughly the same geographical place with notice the same basic traditional culture and we divided them in two and we gave the northerners communism and the result -is an even bigger divergence in a very short space of time than happened in germany not a big divergence in terms of uniform design for border guards admittedly but in almost every other respect its a huge divergence -which leads me to think that neither geography nor national character popular explanations for this kind of thing are really significant -its the ideas its the institutions this must be true because a scotsman said it and i think im the only scotsman here at the edinburgh ted so let me just -for very long lets talk about billions lets talk about the one hundred and ninety five thousand billion dollars of wealth -there was a little local difficulty in some of our minor colonies but -but this complement may be much inferior to what with other laws and institutions the nature of its soil climate and situation might admit of that is so right and so cool and he said it such a long time ago but you know -this is a ted audience and if i keep talking about institutions youre going to turn off so im going to translate this into language that you can understand -lets call them the killer apps i want to explain to you that there were six killer apps that set the west apart from the rest and theyre kind of like the apps on your phone in the sense that they look quite simple -theyre just icons you click on them but behind the icon theres complex code its the same with institutions there are six which i think explain the great divergence one competition two the scientific revolution three property rights -four modern medicine five the consumer society and six the work ethic you can play a game and try and think of one ive missed at or try and boil it down to just four but youll lose -competition means not only were there a hundred different political units in europe in one thousand five hundred but within each of these units there was competition between corporations as well as sovereigns the ancestor of the modern corporation the city of london corporation existed in the twelfth century nothing like this existed in china where there was one -monolithic state covering a fifth of humanity and anyone with any ambition had to pass one standardized examination which took three days and was very difficult and involved memorizing vast numbers of characters -in the world today we know that most of that wealth was -and very complex confucian essay writing -the scientific revolution was different from the science that had been achieved in the oriental world in a number of crucial ways the most important being that through the experimental method it gave men control over nature in a way that had not been possible before -example benjamin robinss extraordinary application of newtonian physics to ballistics -once you do that your artillery becomes accurate -think of what that means that really was a killer application -made after the year one thousand eight hundred and we know that most of it is currently owned by people we might call westerners europeans north americans -property rights its not the democracy folks its having the rule of law based on private property rights thats what makes the difference between north america and south america you could turn up in north america having signed a deed of indenture saying ill work for nothing for five years you just have to feed me -but at the end of it youve got a hundred acres of land -thats the land grant on the bottom half of the slide -thats not possible in latin america where land is held onto by a tiny elite descended from the conquistadors and you can see here the huge divergence that happens in property ownership between north and south most people in rural north america owned some land -by one thousand nine hundred hardly anyone in south america did thats another killer app modern medicine in the late nineteenth century began to make major breakthroughs against the infectious diseases that killed a lot of people and this was another killer app the very opposite -of a killer because it doubled and then more than doubled human life expectancy it even did that in the european empires -even in places like senegal beginning in the early twentieth century there were major breakthroughs in public health and life expectancy began to rise it doesnt rise any faster after these countries become independent the empires werent all bad the consumer society is what you need for the industrial revolution to have a point -you need people to want to wear tons of clothes youve all bought an article of clothing in the last month i guarantee it thats the consumer society and it propels economic growth more than even technological change itself japan was the first non western society to embrace it -the alternative -which was proposed by mahatma gandhi was to institutionalize and make poverty permanent very few indians today wish that india had gone down mahatma gandhis road -finally the work ethic -max weber thought that was peculiarly protestant he was wrong any culture can get the work ethic if the institutions are there to create the incentive to work we know this -because today the work ethic is no longer a protestant western phenomenon in fact the west has lost its work ethic -today the average korean works a thousand hours more a year than the average german -australasians nineteen percent of the worlds population today westerners own two thirds of its wealth -a thousand -and this is part of a really extraordinary phenomenon and that is the end of the great divergence whos got the work ethic now take a look at mathematical attainment by fifteen year olds at the top of the international league table according to the latest pisa study -is the shanghai district of china the gap between shanghai and the united kingdom and the united states is as big as the gap between the u k and the u s and albania and tunisia -you probably assume that because the iphone was designed in california but assembled in china that the west still leads in terms of technological innovation youre wrong in terms of patents theres no question that the east is ahead not only has japan been ahead for some time -south korea has gone into third place and china is just about to overtake germany -why -because the killer apps can be downloaded its open source -any society can adopt these institutions and when they do they achieve what the west achieved after one thousand five hundred only faster this is the great reconvergence and its the biggest story of your lifetime because its on your watch that this is happening -economic historians call this the great divergence and this slide here is the best simplification of the great divergence story i can offer you -its our generation that is witnessing the end of western predominance the average american used to be more than twenty times richer than the average chinese now its just five times and soon it will be two point five times -so i want to end with three questions for the future billions just ahead of two thousand and sixteen when the united states will lose its place as number one economy to china -the first is can you delete these apps and are we in the process of doing so in the western world -the second question is does the sequencing of the download matter and could africa -get that sequencing wrong -one obvious implication of modern economic history is that its quite hard to transition to democracy before youve established secure private property rights warning that may not work and third can china do without killer app number three -thats the one that john locke systematized when he said that freedom -was rooted in private property rights and the protection of law -thats the basis for the western model of representative government now this picture shows the demolition of the chinese artist ai weiweis studio in shanghai earlier this year hes now free again having been detained as you know for some time but i dont think his studio has been rebuilt -winston churchill once defined civilization in a lecture he gave in the fateful year of one thousand nine hundred and thirty eight and i think these words really nail it -it means a society based upon the opinion of civilians it means that violence the rule of warriors and despotic chiefs the conditions of camps and warfare of riot and tyranny -give place to parliaments where laws are made and independent courts of justice in which over long periods those laws are maintained that is civilization and in its soil grow continually freedom -its basically two ratios of per capita gdp per capita gross domestic product so average income one the red line is the ratio of british to indian -comfort and culture what all tedsters care about most when civilization reigns in any country a wider and less harassed life is afforded to the masses of the people thats so true -a deer a deer freezes very very still -poised to run away -asking people to engage with our agenda around environmental degradation and climate change people are freezing and running away -because were using fear -and i think the environmental movement has to grow up -and start to think about what progress is what would it be like to be improving the human lot -and one of the problems that we face i think is that the only people that have cornered the market in terms of progress -is a financial definition of what progress is an economic definition of what progress is that somehow if we get the right numbers to go up -economic growth that somehow life is going to get better -this is somehow appealing to human greed instead of fear that more is better come on -in the western world we have enough -and weve know for a long time that this is not a good measure of the welfare of nations in fact the architect of our national accounting system simon kuznets in the nineteen thirties said that -a nations welfare can scarcely be inferred from their national income -did not say -but weve created a national accounting system which is firmly based on production and producing stuff and indeed this is probably historical and it had its time -in the second world war we needed to produce a lot of stuff and indeed we were so successful at producing certain types of stuff that we destroyed a lot of europe and we had to rebuild it afterwards -this visionary man robert kennedy at the start of his ill fated presidential campaign gave the most eloquent deconstruction -of gross national product that ever has been and he finished his talk with the phrase that the gross national product measures everything except that which makes life worthwhile -when he inspired the civil rights -how crazy is that that our measure of progress our dominant measure of progress in society is measuring everything except that -which makes life worthwhile -i believe if kennedy was alive today -be asking statisticians such as myself to go out and find out -he said i have a dream -what makes life worthwhile hed be asking us to redesign our national accounting system to be based upon -such important things as social justice sustainability and peoples well being -and actually social scientists have already gone out and asked these questions around the world -and unsurprisingly people all around the world -that what they want is happiness for themselves for their families their children their communities okay they think money is slightly important its there -we all need to love and be loved in life its not nearly as important as health -we want to be healthy and live a full life these seem to be natural human aspirations -why are statisticians not measuring these why are we not thinking of the progress of nations in these terms instead of just how much stuff we have -we created at the organization that i work for the new economics foundation something we call the happy planet index because we think people should be happy and the planet should be happy why dont we create a measure of progress that shows that -and what we do is we say that the ultimate outcome of a nation is how successful is it at creating happy and healthy lives for its citizens that should be the goal of every nation on the planet but we have to remember -and this is going to be a challenge -that theres a fundamental input to that -and that is how many of the planets resources we use -we all have one planet we all have to share it it is the ultimate scarce resource the one planet that we share and economics is very interested in scarcity -when it has a scarce resource that it wants to turn into a desirable outcome it thinks in terms of efficiency it thinks in terms of how much bang do we get for our buck -because if you think of every major blockbusting film of recent times -and this is a measure of how much well being we get for our planetary resource use it is an efficiency measure and probably the easiest way to show you -is to show you this graph -running horizontally along the -running vertically upwards is a measure called happy life years its about the well being of nations its like a happiness adjusted life expectancy -its like quality and quantity of life in nations and the yellow dot there you see is the global average now theres a huge array of nations around that global average to the top right of the graph -nearly all of its visions for humanity are apocalyptic -in hobbesian terms life is short and brutish there the average life expectancy in many of these countries is only forty years -malaria hiv aids are killing a lot of people in these regions of the world -but now for the good news there are some countries up there yellow triangles that are doing better than global average that are heading up towards the top left of the graph -this is an aspirational graph we want to be top left where good lives dont cost the earth theyre latin american the country on its own up at the top -i think this film is one of the hardest watches of modern times the road -a place i havent been to maybe some of you have -they are according to the latest gallup world poll the happiest nation on the planet -anybody more than switzerland and -its a beautiful piece of filmmaking but everything is desolate -programs health and education they have one of the highest literacy rates in latin america and in the world -latin vibe dont they they have the social connectedness -and the challenge really is to pull the global average up here -thats what we need to do and if were going to do that we need to pull countries from the bottom and we need to pull countries from the right of the graph -and then were starting to create -and this is the trend in well being over that time a small increase but this is the trend in ecological footprint -and just a father and son -trying to survive -actually not very long away its half a human lifetime away a child entering school today will be my age in two thousand and fifty this is not the very distant future -this is what the u k government target on carbon and greenhouse emissions looks like -and i put it to you that -not business as usual -that is changing our business that is changing the way we -and i think the environmental movement of which i am a -we do our government policy and we live our lives -we need to carry on increasing well being no one can go to the polls and say that quality of life is going to reduce none of us i think want human progress to -i think we want it to carry on i think we want the lot of humanity to keep on increasing and i think this is where climate change skeptics and deniers come in i think this is what they want they want quality of life to keep increasing -they want to hold on to what theyve got and if were going to engage them i think thats what weve got to do -and that means we have to really increase efficiency even more now thats all very easy to draw graphs and things like that but the point is we need to turn those curves -and this is where i think we can take a leaf out of systems theory systems engineers where they create feedback loops put the right information at the right point of time human beings are very motivated by the now -you put a smart meter in your home and you see how much electricity youre using right now how much its costing you your kids go around and turn the lights off pretty quickly what would that look like for society -and why do i hear that why dont i hear how much energy britain used yesterday or american used yesterday -did we meet our three percent annual target on reducing carbon emissions thats how you create a collective goal you put it out there into the media and start thinking about it and we need positive feedback loops -for increasing well being -at a government level they might create national accounts of well being at a business level you might look at the well being of your employees which we know is really linked to creativity which is linked to innovation -we have peddled a nightmarish vision of whats going to -a lot of innovation to deal with those environmental issues at a personal level we need these nudges too -in the u k we have a strong public health message on five fruit and vegetables a day and how much exercise we should do never my best thing -what are these for happiness -what are the five things that you should do every day to be -we have focused on the worst case scenario -piece of work we did was on what five positive actions can you do to improve well being in your life and the point of these is they are -not quite the secrets of happiness but they are things that i think happiness will flow out the side from and the first of these is to connect -is that your social relationships are the most important cornerstones of your life do you invest the time with your loved ones that you could do and energy keep building them -the second one is be active the fastest way out of a bad mood step outside go for a walk turn the radio on and -we have focused on the problems and we have not thought enough about the solutions -how aware are you of things going on around the world the seasons changing people around you do you notice whats bubbling up for you and trying to emerge -based on a lot of evidence for mindfulness cognitive behavioral therapy strong for our well being -the fourth is keep learning -and keep is important learning throughout the whole life course older people who keep learning and are curious -they have much better health outcomes than those who start to close down but it doesnt have to be formal learning its not knowledge based its more curiosity it can be learning to cook a new dish -keep learning and the final one is that most anti economic of activities but give -our generosity our altruism our compassion are all hardwired to the reward mechanism in our brain we feel good if we give -used fear if you like to grab peoples attention -you can do an experiment where you give two groups of people a hundred dollars in the morning you tell one of them to spend it on themselves and one on other people -you measure their happiness at the end of the day those that have gone and spent on other people are much happier that those that spent it on themselves and these five ways which we put onto these handy postcards -i would say dont have to cost the earth they dont have any carbon content they dont need a lot of material goods to be satisfied and so i think its really quite feasible that happiness does not cost the earth -on the eve of his death gave an incredible speech -and any psychologist will tell you -he said i know there are challenges ahead there may be trouble ahead -but i fear no one i dont care i have been to the mountain top and i have seen the promised land -he was a preacher but i believe the environmental movement and in fact the business community government needs to go to the top of the mountain top -and it needs to look out and it needs to see the promised land or the land of promise and it needs to have a vision of a world that we all want -and not only that we need to create a great transition to get there and we need to pave that great transition with good things human beings -in the organism is linked to flight mechanism its part of the fight and flight mechanism -want to be happy pave them with the five ways and we need to have signposts gathering people together and pointing them something like the happy planet index and then i believe -that we can all create a world we all want -i think understanding social networks and how they form and operate can help us understand not just health and emotions but all kinds of other phenomena like crime -and warfare and economic phenomena like bank runs and market crashes and the adoption of innovation and the spread of product adoption -now look at this -i think we form social networks because the benefits of a connected life -if i were always violent towards you -or gave you misinformation or made you sad or infected you with deadly germs you would cut the ties to me -and the network would disintegrate so the spread of good and valuable things is required to sustain and nourish social networks -similarly social networks are required for the spread of good and valuable things like love and kindness and happiness and altruism and ideas -i think in fact that if we realized how valuable social networks are wed spend a lot more time nourishing them and sustaining them -and then in fact these people were embedded in other sorts of relationships marriage and spousal and friendship and other sorts of ties -and that in fact these connections were vast and that we were all embedded in this broad set of connections with each other -so i started to see the world in a completely new way and i became obsessed with this i became obsessed with how it might be that were embedded in these social networks and how they effect our lives -so social networks are these intricate things of beauty and theyre so elaborate and so complex and so ubiquitous in fact that one has -what purpose they serve why are we embedded in social networks i mean how do they form how do they operate and how do they effect us -and so my first topic with respect to this was not death but obesity -and suddenly it had become trendy to speak about the obesity epidemic and along with my collaborator james fowler we began to wonder whether obesity really was epidemic and could it spread from person to person like the four people i discussed earlier -me this story begins about fifteen years ago when i was a hospice doctor at the university of chicago and i was taking care of people who were dying -so this is a slide of some of our initial results its two thousand two hundred people in the year two thousand every dot is a person we make the dot size proportional to peoples body size -so bigger dots are bigger people in addition if your body size if your bmi your body mass index is above thirty if youre clinically obese we also colored the dots yellow -so if you look at this image right away you might be able to see that there are clusters of obese and non obese people in the image but the visual complexity is still very high its not obvious exactly whats going on -in addition some questions are immediately raised how much clustering is there is there more clustering than would be due to chance alone how big are the clusters how far do they reach and most importantly what causes the clusters -so we did some mathematics to study the size of these clusters this here shows on the y axis the increase in the probability that a person is obese -given that a social contact of theirs is obese and on the x axis the degrees of separation between the two people and on the far left you see the purple it says that if your friends are obese your risk of obesity is forty five percent higher -and the next bar over the says that if your friends friends are obese your risk of obesity is twenty five percent higher and then the next over says that if your friends friends friend someone you probably dont even know is obese your risk of obesity is ten percent higher -and their families in the south side of chicago and i was observing what happened to people and their families over the course of their terminal illness -well what might be causing this clustering there are at least three possibilities one possibility is that as i gain weight it causes you to gain weight a kind of induction a kind of spread from person to person -another possibility very obvious is homophily or birds of a feather flock together here i form my tie to you because you and i share a similar body size -nor that i preferentially form a tie with you because you and i share the same body size but rather that we share a common exposure to something like a health club that makes us both lose weight at the same time -and when we studied these data we found evidence for all of these things including for induction and we found that if your friend becomes obese it increases your risk of obesity by about fifty seven percent in the same given time period -they say lets go have muffins and beer which is a terrible combination but you adopt that combination and then you start gaining weight like them -in my lab i was studying the widower effect which is a very old idea in the social sciences going back one hundred and fifty years known as dying of a broken heart so when i die my wifes risk of death can double for instance in the first year -another more subtle possibility is that they start gaining weight and it changes your ideas of what an acceptable body size is here whats spreading from person to person is not a behavior but rather a norm an idea is spreading -now headline writers had a field day with our studies i think the headline in the new york times was are you packing it on blame your fat friends -and we thought this was a very interesting comment on america and kind of self serving not my responsibility kind of phenomenon now i want to be very clear we do not think our work should or could justify prejudice against people of one or another body size at all -was weight gain in one person actually spreading to weight gain in another person and this was complicated because we needed to take into account the fact that the network structure the architecture of the ties was changing across time -in addition because obesity is not a unicentric epidemic theres not a patient zero of the obesity epidemic if we find that guy there was a spread of obesity out from him -its a multicentric epidemic lots of people are doing things at the same time and im about to show you a thirty second video animation that took me and james five years of our lives to do -put this into motion now taking daily cuts to the network for about thirty years the dot sizes are going to grow youre going to see a sea of yellow take over -now when looked at this it changed the way i see things because this thing this network is changing across time it has a memory -and i had gone to take care of one particular patient a woman who was dying of dementia and in this case unlike this couple she was being cared for -it moves things flow within it it has a kind of consistency people can die but it doesnt die it still persists and it has a kind of resilience that allows it to persist across time -and so i came to see these kinds of social networks as living things as living things that we could put under a kind of microscope to study and analyze and understand -and we used a variety of techniques to do this and we started exploring all kinds of other phenomena we looked at smoking and drinking behavior -when we have emotions we show them -why do we show our emotions -i mean there would be an advantage to experiencing our emotions inside you know anger or happiness but we dont -we show them and not only do we show them but others can read them and not only can they read them but they copy them theres emotional contagion that takes place in human populations -and so this function of emotions suggest that in addition to any other purpose they serve theyre a kind of primitive form of communication and that in fact if we really want to understand human emotions we need to think about them in this way now were accustomed to thinking about emotions in this -in simple sort of brief periods of time so for example i was giving this talk recently in new york city -and i said you know like how when youre on the subway and the other person across the subway car smiles at you and you just instinctively smile back -and i said everywhere else in the world thats normal human behavior -and the daughter was exhausted from caring for her mother -the question that we wanted to ask was could emotion spread in a more sustained way than riots across time and involve large numbers of people not just this pair of individuals smiling at each other in the subway car -a kind of below the surface quiet riot that animates us all the time maybe there are emotional stampedes that ripple through social networks -maybe in fact emotions have a collective existence not just an individual existence and this is one of the first images we made to study this phenomenon again a social network but now we color the people yellow if theyre happy and blue -and the daughters husband he also was sick from his wifes exhaustion -and green in between and if you look at this image you can right away see clusters of happy and unhappy people again spreading to three degrees of separation -and you might form the intuition that the unhappy people occupy a different structural location within the network theres a middle and an edge to this network -and the unhappy people seem to be located at the edges so to invoke another metaphor if you imagine social networks as a kind of vast fabric of humanity -it has patches on it happy and unhappy patches and whether you become happy or not depends in part on whether you occupy a happy patch -this work with emotions which are so fundamental then got us to thinking about maybe the fundamental causes of human social networks are somehow encoded in our genes -and i was driving home one day and i get a phone call from the husbands friend calling me because he was depressed about what was happening to his -because human social networks whenever they are mapped always kind of look like this this picture of the network but they never look like this why do they not look like this why dont we form human social networks that look like a regular lattice -well the striking patterns of human social networks their ubiquity and their apparent purpose beg questions about whether we evolved to have social networks in the first place and whether we evolved to form networks with a particular structure -and notice first of all and so to understand this though we need to dissect network structure a little bit first notice that every person in this network has exactly the same structural location as every other person -and if you look here at the dots compare node b in the upper left to node d in the far right b has four friends coming out from him -and d has six friends coming out from him and so those two individuals have different numbers of friends thats very obvious we all know that -but certain other aspects of social network structure are not so obvious compare node b in the upper left to node a in the lower left and now those people both have four friends but as friends all know each other and bs friends do not -so the friend of a friend of as is back again a friend of as whereas the friend of a friend of bs is not a friend of bs but is farther away in the network this is known as transitivity in networks -so here i get this call from this random guy thats having an experience thats being influenced by people at some social distance and so i suddenly realized two very simple things -and finally compare nodes c and d c and d both have six friends if you talk to them and you said what is your social life like they would say ive got six friends thats my social experience -but now we with a birds eye view looking at this network can see that they occupy very different social worlds and i can cultivate that intuition in you by just asking you who would you rather be if a deadly germ was spreading through the network would you rather be c -youd rather be d on the edge of the network and now who would you rather be if a juicy piece of gossip not about you was spreading through the network -now you would rather be c so different structural locations have different implications for you life -this is not surprising we know that some people are born shy and some are born gregarious thats obvious but we also found some non obvious things -for instance forty seven percent in the variation in whether your friends know each other is attributable to your genes -whether your friends know each other has not just to do with their genes but with yours and we think the reason for this is that some people like to introduce their friends to each other you know who you are -and others of you keep them apart and dont introduce your friends to each other and so some people knit together the networks around them creating a kind of dense web of ties in which theyre comfortably -and finally we even found that thirty percent of the variation in whether or not people are in the middle or on the edge of the network can also be attributed to their genes -so whether you find yourself in the middle or on the edge is also partially heritable now what is the point of this how does this help us understand -how does this help us figure out some of the problems that are effecting us these days well the argument id like to make is that networks have value they are a kind of social capital -first the widowhood effect was not restricted to husbands and wives and second it was not restricted to pairs of people -new properties emerge because of our embeddedness in social networks and these properties inhere in the structure of the networks not just in the individuals within them -so think about these two common objects theyre both made of carbon -and yet one of them has carbon atoms in it that are arranged in one particular way on the left and you get graphite which is soft and dark -but if you take the same carbon atoms and interconnect them a different way you get diamond which is clear and hard and those properties of softness and hardness and darkness and -do not reside in the carbon atoms they reside in the interconnections between the carbon atoms or at least arise because of the interconnections between the carbon atoms -so similarly the pattern of connections among people confers upon the groups of people different properties it is the ties between people that makes the whole greater than the sum of its parts -our experience of the world depends on the actual structure of the networks in which were residing and on all the kinds of things that ripple and flow through the network -and i started to see the world in a whole new way like pairs of people connected to each other and then i realized that these individuals would be connected into foursomes with other pairs of people nearby -the reason i think that this is the case is that human beings assemble themselves and form a kind of -now a superorganism is a collection of individuals -which show or evince behaviors or phenomena that are not reducible to the study of individuals and that must be understood by reference to and by studying the collective -like for example a hive of bees thats finding a new nesting site or a flock of birds thats evading a predator or a flock of birds thats able to pool its wisdom and navigate and find a tiny speck of an island in the middle of the pacific -or a pack of wolves thats able to bring down larger prey superorganisms have properties that cannot be understood just by studying the individuals -in fact the availability of these data i think heralds a kind of new era of what i and others would like to call computational social science -its sort of like when galileo invented or didnt invent came to use a telescope and could see the heavens in a new way or leeuwenhoek became aware of the microscope or actually invented and could see biology in a new way but now we have access to these kinds of data -that allow us to understand social processes and social phenomena in an entirely new way that was never before possible and with this science we can understand how exactly -the whole comes to be greater than the sum of its parts and actually we can use these insights to improve society and improve human well being thank you -and all these data are fed into a central repository with some delay and if everything goes smoothly one to two weeks from now youll know where the epidemic was today -and actually about a year or so ago there was this promulgation of the idea of google flu trends with respect to the flu -where by looking at peoples searching behavior today we could know where the flu what the status of the epidemic was today whats the prevalence of the epidemic today -but what id like to show you today is a means by which we might get not just rapid warning about an epidemic but also actually early detection of an epidemic -in fact this idea can be used not just to predict epidemics of germs but also to predict epidemics of all sorts of kinds -for example anything that spreads by a form of social contagion could be understood in this way from abstract ideas on the left like patriotism or altruism or religion -years ive been spending my time trying to figure out how and why human beings assemble themselves into social networks and the kind of social network im talking about is not the recent online variety -to practices like dieting behavior or book purchasing or drinking or bicycle helmet other safety practices or products that people might buy purchases of electronic goods -so as all of you probably know -and on the x axis we have time and at the very beginning not too many people are affected and you get this classic sigmoidal or s shaped curve -and the reason for this shape is that at the very beginning lets say one or two people are affected or infected by the thing and then they affect or infect two people who in turn affect four eight sixteen and so forth and you get the epidemic growth phase of the curve -and eventually you saturate the population there are fewer and fewer people who are still available that you might infect and then you get the plateau of the curve and you get this classic -sigmoidal curve and this holds for germs ideas product adoption behaviors and the like -but things dont just diffuse in human populations at random they actually diffuse through networks because as i said we live our lives in networks and these networks have a particular kind of a structure -now if you look at a network like this this is one hundred and five people and the lines represent the dots are the people and the lines represent friendship relationships you might see that people occupy different locations within the network -but rather the kind of social networks that human beings have been assembling for hundreds of thousands of years ever since we emerged the african savannah so i form friendships and co worker and -and different sorts of things spread across different sorts of ties for instance sexually transmitted diseases will spread across sexual ties -or for instance peoples smoking behavior might be influenced by their friends or their altruistic or their charitable giving behavior might be influenced by their coworkers or by their neighbors -but not all positions in the network are the same so if you look at this you might immediately grasp that different people have different numbers of connections -some people have one connection some have two some have six some have ten connections and this is called the degree of a node or the number of connections that a -so let me ask you this i can cultivate this intuition by asking a question who would you rather be if a deadly germ was spreading through the network a or b -its obvious b is located on the edge of the network now who would you rather be if a juicy piece of gossip were spreading through the network -a and you have an immediate appreciation that a is going to be more likely to get the thing thats spreading and to get it sooner -by virtue of their structural location within the network a in fact is more central and this can be formalized mathematically -so if we want to track something that was spreading through a network what we ideally would like to do is to set up sensors on the central individuals within the network including node a monitor those people that are right there in the middle of the network -you would know that soon enough everybody was about to contract this germ or this piece of information and this would be much better -and in fact if you could do that what you would see is something like this on the left hand panel again we have the s shaped curve of adoption in the dotted red line we show what the adoption would be in the random people -whats occurring in the central individuals and this difference in time between the two is the early detection the early warning we can get about an impending epidemic in the human population -the problem however is that mapping human social networks is not always possible it can be expensive -unethical or frankly just not possible to do such a thing so how can we figure out who the -which goes like this do you know that your friends have more friends than you do -your friends have more friends than you do and this is known as the friendship paradox imagine a very popular person in the social network like a party host who has hundreds of friends and a misanthrope who has just one -and this in essence is whats known as the friendship paradox the friends of randomly chosen people have higher degree -and are more central than the random people themselves and you can get an intuitive appreciation for this if you imagine just the people at the perimeter of the network -if you pick this person the only friend they have to nominate is this person who by construction must have at least two and typically more friends -so we thought we would exploit this idea in order to study whether we could predict phenomena within networks because now with this idea -we can take a random sample of people have them nominate their friends those friends would be more central and we could do this without having to map the network and we tested this idea with an outbreak of h one n one flu at harvard college -to see whether or not they had the flu epidemic and we did this passively by looking at whether or not theyd gone to university health services and also we had them email us a couple of times a week -exactly what we predicted happened so the random group is in the red line the epidemic in the friends group has shifted to the left over here -my colleague james fowler and i have been studying for quite sometime what are the mathematical social biological and psychological rules that govern how these networks are assembled -now in addition to that if you were an analyst who was trying to study an epidemic or to predict the adoption of a product for example what you could do is you could pick a random sample of the population -also have them nominate their friends and follow the friends and follow both the randoms and the friends among the friends the first evidence you saw of a blip above zero in adoption of the innovation for example would be evidence of an impending epidemic -or you could see the first time the two curves diverged as shown on the left when did the randoms when did the friends take off and leave the randoms and -their curve start shifting and that as indicated by the white line occurred forty six days before the peak of the epidemic so this would be a technique whereby we could get more than a month and a half warning about a flu epidemic in a particular population -i should say that how far advanced a notice one might get about something depends on a host of factors it could depend on the nature of the pathogen -the red dots are going to be cases of the flu and the yellow dots are going to be friends of the people with the flu and the size of the dots is going to be proportional to -how many of their friends have the flu so bigger dots mean more of your friends have the flu and if you look at this image here we are now in september the thirteenth youre going to see a few cases light up youre going to see kind of blooming of the flu in the middle here we are on october the -and what are the similar rules that govern how they operate how they affect our lives -the slope of the epidemic curve is approaching now in november bang bang bang bang bang youre going to see lots of blooming in the middle and then youre going to see a sort of leveling off fewer and fewer cases towards the end of december -now as ive been suggesting this method is not restricted to germs but actually to anything that spreads in populations information spreads in populations norms can spread in populations -or product adoption or other kinds of behaviors that relate to interpersonal influence if im likely to do something that affects others around me this technique can get early warning or early detection about the adoption within the population -the key thing is that for it to work there has to be interpersonal influence it cannot be because of some broadcast mechanism affecting everyone uniformly -now the same insights can also be exploited with respect to networks can also be exploited in other ways for example in the use of targeting specific people for interventions -so for example most of you are probably familiar with the notion of herd immunity so if we have a population of a thousand people and we want to make the population immune to a pathogen -we dont have to immunize every single person if we immunize nine hundred and sixty of them its as if we had immunized a hundred of them because even if one or two of the non immune people -the three hundred the three hundred friends you can get the same level of herd immunity as if you had vaccinated ninety six percent of the population at a much greater efficiency with a strict budget constraint -and similar ideas can be used for instance to target distribution of things like bed nets in the developing world if we could understand the structure of networks in villages we could target to whom to give the interventions to foster these kinds of -or frankly for advertising with all kinds of products if we could understand how to target it could affect the efficiency of what were trying to achieve -and in fact we can use data from all kinds of -so one of the first things we thought we would tackle would be how we go about predicting epidemics and the current state of the art in predicting an epidemic if youre the cdc or some other national body -to map these whole countries and understand who is located where within the network without actually having to query them at all we can get this kind of a structural insight -and other sources of information as youre no doubt aware are available about such features from email interactions online interactions online social networks and so forth -and in fact we are in the era of what i would call massive passive data collection efforts theyre all kinds of ways we can use massively collected data -to create sensor networks to follow the population understand whats happening in the population and intervene in the population for the better -and what theyre buying based on their purchases and all this administrative data can be pulled together and processed to understand human behavior in a way we never could before -so for example we could use truckers purchases of fuel so the truckers are just going about their business and theyre buying fuel and we see a blip up in the truckers purchases of fuel and we know that a recession is about to end -or we can monitor the velocity with which people are moving with their phones on a highway and the phone company can see as the velocity is slowing down that theres a -and see how the diffusion of innovation with pharmaceuticals occurs within doctors or again we can monitor purchasing behavior in people and watch how these types of phenomena can diffuse within human populations -is to sit in the middle where you are and collect data from physicians and laboratories in the field that report the prevalence or the incidence of certain conditions so so and so patients have been diagnosed with something or other patients -one is quasi active like the flu example i gave where we get some people to nominate their friends and then passively monitor their friends do they have the flu or not and then get warning -or another example would be if youre a phone company you figure out whos central in the network and you ask those people look will you just text us your fever every day just text us your temperature -and collect vast amounts of information about peoples temperature but from centrally located individuals and be able on a large scale to monitor an impending epidemic with very minimal input from people -whose name ive forgotten he was about seven or eight years old absolutely considered mentally handicapped couldnt read didnt even make it in the lower section of the -classes and was pretty much not in school though physically there but did hang around the quote computer room where there were quite a few computers and learned this particular language called logo -personal computers and video text teletext systems are somewhat horrified by what you see on the screen -and learned it with great ease and found it a lot of fun it was very interesting and one day by chance some visitors from the -came by in their double breasted suits looking at this setup and none of the children who were normally there except for this one child -there he was and he said let me show you how this works and they got an absolutely ingenious wonderful description of logo and the child was just zipping right through it showing them all sorts of things -it was time to go see the principal whom theyd actually come to see not the computer room they went upstairs and they said you know this is absolutely remarkable that child you know was very articulate and showed us and you know even dealt with the things he couldnt -do automatically with that manual it was just absolutely fantastic the principal said you know theres a dreadful mistake because that child cant read -and you obviously have been hoodwinked or youve talked about somebody else and they all got up and they all went downstairs and the child was still there -you have to remember that tv was designed to be looked at eight times the distance of the diagonal so you get thirteen inch nineteen inch whatever -and they did something very intelligent they asked the child can you read -and it really meant something to the child the child read beautifully it turned out and was really very competent so it actually meant something and -that story has many other anecdotes that are similar but wow the key to the future of computers in education -is right there and its when does it mean something to a child there is a -and its not but we think speech my god little children pick it up somehow and by the age of two theyre doing a mediocre job and by three and four theyre speaking reasonably well -tv and then you should multiply that by eight and thats the distance you should sit away from the tv set now all of a sudden weve put people eighteen inches -is that speaking has great value to a child the child can get a great deal by talking to you -reading and writing is utterly useless there is no reason for a child to read and write except blind faith and that its going to help -what happens is is you go to school and people say you know just believe me you know youre going to like it and youre going to like reading and just read and read on the other hand you give a kid -a three year old kid a computer and they type a little command and poof something happens and all of a sudden you may not call that reading and writing but a certain bit of typing and reading stuff on the screen has a huge payoff -and its a lot of fun and in fact its a powerful educational instrument well in senegal we found -that this was the traditional classroom one hundred and twenty kids three per desk one teacher a little bit of chalk this student was one of our first students -and its the girl on the left leaning with her chalkboard and she came within two days i want to show you the program she wrote -and remember her hairstyle ok and that is the program she made thats what meant something to her is doing the hair pattern and actually did it -within two days an hour each day and found it was to her absolutely the most meaningful piece but rooted in that -in front of a tv and all the artifacts that none of the original designers expected to be seen -little did she know how much knowledge she was acquiring about geometry and just math and logic and all the rest and again i could talk for three hours about this subject -in this rather long sort of marathon presentation ive tried to break it up into three parts the first being -i will come to my last example and -my last example as some of my former colleagues whom i see in the room -can imagine what it will be yes it is its our work it was a while ago and it still is my favorite project -of teleconferencing and the reason it remains a favorite project is that we were asked to do -a teleconferencing system where you had the following situation you had five people at five different sites they were known people and -you had to have these people in teleconference such that each one was utterly convinced that the other four were physically present -now -that is sufficiently you know zany that we would obviously jump to the bait and we did and the fact that we knew the people -all of a sudden are staring you in the face the shadow mask the scan lines all of that and they can be treated very easily there are actually ways of getting rid of them there are actually ways of -we had to take a page out of the history of walt disney we actually went so far as to build crts in the shapes of the peoples faces -so if i wanted to call my friend peter sprague on the phone my secretary would get his head out and bring it and set it on -no way i can explain to you the amount of eye contact you get with that physical face projected on a three d crt of that sort -the next thing that we had to do is to persuade them that there needed to be spatial correspondence which is straightforward -but again its something that didnt fall naturally out of a telecommunications or computing style of thinking it was a very if you will architectural or spatial -if you will that person and you point frequently to the empty seat and you say he or she wouldnt agree and the empty chair is that person and the -crucial so we said well these will be on round tables and the order around the table had to be the same so that at my site i would be if you will real and then at each others site youd have -plastic heads and the plastic heads sometimes you want to project them and there are a number of schemes which i dont want to dwell on but this is the one that we finally -used where we projected onto rear screen material that was molded in the face literally in the face of the person and ill show you one more slide where this is actually made from something called a solid photograph -and is the screen now we track on the persons head the head motions so we transmit with a video the head positions and so this head moves -in about two axes so if i all of a sudden turn to the person to my left -and start talking to that person then at the person to my rights site hell see these two plastic heads talking to each other and then -if that person interrupts then those two heads may turn and it really is reconstructing quite accurately teleconferencing -im talking here a little bit about display technologies let me talk about how you might input information and my favorite example is always fingers -im very interested in touch sensitive displays high tech high touch isnt that what some of you say its certainly a very important medium for -and a lot of people think that fingers are a very low resolution sort of stylus for inputting to a display -in fact theyre not its really a very very high resolution input medium you have to just do it twice you have to touch the screen and then rotate your finger slightly and you can move a cursor -with great accuracy and so when you see on the market these systems that have just a few light emitting diodes on the side and are very low resolution -a whole lot of examples on how it can be a little bit more pleasurable to deal with a computer and really address the qualities of the human interface -its nice that they exist because it still is better than nothing but it in some sense misses the point namely that fingers are a very very high resolution -input medium what are some of the other advantages well the one advantage is that you dont have to pick them up -and people dont realize how important that is not having to pick up your fingers to use them -when you think for a second of the mouse on macintosh and i will not criticize the mouse -too much when youre typing what you have and you want to now put something first of all youve got to find the mouse you have to -probably stop maybe not come to a grinding halt but youve got to find that mouse then you find the mouse and youre going to have to wiggle it a little bit -to see where the cursor is on the screen and then when you finally see where it is then youve got to move it to get the cursor over there and then bang youve got to hit a button and do whatever -thats four separate steps versus typing and then touching and typing and just doing it all in one motion or one and a half depending on how you want to count -again what im trying to do is just illustrate the kinds of problems that i think face the designers of new computer systems and entertainment systems and educational systems -from the perspective of the quality of that interface and another advantage of course of using fingers is you have ten of them and -we have never known how to do this technically so this slide is a fake slide we never succeeded in using ten fingers but there are certain things you can do obviously with more than one finger input -these will be some simple design qualities and they will also be some qualities of if you will the intelligence of interaction then the second part will really just be examples of new technologies new -which is rather fascinating what we did stumble across was something again which is typical of the computer field is when you have a -bug that you cant get rid of you turn it into a feature and maybe -maybe a mouse is a new kind of bug but the bug in our case was in touch sensitive displays -we wanted to be able to draw you know rub your finger across the screen to input continuous points and there was just too much friction -actually was a feature in the sense you could build a pressure sensitive display and when you touch it with your finger you can actually then introduce all the forces on the face of that screen -and that actually has a certain amount of value let me see if i can load another disc and show you quickly an example -imagine a screen which is not only touch sensitive now its pressure sensitive and its pressure sensitive to the forces both in the plane of the screen x y and z at least in one direction we couldnt figure out how to come in the other direction -but let me get rid of the slide and lets see if this comes on -there is the pressure sensitive display in operation the persons just if you will pushing on the screen but this is the interesting part -i -stop it for a second because the movie is very badly made and the particular display was built about six years ago and when we moved from one room to another room a rather large person -sat on it and it got destroyed so all we have is this record but imagine that screen having lots of objects on -media falling very much into that mold again i will go through them as fast as possible and then the last one will be some examples ive been able to collect which i think -and the person has touched an object one of n like he did there and then pushed on it -now imagine a program where some of those objects are physically heavy and some are light one is -on a fuzzy rug and the other one is a ping pong ball on a sheet of glass and when you touch it -you have to really push very hard to move that anvil across the screen and yet you touch the ping pong ball very lightly and it just scoots across the screen -and what you can do oops i didnt mean to do that what you can do is actually feed back to the user -move an aircraft carrier versus a little boat in fact they funded it for that very reason the -one that at the interface there are physical -so its not simply looking at the quality or if you will the luxury of that interface but its actually looking at the idea of presenting things that previously couldnt be presented before -i want to move onto another example which is one of a different sort where were trying to use computer and video disc technology now to come up with a new kind of book -the idea is that youre going to take this book if you will and its going to come alive youre going to breathe life into it -so used to doing monologues film makers for example are the experts in monologue making -you make a film and it has a well formed beginning middle and end and in some sense the art of it is that and you then say well you know -it sort of nibbles at the core of the whole profession and all the assumptions of that medium so book writing is the same thing -show you very quickly is a new kind of book where all sorts of things live in there -but you have to keep a few things in mind one is that this book knows about itself -ok each frame of the movie has information about itself so it knows -at least there is computer readable information in the medium itself its just not a static movie frame thats one -the other is that you have to realize that it is a random access medium and you can in fact branch and expand and elaborate and shrink and -here again my favorite example is the cookbook the larousse gastronomique and i think i use the example all too often but its a great one because -there is a classic ending in that little encyclopedia style cookbook that tells you how to do something like penguin and you get to the end of the recipe and it says cook until done -this belief and i share most of it that we will be using the -now that would be if you will the top green track which doesnt mean too much but you might have to elaborate for me or for somebody who isnt an expert and say cook at three hundred and eighty degrees for forty five minutes and then for a real beginner -you would go down even further and elaborate more say open the oven preheat wait for the light to go out open the door dont leave it open too long put the penguin in and shut the door whatever and thats a much more elaborate one than you dribble back -thats one kind of use of random access and the other is where you -want to explain the same thing in different ways if youre in a classroom situation and somebody asks a question -the last thing you do is repeat what you just said you try and think of a different way of saying the same thing or if you know the particular student -and that students cognitive style then you might say it in a way that you think would have a good impedance match with that student there are all sorts of techniques you will use and again this is a -tv screens or their equivalents for electronic books of the future but then you think my god what a terrible image you get when you look at still pictures on tv -different kind of branching so what i will show you is a rather boring book but im afraid sometimes you have to do boring books -because the sponsors arent necessarily interested in fiction and entertainment and this is a book on how to -repair a transmission now i dont even know what vintage the transmission is but let me just show you very quickly some of it -and well move on now this is his table of contents ok just a picture of the transmission and as you rub your finger across the transmission it highlights the various parts -when i find a chapter that i want to see i just touch the text -and the system will format pages for me to read -the words or phrases that are lit up in red -so i can get a different definition by just touching the word and the definition appears superimposed over the illustration -doesnt have to be terrible and that again is a slide taken from a tv set and it was pre processed to be very sympathetic to the tv medium and it absolutely looks beautiful well whats -this is relatively important because it sets the this -page with glossary words highlighted in red -i can get a definition of these words just by touching them and the definition will appear in the illustration corner -i can get back to the illustration but in this case its not a single frame -the two headed slider is a speed control that allows me to watch the movie -at various speeds in forward or reverse -heard of sound sync movies this is text sync movies so as the movie plays the text gets highlighted we highlight the -as we go through the -i suspect that some of you might not even understand that language -im at the third and last part of this which i said i would make an attempt to at least give you some examples that may be more directly related to the world of entertainment and of course -good education has got to be good entertainment so my first example will be drawn from -very recent experiment that weve been doing in this case in senegal where we have tried to use -this as an instrument where there is a complete reversal of roles the child is if you will the teacher and the machine is the student -and the art of computer programming is a vehicle that approximates thinking about thinking but teaching kids programming per se is utterly irrelevant and -just a few slides i want to go through but theres a story id like to tell -and that was when before we did this in any developing countries were doing it in fact in three developing countries right now pakistan columbia and senegal we did it in some pretty rough areas of new york city and one child -and to criticize it is a little bit stupid actually but the one -that people could criticize was great idea but these guys cant do it and that could either mean these guys professors and so on couldnt do it or that its not possible -well on december twelve a company called quanta agreed to build it and since they make about one third of all the laptops on the planet today -that question disappeared so its not a matter of whether its going to happen it is going to happen and -if it comes out at one hundred and thirty eight dollars so what if it comes out six months late so what thats a pretty soft landing thank you -and can never be without some element of education so thats certainly part of it and the third is a little bit less obvious -and that is that we all in this room learned how to walk how to talk not by being -at mit for forty four years i went to ted i theres only one other person here i think who did -taught how to talk or taught how to walk but by interacting with the world by having certain results as a consequence of being able to ask for something or being able to stand up and reach it -at about the age six we were told to stop learning that way and that all learning from then on would happen through teaching whether its people standing up like im doing now or a book or something but it was really through teaching -and one of the things in general that computers have provided to learning is that it now includes a kind of learning which is a little bit more like walking and talking in the sense that a lot of its driven by the -a year ago or two years ago or we were struck by lightning this actually has gone back a long time and in fact back to the -here were in the eighties steve jobs had given us some laptops we were in senegal -it didnt scale but it at least was bringing computers to developing countries and learning pretty quickly that these kids -all the other teds and i went to them all under rickys regime i talked about what the media lab was doing which today has almost five hundred people in it -even though english wasnt their language the latin alphabet barely was their language but they could just swim like fish they could play these like pianos -a little bit more recently i got involved personally and these are two anecdotes one was in cambodia -in a village that has no electricity no water no television no telephone but has broadband internet now and these kids their first english word is google -and they only know skype theyve never heard of telephony ok they just use skype and they go home at night theyve got a broadband connection in a hut that doesnt have electricity the parents love it because when they open up the -the brightest light source in the house and talk about where metaphors and reality mix this is the actual school in parallel with this seymour papert got the governor of maine -to legislate one laptop per child in the year two thousand and two now at the time i think its fair to say that eighty percent of the teachers were -let me say apprehensive really they were actually against it and they really preferred that the money would be used for higher salaries more schools whatever and now three and a half years later guess what -theyre reporting five things -of truancy to almost zero attending parent teacher meetings which nobody did and now almost everybody does drop in discipline problems -and if you read the press it actually last week said i quit the media lab i didnt quit the media lab i stepped down as chairman which was a kind of ridiculous title but -and then the fifth which interests me the most is that the servers have to be turned off at certain times at night because the teachers are just getting too much email from the kids asking them for help -so when you see that kind of thing this is not something that you have to test the days of pilot projects are over when people say well wed like to do three or four thousand in our country to see how it works -screw you go to the back of the line and someone else will do it and then when you figure out that this works you can join -as well and this is what -so one laptop per child was formed about a year and a half ago its a nonprofit association it raised about twenty million dollars to do the -because you can buy components at a lower price ok its because you can go to a -can even have a pixel or two missing it doesnt have to be that bright and -youre not part of our strategic plan and i said well thats kind of too bad because we need one hundred million units a year and they said -well maybe we could become part of your strategic plan and thats why scale counts -and thats why we will not launch this without five to ten million units in the first run -and the idea is to launch with enough scale that the scale itself helps bring the price down and thats why i said seven to ten million there -and were doing it without a sales and marketing team i mean youre looking at the sales and marketing team we will do it by -going to seven large countries and getting them to agree and launch it and then the others can follow we have partners its not hard to guess google would be one the others are all -was held in tunisia now -people start looking at this they say ah this is a laptop project well no its not a laptop project its an education project and -the fun part and im quite focused on it i tell people i used to be a light bulb but now im a laser im just going to get that thing -built and it turns out its not so hard because laptop economics are the following i say fifty percent here its more like sixty -none of those figure into our cost because first of all we sell it at cost and the governments distribute it it gets distributed to the school system like a textbook so -that piece disappears and then you have display and everything else now the display on your laptop costs in rough numbers -ten dollars a diagonal inch now that can drop to eight it can drop to seven but its not going to drop to two or to one and a half unless we do some pretty clever things -its the rest that little brown box that is pretty fascinating because the rest of your laptop is devoted to itself -so im going to tell you about this use my eighteen minutes to tell you why im doing it how were doing it and then what were doing and at some point ill even pass around -its a little bit like an obese person having to use most of their energy to move their obesity ok and we have a situation today which is incredible ok -ive been using laptops since their inception and my laptop runs slower -less reliably and less pleasantly than it ever has before and this year is worse now -people clap sometimes you even get standing ovations and i say what the hells wrong with you why are we all sitting there and somebody -five hundred and twelve it worked really well and weve been going steadily downhill now this -all the time what it is thats what it is the two pieces that are probably notable -is itll be a mesh network so when the kids open up their laptops they all become a network and then just need one or two points of backhaul you can serve a couple of thousand kids with two megabits -so you really can bring into a village and then the villages can connect themselves and you really can do it -quite well the dual mode display the idea is to have a display that both works outdoors -isnt it fun using your cell phone outdoors in the sunlight well you cant see it and one of the reasons you cant see it is because its -most of the time most cell phones now what were doing is were doing one that will be both front lit and back lit and -what the one hundred dollar laptop might be like now -is it all worked out no thats why a lot of our people are more or less living in taiwan right now and in about thirty days well know for sure whether this works probably -the most important piece there is that the kids really can do the maintenance and this is again something that people dont believe but i really think its quite true -thats the machine we showed in tunis and this is more the direction that were going to go and its something that we didnt think was possible now im going to pass this around -this isnt a design ok so this is just a mechanical engineering sort of embodiment of it for you to play with -and its clearly just a model the working one is at mit im going to pass it to this handsome gentleman at least then you can decide whether it goes left -i was asked by chris to talk about some of the big issues and so i figured id start with the three that at least drove me to do this and the first is pretty obvious -oh simulcast sorry i forgot i forgot ok so wherever the camera is ok good point thank you chris the idea was that it -would be not only a laptop but that it could transform and be into an electronic book so its sort of an electronic book this is where you can go outside its in black and white -the games buttons are missing but itll also be a games machine book machine set it up this way and its a television set et cetera et cetera -ok sorry ill let jim decide which way to send it afterwards ok seven countries -i say maybe for massachusetts because they actually have to do a bid by law youve got -so on and so forth so i cant quite name them in the other cases they dont have to do bids they can decide its the federal government in each case -its kind of agonizing because a lot of people say well lets do it at the state level because of course states are more nimble than the feds just because of size -and yet we count were really dealing with the federal government were really dealing with ministries of education and if you look at -if you look at the countries theyre pretty geoculturally distributed have they all agreed no not completely probably thailand brazil and nigeria are the three that are the most active and most agreed were purposely not signing anything with anybody -its amazing when you meet a head of state and you say what is your most precious natural resource they will not say children at first -im just going around the world every three weeks heres sort of the schedule and i put at the bottom we might give some away free in two years -at this meeting everybody says its a one hundred dollar laptop you cant do it well guess what were not -were coming in probably at one hundred and thirty five to start then drift down and thats very important because so many things hit -the market at a price and then drift up its kind of the loss leader and then as soon as it looks interesting -it cant be afforded or it cant be scaled out so were targeting fifty dollars in two thousand and ten the gray markets a big issue and one of the ways just one but one of the ways to -help in the case of the gray market is to make something that is so utterly unique its a little bit like the fact that -and why because theres no market for post office trucks it looks like a post office truck you can spray paint it you can do anything you want i just learned recently in south africa -and then when you say children they will pretty quickly agree with you and so that isnt very hard -no white volvos are stolen period none zero so we want to make it very much like a white volvo -each government has a task force this perhaps is less interesting but were trying to get the governments to all work together and -its not easy the economics of this is to start with the federal -and then later to go to other -same age an uncle gives a niece or a nephew that as a birthday present i mean there are all sorts of things that will happen and theyll be very very exciting and -says i say its an education project are we providing the software the answer is the system certainly has software but no were not providing the education content that is really -scratch if youve ever even heard of it are very very much part of it and thats the rollout are we dreaming is this real it actually is real -everybody agrees that whatever the solutions are to the big problems they include education sometimes can be just education -the only criticism and people really dont want to criticize this because it is a humanitarian effort it is a nonprofit effort -i thought what a turkey this guy is and i went off to mit i studied architecture then did a second degree in architecture -quickly realized that it wasnt architecture -that really the mixing of art and science was computers and that that really was the place to bring both and enjoyed a career doing that -and probably if i were to fill out jim citrins scale id put one hundred percent on the side of the equation where you spend time making it possible for others to be creative -and after doing this for a long time and sort of the media lab passing the baton on i thought well maybe its time for me to do a project -something that would be important but also something that would take advantage of all of these privileges that one had and in the case of the media lab knowing a lot of people knowing people who were either executives or wealthy and -most people dont know that when i went to high school in this country i applied for university at a time when i was convinced i was going to be an artist and be a sculptor -also not having in my own case a career to worry about anymore my career i mean id done my career didnt have to worry about earning money didnt have to worry about what people thought about me -and i said boy lets really do something that takes advantage of all these features and thought that if we could address education by leveraging the children and bringing -to the world the access of the computers that that was really the thing we should do -never shown this picture before and probably going to be sued for it its taken at three oclock in the morning without the permission of the company its about two weeks old there they are -if you look at the picture youll see theyre stacked up those are conveyor belts that go around -thing moving on the assembly line because its constant so they go around in this loop which is why you see them up there so this was great -one thing we learned was that these kids can absolutely jump into it just the same way as our kids do here and when people tell me whos going to teach the teachers to teach the kids i say to myself what planet do you come from -and i came from a very privileged background i was very lucky my family was wealthy -not a person in this room i dont care how techie you are theres not a person in this room that doesnt give their laptop or cell phone to a kid to help them -we all need help even those of us who are very seasoned this picture of seymour twenty five years ago -and when they debug the programs they come the closest to learning about learning that was very important and in some sense weve lost that -kids dont program enough and boy if theres anything i hope this brings back its programming to kids its really important using applications is ok -but programming is absolutely fundamental this is being launched with three languages in it squeak logo -and a third that ive never even seen before the point being this is going to be very very intensive on the programming side this photograph is very important because its much later this is in the early -and my father believed in one thing and that was to give us all as much education as we wanted and i announced i wanted to be a sculptor in paris -my son dimitri whos here many of you know dimitri went to cambodia set up this school that we had built just as the school connected it to the internet and these kids -had their laptops but it was really what spirited this plus the influence of -joe and others we started one laptop per child these are the same village in cambodia just a couple of months ago these kids are real pros there were just seven thousand machines out there being tested by kids -being a nonprofit is absolutely fundamental -the clarity of purpose is there the moral purpose is clear i can see any head of state any executive i want at any time because im not selling laptops ok i have no shareholders whether we sell it doesnt make -any difference whatsoever the clarity of purpose is absolutely critical and the second is very counterintuitive you can get the best people in the world -and he was a clever man he sort of said well thats ok but youve done very well in your math sats in fact id got an eight hundred -if you look at our professional services including search firms including communications including legal services including -banking theyre all pro bono and its not to save money weve got money in the bank its because you get the best people you get the people who are doing it because they believe in the mission and theyre the best people we -afford to hire a cfo we put out a job description for a cfo at zero salary and we had a queue of people -allows you to team up with people the uns not going to be our partner if were profit making so announcing this with kofi annan was very important -and the un allowed us to basically reach all the countries and this was the machine we were showing before i met -yves behar and while this machine in some sense is silly in retrospect it actually served a very important purpose that pencil yellow crank -crank it really is stupid to have it on board by the way in spite of what some people in the press dont get it didnt understand it we didnt take it off because we -didnt want to do having it on the laptop itself is really not what you want you want it a separate thing like the ac adaptor i didnt bring one with me but -and he thought i did very well and i did too in the arts this was my passion and he said if you go to mit to which i had been given early admission -they really work much better off board and then i could tell you lots about the laptop but ill tell you just four things just keep in mind because theres other people including bill gates who said gee youve got a real computer that -computer is unlike anything youve had and does things there are four of them that you dont come close to and its very important to be low power and i hope -dual mode display that sunlight displays fantastic we were using it at lunch today in the sunlight and the more sunlight the better and that was really critical the mesh network itll become -i wanted to go to art school and by the way when i graduated from mit i thought the worst and silliest thing to do would be to go to paris for six years so i didnt do that -most people make inexpensive products by taking cheap design cheap labor cheap components and making a cheap laptop and in english the word cheap has a double meaning which is really appropriate because its cheap -in the pejorative sense as well as inexpensive but if you take a different approach and you think of very large scale integration very advanced materials very advanced manufacturing so youre pouring chemicals in one -ipods are spewing out the other and really cool design thats what we wanted to do and i can race through these and save a lot of time because yves and i obviously didnt compare notes -i will pay for every year youre at mit in graduate or undergraduate as much as you want i will pay for an equal number of years for you to live in paris and i thought that was the best deal in town so i accepted it immediately -these are his slides and so i dont have to talk about them but it was really to us very important -as a strategy it wasnt just to kind of make it cute because somebody you know good design is very important yves showed one of the -power generating devices the mesh network the reason i and i wont go into it in great detail but when we deliver laptops to kids in the remotest and -they can talk to each other about two kilometers apart if youre in the jungle its about five hundred meters so if a kid bicycles home or walks a few miles theyre going to be off the grid so to speak theyre not going to be near another laptop so you have to nail these on to a tree and -sort of get it you dont call verizon or sprint you build your own network and thats very important the user interface -we are launching with eighteen keyboards english is by far the minority latin is relatively rare too you just look at some of the languages im willing to suspect some of you hadnt even heard of them before -is there anybody in the room one person unless you work with olpc is there anybody in the room that can tell me what language the keyboard is thats on the screen -yes youre right hes right its amharic its ethiopian in ethiopia theres never been a keyboard -there is no keyboard standard because theres no market and this is the big difference again when youre a nonprofit you look at children as a mission not as a market -so we went to ethiopia and we helped them make a keyboard and this will become the standard ethiopian keyboard so what i want to end with is sort of what were doing to roll it out and we changed strategy completely i decided -and i decided that if i was good in art and i was good in mathematics id study architecture which was the blending of the two i went and told my headmaster that at prep school and i said to him what i was doing -do a million in the case of gaddafi hed do one point two million and that they would launch it we thought this is exactly the right strategy get it out -got the ministers went through a lot of the stuff this was a period in my life where i was traveling three hundred and thirty days per year -not something youd envy or want to do in the case of libya it was a lot of fun meeting gaddafi in his tent the camel smells were unbelievable and it was forty five degrees centigrade i mean this was not what youd call a cool experience and -former countries i say former because none of them really came through this summer there was a big difference between getting a head of state to have a photo opportunity make a press release -so we went to smaller ones uruguay bless their hearts small country not so rich president said hed do it and guess what he did do -tender had nothing in it that related to us nothing specific about sunlight readable mesh network low power but just a vanilla laptop proposal and guess what we won it hands -and boom boom boom the president of mongolia and so what happens is these things start to happen with these countries -still not enough add up all those countries it didnt quite get to thing so we said lets start a program in the united states so end of august early september we decide to do this we announced it near the -middle end just when the clinton initiative was taking place we thought that was a good time to announce it launched it on the twelfth of november -that i was going to go study architecture because it was art and mathematics put together he said to me something that just went completely -said it would be just for a short period until the twenty sixth weve extended it until the thirty one st and the give one get one program -is really important because it got a lot of people absolutely interested the first day it was just -get one but maybe give one hundred give one thousand and thats where you come in and thats where i think its very important i dont want you all to go out and buy four hundred dollars worth of laptops -its got to become viral ok use your mailing lists people in this room have extraordinary mailing lists get your friends to give one get one -if each one of you sends it to three or four hundred people that would be fantastic i wont dwell on the pricing -at all just to say that when you do the give one get one a lot of press is a bit about they didnt make it its one hundred and eighty eight dollars its not one hundred -my head he said you know i like grey suits and i like pin striped suits but i dont like grey pin striped suits -it will be one hundred in two years it will go below one hundred weve pledged not to add features but to bring that price down but it was the countries that wanted it to go up and we let them push it up for all sorts of reasons -so what you can do ive just said it dont just give one get one i just want to end with one last one this one is not even twenty four hours old or maybe its twenty four hours -the first kids got their laptops they got them by ship and im talking now about seven thousand eight thousand at a time went out this week they went to -mexico and its been slow coming and were only making about five thousand a week but we hope we hope sometime in next year maybe by the middle of the year to hit a million a month -that number and a million isnt so much its not a big number were selling a billion cell phones worldwide this year but a million a month in laptop land is a big number -and the world production today everybody combined making laptops is five million a month so im standing here telling you that sometime next year were going to make twenty percent of the world production and if we do that there are going to be a lot of lucky -kids out there and we hope if you have eg two years from now or whenever you have it again i wont have bad breath and i will be invited back and will have hopefully by then maybe one hundred million out there to children thank you -what -that engine is going to -in -the -every single -have -the -this -a -the -the -a -you -to -we -and -to -when you meet a head of state and you -twenty four people have died since ive begun speaking people like its roughly the population in this room has just died -now the human cost of that is obvious once you start to think about it the suffering the loss its also economically enormously wasteful i just look at the information and knowledge and experience that is lost -about ive been asked to take a long view and im going to tell you what i think are the three -due to natural causes of death in general and aging in particular suppose we approximated one person with one book now of course this is an -a persons lifetime of learning and experience is a lot more than you could put into a single book but lets suppose we did this -we are upset about the burning of the library of alexandria its one of the great cultural tragedies that we remember even today -but this is the equivalent of three libraries of congress burnt down forever lost each year so thats the first big problem -and i wish godspeed to aubrey de grey and other people like him to try to do something about this as soon as possible -that it would be of some interest to try to find out more about this given that the stakes are so big but its a very neglected area but there have been four studies -one by john lesley wrote a book on this he estimated a probability that we will fail to survive the current century fifty percent -another author doesnt give any numerical estimate but says the probability is significant that it will fail i wrote a long paper on this i said -from this long point of view some of these have already been touched upon by other speakers which is encouraging -the risk is substantial everybody who has looked at this and studied it agrees now if we think about what just reducing the probability of human extinction by just one percentage point not very much so -one percent of six billion people is equivalent to sixty million so thats a large number if we were to take into account future generations -that will never come into existence if we blow ourselves up then the figure becomes astronomical if we could -then even a one percentage point reduction in the extinction risk could be equivalent to this astronomical number ten to the power of thirty two so if you take into account future generations as much as our own -every other moral imperative of philanthropic cost just becomes irrelevant the only thing you should focus on would be to reduce existential risk -it seems that theres not just one person who thinks that these problems are important the first is death is a big problem if you -because even the tiniest decrease in existential risk would just overwhelm any other -you could hope to achieve and even if you just look at the current people and ignore the potential that would be lost if we went extinct it would still have a high priority -now let me spend the rest of my time on the third big problem because its more subtle and perhaps difficult to grasp -think about some time in your life some people might never have experienced but some people there are just those moments that you have experienced where life was fantastic it might have been -at the moment of some great creative inspiration you might have had when you just entered this flow stage or when you understood something you had never done before or -every once in a while we have these moments and we realize just how good life can be when its at its best and you wonder why cant it be like that all the time you just want to cling on to this -the third big problem is that life isnt usually as wonderful as it could be i think thats a big big problem its easy to say what we dont want here are a number of things that -look at the statistics the odds are not very favorable to us so far most people who have lived have also died roughly ninety percent of everybody who has been alive has died by now so the -we dont want illness involuntary death unnecessary suffering cruelty stunted growth memory loss ignorance absence of creativity suppose we fixed these things -we did something about all of these we were very successful we got rid of all of these things we might end up with something like this which is i mean its a heck of a lot better than that i mean but is this really -if we can dream of is this the best we can do or is it possible to find something a little bit more -ways in which we could change things not just by eliminating negatives but adding positives on my wish list at least would be much longer healthier lives -greater subjective well being enhanced cognitive capacities more knowledge and understanding -unlimited opportunity for personal growth beyond our current biological limits better relationships -an unbounded potential for spiritual moral and intellectual development if we want to achieve this what in the world -would have to change and this is the answer -we would have to change not just the world around us -but we ourselves not just the way we think about the world but the way we are our very biology human nature would have to change now when we think about changing human nature the first thing that comes to mind are these human modification technologies -they do great things for a few people who suffer from some specific condition but for most people they dont really transform what it is to be human -death rate adds up to one hundred and fifty thousand sorry the daily death rate one hundred and fifty thousand people per day which is a huge number by any standard the -in some way its worth recalling that there are a lot of other modification technologies and enhancement technologies that we use we have -skin enhancements clothing as far as i can see all of you are users of this enhancement technology in this room -so thats a great thing mood modifiers have been used from time immemorial caffeine alcohol nicotine immune system -vision enhancement anesthetics we take that very much for granted but just think about how great progress that is like -brain reprogramming techniques that sounds ominous but the distinction between -what is a technology a gadget would be the archetype and other ways of changing and rewriting human nature is quite subtle -if you think about what it means to learn arithmetic or to learn to read youre actually literally rewriting your own brain youre changing the micro structure of your brain as you go along -so in a broad sense we dont need to think about technology as only little gadgets like these things here but even institutions and techniques psychological methods and so forth forms of organization -can have a profound impact on human nature looking ahead there is a range of technologies that -are almost certain to be developed sooner or later we are very ignorant about what the time scale for these things are but they all are consistent with everything we know about physical laws -of chemistry et cetera its possible to assume setting aside a possibility of catastrophe sooner or later we will develop all of these and even just -a couple of these would be enough to transform the human condition so lets look at some of the dimensions of -death rate then becomes fifty six million if we just look at the single biggest cause of death aging -human nature that seem to leave room for improvement health span is a big and urgent thing because if youre not alive then all the other things will -to little avail intellectual capacity lets take that box which falls into a lot of different sub categories -they make us better at competing with other people theyre positional goods but part of the reason and thats the reason why we have -better to be able to understand more of the world around you and the people that you are communicating with and to remember what you have learned -chatting with people all of these very likely are enabled by a special circuitry -that we humans have but that you could have another intelligent life form that lacks these were just lucky that we have the requisite neural machinery to process music and to appreciate it and to enjoy it -all of these would enable in principle be amenable to enhancement some people have a better musical ability and ability to appreciate music than others have its also interesting to think about what other things are so if these all enabled great values -why should we think that evolution has happened to provide us with all the modalities we would need to engage with other values that there might be imagine a species that just didnt have this neural machinery for processing music -and they would just stare at us with bafflement when we spend time listening to a beautiful performance like the one we just heard because of people making stupid movements and they would be really irritated and wouldnt see what we were up to but -maybe they have another faculty something else that would seem equally irrational to us but they actually tap into some great possible value there but we are just -literally deaf to that kind of value so we could think of adding on different new sensory capacities and mental faculties -to speed up able to switch back and forth more easily would be a neat thing to be able to do easier to achieve the flow state when youre totally immersed in something you are doing -choose to preserve your romantic attachments to one person undiminished through time so that wouldnt have to love would never have to fade if you didnt want it -thats probably not all that difficult it might just be a simple hormone or something that could do this -its been done in voles you can engineer a prairie vole to become monogamous when its naturally polygamous -just a single gene might be more complicated in humans but perhaps not that much this is the last picture -laser pointer a possible mode of being here would be a way of life a way of being experiencing thinking seeing interacting with the world down here in this little corner here we have -the little sub space of this larger space that is accessible to human beings beings with our biological capacities -its a part of the space thats accessible to animals since we are animals we are a sub set of that and then you can imagine some enhancements of human capacities -possible for humans as we currently are so then you move off to this larger sphere of human plus and you could continue that process -i think death might be both too familiar and too big for most people to see it as a problem once you think about it you see this is not statistical points these are -and eventually explore a lot of this larger space of possible modes of being now why is that a good thing to do well we know already that in this little human circle there -there are these enormously wonderful and worthwhile modes of being human life at its best is wonderful we have no reason to believe -that within this much larger space there would not also be extremely worthwhile modes of being perhaps ones that would be way beyond our wildest ability even to imagine or dream about -and so to fix this third problem i think we need slowly carefully with ethical wisdom and -develop the means that enable us to go out in this larger space and explore it and find the great values that might hide there -at all points around the revolution and display arbitrary bitmap images and animations but this is really just the beginning -in addition to higher resolution versions of this display my father and i are working on a new patent pending design for a fully volumetric display using the same phenomenon -it achieves this by rotating leds about two axes so as you can see here this is a eleven inch diameter circuit board these blocks represent leds and so you could see that as this disc rotates about this axis it will create -a disc of light that we can control thats nothing new thats a propeller clock thats -the rims that you can buy for your car but what is new is that when we rotate this disc about this axis -now this disc of light actually becomes a sphere of light -and so we can control that with micro controllers and create a fully volumetric three dimensional display with just two hundred and fifty six leds now this piece is currently in process -due out in may but what weve done is weve put together a small demo just to show the geometric translation of points into a sphere -fuller presented a particularly audacious proposal for the geoscope -and here you can see its rotating about the vertical axis only creating circles -the shutter speed of the camera actually makes it slightly less effective in this case but this piece is due out in may -it was a two hundred foot diameter geodesic sphere -love to talk to you all and invite you to come down and take a closer look -he felt could truly inform and deeply affect the decision making of this body through -and today forty five years later we clearly have no less need for this kind of clarity and perspective -but what we do have is improved technology today we dont need one million lightbulbs to create a spherical display we can use -are smaller theyre cheaper theyre longer lasting theyre more efficient -most importantly for this theyre faster and this -combined with todays high performance micro controllers allowed us to actually simulate in this piece over seventeen thousand leds using just sixty four -the equators speed is actually about sixty miles per hour -on board micro controllers that each time this ring rotates -it as it passes the rear of the display it picks up a position signal and from that the on board micro controllers can extrapolate the position of the ring -these large cargo scanner x rays that work with the digital system are getting better and better and better again though to make it come alive you need somehow to add the human element and i think the reason this image works again is because frieda is driving -quite a difficult brief make a pair of mens pants look beautiful but i think the process in itself shows -fashion now im sort of anti fashion because i dont show the surface i show whats within so the fashionistas dont really like me because it doesnt matter if kate moss is wearing it or if im wearing it -we all look the same inside believe me the creases in the material and the sort of nuances and i show things for really what they are what theyre made of i peel back the layers and expose it -well made i show it if its badly made i show it and im sure ross can associate that with design the design comes from within its not just -once the bones had fused together it would have been -so thats an empty parka jacket but i quite love the way its posed nature is my greatest inspiration and to carry on with a theme that weve already touched with -by what surrounds us by nature this in fact is a victoria water lily leaf that floats on the top of a pond an amaryllis flower looking really three dimensional -the door to my x ray room is made of lead and steel it weighs one thousand two hundred and fifty kilograms and the only exercise i get -the walls are seven hundred millimeters thick of solid dense concrete so im using quite a lot of radiation a lot more than youd get in a hospital or -that technology is used for looking for cancer or looking for drugs or looking for contraband or whatever and i use that sort of technology to create things -it seems a bit extreme to me that image was the start of the x ray technology and im still fundamentally using the same principles -have to use a nineteen eighties drum scanner which was designed in the days when everyone shot photographs on film they scan each -so when you move forward from something fairly small a dress which is this size onto something like that which is done in exactly the same process you can see that that is a lot of work -frieda is my dead skeleton this unfortunately is basically two pictures one on the extreme right is a photograph of an american footballer the one on the left is an x ray -but this time i had to use a real body because i needed all the skin tissue to make it look real to make it look like it was a real athlete so here i had to use a recently deceased body and -in a more -was extremely difficult and laborious but people do donate their bodies to art and science and when they do im in the queue so i like to use them -flower doesnt come in bright orange i dont think but i just like it in bright orange and also with something technical like these are dj decks it sort of adds another -has human connotations the fact that its a childs toy that we all recognize -it looks like its -the bus was done with a cargo scanning x ray machine which is used on the borders between countries looking for contraband and illegal immigrants the lorry goes in front of it and it takes slices -of x rays through the lorry and thats how this was done its actually slice slice its a bit like a ct scanner in a hospital -it shows all the detritus thats sort of embedded in the sole of the sneakers it was just one of those pot luck things where you get it right first time -so these little details -to make it work make it real -the problem with using living people is that to take an x ray if i x ray you -thats a variety of things from recently deceased bodies to a skeleton that was used by student radiographers to train in taking x rays of the human body at different densities -very high tech equipment of gloves scissors and a -i will show -to get all the cells inside that stem because it transfers -moving on to something a bit larger this is an x ray of a bus and the bus is full of people its actually the same person its just one skeleton and back in the sixties they used to teach student radiographers to take x rays thankfully not on you and i -the x ray shows how beautiful nature can be not that that is particularly beautiful when you look at it with the human -the way the leaves form theyre curling back on each other -so the x ray will show the overlaps in these little corners -the object the more radiation it needs and the more time -i could get a bit darker in the tube but everything else would suffer so these leaves at the edge would start to disappear what i like is how hard the -for what its worth for what its really made of how it really works but also i find that -which is things that people are used to -not far off so what am i doing in the future well this year is the fiftieth anniversary of issigonis mini which is one of my -museum as a light box which is actually attached to the car so ive got to saw the car in half down the middle not an easy task in itself and then so you can get in the drivers side sit down -on dead people so ive still got access to one of these dead people called frieda shes falling apart im afraid because shes very old and fragile -and apply it to other sort of iconic things from my life like my first computer was a big movement in my life and i had a mac classic and its a little box -doing it im also working now with x ray video so if you can imagine some of these flowers and theyre actually moving and growing and you can film that in x ray should be quite stunning but thats it im done thank you very much -but everyone on that bus is frieda and the bus is taken with a cargo scanning x ray which is the sort of machine you have on borders which checks for contraband and drugs and bombs and things -point load -while youre sitting in it you can adjust it down for the five footer -or you can adjust it -for the six foot six guy -all within the scope -by drawing airplanes constantly drawing airplanes its the way i got a part of this romance and of course in a way when i say romance -i mean in part the aesthetics of that whole situation i think the word is the holistic experience revolving around a product the product -was that airplane but it built a romance even the parts of the airplane had french names ze fuselage -fantasy airplanes i wanted to build airplanes so i built -model airplanes and i found that in doing the model airplanes the appearance drawings -were not enough you couldnt transfer those to the model itself if you wanted it to fly you had to learn the discipline of flying -up without crashing -and in so doing i could produce a model that would fly stay in the air and it had once it was in the air some of this romance that i was in love with -well the act of drawing airplanes led me to when i had the opportunity to choose a course in school led me to sign up for aeronautical engineering and when i was sitting in classes -i had to learn mathematics and mechanics and all this sort of thing id wile away my time drawing airplanes in the class -one day a young man looked over my shoulder he said you draw very well you should be in the art department and i said why and he said well for one thing there are more girls there -was temporarily shifted -design some architecture eventually hired myself out as a designer and for the following twenty five years living in italy living in america i doled out a piece of this romance to anybody whod pay for it -and was always flown by a guy who looked like cary grant he had high leather boots jodhpurs an old leather jacket -this sense this aesthetic feeling for the experience -revolving around -a designed object and it exists any of you who rode the automobiles was it yesterday at the track you know the romance revolving around those high performance cars -well in twenty five years i was mostly putting out -pieces of this romance and not getting a lot back in because design on call doesnt always connect you with a circumstance in which you can produce things of this nature so after twenty five years i began to feel as though i was running dry -and i quit -and i started up -a very small operation went from forty people to one -in an effort to rediscover my innocence i wanted to get back where the romance was and i couldnt choose airplanes because they had gotten sort of unromantic at that point even though id done a lot of airplane work -and i chose chairs specifically because i knew something about them id designed a lot of chairs over the years for tractors and trucks and submarines all kinds of things -but not office chairs so i started doing that -and i found that there were ways to duplicate -the same approach that i used to use on the airplane -only this time instead of the product being shaped by the wind it was shaped -a wonderful helmet and those marvelous goggles and inevitably a white scarf -with the body and what the body needs wants indicates it needs and thats the way ultimately after some ups and downs i ended up designing the chair im going to show you i should say one more thing when i was doing those -model airplanes -i did everything i conceived the kind of airplane i basically engineered it i built it and i flew it and thats the way i work now -to flow in the wind hed always walk up to his airplane in a kind of -and i felt the one thing they dont need is a chair that interferes with their main reason for sitting there -so i took the approach that the chair should do as much for them as humanly possible or as mechanistically possible so that they didnt have to fuss with it -so my idea was that instead of sitting down and reaching for a lot of controls -that you would sit on the chair and it would automatically balance your weight against the force required to recline -now that may not mean a lot -to some of you but you know most good chairs do recline because its beneficial to open up this -joint between your legs and your upper body for better breathing and better flow -so that if you sit down on my chair -deals with your weight and -transfers the amount of force required to recline -in a way that you dont have to look for something to adjust -ill tell you right up front this is a trade off -there are drawbacks to this one is you cant accommodate everybody there are some very light people some extremely heavy people maybe people with a lot of bulk up top they begin to fall off the end of your chart -the compromise i felt was in my favor because most people -properly approached from the standpoint of how much of an aid they could be -to your work life but i felt it was too much to ask to have to adjust each individual armrest in order to get it where you wanted -so i spent a long time i said i worked eight or nine years on it and each of these things went along sort of in parallel but incrementally were a problem of their own -i worked a long time on figuring out how to move the arms over a much greater arc that is up and down -and make them a lot easier so that you didnt have to -use a button and so after many trials many failures we came up with a very simple arrangement in which we could just move one arm or the other and they go up easily and stop where you want -you can put them down essentially out of the way no arms at all or you can pull them up where you want them and this was another thing that -i felt while not nearly as romantic as cary grant -nevertheless begins to grab a little bit of -aesthetic operation aesthetic performance into a product -reclining was a very important factor and the more you can recline -but you transfer weight off your tailbones -would everybody put their hand under their bottom and feel their tailbone -and thats a lot of load just relieving your arms with armrests -takes twenty percent of that load off now that if your spine is not held in a good position will help bend your spine the wrong way and so on so to unload -great weight if that indeed exists -you can recline when you recline you take away a lot of that load off your bottom end and transfer it to your back -you have to use muscle force to hold your head there so thats where a headrest comes in now headrest is a challenge because you want it to -everything about flying in those years which was you have to stop and think for a moment was probably the most advanced technological thing going on at the time so as a youngster i tried to get close to this -ive got five inches of adjustment here -and you need it in a different position when youre upright then when youre reclined so i knew that had to be solved and had to be automatic so if you watch this chair as i recline -we stole the idea from bicycle seats and put gel in the cushions and in the armrests to absorb -so you dont get hard spots you cant hit your elbow on bottom and i did want to demonstrate the fact that the chair can accommodate people -while youre sitting in it you can adjust it down for the five footer -or you can adjust it -for the six foot six guy -all within the scope -of a few simple adjustments -so as a youngster i tried to get close to this by drawing airplanes constantly drawing -airplanes its the way i got a part of this romance and of course in a way when i say romance -i mean in part the aesthetics of that whole situation i think the word is the holistic experience revolving around a product the product -five years old i fell in love with airplanes now im talking about the -was that airplane but it built a romance even the parts of the airplane -had french names the fuselage the -you know from a romance language so that it was something that just got into your spirit it did mine and i decided i had to get closer than just drawing -the appearance drawings were not enough you couldnt transfer those to the model itself -if you wanted it to fly you had to learn the discipline of flying you had to learn about aeronautics -i had to give up the approach of drawing the fantasy shapes and convert it to technical drawings -the shape of the wing the shape of the fuselage and so on and build an airplane over these drawings -that i knew followed some of the principles of flying and in so doing i could produce a model that would fly -stay in the air and it had once it was in the air some of this romance that i was in love with well the act of drawing airplanes led me to -when i had the opportunity to choose a course in school led me to sign up for aeronautical engineering -and when i was sitting in classes in which no one asked me to draw an airplane to my surprise -i had to learn mathematics and mechanics and all this sort of thing id wile away my time drawing airplanes in the class -one day a young man looked over my shoulder he said you draw very well you should be in the art department and i said why he said well for one thing there are more girls there -so my romance was temporarily shifted -and i went in to art because they appreciated drawing studied painting didnt do very well at that went through -design some architecture eventually hired myself out as a designer and for the following twenty five years -living in italy living in america i doled out a piece of this romance to anybody whod pay for it -sense this aesthetic feeling for -revolving around a designed object it exists any of you who rode the automobiles -was it yesterday at the track you know the romance revolving around those high performance cars well in twenty five years -i was mostly putting out pieces of this romance and not getting a lot back in because design on call -had high leather boots jodhpurs an old leather jacket a wonderful helmet and those marvelous goggles and inevitably a white scarf -doesnt always connect you with a circumstance in which you can produce things of this nature so after twenty five years i began to feel as though i was running dry -and i quit and i started up a very small operation went from forty people to one -in an effort to rediscover my innocence i wanted to get back where the romance was -i couldnt choose airplanes because they had gotten sort of unromantic at that point even though id done a lot of airplane work -on the interiors so i chose furniture and i chose chairs specifically because i knew something about them -designed a lot of chairs over the years for tractors and trucks and submarines all kinds of things -but not office chairs so i started doing that -and i found that there were ways to duplicate the same approach that i used to use on the airplane only this time -for a chair you have to learn a lot about how to deal with the body and what the body needs wants -i ended up designing the chair im going to show you i should say one more thing when i was doing those model airplanes -i did everything i conceived the kind of airplane i basically engineered it -i built it and i flew it and thats the way i work now -when i started this chair it was not a preconceived notion design nowadays if you mean it you dont start with styling sketches -to flow in the wind hed always walk up to his airplane in a kind of -i started with a lot of loose ideas roughly eight or nine years ago and the loose ideas had something to with what i knew happened with people in the office -people who worked and used task seating a great many of them sitting in front of a computer all day long -and i felt the one thing they dont need is a chair that interferes with their main reason for sitting there -so i took the approach that the chair should do as much for them as humanly possible -or as mechanistically possible so that they didnt have to fuss with it so my idea was that -now that may not mean a lot to some of you but you know most good chairs do recline because its beneficial to open up this joint between your legs -and your upper body for better breathing and better flow so that if you sit down on my chair -tall or six foot six it always -deals with your weight and transfers the amount of force required to recline in a way that you dont have to look for something to adjust -ill tell you right up front this is a trade off there are drawbacks to this one is you cant accommodate everybody -but the compromise i felt was in my favor because most people dont adjust their chairs they will sit in them forever i had somebody -cigarette away grab the girl -bus out to the racetrack tell me about his sister calling him he said she had one of the new better chairs she said oh i love it she said but its too high so he -come over and look at it he came over and looked at it he reached down he pulled a lever and the chair sank down she said oh its wonderful how did you do that -showed her the lever well thats typical of a lot of us working in chairs and why should you get a twenty page manual about how to run a chair -i had one for a wristwatch once twenty pages anyway i felt that it was important that you didnt have to -make an adjustment in order to get this kind of action the other thing i felt was that armrests had never really been -properly approached from the standpoint of how much of how much of an aide they could be to your work life -mount his airplane maybe for the last time of course i always wondered what would happen if hed kissed the airplane first -but i felt it was too much to ask to have to adjust each individual arm rest in order to get it where you wanted -so i spent a long time i said i worked on eight or nine years on it and each of these things went along sort of in parallel but incrementally were a problem of their own -i worked a long time on figuring out how to move the arms over a much greater arc that is up and down -and make them a lot easier so that you didnt have to use a button and so after many trials many failures -we came up with a very simple arrangement in which we could just move one arm or the other and they go up easily and stop where you want -you can put them down essentially out of the way no arms at all or you can pull them up where you want them and this was another thing that i felt while not nearly as romantic as cary grant -nevertheless begins to grab a little bit of aesthetic operation aesthetic performance into a product -the next area that was of interest to me was the fact that reclining was a very important factor and the more you can recline in a way the better it is -the more the angle between here and here opens up and nowadays with a screen in front of you you dont want to have your eye drop too far in the recline -so we keep it at more or less the same level but you transfer weight off your tailbones -all the weight of your upper torso your arms your head goes right down through your back your spine into those bones when you sit and thats a lot of load -just relieving your arms with armrests takes twenty percent of that load off now that if your spine is not held in a good position -will help bend your spine the wrong way and so on so to unload that -great weight -indeed exists you can recline when you recline you take away a lot of that load off your bottom end and transfer it to your back -but this was real romance to me -the same time as i say you open up this joint and breathability is good but to do that if you have any -amount of recline it gets to the point where you need a headrest because nearly always -you have to use muscle force to hold your head there so thats where a headrest comes in now headrest is a challenge because you want it to adjust enough so that it will fit -you know a tall guy and a short girl so here we are -got five inches of adjustment here -in order to get the headrest in the right place but then i knew from experience and looking around in offices where there were chairs with headrests -nobody would ever bother to reach back and turn a knob and adjust the headrest to put it in position and you need it in a different position when youre upright -then when youre reclined so i knew that had to be solved and had to be automatic so if you watch this chair as i recline -the headrest comes up to meet my neck ideally you want to put the head support in -cranial area right there so that -part of it took a long time to work out -and put gel in the cushions and in the armrests to absorb point load distributes the loading -the first is if societys to make any progress on this issue we need an honest -all the discussions about -only serve to mask the core issue -which is that certain job and career choices -are fundamentally incompatible -with being meaningfully engaged on a day to day basis with a young family -now the first step in solving any problem is acknowledging the reality of the situation youre in -and the reality of the society that were in -leading lives of quiet screaming desperation -to enable them to buy things they dont need to impress people they dont like -if you dont design your life someone else will design it for you and you may just not like their idea of balance -its particularly important -this isnt on the world wide web is it im about to get fired its particularly important that you never put the quality of your life in the hands of a commercial corporation -now im not talking here just about the bad companies the abattoirs of the human soul as i call them -because commercial companies are inherently designed -to get as much out of you as they can get away with -on the one hand putting childcare facilities in the workplace is wonderful and enlightened -on the other hand its a nightmare it just means you spend more time at the bloody office -we have to be responsible for setting and enforcing the boundaries that we want in our life -that we choose upon which to judge our balance -before i went back to work after my year at home -i sat down -detailed step by step description -of the ideal balanced day that i aspired -and it went like this -do three hours work -do another three hours work -meet some mates in the pub for an early evening drink -meditate for half an hour -life when i retire -when my kids have left home when my wife has divorced me my health is failing ive got no mates or interests left -in a balanced way -now i dont mean to mock -but being a fit ten hour a day office rat -understand how that can be daunting but an incident that happened a couple of years ago gave me a new perspective -my wife who is somewhere in the audience -and said nigel you need to pick our youngest son harry up from school -we walked down to the local park -and i decided that i would try and turn my life around in particular i decided i would try to address the thorny issue of work life balance -as i was walking out of his bedroom he said dad i went yes mate he went dad this has been the best day of my life -moreover i think it can transform society -we can change societys definition of success -away from the moronically simplistic notion that the person with the most money when he dies wins -to a more thoughtful and balanced definition of what a life well lived looks like -so i stepped back -and four young children -but all i learned about work life balance from that year -was that i found it quite easy to balance -work and life when i didnt have any work -so i went back to work -and ive spent these seven years since -and yet ive taken that idea and made it my own so instead of going to coffee meetings or fluorescent lit conference room meetings i ask people to go on a walking meeting -to the tune of twenty to thirty miles a week -or you could take care of obligations -and one always came at the cost of the other -so now several hundred of these walking meetings later ive learned a few things -first theres this amazing thing about actually getting out of the box that leads to out of the box thinking whether its nature or the exercise itself it certainly works and second and probably the more -when theyre really not that way and if were going to solve problems and look at the world really differently whether its in governance or business or environmental issues job creation -maybe we can think about how to reframe those problems as having both things be true because it was when that happened with this walk and talk idea that things became doable and sustainable and viable -so i started this talk talking about the tush so ill end with the bottom line which is walk and talk -walk the talk youll be surprised at how fresh air drives fresh thinking and in the way that you do youll bring into your life an entirely new set of ideas -more than cars or the internet -or even that little mobile device we keep talking about the technology youre using the most almost every day -in that way sitting has become the smoking of our generation -of course theres health consequences to this scary ones besides the waist -things like breast cancer and colon cancer are directly tied to our lack of physical activity ten percent in fact on both of those six percent for heart disease seven percent for type two diabetes which is what my father died -but if youre anything like me it wont -what did get me moving was a social -was one of the most important ways in which people varied and he was somewhat interested in the pattern of skin color he knew that darkly pigmented -he said of all the differences between the races of men the color of the skin is the most conspicuous and one of the best marked -and he went on to say these differences do not coincide with corresponding differences in climate -so he had traveled all around he had seen people of different colors living in different places and yet he rejected the idea that human skin pigmentation was related to the climate -interestingly charles darwin was born a very lightly pigmented man in a moderately to darkly pigmented world -if only darwin lived today if only darwin had nasa now -one of the wonderful things that nasa does is it puts up a variety of satellites that detect all sort of interesting things about our environment -and for many decades now there have been a series of toms satellites that collected data about the radiation of the earths surface -the toms seven satellite data shown here show the annual average ultraviolet radiation at the earths surface -now the really hot pink and red areas are those parts of the world that receive the highest amounts of uv during the year -the incrementally cooler colors blues greens yellows and finally grays indicate areas of much lower ultraviolet radiation whats significant to the story of human skin pigmentation -just how much of the northern hemisphere is in these cool gray zones this has tremendous implications for our understanding of the evolution of human skin pigmentation -and what darwin could not appreciate or didnt perhaps want to appreciate at the time is that there was a fundamental relationship between the intensity of ultraviolet radiation -and skin pigmentation and that skin pigmentation itself was a product of evolution -and so when we look at a map of skin color and predicted skin color as we know it today -what we see is a beautiful gradient from the darkest skin pigmentations toward the equator and the lightest ones toward the poles -whats very very important here is that the earliest humans -over the course of his life darwin had great privilege he lived in a fairly wealthy home -and we all share this incredible heritage of having originally been darkly pigmented two million to one and half million years ago now what happened in our history -lets first look at the relationship of ultraviolet radiation to the earths surface in those early days of our evolution looking at the equator we were bombarded by high levels of ultraviolet radiation -the uvc the most energetic type was occluded by the earths atmosphere but uvb and uva especially came in unimpeded -turns out to be incredibly important its very destructive but it also catalyzes the production of vitamin d in the skin -the health of our immune system and myriad other important functions in our bodies so living at the equator we got lots and lots of ultraviolet radiation and -he was raised by very supportive and interested parents and when he was in his twenties he embarked upon a remarkable -the melanin this wonderful complex ancient polymer compound in our skin served as a superb natural sunscreen -this polymer is amazing because its present in so many different organisms melanin in various forms has probably been on the earth a billion years -so melanin was recruited in our lineage and specifically in our earliest ancestors evolving in africa -to be a natural sunscreen where it protected the body against the degradations of ultraviolet radiation the destruction or damage to dna and the breakdown of a very important molecule called -which helps to fuel cell production and reproduction in the body so its wonderful we evolved this very protective wonderful covering of melanin but then -we moved -humans dispersed not once but twice major moves outside of our equatorial homeland from africa -voyage on the ship the beagle and during the course of that voyage he saw remarkable things tremendous diversity of plants and animals and humans -look at whats happening to the ultraviolet radiation were still getting a dose of uva but all of the uvb or nearly all of it is dissipated through the thickness of the atmosphere -in the winter when you are skiing in the alps you may experience ultraviolet radiation but its all uva -and significantly that uva has no ability to make vitamin d in your skin -so people inhabiting northern hemispheric environments were bereft of -the potential to make vitamin d in their skin for most of the year this had tremendous consequences for the evolution of human skin pigmentation -because what happened in order to ensure health and well being these lineages of people dispersing into the northern hemisphere -lost their pigmentation there was natural selection for the evolution of lightly pigmented skin here we -to see the evolution of the beautiful sepia rainbow that now characterizes all of humanity lightly pigmented skin evolved not just once -not just twice but probably three times not just in modern humans but in one of our distant unrelated ancestors -the neanderthals a remarkable remarkable testiment to the power of evolution humans have been on the move for a long time and -and the observations that he made on that epic journey were to be eventually distilled into his wonderful book on the origin of species published one hundred and fifty years ago -just in the last five thousand years in increasing rates over increasing distances here are just some of the biggest movements of people voluntary movements in the last five thousand years -look at some of the major latitudinal transgressions people from high uv areas going to low uv and vice versa -million five hundred people were moved from high uv to low uv areas in the transatlantic slave trade -now this had all sorts of invidious social consequences but it also had deleterious health consequences to people so what weve been on the move -so clever we can overcome all of these seeming biological impediments well often were unaware of the fact that were living in environments -in which our skin is inherently poorly adapted some of us with lightly pigmented skin live in high uv areas -some of us with darkly pigmented skin live in low uv areas these have tremendous consequences for our health -we have to if were lightly pigmented be careful about the problems of skin cancer -and destruction of folate in our bodies by lots of sun epidemiologists and doctors have been very good about telling us about protecting our skin -what they havent been so good about instructing people is the problem of darkly pigmented people living in high latitude areas or working inside all the time -now what is so interesting and to some the extent whats a bit infamous about the origin of species is that there is only one line in it about human evolution -is a major problem vitamin d deficiency creeps up on people and causes all sorts of health problems to their bones to their -so we have in skin pigmentation one of these wonderful products of evolution that still has consequences for us today and the social consequences as we know are incredibly profound -we live in a world where we have lightly and darkly pigmented people living next to one another but often brought into proximity initially as a result of very invidious social interactions -so how can we overcome this how can we begin to understand it evolution helps us -two hundred years after darwins birthday we have the first moderately pigmented president of the -this man is -significant for a whole host of reasons but we need to think about how he compares in terms of his pigmentation to other people on earth he as one of -many urban and mixed populations is very emblematic of a mixed parentage of a mixed pigmentation -these people have a tremendous potential to tan to develop more pigment in their skin as a result of exposure to sun they also run the risk of vitamin d deficiency -if they have desk jobs like that guy so lets all wish for his great health and his awareness of his own skin pigmentation -now -what is wonderful about the evolution of human skin pigmentation and the phenomenon of pigmentation is that -light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history it wasnt until much longer much later -it is the demonstration the evidence of evolution by natural selection right on your body -when people ask you what is the evidence for evolution you dont have to think about some exotic examples or fossils you just have to look at your skin -able to look at the evidence we have today he would understand it he would appreciate it and most of all he would teach -you you can teach it you can touch it you can understand it take it out of this room take your skin color and celebrate it -spread the word you have the evolution of the history of our species -part of it written in your skin understand it appreciate it celebrate it go out isnt is beautiful isnt it wonderful you are the products of evolution thank you -that darwin actually spoke and wrote about humans now in his years of -well heart cells are pretty greedy nature feeds the heart cells in your body with a very very dense blood supply -in the lab we micro pattern channels in the biomaterials on which we grow the cells and this allows us to flow the cell culture media the cells food through the scaffolds where were growing the cells a lot like what you might expect from a capillary bed in the heart so this brings me to lesson number one -life can do a lot with very little lets take the example of electrical stimulation lets see how powerful just one of these essentials can be -on the left we see a tiny piece of beating heart tissue that i engineered from rat cells in the lab its about the size of a mini marshmallow -in a sense tissue engineers have a bit of an identity crisis here because structural engineers build bridges and big things computer engineers computers but what we are doing is actually building enabling technologies for the cells themselves -what does this mean for us lets do something really simple lets remind ourselves that cells are not an abstract concept lets remember that our cells sustain our lives in a very real way -we are what we eat could easily be described as we are what our cells eat -and in the case of the flora in our gut these cells may not even be human -but its also worth noting that cells also mediate our experience of life behind every sound sight touch taste and smell is a corresponding set of cells that receive this information and interpret it for us -it begs the question shall we expand our sense of environmental stewardship to include the ecosystem of our own bodies i invite you to talk about this with me further and in the meantime i wish you luck may none of your non cancer cells -and let me tell you what its like to grow these cells in the lab i work in a lab where we take cells out of their native environment we plate them into dishes that we sometimes call petri dishes and we feed them sterilely of course with what we call cell culture media which is like their food -become endangered species thank you -and we grow them in incubators why do i do this -copying nature in the lab -lets take the example of the heart the topic of a lot of my research what makes the heart unique -well the heart beats rhythmically tirelessly faithfully we copy this in the lab by outfitting cell culture systems with electrodes these electrodes act like mini pacemakers to get the cells to contract in the lab what else do we know about the heart -one of the key technologies thats really important is whats called induced pluripotent stem cells they were developed in japan pretty recently -okay induced pluripotent stem cells theyre a lot like embryonic stem cells except without the controversy we induce cells okay say skin cells by adding a few genes to them culturing them and then harvesting them -so theyre skin cells that can be tricked kind of like cellular amnesia into an embryonic state so without the controversy thats cool thing number one cool thing number two you can grow any type of tissue out of them brain heart liver you get the picture but out of your cells so we can make a model of your heart -your brain on a chip -going forward imagine a massively parallel version of this with thousands of pieces of human tissue it would be like having a clinical trial on a chip -but another thing about these induced pluripotent stem cells is that if we take some skin cells lets say from people with a genetic disease and we engineer tissues out of them we can actually use tissue engineering techniques to generate models of those diseases in the lab -heres an example from kevin eggans lab at harvard he generated neurons from these induced pluripotent stem cells from patients who have lou gehrigs disease and he differentiated them into neurons and whats amazing is that these neurons also show symptoms of the disease -so with disease models like these we can fight back faster than ever before and understand the disease better than ever before and maybe discover drugs even faster -this is another example of patient specific stem cells that were engineered from someone with retinitis pigmentosa this is a degeneration of the retina its a disease that runs in my family and we really hope that cells like these will help us find a cure -so some people think that these models sound well and good but ask well are these really as good as the rat -the rat is an entire organism after all with interacting networks of organs a drug for the heart can get metabolized in the liver and some of the byproducts may be stored in the fat dont you miss all that with these tissue engineered models -well this is another trend in the field -by combining tissue engineering techniques with microfluidics the field is actually evolving towards just that a model of the entire ecosystem of the body complete with multiple organ systems to be able to test how a drug you might take for your blood pressure might affect your liver or an antidepressant might affect your heart these systems are really hard to build -but were just starting to be able to get there and so watch out -but thats not even all of it because once a drug is approved tissue engineering techniques can actually help us develop more personalized treatments this is an example -that you might care about someday and i hope you never do because imagine if you ever get that call -this is an example from karen burgs lab where theyre using inkjet technologies to print breast cancer cells and study its progressions and treatments -and some of our colleagues at tufts are mixing models like these with tissue engineered bone to see how cancer might spread from one part of the body to the next and you can imagine those kinds of multi tissue chips to be the next generation of these kinds of studies -and so thinking about the models that weve just discussed you can see going forward that tissue engineering is actually poised to help revolutionize drug screening at every single step of the path -disease models making for better drug formulations massively parallel human tissue models helping to revolutionize lab testing reduce animal testing and human testing in clinical trials -and individualized therapies that disrupt what we even consider to be a market at all -essentially were dramatically speeding up that feedback between developing a molecule and learning about how it acts in the human body our process for doing this is essentially transforming biotechnology and pharmacology into an information technology helping us discover and evaluate drugs faster -and one day we hope that these tissues can serve as replacement parts for the human body but what im going to tell you about today is how these tissues make awesome models -more cheaply and more effectively -a lot of time and sometimes even when a drug hits the market it acts in an unpredictable way and actually hurts people and the later it fails -the worse the consequences it all boils down to two issues one humans are not rats -and two despite our incredible similarities to one another actually those tiny differences between you and i have huge impacts with how we metabolize drugs and how those drugs affect us so what if we had better models in the lab that could not only mimic us better than rats but also reflect our diversity -lets see how we can do it with tissue engineering -could india become -a source or a global hub of innovation just like its become a global hub for back office services and software development and for the last four years my coauthor phanish puranam and i spent -two decades india has become a global hub for software development and offshoring of back office services as we call it -investigating this topic initially or you know as people would say you know in fact the more aggressive people who are supporting the western innovative model say where are the indian googles ipods and viagras -if the indians are so bloody smart laughter so initially when we started our research we went and met several executives and we asked them what do you think will india go from being a favored destination for software services and back office services to a destination for innovation they laughed -the more polite ones said well you know indians make good software programmers and accountants but they cant do the creative stuff sometimes it took a more took a veneer of sophistication -and people said you know its nothing to do with indians its really the rule based regimented education system in india that is responsible for killing all creativity -they said instead if you want to see real creativity go to silicon valley and look at companies like google microsoft intel -so we realized that maybe we had the wrong question and the right question is really can indians based out of india -do innovative work so off we went to india we made i think about a dozen trips to bangalore mumbai gurgaon delhi hyderabad you name it to examine what is the level of corporate innovation in these cities -and what we were interested in finding out was that because of this huge industry that has started over the last two decades in india offshoring software development and back office services theres been a flight of white collar jobs from the developed world to india -you are taking a particular perspective on innovation which is innovation for end users visible innovation instead innovation if you remember some of you may have read the famous economist schumpeter he said innovation is novelty in how value is created and distributed -it could be new products and services but it could also be new ways of producing products it could also be novel ways of organizing firms and industries once you take this theres no reason to restrict innovation the beneficiaries of innovation just to end users -and specifically there are four types of invisible innovation that are coming out of india -the first type of invisible innovation out of india is what we call innovation for business customers which is led by the multinational corporations -which have in the last two decades there have been seven hundred and fifty r amp d centers set up in india by multinational companies employing more than four hundred thousand professionals -now when you consider the fact -the other thing we were told then was yes but you know the kind of work that is coming out of the indian r amp d center cannot be compared to the kind of work that is coming out of the u s r amp d centers so my coauthor phanish puranam who happens to be one of the smartest people i know said -hes going to do a study what he did was he looked at those companies that had an r amp d center in usa and in india -and then he looked at a patent that was filed out of the u s and a similar patent filed out of the same companys subsidiary in india -when this is combined with the loss of manufacturing jobs to china it has you know led to considerable angst amongst the western populations in fact if you look at polls they show a declining trend -so hes now comparing the patents of r amp d centers in the u s with r amp d centers in india of the same company to find out what is the quality of the patents filed out of the indian centers and how do they compare with the quality of the patents filed out of the u s centers -interestingly what he finds is and by the way the way we look at the quality of a patent is what we call forward citations how many times does a future patent reference the older patent he finds something very interesting -what we find is that the data says that the number of forward citations of a patent filed out of a u s r amp d subsidiary is identical to the number of forward citations of a patent filed by an indian subsidiary of the same company within that company -so within the company theres no difference in the forward citation rates of their indian subsidiaries versus their u s subsidiaries so thats the first kind of invisible innovation coming out of india the second kind of invisible innovation coming out of india is what we call outsourcing innovation to indian companies -for their global products which are going to be sold to the entire world for example in the pharma industry a lot of the molecules are being developed but you see a major part of that work is being sent to india -for example xcl technologies they developed two of the mission critical systems for the new boeing seven hundred and eighty seven dreamliner one to avoid -collisions in the sky and another to allow landing in zero visibility but of course when you climb onto the boeing seven hundred and eighty seven you are not going to know that this is invisible innovation out of india -the third kind of invisible innovation coming out of india is what we call process innovations because of an injection of intelligence by indian firms -hundreds of thousands of smart young ambitious kids on a call center job very quickly they get bored and they start innovating -for support for free trade in the west -traditional call center company used to be a traditional call center company today theyre developing analytical tools to do predictive modeling so that before you pick up the phone you can guess or predict what this phone call is about -now the western elites however have said this fear is misplaced for example if you have read i suspect many of you have done so read the book by thomas friedman called the world is flat -and the most significant management innovation to come -out of india invented by the indian offshoring industry is what we call the global delivery model -products for end users is the visible tip of the innovation iceberg india is well represented in the invisible large submerged portion of the innovation iceberg -now this has of course some implications and so we developed three implications of this research the first is what we called sinking skill ladder and now im going to go back to where i started my conversation with you which was about the flight of jobs -now what happens is when you outsource the bottom rung of the ladder to india for innovation and for r amp d work at some stage in the very near future you are going to have to confront a problem which is where does the next step of the ladder people come from within your company -so you have two choices then either you bring the people from india into the developed world to take positions in the next step of the ladder immigration -he said basically in his book that you know this fear for free trade is wrong because it assumes its based on a mistaken assumption that everything that can be invented has been invented -what we are trying to say is that once you outsource the bottom end of the ladder -you its a self perpetuating act because of the sinking skill ladder and the sinking skill ladder is simply the point that -you cant be an investment banker without having been an analyst once you cant be a professor without having been a student you cant be a consultant without having been a research associate so if you outsource the least sophisticated jobs at some stage the next step of the ladder has to follow -the second thing we bring up is what we call the browning of the tmt the top management teams -because thats where the product leadership is thats where the important market leadership is right and the last thing we point out in this slide which is you know that to this story theres one caveat india has the youngest growing population in the world -this demographic dividend is incredible but paradoxically theres also the mirage of mighty labor pools -indian institutes and educational system with a few exceptions are incapable of producing students in the quantity and quality needed to keep this innovation engine going so companies are finding innovative ways to overcome this but in the end it does not absolve the government of the responsibility for creating this educational structure -so finally i want to conclude -by showing you the profile of one company ibm as many of you know ibm has always been considered for the last hundred years to be one of the most innovative companies in fact if you look at the number of patents filed over history i think they are in the top or the top two or three companies in the world of all patents filed in the usa as a private company -here is the profile of employees of ibm over the last decade in two thousand and three they had three hundred thousand employees or three hundred and thirty thousand employees out of which one hundred and thirty five thousand were in america nine thousand were in india -in fact he says its innovation that will keep the west ahead of the developing world with the more sophisticated innovative tasks being done in the developed world and the less sophisticated shall we say drudge work being done in the developing -in two thousand and nine they had four hundred thousand employees by which time the u s employees had moved to one hundred and five thousand whereas the indian employees had gone to one hundred thousand -now what we were trying to understand was is this true -i would put it in the following equation no nine eleven no war at the beginning of the bush administration when president bush now president bush was running for president -he made it very clear that he was not interested in intervening broadly in the world in fact the trend was for disengagement with the rest of the world thats why we heard about the backing away from the kyoto protocol for example -after nine eleven the tables were turned and the president decided with his advisors to undertake some kind of an active intervention in the world around us -that began with afghanistan and when afghanistan went extremely smoothly and quickly a decision was made through the technology of democracy -again notice not a perfect technology but through the technology of democracy that this administration was going to push in the direction of another war this time a war in iraq now -argue to you that in fact politics and religion which are the two primary factors not the sole but overwhelmingly the primary factors which are driving towards -the reason i begin by saying no nine eleven no war is that we have to acknowledge that islam as interpreted by a very very small extremely radical group of people -was a precipitating cause of the nine eleven attacks the precipitating cause of the nine eleven attacks and as a consequence at one -degree of remove the precipitating cause of the coming war that were about to be engaged in and i would add that bin laden and his followers -are consciously devoted to the goal of creating a conflict between democracy or at least capitalist democracy on the one hand and -the world of islam as they see and define it now how is islam a technology in this -well its a technology for first salvation in its most basic sense its meant to be a mechanism for construing the universe in a way that will bring about the salvation of the individual believer -within the sphere of people who have that view and its a large number of people in the muslim world who disagree with bin laden in his application but agree that islam is the answer islam represents a way of engaging the world through which one can achieve certain desirable goals -and the goals from the perspective of muslims are in principle peace justice and equality but on terms that correspond to traditional muslim teachings -now i dont want to leave a misimpression by identifying either of these propositions rather either of these phenomena democracy or islam as technologies i dont want to suggest that theyre a single thing that you can point to and i think a good way to prove this -a war which looks extremely likely bordering on the inevitable at this point whether one is in favor of that or not that politics and religion are in fact themselves better conceptualized as kinds of technology -is simply to demonstrate to you what my thought process was when deciding what to put on the wall behind me when i spoke and i ran immediately into a conceptual problem you cant show a picture of democracy -it follows from that that all of the people in the world who say that they are muslims can in principle subscribe to a wide range of different interpretations -of what islam really is and the same is true of democracy in other words unlike -the word hope which one could look up in a dictionary and derive origins for and perhaps reach some kind of a consensual use analysis these are essentially contested concepts theyre ideas -its very very difficult for anyone to say i have the right version of islam you know post nine eleven we were treated to the amazing phenomenon of george w bush saying islam means peace -well so says george w bush other people would say it means something else some people would say that islam means submission -other people would say it means an acknowledgement or recognition of gods sovereignty there are a wide range of different things that islam can mean and ostensibly the same is true of democracy -free speech free press equality of citizens these are contested points and its impossible to answer them by saying ah ha i looked in the right place and i found out what these concepts mean -now if islam and democracy are at present in a moment of great confrontation what does that mean -well you could fit it into a range of different interpretative frameworks you could begin with the one that we began with a couple of days ago which was fear -and subject to kinds of questions that we regularly consider in the space of conceptual design heres what i mean -fear is not an implausible reaction with a war just around the corner and with a very very high likelihood that many many people are going to die as a consequence of this confrontation -a confrontation which many many people in the muslim world do not want many many people in the american democracy do not want many people elsewhere in the world do not want but which nonetheless is favored by a large enough number of people at least in the relevant -that islam and democracy are technologies and by virtue of being technologies theyre manipulable and theyre manipulable in ways that can produce some extremely positive outcomes what do i have in mind -well all over the muslim world there are people who take islam deeply seriously people who care about islam for whom its a source either of faith -or of civilization or of deep values or just a source of powerful personal identity who think and are saying loudly that islam and democracy are in fact not in conflict -but are in fact deeply compatible and these muslims and its the vast majority of muslims disagree profoundly with bin ladens approach profoundly and they furthermore think -one can see that theyre saying that their concern in their own countries is primarily free up themselves to have choice in the spheres of personal life -in the sphere of economics in the sphere of politics and yes in the sphere of religion which is itself closely regulated in most of the muslim world -and many of these muslims further say that their disagreement with the united states is that it in the past and still in the present has sided with autocratic rulers in the muslim world in order to -it may be that there was a great war to be fought between west and east and it was necessary on the axis of democracy against communism and it was necessary -in some way for these to contradict each other and as a consequence you have to make friends wherever you can get them but now that the cold war is over -who are promoting their own religious values who are elected by their own people because they were perceived as honest and sincere because of their religious values but who do not think that islam and a democratic system of governance are fundamentally incompatible -now you may say but surely what weve seen on television about saudi islam convinces us that it cant possibly be compatible with what we consider the core of democracy namely free political choice basic liberty and basic equality -but im here to tell you that technologies are more malleable than that im here to tell you that many many muslims believe the vast majority in fact in fact i think i would go so far as to say that many muslims in saudi arabia believe -the core values of islam namely acknowledgement of gods sovereignty and basic human equality before god are themselves compatible with liberty equality and free political choice -you can deploy power in a wide range of ways the famous ones despotism is a good one anarchy is a way to not deploy the power in any organized way to do it in a radically diffused fashion and democracy is a set of technologies -so for example a group of young activists in egypt try to form a party known as the center party which advocated the compatibility of islam and democracy they werent even allowed to form a party -people who present themselves to the electorate as islamic democrats were far and away the most successful vote getters every place they were allowed to run freely -now what i want to suggest to you is that the reason for hope in this case is that we are on the edge of a real transformation in the muslim world -believe through the malleability of the technology of democracy and the malleability and synthetic capability of the technology of islam that these two ideas can work together -it will also not look exactly the way either the people in this room or muslims out in the rest of the world i dont mean to imply there arent muslims here there probably are conceptualize islam it will be transformative of islam as well -which have the effect of in principle diffusing the power source to a large number of people and then re concentrating it in a smaller group of people who govern -as a result of this convergence this synthetic attempt to make sense of these two ideas together theres a real possibility -that instead of a clash of islamic civilization if there is such a thing and democratic civilization if there is such a thing will in fact have close compatibility -now i began with the war because its the elephant in the room and you cant pretend that there isnt about to be a war if youre talking about these issues the war has tremendous risks for the model that im describing -because its very possible that as a consequence of a war many muslims will conclude that the united states is not the kind of place that they want to emulate with respect to its forms of political -on the other hand theres a further possibility that many americans swept up in the fever of a war will say and feel and think -that islam is the enemy somehow that islam ought to be construed as the enemy and even though for political tactical reasons the president has been very very good about saying that islam is not the enemy -are also not to be underestimated even by and i would say especially by people who are deeply skeptical about whether we should go to war in the first place -and who themselves are in principle authorized to govern by virtue of what the broader public has done -those who oppose the war ought to realize that if a war happens it cannot be the right strategy either pragmatically or spiritually or morally to say after the war -well lets let it all run itself out and play out however it wants to play out because we opposed the war in the first place thats not the way human circumstances operate you face the circumstances you have in front of you and you go forward -well what im here to say then is for people who are skeptical about the war its especially important to recognize that in the aftermath of the war there is a possibility for the government of the united states and the muslim peoples with whom it interacts -to create real forms of government that are truly democratic and also truly islamic and it is crucial it is crucial in a practical activist way -for people who care about these issues to make sure that within the technology of democracy in this system they exercise their preferences their choices and their voices to encourage that outcome -thats a hopeful message but its a message thats hopeful only if you understand it as incurring serious obligation for all of us and i think that we are capable of taking on that obligation -but only if we put what we can into it and if we do then i dont think that the hope will be unwarranted altogether thanks -a local neighborhood garden in the south end thats where i call home i have a beehive in the backyard and perhaps a green roof in the future when were further utilizing urban areas where there are stacks of garden spaces -check out this image above the orange line in boston try to spot the beehive its there its on the rooftop -right on the corner there and its been there for a couple of years now the way that urban beekeeping currently operates is that the beehives are quite hidden and its not because they need to be its just because people are uncomfortable with the idea -and thats why i want you today to try to think about this think about the benefits of bees in cities and why they really are a terrific thing -let me give you a brief rundown on how pollination works so we know flowers we know fruits and vegetables even some alfalfa in hay that the livestock for the meats that we eat rely on pollinators but youve got male and female parts to a plant here and basically pollinators are attracted to plants for their nectar -and in the process a bee will visit some flowers and pick up some pollen or that male kind of sperm counterpart along the way and then travel to different flowers -and eventually an apple in this case will be produced you can see the orientation the stem is down the blossom end has fallen off by the time we eat it but thats a basic overview of how pollination works -and lets think about urban living not today and not in the past but what about in a hundred years whats it gonna look like -we have huge grand challenges these days of habitat loss we have more and more people billions of people in one hundred years god knows how many people and how little space there will be to fit all of them so we need to change the way that we see cities -and looking at this picture on the left of new york city today you can see how gray and brown it is we have tar paper on the rooftops that bounces heat back into the atmosphere -contributing to global climate change no doubt what about in one hundred years if we have green rooftops everywhere and gardening and we create our own crops right in the cities we save on the costs of transportation -we save on a healthier diet and we also educate and create new jobs locally we need bees for the future of our cities and urban living -heres some data that we collected -through our company with best bees where we deliver install and manage honeybee hives for anybody who wants them in the city in the countryside and we introduce honeybees and the idea of beekeeping in your own backyard or rooftop or fire escape for even that matter and seeing how simple it is and how possible it is -theres a counterintuitive trend that we noticed in these numbers so lets look at the first metric here overwintering survival now this has been a huge problem for many years basically since the late one thousand nine hundred and eighty s when the varroa mite came and brought many different viruses bacteria and fungal diseases with it -overwintering success is hard and thats when most of the colonies are lost and we found that in the cities bees are surviving better than they are in the country -a bit counterintuitive right we think oh bees countryside agriculture but thats not what the bees are showing the bees like it in the city laughter furthermore they also produce more honey -the urban honey is delicious the bees in boston on the rooftop of the seaport hotel where we have hundreds of thousands of bees flying overheard right now that im sure none of you noticed when we walked by -are going to all of the local community gardens and making delicious healthy honey that just tastes like the flowers in our city so the yield for urban hives in terms of honey production is higher as well as the overwintering survival compared to rural areas again a bit counterintuitive -and looking back historically at the timeline of honeybee health we can go back to the year nine hundred and fifty and see that there was also a great mortality of bees in ireland so the problems of bees today isnt necessarily something new -it has been happening since over a thousand years ago but what we dont really notice are these problems in cities so one thing i want to encourage you to think about is the idea of what an urban island is -you think in the city maybe the temperatures warmer why are bees doing better in the city this is a big question now to help us understand why they should be in the city perhaps theres more pollen in the city with the trains coming in to urban hubs they can carry pollen with them very light pollen and its just a big supermarket -there are many things to know and i want you to open your minds here keep them open and change your perspective about honeybees notice that this man is not getting stung -in the city a lot of linden trees live along the railroad tracks -perhaps there are fewer pesticides in the cities than there are in rural areas -perhaps there are other things that were just not thinking about yet but thats one idea to think about urban islands and colony collapse disorder is not the only thing affecting honeybees honeybees are dying and its a huge huge grand challenge of our time -now the varroa mite is what changed the game in beekeeping -and you can see at the top right the years are changing were coming up to modern times and you can see the spread of the varroa mite from the early one thousand nine hundred s through now its one thousand nine hundred and sixty eight and were pretty much covering asia one thousand nine hundred and seventy one we saw it spread to europe and south america -and then when we get to the one thousand nine hundred and eighty s and specifically to one thousand nine hundred and eighty seven the varroa mite finally came to north america and to the united states -and that is when the game changed for honeybees in the united states many of us will remember our childhood growing up maybe you got stung by a bee you saw bees on flowers -think of the kids today their childhoods a bit different they dont experience this the bees just arent around anymore so we need bees and theyre disappearing and its a big problem -what can we do here so -what i do is honeybee research i got my ph d studying honeybee health i started in two thousand and five -studying honeybees in two thousand and six honeybees started disappearing so suddenly like this little nerd kid going to school working with bugs laughter became very relevant in the world -he probably has a queen bee tied to his chin and the other bees are attracted to it so this really demonstrates our relationship with honeybees and that goes deep back -and it worked out that way so my research focuses on ways to make bees healthier i dont research whats killing the bees per se im not one of the many researchers around the world whos looking at the effects of pesticides or diseases or habitat loss and poor nutrition on bees were looking at ways to make bees healthier through vaccines -through yogurt like probiotics and other types of therapies in ways that can be fed orally to bees and this process is so easy even a seven year old can do it -you just mix up some pollen sugar and water and whatever active ingredient you want to put in and you just give it right to the bees no chemicals involved just immune boosters -humans think about our own health in a prospective way we exercise we eat healthy we take vitamins why dont we think about honeybees in that same type of way bring them to areas where theyre thriving and try to make them healthier before they get sick -i spent many years in grad school trying to poke bees and do vaccines with needles laughter like years years at the bench oh my gosh its three a m and im still pricking bees laughter and then one day i said why dont we just do an oral vaccine its like ugh so thats what we do -these are three hives on the rooftop of the fairmont copley plaza hotel and theyre beautiful here i mean we matched the new color of the inside of their rooms to do some type of a stained wood with blue for their sheets -and these bees are terrific and they also will use -where this is a nonprofit venture were spreading the word around the world for how honeybee hives can be taken into the classroom or into the museum setting behind glass and used as an educational tool -for thousands of years were very co evolved because we depend on bees -this hive that you see here has been in fenway high school for many years now the bees fly right into the outfield of fenway park -nobody notices it if youre not a flower these bees do not care about you -for pollination and even more recently as an economic commodity many of you may have heard that honeybees are disappearing not just dying but theyre gone we dont even find dead bodies -we have also some images of honey from brooklyn now this was a mystery in the new york times where the honey was very red and the new york state forensics department came in and they actually did some science to match the red dye with that found in a maraschino cherry factory down the street -also in london and in europe across the board theyre very advanced in their use of green rooftops and integrating beehives -and ill show you an ending note here i would like to encourage you to open your mind what can you do to save the bees or to help them or to think -of sustainable cities in the future well really just change your perspective try to understand that bees are very important a bee isnt going to sting you if you see it -the bee dies honeybees die when they sting so they dont want to do it either laughter its nothing to panic about theyre all over the city -this is called colony collapse disorder and its bizarre researchers around the globe still do not know whats causing it but what we do know is that with the declining numbers of bees the costs of over one hundred and thirty fruit and vegetable crops that we rely on for food is going up in price -so honeybees are important for their role in the economy as well as in agriculture here you can see some pictures of what are called green roofs or urban agriculture were familiar with the image on the left that shows -too short of a time period for all the different risk factors that we know to change so what this really suggested to us at the national level was that diagnostic and therapeutic strategies which had been developed -in men by men for men for the last fifty years and they work pretty well in men dont they -and the breast cancer campaign again this is not a competition were trying to be as good as the breast cancer campaign -we need to be as good as the breast cancer campaign to address this crisis now sometimes when people see this i hear this gasp -we can all think of someone often a young woman who has been impacted by breast cancer we often cant think of a young woman who has heart disease -im going to tell you why heart disease kills people often very quickly so the first time heart disease strikes in women and men half of the time its sudden cardiac death -no opportunity to say good bye no opportunity to take her to the chemotherapy no opportunity to help her pick out a wig breast cancer mortality is down to four percent -and she wanted to study the talmud and so how did she get educated then she had to impersonate a man she had to look like a man she had to make other people believe that she looked like a man and she could have the same rights that -the men had bernadine healy dr healy was a cardiologist -women are dying of heart disease two three four times more than men mortality is not going down its going up and she questioned she hypothesized is this a yentl syndrome and heres what the story is -is it because women dont look like men they dont look like that male pattern heart disease that weve spent the last fifty years -understanding and getting really good diagnostics and really good therapeutics and therefore theyre not recognized for their heart disease and theyre just passed they dont get treated they dont get detected they dont get the benefit of all the modern medicines -doctor healy then subsequently became the first female director of our national institutes of health and this is the biggest biomedical enterprise research in the world and it funds a lot of my research it funds research all over the place it was a very big deal for her to become director -and she started in the face of a lot of controversy the womens health initiative -and every woman in the room here has benefited from that womens health initiative it told us about hormone replacement therapy its informed us about osteoporosis it informed us about breast cancer colon cancer in women -women arent worth it she was like nope sorry women are worth it well there was a little piece of that womens health initiative that went to national heart lung and blood institute which is the cardiology part of the nih -and we got to do the wise study and the wise stands for womens ischemia syndrome evaluation and i have chaired this study for the last fifteen years it was a study to specifically ask whats going on with women why are more and more women dying of ischemic heart disease -so in the wise fifteen years ago we started out and said well wow theres a couple of key observations and we should probably follow up on that and our colleagues in washington d c had recently published that when women have heart attacks and die -compared to men who have heart attacks and die and again this is millions of people happening every day women in their fatty plaque and this is their coronary artery so the main blood supply going into the heart muscle -women erode men explode -youre going to find some interesting analogies in this -and not enough is being done about this and as we have watched women conquer breast cancer through the breast cancer campaign this is what we need to do now with heart -doesnt completely fill with clot symptoms are subtle ekg findings are different female pattern so what do you think happens to these gals theyre often not recognized sent home im not sure what it was might have been gas -so we picked up on that and we said you know we now have the ability to look inside human beings with these special catheters called ivus intravascular ultrasound and we said -were going to hypothesize that the fatty plaque in women is actually probably different and deposited differently than men -and because of the common knowledge of how women and men get fat when we watch people become obese where do men get fat -right here its just a focal right there where do women get fat all over -you can see the mans disease so fifty years of honing and crafting these angiograms we easily recognize male pattern disease kind of hard to see that female pattern disease so that was a discovery now -what are the implications of that well once again women get the angiogram and nobody can tell that they have a problem so we are working now on a non invasive again these are all invasive studies ideally you would love to do all this non invasively -and again fifty years of good non invasive stress testing were pretty good at recognizing male pattern disease with stress tests -so this is cardiac magnetic resonance imaging were doing this at the cedars sinai heart institute in the womens heart center we selected this for the research this is not in your community hospital but we would hope to translate this and were about two and a half years into a five year study -this was the only modality that can see the inner lining of the heart and if you look carefully you can see that theres a black blush right there -and that is microvascular obstruction the syndrome the female pattern now is called microvascular coronary dysfunction or obstruction -the second reason we really liked mri is that theres no radiation so unlike the cat scans x rays thalliums -so where we used to think of heart disease as being a mans problem primarily which that was never true but that was kind of how everybody thought in the one thousand nine hundred and fifty s and sixty s and it was in all the textbooks its certainly what i learned when i was training -is in the way of looking at the heart every time we order something that has even a small amount of radiation we say do we really need that test so were very excited about m r you cant go and order it yet but this is an area of active inquiry where actually studying women is going to advance the field for women and men -what are the downstream consequences then when female pattern heart disease -is not recognized this is a figure from an editorial that i published in the european heart journal this last summer -and it was just a pictogram to sort of show why more women are dying of heart disease despite these good treatments that we know and we have work and when -the woman has male pattern disease so she looks like barbara in the movie they get treated -and when you have female pattern and you look like a woman as barbara does here with her husband they dont get the treatment these are our life saving treatments and those little red boxes are deaths -so those are the consequences and that is female pattern and why we think the yentl syndrome actually is explaining a lot of these gaps -theres been wonderful news also about studying women finally in heart disease and one of the the cutting edge areas that were just incredibly excited about is stem cell therapy -if you ask what is the big difference between women and men physiologically why are there women and men -because women bring new life into the world -thats all stem cells so we hypothesized that female stem cells might be better at identifying the injury doing some cellular repair or even producing new organs which is one of the things that were trying to do with stem cell therapy -these are female and male stem cells and if you had an injured organ if you had a heart attack and we wanted to repair that injured area do you want those robust plentiful stem cells on the top -or do you want these guys that look like theyre out to lunch laughter and some of our investigative teams have demonstrated that female stem cells and this is in animals and increasingly were showing this in humans -that female stem cells when put even into a male body do better than male stem cells going into a male body one of the things that we say about all of this female physiology because again as much as were talking about women and heart disease women do on average have better longevity than men -if we were to remain sexist and that was not right but if we were going to go forward and be sexist its actually a womans disease so its a womans disease now -is that unfolding the secrets of female physiology and understanding that is going to help men and women so this is not a zero sum game in anyway -paths crossed in one thousand nine hundred and eighty four and more and more women were dying of cardiovascular disease what has happened in the last fifteen years with this work -we are bending the curve were bending the curve -so just like the breast cancer story doing research getting awareness going it works you just have to get it going -now are we happy with this we still have two to three more women dying for every man and i would propose with the -better longevity that women have overall that women probably should theoretically do better if we could just get treated so this is where we are but we have a long row to hoe weve worked on this for fifteen years and ive told you weve been working on male pattern -heart disease for fifty years so were thirty five years behind and wed like to think its not going to take thirty five years and in fact it probably wont but we cannot stop now too many lives are at stake -so what do we need to do you now hopefully have a more personal relationship with your heart women have -and one of the things that you see is that male line the mortality is going down down down down down and you see the female line since one thousand nine hundred and eighty four the gap is widening more and more women two three four times more women dying of heart disease than men and thats -so i implore you to join the red dress campaign in this fundraising -like to -the -i fear and hope i burn and -like ice i fly above the wind and yet i cannot arise and -and all the world -what i cant have need what i -difficult times for if we keep our independent decision making part of our brains switched on if we challenge experts if were skeptical if we devolve authority if we are rebellious but also -if we become much more comfortable with nuance -for the challenges of the twenty first century for now more than ever is not the time to be blindly following blindly accepting blindly trusting -now is the time to face the world with eyes wide open yes -using experts to help us figure things out for sure i dont want to completely do myself out of a job here but being aware -especially when the stakes are high -and the decision really matters because in a world of data deluge and extreme complexity we believe that experts are more able to process information than we can that they are able to come to better conclusions than we could come to on our own -and in an age that is sometimes nowadays frightening -or confusing we feel reassured by the almost parental like authority of experts who tell us so clearly what it is we can and cannot do -but i believe that this is a big problem -monday morning in washington the president of the united states is sitting in the oval office assessing whether or not to strike al qaeda in yemen -a problem with potentially dangerous consequences for us as a society as a culture and as individuals its not that experts have not massively contributed to the world of course they have the problem lies with us -and in the process we have ceded our responsibility substituting our intellect and our intelligence for their supposed words of wisdom weve surrendered our power trading off our discomfort with uncertainty -this is no exaggeration in a recent experiment a group of adults had their brains scanned in an mri machine as they were listening to experts speak the results were quite extraordinary -but experts do get things wrong -our wealth and our collective security its imperative that we keep the independent decision making parts of our brains switched on -and im saying this as an economist who over the past few years has focused my research on what it is we think and who it is we trust and why but also and im aware of the irony here as an expert myself -to help you understand where im coming from let me bring you into my world the world of experts now -but what my research has shown me is that experts tend on the whole to form very rigid camps that within these camps a dominant perspective emerges that often silences opposition -that experts move with the prevailing winds -often hero worshipping their own gurus alan greenspans proclamations that the years of economic growth would go on and on not challenged by his peers until after the crisis of course -for expressing sexual desire -standing at the door listening to her baby crying and crying trying to work out whether she should let it cry until it falls asleep or pick it up and hold it and i am sitting by my fathers bedside in hospital -funding studies of drugs that conveniently leave out their worst side effects or studies funded by food companies of their new products -and weve also got to be -these are of course not the only insights i could share but i hope they give you a clear sense at least of why we need to stop kowtowing to them why we need to rebel and why we need to switch our independent decision making capabilities on -but how can we do this well for the sake of time i want to focus on just three strategies -trying to work out whether i should let him drink the one and a half liter bottle of water that his doctors just came in and said you must make him drink today my fathers been nil by mouth for a week -why was it that when i had an operation -it recently came out that experts trialing drugs before they come to market typically trial drugs first primarily on male animals and then primarily on men it seems that theyve somehow -second we need to create the space for what i call managed dissent if we are to shift paradigms if we are to make breakthroughs if we are to destroy myths -we need to create an environment in which expert ideas are battling it out in which were bringing in new diverse discordant heretical views into the discussion fearlessly -or whether by giving him this bottle i might actually kill him -and also from the knowledge that by surrounding ourselves by divergent discordant heretical views all the research now shows us that this actually makes us smarter -and thats why i talk about the need to actively manage dissent -google ceo eric schmidt is a practical practitioner of this philosophy in meetings he looks out for the person in the room arms crossed looking a bit bemused -we face momentous decisions with important consequences throughout our lives and we have strategies for dealing with these decisions we talk things over with our friends we scour the internet we search through books -managing dissent is about recognizing the value -disagreement discord and difference but we need to go even further we need to fundamentally redefine who it is that experts -the conventional notion is that experts are people with advanced degrees fancy titles diplomas best selling books high status individuals -best buy the consumer electronics company gets -all its employees the cleaners the shop assistants the people in the back office not just its forecasting team -to place bets yes bets on things like whether or not a product is going to sell well before christmas on whether customers new ideas are going to be or should be taken on by the company on whether a project will come in on time -leveraging and by embracing the expertise within the company best buy was able to discover for example that -the store that it was going to open in china its big grand store was not going to open on time because when it asked its staff all its staff to place their bets on whether they thought the store would open on time or not -a group from the finance department placed all their chips on that not happening -it turned out that they were aware as no one else within the company was of a technological blip that neither the forecasting experts nor the experts on the ground in china were even aware of -the strategies that i have discussed this evening -embracing dissent taking experts on democratizing expertise rebellious strategies are strategies that i think would serve us all well to embrace as we try to deal with the challenges of these very confusing complex -and celebratory the -library of the free university which opened last year -is an example of that and again -the transition from one of the many thousands of sketches and computer images to the reality and a combination of devices here the kind of heavy mass concrete of these book stacks -and the way in which that is enclosed by this skin which enables the building -the places and the spaces which determine the quality of life i -to be ventilated to consume dramatically less energy and where its really working with the forces of nature and what is interesting is that this is -hugely popular by the people who use it again coming back to that thing about the lifestyle and -in a way the ecological agenda is very much at one with the spirit so its not a kind of -sacrifice quite the reverse i think its a great its a celebration and you can measure -the performance in terms of energy consumption of that building against a typical library -if i show another aspect of that technology then in a completely different context this apartment building in the alps in switzerland -because of the technology the computing ability the ability to prefabricate make high performance components out of timber -rarely actually quote anything so im going to try and find a piece of paper if i -very much at the cutting edge and just to give a sort of glimpse of that technology the ability to plot -points in the -and to transmit to transfer -that information now -into the factory so if you cross the border just across the border a small factory -in germany and here you can see the guy with his computer screen and those points in space are communicated -and on the left are the cutting machines which then in the factory enable those individual pieces to be fabricated -plus or minus very very few millimeters to be slotted together on site and then interestingly -building to then be clad in the oldest technology which is the kind of hand cut shingles -can which somebody at the end of last year -one quarter of a million of them applied by hand as the final finish and again -the way in which that works as a building for those of us who can enjoy the spaces to live and visit there if -i made the leap into these new technologies then how did we -what happened before that i mean you know what was life like before the mobile phone the things that you take for granted -ventured the -well obviously the building still happened i mean this is a glimpse of the interior of our hong kong bank -in the absence of computers you have to physically model so for example we would put models under an artificial sky -for wind tunnels we would literally -put them in a wind tunnel -and the many kilometers of cable and so on and the turning point was probably in our terms when we had -the first computer and that was at the time that we -sought to redesign -reinvent the airport this is terminal four at heathrow typical of any terminal big heavy roof blocking out the sunlight lots of machinery big pipes whirring machinery -and stanstead the green alternative which uses natural light is a friendly place you know where you are you can relate to the outside and for a large part of its cycle -not needing electric light electric light which in turn creates more heat which creates more cooling loads and so on and at that particular point in time -this was one of the few solitary computers and thats a little image of the tree of stanstead -guy called thomas friedman who wrote -and if you looked very closely youd see that people were drawing with pencils and they were pushing you know big rulers and triangles its not that long ago seventeen years -and here we are now -in the herald tribune -every week we have -the equivalent of eighty four million disks -which record our archival information on past current and future projects that reaches twenty one kilometers into the sky this is the view you would get if you looked down on that -but meanwhile as you know wonderful protagonists like al gore are noting the inexorable rise in temperature -about two thousand and six he said -that interestingly those buildings which are celebratory and very very relevant to this place -our reichstag project -which has a very familiar agenda im sure as a public place where we sought to -in a way through a process of advocacy -between society and politicians public space -and maybe its hidden agenda an energy manifesto something that would be free -i think the most important thing to happen in two thousand and six was that living and thinking green hit main street -completely free of fuel as we know it so it would be totally renewable and again the humanistic sketch the translation into the public space but this very very much a part of the ecology but here -not having to model it for real obviously wind tunnel had a place but the ability now with the computer to explore to plan -to see how that would work in terms of the forces of nature natural ventilation to be able to model the chamber below and to look at biomass a combination of biomass aquifers -oil -process that quite interestingly was developed in eastern germany at the time of its dependence on the soviet bloc so really retranslating that technology and developing something -which was so clean it was virtually pollution free you can measure it again you can compare how that building in terms of its emission in tons of carbon dioxide per year at the time that we took that project over seven thousand -what it would have been with natural gas and finally with the vegetable oil four hundred and fifty tons i mean a ninety four percent reduction virtually clean -we can see the same processes at work in terms of the commerce bank its dependence on natural ventilation the way that you can model those gardens the way they spiral around -we reached a tipping point this year -but again very much about the lifestyle the quality something that would be more enjoyable as a place to work and again we can measure the reduction in terms of energy consumption -there is an evolution here between the projects and swiss re again develops that a little bit further the project in the city in london -and this sequence shows the buildup of that model but what it shows first which i think is quite interesting -living acting designing investing and manufacturing green -is that here you see the circle you see the public space around it what are the other ways of putting the same amount of space on the site -if for example you -seek to do a building which -goes right to the edge of the pavement -its the same amount of space -and finally you profile this -you cut grooves into it the grooves become the kind of green lungs which give views which give light ventilation -make the building fresher and you enclose that with something that also is central to its appearance which is a mesh -of triangulated structures again -in a long connection evocative of some of those works of buckminster fuller and the way in which triangulation can increase performance and also give that building its sense of identity -came to be understood by a critical mass of citizens entrepreneurs and officials as the most patriotic capitalistic geo political and competitive thing they could do hence my motto -and here if we look at a detail of the way that the building opens up and breathes into those atria the way in which now with a computer -we can model the forces we can see the high pressure the low pressure the way in which the building behaves rather like an aircraft wing -as an architect you design for -so it also has the ability all the time regardless of the direction of the wind to be able to make the building fresh and efficient -and -and im just going to give two images out of a kind of company research project its been well known that the dead sea is dying -the level is dropping rather like the aral sea and the dead sea is obviously much lower than the -oceans and seas around it so there has been a project which rescues the dead sea by creating a pipeline a pipe -sometimes above the surface sometimes buried that will redress that and will feed from the gulf of aqaba into the dead sea -and our translation of that using a lot of the thinking built up over the forty years is to say what if that instead of being just a pipe -what if it is a lifeline what if it is the equivalent depending on where you are of the grand canal -in terms of tourists habitation desalination agriculture in other words water is the lifeblood -green is the new -and if you just go back to the previous image and you look at this area of volatility and hostility that -red white and blue and i asked myself in a way looking back -a unifying design idea as a humanitarian gesture could have the affect of bringing all those warring factions together -whether that communication is the virtual world or it is the physical world then its absolutely central to society and how do we make more legible -in this growing world especially in some of the places that im talking about china for example which in the next ten years will create four hundred new -what form do they take how do you make them more friendly at that scale hong kong i refer to as a kind of -analog experience in a digital age because you always have a point of reference so what happens when we take that -and you expand -into the chinese society and what is interesting -when did that -is that that produces in a way perhaps the ultimate mega building it is physically the largest project on the planet at the moment two hundred and fifty -plus the new un built terminal five and the challenge here is a building that will be green -awareness of the planet and its fragility -that is compact despite its size and is about the human experience of travel is about -coming back to that starting point is very very much about the lifestyle and -perhaps these in the end as celebratory spaces as hubert was talking over lunch as we sort of engaged in conversation talked about this talked about cities -was saying absolutely correctly these are the new cathedrals and -in a way one aspect of this conversation -was triggered on new years eve when i was talking about the -agenda in china -in terms of its -green ambitions and aspirations and i was voicing the thought that it just crossed my mind that new years eve a sort of symbolic -turning point as we move from two thousand and six to two thousand and seven that maybe you know the future was -the most powerful innovative sort of nation the way in which somebody like kennedy inspirationally could say we put a man on the moon you know who is going to say that -we cracked this thing of the dependence on fossil fuels with all that being held to ransom by rogue regimes and so on and thats a concerted platform its more than one device you know its renewable -and i voiced the thought that maybe at the turn of the year i thought that the inspiration was more likely to come from those other larger countries out there the chinas the indias the asian pacific tigers thank you very much -for the first time man could look back at planet earth and in a way it was -before the kind of collapse of the communist system i was privileged to meet a lot of cosmonauts in space city and other places in russia and interestingly as i think back -they were the first true environmentalists they were filled with a kind of pioneering passion -with an awareness of the -fired about the problems of the aral sea and -period it was in a way a number of things were happening buckminster fuller -was the kind of green guru again a word that had not been coined he was a design scientist if you like a poet but he foresaw all the things that are happening now -it was at that time -an awareness fired by -buckys prophecies his concerns -as a citizen as a kind of citizen of the planet that influenced my thinking and what we were doing at that time and its -which is essentially -this probably coincided with the time when you had the planet earths sourcebook and you had the hippy movement and there are some of those qualities in this drawing which seeks to sum up -unknown -the recommendations and all the components are there which are now in common parlance in our vocabulary you know thirty odd years later -wind energy recycling biomass solar cells -in parallel at that time there was a very kind of exclusive design club people who were really -design conscious were inspired by the work of dieter rams and the objects that he would create for the company called braun this is going back the mid fifties sixties and -the green agenda is probably -everything would be miniaturized and technology would make an incredible style access to -the most important agenda and issue of the day -to amenities it was very very difficult to imagine that everything that we see in this image would be very very stylishly packaged -and that and more besides would be in the palm of your hand and i think that that digital revolution now is coming to the point -as the virtual world which brings so many people together here finally connects with the physical world there is the -reality that that has become humanized so that digital world has all the friendliness all the immediacy the orientation -of the analog world probably summed up in a way by the stylish or alternative available here as we generously had -and id like to share some -gifted at lunchtime the maxin which is a further kind of development and again inspired by the incredible sort of sensual feel a very very beautiful object so something which in -was very exclusive has now become interestingly quite inclusive and the reference to the ipod as iconic and in a way evocative of performance delivery -over the last forty years we celebrate our fortieth anniversary this year and to explore and to touch on some -hybrid energy conscious vehicle which rivals the ipod as an iconic product and i think its very tempting to -in a way seduce ourselves and as architects or anybody involved with the design process that the answer to our problems lies with buildings buildings are important but -component of a much bigger picture in other words as i might seek to demonstrate if you could achieve the impossible the equivalent of perpetual motion you could design a carbon free house for example -that would be the answer unfortunately its not the answer its only the beginning of the problem you cannot separate the buildings out from the infrastructure of cites and the mobility of transit for example -if in that bucky inspired phrase we draw back and we look at planet earth and we take a kind of typical industrialized society -then the energy consumed would be split between the buildings forty four percent transport thirty four percent and industry -but again that only shows part of the picture if you looked at the buildings together with the associated transport in other words the transport of people which is twenty six percent -then seventy percent of the energy consumption is influenced by the way that our cites and infrastructure work together -so the problems of sustainability cannot be separated from the nature of the cities of which the buildings are -for example if you take and you make a comparison between a recent kind of -what ill call simplistically a north american city and detroit is not a bad example it is very car dependent -the city goes out in annular rings consuming more and more green space and more and more roads and more and more energy in the transport of people between the city center -which again the city center as it becomes deprived of the living and just becomes commercial again becomes dead if you compared detroit -with a city of a northern european example and munich is not a bad example of that -with the greater dependence on walking and cycling then a city which is -really only twice as dense is only using one tenth of the energy in other words you take these comparable examples and the energy leap is enormous -basically if you wanted to generalize you can demonstrate -that as the density increases along the bottom there that the -energy consumed reduces dramatically of course you cant separate this out from issues like social diversity mass transit -the ability to be able to walk a convenient distance the quality of civic spaces but again you can see detroit in yellow -the top extraordinary consumption down below copenhagen and copenhagen although its a dense city is not dense compared -with the really dense cities and in the year two thousand a rather interesting thing happened -you had for the first time mega cities five million or more which were occurring in the developing world -and now out of typically forty six cities thirty three of those mega cities are in the developing world -so you have to ask yourself the environmental impact of for example china or india if you take china and you just take beijing you can see on that traffic system -and the pollution associated with the consumption of energy as the -said in the past many many years ago before anybody even invented the concept of a green agenda -at the price of the bicycles in other words -if you put onto the roads as is currently happening one thousand new cars every day -statistically its the biggest booming auto market in the world and the half a billion -urbanization is extraordinary accelerated pace so if we think of the transition in -of the movement from the land to the cities which took two hundred years then that same process is happening in twenty years in other words it is accelerating by a factor of ten -and quite interestingly over something like a sixty year period were seeing -the doubling in life expectancy over that period where the urbanization has trebled -if i pull back from that global picture and i look at the implication over a similar period of time in terms of the technology which as a tool is a tool for designers and i cite -that it wasnt about fashion -our own experience as a company and i just illustrate that by a small selection of projects -how do you measure that change of technology how does it affect the design of buildings and particularly how can it lead -to the creation of buildings which consume less energy create less pollution and are more socially responsible -it was about survival -that story in terms of buildings started in the late sixties early seventies the one example i take is a corporate headquarters for a company called willis and faber in a small market town in -the northeast of england commuting distance with london and here the first thing you can see is that this -building the roof is a very warm kind of overcoat blanket a kind of insulating garden which is also -about the celebration of public space in other words for this community they have this garden in the sky so -the humanistic ideal is very very strong in all this work encapsulated perhaps by one of my early sketches here where you can see greenery you can see sunlight -you have a connection with nature and nature is part of the generator the driver for this building and symbolically the colors of the interior are green and yellow -in two thousand and one this building received an award and the award was about a celebration for a building which had been in use over a long period of time and -the people whod created it came back the project managers the company chairmen then and they were saying you know the architects norman was always going on about designing for the future and you know it didnt seem to cost us any more so -we humored him we kept him happy -all the projects which have -the image at the top what it doesnt if you look at it in detail really what its just saying is you can wire this building -to build new buildings for the new technology -in some way been inspired by that agenda -we were fortunate because in a way our building was future proofed it anticipated change even though those changes were not known -round about that -design period leading up to this building -i did a sketch which we pulled out of the archive recently and i was saying and i wrote -but we dont have the time and we really dont have the immediate expertise at a technical level in other words we didnt have the technology -to do what would be really interesting on that building and that would be to create a kind of three dimensional bubble a really interesting overcoat that would -are about -as a green building is very much a pioneering building and if i fast forward in time what is interesting is that the technology is now available -softly from a risk management standpoint agreeing that the risks of overheating the planet outweigh the risk of -that is we face a situation where its carbon caps on this planet or die and -hard over for nuclear power as are most climatologists who are engaging this issue seriously -the propaganda from the industry has been very very strong and we have not had the other side of the argument fully aired so that people can draw their own conclusions be very aware of the propaganda secondly -think about this if we build all these nuclear power plants all that waste is going to be on hundreds if not thousands of trucks and trains moving through this country every day -tell me theyre not going to have accidents tell me that those accidents arent going to put material into the environment that is poisonous for hundreds of thousands of years -and then tell me that each and every one of those trucks and trains isnt a potential terrorist target ca thank you -hi im alex i just wanted to say im first of all renewable energys biggest fan ive got solar pv on my roof ive got a hydro conversion -this is the design situation a planet that is facing climate change and is now half urban -and im you know very much pro that kind of stuff however theres a basic arithmetic problem here the capability of the sun shining the wind blowing -and the rain falling simply isnt enough to add up so if we want to keep the lights on we actually need a solution which is going to keep generating all of the time -i campaigned against nuclear weapons in the eighties and i continue to do so now but weve got an opportunity to recycle them into something more useful that enables us to get energy all of the time -the last person who was in favor made the premise that we dont have enough alternative renewable resources and our -is not possible i will also add one other thing ray kurzweil and all the other talks we know that the stick is going up exponentially so you cant look at state of the art technologies in renewables and say -look at the client base for this five out of six of us live in the developing world -all we have because five years from now it will blow you away what well actually have as alternatives to this horrible disastrous nuclear power -so each of you -has really just a couple sentences thirty seconds each -final pitch stewart sb i loved your it all balances out chart that you had there it was a sunny day and a windy night -just now in england they had a cold spell all of the wind in the entire country shut down for a week none of those things were stirring and as usual they had to buy nuclear power from france two gigawatts comes through the chunnel this keeps happening -i used to worry about the ten thousand year factor -and the fact is were going to use the nuclear waste we have for fuel in the fourth generation of reactors that are coming along and especially the small reactors need to go forward i heard from nathan myhrvold and i think heres the action point -we are moving to cities we are moving up in the world -take an act of congress to make the nuclear regulatory commission start moving quickly on these small reactors which we need very much here and in the world -so weve analyzed -now with regard to the resources weve developed the first wind map of the world from data alone at eighty meters we know what the resources are you can cover fifteen percent -we are educating our kids having fewer kids basically good news all around but we move to cities toward the bright lights and one of the things that is there that we want besides jobs is electricity -okay so -so if you were in -palm springs -so people of the ted community i put it to you that what the world needs now is nuclear energy all those in favor raise your hands -and all those against ooooh now that is -my take on that just put up hands up people who changed their minds during the debate who voted differently those of you who changed your mind in favor of for put your hands -so heres the read on it both people won supporters but on my count the -shifted from about seventy five twenty five to about sixty five thirty five in favor -in favor you both won i congratulate both of you -this is one of the most desired things by poor people all over the world in the cities and in the countryside -and so far there are only three major sources of that -which in most places is maxed out and nuclear -i would love to have something in the fourth place here but in terms of constant clean scalable energy and wind and the other renewables arent there yet because theyre inconstant -nuclear is and has been for forty years -from an environmental standpoint -the main thing you want to look at is what happens to the waste -from nuclear and from coal -the two major sources of electricity -of coal -up to one hell of a lot of carbon dioxide in a normal one gigawatt coal fired plant -then what happens to the waste the nuclear waste -typically goes into a dry cask storage out back of the parking lot at the reactor site because most places dont have underground storage yet its just as well -can stay where it is while the carbon dioxide vast quantities of it -yet and where it is causing the problems that were most concerned about -and before we have the debate id like to actually take a show of hands on balance right now are you for or against this so those who are yes raise your hand -of these various energy sources -nuclear is down there with wind and hydro below solar and way below obviously all the fossil fuels -wonderful i love wind i love being around these -big wind generators -but one of the things were discovering is that wind like solar is an actually relatively dilute source of energy -and so it takes a very large footprint on the land a very large footprint in terms of materials five to ten times what youd use for nuclear -in places like denmark and germany theyve maxed out on wind already theyve run out of good sites the power lines are getting overloaded and you peak out likewise with solar -an environmentalist we would rather that didnt happen -its okay on frapped out agricultural land solars wonderful on rooftops -when you add all these things up -saul griffith did the numbers and figured out what it would take to get thirteen clean terawatts of energy -from wind solar and biofuels -that area would be roughly the size the united states an area he refers to as -guy whos added all this up very well is david mackay a physicist in england and in his wonderful book sustainable energy among other things he says im not trying to be pro nuclear im just pro arithmetic -okay hands down those who are against raise your hands -in terms of weapons the best disarmament tool so far is nuclear energy we have been taking down the russian warheads turning it into electricity ten percent of american electricity comes from decommissioned warheads -we havent even started the american stockpile -i think of most interest to a ted audience would be the new generation of reactors that are very small -down around ten to one hundred and twenty five megawatts -this is one from toshiba -and that would be very interesting in the developing world typically these things are put in the ground -referred to as nuclear batteries theyre incredibly safe weapons proliferation proof and all the rest of it here is a commercial version from new mexico called the hyperion -okay im reading that at about seventy five twenty five in favor at the start which means were going to take a vote at the end and see how that shifts -and another one from oregon called nuscale -babcock wilcox that make nuclear reactors heres an integral fast reactor thorium reactor that nathan myhrvolds involved in -the governments of the world are going to have to decide that coal needs to be made expensive and these will go ahead -at the nitty gritty heart of the energy debate and the climate change -two thousand he discovered that soot was probably the second leading cause of global warming after co two his team have been making detailed calculations -of the relative impacts of different energy sources his first time at ted possibly a disadvantage we shall see from stanford professor mark jacobson -my premise here is that nuclear energy puts out more carbon dioxide puts out more air pollutants enhances mortality more and takes longer to put up than real renewable energy systems namely wind solar geothermal power hydro tidal wave power -and it also enhances nuclear weapons proliferation so lets just start by looking at the co two emissions from the life cycle co two e emissions are equivalent emissions of all the greenhouse gases and particles that -cause warming and converted to co two and if you look wind and concentrated solar have the lowest co two emissions if you look at the graph nuclear there -bars here one is a low estimate and one is a high estimate the low estimate is the nuclear energy industry estimate of nuclear the high is the average of one hundred and three -scientific peer reviewed studies and this is just the co two from the life cycle if we look at the delays -it takes between ten and nineteen years to put up a nuclear power plant from planning to operation this includes about three and a half -to six years for a site permit and another two and a half to four years for a construction permit and issue and then four to nine years for actual construction -and in china right now theyre putting up five gigawatts of nuclear and the average just for the construction time of these is seven point one years -top of any planning times while youre waiting around for your nuclear you have to run the regular electric power grid which is -to five years on average same as concentrated solar and photovoltaics so the difference is the opportunity cost of using nuclear versus wind -or something else so if you add these two together alone you can see a separation that nuclear puts out at least nine to seventeen times more co two equivalent emissions than wind energy -and so on the right you see gasoline emissions the death rates of two thousand and twenty if you go to corn or cellulosic ethanol youd actually increase the death rate slightly -if you go to nuclear you do get a big reduction but its not as much as with wind and or concentrated solar now if you consider the fact that nuclear -weapons proliferation is associated with nuclear energy proliferation because we know for example india and pakistan developed nuclear weapons secretly by enriching uranium in nuclear energy facilities -so in favor of the proposition possibly shockingly is one of truly the founders of the environmental movement a long standing tedster the founder of the whole earth catalog someone we all know and love stewart brand -do a large scale expansion of nuclear energy across the world and as a result there was just one nuclear bomb created that was used to destroy a city such as mumbai or -ground for wind is by far the smallest of any energy source -in the world that because the footprint as you can see is just the -pole touching the ground and you can power the entire u s vehicle fleet with seventy three thousand to one hundred and forty five thousand five megawatt wind turbines -that would take between one and three sq km of footprint on the ground entirely the spacing is something else -be used for multiple purposes including agricultural land range land or -space over the ocean its not even land now if we look at nuclear -with nuclear what do we have we have facilities around there you also have a buffer zone thats seventeen sq km and you have the uranium mining -that you have to deal with now if we go to the area lots is worse than nuclear or wind for example -from prairie grass heres corn ethanol its smaller this is based on ranges from data but if you look at nuclear it would be the size of rhode island to power the u s vehicle fleet for wind -looking at geothermal its even smaller than both and solar is slightly larger than the nuclear spacing but its still pretty small and this is -power the entire u s vehicle fleet to power the entire world with fifty percent wind you would need about one percent of world land matching the reliability -and it considers just using existing hydro to match the hour by hour power demand here are the world wind resources theres five to ten times more wind available -than we need for all the world so then the finally ranking and one last slide i just want to show this is the choice you can either have wind or nuclear if you use wind you guarantee ice will -saying is that with climate those who know the most -so while theyre having their comebacks on each other and yours is slightly short because you slightly overran i need two people from either side so if youre for this if youre for nuclear power -with nuclear those who know the most are the least -whatever -i think a point of difference were having mark -has to do with weapons and energy -these diagrams that show that nuclear is somehow putting out a lot of greenhouse gases a lot of those studies will include well of course war will be inevitable and therefore well have cities burning and stuff like that which is kind of finessing it a little bit i think -the reality is that theres what twenty one nations that have nuclear power of those seven have nuclear weapons in every case they got the weapons before they got the nuclear power -there are two nations north korea and israel that have nuclear weapons and dont have nuclear power at all -the places that we would most like to have really clean energy occur are china india europe north america -all of which have sorted out their situation in relation to nuclear weapons so that leaves a couple of places like iran maybe venezuela -that you would like to have very close -well we know india and pakistan had nuclear energy first and then they developed nuclear weapons secretly in the factories so the other thing is -we dont need nuclear energy theres plenty of solar and wind you can make it reliable as i showed with that diagram thats from real data and this is an ongoing research this is not rocket science -and who has responsibility for what one sees i think there is a socializing dimension in kind of moving that border -who decides what reality is this is the tate modern in london the show was in a sense about that it was about a space in which i put -put a mirror in the ceiling and some fog some haze and my idea was to make the space tangible with such a big space the problem is obviously that there is a discrepancy between what your body can -and what happens is that people they start to see themselves in this space so look at this look at the girl of course they have to look through a bloody camera in a museum right thats how museums -how do we configure the relationship between our body and the space how do we reconfigure it how do we know that being in a space makes a difference do you see when i said in the beginning its about why rather than how -cue on here which is down there in the snow just last weekend -why meant really what consequences does it have when i take a step what does it matter does it matter if i am in the world or not and does it matter whether the kind of actions i take -among other places the green dye is not environmentally dangerous but it obviously looks really rather frightening and its -on the other side also i think quite beautiful it somehow shows the turbulence in these kind of downtown areas in these different places of the world the green river -in the studio we do a lot of experiments i would consider the studio more like a laboratory i have occasional meetings with scientists and -i think something that art in a sense was always working with the idea that art can actually evaluate the relationship between -what it means to be in a picture and what it means to be in a space what is the difference the difference between thinking and doing -so these are different experiments with that i wont go into them iceland lower right corner my favorite place -is an experiment i did for bmw an attempt to make a car its made out of ice a crystaline stackable principle in the center on the top which i am trying to turn into a concert hall in iceland -a sort of a run track or a walkway on the top of a museum in denmark which is -going around so the movement with your legs will change the color of your horizon and at the hyde park in london with the serpentine gallery a kind of a temporal pavilion where moving was the only way you could see the -this summer in new york there is one thing about falling water which is very much about the time it takes for water to fall its quite simple and fundamental -how big it is it doesnt really tell you what youre looking at the moment you start to move the mountain starts to move the big mountains far away they move less the small mountains in the foreground they move more -and if you stop again you wonder is that a one hour valley or is that a three hour hike or is that a whole day im looking at if you have a waterfall in there right out there at the horizon you look at the waterfall and you go -the water is falling really slowly and you go my god its really far away and its a giant waterfall if a waterfall is falling faster its a smaller waterfall which is closer by because the speed of falling water -has had an interest in somehow playing around with the sense of space you could say that new york wants to seem as big as possible -adding a measurement to that is interesting the falling water suddenly gives you a sense of oh brooklyn is exactly this much the distance between brooklyn and manhattan in this case the -how we do things but why we do things do you mind looking with me at that little cross in the center there so just keep looking dont mind me so you will see a yellow circle and we will do an after image experiment -part of a space rather than having a body which is just in front of a picture and ha ha there is a picture and here is i and what does it matter -a sense of consequences so if i have a sense of the space if i feel that the space is tangible if i feel there is time if there is a dimension i could call time -i also feel that i can change the space and suddenly it makes a difference in terms of making space -one could say this is about community collectivity its about being together how do we create public space what does the word public mean today anyway -so asked in that way i think it raises great things about parliamentary ideas democracy public space being together being -how do we create an idea which is both tolerant to individuality -and also to collectivity without polarizing the two into two different -of course the political agendas in the world has been very obsessed polarizing the two against each other into different very normative ideas i would claim that -and culture and this is why art and culture are so incredibly interesting in the times were living in now have proven that one can create -a kind of a space which sensitive to both individuality and to collectivity its very much about this causality consequences its very much about the way we link -thinking and doing so what is between thinking and doing and right in between thinking and doing i would say there is experience and experience is not just -kind of entertainment in a non committal way experience is about responsibility having an experience is taking part in the world -taking part in the world is really about sharing responsibility so art in that sense i think -when the circle goes away you will have another color the complementary color i am saying something and your eyes and your brain are saying something back -since two years now with some stipends from the science ministry in berlin ive been working on these films where we produce the film together -i dont necessarily think the film is so interesting obviously this is not interesting at all in the sense of the narrative but nevertheless what the potential is and just keep looking there what the potential is -is to kind of move the border of who is the author and who is the receiver who is the consumer if you want -notice for patients for doctors for the public finally i think they are infinitely interesting and valuable for giving one some insight as to how the brain works -but shed been very startled and very bewildered because shed been seeing things -charles bonnet said two hundred and fifty years ago he wondered how thinking these hallucinations how as he put it the theater of the mind -could be generated by the machinery of the brain now two hundred and fifty years later i think were beginning to glimpse how this is done thanks very much -about these things with so much insight and -i was afraid -a lot of them and actually im a little visually impaired myself im blind in one eye and not terribly good in the other and i see the geometrical hallucinations but they stop there -and they dont disturb you because you understand whats doing it -you worried o s well they dont disturb me any more than my tinnitus which i ignore they occasionally interest me and i have many pictures of them -she told me the nurses hadnt mentioned this that she was blind that she had been completely blind from macular degeneration for five years but now for the last few days shed been seeing things -in my notebooks ive gone and had an fmri myself to see how my visual cortex is taking over and -when i see all these hexagons and complex things which i also have in visual migraine i wonder whether everyone sees things like this and whether things like cave art or ornamental art may have been derived from -so i said what sort of things and she said people in eastern dress in drapes walking up and down stairs -a man who turns towards me and smiles but he has huge teeth on one side of his mouth animals too -i see a white building its snowing a soft snow i see this horse with a harness dragging the snow away -then one night the scene changes i see cats and dogs walking towards me they come to a certain point and then stop -then it changes again i see a lot of children they are walking up and down stairs they wear bright colors rose and blue like eastern dress -we see with the eyes but we see with the brain as well and seeing with the brain is often called imagination -sometimes she said before the people come on she may hallucinate pink and blue squares on the floor which seem to go up to the ceiling -i said is this like a dream and she said no its not like a dream its like a movie -she said its got color its got motion but its completely silent like a silent movie and she said that its a rather boring movie -she said all these people with eastern dress walking up and down very repetitive very limited -she has a sense of humor she knew it was a hallucination but she was frightened shed lived ninety five years and shed never had a hallucination before -she said that the hallucinations were unrelated to anything she was thinking or feeling or doing -that they seemed to come on by themselves or disappear she had no control over them she said she didnt recognize any of the people or places -and she didnt know what was going on she wondered if she was going mad or losing her mind well i examined her carefully she was a bright old lady -perfectly sane she had no medical problems she wasnt on any medications which could produce hallucinations but she was blind -and we are familiar with the landscapes of our own imagination our inscapes weve lived with them all our lives -and i then said to her i think i know what you have i said there is a special form of visual hallucination which may go with deteriorating vision or blindness -this was originally described i said back in the eighteenth century by a man called charles bonnet -and you have charles bonnet syndrome there is nothing wrong with your brain there is nothing wrong with your mind you have charles bonnet syndrome -and she was very relieved at this that there was nothing seriously the matter and also rather curious she said who -she said did he have them himself and she said tell all the nurses that i have charles bonnet syndrome -well so i did tell the nurses now this for me is a common situation i work in old age homes largely i see a lot of elderly people -who are hearing impaired or visually impaired about ten percent of the hearing impaired people get musical hallucinations -and about ten percent of the visually impaired people get visual hallucinations you dont have to be completely blind only sufficiently impaired -but there are also hallucinations as well and hallucinations are completely different they dont seem to be of our creation they dont seem to be under our control they seem to come from the outside -now with the original description in the eighteenth century charles bonnet did not have them his grandfather -had these hallucinations his grandfather was a magistrate an elderly man hed had cataract surgery his vision was pretty poor -the first thing he said was he saw a handkerchief in midair it was large blue handkerchief with four orange circles -he knew it was a hallucination you dont have handkerchiefs in midair and then he saw a big wheel in midair -but sometimes he wasnt sure whether he was hallucinating or not because the hallucinations would fit in the context of the visions -so on one occasion when his granddaughters were visiting them he said and who are these handsome young men with you -and they said alas grandpapa there are no handsome young men and then the handsome young men -charles lullin the grandfather saw hundreds of different figures different landscapes of all sorts on one occasion he saw a man in a bathrobe smoking -and realized it was -on one occasion when he was walking in the streets of paris he saw this was real a scaffolding but when he got back home he saw a miniature of the scaffolding six inches high -on his study table this repetition of perception is sometimes called palinopsia -and with rosalie what seems to be going on and rosalie said whats going on and i said that as -you lose vision as the visual parts of the brain are no longer getting any input they become hyperactive and excitable and they start to fire spontaneously and you start to see things -the things you see can be very complicated indeed with another patient of mine who had some -and to mimic perception so i am going to be talking about hallucinations and a particular sort of visual hallucination -the vision she had could be disturbing on one occasion she said she saw a man in a striped shirt in a restaurant and he turned around and then -he divided into six identical figures in striped shirts who started walking towards her and then the six figures came together again like a concertina -once when she was driving or rather her husband was driving the road divided into four and she felt herself going simultaneously up four roads she had very -hallucinations as well a lot of them had to do with a car sometimes she would see a teenage boy sitting on the hood of the car -boy would do a sudden vertical take off one hundred foot -and then disappear -another patient of mine had a different sort of hallucination this was a woman who didnt have trouble with her eyes but the visual parts of her brain -tumor in the occipital cortex and above all she would see cartoons these cartoons -would be transparent and would cover half the visual field like a screen and especially she saw cartoons of kermit the frog -now i dont watch sesame street but she made a point of saying why kermit she said kermit the frog means nothing to me -you know i was wondering about freudian determinants why kermit kermit the frog -which i see among my patients -means nothing to me she didnt mind the cartoons too much but what did disturb her was she got very persistent images or hallucinations of faces -and as with rosalie the faces were often deformed with very large teeth or very large eyes and these frightened -well what is going on with these people as a physician i have to try and define whats going on and to reassure people especially to reassure them that theyre not going insane -acknowledge them because they are afraid they will be seen as insane or something and if they do mention them to their own doctors they may be misdiagnosed -few months ago i got a phone call from a nursing home where i work they told me that one of the residents an old lady in her nineties was seeing things -in particular the notion is that if you see things or hear things youre going mad but the psychotic hallucinations are quite different -psychotic hallucinations whether they are visual or vocal they address you they accuse you they seduce you they humiliate you they jeer at you -you interact with them there is none of this quality of being addressed with these charles bonnet hallucinations -is a film youre seeing a film which has nothing to do with you or thats how people think about it -also a rare thing called temporal lobe epilepsy and sometimes if one has this one may feel oneself transported back -to a time and place in the past youre at a particular road junction you smell chestnuts roasting you hear the traffic all the senses are involved and youre waiting for your girl -full of feeling full of familiarity located in space and time coherent dramatic the charles bonnet ones are quite different -so in the charles bonnet hallucinations you have all sorts of levels from the geometrical hallucinations the pink and blue squares the woman had up to -quite elaborate hallucinations with figures and especially faces faces and sometimes deformed faces are the single -so what is going on -and in fact to find that different parts of the visual brain are activated as they are hallucinating -when people have these simple geometrical hallucinations the primary visual cortex is activated this is the part of the brain which perceives -and they wondered if shed gone bonkers or because she was an old lady whether shed had a stroke or whether she had alzheimers and so they asked me if i would come and see rosalie -and patterns you dont form images with your primary visual cortex when images -a higher part of the visual cortex is involved in the -and in particular one area of the temporal lobe is called the fusiform gyrus and its known that if people have damage in the fusiform gyrus they maybe lose the ability to recognize faces -but if there is an abnormal activity in the fusiform gyrus they may hallucinate faces and this is exactly what you find in some of these people -area in the anterior part of this gyrus where teeth and eyes -and that part of the gyrus is activated when people get -the deformed hallucinations there is another part of the brain which is especially activated when one sees cartoons -activated when one recognizes cartoons when one draws cartoons and when one hallucinates them its very interesting that that should be specific -other parts of the brain which are specifically involved with the recognition and hallucination of buildings and landscapes -and now we know that there are hundreds of other sorts of cells which can be very very specific so you may not only have -cells you may have aston martin cells -i saw an aston martin this morning i had to bring it -and now its in there somewhere -now at this level in whats called the inferotemporal cortex there are only visual images or figments or fragments its only at higher levels -the old lady i went in to see her -that the other senses join in and there are connections with memory and emotion and in the charles bonnet syndrome you dont go to those higher levels youre in these levels of inferior visual cortex -where you have thousands and tens of thousands and millions of images or figments or fragmentary figments all neurally encoded in particular cells -or small clusters of cells normally these are all part of the integrated stream of perception or imagination -and one is not conscious of them it is only if one is visually impaired or blind that the process is interrupted and instead of getting normal perception youre getting an anarchic -was evident straight away that she was perfectly sane and lucid and of good intelligence -and suddenly that the mind does its best to organize and to give some sort of coherence to this but -when these were first described it was thought that they could be interpreted like dreams but in fact people say i dont recognize the people i cant form any associations -kermit means nothing to me you dont get anywhere thinking of them as dreams -well ive more or less said what i wanted i think i just want to recapitulate and say this is common -think of the number of blind people there must be hundreds of thousands of blind people who have these hallucinations but are too scared to mention them so this sort of thing needs to be brought into -yes contributions actually do make a difference and they set a context for having a conversation but it takes some time to build up so what actually works and the answer is rather strange its a letter -we live in a digital world but were fairly analog creatures letters actually work even the top dog himself takes time every day to read ten letters that are picked out by staff -i can tell you that every official that ive ever worked with will tell you about the letters they get and what they mean so how are you going to write your letter first of all youre going to pick up an analog device -i know these are tough and you may have a hard time getting your hand bent around it -but this is actually critical and it is critical that you actually hand write your letter it is so novel to see this that somebody actually picked up -an analog device and has written to me second of all im going to recommend that you get into a proactive stance and write to your elected officials at least once a month heres my promise to you -things that defines a tedster is youve taken your passion and youve turned it into stewardship you actually put action to the issues you care about -if you are consistent and do this within three months the elected official will start calling you when that issue comes up and says what do you think -now im going to give you a four paragraph format to work with now when you approach these animals -you need to understand theres a dangerous end to them and you also need to approach them with some level of respect and a little bit of wariness so in paragraph number one what im going to tell you to do is very simply this you appreciate -paragraph number two you may actually have to get very blunt and say whats really on your mind -when you do this dont attack people you attack tactics ad hominem attacks will get you nowhere paragraph number three -by the way you sign your letter you do a number of things youre a vice president you volunteer you do something else why is is this important because -this establishes the two primary criteria for the political creature that you have influence in a large sphere and that my preservation depends on you -here is one very quick hack especially for the feds in the audience heres how you mail your letter first of all you send the original to the district office -send the copy to the main office if they follow protocol theyll pick up the phone and say do you have the original then some droid in the back puts the name on a tick bar and says -this is an important letter and you actually get into the folder that the elected official actually has to read -so what your letter means ive got to tell you we are all in a party and political officials are -we are harangued lectured to sold marketed but a letter is actually one of the few times that we have honest communication i got this letter when i was first elected and i still carry it to every council meeting i go to -this is an opportunity at real dialogue and if you have stewardship and want to communicate -that dialogue is incredibly powerful so when you do that heres what i can promise youre going to be the eight hundred pound gorilla in the forest get writing -warped my framework so when you start to think about politicians youve got to realize these are strange creatures -the fact that they cant tell directions and they have very strange breeding habits how do you actually work with these things -what we need to understand is what drives the political creature and there are two things that are primary in a politicians heart one is reputation and influence -these are the primary tools by which a politician can do his job the second one unlike most animals which is survival of the species this is preservation of self -now you may think its money but thats actually sort of a proxy to what i can do to preserve myself now the challenge with you moving your issue forward is these animals are getting broadcast to all the time -so what doesnt work in terms of getting your issue to be important you can send them an email well unfortunately ive got so many viagra ads coming at me your email is lost it doesnt matter its -but is that good evidence what opinion polls record is of course opinions what else can they record so theyre looking at the generic attitudes that people report when you ask them certain questions do you trust politicians do you trust teachers -and that would be a perfectly sensible response -you might say when you understood -in short in our real lives we seek to place trust in a differentiated way we dont make an assumption that the level of trust that we will have in every instance of a certain type of official or office holder or type of person is going to be uniform -i might for example say that i certainly trust a certain elementary school teacher i know to teach the reception class to read but in no way to drive the school minibus -i might after all know that she wasnt a good driver i might trust my most loquacious friend to keep a conversation going but not but perhaps not to keep a secret -i think the polls are very bad guides to the level of trust that actually exists because they try to obliterate the good judgment that goes into placing trust -secondly what about the aim the aim is to have more trust well frankly i think thats a stupid aim -and i think of them and i think well yes too much trust more trust is not an intelligent aim in this life intelligently placed and intelligently refused trust is the proper aim -very widely believed -are they honest are they reliable and if we find that a person is competent in the relevant matters and reliable and honest well have a pretty good reason to trust them because theyll be trustworthy -but if on the other hand theyre unreliable we might not i have friends who are competent and honest but i would not trust them to post a letter because theyre forgetful -the second is an aim we should have more trust -across the last few decades weve tried to construct systems of accountability for all sorts of institutions and professionals and officials and so on -and the third is a task we should rebuild trust -and all over our public life our institutional life we find that problem that the system of accountability that is meant to secure trustworthiness and -and evidence of trustworthiness is actually doing the opposite it is distracting people who have to do difficult tasks like midwives from doing them by requiring them to tick the boxes as we say you can all give your own examples there -so so much for the aim the aim i think is more trustworthiness and that is going to be different if we are trying to be trustworthy and communicate our trustworthiness to other people and if we are trying to judge whether other people or office holders or politicians are trustworthy -i think that the claim the aim and the task are all misconceived so what im going to try to tell you today is a different story -and simple reaction attitudes -dont do adequately here -now thirdly the task -calling the task rebuilding trust i think also gets things backwards it suggests that you and i should rebuild trust -well we can do that for ourselves we can rebuild a bit of trustworthiness we can do it two people together trying to improve trust but trust in the end -so you have to i think be trustworthy and that of course is because you cant fool all of the people all of the time -usually but you also have to provide usable evidence that you are trustworthy -how to do it well every day all over the place its being done by ordinary people by officials by institutions quite effectively let me give you a simple commercial example -the shop where i buy my socks says i may take them back and they dont ask any questions they take them back and give me the money or give me the pair of socks of the color i wanted thats super i trust them because they have made themselves vulnerable to me -about a claim an aim and a task which i think give one quite a lot better purchase on the matter first the claim why do people think trust has declined -very difficult to discern it is relationships in which people are trustworthy and can judge when and how the other person is trustworthy so -and if i really think about it on the basis of my own evidence i dont know the answer im inclined to think it may have declined in some activities or some institutions and it might have grown in others i dont have an overview -but of course i can look at the opinion polls and the opinion polls are supposedly the source of a belief that trust has declined -when you actually look at opinion polls across time theres not much evidence for that thats to say the people who were mistrusted twenty years ago principally journalists and politicians are still mistrusted -with poverty i didnt grow up in the slums or anything that dire but i know what it is to grow up without having money or being able to support -about bellwether signs the bellwether for whether our family was broke or not was breakfast you know when things were good we had eggs and sausages -so whats image got do with it and i must say i think emeka is trying to send a lot of of subliminal messages because im going to keep harping on some of the issues -bad we had porridge and like many african families my parents could never save because they supported siblings cousins -you know their parents and things were always dicey now when i was born they realized they had a pretty smart kid and they didnt want me to go to the neighborhood school which was free -very interesting approach to education which was they were going to take me to a school that they can barely afford so they took me to a private catholic elementary school -which set the foundation for what ended up being my career and what happened was because they could afford it sometimes sometimes not i got kicked out pretty much every term -you know someone would come in with a list of the people who havent paid school fees and when they started getting pretty strict you had to leave until your school fees could be -thinking i mean why dont these guys just take me to a cheap school because you know as a kid youre embarrassed and -talk about corruption in kenya we have an entrance exam to go into high school -and theres national schools which are like the best schools and provincial schools my dream school at that time was kenya high school a national school i missed the cutoff by one point -that have come up but im going to try and do something different and try and just close the loop -and i was so disappointed and i was like oh my god you know what am i going to do and my father said ok listen lets go and try and talk to the headmistress you know its just one point i mean maybe shell let you in -still there so we went to the school and because we were nobodies and because we didnt have -privilege and because my father didnt have the right last name he was treated like dirt and i -and listened to the headmistress talk to him saying you know who do you think you are and you know you must be joking if you think you can get a slot -and i had gone to school with other girls who were kids of politicians and who had done much much worse than i did and they had slots -and theres nothing worse than seeing your parent being humiliated in front of you you know -with some of my personal stories and try and put a face to a lot of the issues that weve been talking about so africa is a complex continent full of contradictions as you can see were not the only ones -and we left and i swore to myself im never ever going to have to beg for anything in my life they called me two weeks later theyre like oh yeah you can come now and i told them to stuff it -final story and i sort of have to speak quickly -and im pretty much the one who figured it out because i was a nerd and i was in the states at the time and they called me he was very sick the first time he got sick -and he had cryptococcal meningitis and so i went on to google cryptococcal meningitis you know because of doctor patient privilege they couldnt really tell us what was going on -read about the disease i pretty much realized what was going on the first time he got sick he recovered but what happened was that he had to be on medication that at that time diflucan which in the states is used for yeast infections -cost thirty dollars a pill he had to be on that pill for the rest of his life -you know so money ran out he got sick again and up until that time he had a friend who used to travel to india -get him a generic version of it and that kept him going but the money ran out he got sick again -the family couldnt get cash for him to start the treatment until monday the hospital put him on a water drip for three days -and you know now imagine if and i could go on and on imagine if this is all you know about me how would you look at me -with pity -you know sadness and this is how you look at africa -this is the damage it causes you dont see the other side of me you dont see the blogger you dont see the harvard educated lawyer the vibrant person you know -and i just wanted to personalize that because we talk about it in big terms and you wonder you know so what but its damaging -im not unique right imagine if all you knew about william was the fact that he grew up in a poor village and you didnt know about the windmill you know -so what is to be done first of all africans we need to get better at telling our stories we heard about that yesterday -and you know its amazing i mean we need a whole conference just devoted to telling the good stories about the continent just think about that -we had some of them this morning you know blogging is one way of doing that afrigator is an aggregator of african blogs that -was developed in south africa so we need to start getting better if no one else will tell our stories lets do it and going back to the point i was trying to make this is the -is a tanzanian first swahili blogger hes the only african whos contributing to this people please we cant whine and complain the west is doing this what are we doing -the cheetah generation the aid approach you know is flawed and after all the hoopla of live eight were still not anywhere in the picture no youre not -you know and this is typically what weve been talking about the role that the media plays in focusing just on the negative stuff now -the point im trying to make though is that its not enough for us to criticize -for those of you in the diaspora who are struggling with where should i be should i move back should i stay you know just jump the continent needs you -and i cant emphasize that enough you know i walked away from a job with one of the top firms in dc covington and burling six figures with two paychecks or three paychecks i could solve a lot of my familys problems -but i walked away from that because my passion was here and because i wanted to do things that were fulfillling and because im needed here you know -im a corporate lawyer most of the time for an organization called enablis that supports entrepreneurs in south africa were now moving into east africa and we give them business development -why is that a problem a typical disaster story disease corruption poverty -services as well as financing loan and equity ive also set up a project in kenya and what we do is we track the performance of kenyan mps my partner m whos like a tech guru -hacked wordpress it costs us like twenty dollars a month just for hosting everything else on there is -where people can ask their mps questions there are some mps who participate and come back and ask and basically we started this because we were tired of complaining -about our politicians you know i believe that accountability stems from demand youre not just going to be accountable out of the goodness of your heart -and we as africans need to start challenging our leaders what are they doing you know theyre not going to change just -out of nowhere so we need new policies we need wheres that coming from you know another thing is that these leaders are a reflection of our society we talk about african governments like theyve been dropped from mars -you know they come from us and what is it about our society that is generating leaders that we dont like and how can we change that -so mzalendo was one small way we thought we could start inspiring people to start holding their leaders accountable -and some of you might be standing here thinking saying ok you know ory youre harvard educated and -where do we go from here i believe in the power of ideas i believe in the power of sharing knowledge and id ask all of you when you leave here -please just share and keep the ideas that youve gotten out of here going because it can make a difference -other thing i want to urge you to do is take an interest in the individual ive had lots of conversations about things i think -need to be happening in africa people are like ok if you dont do aid im a bleeding heart liberal what can i do and when i talk about my ideas theyre like but its not scalable you know give me something i can do with -not that easy you know and sometimes just taking an interest in the individual in the fellows youve met and the businesspeople youve met -it can make a huge difference especially in africa because usually the individual in africa carries a lot of people behind them -all you privileged people come here saying forget the poor people lets focus on business and the markets and whatever and there are all theres the eighty percent of africans who -my cousin ran out of school fees and shes really smart i was paying her school fees a cousin of mine died of aids left an orphan so we said well what are we going to do with her -you know shes now my baby sister and because of the opportunities that were afforded to me i am able to lift all those people so dont underestimate that -an example this man changed my life hes a professor hes now at vanderbilt hes an undergrad professor mitchell seligson and because of him i got into harvard law school and because he took an interest -and he was just like this is an overeager student which we dont normally get in the united states because everyone else is cynical and -and to me at that time university i was at university of pitts for undergrad and that was like heaven ok because compared to what could have been in kenya so im like yeah im just applying to pitt for -you know youre smart you have all these things going for you and im like because im here and its cheap and you know i kind of like pittsburgh like thats the dumbest reason ive ever heard -he took me under his wing and he encouraged me and he said look you can get into harvard youre that good ok and if they dont admit -theyre the ones who are messed up and he built me up you know and this is just an illustration you can meet other individuals here we just need a push thats all i needed was a push to go to the next level -really need help and i want to tell you that this is my story ok and its the story of many of the africans who are here -whoever they want to be here without having to leave and they can have -grow up you know not so good circumstances and you can move just because you are born in rural arkansas whatever that doesnt define who you are for most africans -where you live or where you were born and the circumstances under which you were born determine the rest of your life -i would like to see that change and the change starts with us and as africans we need to take responsibility for our continent thank you -those robots will be close to a billion times more powerful in their computing than today and so what that means is the kind of things that we used to only talk about at science fiction conventions like comicon -robots revolution is upon us -now i need to be clear here im not talking about a revolution where you have to worry about the governor of california showing up at your door a la the terminator when historians look at this period theyre going to conclude that were at a different type of revolution a revolution in war -what -were gonna do is actually just flash a series of photos behind me that show you the reality of robots used in war right now or already at the prototype stage its just to give you a taste -like the invention of the atomic bomb -but it may be even bigger than that because our unmanned systems dont just affect the how of war fighting -they affect the who of fighting at its most fundamental level that is every previous revolution in war be it the machine gun be in the atomic bomb was about a system that either shot faster went further had a bigger boom -another way of putting this is that mankinds five thousand year old monopoly on the fighting of war is breaking down in our very lifetime -i spent the last several years going around meeting with all the players in this field from the robot scientists to the science fiction authors who inspired them -to the nineteen year old drone pilots who are fighting from nevada to the four star generals who command them to even the iraqi insurgents who they are targeting and what they think about our systems -what i found interesting is not just their stories but how their experiences point to these ripple effects that are going outwards in our society and our law and our ethics et cetera and so what id like to do with my remaining time is basically flesh out a couple of these -so the first is that the future of war even a robotics one -not going to be purely an american one -the u s is currently ahead in military robotics right now -but we know that in technology theres no such thing as a permanent first mover advantage in a quick show of hands how many people in this room still use wang computers -its the same thing in war the british and the french invented the tank -the germans figured out how to use it right -so what we have to think about for the u s is that we are ahead right now but you have forty three other countries out there working on military robotics and they include all the interesting countries like russia china pakistan iran -another way of putting it is youre not going to see anything thats powered by vulcan technology or teenage wizard hormones or anything like that this is all real so why dont we go ahead and start those pictures -this raises a bigger worry for me -how do we move forward in this revolution given the state of our manufacturing and the state of our science and mathmatics training in our schools -another way of thinking about this is what does it mean to go to war increasingly with soldiers -whose hardware is made in china -and software is written in india -but just as software has gone open source -so has warfare -unlike an aircraft carrier or an atomic bomb you dont need a massive manufacturing system to build robotics a lot of it is off the shelf and some it is even do it yourself one of those things that you just saw flash before you was a raven drone a hand held tossed one -for about one thousand dollars you can build one yourself equivalent to what the soldiers use in iraq that raises another wrinkle when it comes to war and conflict good guys might play around and work on these as hobby kits -so might bad guys this cross between robotics and things like terrorism is going to be fascinating and even disturbing weve already seen it start -during the war between israel a state and hezboulah a non state actor the non state actor flew four different drones against israel -and so what i think were going to see is two trends take place with this first is your going to reinforce the power of individuals against -the second is that we are going to see an expansion in the realm of terrorism -the future of it may be a cross between al qaeda two point zero and the next generation of the unabomber another way of thinking about this is the fact that -you dont have to convince a robot that they are going to recieve seventy two virgins after they die to convince them to blow themselves up -something big is going on in war today and maybe even in the history of humanity itself the u s military went into iraq with a handful of drones in the air we now have five thousand three hundred -the ripple effects of this are going to go out into our politics one of the people i met was a former assistant secretary of defence for ronald regan and he put it this way quote i like these systems because they save american lives -but i worry about more marketization of wars more shock and awe talk to defray discussion of the -people are more likely to support the use of force if they view it as costless -we dont have declarations of war anymore we dont buy war bonds anymore and now we have the fact that were converting more and more of our american soldiers that we would send into harms way -into machines and so we may take those already lowering bars to war -that is our new technologies dont merely remove humans from risk they also record everything that they see so they dont just delink the public -they reshape its relationship with war -theres already several thousand video clips of combat footage from iraq on youtube right now -most of it gathered by drones -now this could be a good thing it could be building connections between the home front and the war front as never before -but remember this is taking place in our strange weird world and so inevitably the ability to download these video clips to your ipod or your zune -the ability to turn it into entertainment -a typical one that i was sent was an email that had an attachment of video of a predator strike taking out an enemy site missile hits bodies burst into air at the explosion -we went in with zero unmanned ground systems we now have twelve thousand -this ability to watch more but experience less -watching an nba game a professional basketball game on tv where the athletes are tiny figures on the screen -war just becomes slam dunks and smart bombs -now the irony of all this is that while the future of war may involve more and more machines -its our human psychology thats driving all of this its our human failings that are leading to these wars so one example of this that has big resonance in the policy realm is -and the tech term killer application takes on new meaning in this space we need to remember that we are talking about the model t four s the wright fliers compared to whats coming soon -how this plays out on our very real war of ideas that were fighting against radical groups what is the message that we think we are sending with these machines versus what is being received in terms of the message -one of the people that i met was senior bush administration official who had this to say about our unmanning of war quote it plays to our strength the thing that scares people is our technology -this is just another sign of the cold hearted cruel israelis and americans who are cowards because they send out machines to fight us -they dont want to fight us like real men but theyre afraid to fight so we just have to kill a few of their soldiers to defeat them -the future of war also is featuring a new type of warrior -while never leaving nevada quote youre going to war for twelve hours shooting weapons at targets directing kills on enemy combatants -and within twenty minutes youre sitting at the dinner table talking to your kids about their homework -now the psychological balancing of those experiences is incredibly tough and in fact those drone pilots have higher rates of ptsd than many of the units physically in -but some have worries that this disconnection will lead to something else that it might make the contemplation of war crimes a lot easier when you have this distance -like a video game is what one young pilot described to me of taking out enemy troops from afar -so much of what youre hearing from me is that there is another side to technologic revolutions and that it is shaping our present and maybe will shape our future of war -thats where were at right now one of the people that i recently met with was an air force three star general and he said basically where were headed very soon is tens of thousands of robots operating in our conflicts and these numbers matter because were not just talking about -moores law is operative -but so is murphys law -the fog of war isnt being lifted the enemy has a vote were gaining incredible new capabilities but were also seeing and experiencing new human dilemmas -what are oops moments with robots and war well sometimes theyre funny sometimes theyre like that scene from the eddie murphy movie best defense -but other times oops moments are tragic such as last year in south africa where an anti aircraft cannon had a quote software glitch -and actually did turn on and fired and nine soldiers were killed -we have new wrinkles in the laws of war and accountability what do we do with things like unmanned slaughter what is unmanned slaughter weve already had three instances of predator drone strikes where we thought we got -and it turned out not to be the case -this is where were at right now this is not even talking about armed autonomous systems with full authority to use force -and do not believe that that -during my research i came across four different pentagon projects on different aspects of -and so you have this question -they dont commit crimes of rage and revenge -but robots are emotionless -they see an eighty year old grandmother in a wheelchair the same way they see a t eighty tank -theyre both just a series of zeros and ones -and so we have this question to figure out how do we catch up our twentieth century laws of war that are so old right now that they could qualify for medicare -in conclusion ive talked about what seems the future of war but notice that ive only used real world examples and youve only seen real world pictures and videos -tens of thousands of todays robots but tens of thousands of these prototypes and tomorrows robots because of course one of the things that is operating -this sets a great challenge for all of us that we have to worry about well before you have to worry about your roomba sucking the life away from you are we going to let the fact that what is unveiling itself right now in war -sounds like science fiction and therefore keeps us in denial -are we going to face the reality of twenty one st century war -is our generation going to make the same mistake that a past generation did with atomic weaponry -and not deal with the issues that surround it until pandoras box was already opened up -now i could be wrong on this and one pentagon robot scientist told me that i was he said theres no real social ethical moral issues when it comes to robots -that is he added unless the machine kills the wrong people repeatedly -quote then its just a product recall issue -and so the ending point for this is that actually we can turn to hollywood -a few years ago hollywood gathered all the top characters and created a list of the top one hundred heros and top one hundred villains of all of hollywood history -the characters that represented the best -and worst of humanity -only one character made it on to both lists -the terminator a robot killing machine -that points to the fact that our machines can be used for both good and evil but for me it points to the fact that there is a duality of humans as well -in technology is moores law that you can pack in more and more computing power into those robots so flash forward around twenty five years if moores holds true -this week is a celebration of our creativity our creativity has taken our species to the stars our creativity has created works of arts and literature to express -and now were using our creativity in a certain direction to build fantastic machines with incredible capabilities maybe even one day an entirely new species -but one of the main reasons that were doing that -is because of our drive to destroy each other -or is it us thats wired for war thank you -more powerful than their tribe i was safe if my country was more powerful than their country i was safe my alliance like nato was more powerful than their alliance i was safe it is no longer the case -the advent of the interconnectedness and of the weapons of mass destruction means that increasingly i share a destiny with my enemy -and so suddenly ladies and gentlemen what has been the proposition of visionaries and poets down the ages becomes something we have to take seriously as a matter of public policy -send not for whom the bell tolls -the poem is called no man is an island and it goes -send not to ask -for whom the bell tolls -for us i think part of the equation for our survival -nations the old powers of europe across the atlantic to the new emerging power of the united states of america the beginning of the american century -and of course into the vacuum where the too old european powers used to be were played the two bloody catastrophes of the last century -and the second is about some new dimension which i want to refer to which has never quite happened in the way its happening now but lets talk about the shifts of power that are occurring to the world and what is happening today is in one sense frightening because its never happened before -a poem written by -we have seen lateral shifts of power the power of greece passed to rome and the power shifts that occurred during the european civilizations but we are seeing something slightly -within the institution of the nation state has now migrated in very large measure onto the global stage the globalization of power we talk about the globalization of markets but actually its the globalization of real power -on the international stage it is not -the international stage and the global stage where power now resides the power of the internet the power of the satellite broadcasters the power of the money changers this vast money go round that circulates now thirty two times the amount of money necessary for the trade its supposed to be there to finance -in churchills brain -the money changers if you like the financial speculators that have brought us all to our knees quite recently the power of the multinational corporations now developing budgets often bigger than medium sized countries -in the one thousand nine hundred and thirty s and the poem goes on the idle hill of summer -up to a moment its always -unregulated space space not subject to the rule of law becomes populated not just by the things you wanted international trade the internet etc but also by the things you dont want -international criminality international terrorism -the revelation of nine eleven is that even if you are the most powerful nation on earth -lazy with the flow of streams hark i hear a distant drummer drumming like a sound in dreams far and near and low and louder on the roads of earth go by dear to friend -sooner or later the rule of history is -and if it is therefore the case as i believe it is that one of the phenomenon of our time -is the globalization of power then it follows that one of the challenges of our time -is to bring governance to the global space and i believe that the decades ahead of us now -will be to a greater or lesser extent turbulent -the more or less we are able to achieve that -by spawning more u n institutions if we didnt have the u n wed have to invent it the world needs an international forum it needs a means by which you can legitimize international action -and yet powerful enough to hold even the most powerful the united states to account if necessary kyoto the beginnings of struggling to create a treaty based organization -and thats what the g twenty is a treaty based institution now theres a problem there and well come back to it in a minute which is that if you bring the most powerful together to make the rules in treaty based institutions to fill that governance space -then what happens to the weak who are left out -and thats a big problem and well return to it in just a second -so theres my first message that if you are to pass through these turbulent times more or less turbulently then our success in doing that will in large measure depend on our capacity to bring sensible -governance to the global space -my second point is and i know i dont have to talk to an audience like this about such a thing but -power is not just shifting vertically its also shifting horizontally you might argue that the story the history of civilizations has been civilizations gathered around seas with the first ones around the mediterranean the more recent ones in the ascendents of western power around the atlantic -well it seems to me that were now seeing a fundamental shift of power broadly speaking away from nations gathered around the atlantic seaboard to the nations gathered around the pacific rim now that begins with economic power but thats the way it always begins -you already begin to see the development of foreign policies the augmentation of military budgets occurring in the other growing powers in the world -i think actually this is not so much a shift from the west to the east something different is happening -my guess is for what its worth is that the united states will remain the most powerful nation on earth -for the next ten years fifteen but the context in which she holds her power -for or against has to be referenced by its position to washington -a world bestrode by a single colossus -but thats not a usual case in history in fact whats now emerging is the much more normal case of history youre beginning to see the emergence of a multi polar world -up until now the united states has been the dominant feature of our world they will remain the most powerful nation but they will be the most powerful nation in an increasingly multi polar world and you begin to see the alternative centers of power building up in china of course though my own guess is that chinas ascent to greatness is not smooth it -you see india you see brazil -you see increasingly that the world now looks actually for us europeans much more like -but a multiple polarity of power -means shifting and changing alliances and thats the world were coming into in which we will increasingly see that our alliances are not fixed canning the great british foreign secretary once said britain has a common interest but no common allies -and we will see increasingly that even we in the west will reach out have to reach out beyond the cozy circle of the atlantic powers to make alliances with others if we want to get things done in the world note -that when we went into libya it was not good enough for the west to do it alone we had to bring others in we had to bring in this case the arab league in my guess is iraq and afghanistan are the last times when the west has tried to do it themselves and we havent succeeded my guess is that were reaching the beginning of the end -you know up until now if the west got its act together it could propose and dispose in every corner of the world -but thats no longer true take the last financial crisis after the second world war -the west got together the bretton woods institution world bank international monetary fund -and these are always periods ladies and gentlemen accompanied by turbulence -which is probably even more startling i suspect we are now reaching -what is the largest naval contingent tackling the issue of somali pirates -the chinese naval contingent of course they are they are a mercantilist nation they want to keep the sea lanes open -increasingly we are going to have to do business with people with whom we do not share values but with whom for the moment we share common interests its a whole new different way of looking at the world that is now emerging -and heres the third factor which is totally different -today in our modern world because of the internet because of the kinds of things people have been talking about here -we are now interdependent we are now interlocked -as nations as individuals in a way which has never been the case before never been the case before -you get swine flu in mexico its a problem for charles de gaulle airport twenty four hours later -lehman brothers goes down the whole lot collapses -fires in the steppes of russia -not connected with others not working with others -to live at just one of those moments in history when the gimbals upon which the established order of power is beginning to change and the new look of the world the new powers that exist in the world -is no longer a viable -proposition because the actions of a nation state are neither confined to itself -nor is it sufficient for the nation state itself to control its own territory because the effects outside the nation state are now beginning to affect what happens inside them i was a young soldier in the last of the small empire wars of britain -at that time the defense of my country was about one thing and one thing only how strong was our army how strong was our air force how strong was our navy and how strong were our allies that was when the enemy was outside the walls now the enemy is inside the walls now if i want to talk about the defense of my country i have to speak to the minister of health -because pandemic disease is a threat to my security i have to speak to the minister of agriculture because food security is a threat to my security i have to speak to the minister of industry -because the fragility of our hi tech infrastructure is now a point of attack for our enemies as we see from cyber warfare i have to speak to the minister of home affairs -because who has entered my country who lives in that terraced house in that inner city has a direct effect on what happens in my country as we in london saw in the seven seven bombings -its no longer the case that the security of a country is simply a matter for its soldiers and its ministry of defense its its capacity to lock together its institutions -and this tells you something very important it tells you that in fact our governments vertically constructed constructed on the economic model of the industrial revolution vertical hierarchy specialization of tasks command structures -have got the wrong structures completely you in business know that the paradigm structure of our time ladies and gentlemen is the network its your capacity to network that matters both within your governments and externally -so here is ashdowns third law by the way dont ask me about ashdowns first law and second law because i havent invented those yet it always sounds better if theres a third law doesnt it ashdowns third law is that in the modern age where everything is connected to everything the most important thing about what you can do -are beginning to take form and -is what you can do with others the most important bit about your structure whether youre a government whether youre an army regiment whether youre a business is your docking points your interconnectors your capacity to network with others you understand that in industry governments dont -these are and we see it very clearly today nearly always highly turbulent times highly difficult times and all too often very bloody times by the way it happens about once every century you might argue that the last time it happened and thats what housman felt coming and what churchill felt too was that when power passed from the old -as the concept of securing our nations -can we find that language -and then can we replicate those actions -and the answer would appear to be yes -and the language would appear to be food -what we teach our kids in school and what new skills we share amongst ourselves and business what we do with the pound in our pocket and which businesses we choose to support now lets imagine those plates agitated with community actions around food -if we start one of those community plates spinning thats really great that really starts to empower people but if we can then spin that community plate with the learning plate and then spin it with the business plate weve got a real show there weve got some action theater -weve not asked anybodys permission to do this were just doing it -so back to the public meeting -two seconds and then the room exploded i have never -ever experienced anything like that in my life -and its been the same in every single room in every town that weve ever told our story people are ready and respond to the story of food they want positive actions they can engage in and in their bones -they know its time to take personal responsibility and invest in more kindness to each other and to the environment -and since we had that meeting three and a half years ago -its been a heck of a roller coaster -and now its more like this -and for those people that dont want to do either of those things maybe they can cook so we pick them seasonally and then we go on the street or in the pub or in the church or wherever people are living their lives this is about us going to the people and saying -we are all part of the local food jigsaw we are all part of a solution -past our cafes and our small shops through our market -we call it propaganda gardening -and the kids are on the board -and because the community was really keen on working with the high school the high school is now teaching agriculture -we have turned that into a market garden training center -and that is polytunnels and raised beds and all the things you need to get the soil under your fingers and think maybe theres a job in this for me in the future and because we were doing that some local academics said you know we could help design a commercial horticulture course for you theres not one that we know of so theyre doing that and were going to launch it later this year -peoples front gardens -and then we had a chat with the farmers and we said were really serious about this but they didnt actually believe us -so we thought okay what should we do i know if we can create a campaign around one product and show them there is local loyalty to that product maybe theyll change their mind and see were serious so we launched a campaign because it just amuses me called every egg matters -and even in front of the police station -asking for a local todmorden egg and the result of that was some farmers upped the amount of flocks they got of free range birds and then they went on to meat birds and although these are really really small steps that -and were just volunteers and its only an experiment -but it is joined up and it is inclusive -this is a movement for everyone -its been really quite a roller coaster experience but going back to that first question that we asked -is it replicable yeah -it most certainly is replicable more than thirty towns in england now are spinning the incredible edible plate -and worldwide weve got communities across america -and none of this takes more money -and none of this demands a bureaucracy -and theres some great ideas already in our patch -if we want to inspire the farmers of tomorrow then please let us say to every school -create a sense of purpose around the importance to the environment local food and soils -there are so many things you can do but ultimately this is about something really simple -through an organic process -through an increasing recognition of the power of small actions we are starting at last to believe in ourselves again -and to believe in our capacity each and every one of us -to build a different -and a kinder future and in my book thats incredible -and you know were not doing it because were bored -because we want to start a revolution -we tried to answer this simple question can you find a unifying language that cuts across age and income and culture that will help people themselves find a new way of living -around what the truth looks like is progressing on the science of it we know for example that we now have specialized eye trackers and infrared brain scans mris that can decode the signals that our bodies send out when were trying to be deceptive and these technologies are going to be marketed to all of us as panaceas for deceit -and they will prove incredibly useful some day but youve got to ask yourself in the meantime who do you want on your side of the meeting someone whos trained in getting to the truth or some guy whos going to drag a four hundred pound electroencephalogram through the door -they know as someone once said characters who you are in the dark and whats kind of interesting is that today we have so little darkness our world is lit up twenty four hours a day its transparent -with blogs and social networks broadcasting the buzz of a whole new generation of people that have made a choice to live their lives in public its a much more noisy world -so one challenge we have is to remember -our manic tweeting and texting can blind us to the fact that the subtleties of human decency character integrity thats still what matters thats always whats going to matter so in this much noisier world it might make sense for us to be just a little bit more -explicit about our moral code -when you combine the science of recognizing deception with the art of looking listening you exempt yourself from collaborating in a lie -you start up that path of being just a little bit more explicit because you signal to everyone around you you say hey my world our world its going to be an honest one my world is going to be one where truth is strengthened and falsehood is recognized and marginalized -think about it a lie has no power whatsoever by its mere utterance its power emerges when someone else agrees to believe the lie so i know it may sound like tough love but -look if at some point you got lied to its because you agreed to get lied to truth number one about lying lyings a cooperative act now not all lies are harmful sometimes were willing participants in deception for the sake of social dignity -maybe to keep a secret that should be kept secret secret we say nice song -but there are times when we are unwilling participants in deception and that can have dramatic costs for us last year saw nine hundred and ninety seven billion dollars in corporate fraud alone in the united states -thats an eyelash under a trillion dollars thats seven percent of revenues deception can cost billions think enron -madoff the mortgage crisis -or in the case of double agents and traitors like robert hanssen or aldrich ames lies can betray our country they can compromise our security they can undermine democracy they can cause the deaths of those that defend us deception is actually serious business -this con man henry oberlander he was such an effective con man british authorities say he could have undermined the entire banking system of the western world and you cant find this guy on google you cant find him anywhere he was interviewed once and he said the following he said look ive got one rule -but its just come to my attention that the person to your right is a liar -and this was henrys rule he said look -everyone is willing to give you something theyre ready to give you something for whatever it is theyre hungry for -and thats the crux of it if you dont want to be deceived you have to know what is it that youre hungry for and we all kind of hate to admit it we wish we were better husbands better wives smarter more powerful taller -richer the list goes on -lying is an attempt to bridge that gap to connect our wishes and our fantasies about who we wish we were how we wish we could be with what were really like -and boy are we willing to fill in those gaps in our lives with lies on a given day studies show that you may be lied to anywhere from ten to two hundred times now granted many of those are white lies but in another study it showed that strangers lied three times within the first ten minutes of meeting each other -we cant believe how prevalent lying is were essentially against lying but if you look more closely the plot actually thickens we lie more to strangers than we lie to coworkers -extroverts lie more than introverts -men lie eight times more about themselves than they do other people women lie more to protect other people -also the person sitting in your very seats is a liar were all liars what im going to do today is im going to show you what the research says about why were all liars how you can become a liespotter and why you might want to go the extra mile and go from liespotting to truth seeking -if youre an average married couple -youre going to lie to your spouse in one out of every ten interactions now you may think thats bad it youre unmarried that number drops to three -lyings complex its woven into the fabric of our daily and our business lives were deeply ambivalent about the truth we parse it out on an as needed basis sometimes for very good reasons other times just because we dont understand the gaps in our lives -thats truth number two about lying were against lying but were covertly for it in ways that our society has sanctioned for centuries and centuries and centuries its as old as breathing its part of our culture its part of our history think dante shakespeare -one year olds learn concealment laughter two year olds bluff -five year olds lie outright they manipulate via flattery nine year olds masters of the cover up by the time you enter college youre going to lie to your mom in one out of every five interactions by the time we enter this work world -a deception epidemic in short what one author calls a post truth society its been very confusing for a long time now -what do you do well -there are good liars and there are bad liars there are no real original liars we all make the same mistakes we all use the same techniques so what im going to do is im going to show you two patterns of deception and then were going to look at the hot spots and see if we can find them ourselves were going to start with speech -and ultimately to trust building -what were the telltale signs well first we heard whats known as a non contracted denial studies show that people who are overdetermined in their denial will resort to formal rather than informal language we also heard distancing language that woman we know that liars will unconsciously distance themselves from their subject -now speaking of trust -using language as their tool -now if bill clinton had said well to tell you the truth -or richard nixons favorite in all candor he would have been a dead giveaway for any liespotter than knows that qualifying language as its called qualifying language like that further discredits the subject -now if he had repeated the question in its entirety or if he had peppered his account with a little too much detail and were all really glad he didnt do that he would have further discredited himself -ever since i wrote this book liespotting no one wants to meet me -freud had it right freud said look theres much more to it than speech -no mortal can keep a secret -if his lips are silent -he chatters with his fingertips and we all do it no matter how powerful you are we all chatter with our fingertips im going to show you dominique strauss kahn with obama whos chattering with his fingertips -you can consciously contract the muscles in your cheeks -but the real smiles in the eyes the crows feet of the eyes they cannot be consciously contracted especially if you overdid the botox dont overdo the botox nobody will think youre honest -now i know it seems really obvious but when youre having a conversation with someone you suspect of deception -now lets say youre having that exact same conversation with someone deceptive -that person may be withdrawn -look down lower their voice pause be kind of herky jerky ask a deceptive person to tell their story theyre going to pepper it with way too much detail in all kinds of irrelevant places -and then theyre going to tell their story in strict chronological order and what a trained interrogator does is they come in -and in very subtle ways over the course of several hours they will ask that person to tell that story backwards and then theyll watch them squirm and track which questions produce the highest volume of deceptive tells why do they do that well we all do the same thing we rehearse our words but we rarely rehearse our gestures -we say yes we shake our heads no we tell very convincing stories we slightly shrug our shoulders we commit terrible crimes and we smile at the delight in getting away with it -now that smile is known in the trade as duping delight and were going to see that in several videos moving forward but were going to start for those of you who dont know him this is presidential candidate john edwards who shocked america by fathering a child out of wedlock were going to see him talk about getting a paternity test see now if you can spot him -which is not to teach a game of gotcha liespotters arent those nitpicky kids those kids in the back of the room that are shouting gotcha gotcha your eyebrow twitched -murderers are known to leak sadness your new joint venture partner might shake your hand celebrate go out to dinner with you and then leak an expression of anger and were not all going to become facial expression experts overnight here but theres one i can teach you thats very dangerous and its easy to learn and thats the expression of contempt -its marked by one lip corner pulled up and in its the only asymmetrical expression and in the presence of contempt whether or not deception follows and it doesnt always follow -look the other way go the other direction reconsider the deal say no thank you im not coming up for just one more nightcap thank you -science has surfaced many many more indicators we know for example we know liars will shift their blink rate -point their feet towards an exit they will take barrier objects and put them between themselves and the person that is interviewing them theyll alter their vocal tone often making their vocal tone much lower now heres the deal -these behaviors -are just behaviors theyre not proof of deception -theyre red flags were human beings we make deceptive flailing gestures all over the place all day long they dont mean anything in and of themselves but when you see clusters of them thats your signal look listen probe ask some hard questions get out of that very comfortable mode of knowing walk into curiosity mode ask -you flared your nostril i watch that tv show lie to me i know youre lying no liespotters are armed with scientific knowledge of how to spot deception they use it to get to the truth -now weve talked a little bit about how to talk to someone whos lying and how to spot a lie and as i promised were now going to look at what the truth looks like but im going to show you two videos two mothers -one is lying one is telling the truth and these were surfaced by researcher david matsumoto in california and i think theyre an excellent example of what the truth looks like this mother diane downs shot her kids at close range -drove them to the hospital while they bled all over the car claimed a scraggy haired stranger did it and youll see when you see the video she cant even pretend to be an agonizing mother what you want to look for here is an incredible discrepancy between horrific events that she describes -and her very very cool demeanor and if you look closely youll see duping delight throughout this video -and they do what mature leaders do everyday they have difficult conversations with difficult people sometimes during very difficult times and they start up that path by accepting a core proposition and that proposition is the following lying is a cooperative act -back into my body now -usually when i play out the first thing that happens is people scream out -and then like and its im sure youre trying to figure out well how does this thing -well what im doing is oh controlling the pitch with my left hand -with this hand im controlling the volume so the further away my right hand gets the -sometimes i startle myself ill forget that i have it on and ill lean over to pick up something -go into the next tune because i -were going to do a song by david mash called listen words are gone and maybe ill have words come back -to -think of some of the questions that are commonly asked there are so many and well i guess i could tell you a little of the history -it was invented around the nineteen twenties and -he also is a musician besides an inventor he came up with the idea for making the theremin -i think when he was working on some shortwave radios and thered be that sound in the signal its like -and he thought oh what if i could control that sound and turn it into an instrument because there are pitches in it and so somehow through developing that he eventually came to make the theremin the way it is now -and -a lot of times even kids nowadays theyll make reference to -the funny googly sound they do and sometimes if i have too much coffee then my vibrato gets out of hand -your body and its functions when youre behind this thing you have to stay so still if you want to have the most control -it reminds me of the balancing act earlier on what michael was doing because youre fighting so hard to keep the balance with -what youre playing with and stay in tune and at the same time you dont want to focus so much on being in tune all the time -you want to be feeling the music and then also youre trying to stay very very very still because -little movements with other parts of your body will affect the pitch or sometimes if youre holding -its definitely i think of it almost like like a yoga instrument because it makes you so aware of every little crazy thing your body is doing or -well im about to go on soon i dont want to be -you know -it really does reflect the mood that youre in also if youre you know if youre its similar to being a vocalist except instead of it coming out of your throat youre controlling it just in the -and you dont really have a point of reference youre always relying on your ears and adjusting constantly you just have to always adjust to whats happening -have foreign notes come here and there and listen to it adjust it and just move on or else youll get too tied up -to -the steam ship and the telegraph were integrating east africa perfectly with the rest -of the world now clearly david livingstone was a little bit ahead of his time but it does seem useful to ask ourselves just how global are we before we think about where we go from here -so the best way ive found of trying to get people to take seriously the idea that the world may not be flat may not even be close to flat -is with some data so one of the things ive been doing over the last few years is really compiling data on things that could either happen within national borders or across national borders and ive looked at the cross border component -m here to talk to you about how globalized we are how globalized we arent and why its important to actually be accurate in making those kinds of assessments -as a percentage of the total im not going to present all the data that i have here today but let me just give you a few data points -im going to talk a little bit about one kind of information flow one kind of flow of people one kind of flow of capital and of course trade in products and services -so lets start off with plain old telephone -service of all the voice calling minutes in the world last year what percentage do you think were accounted for by cross border phone calls pick a percentage in your own mind -or lets turn to people moving across borders one particular thing we might look at in terms of long term flows of people is what percentage of the worlds population is accounted for by first generation immigrants -again please pick a percentage -turns out to be a little bit higher its actually about three percent or think of investment take all the real investment that went on in the world in two thousand and ten what percentage of that was accounted for by foreign direct investment -not quite ten percent -and then finally the one statistic that i suspect many of the people in this room have seen the export to gdp ratio if you look at the official statistics they typically indicate a little bit above thirty percent -however theres a big problem with the official statistics -in that if for instance a japanese component supplier ships something to china to be put into an ipod and then the ipod gets shipped to the u s that component ends up getting counted multiple times -and the leading point of view on this whether measured by number of books sold mentions in media or surveys that ive run with groups ranging from my students to delegates to the world trade organization -so nobody knows how bad this bias with the official statistics actually is so i thought i would ask the person whos spearheading the effort to generate data on this pascal lamy the director of the world trade organization what his best guess would be -of exports as a percentage of gdp without the double and triple counting and its actually probably a bit under twenty percent rather than the thirty percent plus numbers that were talking about so -its very clear that if you look at these numbers or all the other numbers that i talk about in my book world three point zero that were very very far from the no border effect benchmark -which would imply internationalization levels of the order of eighty five ninety ninety five percent -so clearly apocalyptically minded authors have overstated the case -but its not just the apocalyptics as i think of them who are prone to this kind of overstatement ive also spent some time surveying audiences in different parts of the world on what they actually guess these numbers to be -so a couple of observations stand out for me from this slide first of all there is a suggestion of some error -and third this is not just confined to the readers of the harvard business review ive run several dozen such surveys in different parts of the world -and in all cases except one where a group actually underestimated the trade to gdp ratio people have this tendency towards overestimation -and so i thought it important to give a name to this and thats what i refer to as globaloney the difference between the dark blue bars and the light gray bars -is this view that national borders really dont matter -especially because i suspect some of you may still be a little bit skeptical of the claims i think its important to just spend a little bit of time thinking about why we might be prone to globaloney a couple of different reasons come to mind -first of all theres a real dearth of data -in the debate let me give you an example when i first published some of these data a few years ago in a magazine called foreign policy one of the people who wrote in not entirely in agreement was tom friedman -and since my article was titled why the world isnt flat that wasnt too surprising -very much anymore -which was ghemawats data are narrow and this caused me to scratch my head because as i went back through his several hundred page book i couldnt find a single figure chart table reference -cross border integration is close to complete and we live in one world -that weve been bombarded with actually are correct -so dearth of data in the debate is one reason a second reason has to do with peer pressure -i remember i decided to write my why the world isnt flat article because i was being interviewed on tv in mumbai and the interviewers first question to me was professor ghemawat -why do you still believe that the world is round -and i started laughing because i hadnt come across that formulation before laughter and as i was laughing i was thinking i really need a more coherent response especially on national tv id better write something about this laughter but what i cant quite -and whats interesting about this view is again its a view thats held by pro globalizers like tom friedman from whose book this quote is obviously excerpted -so try this out with your friends and acquaintances if you like youll find that its very cool to talk about the world being one etc if you raise questions about that formulation you really are considered a bit of an antique -and then the final reason which i mention especially to a ted audience with some trepidation has to do with what i call techno trances if you listen to techno music for long periods of time it does things to your brainwave activity -with exaggerated conceptions of how technology is going to overpower in the very immediate run -all cultural barriers all political barriers all geographic barriers because at this point i know you arent allowed to ask me questions but when i get to this point in my lecture with my students hands go up -and people ask me yeah but what about facebook -and i got this question often enough that i thought id better do some research on facebook because in some sense -but its also held by anti globalizers who see this giant globalization tsunami thats about to wreck all our lives if it hasnt already done so -its the ideal kind of technology to think about theoretically it makes it as easy to form friendships halfway around the world as opposed to right next door -what percentage of peoples friends on facebook are actually located in countries other than where people were analyzing are based the answer is probably somewhere between ten to fifteen percent -non negligible so we dont live in an entirely local or national world but very very far from the ninety five percent level that you would expect -and the reasons very simple we dont or i hope we dont form friendships at random on facebook the technology is overlaid on a pre existing matrix of relationships that we have -and those relationships are what the technology doesnt quite displace those relationships are why we get far fewer than ninety five percent of our friends being located in countries other than where we are -so does -all this matter or is globaloney just a harmless way of getting people to pay more attention to globalization related issues i want to suggest that actually globaloney can be very harmful to your health -first of all recognizing that the glass is only ten to twenty percent full is critical to seeing that there might be potential for additional gains from additional integration whereas if we thought we were already there -there would be no particular point to pushing harder its a little bit like we wouldnt be having a conference on radical openness -if we already thought we were totally open to all the kinds of influences that are being talked about at this conference -so being accurate about how limited globalization levels are is critical to even being able to notice that there might be room for something more something that would contribute further to global welfare -which brings me to my second point -avoiding overstatement is also very helpful because it reduces and in some cases even reverses some of the fears that people have about globalization -so i actually spend most of my world three point zero book working through a litany of market failures and fears that people have -that they worry globalization is going to exacerbate im obviously not going to be able to do that for you today so let me just present to you two headlines as an illustration of what i have in mind -think of france and the current debate about immigration when you ask people in france what percentage of the french population is immigrants the answer is about twenty four percent thats their guess -maybe realizing that the number is just eight percent might help cool some of the superheated rhetoric that we see around the immigration issue -or to take an even more striking example when the chicago council on foreign relations did a survey of americans asking them to guess what percentage of the federal budget went to foreign aid -the guess was thirty percent -which is slightly in excess of the actual level actually about one percent laughter of u s governmental commitments to federal aid -the reassuring thing about this particular survey was when it was pointed out to people how far their estimates were from the actual data some of them not all of them seemed to become more willing to consider increases in foreign aid -so foreign aid is actually a great way of sort of wrapping up here because if you think about it what ive been talking about today is this notion very uncontroversial amongst economists that most things are very home biased -foreign aid is the most aid to poor people is about the most home biased thing you can find if you look at the oecd countries and how much they spend per domestic poor person and compare it with how much they spend per poor person in poor countries -the ratio branko milanovic at the world bank did the calculations turns out to be about thirty thousand -to one now of course -some of us if we truly are cosmopolitan would like to see that ratio being brought down to one is to one -id like to make the suggestion that we dont need to aim for that to make substantial progress from where we are -if we simply brought that ratio down to fifteen thousand to one we would be meeting those aid targets that were agreed at the rio summit twenty years ago that the summit that ended last week made no further progress on so in summary while radical -writing in the one thousand eight hundred and fifty s about how the railroad -the container itself and instead this other medicine is something that you can draw on your skin so intradermal delivery enables you to joyfully be involved in this particular kind -making everything pass through your mouth so that you learn from your mistakes or from your taste orally -the next show that im going to work on and ive been -a lot of you about this here is about the relationship between design and science im trying to find not the metaphors but rather the points in common the common gripes the common -issues the common preoccupations and i think that it will enable us to go a little further in this idea of design as -an instruction as a direction rather than a prescription of form and i am hoping that many of you -will respond to this ive sent an email already to quite a few of you but design and science and the possibility of visualizing different scales and therefore really work -the scale of the very small to make it very big and very meaningful thank you -multiplied by a hundred and i do hope by the way that the real goal of the exhibition is going to have the same effect on you the exhibition was meant to be a way to -have children think of doing you know when they do homeworks at home instead of having a tray with two peas i was hoping that they would go into the kitchen cabinet or the mothers handbag and do their museum quality design collection on a tray so -eighty percent porn and twenty percent real suggestions and instead it was all almost all good suggestions and a lot of nationalism came in for instance i didnt know that the spaniards invented the mop -but they were very proud so every spaniard said la frego and italians did the pizza and i wanted to show you also the suggestions from kentucky are pretty good they had moonshine laundry detergents and liquid nails -us who believe in heaven have some sort of idea of what heaven would be and in my idea heaven is satisfied curiosity -and i keep it going and i just got also this suggestion from milan its our traffic divider which we call panettone and its painted you know its these beautiful concrete things that you -use around milan to define all the lanes of traffic so think of your own send them on if you want to theyre always welcome -italian in italy design is normal you know different parts of the world have a knack for different things i was just recently in argentina and in -and the default way of building homes in the country is a beautiful modernism that you dont see elsewhere but the contemporary art was terrible -in italy in milan especially contemporary art really doesnt have that much of a place but design oh my god what you find at the store at the corner without going to any kind of fancy store -i think of heaven as a really comfortable cloud where i can just lie down with my belly down like i was watching tv when i was a child and my elbows up and i can basically -is the kind of refined design that makes everybody think that we are all so sophisticated its just what you find at the store -and new york has another kind of knack for contemporary art im always amazed three year olds know who -richard serra is and take you to the galleries but design for some reason is still misunderstood for decoration its really interesting what many people think when i say the word design is they think -this kind of overdesigned in this case its overdesigned on purpose but decoration interior decoration they think of somebody choosing fabrics design can be that of course but it can also be this it can be -a school of design in jerusalem that tries to find a better way to design gas masks for people because as you know israel deploys one gas mask per person including babies -so what these designers do is they find a way to lower the neckline so that instead of being completely strangled a teenager can also sip a coke they tried to make a toddlers -in such a way that the toddler can be held by the parent because proximity of the body is so important and then they make a little tent for the baby -however cruel however ruthless you can think this is its a great design and it is miles away from the fancy furniture but still its part of my same field of passion and what ive been doing at moma -since the beginning is to try to harness the power of moma because its great to work there you really have power in that people usually tend to know about your exhibition or see the exhibitions -look everywhere i want see every movie ive always wanted to see and in the same kind of trance that you can feel sometimes in the subway new york when youre reading theres something really soothing and easy well the funny thing is that i already have that kind of life in a way -and that is power because in a design museum i wouldnt have as many visitors im very well aware that eighty percent of my public is there to see picasso and matisse and then they stumble upon my show and i keep them there -perplexed about the relation exactly but charles eames the first time and then charles and ray eames the second time were involved in two competitions -that then sparked a whole line of furniture and then there was good design for -very low price there were a lot of programs in architecture and design that were about pointing people in the direction of a better design for a better life -so i started out in ninety five with this exhibition that was called mutant materials in contemporary design it was about a new phase in my opinion -world of design in that materials could be customized by the designers themselves and that -put me in touch with such diverse design examples as the aerogels from the lawrence livermore lab in california at that time they were beginning to be -brought into the civilian market and at the same time the gorgeous work of takeshi ishiguro who did these beautiful salt and pepper containers that are made of rice dough -so you see it goes the range is really quite diverse and then for instance this other exhibition that was entitled workspheres in two thousand and one where i -and you see ideo there it was beautiful it was called personal skies the idea was that if you had a cubicle you could project a sky -on top of your head and have your own cielo in una stanza a sky in a room its a very famous italian song -and other examples this was marti guixe about working on the go and hella jongerius my favorite about how to work at home -this lets me introduce a very important idea about design designers -because i discovered it took me a while to understand it but when i discovered around twenty four years of age that i was much more comfortable with objects than with people i finally -the biggest synthesizers in the world what they do best is make a synthesis of human needs -current conditions in economy in materials in sustainability issues and then what they do at the end if they are good is much more than the sum of its parts and -is a person that is able to make a synthesis that is really quite amazing and also quite hilarious the idea behind her work was that you know at that time -theres been many other exhibitions in the meantime but i dont want to focus on my shows i would like instead to talk about -how great some designers are ive always had a hard time with the word maverick you know i came to the united states thirteen years ago and to this day i have to ask you know what does that mean so this morning i went to see on the dictionary -and it said that there was this gentleman that was not branding its cattle therefore he was not following everybodys lead and therefore he was a maverick so -know designers do need to be mavericks because the best way to design a successful object and also an object that -we were missing before is to pretend that either it never existed or that people will be able to have a new behavior with it so safe is the last exhibition -that i did at moma and it ended at the beginning of last year and it was about design that deals with safety and deals with protection its a long story because it started before two thousand and one and it was called emergency and then when nine eleven happened i -a half full glass instead of half empty and it was about protection and safety but it ranged from such items as a complete de mining equipment to these kind of -but what is interesting is that we dont need to talk about design and art anymore but design uses whatever tools it has at its disposal in order to make a point its a sense of economy and a sense also of humor this is a beautiful -it has a loudspeaker over your heart so your heartbeat is amplified and the police is reminded its like having a flower in front of the rifle and also you can imagine a whole -group of people with the same suit will have this mounting collective heartbeat that will be scary to the police you know so designers sometimes dont do things that are immediately functional but theyre functional to our understanding of issues -dunne and raby tony dunne and fiona raby did this series of objects that are about our anguish and our paranoia like this hideaway furniture thats made in the same wood as your floor so it disappears completely and you can hide away -or even better the huggable atomic mushroom which got me an article on the bulletin of atomic scientists of the united states i dont think it ever happened before at moma -just to give you an example this is the exhibition humble masterpieces as it was at moma in two thousand and four we were in queens we were building the big big big big building in midtown so we were in the small small small -this faraday chair that is supposed to protect you from radiations but the interesting thing in the exhibition is that the discovery was that the ultimate shelter is your sense of self -sometimes by doing this kind of research you encounter such beautiful ideas of design twan verdonck is really -i think hes twenty seven and working together with some psychologist he did a series of toys that are for sensorial stimulation for children that have psychological impairments theyre quite beautiful -they range from this fluffy toy that is about hugging you because autistic children like to be hugged tight so it has a spring inside all the way to this doll with a mirror so the child can see him or herself in the mirror and regain a sense of self -and before me there were people that were really talking about luxury and i didnt want to be a party pooper but at the same time i felt that i had to kind of bring back the discourse to reality and the truth is that theres very different kinds of luxury and -that much and i want to make this point by showing to you two examples of design coming from -sense of economy very very clear limits this is cuba and this is the recycling of a squeaky toy -a bicycle bell and this is instead a raincoat that is made out of rice sacks so theyre quite beautiful but theyre beautiful because theyre so smart -got inspired by the poverty and smartness that they saw around them to do pieces of furniture that now are selling for an enormous amount of money but thats because of the kind of strangeness of the market itself -so really design takes everything into account and the interesting thing is that as the technology advances as -we become more and more wireless and impalpable designers instead want us to be hands on sometimes hammer on you see this is a whole series of furniture that wants to engage you physically -and even this chair that you have to open up and then sit on so that it takes your imprint all the way to this beautiful series -objects that are considered design by ana mir in barcelona from this kind of bijou made with human hair to these chocolate nipples -to these intra toe candies that your lover is supposed to suck from your toes its quite beautiful because somehow -the typeface is helvetica its its fiftieth anniversary this year and so i start thinking max miedinger and all those swiss designers together trying to -this is a gorgeous moment for design many years ago i heard a mathematician from vienna -whose name was marchetti explain how the innovation in the military industry therefore a secret innovation -and the innovation in the civilian society are two sinosoids that are kind of opposed and that makes sense in moments of war theres great technological innovation and instead in the world you have to do without well during the second world war you had to do without steel you had to do without aluminum -and then as peace comes all of these technologies get all of a sudden available for the civilian market many of you might know that -the potato chip chair by charles and ray eames comes exactly from that kind of instance fiberglass was available for civilian use all of a sudden -i think that this is a strange moment the rhythm of the sinosoids has changed tremendously just like the rhythm of our life in the past twenty five years so im not sure anymore what the wavelength is but it surely is a very important moment for design -because not only is the technology proceeding not only is computing technology making open source possible also in the world of design -but also the idea of sustainability which is not only sustainability from the viewpoint of co two emissions and footprint but also sustainability -outdo akzidenz grotesk and come up with a new sans serif typeface and the movie starts playing in my head already and of course you can imagine with humble masterpieces it was the same thing -of human interrelationships is very much part of the work of so many designers and thats why designers more and more are working on behaviors rather than on objects especially the good ones not all of them -i wanted to show you for instance the work of mathieu lehanneur which is quite fantastic hes another young designer from france whos working and at this point hes working also with pharmaceutical companies -new ways to engage patients especially children in taking their medicines with constance and with certainty you know for instance this is a beautiful -have you know gertrudes whole life and all of her files and her address book come alive and this is even better this is auger loizeau afterlife its the idea that some people dont believe in an afterlife so to give them something tangible that shows that there is something after death -they take the gastric juices of people who passed away and concentrate them and put them into a battery that can actually be used to power flashlights they also -you know sex toys whatever its quite amazing -how these things can make you smile can make you laugh can make you cry sometimes but im hoping that this particular exhibition will be able to -other people are not as elastic i cant get my father in italy to work on the internet he doesnt want to put high speed internet at home and thats because theres some little bit of fear little bit of resistance or just clogged mechanisms -so designers work on this particular malaise that we have these kind of discomforts that we have and try to make life easier for us -of mind is something that we really need you know we really need we really cherish and we really work on and this exhibition is about the work of designers that help us be more elastic and also -of designers that really work on this elasticity as an opportunity and one last thing is that its not only designers but its also scientists and before i launch into -you can say that the relationship between science and design goes back centuries you can of course talk about leonardo da vinci many other renaissance men -i dabble in design im a curator of architecture and design i happen to be at the museum of modern art but whats important about that were going to talk about today is really design -and women and theres a gigantic history behind it but according to a really great science historian you might know peter galison he teaches at harvard -what nanotechnology in particular and quantum physics have brought to designers is this renewed interest this real passion for design -so basically the idea of being able to build things bottom up atom by atom has made them all into tinkerers and all of a sudden scientists are seeking designers just like designers are seeking scientists -its a brand new love affair that were trying to cultivate at moma together with adam bly who is the founder of seed magazine thats now a multimedia company you might know it we founded about a year ago -and then all of a sudden they really started talking each others language and now were already at the point that they collaborate -paul steinhardt a physicist from new york and aranda lasch architects collaborated in an installation in london at the serpentine -and its really interesting to see how this happens the exhibition will talk about the work of both designers and scientists and show how theyre presenting the possibilities of the future to us -really good designers are like sponges they really are curious and absorb every kind of information that comes their way and transform it so that it can be used by people like us -and you know im showing to you different sections of the show right now just to give you a taste of it but nanophysics and nanotechnology for instance has -really opened the designers mind in this case im showing more the designers work because theyre the ones that have really been stimulated a lot of the objects in the show are concepts not -really objects that exist already but what youre looking at here is the work of some scientists from ucla this kind of alphabet soup -is a new way to mark proteins not only by color but literally by alphabet letters so they construct it and they can construct all kinds of forms at the nanoscale and this is the work instead -new sensing elements on the body you can grow hairs on your nails and therefore grab some of the particles from another person they seem very very obsessed -with finding out more about the ideal mate so theyre working on enhancing everything touch smell everything they can in order to find the perfect mate very interesting -and this instead is a typeface designer from israel who has designed he calls them typosperma hes thinking of course its all a concept -injecting typefaces into sperms and into spermatozoa i dont know how to say it in english spermatazoi in order to make them become to almost have a song or a whole poem written with every ejaculation -i tell you designers are quite fantastic you know so tissue design in this case too you have a mixture of scientists and designers this here is part of the same lab -and so that gives me an opportunity because every design show that i curate kind of looks at a different world and its great because -really ugly patty and so the assignments to the students was how should the steak of tomorrow be when you dont have to kill cows and it can have any shape what should it be like -so this particular student james king went around the beautiful english countryside picked the best best cow that he could see and then put her in the mri machine -and then took the scans of the best organs and made the meat of course this is done with a japanese resin food makers but you know in the future it could be made better but that reproduces the best mri scan of the best cow he could find -and instead this element here is much more banal something that you know can be done already is to grow bone tissue -so that you can make a wedding ring out of the bone tissue of your loved one literally so this is indeed made of human bone tissue -this is symbiotica and you know theyve been working they were the first ones to do this in vitro meat and now theyve also done an in vitro coat a leather coat its miniscule -it seems like every time i change jobs and what im going to do today is im going to give you a preview of the next exhibition that im working on which is called design and the elastic mind -but its a real coat its shaped like one so well be able to really not have any excuse to be wearing everything leather in the future one of the most important -topics of the show you know as anything in our life today we can look at it from many many different viewpoints and at different levels one of the most interesting and most important concepts is the idea of scale -we change scale very often we change resolution of screens and we dont were not really fazed by it we do it very comfortably -so you go even in the exhibition from the idea of nanotechnology and the nanoscale to instead the manipulation of really great amounts of data the mapping and tagging of the universe and of the world -and in this particular case a section will be devoted to information design and you see here the work of ben fry this is human versus chimps the few chromosomes that distinguish us from chimps it was a beautiful visualization that he did for seed magazine -and heres the whole code of pac man visualized with all the go to go back to also made into a beautiful choreography -and then also graphs by scientists this beautiful diagraph of protein homology scientists are starting to also consider aesthetics we were discussing with keith shrubb this morning -the fact that many scientists tend not to use anything beautiful in their presentations otherwise theyre afraid of being considered dumb blondes so they pick the worst background from -any kind of powerpoint presentation the worst typeface its only recently that this kind of marriage between design and science is producing some of the first -if we can say so scientific presentations another aspect of contemporary design that i think is mind opening promising and will really be the future of design which is the idea of collective design you know the whole -laptop from one laptop per child is based on the idea of collaboration and mash and networking so the more the merrier the more computers the stronger the signal and children -world that i decided to focus on this particular time is the world of science and the world of technology technology always comes into play when design is involved -work on the interface so that its all based on doing things together tasks together so the idea of collective design is something that will become even bigger in the future and this is chosen as an example -a term that i coined a few years ago while i was thinking of how pressed we are together and at the same time how these small objects like the walkman first and then the ipod -and you can be completely isolated and have your own room in your ipod and this is the work of several designers that really -and then you have this beautiful pool with this perfect temperature and you can have this isolation tank phone conversation with whomever youve been wanting to talk with for a long time -and same thing here social tele presence its actually already used by the military a little bit but its the idea of being able to be somewhere else with your senses while youre removed from it physically and this is called blind date -its a so if youre too shy to be really at the date so you stay at a distance with your flowers and somebody else reenacts the date for you rapid manufacturing is another big area in which technology and design -but science does a little less but designers are great at taking big revolutions that happen and transforming them so that we can use them -i think i think bound to change the world youve heard about it before many times rapid manufacturing is a computer file sent directly from the computer to the manufacturing machine it used to be called -the materials became better better resins techniques became better not only carving but also stereolithography and laser -it takes seven days today to manufacture a chair but you know what one day it will take seven hours and then the dream is that youll be able to from home customize your chair you know companies and designers will -be designing the matrix or the margins that respect both solidity and brand and design identity and then you can send it to the kinkos store at the corner and go get your chair -now the implications of this are enormous not only regarding the participation of the final buyer in the design process but also no tracking no warehousing no -and this is what this exhibition looks at if you think about your life today you go every day through many different scales many different changes of rhythm and pace you work over -a picture that was in wired magazine you know the artifacts of the future section that i love so much that shows you can have your desktop three d printer and print your own basketball -but here instead are examples you can already three d print textiles which is very interesting this is just a really nice touch its called slow -what we do in order to then retrace our path also we do it in order to share with other people again this communal sense of experience that seems to be so important today -so various ways to map and tag are also the work of many designers nowadays the senses designers and scientists all work on -trying to expand our senses capabilities so that we can achieve more and also animal senses in a way -this particular object that many people love so much is actually based on kind of a scientific experiment the fact that bees have a very strong olfactory sense and so much like dogs that can smell certain kinds of skin cancer -also bees can be trained by pavlovian reflex to detect one type of cancer and also pregnancy and so this student at the rca designed this beautiful blown glass object where the -move from one chamber to the other if they detect that particular smell that signifies in this case pregnancy another shape is made for cancer design for debate is a very interesting new endeavor that designers have -really shaped for themselves some designers dont design objects products things that were going to actually use but rather they design scenarios that are -this is quite beautiful its dunne and raby all the robots those are a series of robots that are meant to be taken care of -we always think that robots will take care of us and instead they designed these robots that are very very needy you need to take one in your arms and look at it in the eyes for about five minutes before it does something -another one gets really really nervous if you get in to the room and starts shaking so you have to calm it down so its really a way to make us think more about what robots mean to us -and accessories for lonely men the idea is that when you lose your loved one or you go through a bad breakup what you miss the most are those annoying things -to hate when you were with the other person so he designed all these series of accessories like this one is something that takes away the -from you at night then theres another one that breathes on your neck theres another one that throws plates and breaks them so its just this idea of what we really miss in life elio caccavale instead he took the idea of -those dolls that explain leukemia hes working on dolls that explain seno transplantation and also the spider -others are a little slower others have a little bit few stretch marks but nonetheless this is a quite exceptional audience from that viewpoint -the flowers and the bees and then theres the baby no it can be two moms three dads in vitro theres the whole idea of how babies can be made today that has changed so its a series of dolls that hes working on -one of the most beautiful things is that designers dont really work on life even though they take technology into account and many designers have been working recently on the idea of death and -and what we can do about it today with new technologies or how we should behave about it with new technologies these three objects over there -are hard drives on with a bluetooth connection but theyre in reality very very beautiful sculpted artifacts that -that those are important forms of design and in a way the video games the fonts and everything else lead us to make people understand a wider meaning for design one of my dream acquisitions which has been on hold for a few years but now will come back on the front burner is a seven hundred and forty seven -i would like to acquire it but without owning it i dont want it to be at moma and possessed by moma i want it to keep flying so its an acquisition where moma makes an arrangement with an airline and keeps the boeing seven hundred and forty seven flying -something that is truly important and that is part of our identity but that nobody can have -and its too long to explain the acquisition but if you want to go on the moma blog theres a long post where i explain why its such a great example of design -along the way ive had to burn a few chairs you know ive had to do away with a few concepts of design past but i see that people are coming along that the audiences paradoxically are much more responsive and much more understanding of this expansion of design than some of my colleagues -pointedly with works for instance by martin wattenberg the way a machine plays chess with itself that you see here or lisa strausfeld and her partners the sugar interface for one laptop per child -and also jonathan harris and sep kamvars i want you to want me these were some of the first acquisitions that really introduced the idea -but also more recently we started -all hell broke loose in a really interesting way laughter there are still people that believe that theres a high and theres a low and thats really what -exhibiting pac man and tetris alongside picasso and van gogh theyre two floors away -jonathan jones is making it happen so the same guardian -of design being often misunderstood for art or the idea that is so diffuse that designers want to aspire to would like to be called artists -no designers aspire to be really great designers thank you very much and thats more than enough so my knight in shining armor john maeda without any prompt came out with this big declaration on why video games belong in the moma and that was fantastic and i thought that was it but then there was another -wonderfully pretentious article that came out in the new republic so pretentious by liel leibovitz and it said moma has mistaken video games for art again -the museum is putting pac man alongside picasso again that misses the point excuse me youre missing the point -code oh so picasso is not art because its oil paint right so its so fantastic to see how these feathers that were ruffled and these reactions were so vehement and you know what the international cat video film festival didnt have -i really do believe that design is the highest form of creative expression thats why im talking to you today about the age of design and the age of design is the age in which design is still cute furniture is still posters is still fast cars what you see at moma today but in truth -and theres this flaubert quote that i love i have always tried to live in an ivory tower but a tide of shit is beating at its walls threatening to undermine it i consider myself the tide of shit -i am so so proud to be able to call pac man part of the moma collection and the same with for instance tetris original version the soviet one and you know -reconstructed the whole game and even gave us a simulation of the cathode ray tube that makes it look slightly bombed and its fantastic so behind these acquisitions is an enormous amount of work because were still the museum of modern art so even when we tackle popular culture we tackle it -as a form of interaction design and as something that has to go into the collection at moma therefore has to be researched -so to get to choosing eric chahis wonderful another world amongst others we put together a panel of experts and we worked on this acquisition and its mostly myself and kate carmody and paul galloway we worked on it for a year and a half -so many people helped us designers of games you might know jamin warren and his collaborators at kill screen magazine and you know kevin slavin you name it we bugged everybody because we knew that we were ignorant we were not real gamers enough so we had to really talk to them -and so we decided of course to have sim city two thousand not the other sim city that one in particular so -artifacts that will more and more become part of our lives in the future -we live today as you know very well not in the digital not in the physical but in the kind of minestrone that our mind makes of the two and thats really where interaction -i also talk about the metrocard vending machine which i consider a masterpiece of interaction i mean that interface is beautiful it looks like a burly mta guy coming out of the tunnel you know with your mitt you can actually paw the metrocard and i talk about how bad -what i really would like to explain to the public and to the audiences of moma is that the most interesting chairs are the ones that are actually -not only the fun but also the responsibility that came with the tamagotchi -you know video games can be truly deep even when theyre completely mindless im sure that all of you know katamari damacy its about rolling a ball and picking up as many objects as you can in a finite amount of time and hopefully youll be able to make it into a planet ive never made it into a planet but thats -alongside your music so really fantastic not to mention eve online eve online is an artificial universe if you wish but one of the diplomats that was killed in benghazi not ambassador stevens but one of his collaborators was a really big shot in eve online so here you have a diplomat in the real world that spends his time in eve online -to kind of test maybe all of his ideas about diplomacy and about universe building -and to the point that the first announcement -of the bombing was actually given on eve online and after his death several parts of the universe were named after him and i was just recently at the eve online -fan festival in reykjavik that was quite amazing i mean were talking about an experience that of course can seem weird to many but that is very educational of course there are games that are even more educational -dwarf fortress is like the holy grail of this kind of massive multiplayer online game and in fact the two adams brothers were in reykjavik and they were greeted by a standing ovation by all the eve online fans it was amazing to see and its a beautiful game so you start seeing here -that the aesthetics that are so important to a museum collection like momas are kept alive also by the selection of these games -and you know valve you know portal is an example of a video game in which you have a certain type of violence which also leads me to talk about one of the biggest issues that we had to discuss when we acquired the video games what to do with violence right we had to make decisions -at moma interestingly theres a lot of violence depicted in the art part of the collection but when i came to moma nineteen years ago and as an italian i said you know what we need a beretta and i was told no no guns in the design collection and i was like why -we have portal because you shoot walls in order to create new spaces we have street fighter ii because martial arts are good -flow theres no doubt its like its about serenity and its about sublime its about experiencing what it means to be a sea creature -what we want what we aspire to is the code its very hard to get of course but thats what would enable us to preserve the video games for a really long time and thats what museums do they also preserve artifacts for -that design is so much more than cute chairs -time the way we experience time in video games as in other forms of interaction design is really quite amazing it can be real time or it can be the time within the game -as is in animal crossing where seasons follow each other at their own pace so time space aesthetics and then most important behavior -that it is first and foremost everything that is around us in our life and its interesting how so much of what were talking about tonight is not simply design but interaction design -the real core issue of interaction design is behavior designers that deal with interaction design behaviors that go to influence the rest of our lives theyre not just limited to our interaction with the screen -in this case im showing you marble madness which is a beautiful game in which the controller is a big sphere that vibrates with you so you have a sphere thats moving in this landscape and the sphere the controller itself gives you a sense of the movement -in a way you can see how video games are the purest aspect of interaction design and are very useful to explain what interaction is -theres no paraphernalia no nostalagia only the screen and a little shelf with the controllers the controllers are of course part of the experience so you cannot -applied in one thousand nine hundred and thirty four when he wanted to make people understand the importance of design and he took propeller blades and pieces of machinery and in the moma galleries he put them on white pedestals against white walls as if they were brancusi sculptures he created this strange distance this shock -that made people realize how gorgeous formally and also important functionally design pieces were -i would like to do the same with video games by getting rid of the sticky carpets and the cigarette butts and everything else that we might remember from our childhood i want people to -another example have you ever been to venice how beautiful it is to lose ourselves in these little streets on the island but our multitasking reality is pretty different and full of tons of information -so what about something like that to rediscover our sense of adventure i know that it could sound pretty weird to speak about mono when the number of possibilities is so huge -but i push you to consider the option of focusing on just one task or maybe turning your digital senses totally off -why not so find your monotask spot within the multitasking world thank you -lets consider for a while the option of monotasking -a couple of examples look at that this is my multitasking activity result laughter so trying to cook answering the phone writing sms and maybe uploading some pictures about this awesome barbecue -so someone tells us the story about supertaskers so this two percent of people who are able to control multitasking environment -but what about ourselves and what about our reality whens the last time you really enjoyed just the voice of your friend so this is a project im working on -lets not neglect the insurgency just to the south baluchistan two weeks ago baluchi rebels attacked a pakistani military garrison and this was the flag that they raised over it -the post colonial entropy that is happening around the world is accelerating and i expect more such changes to occur in the map as the states fragment of course we cant forget africa -fifty three countries and by far the most number of suspiciously straight lines on the map if we were to look at all of africa we could most certainly acknowledge far more tribal divisions -and so forth but lets just look at sudan the second largest country in africa it has three ongoing civil wars the genocide in darfur which you all know about -the civil war in the east of the country and south sudan south sudan is going to be having a referendum in two thousand and eleven in which it is very likely to vote itself independence now lets go up to the arctic circle -a great race on for energy resources under the arctic seabed who will win canada russia the united states actually greenland -what is the lesson from all of this geopolitics is a very unsentimental discipline its constantly morphing and changing the world -like climate change and like our relationship with the ecosystem were always searching for equilibrium in how we divide ourselves across the planet -now we fear changes on the map we fear civil wars death tolls having to learn the names of new countries -but i believe that the inertia of the existing borders that we have today is far worse and far more violent the question is how do we change those borders and what lines do we focus on -i believe we focus on the lines that cross borders the infrastructure lines then well wind up with the world we want a borderless one thank you -just one hundred countries in the world after world war ii europe was devastated but still held large overseas colonies french west africa british east africa south asia and so forth -then over the late forties fifties sixties seventies and eighties waves of decolonization took place over fifty new countries were born you can see that africa has been fragmented india pakistan bangladesh south east asian nations created -we live in a borderless world before you answer that have a look at this map contemporary political map shows that we have over two hundred countries in the world today -then came the end of the cold war the end of the cold war and the disintegration of the soviet union you had the creation of new states in eastern europe -the former yugoslav republics and the balkans and the stans of central asia today we have two hundred countries in the world -lets zoom in on one of the most strategic areas of the world eastern eurasia as you can see on this map russia is still the largest country in the world and as you know china is the most populous and they share a lengthy land border -in fact the world bank predicts that russias population is declining towards about one hundred and twenty million people and there is another thing that you dont see on this map -but as oil prices rose russian governments have invested in infrastructure to unite the country east and west -but nothing has more perversely impacted russias demographic distribution because the people in the east who never wanted to be there anyway have gotten on those trains and roads and gone back to the west -as a result in the russian far east today which is twice the size of india you have exactly six million russians -so lets get a sense of what is happening in this part of the world we can start with mongolia or as some call it mine golia why do they call it that because in mine golia -chinese firms operate and own most of the mines copper zinc gold and they truck the resources south and east into mainland china china isnt conquering mongolia its buying it -but in fact with global warming and rising temperatures all of the sudden you have vast wheat fields and agribusiness and grain being produced in siberia but who is it going to feed -they set up their own bazaars and medical clinics theyve taken over the timber industry and been shipping the lumber east back into china -again like mongolia china isnt conquering russia its just leasing it thats what i call globalization chinese style -now maybe this is what the map of the region might look like in ten to twenty years but hold on this map is seven hundred years old -this is the map of the yuan dynasty lead by kubla khan the grandson of genghis khan so history doesnt necessarily repeat itself but it does rhyme -in tedistan there are no borders just connected spaces and unconnected spaces most of you probably reside in one of the forty dots on this screen of the many more that represent ninety percent of the world economy -this is just to give you a taste of whats happening in this part of the world again globalization chinese style because globalization opens up all kinds of ways for us to undermine and change the way we think about political geography so -the history of east asia in fact people dont think about nations and borders they think more in terms of empires and hierarchies usually chinese or japanese -well its chinas turn again so lets look at how china is restablishing that hierarchy in the far east it starts with the global hubs remember the forty dots on the nighttime map that show the hubs of the global economy -east asia today has more of those global hubs than any other region in the world tokyo seoul beijing shanghai hong kong singapore -and sidney these are the filters and funnels of global capital trillions of dollars a year being brought into the region so much of it being invested into china -then there is trade these vectors and arrows represent ever stronger trade relationships that china has with every country in the region specifically it targets japan and korea -and australia countries that are strong allies of the united states australia for example is heavily dependent on exporting iron ore natural gas to china -for poorer countries china reduces tariffs so that laos and cambodia can sell their goods more cheaply and become dependent on exporting to china as well and now many of you have been reading in the news how -so china is becoming the anchor of the economy in the region another pillar of this strategy is diplomacy -china has signed military agreements with many countries in the region it has become the hub of diplomatic institutions such as the east asian community -some of these organizations dont even have the united states as a member there is a treaty of nonaggression between countries such that if there were a conflict between china -but lets talk about the ninety percent of the world population that will never leave the place in which they were born for them nations countries boundaries borders still matter a great deal and often violently -another pillar of the strategy like russia is demographic china exports business people nannies students teachers to teach chinese around the region to intermarry -and to occupy ever greater commanding heights of the economies already ethnic chinese people in malaysia thailand and indonesia -are the real key factors and drivers in the economies there chinese pride is resurgent in the region -as a result singapore for example used to ban chinese language education now it encourages it if you add it all up what do you get -well if you remember before world war ii japan had a vision for a greater japanese co prosperity sphere whats emerging today is what you might call a greater chinese -so no matter what the lines on the map tell you in terms of nations and borders what you really have emerging in the far east are national cultures but in a much more fluid imperial zone all of this is happening without firing a shot -thats most certainly not the case in the middle east where countries are still very uncomfortable in the borders left behind by european colonialists -so what can we do to think about borders differently in this part of the world what lines on the map should we focus on what i want to present to you is what i call -oil used to be one of the forces holding iraq together now it is the most significant cause of the countrys disintegration the reason is kurdistan -the kurds for three thousand years have been waging a struggle for independence and now is their chance to finally have it these are pipeline routes which emerge from kurdistan which is an oil rich region -and today if you go to kurdistan youll see that kurdish peshmerga guerillas are squaring off against the sunni iraqi army but what are they guarding is it really a border on the map -i dont believe we should iraq will still be the second largest oil producer in the world behind saudi arabia -and well have a chance to solve a three thousand year old dispute now remember kurdistan is landlocked it has no choice but to behave -in order to profit from its oil it has to export it through turkey or syria and other countries and iraq itself and therefore it has to have amicable relations with them -now here at ted were solving some of the great riddles of science and mysteries of the universe well here is a fundamental problem we have not solved our basic political geography how do we distribute ourselves around the world -now lets look at a perennial conflict in the region that is of course in palestine palestine is something of a cartographic anomaly because its two parts palestinian -one part israel thirty years of rose garden diplomacy have not delivered us peace in this conflict what might -i believe that what might solve the problem is infrastructure today donors are spending billions of dollars on this these two arrows are an arc an arc of commuter railroads and other infrastructure that link the west bank and -gaza if gaza can have a functioning port and be linked to the west bank you can have a viable palestinian state palestinian economy -that i believe is going to bring peace to this particular conflict the lesson from kurdistan and from palestine is that independence alone without infrastructure is -now what might this entire region look like if in fact we focus on other lines on the map besides borders when the insecurities might abate the last time that was the case was actually a century ago during the ottoman empire -this is the hijaz railway the hijaz railway ran from istanbul to medina via damascus it even had an offshoot running to haifa in what is today israel on the mediterranean sea but today the hijaz railway lies in tatters ruins -if we were to focus on reconstructing these curvy lines on the map infrastructure that cross the straight lines the borders i believe the middle east would be a far more peaceful region -now lets look at another part of the world the former soviet republics of central asia the stans these countries borders originate from stalins decrees he purposely did not want these countries to make sense he wanted ethnicities to mingle in ways that would allow him to divide and rule -now this is important because border conflicts justify so much of the worlds military industrial complex -well there is a big difference in the way we used to talk about oil and the way were talking about it now before it was how do we control their oil -now its their oil for their own purposes and i assure you its every bit as important to them as it might have been to colonizers and imperialists -here are just some of the pipeline projections and possibilities and scenarios and routes that are being mapped out for the next several decades a great deal of them -for a number of countries in this part of the world having pipelines is the ticket to becoming part of the global economy and for having some meaning besides the borders that they are not loyal to themselves just take azerbaijan -it has rebranded itself as the frontier of the west then there is turkmenistan which most people think of as a frozen basket case -but now its contributing gas across the caspian sea to provide for europe and even a potentially turkmen afghan pakistan india pipeline as well -border conflicts can derail so much of the progress that we hope to achieve here so i think we need a deeper understanding of how people money power -more pipelines means more silk roads instead of the great game the great game connotes dominance of one over the other silk road connotes independence -the european union began as just the coal and steel community of six countries and their main purpose was really to keep the rehabilitation of germany to happen in a peaceful way -but then eventually it grew into twelve countries and those are the twelve stars on the european -the e u also became a currency block and is now the most powerful trade block in the entire world on average the e u has grown by one country per year since the end of the cold war -in fact most of that happened on just one day in two thousand and four fifteen new countries joined the e u and now you have what most people consider a zone of peace spanning twenty seven countries and four hundred and fifty million people -so what is next what is the future of the european union well in light blue -religion culture technology interact to change the map of the world and we can try to anticipate those changes and shape them in a more constructive direction -these regions arent part of the e u they are becoming part of its sphere of influence just take the balkans croatia serbia bosnia theyre not members of the e u yet but you can get on a german ice train and make it almost -in bosnia you use the euro currency already and thats the only currency theyre probably ever going to have so looking at other parts of europes periphery such as north africa -on average every year or two a new oil or gas pipeline opens up under the mediterranean connecting north africa to europe -so in other words i believe that president sarkozy of france is right when he talks about a mediterranean union now lets look at turkey and the caucasus i mentioned azerbaijan before -that corridor of turkey and the caucasus has become the conduit for twenty percent of europes energy supply so does turkey really have to be a member of the european union i dont think it does i think its already part of a euro turkish superpower -so whats next where are we going to see borders change and new countries born well south central asia south west asia is a very good place to start -eight years after the u s invaded afghanistan there is still a tremendous amount of instability pakistan and afghanistan are still so fragile that neither of them have dealt constructively with -problem of pashtun nationalism this is the flag that flies in the minds of twenty million pashtuns who live on both sides of the the afghan and pakistan border -so for now lets turn to the evidence for dark matter in these galaxies especially in a spiral galaxy like this -stars in circular orbits in the galaxy so we have these stars going around in circles like this as you can imagine even if you know physics this should be intuitive ok that -stars that are closer to the mass in the middle will be rotating at a higher speed than those that are further out here ok -so what you would expect is that if you measured the orbital speed of the stars that they should be slower on the edges than on the inside -in other words if we measured speed as a function of distance this is the only time im going to show a graph ok we would expect that it goes down as the distance increases from the center of the galaxy -when those measurements are made instead what we find is that the speed is basically constant as a function of distance if its constant that means that the stars out here are feeling the gravitational effects of matter that we do not see -in fact this galaxy and every other galaxy appears to be embedded in a cloud of this invisible dark matter -so we see the galaxy and fixate on that but its actually a cloud of dark matter thats dominating the structure and the dynamics of this galaxy -fuzzy elliptical things here so these galaxy clusters we take a snapshot now we take a snapshot in a decade itll look identical -but these galaxies are actually moving at extremely high speeds theyre moving around in this gravitational -ive been using accelerators such as the electron accelerator at stanford university just up the road to study things on the smallest scale -can we see it more visually yes we can and so let me lead you through how we can do this so heres an observer it could be an eye it could be a telescope and suppose theres a galaxy out here in the universe how do we see that galaxy -a ray of light leaves the galaxy and travels through the universe for perhaps billions of years before it enters the telescope or your -now how do we deduce where the galaxy is well we deduce it by the direction that the ray is traveling as it enters our eye right we say the ray of light came this way the galaxy must be there ok now -we now need to take into account what einstein predicted when he developed general relativity and that was that the gravitational field due to mass -will deflect not only the trajectory of particles but will deflect light itself so this light ray will not continue in a straight line but would rather bend and could end up going into our -where will this observer see the galaxy -we extrapolate backwards and say the galaxy is up here is there any other ray of light that could make into the observers eye from that galaxy -yes great i see people going down like this so a ray of light could go down be bent up into the observers eye and the observer sees a ray of light here -now take into account the fact that we live in a three dimensional universe ok a three dimensional space are there any other rays of light that could make it into the eye -like to see yeah on a cone so theres a whole ray of light rays of light on a cone that will all be bent by that cluster and make it into the observers eye if there is a cone of light coming into my eye what do i see -a circle a ring its called an einstein ring einstein predicted that ok now it will only be a perfect ring if the source the deflector and the eyeball in this case are all in a perfectly straight line -if theyre slightly skewed well see a different image now you can do an experiment tonight over the reception ok to figure out what that image will look like -but ignore the top part its the base that i want you to concentrate ok so actually at home whenever we break a wineglass i save the bottom -a little model galaxy in the middle and now put the lens over the galaxy and what youll find is that youll see a ring an einstein ring -now move the base off to the side and the ring will split up into arcs ok and you can put it on top of any image on the graph paper you can see how all the lines on the graph paper have been distorted and again this is a -model of what happens with the gravitational lensing ok so the question is do we see this in the sky do we see arcs in the sky when we look at say a cluster of galaxies and the answer is yes -and so heres an image from the hubble space telescope many of the images you are seeing are earlier from the hubble space telescope well first of all for the golden shape galaxies those are the galaxies in the cluster -the ones that are embedded in that sea of dark matter that are causing the bending of the light to cause these optical illusions or mirages practically of the background galaxies -so the streaks that you see all these streaks are actually distorted images of galaxies that are much further away so what we can do then is -based on how much distortion we see in those images we can calculate how much mass there must be in this cluster and its an enormous amount of mass -and also you can tell by eye by looking at this that these arcs are not centered on individual galaxies they are centered on some -so recently we have realized that the ordinary matter in the universe and by ordinary matter i mean you ok me the planets the stars the galaxies the ordinary matter makes up only a few percent of the content of the universe -more spread out structure and that is the dark matter in which the cluster is embedded ok so this is the closest you can get to kind of seeing at least the effects of the dark matter with your naked eye -ok so a quick review then to see that youre following so the evidence that we have that a quarter of the universe is dark matter this gravitationally attracting stuff -is that galaxies the speeds with which stars orbiting galaxies is much too large it must be embedded in dark matter -the speed with which galaxies within clusters are orbiting is much too large it must be embedded in dark matter and we see these gravitational lensing effects these distortions -that say that again clusters are embedded in dark matter ok so now lets turn to dark energy -so to understand the evidence for dark energy we need to discuss something that stephen hawking referred to in the previous session -and that is the fact that space itself is expanding so if we imagine a section of our infinite universe -ok and so ive put down four spiral galaxies ok and imagine that you put down a set of tape measures so every line on here corresponds to a tape measure horizontal or vertical for measuring where things are -if you could do this what you would find that with each passing day each passing year each passing billions of years ok -the distance between galaxies is getting greater and its not because galaxies are moving away from each other through space -what stephen hawking mentioned as well is that after the big bang space expanded at a very rapid rate but because -so in the last century ok people debated about whether this expansion of space would continue forever -whether it would slow down you know will be slowing down but continue forever slow down -stop or slow down stop and then reverse so it starts to contract again so a little over a decade ago -groups of physicists and astronomers set out to measure the rate at which the expansion of space was slowing down -ok by how much less is it expanding today compared to say a couple of billion years ago the startling answer -to this question ok from these experiments was that space is expanding at -rate today than it was a few billion years ago -ok so the expansion of space is actually speeding up -there is no persuasive -now it turns out in the mathematics you can put it in as a term thats an energy but its completely different type of energy from anything weve ever seen before -we call it dark energy and it has this effect of causing space to expand but we dont have a good motivation for putting it in there at this point ok so its really unexplained as to why we need to put it in now -matter because it gravitationally attracts it tends to encourage the growth of structure ok so clusters of galaxies will tend to form because of all this gravitational attraction -dark energy on the other hand is putting more and more space between the galaxies makes it the gravitational attraction between them decrease -their number density how many there are as a function of time we can learn about how dark matter and dark energy compete against each other -it doesnt interact with the electromagnetic spectrum which is what we use to detect things it doesnt interact at all so how do we know its there we know its there by its gravitational effects in fact -dark energy do we have anything for dark matter and the answer is yes we have well motivated candidates for the dark matter -now what do i mean by well motivated i mean that we have mathematically consistent theories -that were actually introduced to explain a completely different phenomena ok things that i havent even talked about that each predict the existence of a very weakly interacting new particle -so this is exactly what you want in physics where a prediction comes out of a mathematically consistent theory that was actually developed for something else but we dont know if either of those are actually the dark matter candidate ok one or both -who knows or it could be something completely different now we look for these dark matter particles because after all they are here in the room ok and they didnt come in the door they just pass through anything they can come through the building through the earth theyre so non interacting -so one way to look for them is to build detectors that are extremely sensitive to a dark matter particle coming through and bumping it so a crystal that will ring if that happens -so one of my colleagues up the road and his collaborators have built such a detector and theyve put it deep down in an iron mine in minnesota -ok deep under the ground and in fact in the last couple of days announced the most sensitive results so far they havent seen anything ok but it puts limits on what the mass and the interaction strength of these dark matter particles are -the large hadron collider a particle physics accelerator that well be turning on later this year it is possible that dark matter particles might be produced at the large hadron collider -now because they are so non interactive they will actually escape the detector so their signature will be missing energy ok now unfortunately there is a lot of new physics whose signature could be missing energy so it will be hard to tell the difference -and finally for future endeavors there are telescopes being designed specifically to address the questions of dark matter and dark energy -work in my lab is focused on the first critical period in development and that is the period in which babies try to master which sounds are used in their language -we think by studying how the sounds are learned well have a model for the rest of language and perhaps for critical periods that may exist in childhood for social emotional and cognitive development -a six monther adores the task -what have we learned well babies all over the world are what i like to describe as citizens of the world they can discriminate all the sounds of all languages no matter what country were testing and what language were using -and thats remarkable because you and i cant do that were culture bound listeners we can discriminate the sounds of our own language but not those of foreign languages so the question arises when do those citizens of the world turn into the language bound listeners that we are and the answer before their first birthdays -what you see here is performance on that head turn task for babies tested in tokyo and the united states here in seattle -what youre drawn to are her eyes and the skin you love to touch -as they listened to ra and la sounds important to english but not to japanese so at six to eight months the babies are totally equivalent -two months later something incredible occurs the babies in the united states are getting a lot better babies in japan are getting a lot worse but both of those groups of babies are preparing for exactly the language that they are going to learn -so the question is whats happening during this critical two month period this is the critical period for sound development but whats going on up there so there are two things going on -but today im going to talk to you about something you cant see whats going on up in that little brain of hers -i -and those distributions grow and what weve learned is that babies are sensitive to the statistics and the statistics of japanese and english are very very different -english has a lot of rs and ls the distribution shows and the distribution of japanese is totally different where we see a group of intermediate sounds which is known as the japanese r -so babies absorb the statistics of the language and it changes their brains it changes them from the citizens of the world to the culture bound listeners that we are -the modern tools of neuroscience are demonstrating to us that whats going on up there is nothing short of rocket science -but we as adults are no longer absorbing those statistics were governed by the representations in memory that were formed early in development -so what were seeing here is changing our models of what the critical period is about were arguing from a mathematical standpoint that the learning of language material may slow down when our distributions stabilize its raising lots of questions about bilingual people -bilinguals must keep two sets of statistics in mind at once and flip between them one after the other depending on who theyre speaking to so we asked ourselves can the babies take statistics on a brand new language -and we tested this by exposing american babies whod never heard a second language to mandarin for the first time during the critical period -we knew that when monolinguals were tested in taipei and seattle on the mandarin sounds they showed the same pattern six to eight months theyre totally equivalent two months later something incredible happens but the taiwanese babies are getting better -not the american babies what we did was expose american babies during this period to mandarin it was like having mandarin relatives come and visit for a month -and what were learning is going to shed some light on what the romantic writers and poets described as the celestial openness of the childs mind -so what have we done to their little brains -we had to run a control group to make sure that just coming into the laboratory didnt improve your mandarin skills -so a group of babies came in and listened to english and we can see from the graph that exposure to english didnt improve their mandarin but look at what happened to the babies exposed to mandarin for twelve sessions they were as good as the babies in taiwan whod been listening for ten and a half months -what it demonstrated is that babies take statistics on a new language whatever you put in front of them theyll take statistics on -but we wondered what role the human being played in this learning exercise so we ran another group of babies in which the kids got the same dosage the same twelve sessions but over a television set -and another group of babies who had just audio exposure and looked at a teddy bear on the screen what did we do to their brains what you see here is the audio result no learning whatsoever and the video result -no learning whatsoever it takes a human being for babies to take their statistics -the social brain is controlling when the babies are taking their statistics we want to get inside the brain and see this thing happening as babies are in front of televisions as opposed to in front of human beings thankfully we have a new -using three hundred and six squids these are superconducting quantum interference devices to pick up the magnetic fields -what we see here is a mother in india and shes speaking koro which is a newly discovered language -babies in an meg machine while they are learning so this is little emma shes a six monther and shes listening to various languages in the earphones that are in her ears you can see she can -so shes free to move completely unconstrained its a technical tour de force what are we seeing were seeing the baby brain -as the baby hears a word in her language the auditory areas light up and then subsequently areas surrounding it that we think are related to coherence getting the brain coordinated with its different areas and causality one brain area causing another -and were going to be able to invent brain based interventions for children who have difficulty learning -just as the poets and writers described were going to be able to see i think that wondrous openness utter and complete openness of the mind of a child -and shes talking to her baby what this mother and the eight hundred people who speak koro in the world understands is that to preserve this language they need to speak it to the babies and therein lies a critical puzzle -in investigating the childs brain were going to uncover deep truths about what it means to be human and in the process we may be able to help keep our own minds open to learning for our entire lives thank you -why is it that you cant preserve a language by speaking to you and i to the adults well its got to do with your brain -what we see here is that language has a critical period for learning -a language dies every fourteen days -now at the same time english is the undisputed global language -thinking you think ive lost my way and somebodys going to come on the stage in a minute and guide me gently back -from being a mutually beneficial practice to becoming a massive international business that it is today no longer just a foreign language on the school curriculum and no longer the sole domain of mother england it has become a bandwagon for every english speaking nation on earth -and why not after all the best education according to the latest world university rankings is to be found in the universities of the u k and the u -now let me put it this way -and you have to satisfy us first that your english is good enough -now it can be dangerous -to give too much power -okay -but that is a self fulfilling prophecy it feeds the english requirement and so it goes on i ask you what happened to translation -i get that all the time in dubai -if you think about the islamic golden age -there was lots of translation then -now dont get me wrong i am not against teaching english all you english teachers out there i love it that we have a global language we need one today more than ever but i am against using it as a barrier -do we really want to end up with six hundred languages and the main one being english or chinese -we need more than that where do we draw the line this system equates intelligence -and i want to remind you that the giants upon whose shoulders todays intelligentsia -did not have to have english they didnt have to pass an english test case in point -now i get it i understand why people would want to focus on english they want to give their children the best chance in life -and to do that they need a western education -but they couldnt get the results they wanted they really didnt know what to do until along came -so bingo problem solved if you cant think a thought -you are stuck -came to england from kuwait she had studied science and mathematics in arabic its an arabic medium school she had to translate it into english at her grammar school and she was the best in the class at those subjects -they gave the heroes award to a young kenyan shepherd boy -in that time i have seen a lot of changes -so he invented a cost free solar lamp and now the children in his village get the same grades at school as the children who have electricity at home -people who have no light whether its physical or metaphorical -cosmetics cooking herbal -how did those students get all that knowledge of course from their grandparents and even their great grandparents -with a march of democracy and free markets across the continent we have reached a moment -it is my contention that the manner in which we train our leaders will make all the difference thank you -hes praying pitch black not a candle -and that hospital could have afforded flashlights they could have afforded to purchase these things but they didnt and it happened twice another time she watched in horror -as nurses watched a patient die because they refused to give her oxygen that they had -like many of you here i am trying to contribute towards a renaissance in africa the question of transformation in africa really is a question of leadership africa can only be transformed -and so three months later just before she returned to the united states nurses in accra go on strike and her -you see the faults of the ministry of health the hospital administrators -the doctors the nurses they are among just five percent of their peers who get an education -after secondary school -they are the elite they are our leaders their decisions their actions matter -and when they fail a nation literally suffers so when i speak of leadership -im not talking about just political leaders weve heard a lot about that im talking about the elite -those whove been trained whose job it is to be the guardians of their society the lawyers the judges the policemen the doctors the engineers the civil -those are the leaders and we need to train them right now my first pointed and memorable -and one day i go to the airport to meet my father and as i walk up this grassy slope from the car park to the terminal building -im stopped by two soldiers wielding ak forty seven assault weapons and they asked me -to join a crowd of people that were running up and down this embankment why because -the path i had taken was considered out of bounds no sign to this -now i was sixteen i was very worried about what my peers at school might think if they saw me running up and down this hill i was especially concerned of what the girls might think -and so i started to argue with these men it was a little reckless but you know i was sixteen i got lucky a ghana airways pilot -by enlightened leaders and it is my contention that the manner in which we educate our leaders is fundamental to progress on this continent -falls into the same predicament because of his uniform they speak to him differently and they explain to him that theyre just following orders so he takes their radio talks to their boss and gets us all released -what lessons would you take from an experience like this several for me leadership matters those men are following the orders of a superior officer -i learned something about courage it was important not to look at those guns and i also learned that it can be helpful to think about girls -so a few years after this event i leave ghana on a scholarship to go to swarthmore college for my education it was a breath of fresh air -you know the faculty there didnt want us to memorize information and repeat back to them as i was used to back in ghana they wanted us to think critically they wanted us to be analytical -to be concerned about social issues in my economics classes i got high marks for my understanding of basic economics but i learned something more profound than that which is that -leaders the managers of ghanas economy were making breathtakingly bad decisions -had brought our economy to the brink of collapse and so here was this lesson again leadership matters it matters a great deal -but i didnt really fully understand what had happened to me at swarthmore i had an inkling -but i didnt fully realize it until i went out into the workplace and i went to work at microsoft corporation -and i was part of this team this thinking learning team whose job it was to design and implement new -i want to tell you some stories that explain my view we all heard about the importance of stories yesterday -created value in the world and it was brilliant to be part of this team it was brilliant -and i realized just what had happened to me at swarthmore this transformation the ability to confront problems complex problems -and to design solutions to those problems the ability to create is the most empowering thing that can happen to an individual and i was part of that -while i was at microsoft the annual revenues of that company grew larger than -the gdp of the republic of ghana and by the way its continued to the gap has widened since i left -now ive already spoken about one of the reasons why this has occurred i mean its the people there who are so hardworking -persistent creative empowered but there were also some external factors -free markets the rule of law infrastructure these things were provided by institutions -run by the people that i call leaders and those leaders did not emerge spontaneously somebody trained them to do the work that they do -now while i was at microsoft this funny thing happened i became a parent and for the first time africa mattered more to me than ever before -an american friend of mine this year volunteered as a nurse in ghana and in a period of three months she came -because i realized that the state of the african continent would matter to my children and their children that the state of the world -the state of the world depends on whats happening to africa as far as my kids -and at this time when i was going through what i call my pre mid life crisis -this was not the world that id want my children to grow up in -so i decided to get engaged and the first thing that i did was to come back to ghana and talk with a lot of people and really try to understand what the real issues -and three things kept coming up for every problem corruption weak institutions and the people who run them the leaders now -i was a little scared because when you see those three problems they seem really hard to deal with and they might say look dont even try but for me i asked the question well where are these leaders coming from -what is it about ghana that produces leaders that are unethical -to solve problems so i went to look at what was happening in our educational system and it was the same learning by rote from primary school through graduate school -very little emphasis on ethics and the average -you know the typical graduate from a university in ghana has a stronger sense of entitlement than a sense of responsibility this is wrong so i decided to engage this particular problem -because it seems to me that every society every society must be very intentional about how it trains its leaders -and ghana was not paying enough attention and this is true across sub saharan africa -africa i wish there was a liberal arts college in every african country i think it would make huge difference and what ashesi university is trying to do -the ability to confront the complex problems ask the right questions and come up with workable solutions -ill admit that there are times when it seems like mission impossible -but we must believe that these kids are smart that if we involve them in their education if we -the real issues that they confront that our whole society confronts and if we give them skills that enable them to engage the real world -that magic will happen -into this project wed just started classes and a month into it i come to the office and i have this email from one of our students -and it said very simply i am thinking now and he signs off thank you -its such a simple statement -i was moved almost to tears because i understood -was happening to this young man and it is an awesome thing to be a part of empowering someone in this way -thinking now -this year we challenged our students to craft an honor code themselves theres a very vibrant debate going on on campus now -not a candle pitch black the patients cut open twice -whether they should have an honor code and if so what it should look like one of the students asked a question that just warmed my heart -can we create a perfect society -her understanding that a student crafted honor code constitutes a reach towards perfection -is incredible now we cannot achieve perfection but if we reach for it -then we can achieve excellence i dont know ultimately what they will do i dont know whether they will decide to have this honor code -but the conversation theyre having now about what their good society should look like what their excellent society should look like is a really good thing -time -ok now i just want to leave that slide up because its important that we think about it -the first time it was a c section thankfully baby was out mother and child survived -im very excited about the fact that every student at ashesi university does community service before they graduate -that for many of them it has been a life altering experience these young future leaders are beginning to understand -the real business of leadership the real privilege of leadership which is after all to serve humanity -i am even more thrilled by the fact that least year our student body elected a woman to be the head of student government -its the first time in the history of ghana that a woman has been elected head of student government at any university -says a lot about her -it says a lot about the culture thats forming on campus it says a lot about her peers who elected her she won with seventy five percent of the vote -and it gives me a lot of hope -it turns out that corporate west africa also appreciates whats happening with our students weve graduated two classes of students to date and every single one of them has been -the second time was a procedure that involved local anesthesia -and were getting great reports back from corporate ghana corporate west africa and the things that theyre most impressed about is work ethic -you know that passion for what theyre doing the persistence their ability to deal with ambiguity their ability to tackle problems that they havent seen before -this is good -because you know -over the past five years there have been times when ive felt this is mission impossible and its just wonderful to see sort of these glimmers of the promise of what can happen if we train our kids right -i think that the current and future leaders of africa have an incredible opportunity to drive a major renaissance on the continent -every village in africa now has a -dont go asking for a frappuccino there -so we are bridging the digital divide the third world is connected we are connected -well -us it has empowered you it has empowered me and it has empowered some other guys as well -these last two cartoons i did them live during a conference in -they were not used to that in communist two point zero vietnam -so -on the third day i finally understood the guy was actually on duty -so by now there must be a hundred pictures of me smiling with my sketches in the -the internet has changed the world it has -the music industry it has changed the way we consume music for those of you old enough to remember we used to have to go to the store -is free wifi but yeah it has it has liberated us from the office desk -this is your life enjoy -in short technology the -our -not like it -even changed our relationship to god -now i shouldnt get into this religion and political cartoons as you may have heard make a difficult couple ever since that day -its lighter than an ipad its a bit cheaper -two thousand and five when a bunch of cartoonists in denmark drew cartoons that had repercussions all over the world demonstrations fatwa they provoked violence people died in the violence -this was so sickening people died because of cartoons -and then of course they were used by extremists and politicians on the other side they wanted to stir up controversy you know the story -you know what they say they -we know that cartoons can be used as weapons -print media is dying -and here we are now -in the united nations half of the world is pushing to penalize the offense to religion they call it the defamation of religion while the other half of the world is fighting back in defense of freedom of speech -the clash of civilizations is here and cartoons are -this got me thinking -who says that well the media but -now talk of a divided place the country was cut in two you had a rebellion in the north the government in the south the capital abidjan and in the middle the french -this looks like a giant hamburger you dont want to be -in the -i was there to report on that story -in cartoons ive been doing this for the last fifteen years its my side job if you want so you see the style is different this is more serious than maybe -i went to places like gaza during the war in two thousand and nine so this is really journalism in cartoons youll hear more and more about it this is the future of journalism i think -right youve read about it already -and of course i went to see the rebels in the north those were poor guys fighting for their rights there was an -i went to see the dozo the dozo they are the traditional hunters of west africa people fear them they help the rebellion -they are believed to have magical powers they can disappear -i went to see a dozo chief -he told me about his magical powers he said i can chop your head off right away and bring you back to life i said well maybe we dont have time for this -right now -another time -back in abidjan i was given a chance -to lead a workshop with local cartoonists there -and i thought yes in a context like this cartoons can really be used as weapons against the other side -the press in ivory coast was bitterly divided it was compared to the media in rwanda before the genocide -so imagine and what can a cartoonist do sometimes editors would tell their cartoonists to draw what they wanted to see and the guy has to feed his family right -ladies and gentlemen the world has gotten smaller -pretty simple we brought together cartoonists from all sides -in ivory coast we took them away from their newspaper for three days and i asked them to do a project together tackling the issues -in cartoons yes in cartoons show the positive power of cartoons its a great tool of communication for bad or for good -and cartoons can cross boundaries as you have seen -is a good way i think to address serious issues -im very proud of what they did i mean they didnt agree with each other that was not the point and i didnt ask them to do nice cartoons the first day they were even shouting at each other but they came up with a book looking back -of political crisis in ivory coast -so the idea was there and ive been doing projects like this in two thousand and nine in lebanon -this year in kenya back in january in lebanon it was not a book the idea was to have the same principal a divided country take cartoonists from all sides and let them do something together -so in lebanon we enrolled the newspaper editors and we got them to publish eight cartoonists from all sides all together -on the same page addressing the issue affecting lebanon like religion in politics and everyday life and it worked -for three days almost all the newspapers of beirut published all those cartoonists together anti government -pro government christian -muslim of course english speaking -so this was a great project -in kenya what we did -as you have seen in contexts of repression or division again what can a cartoonist do -he has to keep his job -well i believe that in any context anywhere -at least not to do a cartoon that will feed hatred -and thats the message i try to convey to them -all always have the choice in the end not to do the -but we need to support these critical -responsible voices in africa in lebanon -in your local newspaper -for dictators all over the world -the good news -any computer designers in the room -and activists shut up -yeah well you guys are making my life miserable because -track pads used to be round a nice round shape that makes a good cartoon but what are you going to do with a flat track pad those square things -has reached every corner of the world the poorest the remotest places -our latest effort and most successful effort so far which is still very much a work in process im actually wearing the device right now and -sort of cobbled it together with components that are off the shelf and by the way only cost three hundred and fifty dollars at this point in time im wearing a camera just a simple -been intrigued by this question of whether we could evolve or develop a sixth sense a sense that would give us seamless access and easy access -a portable battery powered projection system with a little mirror these components communicate to my cell phone in my pocket which acts as the -and we see how this system lets him walk up to any surface and start using his hands to interact with the information that is projected in front of him -the system tracks the four significant fingers in this case hes wearing simple marker caps that you may -but if you want a more stylish version you could also paint your nails in different colors and the camera basically tracks these four fingers and recognizes -gestures that hes making so he can just go to for example a map of long beach zoom in and out -the system also recognizes iconic gestures such as the take a picture gesture and it takes a picture of whatever is in front of you -and when he then walks back to the media lab he can just go up to any wall and project all the pictures -sort through them and organize them and re size them et cetera again using all natural gestures so some of you most likely were here two years ago and saw the demo by -jeff han or some of you may think well doesnt this look like the microsoft surface table and yes you also interact using natural gestures both hands et cetera -but the difference here is that you can use any surface you can walk to up to any surface including your hand if nothing else is available -to meta information or information that may exist somewhere that may be relevant to help us make the right decision about whatever it is that were coming across -and interact with this projected data the device is completely portable and can be -so one important difference is that its totally mobile another even more important difference is that in mass production this would not cost more tomorrow than todays cell phones and would actually not -sort of be a bigger packaging could look a lot more stylish than this version that im wearing around my neck -but other than letting some of you live out your fantasy of looking as cool as tom cruise in minority report -the reason why were really excited about this device is that it really can act as one of these sixth sense devices that gives you relevant information about whatever is in front of you -so we see pranav here going into the supermarket and hes shopping for some paper towels and as he picks up a product the system can recognize the product that hes picking up -using either image recognition or marker technology and give him the green light or an orange light he can ask for additional information so this particular -choice here is a particularly good choice given his personal criteria some of you may want the toilet paper with the most bleach in it rather than the most ecologically responsible choice -picks up a book in the bookstore he can get an amazon rating it gets projected right on the cover of the book -and some of you may argue well dont todays cell phones do that already but i would say no when you meet someone here at ted and this is -is juans book our previous speaker which gets a great rating by the way at amazon and so pranav turns the page of the book and can then see additional information about the book -reader comments maybe sort of information by his favorite critic et cetera if he turns to a particular page he finds -by maybe an expert of a friend of ours that gives him a little bit of additional information about whatever is on that particular page reading the newspaper it never has to be outdated -you can get -maybe you -can see a word cloud of the tags the words that are associated with that person in their blog and personal webpages in this case the student is interested in cameras -on your way to the airport if you pick up your boarding pass it can tell you that your flight is delayed that the gate has changed et cetera and if you need to know -current time is its as simple as -so thats where were at so far in developing this sixth sense that would give us seamless access to all this relevant information -about the things that we may come across my student pranav whos really like i said the genius behind -the top networking place of course of the year you dont shake somebodys hand and then say can you hold on for a moment while i take out my phone and google you or -lot of applause because i dont think hes slept much in the last three months actually and his girlfriend is probably not very happy about him either -but its not perfect yet its very much a work in progress and who knows maybe in another ten years well be here with the ultimate sixth sense brain implant thank you -when you go to the supermarket and youre standing there in that huge aisle of different types of toilet papers you dont take out your cell phone and open a browser and go to a website -so we dont really have easy access to all this relevant information that can just help us make -sort of easy way without requiring that the user changes any of their behavior and im here to unveil -and all kinds of you know god knows whatever the first thing we actually shared with them was this -your eyeballs completely dissolve -this is fifty nine seconds into the film -hello -this is a minute fifty nine -three minutes nineteen i think something happens i think a head may appear in a second -five minutes ten -six minutes twenty -we showed them the whole cut and they were all completely what is this and -the point is -when you lie in a hospital bed all day all you do is look at the roof and its a really shitty experience -and just putting yourself in the position of the patient this is christian who works with us at ideo he just lay in the hospital bed and kind of stared at the polystyrene ceiling tiles for a really long time -thats what its like to be a patient in the hospital and they were sort you know blinding glimpse of bleeding obvious oh my goodness so looking at the situation from the point of view of the person out -as opposed to the traditional position of the organization in was for these guys quite a revelation and so -that was a really catalytic thing for them so they snapped into action they said ok its not about systemic change its not about huge ridiculous things that we need to do its about tiny things that can make a huge amount of -so we started with them prototyping some really little things that we could do to have a huge amount of impact the first thing we did was we took a little bicycle mirror -and we band aided it here onto a gurney a hospital trolley so that when you were wheeled around by a nurse or by a doctor -you could actually have a conversation with them you could kind of see them in your rear view mirror so it created a tiny human interaction very small example of something that they could do -nurses themselves sort of snapped into action said ok we embrace this what can we do the first thing they do is they decorated the ceiling -was really i showed this to my mother recently i think my mother now thinks that im some sort of interior decorator its what i do for a living sort of -not particularly the worlds best design solution for those of us who are real sort of hard core designers but nonetheless a fabulous empathic solution for people -things that they started doing themselves like changing the floor going into the patients room so that it signified this is my room this is my personal space -was a really interesting sort of design solution to the problem so you went from public space to private space and another idea again that came from one of the nurses which i love was they took traditional sort of corporate white boards then they put them on one wall of the patients room and they put -so that what you could actually do was go into the room and write messages to the person who was sick -what the big wants the big being -which was lovely so tiny tiny tiny solutions that made a huge amount of impact i thought that was a really really nice -so this is not particularly a new idea kind of seeing opportunities in things that are around you and snapping and turning them into a solution its a history -the organization the system the country and what the small wants the individual the person and how do you bring those two things together charlie ledbetter yesterday -of invention based around this im going to read this because i want to get these names right joan ganz cooney saw her daughter -came down on a saturday morning saw her daughter watching the test card waiting for programs to come on one morning and from that came sesame street -malcolm mclean was moving from one country to another and was wondering why it took these guys so long to get the boxes onto the ship -and from -came velcro -and finally for the brits percy shaw this is a big british invention saw the cats eyes at the side of the road when he was driving home one night -and from that came -a whole series of just using your eyes seeing things for the first time seeing things afresh and using them as an opportunity to create new possibilities -second one without sounding overly zen and this is a quote from the buddha finding yourself in the margins looking to the edges of things is often a really interesting place to start -we were asked by a device producer we did the palm pilot and the treo we did a lot of sexy tech -theyd seen this and they wanted a sexy piece of technology for medical diagnostics this was a device that a nurse uses when theyre doing -a spinal procedure in hospital theyll ask the nurses to input data and they had this vision of the nurse kind of clicking away on this aluminum device and it all being incredibly -gadget lustish when we actually went and watched this procedure taking place and ill explain this in a second it became very obvious that there was a human -very articulately about this need to bring consumers to bring people into the process of creating things -was hold the patients hand to comfort them human gesture which made the fabulous two handed data -completely impossible so the thing that we designed much less sexy but much more human and practical -was this -so its not a palm pilot by any stretch of the imagination but it has a thumb scroll so you can do everything with one hand so again going back to this the idea that -a tiny human gesture dictated the design of this product and i think thats really really important -so again this idea of workarounds we use this phrase workarounds a lot sort of looking around us i was actually looking around the ted and just watching all of these kind of things happen while ive been here -and thats what i want to talk about today so bringing together the small to help facilitate and create the big -follow the line in the street its a picture in a japanese subway people consciously follow things even -why we -why do we line up the square milk carton with the square fence because we kind of have to were just compelled to we dont know why but we -why do we wrap the teabag string around the cup handle again were sort of using the world around us to create our own design solutions -we sort of assume that because theres a pole in the street that its okay to use it so we park our shopping cart there its there for our use on some level so again we sort of co opt our environment to do all these different -we co opt other experiences we take one item and transfer it to another -i think is something that we believe in something i believe in and something that we kind of bring to life through what we do -third section is this idea of not knowing of consciously putting yourself backwards i talk about unthinking situations all the time -and he was asked by his boss to help design a storage system for children this is the billy bookcase its ikeas biggest selling product hammer it together hammer it together with a shoe if youre me because theyre impossible to assemble -but big selling bookcase how do we replicate this for children the reality is when you actually watch children -i call this first chapter for the brits in the room the blinding glimpse of the bleeding obvious often the good ideas are so -what came out of this this is the storage system that he designed so what is this i hear you all ask no i -this and i think this is a particularly lovely solution so you know its a totally different way of looking at the situation its a completely empathic solution apart from the fact that teddys probably not loving it -a really nice way of re framing the ordinary and i think thats one of the things and putting yourself in the position of the person and i think thats one of the threads that ive heard again from -last section green armband weve all got them is about this really i mean its about -staring at you right in the face that you kind of miss them and i think a lot of times what we do is just sort of hold the mirror up to our clients and -so again we were asked to design a water pump for a company called approtec in kenya theyre now called kickstart -and again as designers we wanted to make this thing incredibly beautiful and spend a lot of time thinking of the form and that was completely irrelevant when you put yourself in the position of -these people things like the fact that this has to be able to fold up and fit on a bicycle become much more relevant than the form of it the way its produced it has to be produced with indigenous -ourselves over to their world so what seems like a very clunky product is in fact incredibly useful its powered a bit like a stairmaster you pump up and down on it -the needs of the design company the needs of the individuals in the company to feel good about a product we were actually designing and the needs of the individuals we were designing it for -there it is pumping water from thirty feet -as a final gesture we handed out these bracelets to all of you this morning weve made a donation on everybodys behalf here to kickstart no pun intended their next project -because again i think sort of putting our money where our mouth is here we feel that this is an important gesture so weve handed out bracelets small is the new big i hope youll all wear them so thats it thank you -to describe to them what their patient experience was and i think they were expecting theyd worked with lots of consultants before i think they were expecting some kind of hideous org chart with thousands of bubbles and -they brought him in he painted a beautiful vermeer and then the charges of treason were dropped he had a lesser charge of forgery got a year sentence and died a hero to the dutch people -theres a lot more to be said about van meegeren but i want to turn now to goering whos pictured here being interrogated at nuremberg now goering was by all accounts a terrible man even for a nazi he was a terrible man -his american interrogators described him as an amicable psychopath -m going to talk today about the pleasures of everyday life -he had discovered after all that the painting he thought was this was actually -but i want to begin with a story of an unusual and terrible man -finest masterpiece his best work people would come from all over the world to see it was actually a forgery it was not that painting -this is hermann goering goering was hitlers second in command in world war ii his designated successor and like hitler goering fancied himself a collector of art he went through europe through world war ii stealing extorting and occasionally buying various paintings for his collection -i dont doubt that that plays some role but what i want to convince you of today is that theres something else going on -i want to convince you that humans are to some extent natural born essentialists what i mean by this is we dont just respond to things as we see them or feel them or hear them rather our response is conditioned on our -beliefs about what they really are what they came from what theyre made of what their hidden nature is -i want to suggest that this is true not just for how we think about things but how we react -higher level pleasures like art but even the most seemingly simple pleasures are affected by our beliefs about hidden essences so take -but whats more interesting is how it tastes to you will depend critically on what you think youre eating -so one demonstration of this was done with young children how do you make children not just be more likely to eat carrots and drink milk but to get more pleasure from eating carrots and drinking milk to think they taste better its simple -you tell them theyre from mcdonalds they believe mcdonalds food is tastier and it leads them to experience it as tastier how do you get adults to really enjoy wine its very simple -parts of the brain associated with pleasure and reward light up like a christmas tree its not just that you say its more pleasurable you say you like it more you really experience it in a different way -you probably think the picture on the left is male the one on the right is female if that belief turns out to be mistaken it will make a difference -it will make a difference if they turn out to be much younger or much older than you think they are it will make a difference if you were to discover that the person youre looking at with lust is actually a disguised version of your son or daughter your mother or father knowing somebodys your kin typically kills the libido -and what he really wanted was something by vermeer hitler had two of them and he didnt have any so he finally found an art dealer a dutch art dealer named han van meegeren -maybe one of the most heartening findings from the psychology of pleasure is theres more to looking good than your physical appearance if you like somebody they look better to you -this is why spouses in happy marriages tend to think that their husband or wife looks much better than anyone else thinks that they do -a particularly dramatic example of this comes from a neurological disorder known as capgras syndrome so capgras syndrome is a disorder where you get a specific delusion sufferers of capgras syndrome believe that the people they love most in the world have been replaced by perfect duplicates -now often a result of capgras syndrome is tragic people have murdered those that they loved believing that they were murdering an imposter but theres at least one case where capgras syndrome had a happy ending -this was recorded in one thousand nine hundred and thirty one research described a woman with capgras syndrome who complained about her poorly endowed and sexually inadequate lover but that was before she got capgras syndrome -after she got it she was happy to report that she has discovered that he possessed a double who was rich virile handsome and aristocratic of course it was the same man but she was seeing him in different ways as a third example consider consumer products so one reason why you might like something is its utility -you can put shoes on your feet you can play golf with golf clubs and chewed up bubble gum doesnt do anything at all for you -but each of these three objects has value above and beyond what it can do for you based on its history -the golf clubs were owned by john f kennedy and sold for three quarters of a million dollars at auction the bubble gum was chewed up by pop star britney spears and sold for several hundreds of dollars and in fact theres a thriving market in the partially eaten food of beloved people -who sold him a wonderful vermeer for the cost of what would now be ten million dollars -you could get something that looked like it or felt like it but you couldnt get the same object back -and it was his favorite artwork ever -with my colleagues george newman and gil diesendruck weve looked to see what sort of factors what sort of history matters for the objects that people like so in one of our experiments we asked people to name a famous person who they adored a living person they adored so one answer was george clooney -then we asked them how much would you pay for george clooneys sweater -then we asked other groups of subjects we gave them different restrictions and different conditions so for instance we told some people look you can buy the sweater but you cant tell anybody you own it and you can -that causes a huge drop in the value -in the case of artwork the history is special indeed the philosopher denis dutton in his wonderful book the art instinct makes the case that the value of an artwork is rooted in assumptions about the human performance underlying its creation and that could explain the difference between an original and a forgery they may look alike -but they have a different history the original is typically the product of a creative act the forgery isnt -i think this approach can explain differences in peoples taste in art this is a work by jackson pollock who here likes the work of jackson pollock -then the allied forces went through his collections and found the paintings and went after the people who sold it to him and at some point the dutch police came into amsterdam and arrested van meegeren van meegeren was charged with the crime of treason which is itself punishable by death -im not going to make a claim about whos right but i will make an empirical claim about peoples intuitions which is that if you like the work of jackson pollock youll tend more so than the people who dont like it to believe that these works are difficult to create -that they require a lot of time and energy and creative energy -i use jackson pollock on purpose as an example because theres a young american artist who paints very much in the style of jackson pollock and her work was worth many tens of thousands of dollars in large part because shes a very young artist this is marla olmstead who did most of her work when she was three years old -the interesting thing about marla olmstead is her family made the mistake of inviting the television program sixty minutes ii into their house to film her painting and they then reported that her father was coaching her -when this came out on television the value of her art dropped to nothing -it was the same art physically but the history had changed -ive been focusing now on the visual arts but i want to give two examples from music this is joshua bell a very famous violinist and the washington post reporter gene weingarten decided to enlist him for an audacious experiment -the question is how much would people like joshua bell the music of joshua bell if they didnt know they were listening to joshua bell -so he got joshua bell to take his million dollar violin down to a washington d c subway station and stand in the corner and see how much money he would make and heres a brief clip of this -extravagant black tie affair so shes stunned that hes standing in a subway station -so shes struck with pity she reaches into her purse and hands him a twenty -six weeks into his prison sentence van meegeren confessed -half of them are told that theyre being given the shocks by somebody in another room -but he didnt confess to treason -but the person in the other room doesnt know theyre giving them shocks theres no malevolence theyre just pressing a button the first shock is recorded as very painful -the second shock feels less painful because you get a bit used to it the third drops the fourth the fifth the pain -the most extreme example of this is that in some cases -pain under the right circumstances can transform into pleasure humans have this extraordinarily interesting property that will often seek out low level doses of pain in controlled circumstances and take pleasure from it as in the eating of hot chili peppers -and roller coaster rides -the point was nicely summarized by the poet john milton -who wrote the mind is its own place and in itself can make a heaven of hell -i painted it myself im a forger -thats the alliance that changes the world -so what does it mean to get serious about providing hope for the bottom billion -what can we actually do -what did we do last time the rich world got serious about developing another region of the world that gives us it turns out quite a good clue -so can we dare to be optimistic well the thesis of the bottom billion is that a billion people have been stuck living in economies that have been stagnant for forty years -the last time the rich world got serious about developing another region was in the late nineteen forties -the rich world was you america -and the region that needed to be developed was my world europe -why did america get serious -it wasnt just compassion for europe though there was that -it was that you knew you had to -because in the late nineteen forties country after country in central europe was falling into the soviet bloc -and so you knew youd no choice -europe had to be dragged into economic development so what did you do last time you got serious -well yes you had a big aid program thank you very much that was marshall aid we need to do it again -aid is part of the solution but what else -before the war america had been highly protectionist after the war -you opened your markets to europe you dragged europe into the then global economy which was your economy and you institutionalized that trade liberalization through founding the general agreement on tariffs -so total reversal of trade policy did you do anything else yes you totally reversed your security policy before the war your security policy had been isolationist -after the war you tear that up you put one hundred thousand troops in europe for over forty years -total reversal of security policy anything else yes you tear up the eleventh commandment -you treated national sovereignty as so sacrosanct that you werent even willing to join the league of nations -after the war you found the united nations you found the organization for economic cooperation and development you found the imf you encouraged europe -to create the european community all systems for mutual government support -and hence diverging from the rest of -that is still the waterfront of effective policies aid trade security governments -the details of policy are going to be different because the challenge is different its not rebuilding europe -its reversing the divergence for the bottom billion so that they actually catch up is that easier or harder -we need to be at least as serious as we -now today im going to take just one of those four im going to take the one that sounds the weakest the one thats just motherhood and apple pie -and so the real question to pose is not can we be optimistic its how can we give credible hope to that billion people -we could do something to strengthen governance -and im going to show you that that is enormously important now -the opportunity -is a genuine basis for optimism about the bottom billion -and that is the commodity booms -the commodity booms -pumping unprecedented amounts of money into many though not all of the countries of the bottom billion -its not just that theres also a range of new discoveries -guinea has got a huge new exploitation of iron ore coming out of the ground so a mass of new discoveries -that to my mind is the fundamental challenge now of development -between them -these new revenue flows dwarf aid just to give you one example angola alone -is getting fifty billion dollars a year in oil revenue the entire aid flows to the sixty countries of the bottom billion last year were thirty four -the flow of resources from the commodity booms to the bottom billion -so theres the optimism -so here comes a bit of science and this is a bit of science ive done since the bottom billion so its new -ive looked to see what is the relationship between higher commodity prices of exports and the growth of commodity exporting countries -and ive looked globally ive taken all the countries in the world for the last forty years and looked to see what the relationship -what im going to offer you -and the -the first five to seven years is just great -in fact its hunky dory everything goes up -get more money because your terms of trade have improved but also that drives up output across the board so gdp goes up a lot -and how about the long -come back fifteen years later -well the short run its hunky dory but the long run -its humpty dumpty -you go up in the short run but then most societies historically have ended up worse than if theyd had no booms at all that is not a forecast about how commodity prices -its a forecast of the consequences the long term consequences for growth of an increase in prices -so what goes wrong why is there this resource -and again ive looked at that and it turns out that the critical issue is the level of -the initial level of economic governance when the resource booms accrue -in fact if youve got good enough governance there is no resource boom you go up in the short term -the question is whether the short run will persist -theres a threshold level above which you go up in the long term and below which you go down just to benchmark that threshold its about the governance level of portugal in the mid nineteen eighties -so the question is are the bottom billion above -now theres one big change -since the commodity booms of the nineteen seventies and that is the spread of democracy -of these resource booms than autocracies -at that stage i just wanted to abandon the research -it turns out that democracy is a little bit more complicated than that because there are two distinct aspects of democracy -living in societies that have not offered credible hope -it turns out that electoral competition is the thing thats doing the damage with democracy whereas strong checks and balances -make resource booms good and so what the countries of the bottom billion need is very strong checks and balances -they havent got them they got instant democracy in the nineteen nineties elections without checks and balances how can we help -the simple proposal is that we should have some international standards which will be voluntary but which would spell out the key decision points -need to be taken in order to harness these resource revenues -that is a human tragedy -we know these international standards work because weve already got one its called the extractive industries transparency initiative -that is the very simple idea that governments should report to their citizens what revenues they have -was it proposed than reformers in nigeria adopted it -enlightened self interest -so we know it works what would the content be of these international standards -through all of them but ill give you an example -the first is -how to take the resources out of the ground the economic processes taking the resources out of the ground and putting assets on top of the -and the first step in that is selling the rights to resource extraction -because if that economic divergence continues for another forty years -you know how rights to resource extraction are being sold at the moment how theyve been sold over the last forty years -a company flies in does a deal with a minister and thats great for the company and its quite often great for the minister -and its called verified auctions -the public agency with the greatest expertise on earth is of course the treasury that is the british treasury and the british treasury decided that it would sell the rights to third generation mobile phones by working out what those rights -worked out they were worth two billion pounds just in time a set of economists got there and said why not try an auction itll reveal the -it went for twenty billion pounds through auction if the british treasury can be out by a factor of ten think what the ministry of finance in sierra leone is -put that to the president of sierra leone the next day he asked the world bank to send him a team to give expertise on how to conduct -combined with social integration globally -there are five such decision points each one needs an international standard if we could do it -change the world we would be helping -the reformers in these societies who are struggling for change thats our modest -we cannot change these societies but we can help the people in these societies who are struggling and usually failing -and yet weve not got these rules -it will build a nightmare for -if you think about it the cost of promulgating international rules is zilch -why on earth are they not -i realized that the reason theyre not -will get away with gestures -that unless we have an informed society what politicians do especially in relation to africa is gestures -things that look good but dont -and so i realized -we need compassion to get ourselves started -we had to go through the business of building an informed citizenry thats why i broke all the professional rules of conduct for an economist and i wrote an economics book that you could read on a beach -however i have to say the process of communication does not come naturally to me this is why im on this stage but its -i grew up in a culture of self -my wife showed me a blog comment on one of my last talks and the blog comment said collier is not charismatic -and enlightened self interest to get ourselves serious -but his arguments -you agree with that sentiment -and if you agree that we need a critical mass of informed citizenry you will realize that i need you -please become ambassadors thank you -certainly no quick security fix ive tried to look at the risks of reversion to conflict during our post conflict decade and the risks stay high throughout the -and they stay high regardless of the political innovations does an election produce an accountable and legitimate government -what an election produces is a winner and a loser and the loser -the reality is that we need to reverse the sequence its not the politics first its actually the politics last -the politics become easier as the decade progresses if youre building on a foundation of security and -economic development the rebuilding of prosperity why does the politics get easier and why is it so difficult initially because after years of stagnation and decline -im going to talk about post conflict recovery and how we might do post conflict recovery better -the mentality of politics is that its a zero sum game if the reality is stagnation i can only go up if you go down -and that doesnt produce a productive politics and so the mentality has to shift from zero sum to positive sum before you can get a productive politics -you can only get positive that mental shift if the reality is that prosperity is being built and in order to build prosperity we need security -so that is what you get when you face reality but the objective of facing reality is to change reality and so now let me suggest -actors who are different actors and at the moment -the first actor is the security council the security council typically has the responsiblity for providing the peacekeepers who build the security -and that needs to be recognized first of all that peacekeeping works it is a cost effective approach -it does increase security but it needs to be done long term it needs to be a decade long approach rather than just a couple -the record on post conflict recovery is not very impressive forty percent of all post conflict situations historically -post conflict economic recovery is a slow process there are no quick processes in economics except decline you can do that quite fast -and then the third key actor is the post conflict government and there are two key things its got to do one is its got to do economic -not fuss about the political constitution its got to reform economic policy why because during conflict -so there is a reform agenda and there is a an inclusion agenda the inclusion agenda doesnt come from elections elections produce a loser who is then excluded -so the inclusion agenda means genuinely bringing people inside the tent so those three actors and they are interdependent over a long -have reverted back to conflict within a decade in fact theyve accounted for half of all civil -if the security council doesnt commit to security over the course of a decade you dont get the reassurance which produces private investment -if you dont get the policy reform and the aid you dont get the economic recovery which is the true exit strategy for the peacekeepers so we should recognize that interdependence -be ideal to have a standard set of norms where when we got to a post conflict situation there was an expectation of these mutual commitments from the -so thats idea one recognize interdependence and now let me turn to the second -approach which is complimentary and that is to focus on a few critical objectives -you get a very unfocused agenda because in these situations needs are everywhere but the capacity to implement change is very -has the record been so poor well the conventional approach to post conflict situations has rested on -so we have to be disciplined and focus on things that are critical and i want to suggest that in the typical post conflict situtation three things are critical -one is jobs one is improvements in basic services especially health which is -and clean government those are the three critical priorities so im going to talk a little about each of them jobs -what is a distinctive approach to generating jobs in post conflict situations and why are jobs so important jobs for whom especially jobs for young men -in post conflict situations the reason that they so often revert to conflict is not because elderly women get upset its because young men -and why are they upset because they have nothing to do and so we need a process of generating jobs for ordinary young men fast now -in fact youre building a long term liability by inflating civil service but getting the private sector to expand -on kind of three principles the first principle is its the politics that matters so the first thing that is prioritized is politics try and build a political settlement -also difficult because any activity which is open to international trade is basically going to be uncompetitive in a post conflict situation these are not environments where you can build export -theres one sector which isnt exposed to international trade and which can generate a lot of jobs -and which is in any case a sensible sector to expand post conflict and that is the construction sector -the construction sector has a vital role obviously in reconstruction but typically that sector has whithered away during conflict -during conflict people are doing destruction there isnt any construction going on and so the sector shrivels away and then when you try and expand it because its shriveled away -you encounter a lot of bottlenecks basically prices soar and crooked politicians then milk the rents -from the sector but it doesnt generate any jobs and so the policy priority is to break the bottlenecks in expanding the construction -what might the bottlenecks be just think what you have to do successfully to build a structure using a lot -first you need access to land often the legal system is broken down so you cant even get access to land secondly you need skills the mundane skills of the construction sector -in post conflict situations we dont just need doctors without borders we need bricklayers without borders to rebuild the -we need firms the firms have gone away so we need to encourage the growth of local firms if we do that we not only get the jobs we get the improvements in public infrastructure the restoration of public infrastructure -from jobs to the second objective which is improving basic social services -and to date there has been a sort of a schizophrenia in the donor community as to how to build basic services -in the post conflict sectors on the one hand it pays lip service to the idea of rebuild an effective state -in the image of scandinavia in the nineteen fifties lets develop line ministries of this that and the -and then the second step is to say the situation is admittedly dangerous but only for a short time so get peacekeepers there but get them home as soon as possible -because in their hearts donors know thats not a realistic agenda and so what they also do is the total bypass just -those approaches -so what id suggest is what i call independent service authorities its to split the functions of a monopoly line ministry up into three the planning function and policy function stays with the ministry -the delivery of services on the ground you should use whatever works churches ngos local communities whatever works and in between -should be a public agency the independent service authority which channels public money and especially donor money to -the retail providers so the ngos become part of a public government system rather than independent -one advantage of that is that you can allocate money coherently another is you can make ngos accountable you can use yardstick competition so they have to compete against each other -for the resources the good ngos like oxfam are very keen on this idea they want -united states government and some ngo they would be co branded as being done by the post conflict government -so short term peacekeepers and thirdly what is the exit strategy for the peacekeepers -so jobs basic services finally clean government clean means follow their money -the typical post conflict government is so short of money that it needs our money -just to be on a life support system you cant get the basic functions of the state done unless we put money into the core budget -these countries but if we put money into the core budget we know that there arent the budget systems with integrity that mean that money will be well spent -and if all we do is put money in and close our eyes its not just that the money is wasted thats the least of the problems its that the money is captured -its captured by the crooks who are at the heart of the political problem and so inadvertently we empower the people who -its an election that will produce a legitimate and accountable government so thats the conventional approach -i realize what i needed was accountants without borders to follow that -so thats the let me wrap up this is the package whats the goal if we follow this what would we -after ten years the focus on the construction sector would have produced both jobs -and hence security because young people would have jobs and it would have reconstructed the infrastructure -so thats the focus on the construction sector the focus on the basic service delivery through these independent service authorities would -rescued basic services from their catastrophic levels and it would have given ordinary people the sense that the government was doing something useful -the emphasis on clean government would have gradually squeezed out the political crooks because there wouldnt be any money -in taking part in the politics and so gradually the selection the composition of politicians would shift from the crooked to the -where -that leave us gradually it would shift from a politics of plunder to a politics of -i think that approach denies reality we see that there is no quick fix -we were in one of the poorest countries on the planet but eighty percent of the people had mobile devices in their hands -and we were unprepared for this and they were shaping the aid effort -outside haiti also things were looking different tens of thousands of so called digital volunteers were scouring the internet converting tweets that had already been converted from texts -and putting these into open source maps layering them with all sorts of important information people like crisis mappers and open street map and putting these on the web for everybody the media the aid organizations and the communities themselves to participate in and to use -back in haiti people were increasingly turning to the medium of sms people that were hungry and hurting were signaling their distress were signaling their need for help -humanitarian model has barely changed since the early twentieth century its origins are firmly rooted in the analog age and there is a major shift coming on the horizon the catalyst for this change -on street sides all over port au prince entrepreneurs sprung up offering mobile phone charging stations they understood more than we did peoples innate need to be connected never having been confronted with this type of situation before -we wanted to try and understand how we could tap into this incredible resource how we could really leverage this incredible use of mobile technology and sms technology we started talking with a local telecom provider called voila which is a subsidiary of trilogy international -we had basically three requirements we wanted to communicate in a two way form of communication we didnt want to shout we needed to listen as well we wanted to be able to target specific geographic communities we didnt need to talk to the whole country at the same time and we wanted it to be easy to use -out of this rubble of haiti and from this devastation came something that we call tera the trilogy emergency response application -which has been used to support the aid effort ever since -it has been used to help communities prepare for disasters it has been used to signal early warning in advance of weather related disasters its used for public health awareness campaigns such as the prevention of cholera and it is even used for sensitive issues such as building awareness around gender based violence -but does it work -we have just published an evaluation of this program and the evidence that is there for all to see is quite remarkable -some seventy four percent of people received the data those who were intended to receive the data seventy four percent of them received it ninety six percent of them found it useful -eighty three percent of them took action evidence that it is indeed empowering -and seventy three percent of them shared -was the major earthquake that struck haiti on the twelfth of january in two thousand and ten -technology is transformational right across the developing world citizens and communities are using technology to enable them to bring about change positive change in their own communities -the grassroots has been strengthened through the social power of sharing and they are challenging the old models the old analog models of control and command -one illustration of the transformational power of technology is in kibera kibera is one of africas largest slums its on the outskirts of nairobi the capital city of kenya its home to an unknown number of people some say between two hundred and fifty thousand and one point two million -if you were to arrive in nairobi today and pick up a tourist map kibera is represented as a lush green national park devoid of human settlement -young people living in kibera in their community -with simple handheld devices gps handheld devices and sms enabled mobile phones have literally put themselves on the map they have collated crowd sourced data and rendered the invisible visible -haiti was a game changer the earthquake destroyed the capital of port au prince claiming the lives of some three hundred and twenty thousand people rendering homeless about one point two million people -people like josh and steve are continuing to layer information upon information real time information tweet it and text it onto these maps for all to use -you can find out about the latest impromptu music session you can find out about the latest security incident you can find out about places of worship you can find out about the health centers you can feel the dynamism of this living breathing community -they also have their own news network on youtube with thirty six thousand viewers at the moment -theyre showing us what can be done with mobile digital technologies theyre showing that the magic of technology can bring the invisible visible and they are giving a voice to themselves they are telling their own story bypassing the official narrative -and were seeing from all points on the globe similar stories in mongolia for instance where thirty percent of the people are nomadic sms information systems are being used to track migration and weather patterns -sms is even used to hold herder summits from remote participation and if people are migrating into urban unfamiliar concrete environments they can also be helped in anticipation with social supporters ready and waiting for them based on sms knowledge -in nigeria open source sms tools are being used by the red cross community workers to gather information from the local community in an attempt to better understand and mitigate -we are on a planet of seven billion people five billion mobile subscriptions by two thousand and fifteen there will be three billion smartphones in the world the u n broadband -commission has recently set targets to help broadband access in fifty percent of the developing world -compared to twenty percent today we are hurtling towards a hyper connected world where citizens from all cultures and all social strata will have access to smart fast mobile devices people are understanding from cairo to oakland -government institutions were completely decapitated including the presidential palace -a transformation is coming which needs to be understood by the humanitarian structures and humanitarian models -the collective voices of people needs to be more integrated through new technologies into the organizational strategies and plans of actions and not just recycled for fundraising or marketing we need to for example embrace -the big data the knowledge that is there from market leaders who understand what it means to use and leverage big data -one idea that id like you to consider for instance is to take a look at our it departments -theyre normally backroom or basement hardware service providers but they need to be elevated to software strategists -we need people in our organizations who know what its like to work with big data we need technology as a core organizational principle we need technological strategists in the boardroom who can ask and answer the question what would amazon or google do with all of this data and convert it to humanitarian good -i remember standing on the roof of the ministry of justice -but i think in the future humanitarian organizations will also have to anticipate the right for people to access critical communication technologies -in order to ensure that their voices are heard that theyre truly participating that theyre truly empowered in the humanitarian world -in downtown port au prince it was about two meters high completely squashed by the violence of the earthquake for those of us on the ground in those early days it was clear for even the most disaster hardened veterans that haiti was something different haiti was something we hadnt seen before -it has always been the elusive ideal to ensure full participation of people affected by disasters in the humanitarian effort -we now have the tools we now have the possibilities there are no more reasons not to do it i believe we need to bring the humanitarian world from analog to digital thank you very much -but haiti provided us with something else unprecedented haiti allowed us to glimpse into a future of what disaster response might look like in a hyper connected world where people have access to mobile smart devices -weve actually used polarizers on all the lights just like polarized sunglasses can block the glare off of the road -you can see she looks kind of shiny and oily at this point if you take the difference between these two images here -you can get an image lit from the entire sphere of light of just the shine off of emilys skin i dont think any photograph like this had ever been taken before we had done this and -this is very important light to capture because this is the light that reflects off the first surface of the skin it doesnt get underneath the translucent layers of the skin and -as a result its a very good cue to the detailed shape of the skin pore structure and all of the fine wrinkles that all of us have the things that actually make us look like real humans so if we use information that comes off of this specular reflection -one of the biggest challenges in computer graphics has been being able to create a photo real digital -we can go from a traditional face scan that might have the gross contours of the face and the basic shape and augment it with information -that puts in all of that skin pore structure and fine wrinkles and even more importantly since this is a photometric process that only takes three seconds to capture -we can shoot emily in just part of an afternoon in many different facial poses and facial expressions so here you can see her moving her eyes around moving her mouth around and these were actually going to use to create a photo real digital character -if you take a look at these scans that we have of emily you can see that the human face does an enormous amount of amazing things as it goes into different facial expressions you can see things -not only the face shape changes but all sorts of different skin buckling and skin wrinkling occurs you can see that the skin pore structure changes enormously from stretched skin pores -to the regular skin texture you can see the furrows in the brow and how the microstructure changes there you can see muscles pulling down at flesh to bring her eyebrows down her muscles bulging in her forehead when she winces like that -in addition to this kind of high resolution geometry since its all captured with cameras weve got a great texture map to use for the -by looking at how the different color channels of the illumination the red and the green and the blue diffuse the light differently we can come up with a way of shading the skin in the computer then instead of looking like -aliens and dinosaurs we look at human faces every day they are very important to how we communicate with each other as a result were tuned in to the subtlest things that could possibly be wrong with a computer rendering -these are the displacement maps here and you can see those different wrinkles actually show up as she animates so the next process was then to animate her we actually used one of her own performances to provide the source data -so by analyzing this video with computer vision techniques they were able to drive the facial rig with the computer generated performance so what youre going to see now after this is a completely photo real digital face we can turn the volume up a little bit -we specialize in high quality facial animation for -we specialize in high quality facial animation -so if we break that down into layers heres that diffuse component we saw in the first slide here is the specular component animating you can see all the wrinkles happening there -now where are we going with this here -who graciously agreed to get captured running in the light stage and lets take a look at a computer generated version of bruce running in a new environment -a reasonably photo realistic computer generated face using some computer graphics technology weve developed and also some collaborators at a company called image metrics -the way that we did this is we tried to start with emily herself who was gracious enough to come to our laboratory in marina del rey and sit for a session in light stage five this is a face scanning sphere with one hundred and fifty six white leds all around -that allow us to photograph her in a series of very controlled illumination conditions and the lighting that we use these days looks something like this we shoot all of these photographs in about three seconds -we basically capture enough information with video projector patterns that drape over the contours of her face -and different principle directions of light from the light stage to figure out both the coarse scale and the fine scale detail of her face if we zoom in on this photograph right here -can see its a really nice photograph to have of her because she is lit from absolutely everywhere at the same time to get a nice image of her facial texture and in addition -but the key thing is to figure out how to lower it because if we lower it well get an evolutionary change in the virus and the data really do support this that you actually do get the virus evolving towards mildness and that will just -the effectiveness of our control efforts so the other thing i really like about this besides the fact that it brings a whole new dimension into the study of -so this is the kind of thing im talking about if we know that were going to get extra bang for the buck from providing clean water then i think that we can say lets push the effort into that aspect of the control so that we can actually -think about the problem from a germs point of view germs eye view and in particular to think about a fundamental idea which i think makes -sense out of a tremendous amount of variation in the harmfulness of disease organisms and that idea -to move them to another host but not always sometimes you get disease organisms that dont rely on host mobility at all for transmission and when you have that then -what id like to do is just drag us all down into the gutter and actually all the way down into the sewer because i want to talk about diarrhea and in particular i want to talk about -the winners of the competition will be the milder organisms so if the pathogen doesnt need the host to be healthy and active and actual selection favors pathogens that take advantage of those hosts the winners in the competition are those that exploit the hosts for their own -reproductive success but if the host needs to be mobile in order to transmit the pathogen then its the benign ones that tend to be the winners so im going to begin by -applying this idea to diarrheal diseases diarrheal disease organisms get transmitted in basically three ways they can be transmitted from person to person contact person to food -then to person contact when somebody eats contaminated food or they can be transmitted through the water and when theyre transmitted through the water unlike the first two modes of transmission -these pathogens dont rely on a healthy host for transmission a person can be sick in bed and still infect tens even hundreds of other individuals to sort of illustrate that this diagram -when diarrheal disease organisms are transported by water we expect them to be more predator like more harmful and you can test these ideas -so one way you can test is just look at all diarrheal bacteria and see whether or not the ones that tend to be more transmitted by water tend to be more harmful and the answer is yep they are -i put those names in there just for the bacteria buffs but the main point here is that theres a lot of them here i can tell -the main point here is that those data points all show a very strong positive association between the degree to which a disease organism is transmitted by water and how harmful they are how much death -the design of diarrhea and when evolutionary biologists talk about design they really mean design by natural selection -they cause per untreated infection so this suggests were on the right track but this to me suggests that we really -need to ask some additional questions remember the second question that i raised at the outset was how can we use this knowledge to make disease organisms evolve to be mild -now this suggests that if you could just block water borne transmission you could cause disease organisms to shift from the right hand side of that graph to the left hand side of the graph but it doesnt tell you how long -i mean if this would require thousands of years then its worthless in terms of controlling of these pathogens but if it could occur -in just a few years then it might be a very important way to control some of the nasty problems that we havent been able to control in other words this suggests that we could domesticate these organisms we could make them evolve to be not so harmful to us and so -as i was thinking about this i focused on this organism which is the el tor biotype of the organism called vibrio choleri and that is -the species of organism that is responsible for causing cholera and the reason i thought this is a really great organism to look at is that we understand why its so harmful its harmful because -it produces a toxin and that toxin is released when the organism gets into our intestinal tract it causes fluid to flow from the cells that line our intestine into the lumen -and that brings me to the title of the talk using evolution to design disease organisms intelligently and i also have a little bit of a sort of smartass subtitle to this -a million diarrheal organisms if the organism produced a lot of toxin you might find ten million or one hundred million if it didnt produce a lot of this toxin then you might find a smaller number -so the task is to try to figure out how to determine whether or not you could get an organism like this to evolve towards mildness by blocking water borne transmission thereby allowing the organism only to be transmitted -by person to person contact or person food person contact both of which would really require that people be mobile and fairly healthy for transmission -now i can think of some possible experiments one would be to take a lot of different strains of this organism some that produce a lot of toxins some that produce a little and -take those strains and spew them out in different countries some countries that might have clean water supplies so that you cant get water borne transmission you expect the organism to evolve to mildness there -other countries in which youve got a lot of water borne transmission there you expect these organisms to evolve towards a high level of harmfulness right -theres a little ethical problem in this experiment i was hoping to hear a few gasps at least that makes me worry a little bit but anyhow the laughter makes me feel a little bit better -but im not just doing this to be cute i really think that this subtitle explains what somebody like me whos sort of a darwin wannabe how they actually look at -i dont know how that happened and i didnt have anything to do with it i promise you i dont think anybody knows but im not averse to -thats happened to see whether or not the prediction that we would make that i did make before actually holds up did the organism evolve to mildness in a place like chile -which has some of the most well protected water supplies in latin america and did it evolve to be more harmful in a place like ecuador which has some of the least well protected and perus got something sort of in between and so with -funding from the bozack kruger foundation i got a lot of strains from these different countries and we measured the toxin production in the lab and we found that in -within two months of the invasion of peru you had strains entering chile and when you look at those strains in the very far left hand side of this graph you see a lot of variation in the toxin production each dot corresponds to an islet from a different person -ones role in sort of coming into this field of health sciences and medicine -every two years so its controlled thats how much we have in america cholera thats acquired endemically and we dont think weve got a problem here they didnt they solved the problem in chile -but before we get too confident wed better look at some of those other countries and make sure that this organism doesnt just always evolve toward mildness well in peru it didn -and in ecuador remember this is the place where it has the highest potential water borne transmission it looked like it got more harmful in every case theres a lot of variation but -so this is very encouraging it suggests that something that we might want to do anyhow if we had enough money could actually give us a much bigger bang for the buck it would make these organisms evolve to mildness so that even though people might be getting infected theyd be infected with mild strains it wouldnt be causing severe disease -its really not a very friendly field for evolutionary biologists you actually see a great potential but you see a lot of people who are sort of defending their turf and may actually be very resistant -if you could cause an evolutionary decrease in virulence by cleaning up the water supply you should be able to get an evolutionary decrease in -resistance so we can go to the same countries and look and see did chile avoid the problem of antibiotic resistance whereas did ecuador actually have the beginnings of the problem -a lot of variation in antibiotic sensitivity in chile peru and ecuador and no trend across the years but if we look at the end of the nineteen nineties just half a decade later -we see that in ecuador they started having a resistance problem antibiotic sensitivity was going down and in chile you still had antibiotic sensitivity so it looks like chile dodged two bullets they got the organism to evolve to mildness -and they got no development of antibiotic resistance now these ideas should apply across the board as long as you can figure out why some organisms evolved to virulence -or the idea i want to deal with the question is what can we do to try to get the malaria organism to evolve to mildness now malarias transmitted by a mosquito and normally if youre -when one tries to introduce ideas so all of the the talk today is going to deal with two general questions one is that -but i think theres a really fascinating example of what one can do experimentally to try to actually demonstrate this in the case of water borne transmission wed like to clean up the water supplies -see whether or not we can get those organisms to evolve towards mildness in the case of malaria what wed like to do -mosquito proof houses and the logics a little more subtle here if you mosquito proof houses when people get sick theyre sitting in bed or in mosquito proof hospitals theyre sitting in a hospital bed -and the mosquitoes cant get to them so if youre a harmful variant in a place where youve got mosquito proof housing then youre a loser -the only pathogens that get transmitted are the ones that are infecting people that feel healthy enough to walk outside and get -so if you were to mosquito proof houses you should be able to get these organisms to evolve to mildness and theres a really wonderful experiment that was done that suggests that we really should go ahead and do this -and that experiment was done in northern alabama just to give you a little perspective on this ive given you a star at the intellectual center -united states which is right there in louisville kentucky and this really cool experiment was done about two hundred miles south of there in northern alabama by the tennessee valley authority they had -why are some disease organisms more harmful and a very closely related question which is how can we take control of this situation once we understand the answer to the first question how can we make -dammed up the tennessee river theyd caused the water to back up they needed electric hydroelectric power and when you get stagnant water you get mosquitoes they found in the late thirties ten years after theyd made these dams that the -people in northern alabama were infected with malaria about a third to half of them were infected with malaria this shows you the positions of some of these dams -ok so the tennessee valley authority was in a little bit of a bind there wasnt ddt there wasnt chloroquins what do they do well they decided to mosquito proof every house in northern alabama -so they did they divided northern alabama into eleven zones and within three years about one hundred dollars per house they mosquito proofed every house and these are the data every row across here represents one of those eleven zones and the asterisks represent the time -at which the mosquito proofing was complete and so what you can see is that just the mosquito proofing housing and nothing else caused eradication of malaria -as you get into the malaria zone sub saharan africa but as you move to really intense biting rate areas like nigeria youre certainly not going to eradicate but thats when you should be favoring evolution towards mildness so to me its -waiting to happen and if it confirms the prediction then we should have a very powerful tool in a way much more powerful than the kind of tools were looking at because most of whats being done today is to rely on things like anti malarial drugs and we know that -although its great to make those anti malarial drugs available at really low cost and high frequency we know that -it to go rather than always having to battle evolution as a problem that stymies our efforts to control the pathogen for example with anti malarial drugs -so this table ive given just to emphasize that ive only talked about two examples but as i said earlier this kind of logic applies across the board for infectious diseases and it ought to -because when were dealing with infectious diseases were dealing with living systems were dealing with living systems were dealing with systems that evolve and so -so i dont really have time to talk about those things but i did want to put them up there just to give you a sense that there really are solutions to controlling the evolution of harmfulness of some of the nasty pathogens that were confronted with -and this links up with a lot of the other ideas that have been talked about so for example -earlier today there was discussion of how do you really lower sexual transmission of hiv what this emphasizes is that -the focus when im talking about any organisms that cause acute infectious disease is to -we need to figure out how it will work will it maybe get lowered if we alter the economy of the area it may get lowered if we intervene in ways that encourage people to stay more faithful to partners and so on -so when i say full i mean really full well past any margin for error well past any dispute about methodology -what this means is our economy is unsustainable im not saying its not nice or pleasant -what im saying is our approach is simply unsustainable in other words -economic growth because thats what will stop economic growth it will stop because of the end of trade resources it will stop because of the growing demand -when we think about economic growth stopping we go thats not possible because economic growth is so essential to our society that is is rarely questioned -understand the possibility of it not being around even though it has delivered many benefits it is based on a crazy idea the crazy idea being that we can have infinite growth on a finite planet -and im here to tell you the emperor has no clothes that the crazy idea is just that it is crazy and with the earth full its game over -this century -the problem is were just warming up this growth engine -we plan to take this highly stressed economy -china plans to be there in just twenty years -the only problem with this plan is that its not possible -so the idea that we can smoothly transition to a highly efficient solar powered knowledge based economy transformed by science and technology so that nine billion people can live in two thousand and fifty -a life of abundance and digital downloads is a delusion -its not that its not possible to feed clothe and house us all and have us live decent lives -it certainly is but the idea that we can gently grow there with a few minor hiccups is just wrong -see what happens when you operate a system past its limits -is that the system stops working and breaks down -and thats what will happen to us -many of you will be thinking -but surely we can still stop this if its that bad well react -lets just think through that idea now weve had fifty years of warnings -pretty much nothing to change course were not even slowing down -last year on climate for example we had the highest global emissions ever -and recognized -so much that our economy is now bigger than its host our planet -and thats why the end of growth is the central issue and the event that we need to get ready for -so when does this transition begin when does this breakdown begin -in fact its the system in the painful process of breaking down our system -i could give you countless studies and evidence to prove this but i wont because if you want to see it that evidence is all around you -i want to talk to you about fear -i want to do so because in my view the most important issue we face -is how we respond to this question -the crisis is now inevitable -of course we cant know what will happen -the future is inherently uncertain but lets just think through what the science is telling us -is likely to happen imagine our economy -when the carbon bubble bursts when the financial markets recognize that to have any hope of preventing the climate spiraling out of control -the oil and coal industries are finished -imagine china india and pakistan going to war as climate impacts -generate conflict over food and water -imagine the middle east without oil income -but with collapsing governments -imagine our highly tuned just in time food industry and our highly stressed agricultural system failing -imagine thirty percent unemployment in america as the global economy is gripped by fear and uncertainty now imagine what that means for you your family -your friends your personal financial security imagine what it means for your personal security -as a heavily armed civilian population gets angrier and angrier about why this was allowed to happen -imagine what youll tell your children when they ask you so in two thousand and twelve mom and dad what was it like -what were you thinking -so how do you feel -the eminent scientists of the global footprint network for example calculate that we need about one point five earths to sustain this economy in other words to keep operating at our current level we need fifty percent more earth than weve got -we should feel a bit of fear -we are in danger all of us -and weve evolved to respond to danger with fear to motivate a powerful response -but this time its not a tiger at the cave mouth -you cant see the danger at your door but if you look -you can see it at the door of your civilization -thats why we need to feel our response now while the lights are still on because if we wait until the crisis takes hold we may panic and hide if we feel it now and think it through we will realize we have nothing to fear but fear itself -yes things will get ugly -and it will happen soon certainly in our lifetime but we are more than capable of getting through everything thats coming you see those people that have faith that humans can solve any problem -that technology is limitless -is that it takes a good crisis to get us going -when we feel fear and we fear loss we are capable of quite extraordinary things think about -think about how an individual responds to a diagnosis of a life threatening illness and how lifestyle changes that previously were just too difficult -we are smart in fact we really are quite amazing but we do love a good crisis -and the good news this ones a monster -but if we get it right it could be the beginning of civilization instead and how cool would it be to tell your grandchildren that you were part of that -in just a few decades -so named because of the level of mobilization and focus required -to my surprise eliminating net co two emissions from the economy in just twenty years is actually pretty easy and pretty cheap not very cheap but certainly less than the cost of a collapsing civilization -in financial terms this would be like always spending fifty percent more than you earn going further into debt every year -you can read the details but in summary we can transform our economy we can do it with proven technology we can do it at an affordable cost we can do it with existing political structures the only thing we need to change is how we think and how we feel -and this is where you come in -when we think about the future i paint of course we should feel a bit of fear -but fear can be paralyzing or motivating we need to accept the fear and then we need to act -we can do this i know the free market fundamentalists will tell you that more growth more stuff and nine billion people going shopping is the best we can do -theyre wrong -we can be more we can be much more -we have achieved remarkable things since working out how to grow food some ten thousand years ago weve built a powerful foundation -but of course you cant borrow natural resources so were burning through our capital -of science knowledge and technology more than enough -we can choose this moment of crisis to ask and answer the big questions of societys evolution -well its time to grow up -which is stronger and happier and plans on staying around -or stealing from the future -but what it does show is that its sort of gaining ground its gaining respectability you get services like reddit and wordpress are actually accepting bitcoin -as a payment currency now and thats showing you that people are actually placing trust in technology and its started to trump and disrupt and interrogate traditional institutions and how we think about currencies -and money and thats not surprising if you think about the basket case that is the e u i think there was a gallup survey out recently that said something like in america trust in banks is at an all time low its something like twenty one percent -and you can see here some photographs from london where barclays sponsored the city bike scheme and some activists have done some nice piece of guerrilla marketing here and doctored the slogans -sub prime pedaling barclays takes you for a ride these are the more polite ones i could share with you today but you get the gist so people have really started to sort of lose faith -precisely around trust and what people are thinking and this is a global survey so these numbers are global -and whats interesting is that you can see that hierarchy is having a bit of a wobble and its all about heterarchical now so people trust people like themselves more than they trust corporations and governments and if you look at these figures for the more developed markets like u k germany and so on theyre actually much lower -and i find that sort of scary people are actually trusting businesspeople more than theyre trusting governments and leaders -so whats starting to happen if you think about money if you sort of boil money down to an essence it is literally just an expression of value an agreed value -so whats happening now in the digital age is that we can quantify value in lots of different ways and do it more easily and sometimes the way that we quantify those values it makes it much easier to create new forms and valid forms of currency -but if i was to say that theyre both examples of alternative or new forms of currency in a hyperconnected data driven global economy youd probably think i was a little bit bonkers but trust me i work in advertising -in that context you can see that networks like bitcoin suddenly start to make a bit more sense -so if you think were starting to question and disrupt and interrogate what money means what our relationship with it is what defines money then the ultimate extension of that is -is there a reason for the government to be in charge of money anymore so obviously im looking at this through a marketing prism so from a brand perspective brands literally stand or fall on their reputations and if you think about it reputation has now become a currency -you know reputations are built on trust consistency transparency so if youve actually decided that you trust a brand you want a relationship you want to engage with the brand youre already kind of participating in lots of new forms -of currency so you think about loyalty loyalty essentially is a micro economy you think about rewards schemes air miles the economist said a few years ago that there are actually more unredeemed air miles in the world than there are dollar bills in circulation -and what i find interesting is that amazon has recently launched amazon coins so admittedly its a currency at the moment thats purely for the kindle so you can buy apps and make purchases within those apps but you think about amazon you look at the trust barometer that i showed you where people are starting to trust -businesses especially businesses that they believe in and trust more than governments so suddenly you start thinking well amazon potentially could push this it could become a natural extension that as well as buying stuff take it out of the kindle you could buy books music real life products -and ill get you back to tide the detergent now as i promised this is a fantastic article i came across in new york magazine where it was saying that drug users across america are actually purchasing drugs with bottles of tide detergent -so theyre going into convenience stores stealing tide and a dollar twenty bottle of tide is equal to ten dollars of crack cocaine or weed -and what theyre saying so some criminologists have looked at this and theyre saying well okay tide as a product sells at a premium its fifty percent above the category average its infused with a very complex cocktail of chemicals so it smells very luxurious and very distinctive -and being a procter and gamble brand its been supported by a lot of mass media advertising -so what theyre saying is that drug users are consumers too so they have this in their neural pathways when they spot tide theres a shortcut they say that is trust i trust that thats quality -so it becomes this unit of currency which the new york magazine described as a very oddly loyal crime wave brand loyal crime wave and criminals are actually calling tide liquid gold -now what i thought was funny was the reaction from the p g spokesperson they said obviously tried to dissociate themselves from drugs but said -it reminds me of one thing and thats the value of the brand has stayed consistent -and whats happening here this is where youve actually elected to join that nike community youve bought into it theyre not advertising loud messages at you and thats where advertising has started to shift now is into things like services tools and applications so nike is literally acting as a well being partner a health and fitness partner and service provider so what happens with this is theyre saying right -you have a data dashboard we know how far youve run how far youve moved what your calorie intake all that sort of stuff what you can do is the more you run the more points you get and we have an auction where you can buy nike stuff -but only by proving that youve actually used the product to do stuff and you cant come into this this is purely for the community that are sweating using nike products you cant buy stuff with pesos this is literally a closed environment a closed auction space -in africa you know airtime has become literally a currency in its own right people are used to because mobile is king -theyre very very used to transferring money making payments via mobile and one of my favorite examples from a brand perspective going on is vodafone where in egypt lots of people make purchases in markets and very small independent stores -loose change small change is a real problem and what tends to happen is you buy a bunch of stuff youre due say ten cents twenty cents in change -the shopkeepers tend to give you things like an onion or an aspirin or a piece of gum because they dont have small change so when vodafone came in and saw this problem this consumer pain point they created some small change which they call fakka which literally sits and is given -in the u s were saying that theyre comfortable using an independent or branded currency so thats getting really interesting here a really interesting dynamic going on -and you think corporations should start taking their assets and thinking of them in a different way and trading them and you think is it much of a leap it seems farfetched but when you think about it -in america in one thousand eight hundred and sixty there were one thousand six hundred corporations issuing banknotes there were eight thousand kinds of notes in america and the only thing that stopped that the government controlled four percent of the supply and the only thing that stopped it was the civil war -breaking out and the government suddenly wanted to take control of the money so government money war nothing changes there then -so i think you know will we be standing on stage -buying a coffee organic fair trade coffee next year using ted florins or ted shillings thank you very much -and im probably not going to do it proper service here but my interpretation of how it works is that bitcoins are released through this process of mining -so theres a network of computers that are challenged to solve a very complex mathematical problem and the person that manages to solve it first gets the bitcoins and the bitcoins are released theyre put into a public ledger called the blockchain and then they float so they become a currency -and completely decentralized thats the sort of scary thing about this which is why its so popular so its not run by the authorities or the state its actually managed by the network -and were learning a lot from its fascinating subject in concluding i want to get back to the big picture and i have just two final -read at last i put in -three sentences and had it say what i wanted over billions of years on a unique sphere chance has painted a thin covering of life complex -have grown in population technology and intelligence to a position of terrible power we now wield the paintbrush -thats serious were not very bright were short on wisdom were high on technology wheres it going to lead well inspired by -the sentences i decided to wield the paintbrush every twenty five years i do a picture heres the one tries to show that the world isnt getting any bigger sort of a timeline -very non linear scale nature rates and trilobites and dinosaurs and eventually we saw -humans with caves birds were flying overhead after pterosaurs and then we get to the civilization above the little tv set with a gun on it then traffic jams and power systems and some -and we have to think seriously about it and that time when this is happening is not one hundred years or five hundred years things are going on -this decade next decade its a very short time that we have to decide what we are going to do and -how does it balance well certainly ten thousand years ago -if we can get some agreement on where we want the world to be desirable sustainable when your kids reach your age i think we actually can -now i said this was a warning not a forecast that was before i painted this before we started in on making -civilizations beginning the human -i dont know the one final bit of sparkle well put in at the very end here is an utterly impractical flight vehicle which is a little -rubber band powered -one -last night we gave it a few too many turns and it tried to bash the roof out also -its about a gram the -you will destroy it so be gentle just act like a wooden indian or something and when it comes down and well see how it goes -this curve and you see whiter spot in the middle thats your fifty -we consider this to be sort of the spirit -and you wonder is it practical and it turns out if i had not been -some light bulb changes we can probably get it down but its possible its gone up to a greater destiny -and i wanted -there wouldnt have been a gossamer condor there wouldnt have been an albatross a solar challenger there wouldnt be an impact car there wouldnt be a mandate on zero emission vehicles -humans livestock and pets are now ninety seven percent of that integrated total mass on earth and all wild nature is three percent we have won the next generation doesnt even have to worry about this game it is over -things with teams like theyre trying to get in education systems so i think that as a symbol its important and i believe that also is important you can think of it as a sort of a symbol -for -and ted that somehow gets you thinking of technology and nature and -and the biggest problem came the last twenty five -years it went from twenty five percent up to that ninety seven percent and this really is a sobering picture in realizing we humans -are in charge of life on earth were like the capricious gods of old greek -this is the era of environment or biology -kind of playing with life -and not a great deal of wisdom injected into it now the third curve is information technology this is moores law plotted here which relates to -whats important is it just goes straight up through the top -has no real -limits to it now try and contrast these this is the size of the earth going through that same -to make it really clear ive put all four on one graph theres no need to see the little detailed words on it that first one is humans versus nature -or information technology well its the era of a lot of different things that were in right now -human population and so if youre looking for growth industries to get into thats not a good one protecting natural creatures human population is going up its going to continue for quite a while good business in obstetricians morticians -fed transported housed and so on and the information technology which connects to our brains has no limit now that is a wonderful field to be in youre looking for growth opportunity its just going up through the roof -but one thing for sure its the era of change theres more change going on than ever has occurred in the history of -size of the earth somehow making these all compatible with the earth looks like a pretty bad industry to be -the stage out of all this i find -reasons i dont understand i really do have a goal and the goal is that -the world be desirable and sustainable when my kids reach my age and i think thats in other words the next generation i think thats a goal that we probably all share i think its a hopeless goal technologically its -except theyre there and we have to deal -i spend about fifteen percent of my time trying to save the world the other eighty five percent the usual and whatever else we devote -to and in that fifteen percent the main focus is on human mind thinking skills somehow trying to unleash kids -the straightjacket of schools which is putting information and dogma into them get them so they really think ask tough questions argue about serious subjects dont believe everything thats in the book think broadly or creative -they can be our school systems are very flawed and do not reward you for the things that are important in life or for the survival of civilization they reward you for a lot of learning and sopping up -human life on earth and you all sort of know it but its hard to get it so that you -we cant go into that today because there isnt -broad subject one thing for sure in the future there is an essential -aspect which is doing more with less weve got to be doing things with more efficiency using less energy less material your great great grandparents got by on muscle power and yet we all think theres this huge power thats essential -for our lifestyle and with all the wonderful technology we have we can do things that are much more efficient -conserve recycle -let me just rush through very quickly things that -weve done human powered airplane gossamer condor sort of started me in this direction -really understand it and ive tried to put together something thats a good start for this -odd planes and creatures heres a giant flying replica of a pterosaur that has no -to have it fly straight is like trying to shoot an arrow with the feathered end forward it was a tough job and boy it made me have a lot of respect for nature this was the full size of the -original creature we did things on land in the air on water vehicles of all different kinds usually with some electronics or electric power systems in them i find theyre all the same i dont care what the whether its land air -or water ill be focusing on the air here this is a solar powered airplane one hundred and sixty five miles carrying a person from france to england as a symbol that solar power is going to be an important part -future then we did the solar car for general motors the sunracer that won the race in australia we got a lot of people thinking about electric cars what you could do with it -a few years later when we suggested to gm now is the time and we could do a thing called the impact they sponsored it and heres the impact that we developed with them on their -the demonstrator and they put huge effort into turning it into a commercial -product with that preamble lets show the first two minute video tape which shows a little airplane for surveillance and moving to a giant airplane -though the color doesnt come out and what im concerned with is the little fifty year time bubble that you are -a tiny airplane the av pointer serves for surveillance in effect a pair of roving eyeglasses a cutting edge example of where miniaturization can lead if the operator is remote from the vehicle -it is convenient to carry assemble and launch by hand -it sends high resolution video pictures back to the operator with onboard gps it can navigate autonomously -and it is rugged enough to self -the modern sailplane is superbly efficient some can glide as flat as sixty feet forward for every foot of descent -humans and soaring birds have found nature to be generous in providing replenishable energy -the solar challenger was made to serve as a symbol that photovoltaic cells can produce real power and will be part of the worlds energy future -the message from all these vehicles is that ideas and technology can be harnessed to produce remarkable gains in doing more -gains that can help us attain a desirable balance between technology and nature the stakes are high as we speed toward a challenging future -there are no passengers on spaceship earth only -must do more with -we could have the second video the one minute put in as quickly as you can which this will show the -pathfinder airplane in some flights this past year in hawaii and -will show a sequence of some of the beauty behind it after it had just flown to seventy one thousand five hundred and thirty feet -higher than any propeller airplane has ever flown its amazing just on the puny power of the sun by having a super lightweight plane youre able to get it up there -time bubble you kind of move along in -its part of a long term program nasa sponsored and we worked very closely with the whole thing being a team effort and with wonderful -results like that flight and were working on a bigger plane two hundred and twenty foot span and an intermediate size one with a regenerative fuel cell that can store excess energy during the day feed it back at night and stay up sixty five thousand feet for months at a time -in that fifty years if you look at the population curve you find the population of humans on the earth more -a -this is starting made the experience enjoyable and unforgettable we have real time ir scans going out through internet while the plane is flying and its exploring without -and were up three and a half times since i was born and when you have a new baby by the time that kid gets out of -in the video you saw that nine pound or eight pound pointer airplane surveillance drone that keenan has developed and just done a remarkable job where some have servos that have gotten down to -oh eighteen or twenty five grams his weigh one third of a gram and what hes going to bring out here is a surveillance drone -so on and well fly it we hope with the same success that we had last night when we did the practice so -matt keenan just any time youre all right ready to let her go but first were going to make sure that -but now were trying to get the video -house lights yeah the house lights and well see you all better -try to do a few laps around and bring it back -more people will be added -i dont know why it -that was only a minute but i think -if this hits you it will not hurt you -now as they say in infomercials we have something much better for you which were working on planes that are only -six inches fifteen centimeters in size and matts plane was on the cover of popular science last month -showing what this can lead to and in a while something this size will have gps and -video camera in it weve had one of these fly nine miles through the air at thirty five miles an hour with just a little battery in it but theres a lot of technology going this is just -the human part now human related to -milestones along the way of some remarkable things this one doesnt have the video in it but you get a little feel from what it can do -when youre done yeah i think i lost a little orientation i looked up into this light -it hit the building and the building was poorly placed actually -youre beginning to see what -can be done were working on projects now even wing -things the size of hawk moths darpa contracts working with caltech -all this leads i dont know is it practical i dont know but like any basic research when youre really forced to do things that are way beyond existing technology you can get there with -plane has many purposes but its aimed for communications -and it can fly so slowly that itll just stay up at sixty five thousand feet eventually -it will be able to have to stay up day night day night for six months at a time acting like the synchronous satellite but only ten miles above the earth lets have the next video -it sends high resolution video pictures back to the operator -with on board gps it can navigate autonomously -and it is rugged enough to self -okay -plane is widely used by the military now in all their operations lets have the next video -so on and everybody would talk to me but all the professionals in the field hated each other and they wouldnt communicate and as a result i got the absolutely unique background in that -two brothers helped build the gossamer condor twenty five years -like this for hours aa when they got bored with their fathers project they invented an extraordinary -i can control it by putting the lift on one side of the wing or on the other aa they called it their walk along glider -ive never seen anything like that -how old were you when you invented that tm oh -as the wind comes up it has to go over the cliff so as you walk through the air it goes around your body some has to go over you -and you can -and then -so i can do it oops that was going to be a right turn okay this one will be a left -field and started a company which did more research in weather modification than anybody and there are a lot of things that -and this we just wanted to show you a -if we can get the video running on this yeah just an example -of video a little video surveillance -this was flying around in the party last night -and -can fly around and you can spy on anybody you want -with no employees then one or two three and sort of fumbled along on trying to get interesting projects we had -i am known best for human powered flight but that was just one thing that got me going in the sort of things that im working in now as a -who like i did not want to work for aerospace companies on some big many year project and -so we did our small projects and the company slowly grew -the way i approached it first thinking about ways to make the planes was just like theyd been doing in england -and not succeeding and i gave it up i figured nah there isnt any simple easy way but then got off on a vacation trip and was studying bird -flight just for the fun of it -you can watch a bird soaring around in circles -and measure the time and estimate the bank angle and immediately figure out its speed and the turning radius and so on which i could do in the car as we driving along -my three sons young sons -helping me but ridiculing the whole thing very much the but that began thinking about how birds went around -and then how airplanes -would fly and then other planes and the idea of the gossamer -type airplane quickly emerged was so logical one should have thought of it in the first place but one didnt and it was just keep the weight down -seventy lbs was all it weighed but let the size swell up -but three times the span three times the cord youre down to a third of the speed a third of the power and a good bicyclist can put out that power -youngster i was very interested in model airplanes ornithopters autogyros helicopters gliders -worked and we won the prize a year later we didnt a lot of flying -a lot of experiments a lot of things that didnt work and ones that did work and the plane kept getting a little better a little better got a good pilot brian allen to -put up a new prize for flying the english channel twenty one miles and he thought it would take another eighteen years for somebody to win that we realized that if you just cleaned up our -gossamer condor a little bit the power to fly would be decreased a little bit and if you decrease the power required a little the pilot can fly a much longer period of time -and brian allen was able in a miraculous flight to get the gossamer albatross across the english channel -planes indoor models outdoor models everything which i just thought was a lot of fun and -it turned out that giving the planes to the museum was worth much more -for five years -six years i only had to pay one third income tax -so there were good economic reasons for the project but -the project was done entirely for economic reasons and we have not been -because the prizes are all over but -solar powered plane because we felt solar power was going to be so important for the country and the world we didnt want the -small funding in the government to be decreased which is what the government was trying to do with it and we thought -a solar powered plane wouldnt really make sense but you could do it and it would get a lot of publicity for solar power and maybe help -field and that project continued did succeed and we then got into other -wondered why most other people didnt share my same enthusiasm with them and then navy pilot -which collected all my varied thoughts and varied interests over the years this was the one chance that i had to focus on what i really was after and what was -and to my surprise i realized the importance of environmental issues which charles lindbergh devoted the last third of his life to -and preparing that paper -a lot of good i thought back about if i was a space traveler and came and visited earth every five thousand years and for a few thousand visits i would see the same thing -every time the little differences in the earth but this last time just coming round right now suddenly -thered be huge changes in the environment in the concentration of people and it was just -unbelievable the amount of -training and after college i got into sail plane flying power plane flying and -all the change in it i wanted to well -the biggest changes is two hundred years ago we began using coal from underground which has a lot of pollution and one hundred years ago began getting gasoline from underground with a lot of pollution and -gasoline consumption or production will reach its limit in about ten years and then go down and we wonder whats going to happen with transportation -i wanted to show the slide this slide i think is the most important one any of you will see ever -air and land vertebrates humans and muskrats and giraffes and birds and so on are the red line goes up thats the humans and livestock -pets are now ninety eight percent of the total worlds mass of vertebrates on land and air -and you dont know what the future will hold but its not going to get a lower percentage ten thousand years ago -considered the sail planes as a sort of hobby and fun but got tangled up with some great professor types who -the humans and livestock and pets were not even one tenth of one percent and wouldnt even have been visible on such a curve now -are ninety eight percent and it is -and so on then i ask them questions whats the population of the earth whats the population of the earth going to be when youre the age of your parents which id never really they had never really thought about but now they think about it and -what population of the earth -all fighting with each other and when i leave two hours later most of them are saying about two billion people and they dont have any clue about how to get down to two -nor do i but i think theyre right -this is a serious -carson was thinking of these and came out with silent spring way back solar manifesto by -hermann scheer in germany claims all energy on earth can be derived for every country from solar energy and water -and so on you dont need to dig down for these chemicals and we -so this just summarizes it over billions of years on a unique sphere chance has painted a thin -to the checks and balances inherent in nature have grown in population technology and intelligence to a position of terrible power we now wield the paintbrush -in charge its frightening and i do a painting every twenty or twenty five years this is the last one and shows the earth -on i have no idea of what comes next so i just used robotic and natural cockroaches as the -really deep science while this was all going on i was -future as sort of a little warning and two weeks after this drawing was done we actually had our first project contract at aerovironment on robotic cockroaches which was very frightening to me -all the slides we as time went on we -our environmental programs we focused more on the really serious energy problems of the future and we produced products -for the company and we developed the impact car that general motors made the ev one out of and -got the air resources board to have the regulations that stimulated the electric cars but theyve since come apart and -weve done a lot of -things small drone airplanes and so on i have a -field of weather modification although getting -have the first video -in aeronautics the weather modification subject was getting started and as a graduate student i could go around to the various talks that were being given on a hitchhiker ride to the east coast and -the process of turning her back to the sun to maximize the -as the sky gets darker and the outside air temperatures drop below minus one hundred degrees fahrenheit the most environmentally hostile segment of helioss journey -has gone by without notice except for being recorded by specially designed data acquisition systems and their associated sensors -this is more than ten thousand feet higher than the previous worlds altitude record held by the sr seventy one blackbird -ive built a number of aircraft with the goal of creating something that could do for you or me what the hummingbird does and give you that flexibility -like helicopter perhaps -the faa the controlling body above all calls it a powerlift aircraft -ask the question you know why is a flying car or maybe more accurately a rotable aircraft possible at this time a number of years ago -when you consider that there are no operational powerlift aircraft so for once perhaps the government is ahead of itself -the press calls my particular volantor a -this is a little bit earlier version of it thats why its given the x designation -but its a four passenger aircraft that could take off vertically like a helicopter therefore it doesnt need an airfield -on the ground its powered electrically -its actually classified as a motorcycle because of the three wheels which is a great asset because it allows you theoretically to use this on the highways in most states -one could say that -and gets around in much the same way and its true but a helicopter is a very complex device its expensive so expensive that very few people could own or use it -its often been described because of its fragile nature and its complexity as a series of parts a large number of parts flying in formation -another difference and i have to describe this because its very personal -the volantor in my case the -is the experience that ive had in flying both of those in a helicopter you feel and its still a remarkable sensation you feel like youre being hauled up from above by a vibrating crane -when you get in the skycar and i can tell you theres only one other person thats flown it but he had the same sensation you really feel like youre being lifted up by a magic carpet -predicted that flying cars of some form would be available now sixty years later im here to tell you why its possible when i was -and its been a great motivator i only get to fly this vehicle occasionally and only when i can persuade my stockholders to let me do -but its still one of those wonderful experiences that reward you for all that time -what we really need -is something to replace the automobile for those fifty plus mile trips -if we can get rid of that then the highways will now be useful to you as contrasted by whats happening in many parts of the world today -on this next slide is an interesting history of what we really -have seen in infrastructure because whether i give you a perfect skycar the perfect vehicle for use its going to have very little value to you unless youve got a system to use it in -about five years old not very much about a year after mister ford made his predictions i was living in a rural part of canada on the side of a mountain -this historically you see that we got around two hundred years ago by canals and as that system disappeared were replaced by railroads as that disappeared we came in with highways but if you look at that top corner the highway system you see where we are today -highways are no longer being built -and thats a fact you wont see any additional highways in the next ten years -however the next ten years if like the last ten years were going to see thirty percent more -and where is that going to -so the issue then ive often asked is when is it going to happen -so im not going to quote myself on this id prefer to quote someone else who testified with me before congress and in his position as head of nasa -i would argue actually if you look at the fact that on the highways today youre only averaging about thirty miles per hour on average according to the -the skycar travels at over three hundred miles an hour up to twenty five thousand feet and so in effect you could see perhaps a tenfold increase in the ability to get around as far as speed is concerned -in a very isolated area -many of you -the highway in the sky that im talking about here has been under construction for ten years -it makes use of the gps youre familiar with gps in your automobile but you may not be familiar with the fact that theres a gps u s theres a russian gps and theres a new -to make sure that youre being controlled because if youre in this world where computers are controlling what youre doing its going to be very critical that something cant fail on you -getting to school for a kid that was actually pretty short for his age through the canadian winter was not a pleasant experience it was a trying -how would a trip in a skycar work well -you cant right now take off from your home because its too noisy i mean to be able to take off from your home youd have to be extremely quiet but its still fairly quiet -time on the road after all if you can fly like that why are you going to drive around on a highway go to a local -you can play computer games you can sleep you can read on the way this is the world there wont be you as a pilot and i know the pilots in the audience arent going to like that and ive had a lot of bad feedback -i got a lot of excitement around this and i was able to fund the initiation of the program back in that time -actually the middle of two thousand and two we flew the four hundred m four hundred which was the four passenger vehicle in this case here were flying it remotely as we always did at the beginning -scary thing for a young -and we had very small powerplants in it at this time we are now installing larger powerplants which will make it possible for me to get back on board a vertical takeoff aircraft -is not the safest vehicle during the test flight program theres an old adage that applied for the years between nineteen fifties and nineteen seventies when every aeronautical company was working on vertical takeoff aircraft -a vertical takeoff aircraft needs an artificial stabilization system thats essential -at the end of my first year in school in the summer of that year -at least for the hover and the low speed flight -if that single stability system that brain that flies that aircraft fails or if the engine fails that vehicle crashes there is no option to that -and the adage that im referring to that applied at that time was that nothing comes down faster than a vtol aircraft upside down -a macabre comment because we lost a lot of pilots in fact the aircraft companies gave up on vertical takeoff aircraft -more or less for a number of years and theres really only one operational aircraft in the world today thats a vertical takeoff aircraft as distinct from a helicopter and thats the hawker harrier jump -a vertical takeoff aircraft like the hummingbird -i discovered a couple hummingbirds that were caught in a shed near my home -getting that energy -is very very difficult it all comes down to that power plant how to get a large amount of power in a small package -invented the rotary engine a very unique engine its round its small -its vibration free -it fits exactly where we need to fit it right in the center of the hubs of the ducts in the system -very critical in fact that engine for those who are into the automobile know that it recently is applied to the rx eight -in that application it generates one horsepower per pound which is twice as good as your car engine today but only half of what we need -theyd worn themselves out -my company has spent thirty five years and many millions of dollars taking that rotary engine which was invented in the late -and getting it to the point that we get over two horsepower per pound reliably and critical we actually get one hundred and seventy five horsepower into one cubic foot -we have eight engines in this vehicle -we have four computers we have two parachutes -is the critical issue here -if you want to stay alive youve got to have backups and we have actually flown this vehicle and lost an engine and continued to hover -the computers back up each other theres a voting system if one computer is not agreeing with the other three its kicked out of the system -and well they were easy to capture i took them outside and as i let them go that split second even though they were very tired that second i let them go they hovered for a second then zipped off into the distance -there wont be a third chance -the parachutes are there hopefully -more for psychological than real reasons but they will be an ultimate backup if it -like to show you an animation in this next one which is one -element of the skycars use but its one that demonstrates how it could be used you could think of it personally in your own terms of how you might use it -going to change the demographics in a very significant way -live seventy five miles from san francisco and get there in fifteen minutes youre going to sell your seven hundred thousand dollar apartment buy an upscale home on the side of a mountain -a skycar which i think would be priced at that time perhaps in the area of one hundred thousand dollars put money in the bank -i thought what a great way to get to school -and that has -you run into situations where you have this great acceptance of what youre doing and a lot of rejection of the same kind of thing -i characterized -this emerging technology in an aphorism -as -which really talks about what ive experienced and im sure what other people may have experienced in emerging technologies -for a kid at that age this was like infinite speed disappearing and i was very inspired by that and so the next over the next six decades believe it or not -theres an interesting poll that came out recently under nas i think its msnbc in which they asked the question are you in the market for a volantor -im encouraged by that at least it makes me feel like -to some extent it is becoming self evident that we need an alternative to the automobile at least for those fifty mile trips and more so that the highways become usable in todays world thank you -i sat there on the river for two months without seeing one i thought my careers over i proposed this stupid story to national geographic what in the heck was i thinking so i had two months to sit there and figure out different ways of what i was going to do in my next life after i was a photographer because they were going to fire me because national geographic is a magazine they remind us all the time they publish pictures not excuses -its a story that lives -weve got to get the story out now thank you very much -bear through the forest he went through this old growth forest and sat up beside this four hundred year old culturally modified tree and went to sleep and i actually got to sleep within three feet of him just in the forest and photograph him so im very excited to be able to show you those images and a cross section of my work that ive done on the polar regions please enjoy -become a polar specialist photographing specializing in the polar regions began when i was four years old when my family moved from southern canada to northern baffin island up by greenland there we lived with -and what does that mean after a while of reading this in the news it just becomes news you glaze over with it and what im trying to do with my work is put faces to this -and i want people to understand and get the concept that if we lose ice we stand to lose an entire ecosystem projections are that we could lose polar bears they could become extinct in the next fifty to one hundred years -and theres no better sexier more beautiful charismatic megafauna species for me to hang my campaign on -polar bears are amazing hunters this was a bear i sat with for a while on the shores there was no ice around but this glacier caved into the water and a seal got on it and this bear -grabbed it swam back and ate it -and he was so full he was so happy and so fat eating this seal that as i approached him about twenty feet away to get this picture his only defense was to keep eating more seal and as he ate he was so full he probably had about two hundred lbs of meat in his belly and as he ate inside one side of his mouth he was regurgitating out -the other side of his mouth so as long as these bears have any bit of ice they will survive -were finding more and more dead bears in the arctic when i worked on polar bears as a biologist twenty years ago we never found dead bears -ice heres a mother and her two year old cub were traveling -on a ship a hundred miles offshore in the middle of nowhere and theyre riding on this big piece of glacier ice which is great for them theyre safe at this point theyre not going to die of hypothermia theyre going to get to land but unfortunately ninety five percent of the glaciers in the arctic are also -all of my time was spent outside with the inuit playing the snow and the ice were my sandbox and the inuit were my teachers and thats where i became -these ringed seals these are the fatsicles of the arctic these little fat dumplings one hundred and fifty pound bundles of blubber are the mainstay of the polar bear and theyre not like the harbor seals that you have here these ringed seals also live out their entire life cycle associated and connected -and here we are diving in the beaufort sea the visibilitys six hundred ft were on our safety lines the ice is moving all over the place i wish i could spend half an hour telling you about how we almost died on this dive but -whats important in this picture is that you have a piece of multi year ice that big chunk of ice up in the corner in that one single piece of ice you have three hundred species of microorganisms -and in the spring when the sun returns to the ice it forms the phytoplankton grows under that ice and then you get bigger sheets of seaweed and then you get the zoo plankton feeding on all that life so really what the ice does is it acts like a garden it acts like the soil in a garden its an inverted garden losing that ice is like losing the soil in a garden -heres me in my office i hope you appreciate yours this is -truly obsessed with this polar realm and i knew someday that i was going to do something that had to do with trying to -and so im just so happy that the dive is over i get to hand my camera to my assistant and im looking up at him and im going woo woo woo which means take my camera and he thinks im saying take my picture so we had this little -communication breakdown -i dropped down in this ice hole just through that hole that you just saw and i looked up under the underside of the ice and i was dizzy i thought i had vertigo i got very nervous no rope no safety line the whole world is moving around me and i thought im in trouble but what happened is that the entire underside was full of these billions of -feeding on the underside of the ice giving birth and living out their entire life cycle this is the foundation of the whole food chain in the arctic right here and when you have low productivity in this in ice the productivity in copepods go down -share news about it and protect it -this is a bowhead whale -supposedly science is stating that it could be the oldest living animal on earth right now -this very whale right here could be over two hundred and fifty years old this whale could have been born around the start of the industrial revolution it could have survived one hundred and fifty years of whaling and now its biggest threat is the disappearance of ice in the north because of the lives that were leading in the -on all the copepods and amphipods alright my favorite part -when im on my deathbed -im going to remember one story more than any other even though that spirit bear moment was powerful i dont think ill ever have another experience like i did with these leopard seals -a scientist was taken down and drowned and she was being consumed by a leopard seal and people were like we knew they were vicious we knew they were and so people love to form their opinions and thats when i got a story idea i want to go to antarctica get in the water with as many leopard seals as i possibly can and give them a fair shake find out if they really are these vicious -animals or if theyre misunderstood so this is that story -oh and they also happen to eat happy feet -floating in these icy waters and a leopard seal comes up and bites the pontoon the boat starts to sink they race back to the ship and get to go home and tell the stories of how they got attacked all the leopard seal was doing its just biting a balloon it just sees this big balloon in the ocean it doesnt have hands its going to take a little bite the boat pops and off they go -after five days of crossing the drake passage we have finally arrived -and so this leopard seal grabbed another penguin came under the boat the zodiac starting hitting the hull of the boat and were trying to not fall in the water and we sit down and thats when goran said to me this is a good seal ya its time for you to get in the water -and i looked at goran and i said to him forget that but i think i probably used a different word starting with the letter f -such dry mouth and my legs were just trembling i couldnt feel my legs i put my flippers on i could barely part my lips i put my snorkel in my mouth -and i rolled over the side of the zodiac into the water and this was the first thing she did she came -all i had to work with at that point but i just started to shoot these pictures so she did this threat display for a few minutes and then the most amazing thing happened she totally relaxed -she went off she got a penguin she stopped about ten feet away from me and she sat there with this penguin the penguins flapping and she lets it go the penguin swims toward me takes off she grabs another one she does this over and over and it dawned on me that shes trying to feed me a penguin why else would she release these penguins at me -and after she did this four or five times she swam by me -with this dejected look on her face you dont want to be too anthropomorphic but i swear that she looked at me like this useless predators going to starve in my ocean -and so that didnt work so then shed get another penguin and try this ballet like sexy display sliding down this iceberg like this laughter and she would sort of bring them over to me and offer it to me this went on for four days this just didnt happen a couple of times -and she would often stop and have this dejected look on her face like are you for real because she cant believe i cant eat this penguin because in her world youre either breeding or youre eating and im not breeding so -penguins and on the last day with this female where i thought i had pushed her too far i got nervous because she came up to me she rolled over on her back and she did this deep guttural jackhammer sound this gokgokgokgok and i thought shes about -the common link between all the work weve had to do is one thing and thats poverty -poverty is not natural -its man made and can be overcome and eradicated by the actions of human beings i want to end by saying its been the actions of -eighty percent of what walked in the door in terms of illness was infectious disease third world developing world infectious disease caused by a poor living environment -thousands of ordinary human beings doing i think extraordinary work -that have actually improved health -yami assembled a team in alice springs he got a medical doctor -which translated is a plan to stop people getting sick a profound brief -i dont think anyone in this room would disagree what worries me is when politicians with money and charismatic rock stars -of local national and international health research that filled out the picture as to why these were the health targets the pictures that came a bit later -so we had the goals -and each one of these goals and i wont go through them all puts at the center the person -and their health issue and it then connects them to the bits of the physical environment -use the words it all just sounds so so simple -if you get a green tick your showers working you and your kids are fine if you get a red cross well ive looked carefully around the room and its not going to make much difference to this crew why because youre all -washing is the antidote to the sort of bugs the common infectious diseases of the eyes the ears the chest and the skin that if they occur in the first five years of life permanently damage those organs -they leave a lifelong remnant -now ive got no bucket of money today and ive got no policy to release -this is a big deal so the ticks and crosses on the screen are actually critical for young kids -those ticks and crosses represent the seven thousand eight hundred houses weve looked at nationally around australia the same proportion what you see on the screen thirty five percent of those not so famous houses lived in by fifty thousand -indigenous people -thirty five percent had a working shower ten percent of those same seven thousand eight hundred houses had safe electrical systems and fifty eight percent of those houses had a working toilet -does it have hot and cold water two taps that work -we arrive in the morning with tools tons of equipment trades and we train up a local team on the first day to start work by the evening of the first day a few houses in that community are better than when we started in the morning -at the end of six months to a year we test every house again its very easy to spend money its very difficult to improve the function of all those parts of the house and for a whole house the nine healthy living practices we test check and fix two hundred and fifty items in every house -i think theres an obvious question that i hope youre thinking about why do we have to do this work why are the houses in such poor condition seventy percent of the work we do is due to lack of routine maintenance the sort of things that happen in all our houses things wear out -should have been done by state government or local government simply not done the house doesnt work twenty one percent of the things we fix are due to faulty construction literally things that are built upside down and back to front they dont work we have to fix them -the final cause you will have heard always that indigenous people trash houses its one of the almost rock solid pieces of evidence which ive never seen evidence for -we argue strongly that the people living in the house are simply not the problem and well go a lot further than that the people living in the house are actually a major part of the solution -seventy five percent of our national team in australia over seventy five at the minute are actually local indigenous people from the communities we work in -they do all aspects of the work -over the last twenty eight years this tough grinding dirty work -second the eye doctors tell us that dust scours the eye and lets the bug in quick so what do we do we call up the doctor of dust and there is such a person -he was loaned to us by a mining company he controls dust on mining company sites -and he came out and within a day it worked out that most dust in this community was within a meter of the ground the wind driven dust so he suggested making mounds to catch the dust before it went into the house area and affected the eyes of kids so we used dirt -has been done by literally thousands of people around australia and more recently overseas and their work has proven -to stop dust we did it he provided us dust monitors we tested and we reduced the dust then we wanted to get rid of the bug generally so how do we do that well we call up the doctor of flies and yes there is a doctor of flies as our aboriginal mate said you white fellows ought to get out more -the dung beetles ate the camel dung the flies died through lack of food and trachoma dropped and over the year trachoma dropped radically in this place and stayed low we changed the -environment not just treated the eyes and finally you get a good -we went in with no grand plan no grand promises of a great program just the offer to build two toilets for two families it was during the design of the first toilet -it can improve health and it can play a part in reducing if not eliminating poverty -how do we actually get the smoke down so two problems and design should be about more than one thing -solution take human waste take animal waste put it into a chamber out of that extract biogas methane gas the gas gives three to four hours cooking a day clean smokeless and free for the family -there are now over one hundred toilets built in this village and a couple nearby well over one thousand people use those toilets yami lama -hes a young boy hes got significantly less gut infection because hes now got toilets and there isnt human waste on the ground -im going to start where the story began one thousand nine hundred and eighty five in central australia a man called yami lester an aboriginal man was running a health service -shes probably right now cooking lunch -the leader of the team has now understood that not only have we built toilets weve also built -none of those are limited by geography by skin color or by religion none of them -so there are many other details like this how could we have buildings that are low cost and affordable for people who work in a first job assembling something like -but make those buildings energy efficient and make sure that they are safe so they dont fall down in an earthquake or a hurricane many technical details to be worked out but -those of us who are already starting to pursue these things can already tell that there is no roadblock theres no impediment other than a failure of imagination that will keep us from delivering on a truly global win win solution -let me conclude with this picture the reason we can be so well off even though there is so many people on earth is because of the power of ideas -we can share ideas with other people and when they discover them they share with us its not like scarce objects where sharing means we each get less when we share ideas we all get more -when we think about ideas in that way we usually think about technologies but there is another class of ideas the rules that govern how we interact with each other rules like -cellphone company that nelson purchases his telephony from operates under the president has seen how those rules worked well -if we can keep innovating on our space of rules and particularly innovate in the sense of coming up with rules for changing rules so we dont get stuck with bad rules -so he tried to change the rules for pricing of electricity but he ran into a firestorm of protest from businesses and consumers who wanted to preserve -the existing subsidized rates so he was stuck with rules that prevented him from letting the win win solution help his country and nelson is stuck studying under the streetlights -the real challenge then is to try to figure out how we can change rules are there some rules we can develop for changing rules -argue that there is a general -take a look at this picture it poses a very fascinating puzzle for us these african students are doing their homework under streetlights at the airport in the capital city because they dont have any electricity at home -but -useful to present the opposition between these two because the kind of choice you might want to give to a leader a choice like giving the president the choice to raise prices on electricity -takes away a choice that people in the economy want they want the choice to be able to continue consuming subsidized electric power -so if you give just to one side or the other youll have tension or friction but if we can find ways to give more choices to both that will give us a set of rules for changing rules -get us out of traps now nelson also has access to the internet and he says that if you want to see -the damaging effects of rules the ways that rules can keep people in the dark look at the pictures from nasa of the earth at night particularly check out asia if you zoom in here -you can see north korea in outline here which is like a black hole compared to its neighbors now you wont be surprised to learn that the rules in north korea keep people there in the dark -but it is important to recognize that north korea and south korea started out with identical sets of rules in both the sense of laws and regulations -but also in the deeper senses of understandings norms culture values and beliefs -when they separated they made choices that led to very divergent paths for their sets of rules so we can change we as humans can change the rules that we use -to interact with each other for better or for worse -now lets look at another region the caribbean zoom in on haiti in outline here -haiti is also dark compared to its neighbor here the dominican republic which has about the same number of residents -both of these countries are dark compared to puerto rico which has half as many residents as either haiti or the dominican republic -what haiti warns us is that rules can be bad because governments are weak its not just that the rules are bad because the government is too strong and oppressive as in north korea -so that if we want to create environments with good rules we cant just tear down weve got to find ways to build up as well -now china dramatically demonstrates both the potential and the challenges of working with rules -back in the beginning of the data presented in this chart china was the worlds high technology leader chinese had pioneered technologies like steel printing gunpowder -now i havent met these particular students but ive met students like them lets just pick one for example the one in the green shirt lets give him a name too nelson ill bet nelson has a cellphone -but the chinese never adopted at least in that period effective rules for encouraging the spread of those ideas a profit motive that could have encouraged the spread and they soon adopted rules which -slowed down innovation and cut china off from the rest of the world so as other countries in the world innovated in the sense both of developing newer technologies but also developing newer rules -the chinese were cut off from those advances income there stayed stagnant as it zoomed ahead in the rest of the world -this next chart looks at more recent data it plots income average income in china as a percentage of average income in the united states -in the fifties and sixties you can see that it was hovering at about three percent but then in the late seventies something changed growth took off in china the chinese started catching up very quickly with the united states -go back to the map at night you can get a clue to the process that lead to the dramatic change in rules in china the brightest spot in china -which you can see on the edge of the outline here is hong kong hong kong was a small bit of china that for most of the twentieth century -operated under a very different set of rules than the rest of mainland china rules that were copied from working market economies of the time and administered by the british -in the nineteen fifties hong kong was a place where millions of people could go from the mainland to start in jobs like -sewing shirts making toys but to get on a process of increasing income increasing skills led to very rapid growth there -was also the model which leaders like deng xiaoping could copy when they decided to move all of the mainland towards the market model -but deng xiaoping instinctively understood the importance of offering choices to his people so instead of forcing everyone in china to shift immediately to the market model -so here is the puzzle why is it that nelson has access to a cutting edge technology like the cellphone but doesnt have access to a one hundred year old technology for generating electric light in the home -they proceeded by creating some special zones that could do in a sense what britain did make the opportunity to go work with the market rules available to the people who wanted to opt in there so they created four special economic zones around hong kong -zones where chinese could come and work and cities grew up very rapidly there also zones where foreign firms could come in and make things one of the zones next to hong kong -has a city called shenzhen in that city there is a taiwanese firm that made the iphone that many of you have and they made it with labor from chinese who moved -people could opt in to that they flocked to because of the advantages they offered demonstrated successes there led to a consensus for a move toward the market model for the entire economy -now the chinese example shows us several points one is preserve choices for people -try to change the rules in a village you could do that but a village would be too small to get the kinds of benefits you can get if you have millions of people all working under good rules -on the other hand the nation is too big if you try to change the rules in the nation you cant give some people a chance to hold back see how things turn out and let others zoom ahead and try the new rules -but cities give you this opportunity to create new places with new rules that people can opt in to and theyre large enough to get all of the benefits that we can have when millions of us work together under good rules -so the proposal is that we conceive of something called a charter city we start with a charter that specifies all the rules required to attract the people who well need to build the city -need to attract the investors who will build out the infrastructure the power system the roads the port the airport and the buildings -youll need to attract firms who will come hire the people who move there first and youll need to attract families the residents who will come and live there permanently raise their children get an education for their children and get their first job -with that charter people will move there the city can be built and we can scale this model we can go do it over and over again -now in a word the answer is rules bad rules can prevent the kind of win win solution thats available when people can bring new technologies in and make them available to someone like -to make it work we need good rules weve already discussed that those are captured in the charter we also need the choices for people -the final thing we need are choices for leaders and to achieve the kind of choices we want for leaders we need to allow for the potential for partnerships between nations -cases where nations work together in effect de facto the way china and britain worked together to build first a little enclave of the market model and then scale it throughout china -in a sense britain inadvertently through its actions in hong kong did more to reduce world poverty than all the aid programs that weve undertaken -in the last century so if we allow for these kind of partnerships to replicate this again we can get those kinds of benefits scaled throughout the world -in some cases this will involve a delegation of responsibility a delegation of control from one country to another to take over certain kinds of administrative responsibilities now -when i say that some of you are starting to think well is this just bringing back colonialism -its not but its important to recognize that the kind of emotions that come up when we start to think about these things can get in the way can make us pull back can shut down our ability -which is residually bad in some of our aid programs is that it involved elements of coercion and condescension this model is all about choices -both for the leaders and for the people who will live in these new places and choice is the antidote to coercion and condescension -so lets talk about how this could play out in practice lets take a particular leader raoul castro who is the leader of cuba it must have occurred to castro that he has the chance to do for cuba what deng xiaoping did for china -what kinds of rules the electric company in this nation operates under a rule which says that it has to sell electricity at a very low subsidized price in fact a price that is so low it loses -a zone there around guantanamo bay where a treaty gives the united states administrative responsibility for a piece of land thats about twice the size of manhattan -some of my citizens will move into that city as well others will hold back but this will be the gateway that will connect the modern economy and the modern world to my country -now where else might this model be tried well africa ive talked with leaders in africa many of them totally get the notion of a special zone that people can opt in to -as a rule its a rule for changing rules its a way to create new rules and let people opt in without coercion and the opposition that coercion can force -they also totally get the idea that in some instances they can make more credible promises to long term investors -the kind of investors who will come build the port build the roads in a new city they can make more credible promises if they do it -along with a partner nation perhaps even in some arrangement thats a little bit like an escrow account where you put land in the escrow account and the partner nation takes responsibility for -immense stretches of land like this land where hundreds of millions of people could live now if we generalize this and think about not just one or two charter cites but dozens cities that will -money on every unit that it sells so it has neither the resources nor the incentives to hook up many other users -create places for the many hundreds of millions perhaps billions of people who will move to cities in the coming century is there enough land for them well throughout the world -if we look at the lights at night the one thing thats misleading is that visually it looks like most of the world is already built out so let me show you why thats wrong -take this representation of all of the land turn it into a square that stands for all the arable land on earth and let these dots represent the land thats already taken up by the cities that three billion people now live in -if you move the dots down to the bottom of the rectangle you can see that the cities for the existing three billion urban residents take up only three percent of the arable land on earth -the president wanted to change this rule hes seen that its possible to have a different set of rules rules where businesses earn a small profit so they have an incentive to sign up more customers thats the kind of rules that -it would help to have -what university professors could do is write some details that might go into this manual you wouldnt want -let us run the cities go out and design them you wouldnt let academics out in the wild but -you could set us to work thinking about questions like suppose it isnt just canada that does the deal with raul castro -how would we write the treaty to do that there is less precedent for that but that could easily be worked out how would we finance this turns out singapore and hong kong are cities that made huge gains on the value of the land that they owned when they got started -you could use the gains on the value of the land to pay for things like the police the courts but the school system and the health care system too which make this a more attractive place to live make this a place where people have higher incomes which incidentally makes the land more valuable -so the incentives for the people helping to construct this zone and build it and set up the basic rules go very much in the right direction -later i learned that at about this same time javier and octavio were thinking about the challenge of reform in honduras -they knew that about seventy five thousand hondurans every year would leave to go to the united states and they wanted to ask what could they do to make sure that those people could stay and do the same things in honduras at one point javier said to octavio what if we took some of our empty land what if we just gave it to an embassy -give some to the u s embassy give some to the canadian embassy and then if people want to go work under the rules of canada or under the rules of the united states they can go get jobs do everything they do on those embassy grounds that they would otherwise have to go to canada or the u s to do -thousand and seven i decided that we needed to reconceptualize how we thought about economic development -but reconciliation as well he asked octavio to be his chief of staff -meanwhile i was getting ready to give a talk at tedglobal through a process of refinement trial and error a lot of user testing i tried to boil this complicated concept of charter city down to the bare essentials -the first point was the importance of rules like those rules that say you cant come in and disturb all the existing apartment holders we pay a lot of attention to new technologies but it takes technologies and rules to get progress and its usually the rules that hold us back -in the fall -our new goal should be that when every family thinks about where they want to live and work they should be able to choose between at least a handful of different cities that were all competing to attract new residents -i tried to explain this point about how valuable cities are how much more valuable they are than they cost and i used this slide showing how valuable the raw land is in a place like new york city notice land thats worth thousands of dollars in some cases per square meter -but it was a fairly abstract discussion and at some point when there was a pause octavio said -paul maybe we could watch the tedtalk -so the tedtalk laid out in very simple terms a charter city is a place where you start with uninhabited land a charter that specifies the rules that will apply there and then a chance for people to opt in to go live under those rules or not -so i was asked by the president of honduras who said that we need to do this project this is important this could be the way forward for our country i was asked to come to tegucigalpa and talk again on january fourth and fifth -so i presented another fact filled lecture that included a slide like this which tried to make the point that if you want to create a lot of value in a city it has to be very big -this is a picture of denver and the outline is the new airport that was built in denver this airport alone covers more than one hundred square kilometers -so i was trying to persuade the hondurans if you build a new city youve got to start with a site thats at least one thousand square kilometers thats more than two hundred and fifty hundred thousand -so i sat down and they played the tedtalk and it got to the essence which is that a new city could offer new choices for people there would be a choice of a city which you could go to which could be in honduras instead of hundreds of miles away in the north -and it also involved new choices for leaders because the leaders in the government there in honduras would need help from partner countries who could benefit from partner countries who help them set up the rules in this charter and the enforcement so everybody can trust that -now were a long way away from that goal right now there are billions of people in developing countries who dont have even a single city that would be willing to welcome them but the amazing thing about cities is theyre worth so much more than it costs to build them -the charter really will be enforced and the insight of president lobo was that that assurance of enforcement that i was thinking about as a way to get the foreign investors to come in and build the city could be equally important for all the different parties in honduras who had suffered for so many years from fear and distrust -we went and looked at a site this pictures from there it easily could hold a thousand square kilometers -and shortly thereafter on january nineteenth they voted in the congress to amend their constitution to have a constitutional provision that allows for special development regions in a country which had just gone through this wrenching crisis the vote in the congress in favor of this constitutional amendment was one hundred and twenty four to one -all parties all factions in society backed this to be part of the constitution you actually have to pass it twice in the congress on february seventeenth they passed it again with another vote of one hundred and fourteen to one immediately after that vote -one is south korea this is a picture of a big new city center thats being built in south korea bigger than downtown boston everything you see there was built in four years after they spent four years getting the permits -the other place thats very interested in city building is singapore theyve actually built two cities already in china and are preparing the third -so if you think about this practically heres where we are theyve got a site theyre already thinking about this site for the second city theyre putting in place a legal system that could allow for managers to come in and also an external legal system one country has already volunteered to let its supreme court be the court of final appeal for the new judicial system there -theres designers and builders of cities who are very interested they even can bring with them some financing -but the one thing you know theyve already solved is that theres lots of tenants -theres lots of businesses that would like to locate in the americas especially in a place with a free trade zone and theres lots of people whod like to go there around the world theres seven hundred million people who say theyd like to move permanently someplace else right now theres a million a year who leave latin america to go to the united states -many of these are a father who has to leave his family behind to go get a job sometimes a single mother who has to get enough money to even pay for food or clothing sadly sometimes there are even children who are trying to get reunited with their parents that they havent seen in some cases for a decade -so we could easily supply the world with dozens maybe hundreds of new cities -so what kind of an idea is it to think about building a brand new city in honduras or to build a dozen of these or a hundred of these around the world what kind of an idea is it to think about insisting that every family have a choice of several cities that are competing to attract -now this might sound preposterous to you if youve never thought about new cities but just substitute apartment building for cities imagine half the people who wanted to be in apartments already had them the other half arent there yet -you could try and expand the capacity by doing additions on all the existing apartments -but you know what youd run into is those apartments and the surrounding areas have rules to avoid discomfort and the distractions of construction so its extremely hard to do all of those additions but you could go out someplace brand new -build a brand new apartment building as long as the rules there were ones that facilitated construction rather than getting in the way -so i proposed that governments create new reform zones big enough to hold cities and gave them a name charter cities -that turns it into a nanomachine that actually cuts dna and the interesting thing is that if you change the sequence you change the three dimensional folding -you get now a dna stapler instead these are the kind of molecular programs that we want to be able to write but the problem is we dont know the machine language of proteins we dont have a compiler for proteins -so ive joined a growing band of people that try to make molecular spells using dna we use dna because its cheaper its easier to handle its something that we understand really well we understand it so well in fact -theres an ancient and universal concept that words have power that spells exist and if we could only pronounce the right words then -that we think we can actually write programming languages for dna and have molecular compilers so then we think we can do that and my first question doing this or one of my questions doing this was how can you make an arbitrary shape or pattern out of dna -and i decided to use a type of dna origami where you take a long strand of dna and fold it into whatever shape or pattern you might want -so heres a shape i actually spent about a year in my home in my underwear coding like linus in that picture before and this program takes a shape -and then add this long strand i was telling you about that ive stolen from a virus and then what happens is you heat this whole thing up to about boiling you cool it down to room temperature and as you do what happens is those short strands they do the following thing -each one of them binds that long strand in one place and then has a second half that binds that long strand in a distant place and brings those two parts of the long strand -you know an avalanche would come and wipe out the hobbits right so this is a very attractive idea because were very lazy like the sorcerers apprentice or the worlds greatest computer programmer -long strand into the shape that youre looking for itll approximate that shape we do this for real in the test tube in each little drop of water you get fifty billion of these guys -you can look with a microscope and see them on a surface and the neat thing is that if you change the sequence and change the spell you just change the sequence of the staples you can make a molecule that looks like this and you know he likes to hang out with his -you can get arbitrary patterns so on a rectangle you can paint patterns of north and south america or the words dna so -thats dna origami thats one way there are many ways of casting molecular spells using dna what we really want to do in the end is learn how to program self assembly so that we can build -right we want to be able to build technological artifacts that are maybe good for the world we want to learn how to build -and so of course with lots of programmable computers and robots around this is an easy thing to picture so how many of you know what im talking about raise your right hand -how many of you dont know what im talking about raise your left hand ok all right so thats great so that was too easy you guys have very insecure computers ok -so now the thing is that this is a different kind of spell this is a computer program made of zeros and ones it can be pronounced on a computer it does something like this -the important thing is we can write it in a high level language a computer magician can write this thing it can be compiled into this into zeros and ones and pronounced by a computer and thats what makes computers powerful these high level languages that can be compiled and so -im here to tell you you dont need a computer to actually have a spell in fact what you can do at the molecular level is that if you encode information you encode a spell or program as molecules then physics can actually directly interpret that information -all of this indicates that there are molecular programs underlying biology and it shows the power of molecular programs biology does and what i want to do is write molecular programs -so my friends molecular programmers and i have a sort of bio molecule centric approach were interested in using dna rna and protein and building new -camera theres the solar panels of the cell some switches that turn your genes on and off the girders of the cell motors that move your muscles my little group of molecular programmers are trying to -all of these parts from dna were not dna zealots but dna is the cheapest easiest to understand and easy to program material to do this and as other things become easier to use maybe protein well work with -if we succeed what will molecular programming look like youre going to sit in front of your computer youre going to design something like a -and in a high level language youll describe that cell phone then youre going to have a compiler thats going to take that description and its going to turn it into actual molecules that can be sent to a synthesizer -i think that life has been about molecular computers building electrochemical computers building electronic computers which together with electrochemical computers will build -you look at big questions through the eyes of a computer scientist so one big question is how does baby know when to stop growing and for a molecular programmer the question is how does your cell phone know when to stop growing -or how does a computer program know when to stop running or more to the point how do you know if a program will ever stop there are other questions like this too one of them is craig venters question -turns out i think hes actually a computer scientist he asked how big is the minimal genome that will give me a functioning micro organism how few genes can i use this is exactly analogous to the question whats the smallest program i can write that will act exactly like microsoft word -and just as hes writing you know bacteria that will be smaller hes writing genomes that will work we could write smaller programs that would do what microsoft word does -but for molecular programming our question is how many molecules do we need to put in that seed to get a cell phone whats the smallest number we can get away with now -so this is normal dna what you think of as normal dna its double stranded its a double helix has the as ts cs and gs that pair to hold the strands together -booted up in a cell the program would execute and it could result in this person or with a small change it could result in this person or another small change this person or with a larger change this dog -and im going to draw it like this sometimes just so i dont scare you we want to look at individual strands and not think about the double helix when we synthesize it it comes single stranded so we can take the blue strand in one -and make an orange strand in the other tube and theyre floppy when theyre single stranded you mix them together and they make a rigid double helix now for the last twenty five years -ned seeman and a bunch of his descendants have worked very hard and made beautiful three dimensional structures using this kind of reaction of dna strands -you look in his intestines there are billions of bacteria theyre no good either double strand again but inside them theyre infected with a virus that has a nice long single stranded genome -that we can fold like a piece of paper and heres how we do it this is part of that genome we add a bunch of short synthetic dnas that i call staples -each one has a left half that binds the long strand in one place and a right half that binds it in a different place and brings the long strand together like -this the net action of many of these on that long strand is to fold it into something like a rectangle now we cant actually take a movie of this process but shawn douglas at harvard has made a nice visualization for us that begins with a long strand and has some short strands in it -and what happens is that we mix these strands together we heat them up we add a little bit of salt we heat them up -when you look at dna origami you can see that what it really is even though you think its complicated is a bunch of double helices that are parallel to each other -or this tree or this whale so now if you take this metaphor as genome as program seriously you have to consider that chris anderson is a computer fabricated artifact -to show that we could make any shape or pattern that we wanted i tried to make this shape i wanted to fold dna into something that goes up over the eye down the nose up the nose around the forehead back down and end in a little loop like this -and so i thought if this could work anything could work so i had the computer program design the short staples to do this i ordered them they came by fedex i mixed them up heated them cooled them down -and i got fifty billion little smiley faces floating around in a single drop of water and each one of these is just one -the width of a human hair ok so theyre all floating around in solution and to look at them you have to get them on a surface where they stick so you pour them out onto a surface -and they start to stick to that surface and we take a picture using an atomic force microscope its got a needle like a record needle that goes back and forth -over the surface bumps up and down and feels the height of the first surface it feels the dna origami theres the atomic force microscope working -zoom in and even see the extra little loop this little nano goatee now whats great about this is anybody can do this and so i got this in the mail about a year after i did this unsolicited anyone know what this is -it -as is jim watson craig venter as are all of us and in convincing yourself that this metaphor is true there are lots of similarities between genetic programs and computer programs that -so this works really well and you can make patterns as well as shapes ok and you can make a map of the americas and spell dna with dna and -so you can put circuit components on the staples like a light bulb and a light switch let the thing assemble and youll get some kind of a circuit and then you can maybe wash the dna away and have the circuit left over so -tested it and showed that it is indeed a switch now this is just a single switch and you need half a billion for a computer so -we have a long way to go but this is very promising because the origami can organize parts just one tenth the size of those in a normal computer so -so you start with something in the computer you get a high level description of the computer program a high level description of the origami -you can compile it to molecules send it to a synthesizer and it actually works and it turns out that a company has made a nice program thats much better than my code which was kind of ugly and will allow us to do this in a nice visual computer aided design way -so now you can say all right why isnt dna origami the end of the story you have your molecular compiler you can do whatever you want the fact is that it does not scale so -if you want to build a human from dna origami the problem is you need a long strand thats ten trillion trillion bases long thats three light years -worth of dna so were not going to do this were going to turn to another technology called algorithmic self assembly of tiles it was started by erik winfree -could help to convince you but one to me that is most compelling is the peculiar sensitivity to small changes that can make large changes in biological development the output a small mutation can take a two wing fly and make it a four wing fly or it could take a fly -and what it does it has tiles that are a hundredth the size of a dna origami you zoom in there are just four dna strands and they have little single stranded bits on them that can bind to other tiles if they match -and we like to draw these tiles as little squares and if you look at their sticky ends these little dna bits you can see that they actually form a checkerboard pattern -so these tiles would make a complicated self assembling checkerboard and the point of this if you didnt catch that is that tiles are a kind of molecular program and they can output -patterns and a really amazing part of this is that any computer program can be translated into one of these tile programs specifically counting -so you can come up with a set of tiles that when they come together form a little binary counter rather than a checkerboard so you can read off binary numbers five six and seven -and in order to get these kinds of computations started right you need some kind of input a kind of seed you can use dna origami for that -you can encode the number thirty two in the right hand side of a dna origami and when you add those tiles that count they will start to count -will read that thirty two and theyll stop at thirty two so what weve done is weve figured out a way to have a molecular program know when to stop growing -it knows when to stop growing because it can count it knows how big it is so that answers that sort of first question i was talking about it doesnt tell us how babies do it however -so now we can use this counting to try and get at much bigger things than dna origami could otherwise heres the dna origami and what we can do is we can write thirty two on both edges of the dna origami and we can now use our watering can and water with -and we can start growing tiles off of that and create a square the counter serves as a template to fill in a square in the middle of this thing -so what weve done is weve succeeded in making something much bigger than a dna origami by combining dna origami with tiles and the neat thing about it is is that its also -you can just change a couple of the dna strands in this binary representation and youll get ninety six rather than thirty two and if you do that the origamis the same size but the resulting square that you get is three times bigger -so this sort of recapitulates what i was telling you about development you have a very sensitive -legs where its antennae should be or if youre familiar with the princess bride it could create a six fingered man now a hallmark of computer programs is just this kind of sensitivity to small changes if your bank accounts one dollar and you flip a single bit -now this using counting to compute and build these kinds of things by this kind of developmental process is something that also has bearing on craig venters question -so you can ask how many dna strands are required to build a square of a given size if we wanted to make a square of size ten one hundred or one thousand -if we used dna origami alone we would require a number of dna strands thats the square of the size of that square so wed need one hundred ten thousand or a million dna strands thats really not affordable -but if we use a little computation we use origami plus some tiles that count then we can get away with using one hundred two hundred or three hundred dna -so if you affix some wires and switches to those tiles rather than to the staple strands you affix them to the tiles then theyll self assemble the somewhat complicated circuits the de multiplexer circuits that you need -address this memory so you can actually make a complicated circuit using a little bit of computation its a molecular computer building an electronic computer now you ask me -how far have we gotten down this path experimentally this is what weve done in the last year here is a dna origami rectangle -and here are some tiles growing from it and you can see how they count one two three four -five six nine ten eleven twelve seventeen so its got some errors but at least it counts up -you could end up with a thousand dollars so these small changes are things that i think that they indicate to us that a complicated computation in development is underlying these amplified large changes so now -so it turns out we actually had this idea nine years ago and thats about the time constant for how long it takes to do these kinds of things so i think we made a lot of progress -self assembled circuits so now what do i want you to take away from this talk i want you to remember that to create -lifes very diverse and complex forms life uses computation to do that and the computations that it uses -theyre molecular computations and in order to understand this and get a better handle on it as feynman said you know we need to build something to understand it and so -we are going to use molecules and refashion this thing rebuild everything from the bottom up using dna in ways that nature never intended using dna origami and dna origami to seed this algorithmic self -you know so this is all very cool but what id like you to take from the talk hopefully from some of those big questions is that this molecular programming isnt just about making gadgets its not just making about -the barriers of the problems so thats a little bit about the science today im going to spend the rest of my few minutes up here talking about the other stuff that i do in chicago which is related to the fact that i never and actually in talking to a lot of tedsters -nearly killed me i found myself in art i was a total failure in school not really headed to graduate high school and i went on thats my first painting on canvas i read a dictionary i got into college i became an artist ok and started drawing -it became abstract i worked up a portfolio and i was headed to new york sometimes i would see bones when there was a body there something was going on in the background i headed to new york to a studio i took a side trip to the american museum and i never recovered -on drifting continents really can tell us about evolution the work immediately begs the question why didnt they go into the waters i mean certainly mammals did this is one example you can go outside see many other examples within five ten million years -but really its the same discipline theyre kindred disciplines i mean is there anything that is not visualizing what cant be seen in terms of discovering this dinosaur bone from a small piece of it thats out there or -dinosaurs theyre really kindred disciplines but what were trying to create in chicago is a way to get collect together -those students who are least represented in our science and technology spheres we all know and theres been several allusions to it that we are failing -in our ability to produce enough scientists engineers and technicians weve known that for a long time weve gone through the sputnik phase and now as you see the increase -all the kids like me that were in school kids like some of you out there that were in school and didnt get a chance and will never get a chance to participate in science and technology -the questions i ask and we talk about ethiopia and its very important niger is equally important and im trying desperately to do something in niger they have an aids problem -give us a museum of dinosaurs and we will attract tourists which is our number two industry and i hope to god the united states government me or -an organization a non profit organization called project exploration these are two kids from project exploration we met them in their early stages in high school they were -failing to poor students and they are now one at the university of chicago another in illinois weve got students at harvard were six years old -of the bolide impact we had a whole variety of animals going into the water why didnt they do that why didnt they hang around in trees at good size and why didnt they burrow -and we created a track record because when you go out there as a scholar and you try to find out longitudinal studies track records like that there essentially are very few if none so weve created an incredible track record of one hundred percent graduation -science as an inquiry which was a big advance and dewey back at chicago you learn by doing to you learn by envisioning yourself as a scientist -and then you learn to envision yourself as a scientist the next step is to learn the capability to make yourself a scientist you have to have those steps if you have its easy to get kids interested in science -its hard to get them to envision themselves as a scientist which involves standing up in front of people like were doing here at this symposium and presenting something as a knowledgeable person and then seeing yourself in the role as a scientist and -part museum hall part conservatory part zoo and part of an answer to the problem of how you interest kids in science thank you very much -really interesting questions i think a lot of it has to do with body size in fact i think that most of it has to do with body size the size you are when you inherit -a vacant ecospace from whatever natural disaster looking at dinosaur evolution and studying it digging it up for many years -i end up looking at the mammal radiation and it seems as though everything is quick time just like technology advancing by an order of magnitude dinosaur evolution -the time it took to reach maximum body size yes they do have larger body size but many of them are smaller but were interested in the time it took them to achieve that fifty million years to achieve this maximum body size -and that is ten times longer than it took the mammals to achieve maximum body size and invade all those habitats so theres lessons to learn and theres lessons to learn from the exception -the exception that we know very well today from the discoveries weve made and many other scholars have made around the world this slide was shown before this is the famous jurassic bird -we now know this transition is the one time that dinosaurs actually went below that body size were going to see where they began in a minute -and it is the one time that they rapidly invaded all the habitats i just told you that dinosaurs werent in they became marine we now know them today -from the ice caps theres burrowing birds they inhabit the trees at all body sizes and of course they inhabit the land so -we were the first to actually name that later exploded onto the pages of science and nature -we called this bird sinornis its a little bit more advanced than archaeopteryx and if you go to different layers you find things that are less advanced than archaeopteryx and every grade in between so that if you find something today -on the land the little bits of land floating around but they are important to us because theyre sort of in our scale of experience from millimeters to meters and these animals disappeared and a separate life -to those beds where they had picked up fragments go back to a time and a place where the earliest dinosaurs existed id like to call for -this little video clip to give you some idea of sort of what we face normally we get asked a lot of questions well how do you find fossils in areas that look like this if we could roll that first video clip this is sort of a -nice helicopter ride through those early beds and theyre located in northeastern argentina and were coming over a cliff and at the top of that cliff dinosaurs had basically taken over -at the bottom of the cliff we find that theyre rare as hens teeth thats where dinosaur origins is to be found at the bottom of the cliff you go into an area like this you get a geologic map you get a topographic map and the best most inspired team -you can bring to the area and the rest is up to you youve got to find fossils youve got to dig a hole thats usually quite a bit bigger than that to get it out youve got to climb those cliffs and find -really everything that existed not just the dinosaurs but the entire story if youre lucky and you dig a place like that you actually find the ash bed to dig it and we did -two hundred and twenty eight million years old we found what really is the most primitive dinosaur thats the ur dinosaur a three and a half foot thing beautiful skull predator meat eater a two legged animal -so all the other dinosaurs that you know or your kids know at least on four legs this is sort of a look at the skull and its an absolutely fantastic thing about five or six inches long it looks rather bird like because it is its bird like and hollow a predator -maybe twenty five pounds or ten kilograms thats where dinosaurs began thats where the radiation began that is ten times larger -than the mammal radiation which was a four legged radiation we are extremely dinosaur like and unusual in our two legged approach to life -now if you want to understand what happened then when the continents broke apart and dinosaurs found landlubbers as they are found themselves adrift -mammals radiated out to take their place and so we know this in extraordinary detail and so this is a core from near bermuda we know that the tsunamis the earthquakes and the things that weve experienced in the entire record of humankind history -been to some of those continents but africa was in the words of steven pinker was a blank slate largely but one with an immense chalkboard in the middle -with lots of little areas of dinosaur rock if you could survive an expedition theres no roads into the sahara its an enormous place to -be able to excavate the eighty tons of dinosaurs that we have in the sahara and take them out you really have to put together an expedition team -that can handle the conditions some of them are political many of them are physical some of them the most important are mental and you really have to be able to withstand -people who understand science as adventure with a purpose theyre usually students whove never seen a desert some of them are more experienced your job as a leader this is definitely a team sport -so you cant leave your normal metal tools out because youll get a first degree burn if you grab them sometimes so you are finding yourself also in an amazing cultural milieu -really rubbing shoulders with the worlds last great nomadic people these are the tuareg nomads and theyre living their lives much -they have for centuries your job is to excavate things like this in the foreground and make them enter the pages of history to do that youve got to actually transport them thousands of miles out of the desert -you transported the bones out yourself to the coast of africa onto a boat if you wanted to get them out of the middle of the sahara thats a two thousand mile journey -really quite get around the kind of disaster that this represented for the earth so -so enormous excavations and a lot of work and out of essentially a partial herd of dinosaurs that you saw buried there twenty tons of material -we erect jobaria a sauropod dinosaur like we havent seen on some other continents it really is a little bit out of place temporally it looks nothing like what we would find if we dug in contemporary beds in north america heres the animal that was causing it trouble -and you know on and on a whole menagerie when you pick up something like this and some of you have had the chance to touch it this is a piece of history youre touching something thats one hundred and ten millions years old this is a thumb claw there it was moments after it was discovered it is an incredible view of life and it really began when we began to understand -the depth of time its only been with us for less than a century and in that time that fourth dimension when radioactive dating came about less than a century ago and we could actually tell how old some of these things -is probably the most profound transformation because it changes the way we look at ourselves and the world dramatically when you pick up a piece of history like that i think it can transform -even before that impact was known even before scientists in general came to an agreement over the theory of evolution -kids that are possibly interested in science thats the animal that thumb claw came from suchamimus heres some others -this is something we found in morocco an immense animal we prototyped by cat scanning the brain out of this animal it turns out to have a forebrain one fifteenth the size of a human -this was the cover of science because they thought that humans were more intelligent than these animals but we can see by some in our administration that despite -the enormous advantage in brain volume some of the attitudes remain the same anyway -smaller raptors all the stuff from jurassic park that you know of all those small animals they all come from northern continents this is the first skeleton from a southern continent and guess what you start preparing it -it has no big claw on its hind foot it doesnt look like a velociraptor its really a wholly separate radiation so what were trying to piece together here is a story it involves flying reptiles like this pterosaur that we reconstructed from africa -lower jaw just laying there in the desert of this enormous crocodile the crocodile is technically called sarcosuchus thats an adult orinoco crocodile in its jaws -scientists and natural historians of all kinds of stripes actually had divided earths lifes history into these two episodes mesozoic the middle life and -to try and reconstruct this we had to actually look at recent crocodiles to understand how crocodiles scale could i have the second little video clip now this field is just and of course science in general is -the largest crocodiles living today as long as -that set of choppers yeah hes a big one if they can just land -this croc will provide useful data helping paul in his quest to understand sarcosuchus -it -the -a fourteen foot croc -i knew -dont get off you dont get off but dont worry about me -the cenozoic the recent life and as it turns out it actually corresponds really nicely with geologic history so we have a mesozoic period -the fossil record is truly amazing because it really forces you to look at living animals in a new way we proved with those measurements that crocodiles scaled isometrically it depended on the shape of their skull though so we had to actually get those measurements -to be sure that we had reconstructed and could prove to the scientific world that supercroc in fact is a forty foot crocodile probably a male -anyway you find other things too im going to lead an expedition to the sahara to dig up africas largest neolithic site we found this -of the colonization of the sahara five thousand years ago is been sitting out there waiting for us to go back so -really exciting and then work later is going to take us to tibet now we normally think of tibet as a highland its really an island continent it was a precursor to india a messenger from -a lost paradise of dinosaurs isolated for millions of years no ones found them we know where they are and were going to go and get them next year -an age of fragmentation and a cenozoic period an age of reconnection south america to north america india to asia -theyre only between thirteen and fourteen thousand feet but if you go in the warm part of the year its ok now i tried to suture together a dinosaur evolutionary history so that we can try to -with regard to the biogeographic question the earth is dividing these are all landlubbing animals theres a couple of choices you get divided and a -youre living peacefully on each side and on one side you just go extinct and you survive on the other side and create a difference and the fourth thing is that -you actually did one or the other of those three things but the paleontologist never found you and you take those four instances -and so my work really is trying to understand the character of that mesozoic radiation compared to the cenozoic radiation to see what mysteries we can understand from dinosaurs and from other animals about what life -two or three degrees of the pole to maintain similarity between continents but when they were divided indeed they were divided and we do see the continents -it carves up the history of life and gives us the differences that we see in the dinosaur world towards the end right before the bolide impact -the best way to test this is to actually create a model so if we move back this is a two dimensional typical tree of life i want to give you three dimensions so -you see the tree of life -but now ive added the dimension of area so the tree of life is normally divergence over time -now we have divergence over time but weve created the third dimension of area this is a computer program which has three knobs we can control those things that were worried about extinction -sampling dispersal -going from one area to another and ultimately we can control the branching to mimic what we think the continents were like and run it a thousand times so we can estimate the parameters to answer the question whether we are on the mark or not at least to know -it involved seventeen different projects around the world as you can see these are the footprints of the different projects and i hope youll appreciate the level of global coverage that it managed to achieve it all began when two scientists fred grassle and jesse ausubel met in woods hole massachusetts where both were guests at the famed oceanographic institute -and fred was lamenting the state of marine biodiversity and the fact that it was in trouble and nothing was being done about it well from that discussion grew this program that involved two thousand seven hundred scientists from more than eighty countries around the world who engaged in five hundred and forty ocean expeditions -and so what did we find we found spectacular new species the most beautiful and visually stunning things everywhere we looked from the shoreline to the abyss form microbes all the way up to fish and everything in between -and the limiting step here wasnt the unknown diversity of life but rather the taxonomic specialists who can identify and catalog these species that became the limiting step they in fact are an endangered species themselves there are actually four to five new species described everyday for the oceans and as i say it could be a much larger number -cover some seventy percent of our planet and i think arthur c clarke probably had it right when he said that perhaps we ought to call our planet planet ocean -now i come from newfoundland in canada its an island off the east coast of that continent where we experienced one of the worst fishing disasters in human history -and so this photograph shows a small boy next to a codfish its around one thousand nine hundred now when i was a boy of about his age i would go out fishing with my grandfather and we would catch fish about half that size and i thought that was the norm because i had never seen fish like this if you were to go out there today twenty years after this fishery collapsed -if you could catch a fish which would be a bit of a challenge it would be half that size still so what were experiencing is something called shifting baselines our expectations of what the oceans can produce is something that we dont really appreciate because we havent seen it in our lifetimes -now most of us and i would say me included think that human exploitation of the oceans really only became very serious in the last fifty to perhaps one hundred years or so -the census actually tried to look back in time using every source of information they could get their hands on and so anything from restaurant menus to monastery records to ships logs to see what the oceans looked like because science data really goes back to at best world war ii for the most part -and so what they found in fact is that exploitation really began heavily with the romans and so at that time of course there was no refrigeration so fishermen could only catch what they could either eat or sell that day -but the romans developed salting and with salting it became possible to store fish and to transport it long distances and so began industrial fishing -and so these are the sorts of extrapolations that we have of what sort of loss weve had relative to pre human impacts on the ocean they range from sixty five to ninety eight percent for these major groups of organisms as shown in the dark blue bars -now for those species the we managed to leave alone that we protect for example marine mammals in recent years and sea birds there is some recovery so its not all hopeless but for the most part weve gone from salting to exhausting -now this other line of evidence is a really interesting one its from trophy fish caught off the coast of florida and so this is a photograph from the one thousand nine hundred and fifty s i want you to notice the scale on the slide because when you see the same picture from the one thousand nine hundred and eighty s we see the fish are much smaller and were also seeing a change in terms of the composition of those fish -by two thousand and seven the catch was actually laughable in terms of the size for a trophy fish but this is no laughing matter the oceans have lost a lot of their productivity and were responsible for it -so one of the tools that we use to sample the deep ocean are remotely operated vehicles so these are tethered vehicles we lower down to the sea floor where theyre our eyes and our hands for working on the sea bottom -so a couple of years ago i was supposed to go on an oceanographic cruise and i couldnt go because of a scheduling conflict -but through a satellite link i was able to sit at my study at home with my dog curled up at my feet a cup of tea in my hand and i could tell the pilot i want a sample right there and thats exactly what the pilot did for me thats the sort of technology thats available today that really wasnt available even a decade ago so it allows us to sample these amazing habitats -that are very far from the surface and very far from light -and so one of the tools that we can use to sample the oceans is acoustics or sound waves and the advantage of sound waves is that they actually pass well through water unlike light and so we can send out sound waves they bounce off objects like fish and are reflected back -in addition to that it harbors a lot of the biodiversity on earth and much of it we dont know about but ill tell you some of that today that also doesnt even get into the whole protein extraction that we do from the ocean thats about ten percent of our global needs and one hundred percent of some island nations -and so in this example a census scientist took out two ships one would send out sound waves that would bounce back they would be received by a second ship and that would give us very precise estimates in this case of two hundred and fifty billion herring in a period of about a minute and thats an area about the size of manhattan island -and to be able to do that is a tremendous fisheries tool because knowing how many fish are there is really critical -we can also use satellite tags to track animals as they move through the oceans and so for animals that come to the surface to breathe such as this elephant seal its an opportunity to send data back to shore and tell us where exactly it is in the ocean -and so from that we can produce these tracks for example the dark blue shows you where the elephant seal moved in the north pacific now i realize for those of you who are colorblind this slide is not very helpful but stick with me nonetheless -for animals that dont surface we have something called pop up tags which collect data about light and what time the sun rises and sets and then at some period of time it pops up to the surface and again relays that data back to shore because gps doesnt work under water thats why we need these tools -and so from this were able to identify these blue highways these hot spots in the ocean that should be real priority areas for ocean conservation -now one of the other things that you may think about is that when you go to the supermarket and you buy things theyre scanned and so theres a barcode on that product that tells the computer exactly what the product is -geneticists have developed a similar tool called genetic barcoding and what barcoding does is use a specific gene called co one thats consistent within a species but varies among species and so what that means is we can unambiguously identify which species are which even if they look similar to each other but may be biologically quite different -now one of the nicest examples i like to cite on this is the story of two young women high school students in new york city who worked with the census they went out and collected fish from markets and from restaurants in new york city and they barcoded it well what they found was mislabeled fish -so for example they found something which was sold as tuna which is very valuable was in fact tilapia which is a much less valuable fish -they also found an endangered species sold as a common one so barcoding allows us to know what were working with and also what were eating -the ocean biogeographic information system is the database for all the census data its open access you can all go in and download data as you wish -and it contains all the data from the census plus other data sets that people were willing to contribute and so what you can do with that is to plot the distribution of species and where they occur in the oceans what ive plotted up here is the data that we have on hand this is where our sampling effort has concentrated now what you can see is weve sampled the area in the north atlantic -in the north sea in particular and also the east coast of north america fairly well thats the warm colors which show a well sampled region the cold colors the blue and the black show areas where we have almost no data so even after a ten year census there are large areas that still remain unexplored -if you were to descend into the ninety five percent of the biosphere thats livable it would quickly become pitch black interrupted only by pinpoints of light from bioluminescent organisms and if you turn the lights on you might periodically see spectacular organisms swim by because those are the denizens of the deep the things that live in the deep ocean -now there are a group of scientists living in texas working in the gulf of mexico who decided really as a labor of love to pull together all the knowledge they could about biodiversity in the gulf of mexico and so they put this together a list of all the species where theyre known to occur and it really seemed like a very esoteric scientific type of exercise -so one of the things we discovered is where are the hot spots of diversity where do we find the most species of ocean life -and what we find if we plot up the well known species is this sort of a distribution -and what we see is that for coastal tags for those organisms that live near the shoreline theyre most diverse in the tropics this is something weve actually known for a while so its not a real breakthrough what is really exciting though is that the oceanic tags or the ones that live far from the coast are actually more diverse at intermediate latitudes -this is the sort of data again that managers could use if they want to prioritize areas of the ocean that we need to conserve you can do this on a global scale but you can also do it on a regional scale and thats why biodiversity data can be so valuable -now while a lot of the species we discovered in the census are things that are small and hard to see that certainly wasnt always the case for example while its hard to believe that a three kilogram lobster could elude scientists it did until a few years ago when south african fishermen requested an export permit and scientists realized that this was something new to science -similarly this golden v kelp collected in alaska just below the low water mark is probably a new species even though its three meters long it actually again eluded science -now this guy this bigfin squid is seven meters in length but to be fair it lives in the deep waters of the mid atlantic ridge so it was a lot harder to find -but theres still potential for discovery of big and exciting things -this particular shrimp weve dubbed it the jurassic shrimp its thought to have gone extinct fifty years ago at least it was until the census discovered it was living and doing just fine off the coast of australia and it shows that the ocean because of its vastness can hide secrets for a very long time so steven spielberg eat your heart out -if we look at distributions in fact distributions change dramatically and so one of the records that we had was this sooty shearwater which undergoes these spectacular migrations all the way from new zealand all the way up to alaska and back again in search of endless summer as they complete their life cycles -we also talked about the white shark cafe this is a location in the pacific where white shark converge we dont know why they converge there we simply dont know thats a question for the future -and eventually the deep sea floor would come into view this type of habitat covers more of the earths surface than all other habitats combined and yet we know more about the surface of the moon and about mars than we do about this habitat despite the fact that we have yet to extract a gram of food a breath of oxygen or a drop of water from those bodies -one of the things that were taught in high school is that all animals require oxygen in order to survive now this little critter its only about half a millimeter in size not terribly charismatic -but it was only discovered in the early one thousand nine hundred and eighty s but the really interesting thing about it is that a few years ago census scientists discovered that this guy can thrive in oxygen poor sediments in the deep mediterranean sea so now they know that in fact animals can live without oxygen at least some of them and that they can adapt to even the harshest of conditions -if you were to suck all the water out of the ocean this is what youd be left behind with and thats the biomass of life on the sea floor now what we see is huge biomass towards the poles and not much biomass in between -we found life in the extremes and so there were new species that were found that live inside ice and help to support an ice based food web and we also found this spectacular yeti crab that lives near boiling hot hydrothermal vents at easter island and this particular species really captured the publics attention -we also found the deepest vents known yet five thousand meters the hottest vents at four hundred and seven degrees celsius vents in the south pacific and also in the arctic where none had been found before so even new environments are still within the domain of the discoverable now in terms of the unknowns there are many and im just going to summarize just a few of them very quickly for you -first of all we might ask how many fishes in the sea we actually know the fishes better than we do any other group in the ocean other than marine mammals -and so we can actually extrapolate based on rates of discovery how many more species were likely to discover and from that we actually calculate that we know about sixteen thousand five hundred marine species and there are probably another one thousand to four thousand left to go so weve done pretty well weve got about seventy five percent of the fish maybe as much as ninety percent -but the fishes as i say are the best known so our level of knowledge is much less for other groups of organisms -now this figure is actually based on a brand new paper thats going to come out in the journal plos biology and what is does is predict how many more species there are on land and in the ocean -and what they found is that they think that we know of about nine percent of the species in the ocean that means ninety one percent even after the census still remain to be discovered and so that turns out to be about two million species once all is said and done so we still have quite a lot of work to do in terms of unknowns -now this bacterium is part of mats that are found off the coast of chile and these mats actually cover an area the size of greece -and so this particular bacterium is actually visible to the naked eye but you can imagine the biomass that represents but the really intriguing thing about the microbes is just how diverse they are a single drop of seawater could contain one hundred and sixty different types of microbes -and the oceans themselves are thought potentially to contain as many as a billion different types so thats really exciting what are they all doing out there we actually dont know -the most exciting thing i would say about this census is the role of global science and so as we see in this image of light during the night there are lots of areas of the earth where human development is much greater and other areas where its much less but between them we see large dark areas of relatively unexplored ocean -the other point id like to make about this is that this oceans interconnected marine organisms do not care about international boundaries they move where they will and so the importance then of global collaboration becomes all the more important -and so ten years ago an international program began called the census of marine life which set out to try and improve our understanding of life in the global oceans -weve lost a lot of paradise for example these tuna that were once so abundant in the north sea are now effectively gone there were trawls taken in the deep sea in the mediterranean which collected more garbage than they did animals and thats the deep sea thats the environment that we consider to be among the most pristine left on earth -and there are a lot of other pressures ocean acidification is a really big issue that people are concerned with as well as ocean warming and the effects theyre going to have on coral reefs on the scale of decades in our lifetimes were going to see a lot of damage to coral reefs -and i could spend the rest of my time which is getting very limited going through this litany of concerns about the ocean but i want to end on a more positive note -and so the grand challenge then is to try and make sure that we preserve whats left because there is still spectacular beauty and the oceans are so productive theres so much going on in there thats of relevance to humans that we really need to even from a selfish perspective try to do better than we have in the past so we need to recognize those hot spots and do our best to protect them -when we look at pictures like this they take our breath away in addition to helping to give us breath -census scientists worked in the rain they worked in the cold they worked under water and they worked above water trying to illuminate the wondrous discovery the still vast unknown the spectacular adaptations that we see in ocean life -so whether youre a yak herder living in the mountains of chile whether youre a stockbroker in new york city or whether youre a tedster living in edinburgh the oceans matter and as the oceans go so shall we thanks for listening -the mycelium has converted the cellulose -go from cellulose to ethanol -is ecologically unintelligent -and i think that we need to be econologically intelligent about the generation of fuels so we build the carbon banks on the planet renew the soils these are a species that we need to join with -so i hope to pierce that prejudice forever with this group we call it mycophobia the irrational fear of the unknown -can help save the world thank you very much -it comes to fungi mushrooms are very fast in their growth day twenty one day twenty three day twenty five -we share in common the same pathogens fungi dont like to rot from bacteria and so our best antibiotics come from fungi -but here is a mushroom thats past its prime after they sporulate they do rot but i propose to you that the sequence of microbes that occur on rotting mushrooms are essential for the health of the forest they give rise to the trees they create the debris fields that feed the mycelium -i love a challenge and saving the earth is probably a good one we all know the earth is in trouble -and so we see a mushroom here sporulating -and the spores are germinating and the mycelium forms and goes underground in a single cubic inch of soil there can be more than eight miles of these cells my foot is covering approximately three hundred miles of mycelium -this is photo micrographs from nick read and patrick hickey and notice that as the mycelium grows it conquers territory and then it begins the net -we exhale carbon dioxide so does mycelium it inhales oxygen just like we do but these are essentially externalized stomachs -we have now entered in the six x the sixth major extinction on this planet i often wondered if there was a united organization of organisms otherwise known as -and so the spongy soil not only resists erosion but sets up a microbial universe that gives rise to a plurality of other organisms -i first proposed in the early nineteen nineties that mycelium is earths natural internet -when you look at the mycelium -highly branched and if theres one branch that is broken then very quickly because of the nodes of crossing internet engineers maybe call them hot points theres alternative pathways for channeling nutrients -so i believe the invention of the computer internet is an inevitable consequence of a previously proven biologically successful model -the earth invented the computer internet for its own benefit and we now being the top -organism on this planet are trying to allocate resources in order to protect the biosphere -way out dark matter conforms to the same mycelial archetype -i believe matter begets life life becomes single cells single cells become strings strings become chains chains network and this is the paradigm that we see throughout -most of you may not know that fungi were the first organisms to come to land they came to land one point three billion years ago -and plants followed several hundred million years later how is that possible -every organism had a right to vote would we be voted on the planet or off the planet i think that vote is occurring right now -and the first step in the generation of soil -oxalic acid is two carbon dioxide molecules joined together -so fungi and mycelium sequester carbon dioxide in the form of calcium oxalates and all sorts of other oxalates are also sequestering -four hundred and twenty million years ago -this organism existed it was called prototaxites prototaxites -laying down was about three feet tall -the tallest plants on earth at that -time were less than two feet -doctor boyce at the university of chicago -were dotted these giant mushrooms -and these existed for tens of millions of years -i want to present to you a suite of six mycological solutions using fungi and these solutions are based -and fungi inherited the earth -those organisms that paired with fungi were rewarded -fungi do not need light -more recently at einstein university they just determined -fungi use radiation as a source of energy much like plants use light -so the prospect of fungi existing on other planets elsewhere i think is a foregone conclusion at least in my own mind -the largest organism in the world is in eastern oregon i couldnt miss it it was two thousand two hundred acres in size -two hundred acres in size two thousand years old the largest organism on the planet is a mycelial mat one cell wall thick -how is it that this organism -can be so large and yet be one cell wall thick whereas we have five or six skin layers that protect us the mycelium in the right conditions produces a mushroom -with enzymes one pile was treated with bacteria and our pile we inoculated with mushroom mycelium -the mycelium absorbs the oil -enzymes peroxydases that break carbon hydrogen bonds these are the same bonds that hold hydrocarbons together so the mycelium becomes saturated with the oil -the enzymes re manufactured the hydrocarbons into carbohydrates fungal sugars -in my life they sporulated the spores attract insects the insects laid eggs eggs became larvae birds then came -in seeds and our pile became an oasis of life -the other three piles were dead dark and stinky and the pahs the aromatic hydrocarbons went from ten thousand parts per million to less than two hundred in eight weeks -the last image we dont have the entire pile was a green berm of life these are gateway species vanguard species that open the door for -you can take these burlap sacks and put them downstream from a farm thats producing e coli or other wastes or a factory with chemical toxins and it leads to habitat restoration -so we set up a site in mason county washington and weve seen a dramatic decrease in the amount of coliforms and ill show you a graph here this is a logarithmic scale ten to the eighth power theres more than a one hundred million colonies per gram -so this one mushroom in particular has drawn our interest over time this is my wife dusty with a mushroom called fomitopsis officinalis agaricon its a mushroom exclusive to the old growth forest that dioscorides first described in sixty five a d as a treatment against consumption -this is extremely rare fungus -our team and we have a team of experts that go out we went out twenty times in the old growth forest last year we found one sample to be able to get into culture -the u s defense department bioshield program we submitted over three hundred samples of mushrooms that were boiled in hot water and mycelium harvesting these extracellular metabolites and a few years ago we received these results -we have three different strains of agaricon mushrooms that were highly active against pox viruses doctor earl kern whos a smallpox expert of the u s defense department -we have now discovered that there is a multi directional transfer of nutrients between plants mitigated by the mcyelium so the mycelium is the mother that is giving nutrients from alder and birch trees to hemlocks cedars and douglas firs -theres a vetted press release that you can read its vetted by dod if you google stamets and smallpox or you can go to npr org and listen to a live interview so encouraged by this -and so for the first time i am showing this we have three different strains of agaricon mushrooms highly active against flu viruses heres the selectivity index numbers against pox you saw ten and twenties -now against flu viruses compared to the ribavirin controls we have an extraordinarily high activity and were using a natural extract within the same dosage window as a pure -index -i then think that we can make the argument -i did something that nobody else had done i actually chased the mycelium when it stopped producing spores these are spores this is in their spores i was able to morph the culture into a non sporulating form -and so the industry has spent over one hundred million dollars specifically on bait stations to prevent termites from eating your house but the insects arent stupid and they would avoid the spores when they came close and so i morphed the cultures into a non sporulating form -the ants were attracted to the mycelium because theres no spores they gave it to the queen one week later i had no sawdust piles whatsoever -we like to say on sunday this is where we go to church -and then a delicate dance between dinner and death the mycelium is consumed by the ants they become mummified and boing a mushroom pops out of their head -now after sporulation the spores repel so the house is no -longer suitable for invasion -so you have a near permanent solution for re invasion of termites and so my house came down i received my first patent against carpenter ants termites and fire ants -im in love with the old growth forest and im a patriotic american because we have those -then received my second patent and this is a big one its been called an alexander graham bell patent it covers over two hundred thousand species this is the most disruptive technology ive been told by executives of the pesticide industry that they have ever witnessed -this could totally revamp the pesticide industries throughout the world you could fly one hundred ph d students under the umbrella of this concept because my supposition is that entomopathogenic fungi prior to sporulation attract the very insects that are otherwise repelled by those spores -the life box youre gonna be getting a dvd of the ted conference -you add soil you add water -you have mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi as well as spores like of the agaricon mushroom the seeds then are mothered by this mycelium -and then you put tree seeds in here and then you end up growing potentially an old growth -from a cardboard box i want to re invent the delivery system and the use of cardboard around the world so they become ecological footprints if theres a youtube like -most of you are familiar with portobello mushrooms and frankly i face a big obstacle when i mention mushrooms to somebody they immediately think portobellos or magic mushrooms their eyes glaze over and they -site that you could put up you could make it interactive zip code specific where people could join together and through satellite imaging systems through virtual earth or google earth you could confirm carbon credits are being sequestered by the trees that are coming through life boxes -you could take a cardboard box delivering shoes you could add water i developed this for the refugee community corns beans and squash and onions i took several containers my wife said if i could do this anybody could -and i ended up growing a seed garden then you harvest the seeds and thank you eric rasmussen for your help on this and then youre harvesting the seed garden then you can harvest the kernels -now three corn cobs no other grain lots of mushrooms begin to form -and so this population will be shut down but watch what happens here -in other words that was the first creature in the history of the world that had a computer as its parent it did not have an organic -now were entering a third great wave of -and so we need to ask ourselves some questions for the first time in the history of this planet we are able to directly design organisms we can manipulate the plasmas of life with unprecedented power -evolutionary history which has been called many things intentional evolution evolution -and it confers on us a responsibility is everything okay is it okay to manipulate and create whatever creatures we want -do we have free reign to design animals do we get to go someday to pets r us and say look i want a dog id like it to have the head of a dachshund the body of a retriever maybe some pink fur and lets make it glow in the dark -does industry get to create creatures who in their milk in their blood and in their saliva and other bodily fluids create the drugs and industrial molecules we want and then warehouse them as organic manufacturing machines -do we get to create organic robots where we remove the autonomy from these animals and turn them just into our -by design very different than intelligent design whereby we are actually now -its already happening its not science fiction -we are not only already using these things in animals some of them were already beginning to use on our own bodies -we are now taking control of our own evolution we are directly designing the future of the species of this planet -intentionally designing and altering the physiological -forms that inhabit our planet so i want to take you through a kind of whirlwind tour of that and then at the end talk a little bit about what some of the implications are for us and for our species as well as our cultures because of this change now we actually have been doing it for a long time -we started selectively breeding animals many many thousands of years ago -design but not design as we usually think about it i want to talk about what is happening now in our scientific biotechnological culture where for really the first time in history we have the power to design bodies to design animal bodies to design human -and if you think of dogs for example dogs are now intentionally designed creatures there isnt a dog on this earth thats a natural creature dogs are the result of selectively breeding traits that we like -but we had to do it the hard way in the old days by choosing offspring that looked a particular way and then breeding them we dont have to do it that way anymore this is a beefalo -a beefalo is a buffalo cattle hybrid and they are now making them and someday perhaps pretty soon you will have beefalo patties in your local supermarket -this is a geep a goat sheep hybrid the scientists that made this cute little creature ended up slaughtering it and eating it afterwards i think they said it tasted like chicken -this is a cama -of a llama and they are now using these in certain cultures then theres the liger -this is the largest cat in the world the lion tiger hybrid its bigger than a tiger -and in the case of the liger there actually have been one or two that have been seen in the wild -none of this is photoshopped these are real creatures and so one of the things weve been doing is using genetic enhancement or genetic manipulation of normal selective breeding pushed a little bit through genetics -and if that were all this was about then it would be an interesting thing but something much much more powerful is happening now -these are normal mammalian cells genetically engineered with a bioluminescent gene taken out of deep sea jellyfish we all know that some -deep sea creatures glow well theyve now taken that gene that bioluminescent gene and put it into mammal cells these are normal cells and what you see here is these cells -glowing in the dark under certain wavelengths of light once they could do that with cells they could do it with organisms so they did it with mouse pups -and by the way the reason the kittens here are orange and these are green is because thats a bioluminescent gene from coral while this is from jellyfish they did it with pigs -they did it with puppies and -and if you can do it with monkeys though the great leap in trying to genetically manipulate is actually between monkeys and apes if they can do it in monkeys they can probably figure out how to do it in apes which means they can -bodies -do it in human beings -in other words it is theoretically possible that before too long we will be biotechnologically capable of creating human beings that glow in the dark -in the history of our planet there have been three great waves of evolution -be easier to find us at night and in fact right now in many states you can go out and you can buy bioluminescent pets -these are zebra fish theyre normally black and silver these are zebra fish that have been genetically engineered to be yellow green red and they are actually available now in certain states other states have banned them nobody knows what to do with these kinds of creatures -genetically engineered -to ban -the salmon on top is a genetically engineered chinook salmon using a gene from these salmon and from one other fish that we eat to make it grow much faster using a lot less feed -and right now the fda is trying to make a final decision on whether pretty soon you could be eating this fish itll be sold in the stores and before you get too worried about it here in the united states the majority of food you buy in the supermarket already has genetically modified components to it -the first wave of evolution is what we think of as darwinian evolution so as you all know species lived in particular ecological niches and particular environments and the pressures of those environments selected which changes through random mutation in species were going to be preserved -so even as we worry about it we have allowed it to go on in this country much different in europe without any regulation and even without any identification on -all the first cloned animals of their type so in the lower right here you have dolly the first cloned sheep -now happily stuffed in a museum in edinburgh ralph the rat the first cloned rat -cc the cat for cloned cat -snuppy the first cloned dog snuppy for seoul national university puppy created in south korea by the very same man that some of you may remember had to end up resigning in disgrace because he claimed he had cloned a human embryo which he had not -he actually was the first person to clone a dog which is a very difficult thing to do because dog genomes are very plastic -this is prometea the first cloned horse its a haflinger horse cloned in italy a real gold ring of cloning because there are many horses that win important races who are geldings -in other words the equipment to put them out to stud has been removed but if you can clone that horse you can have both the advantage of having a gelding run in the race and his -identical genetic duplicate can then be put out to stud these were the first cloned calves the first cloned grey wolves and then finally the first cloned piglets alexis chista carrel janie and dotcom -drugs and other things in their bodies that we want to create so with antithrombin in that goat that goat has been genetically modified so that the molecules of its milk -actually include the molecule -of antithrombin that gtc genetics wants to create -and then in addition transgenic pigs knockout pigs from the national institute of animal science in south korea are pigs that they are going to use in fact to try to create all kinds of -drugs and other industrial types of chemicals that they want the blood and the milk of these animals to produce for them instead of producing them in an industrial way -these are two creatures that were -is an endangered southeast asian ungulate a somatic cell a body cell was taken -then human beings stepped out of the darwinian flow of evolutionary history and created the second great wave of evolution which was we changed the environment in which we evolved -body -which actually raises an interesting biological problem we have two kinds of dna in our bodies we have our nucleic dna that everybody thinks of as our dna but we also have dna in our mitochondria which are the energy packets of the cell that dna is passed down through our mothers -so really what you end up having -yet how to solve -electrodes in its ganglia and its brain -and then a transmitter on top and its on a big computer tracking ball and now using a joystick they can send this creature around the lab -and control whether it goes left or right forwards or backwards theyve created a kind of insect bot or bugbot it gets worse than that or perhaps better than that -this actually is one of darpas very important darpa is the defense research agency one of their projects these goliath beetles are wired in their wings they have a computer chip strapped to their backs -and they can fly these creatures around the lab they can make them go left right they can make them take off they cant actually make them land they put them about one inch above the ground and then they shut everything off and they go pfft but its the closest they can get to a landing -and in fact this technology has gotten so developed that this creature this is a moth this is the moth in its pupa stage and thats when they put the wires in and they put in the -its not just insects this is the ratbot or the robo rat by sanjiv talwar at suny downstate again its got technology its got electrodes going into its left and right hemispheres its got a camera on top of its head the scientists can make this -creature go left right they have it running through mazes controlling where its going theyve now created an organic -robot the graduate students in sanjiv talwars lab said is this ethical weve taken away the autonomy of this animal -theres also been work done with monkeys this is miguel nicolelis of duke he took owl monkeys -wired them up so that a computer watched their brains while they moved especially looking at the movement of their right arm the computer learned what the monkey brain did to move its arm in various ways they then hooked it up to a prosthetic arm which you see here in the picture -in the other room do whatever the monkeys arm did then he put a video -monitor in the monkeys cage that showed the monkey this prosthetic arm and the monkey got fascinated the monkey recognized that whatever she did with her arm this prosthetic arm would do and eventually she was moving -to have three independent functional arms -flow of our evolution -put them on a chip they self aggregated into a network became an integrated chip -as the it piece of a mechanism which ran a flight simulator so now we have organic computer chips made out of living self aggregating neurons -by changing our environment we put new pressures on our bodies to evolve whether it was through settling down in agricultural communities all the way through modern medicine we have changed our own evolution -independent lamprey eel brain this is a brain from a lamprey eel it is living fully intact brain in a nutrient medium with these electrodes going off -to the sides attached photosensitive sensors to the brain put it into a cart heres the cart the brain is sitting there in the middle and using this brain as the sole processor for this cart when you turn on a light and shine it at the cart the cart moves toward the light when you turn it off it moves away -i dont know but in fact -it is a fully living brain that we have managed to keep alive to do our bidding so -we are now at the stage where we are creating creatures for our own purposes this is a mouse created by charles vacanti of the university of massachusetts -he -altered this mouse so that it was genetically engineered to have skin that was less immunoreactive to human skin -this is where we are in this process -finally -not that long ago craig venter created the first artificial cell where he took a cell took a dna synthesizer which is a machine created an artificial genome put it in a different cell the genome was not of the cell he put it in and that cell then reproduced as the other cell -but in humans it was only known to facilitate birth and breastfeeding in women and is released by both sexes during sex -so i had this idea that oxytocin might be the moral molecule i did what most of us do i tried it on some colleagues one of them told me paul that is the worlds stupidist idea -it is he said only a female molecule it cant be that important but i countered well mens brains make this too there must be a reason why -but he was right it was a stupid idea but it was testably stupid in other words i thought i could design an experiment to see if oxytocin made people moral -turns out it wasnt so easy -first of all oxytocin is a shy molecule baseline levels are near zero without some stimulus to cause its release and when its produced it has a three minute half life and degrades rapidly at room temperature so this experiment would have to cause a surge of oxytocin have to grab it fast and keep it cold -i think i can do that now luckily oxytocin is produced both in the brain and in the blood -so i could do this experiment without learning neurosurgery -then i had to measure morality so taking on morality with a capital m is a huge project so i started smaller i studied one single virtue -trustworthiness why i had shown in the early two thousand s that countries with a higher proportion of trustworthy people are more prosperous so in these countries more economic transactions occur and more wealth is created alleviating poverty so poor countries are by and large low trust countries -so what we do in my lab is we tempt people with virtue and vice by using money let me show you how we do that so we recruit some people for an experiment -and ship it to someone else in the lab -the trick is you cant see them you cant talk to them you only do it one time -now whatever you give up gets tripled -in the other persons account -but in fact economists were flummoxed on why the second person would ever return any money they assumed money is good why not keep it all thats not what we found we found ninety percent of the first decision makers sent money and of those who received money ninety five percent returned some of it -but why well by measuring oxytocin we found that the more money the second person received the more their brain produced oxytocin and the more oxytocin on board the more money they returned -so we have a biology of trustworthiness but wait whats wrong with this experiment -two things one is that nothing in the body happens in isolation so we measured nine other molecules that interact with oxytocin but they didnt have any effect -but the second is that i still only had this indirect relationship between oxytocin and trustworthiness i didnt know for sure oxytocin caused trustworthiness -also known as my mom -i used everything short of a drill to get oxytocin into my own brain -and i found i could do it with a nasal inhaler -so along with colleagues in zurich we put two hundred men on oxytocin or placebo had that same trust test with money and we found that those on oxytocin not only showed more trust we can more than double the number of people who sent all their money to a stranger -all without altering mood or cognition -so oxytocin is the trust molecule -but is it the moral molecule -using the oxytocin inhaler -we ran more studies we showed that oxytocin infusion increases generosity in unilateral monetary transfers by eighty percent -as an altar boy i breathed in a lot of incense and i learned to say phrases in latin -we showed it increases donations to charity by fifty percent -but why do they do this what does it feel like when your brain is flooded with oxytocin to investigate this question we ran an experiment where we had people watch a video of a father and his four year old son and his son has terminal brain cancer -after they watched the video we had them rate their feelings and took blood before and after to measure oxytocin -but i also had time to think about whether my mothers top down morality applied to everybody i saw that people who were religious and non religious were equally obsessed with morality i thought maybe theres some earthly basis for moral decisions -the change in oxytocin predicted their feelings of empathy so its empathy that makes us connect to other people its empathy that makes us help other people its empathy that makes us moral -now this idea is not new -he said were social creatures so we share the emotions of others so if i do something that hurts you i feel that pain so i tend to avoid that if i do something that makes you happy i get to share your joy so i tend to do those things -now this is the same adam smith who seventeen years later would write a little book called the wealth of nations the founding document of economics but he was in fact a moral philosopher and he was right on why were moral -i just found the molecule behind it -but knowing that molecule is valuable -because it tells us how to turn up this behavior and what turns it off -in particular it tells us why we see immorality -you sit in a gas station all day you see lots of morality and immorality let me tell you so one sunday afternoon a man walks into my cashiers booth with this beautiful jewelry box opens it up and theres a pearl necklace inside and he said hey i was in the mens room i just found this what do you think we should do with it -again he asked me what do you think we should do -but i wanted to go further than to say our brains make us moral -so who are these people who manipulate our oxytocin systems we found testing thousands of individuals that five percent of the population dont release oxytocin on stimulus -so if you trust them their brains dont release oxytocin if theres money on the table they keep it all so theres a technical word for these people in my lab we call them -i want to know if theres a chemistry of morality i want to know -can be inhibited one is through improper nurturing so weve studied sexually abused women and about half those dont release oxytocin on stimulus -you need enough nurturing for this system to develop properly also high stress inhibits oxytocin so we all know this when were really stressed out were not acting our best -so we in experiments have administered testosterone to men and instead of sharing money they become selfish -if there was a moral molecule -but interestingly high testosterone males are also more likely to use their own money to punish others for being selfish -and we have testosterone and men have ten times the testosterone as women so men do this more than women we have testosterone that makes us want to punish people who behave immorally we dont need god or government telling us what to do its all inside of us -after ten years of experiments i found it would you like to see it i brought some with me this little syringe contains the moral molecule -two hundred people in this beautiful victorian mansion i didnt know a single person and i drove up in my rented vauxhall and i took out a centrifuge and dry ice and needles and tubes and i took -her mother thats right her mother was number two -then the grooms father then the groom then the family then the friends arrayed around the bride like planets around the sun -so i think it tells us that weve designed this ritual to connect us to this new couple -connect us emotionally why because we need them to be successful at reproducing to perpetuate the species -i took my blood before and after and i had a huge spike of oxytocin -and there are so many ways we can connect to people for example through social media many people are tweeting right now so we investigated the role of social media and found the using social media produced a solid double digit increase in oxytocin -so i ran this experiment recently for the korean broadcasting system and they had the reporters and their producers participate -and one of these guys he must have been twenty two he had one hundred and fifty percent spike in oxytocin i mean astounding no one has this so he was using social media in private when i wrote my report to the koreans i said look i dont know what this guy was doing but my guess was interacting with his mother or his girlfriend they checked -he was interacting on his girlfriends facebook page -there you go thats connection -very isolated tribes of subsistence farmers living as they have lived for millenia there are eight hundred different languages in the highlands these are the most primitive people in the world and they indeed also release oxytocin -s called oxytocin so oxytocin is a simple and ancient molecule found only in mammals in rodents it was known to make mothers care for their offspring and in some creatures allowed for toleration of burrowmates -so my penchant for hugging other people has earned me the nickname dr love -im happy to share a little more love in the world its great but heres your prescription from dr love eight hugs a day -but i was so utterly unqualified for this project and so utterly ridiculous and ignored the brief -so desperately that i think they just embraced it with wholeheartedness just completely because it was so goofy to begin with -and this is the bridge theyre actually painting up and preparing as we speak it will change every six months and it will become an art installation in the north side of pittsburgh -and it will probably become a landmark in the area john hockenberry told you a bit about my travail with citibank -that is now a ten year relationship and i still work with them and i actually am amused by them and like them and think that as a very very very very very big corporation they actually -keep their graphics very nice i drew the logo for citibank on a napkin in the first meeting that was the play part of the job -and then i spent a year going to long -showing how the citi logo made sense and how it was really derived from an umbrella and we made animations of these things and we came back and forth and back and forth and back and forth -and it was worth it because they bought this thing and it played out on such a grand scale and its so internationally recognizable -but more comfortable to endorse solemnity which is commonplace jogging which is commonplace and widely accepted as good for you is solemn -but for me it was actually a very very depressing year as a matter of fact they actually never bought onto the logo until fallon put it on its very good live richly campaign and then everybody accepted it all over the world -so during this time i needed some kind of counterbalance for this crazy crazy existence of going to these long idiotic meetings and i was up in my country house and for some reason i began painting these very -very involved laborious complicated maps of the entire world and listing every place on the planet and putting them in and misspelling them and putting things in the wrong spot and completely controlling the information -heres the united states every single city of the united states is on here and it hung for about eight months at the cooper hewitt and people walked up to it and they would point to a part of the map and theyd say oh ive been here and of course they couldnt have been because its in the wrong spot -one of my favorites was this painting i did of florida after the two -thousand election that has the election results rolling around in the water i keep that for evidence -somebody was up at my house and saw the paintings and recommended them to a gallery and i had a first show about two and a half years ago and i showed these paintings that -poker is serious washington d c is solemn new york is serious going to educational conferences to tell you anything about the future -im showing you now and then a funny thing happened they sold -one from the series this is a print from the united states which we did in red white and blue we began doing these big silkscreen prints -that i really had to paint these paintings much faster than i had ever done them and i they started to become more political and i picked -areas that sort of were in the news or that i had some feeling about and i began doing these things and then this funny thing happened i found that i was no longer at play i was actually in this solemn landscape of fulfilling an expectation -for a show which is not where i started with these things so while they became successful i know how to make them -so im not a neophyte and theyre no longer serious they have become solemn -and thats a terrifying factor when you start something and it turns that way because it means that all thats left for you is to go back and to find out what the next thing is -that you can push that you can invent that you can be ignorant about that you can be arrogant about that you can fail with -and that you can be a fool with because in the end thats how you grow and thats all that matters so im plugging along here and im just going to have to blow up the staircase thank you very much -is solemn taking a long walk by yourself during which you devise a foolproof scheme for robbing tiffanys is serious -now when i apply russell bakers definition of solemnity or seriousness to design it doesnt necessarily make any particular point about quality -solemn design is often important and very effective design solemn design is also socially correct -and is accepted by appropriate audiences its what right thinking designers and all the clients are striving for serious design serious play is something else -my work is play and i play when i design i even looked it up in the dictionary to make sure that i actually do that and the definition of play number one was engaging in a childlike activity or endeavor -for one thing it often happens spontaneously intuitively -accidentally or incidentally it can be achieved out of innocence or arrogance or out of selfishness sometimes out of carelessness but mostly its achieved through all those kind of crazy -often quite unsuccessful from the solemn point of view thats because the art of serious play is about invention change -not perfection perfection happens during solemn play now i always saw design careers -are very short and you make huge discoveries you sort of leap up very quickly in your youth thats because you dont know anything and you have a lot to learn and so that anything you do is a learning experience and youre just jumping right up there as you get older the risers get shallower and the steps get wider -and you start moving along at a slower pace because youre making fewer discoveries and as you get older and more decrepit you sort of inch along on this sort of depressing long staircase leading you into oblivion -i find its actually getting really hard to be serious im hired to be solemn but i find more and more that im solemn when i dont have to be -and what the way i looked at design and the way i looked at the world was what was going on around me and the things that came at the time i walked into design were the enemy -i really really really hated the typeface helvetica i thought the typeface helvetica -and number two was gambling and i realize i do both when im designing im both a kid and im gambling all the time -when i was in my college days this was the sort of design that was fashionable and popular this is actually quite a lovely book jacket by rudi de harra but i just hated it because it was designed with helvetica and i made parodies about it i just thought it was you know completely boring -so so my goal in life was to do stuff that wasnt made out of helvetica and to do stuff that wasnt made out of helvetica was actually kind of hard because you had to find -and there werent a lot of books about the history of design in the early seventies there werent there wasnt a plethora of design publishing you actually had to go to antique stores you had to go to europe you had to go places and find the stuff and what i responded to -you know art nouveau or deco or victorian typography -or things that were just completely not helvetica and i taught myself design this way and this was sort of my early years and i used these things -in really goofy ways on record covers and in my design i wasnt educated i just sort of put these things together i mixed up victorian designs with pop and i mixed up art nouveau with something else -kind of passion drove me into very serious play a kind of play i could never do now because im too well educated and theres -and i think that if youre not theres probably something inherently wrong with the structure or the situation youre in if youre a designer but the serious part is what threw me and i -form of youth where you can let yourself grow and play and be really a brat -and then accomplish things by the end of the seventies actually the stuff became known i mean these covers appeared all over the world and they started winning awards and -people knew them and i was suddenly a post modernist and i began a career as in my own business and first i was praised for it then criticized for it but the fact of the matter was i had become solemn -i didnt do what i think was a piece of serious work again for about fourteen years i spent most of the eighties being quite solemn turning out these sorts of designs that i was expected to do because -thats who i was and i was living in this cycle of going from serious to solemn to hackneyed to dead and getting rediscovered all over -so here was the second condition for which i think i accomplished some serious play -paul newman movie that i love called the verdict i dont know how many of you have seen it but its a beaut and in the movie he plays a down and out lawyer whos become an ambulance -and hes taken on hes given actually a malpractice suit to handle thats sort of an easy deal -and in the midst of trying to connect the deal he starts to empathize and identify with his client and he regains his morality and purpose and he goes on to win the case -and in the depth of despair in the midst of the movie when it looks like he cant pull this thing off and he needs this case he needs to win this case so badly theres a shot of paul newman alone in his office -couldnt quite get a handle on it until i remembered an essay and its an essay i read thirty years -saying this is the case there are no other cases this is the case there are no other cases -and in that moment of desire and focus -a theater director named george wolf who was going to have me design an identity for the new york shakespeare festival then known and then became the public theater -and i began getting immersed in this project in a way i never was before this is what theater advertising looked like at that time this is what was in the newspapers and in the new york times so this is sort of a comment on the time -and the public theater actually had much better advertising than this they had no logo and no identity but they had these very iconic -posters painted by paul davis and george wolf had taken over from another director and he wanted to change the theater and he wanted to make it urban and loud and -place that was inclusive -was written by russell baker who used to write an observer column in the new york times hes a wonderful humorist and im going to read you this essay or an excerpt from it because it -was that i really became the voice the visual voice of a place in a way i had never done before where every aspect the smallest ad the ticket whatever it was was designed by me there was no format -there was no in house department that these things were pushed to i literally for three years made everything every scrap of paper everything online that this theater did -and it was the only job even though i was doing other jobs i lived and breathed it in a way i havent with a client since it enabled me to really express myself and grow -and i think that you know when youre going to be given this position and its rare but when you get it and you have this opportunity its the moment of serious play -i did these things and i still do them i still work for the public theater im on their board and i still am involved with it the -but something happened to it and what happened to it was it became very popular and that is a kiss of death for something serious because it makes it solemn -and what happened was identity that new york city to a degree ate my identity -because people began to copy it heres an ad in the new york times somebody did for a play called mind games -then chicago came out used some more graphics and the public theaters identity was just totally eaten and taken away which meant i had to change it -so i changed it so that every season was different and i continued to do these posters but they never had the seriousness of the first identity because they were too individual and they didnt have -of everything being the same thing -now and i think since the public theater i must have done more than a dozen cultural identities for major institutions and i dont think i ever i ever grasped -hit home for me here is a letter of friendly advice be serious it says what it means of course is be solemn -that seriousness again i do them for very big important institutions in new york city the institutions are solemn -and so is the design theyre better crafted than the public theater was and they spend more money on them but i think that that moment comes and goes -the best way to accomplish serious design which i think we all have the opportunity to do is to be totally and completely unqualified for the job -that doesnt happen very often but it happened to me in the year two thousand when for some reason or another a whole pile of different architects started to ask me to design -the insides of theaters with them where i would take environmental graphics and work them into buildings id never done this kind of work before i didnt know how to read -an architectural plan i didnt know what they were talking about and i really couldnt handle the fact that a job a single job could go on for four years because i was used to immediacy in graphic design -and that kind of attention to detail was really bad for somebody like me with add so it was a rough it was a rough -but i fell in love with this process of actually integrating graphics into architecture because i didnt know what i was -doing i said why cant the signage be on the floor new yorkers look at their feet and then i found that actors and actresses actually take their cues from the floor so it turned out that these sorts of sign systems began to make sense -they integrated with the building in really peculiar ways they ran around corners they went up sides of buildings -and they melded into the architecture this is symphony space on ninetieth street and broadway and the type is interwoven into the stainless steel and -being solemn is easy being serious is hard children almost always begin by being serious which is what makes them so entertaining when compared with adults as a class adults on the whole are solemn -with fiber optics and the architect jim polshek essentially gave me a canvas to play typography out -and it was serious play this is the childrens museum in pittsburgh pennsylvania made out of completely inexpensive materials -i think my favorite of these was this little job in newark new jersey its a performing arts school this is the building that they had no money and they had to recast it -and they said if we give you one hundred thousand dollars what can you do with it and i did a little photoshop job on it and i said well i think we can paint it and we did -i hired guys who paint flats -was quite wonderful by the time i did bloombergs headquarters my work had begun to become accepted people wanted it in big expensive places and that began to make it solemn -bloomberg was all about numbers and we did big numbers through the space and the numbers were projected on a spectacular led that my partner lisa strausfeld -but it became the end of the seriousness of the play and it started to once again become solemn -this is a current project in pittsburgh pennsylvania where i got to be goofy i was invited to design a logo for this neighborhood called the north -side and i thought it was silly for a neighborhood to have a logo i think thats rather creepy actually why would a neighborhood have a logo a neighborhood has a thing its got a landmark its got a place its got a restaurant it doesnt have a logo i mean what would that be so i had to actually give -in politics the rare candidate who is serious like adlai stevenson is easily overwhelmed by one who is solemn like eisenhower thats because it is hard for most people to recognize seriousness which is rare -to a city council and neighborhood constituents and i went to pittsburgh and i said you know really what you have here are all these underpasses that separate the neighborhood from the center of town -why dont you celebrate them and make the underpasses landmarks so i began doing this crazy presentation of these installations potential installations on -these underpass bridges and stood up in front of the city council and was a little bit scared i have to admit -this came out in two thousand and eight which was of course around the time that the banking crisis had shown that we had lost financial capital of the order of two and a half trillion dollars so this was comparable in size to that kind of loss we then have gone on since to present -for the international community for governments for local governments and for business and for people for you and me a whole slew of reports which were presented at the u n last year -which address the economic invisibility of nature and describe what can be done to solve it what is this about -its a massive store of carbon its an amazing store of biodiversity but what people dont really know is this also is a rain factory -because the northeastern trade winds as they go over the amazonas effectively gather the water vapor something like twenty billion tons per day of water vapor is sucked up by the northeastern trade winds and eventually precipitates in the form of rain across the la plata basin -this rainfall cycle this rainfall factory effectively feeds an agricultural economy of the order of two hundred and forty billion dollars worth in latin america -but the question arises okay so how much do uruguay paraguay argentina and indeed the state of mato grosso in brazil pay for that vital input to that economy -and the answer is zilch exactly -we address this invisibility we are going to get the results that we are seeing which is a gradual degradation and loss of this valuable natural asset -its not just about the amazonas or indeed about rainforests no matter what level you look at whether its at the ecosystem level or at the species level or at the genetic level we see the same problem again and again so rainfall cycle and water regulation by rainforests at an ecosystem level -at the species level its been estimated that insect based pollination bees pollinating -fruit and so on is something like one hundred and ninety billion dollars worth thats something like eight percent of the total agricultural output globally -or for that matter if you look at the genetic level sixty percent of medicines were prospected were found first as molecules in a rainforest or a reef once again most of that doesnt get paid and that brings me to another aspect of this which is to whom should this get paid -that genetic material probably belonged if it could belong to anyone to a local community of poor people who parted with the knowledge that helped the researchers to find the molecule which then became the medicine they were the ones that didnt get paid and if you look at the species level -began my life as a markets professional and continued to take an interest but most of my recent effort has been looking at the value of what comes to human beings from nature and which doesnt get priced by the markets -you saw about fish today the depletion of ocean fisheries is so significant that effectively it is effecting the ability of the poor the artisanal fisher folk and those who fish for their own livelihoods to feed their families -something like a billion people depend on fish the quantity of fish in the oceans a billion people depend on fish for their main source for animal protein and at this rate at which we are losing fish it is a human problem of enormous dimensions a health problem of a kind we havent seen before -and finally at the ecosystem level -whether its flood prevention or drought control provided by the forests or whether it is the ability of poor farmers to go out and gather leaf litter for their cattle and goats or whether its the ability of their wives to go and collect fuel wood from the forest it is actually the poor who depend most on these ecosystem services -we did estimates in our study that for countries like brazil india and indonesia even though ecosystem services these benefits that flow from nature to humanity for free -theyre not very big in percentage terms of gdp two four eight ten fifteen percent but in these countries if we measure how much theyre worth to the poor the answers are more like forty five percent seventy five percent ninety percent -thats the difference because these are important benefits for the poor and you cant really have a proper model for development if at the same time youre destroying or allowing the degradation of the very asset the most important asset which is your development asset that is ecological infrastructure -europe sub saharan africa as we move on and consume -global biomass at a rate which is actually not going to be able to sustain us see that again the only places that remain green and thats not good news is in fact places like the gobi desert like the tundra and like the sahara but that doesnt help because there were very few species and volume of biomass there in the first place -a project called teeb was started in two thousand and seven and it was launched by a group of environment ministers of the g eight plus five and their basic inspiration was a stern review of lord stern they asked themselves a question -this is the challenge the reason this is happening -boils down in my mind to one basic problem which is our inability to perceive the difference -between public benefits and private profits we tend to constantly ignore -public wealth simply because it is in the common wealth its common goods and heres an example from thailand where we found that because the value of a mangrove is not that much its about dollar six hundred over the life of nine years that this has been measured -compared to its value as a shrimp farm which is more like dollar nine thousand six hundred there has been a gradual trend to deplete the mangroves and convert them to shrimp farms but of course if you look at exactly what those profits are almost eight thousand of those dollars are in fact subsidies -so you compare the two sides of the coin and you find that its more like one thousand two hundred to six hundred thats not that hard but on the other hand if you start measuring how much would it actually cost to restore the land of the shrimp farm back to productive use -that answer is more like dollar eleven thousand so now look at the different lens if you look at the lens of public wealth as against the lens of private profits you get a completely different answer which is clearly conservation makes more sense and not destruction -so is this just a story from south thailand sorry this is a global story -and heres what the same calculation looks like which was done recently well i say recently over the last ten years by a group called trucost and they calculated for the top three thousand corporations what are the externalities in other words what are the costs of doing business as usual this is not illegal stuff this is basically -business as usual which causes climate changing emissions which have an economic cost it causes pollutants being issued which have an economic cost -health cost and so on use of freshwater if you drill water to make coke near a village farm thats not illegal but yes it costs the community can we stop this and how i think the first point to make is that we need to recognize natural capital basically the stuff of life is natural capital and we need to recognize and build that into our systems -when we measure gdp as a measure of economic performance at the national level we dont include our biggest asset at the country level when we measure corporate performances we dont include our impacts on nature and what our business costs society -that has to stop in fact this was what really inspired my interest in this phase i began a project way back called the green accounting project -calculating this at the national level is one thing and it has begun and the world bank has acknowledged this and theyve started a project called waves wealth accounting and valuation of ecosystem services -but calculating this at the next level that means at the business sector level is important and actually weve done this with the teeb project weve done this for a very difficult case -which was for deforestation in china this is important because in china in one thousand nine hundred and ninety seven the yellow river actually went dry for nine months causing severe loss of agriculture output and pain and loss to society just a year later the yangtze flooded causing something like five thousand five hundred deaths -so clearly there was a problem with deforestation it was associated largely with the construction industry and the chinese government responded sensibly and placed a ban on felling -are almost twice as much as the market price of timber so in fact the price of timber in the beijing marketplace ought to have been three times what it was had it reflected the true pain and the costs to the society within china -biodiversity the living fabric of this planet is not a gas it exists in many layers ecosystems species and genes across many scales international national local community -someone once asked me who is better or worse is it unilever or is it p g when it comes to their impact on rainforests in indonesia and i couldnt answer because neither of these companies good though they are and professional though they are do not calculate or disclose their externalities -but if we look at companies like puma jochen zeitz their ceo and chairman once challenged me at a function saying that hes going to implement my project before i finish it -well i think we kind of did it at the same time but hes done it hes basically worked the cost to puma puma has two point seven billion dollars of turnover three hundred million dollars of profits -two hundred million dollars after tax ninety four million dollars of externalities cost to business now thats not a happy situation for them but they have the confidence and the courage to come forward and say heres what we are measuring we are measuring it because we know -you could have analysts business analysts and you could have people like us and consumers and ngos actually look and compare the social performance of companies today we cant yet do that but i think the path is laid out this can be done and im delighted that the institute of chartered accountants in the u k has already set up a coalition to do this an international coalition -the other favorite if you like solution for me is the creation of green carbon markets and by the way these are my favorites externalities calculation and green carbon markets -teeb has more than a dozen separate groups of solutions including protected area evaluation and payments for ecosystem services and eco certification and you name it but these are the favorites whats green carbon -today what we have is basically a brown carbon marketplace its about energy emissions the european union ets is the main marketplace its not doing too well weve over issued a bit like inflation you over issue currency you get what you see -and doing for nature what lord stern and his team did for nature is not that easy and yet we began we began the project with an interim report which quickly pulled together a lot of information that had been collected on the subject -which then leads to acidification or lower alkalinity in oceans more of that in a minute and finally theres deforestation and theres emission of methane from agriculture -green carbon which is the deforestation and agricultural emissions and blue carbon together comprise twenty five percent of our emissions we have the means already in our hands through a structure through a mechanism called redd plus a scheme for the reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation -and already norway has contributed a billion dollars each towards indonesia and brazil to implement this red plus scheme so we actually have some movement forward but the thing is to do a lot more of that will this solve the problem will economics solve everything well im afraid not -there is an area that is the oceans coral reefs as you can see -carbon dioxide in the atmosphere above three hundred and fifty parts per million is too dangerous for the survival of these reefs we are not only risking the extinction of the entire coral species the warm water corals were not only risking -five hundred million people who live in the developing world in poor countries so in selecting targets of four hundred and fifty parts per million and selecting two degrees at the climate negotiations what we have done is weve made an ethical choice weve actually kind of made an ethical choice in society to not have coral reefs -well what i will say to you in parting is that we may have done that lets think about it and what it means but please lets not do more of that because mother nature only has that much in ecological infrastructure and that much natural capital i dont think we can afford too much of such ethical choices -by many many researchers and amongst our compiled results was the startling revelation that in fact we were losing natural capital the benefits that flow from nature to us we were losing it at an extraordinary rate in fact of the order of two to four trillion dollars worth of natural capital -the efficiency of the use of dynamic information seems to be significantly compromised in autism -this line of work and hopefully well have more results to report soon looking ahead if you think of this disk as representing all of the children weve treated so far -this is the magnitude of the problem the red dots are the children we have not treated so there are many many more children who need to be treated and in order to expand the scope of the project we are planning on launching -so when i heard these two things it troubled me deeply both because of personal reasons and scientific reasons so let me first start with the personal reason itll sound corny but its -the prakash center for children which will have a dedicated pediatric hospital a school for the children we are treating and also a cutting edge research -the prakash center will integrate health care education and research in a way that truly creates the whole to be greater than the sum of the parts -so to summarize prakash in its five years of existence its had an impact in multiple areas ranging from basic neuroscience plasticity and learning in the brain to clinically relevant hypotheses like in autism -the development of autonomous machine vision systems education of the undergraduate and graduate students and most importantly in the alleviation of childhood blindness -and for my students and i its been just a phenomenal experience because we have gotten to do interesting research while at the same time helping the many children that we have worked with thank -thats my son darius as a new father i have a qualitatively different sense of just how delicate -babies are what our obligations are towards them and how much love we can feel towards a child -i would move heaven and earth in order to treatment for darius and for me to be told that there might be other dariuss who are not getting treatment thats just viscerally wrong -so thats the personal reason scientific reason is that this notion from neuroscience of critical periods that if the brain -if you are a blind child in india you will very likely have to contend with at least two big pieces of bad news -into the human domain prematurely so they did their work with kittens with different kinds of deprivation regiments and those studies which date back to the sixties are now being applied to human children -so i felt that i needed to do two things one provide care to children who are currently being deprived of treatment thats the humanitarian mission -and the scientific mission would be to test the limits of visual plasticity and these two missions as -you can tell thread together perfectly one adds to the other in fact one would be impossible without -so to implement these twin missions a few years ago i launched project prakash prakash as many of you know is the sum sanskrit word for light -and the idea is that in bringing light into the lives of children we also have a chance of shedding light on some of the deepest mysteries of neuroscience -the first bad news is that the chances of getting treatment are extremely slim to none -and the logo even though it looks extremely irish its actually derived from the indian symbol of -the prakash the overall effort has three components outreach to identify children in need of care -cannot be treated thats and extreme of micropthalmos called enophthalmos but every so often we come across children who show some residual vision -and that is a very good sign that the condition might actually be treatable so after the screening we bring the children to the hospital -thats the hospital were working with in delhi the schroff charity eye hospital it has a very well equipped pediatric ophthalmic center -and thats because most of the blindness alleviation programs in the country are focused on adults and there are very very few hospitals that are actually equipped -as i zoom in to the eyes of this child you will see the cause of his blindness -the whites that you see in the middle of his pupils are congenital cataracts -of the lens in our eyes the lens is clear but in this child the lens has become opaque and therefore he cant see the -the child is given treatment youll see shots of the eye heres the eye with the opaque lens the opaque lens extracted and an acrylic lens inserted -thank you so even from that little clip you can begin to get the sense that recovery is possible and we have now -in fact the story holds true even if you have a person who got sight after several years of deprivation we did a paper a few years ago about -to treat children in fact if you were to be treated -this woman that you see on the right srd and she got her sight late in life and her vision is remarkable at this age i should -a tragic postscript to this she died two years ago in a bus accident so -just a truly inspiring story unknown but inspiring story so when we started finding these results as you might imagine it created quite a bit of stir in the scientific and popular press -an article in nature that profiled this work and another one in time so we were fairly convinced we are convinced -that recovery is feasible despite extended visual deprivation the next obvious question to ask what is the process of recovery -so the way we study that is lets say we find a child who has light sensitivity the child is provided treatment and i want to stress -that the treatment is completely unconditional there is no quid pro quo we treat many more children then we actually work with every child who needs treatment is treated -after treatment about every week we run the child on a battery of simple visual tests in order to see how their visual skills are coming in line -you might well end up being treated by a person who has no medical credentials as this case from rajasthan illustrates -about how the scaffolding of vision gets set up what might be the causal connections between the early developing skills and the later developing ones -and weve used this general approach to study many different visual proficiencies but i want to highlight one particular one -and that is image parsing into objects so any image of the kind that you see on the left be it a real image or a synthetic image -its made up of little regions that you see in the middle column regions of different colors different luminances the brain has this complex task -putting together integrating subsets of these regions into something thats more meaningful into what we would consider to be objects as you see on the right -and nobody know how this integration happens and thats the question we asked with project prakash so heres what happens very soon after the onset of sight heres a person who had gained sight just a couple of weeks ago -and you see ethan myers a graduate student from mit running the experiment with -his visual motor coordination is quite poor but you get a general sense of what are the regions that hes trying to trace out if you show him real world images if you show others like him real world images -this is a three year old orphan girl who had cataracts so her caretakers took her to the village medicine man -they are unable to recognize most of the objects because the world to them is over fragmented its made up of a collage a patchwork of regions of different colors and luminances and thats whats indicated in the green outlines when you ask them -becomes its own object interestingly enough you give them a few months and this is what -one is a circle and -very dramatic transformation has come about and the question is what underlies this transformation its a profound question -and whats even more amazing is how simple the answer is the answer lies in motion and thats what i want to show you in the next clip -i -and instead of suggesting to the caretakers that the girl be taken to a hospital the person decided to burn her abdomen with red hot iron bars to drive out the demons -the inference we are deriving from this and several such experiments is that dynamic information processing or motion processing serves as the bedrock -for building the rest of the complexity of visual processing it leads to visual integration and eventually to recognition -this simple idea has far reaching implications and let me just quickly mention two one drawing from the domain of engineering -and one from the clinic so from the perspective of engineering we can ask given that we know that motion is so important for the human visual system -and thats what were trying to do im at mit at mit you need to apply whatever basic knowledge you gain so we are creating dylan which is a computational system -with an ambitious goal of taking in visual inputs of the same kind that a human child would receive and autonomously discovering what are the objects in this visual input -so dont worry about the internals of dylan here im just going to talk about how we test dylan the way we test dylan is by giving it inputs as i said of the same kind -the second piece of bad news will be delivered to you by neuroscientists who will tell you that if you are older than four or five years of age that even if you have your eye corrected -that a baby or a child in project prakash would get but for a long time we couldnt quite figure out how can we get these kinds of video inputs -so i thought could we have darius serve as our babycam carrier and that way get the inputs that we feed into dylan so thats what -i had to have long conversations with my -in fact pam if youre watching this please forgive me -so we modified the optics of the camera in order to mimic the babys visual acuity -as some of you might know babys are born pretty much legally blind their acuity our acuity is twenty twenty babies acuity is like twenty eight hundred -they are looking at the world in a very very blurry fashion heres what a babycam video looks like -thankfully there isnt any audio to go with -whats amazing is that working with such highly degraded input the baby very quickly is able to to discover meaning in such input -but then two or three days afterward babies begin to pay attention to their mothers or their fathers face how does that happen we want dylan to be able to do that and using this mantra of motion -dylan actually can do that though given that kind of video input with just about six or seven minutes worth of video dylan can begin to extract patterns that include faces -so its an important demonstration of the power of motion the clinical implication it comes from the domain of autism visual integration has been associated with autism -the chances of your brain learning how to see are very very slim again slim or -by several researchers when we saw that we asked could the impairment in visual integration by the manifestation of something underneath of dynamic information processing deficiency in autism -because if that hypothesis were to be true it would have massive repercussions in our understanding of whats causing the many different aspects of the autism phenotype -what youre going to see are video clips of two children one neurotypical one with autism playing pong so while the child is playing pong we are tracking where theyre looking in red -this is the neurotypical child and what you see is that the child is able to make cues of the dynamic information -to predict where the ball is going to go even before the gets to a place the child is already looking there -contrast this with a child with autism playing the same game instead of anticipating the child always follows where the ball has been -and then i told them i want to be a teacher and boy they were like what why why would you want to do that so i began my teaching career at the exact same middle school that i attended and -i really wanted to try to save more kids who were just like me and so every year i share my background with my kids because they need to know that everyone has a story everyone has a struggle -and everyone needs help along the way and i -i created -opportunity -i had a kid one day come into my class having been stabbed the night before -i need to be in class because i need to graduate so he knew that i was not going to let him be a victim of his circumstance but we were going to push forward and keep moving on -and teachers turning over year after year after year how do you get to build those relationships -so we created a new school -and we created the san fernando institute for applied media -we made sure that we were still -attached to our school district for funding for support -but with that we were going to gain freedom -freedom to hire the teachers that we knew were going to be effective freedom -to control the curriculum so that were not doing lesson one point two on page five no and freedom to control a budget -to spend money where it matters not how a district or a state says you have to do it -we wanted those freedoms but now shifting an entire paradigm -i had an amazing mom who was just fiercely independent she worked at the local high school as a secretary in the deans office so she got to -but we had to do it our community deserved a new way of doing things and as the very first pilot middle school in all of los angeles unified school district -you better believe there was some opposition -and it was out of fear fear of well what if they get it wrong -so in our third year how did we do it -we make our curriculum rigorous and relevant to them -and they use all the technology that theyre used to laptops computers tablets you name it they have it animation software moviemaking software they have it all and because we connect it to what theyre doing for example they made public service announcements for the cancer society -these were played in the local trolley system teaching elements of persuasion -and it takes an active parent center who -not only there showing a presence every day but who is part of our governance -making decisions for their kids our kids -because why should our students have to go so far away from where they live -they deserve a quality school in their neighborhood a school that they can be proud to say they attend and a school that the community can be proud of as well -and they need teachers to fight for them -every day and empower them to move beyond their circumstances because its time that kids like me -stop being the exception -so see kids like us we have a lot of things to deal with outside of school and -really do you think that doing my homework that night was at the top of my priority list -i needed teachers in the classroom every day who were going to say you can move beyond that -in order to actually allow people to inhabit lava tubes on the moon or mars it turns out to be a fairly simple and small list and we have gone in the relatively -but i think in the future well be using them for habitat and science on these other bodies now my view of what the curent status of potential life on mars is that its probably been on the planet maybe one in two chances -the question as to whether -because in the mid nineteen fifties when i was a tiny child they had the audacity to launch a very primitive little satellite called sputnik which sent the western world into a hysterical tailspin -there is life on mars that is related to life on earth has now been very muddied because we now know from mars meteorites that have made it to earth -is that a second genesis of life did life start here and was it transported there did it start there and get transported here -and a tremendous amount of money went into the funding of science and mathematics skills for kids and im a product of that generation like so many other of my peers -it really caught hold of us and caught fire and it would be lovely if we could reproduce that again now of course refusing to grow up even though i impersonate a grown up in daily life but i do a fairly good job of that -really retaining that childlike quality of not caring what other people think about what youre interested in is really critical -the next element is the fact that i have applied a value judgement and my value judgment is that the presence of life is better than -career that i started early on in my life was looking for exotic life forms in exotic places and at that time i was working in the antarctic and the arctic and high deserts and low deserts -no life and so life is more valuable than no life and so i think that that holds together a great deal of the work that people in this audience approach -im very interested in mars of course and that was a product of my being a young undergraduate when the viking landers landed on mars -and that took what had been a tiny little astronomical object in the sky that you would see as a dot and turned it -into a landscape as that very first primitive picture came rastering across the screen and when it became a landscape it also became a destination and altered really the course of my life -in my graduate years i worked with my colleague and mentor and friend steve schneider at the national center for atmospheric research working on global change issues -weve written a number of things on the role of gaia hypothesis whether or not you could consider earth as a single entity in any meaningful scientific sense and then as an outgrowth of that i worked on the environmental consequences of nuclear war -so wonderful things and grim things but what it taught me was to look at earth as a planet with external eyes not just as our home -and that is a wonderful stepping away in perspective to try to then think about the way our planet behaves as a planet -and with the life thats on it and all of this seems to me to be a salient point in history were getting -ready to begin to go through the process of leaving our planet of origin and out into the wider solar system and beyond -until about a dozen years ago when i was really captured by caves and i really re focused most of my research in that direction -about that whether or not you think its likely to be successful sort of depends on what you think about the chances of life in the universe i think -and life is a common planetary based phenomenon in my view certainly in the last fifteen years weve seen increasing numbers -planets outside of our solar system being confirmed and just last month a couple of weeks ago a planet in the size class of earth has actually been found and so this is very exciting news -so what about life on mars well if somebody had asked me about a dozen years ago what i thought the chances of life on mars would be i wouldve probably said a couple of percent -so i have a really cool day job i get to do some really amazing stuff i work in some of the most extreme cave environments on the planet -and even that was considered outrageous at the time i was once sneeringly introduced by a former nasa official as the only person on the planet who still thought there was life on mars -and the reason that they have changed is because we now have new information the amazing pathfinder mission that went in ninety seven -and the mer rover missions that are on mars as we speak now and the european space agencys mars express has taught us a number of amazing things -there is sub surface ice on that planet and so where there is water there is a very high chance of our kind of life theres clearly sedimentary rocks all over the place a one of the landers is sitting in the middle of an ancient seabed -i think that the chance of life having arisen on mars sometime in its past is maybe one in four to maybe even half and half so this is a very bold statement -many of them are trying to kill us from the minute we go into them but nevertheless theyre absolutely gripping and contain unbelievable biological wonders that are very very different from those that we have on the planet -i think its there and i think we need to go look for it and i think its underground so the games afoot and this is the game that we play in astro biology how do you do you try to get a handle on extraterrestrial life how do you plan to look for it -how do you know it when you find it because if its big and obvious we wouldve already found it it wouldve already bitten us on the foot and it hasnt so we know that its probably quite cryptic very critically how do we protect it if we find it and not -and also even perhaps more critically because this is the only home planet we have how do we protect us from it while we study -so why might it be hard to find well its probably microscopic and its never easy to study microscopic things although the amazing tools that we now have to do that allow us to study things in much greater depth at much smaller scales than ever before -its probably hiding because if you are out sequestering resources from your environment that makes you yummy and other things might want to eat you or consume you and so -a game of predator prey thats going to be essentially universal really in any kind of biological system -it also may be very very different in its fundamental properties a its chemistry or its size we say small but what does that mean is it virus sized is it smaller than that is it bigger than the biggest bacterium we dont know -and speed of activity which is something that we face in our work with sub surface organisms because they grow very very slowly if i were to take a swab off your teeth and plate it on a petri plate within about four or five hours i would have to see growth -but the organisms that we work with from the sub surface of earth very often its months and in many cases years before we see any growth whatsoever so they are intrinsically -a slower life form but the real issue is that we are guided by our limited experience and until we can think out of the box of our cranium and what we know then we cant recognise what to look for or how to plan for -so perspective is everything and because of the history that ive just briefly talked to you about i have learned to think about earth as an extraterrestrial planet and this has been invaluable in our approach to try to study these things -makes me go from seeing this planet as home to seeing it as a planet its a very simple trick and i never fail to do it when im sitting in a window seat well this is what we apply to our work -this shows one of the most extreme caves that we work in this is cueva de villa luz in tabasco in mexico and this cave is saturated with sulfuric acid -there is tremendous amounts of hydrogen sulfide coming into this cave from volcanic sources and from the breakdown of -thirty parts per million of h two s will kill you this is regularly several hundred parts per million so its a very hazardous environment with co as well and many other gases -the extremes on earth are interesting in their own right but one of the reasons that were interested in them is because they represent really the average conditions that we may expect on another planets -so this is part of the ability that we have to try to stretch our imagination in terms of what we may find in the future -theres so much life in this cave and i cant even begin to scratch the surface of it with you but one of the most famous objects out of this are what we call snottites for obvious reasons this stuff looks like what comes out of your two year olds nose when he has a -and this is produced by bacteria who are actually making more sulfuric acid and living at phs right around zero -icy moon around jupiter and perhaps someday far beyond our solar system itself im very passionately interested in the human future -in some of the other amazing caves that we work in this is in lechuguilla cave in new mexico near carlsbad and this is one of the most famous caves in the world its -in this cave great areas are covered by this reddish material that you see here and also these enormous crystals of selenite that you can see dangling down -this stuff is produced biologically this is the breakdown product of the bedrock that organisms are busy munching their way through they take iron and manganese -avenue for bio remediation comes from organisms like this these organisms we now bring into the lab and you can see some of them growing on petri plates -on the moon and mars particularly and elsewhere in the solar system i think its time that we transitioned to a solar system going civilisation and species -and get them to reproduce the precise biominerals that we find on the walls of these caves so these are signals that they leave in the rock record -well even in basalt surfaces in lava tube caves which are a by product of volcanic activity we find these walls totally covered in many cases by these beautiful glistening silver walls or -the interesting things about these particular guys is that theyre in the actinomycetes and streptomycetes groups of the bacteria which is where we get most of our antibiotics the sub surface of earth contains a vast biodiversity -and these organisms because theyre very separate from the surface make a vast array of novel compounds and so the -lava tube caves ive just told you about organisms that live here on this planet we know that on mars and the moon there are tons of these structures we can see them on the left you can see a lava tube forming at a recent eruption -and as an outgrowth of all of this then i wonder about whether we can and whether we even should think about transporting earth type life to other planets notably mars as a first example -mount etna in sicily and this is the way these tubes form and when they hollow out then they become habitats for organisms -in order to access these sub surface environments that were interested in were very interested in developing the tools to do this you know its not easy to get into these caves it requires crawling climbing rope work -why would we want to do it robotically well were going to be sending robotic missions to mars long in advance of human missions and then secondly getting back to that earlier point that i made about the preciousness of any life that we may find -on mars we dont want to contaminate it and one of the best ways to study something without contaminating it is to have an intermediary and in this case were -imagining intermediary robotic devices that can actually do some of that front end work for us to protect any potential life that we find -go through all of these projects now but were involved in about half a dozen robotic development projects in collaboration with a number of different groups i want to talk specifically about the -array that you see on the top these are hopping microbot swarms im working on this with the field and space robotics laboratory and my friend steve dubowsky at mit and we have come up with the idea of having little jumping bean like -robots that are propelled by artificial muscle which is one of the dubowsky labs specialties are the epamiss or artificial muscles and these allow them to hop they behave with a -swarm behavior where they relate to each other modeled after insect swarm behavior and they could be made very numerous and so one can send a thousand of them as you can see in this upper left hand picture -a thousand of them could fit into the payload bay that was used for one of the current mer rovers and these little guys you could lose many of them if you send a thousand of them you could probably get rid of ninety percent of them and still have a mission -and so that allows you the flexibility to go into very challenging terrain and actually make your way where you want to -now to wrap this up i want to talk for two seconds about caves and the human expansion beyond earth as a natural outgrowth of the work that we do in caves it occurred to us a number of years ago that -caves have many properties that people have used and other organisms have used as habitat in the past and perhaps its time we started to explore those in the context of future mars and the moon exploration -so we have just finished a nasa institute for advanced concepts phase ii study looking at the irreducible set of technologies that you would need -means scarce labor scarce labor drives wages as wages increase that also lifts the burden on the poor and the working class -now im not talking about a radical drop in population like we saw in the black death but look what happened in europe -after the plague rising wages -all of the western religions begin with the notion of eden and descend through a kind of profligate present to a very ugly future -so human history is viewed as sort of this downhill slide from the good old days but i think were in for another change about two generations after the top of that curve once the effects of a declining population start to settle in -at that point well start romanticizing the future again instead of the nasty brutish past -so why does this matter why talk about social economic movements that may be more than a century away because transitions are dangerous times when land owners start to lose money and labor demands more pay -there are some powerful interests that are going to fear for the future fear for the future leads to some rash decisions if we have a positive view about the future then we may be able to accelerate through that turn instead of careening off a cliff -exploding population small planet its going to lead to ugly things but im moving past malthus because i think that we just might be about one hundred and fifty years from a kind of new enlightenment -most of the economic models are built around scarcity and growth so a lot of economists look at declining population and expect to see stagnation maybe depression -but a declining population is going to have at least two very beneficial economic effects -make investing in property a bad bet -in the cities a lot of the cost of property is actually wrapped up in its speculative value -take away land speculation -price of land drops -and that begins to lift a heavy burden off the worlds poor -and we all know thats from eating too much and not exercising enough right i mean how hard can it be as i looked down at her in the bed i thought to myself if you just tried caring even a little bit you wouldnt be in this situation at this moment with some doctor youve never met about to amputate your foot -why did i feel justified in judging her id like to say i dont know but i actually do -you see in the hubris of my youth i thought i had her all figured out she ate too much she got unlucky she got diabetes case closed -ironically at that time in my life i was also doing cancer research immune based therapies for melanoma to be specific and in that world i was actually taught to question everything to challenge all assumptions and hold them to the highest possible scientific standards -yet when it came to a disease like diabetes that kills americans eight times more frequently than melanoma i never once questioned the conventional wisdom i actually just assmed the pathologic sequence of events was settled science -three years later i found out how wrong i was -but this time i was the patient despite exercising three or four hours every single day and following the food pyramid to the letter id gained a lot of weight and developed something called metabolic syndrome some of you may have heard of this i had become insulin resistant -you can think of insulin as this master hormone that controls what our body does with the foods we eat whether we burn it or store it this is called fuel partitioning in the lingo -now failure to produce enough insulin is incompatible with life and insulin resistance as its name suggests is when your cells get increasingly resistant to the effect of insulin trying to do its job -i got paged by the e r around two in the morning to come and see a woman with a diabetic ulcer on her foot i can still remember sort of that smell of rotting flesh as i pulled the curtain back -once youre insulin resistant youre on your way to getting diabetes which is what happens when your pancreas cant keep up with the resistance and make enough insulin -now your blood sugar levels start to rise and an entire cascade of pathologic events sort of spirals out of control that can lead to heart disease cancer even alzheimers disease -and amputations just like that woman a few years earlier -with that scare i got busy changing my diet radically adding and subtracting things most of you would find almost assuredly shocking -i did this and lost forty pounds weirdly while exercising less i as you can see i guess im not overweight anymore more importantly i dont have insulin resistance but most important i was left with these three burning questions that wouldnt go away -how did this happen to me if i was supposedly doing everything right -if the conventional wisdom about nutrition had failed me was it possible it was failing someone else -and underlying these questions i became almost maniacally obsessed in trying to understand the real relationship between obesity and insulin resistance -now most researchers believe obesity is the cause of insulin resistance logically then if you want to treat insulin resistance you get people to lose weight right you treat the obesity -but what if we have it backwards what if obesity isnt the cause of insulin resistance at all in fact what if its a symptom of a much deeper problem -for a far more sinister problem going on underneath the cell im not suggesting that obesity is benign but what i am suggesting is it may be the lesser of two metabolic evils -you can think of insulin resistance as the reduced capacity of ourselves to partition fuel as i alluded to a moment ago -to see her and everybody there agreed this woman was very sick and she needed to be in the hospital that wasnt being asked the question that was being asked of me was a different one which was did she also need an amputation -taking those calories that we take in and burning some appropriately and storing some appropriately when we become insulin resistant the homeostasis in that balance deviates from this state so now when insulin says to a cell -i want you to burn more energy than the cell considers safe the cell in effect says no thanks id actually rather store this energy and because fat cells are actually missing most of the complex cellular machinery found in other cells its probably the safest place to store it -so for many of us about seventy five million americans -the appropriate response to insulin resistance may actually be to store it as fat not the reverse getting insulin resistance in response to getting fat -this is a really subtle distinction but the implication could be profound -consider the following analogy think of the bruise you get on your shin when you inadvertently bang your leg into the coffee table sure the bruise hurts like hell and you almost certainly dont like the discolored look -but we all know the bruise per se is not the problem in fact its the opposite its a healthy response to the trauma all of those immune cells rushing to the site of the injury to salvage cellular debris and prevent the spread of infection to elsewhere in the body -now imagine we thought bruises were the problem and we evolved a giant medical establishment and a culture around treating bruises masking creams painkillers you name it all the while ignoring the fact that people are still banging their shins into coffee tables -how much better would we be if we treated the cause telling people to pay attention when they walk through the living room rather than the effect -getting the cause and the effect right makes all the difference in the world getting it wrong and the pharmaceutical industry can still do very well for its shareholders but nothing improves for the people with bruised shins cause and effect -now looking back on that night id love so desperately to believe that i treated that woman on that night with the same empathy and compassion id shown the twenty seven year old -so what im suggesting is maybe we have the cause and effect wrong on obesity and insulin resistance -maybe we should be asking ourselves is it possible that insulin resistance causes weight gain and the diseases associated with obesity at least in most people what if being obese is just a metabolic response to something much more threatening an underlying epidemic the one we ought to be worried about -lets look at some suggestive facts we know that thirty million obese americans in the united states dont have insulin resistance and by the way they dont appear to be at any greater risk of disease than lean people conversely we know that six million lean people in the united states are insulin resistant -and by the way they appear to be at even greater risk for those metabolic disease i mentioned a moment ago than their obese counterparts now i dont know why but it might be because in their case their cells havent actually figured out the right thing to do with that excess energy so -if you can be obese and not have insulin resistance and you can be lean and have it this suggests that obesity may just be a proxy -for whats going on -so what if were fighting the wrong war fighting obesity rather than insulin resistance even worse what if blaming the obese means were blaming the victims -what if some of our fundamental ideas about obesity are just wrong personally i cant afford the luxury of arrogance anymore let alone the luxury of certainty -i have my own ideas about what could be at the heart of this but im wide open to others now my hypothesis because everybody always asks me is this -if you ask yourself whats a cell trying to protect itself from when it becomes insulin resistant the answer probably isnt too much food its more likely too much glucose blood sugar -now we know that refined grains and starches elevate your blood sugar in the short run and theres even reason to believe that sugar may lead to insulin resistance directly -so if you put these physiological processes to work -id hypothesize that it might be our increased intake of refined grains sugars and starches thats driving this epidemic of obesity and diabetes but through insulin resistance you see and not necessarily through just overeating and under exercising -newlywed who came to the e r three nights earlier with lower back pain that turned out to be advanced pancreatic cancer in her case i knew there was nothing i could do that was actually going to save her life the cancer was too advanced -when i lost my forty pounds a few years ago i did it simply by restricting those things which admittedly suggests i have a bias based on my personal experience but that doesnt mean my bias is wrong and most important all of this can be tested scientifically -but step one is accepting the possibility that our current beliefs about obesity diabetes and insulin resistance -could be wrong and therefore must be tested -im betting my career on this -today i devote all of my time to working on this problem and ill go wherever the science takes me ive decided that what i cant and wont do anymore is pretend i have the answers when i dont ive been humbled enough by all i dont know -for the past year ive been fortunate enough to work on this problem with the most amazing team of diabetes and obesity researchers in the country -but this team of multi disciplinary highly skeptical and exceedingly talented researchers do agree on two things first -this problem is just simply too important to continue ignoring because we think we know the answer and two if were willing to be wrong if were willing to challenge the conventional wisdom with the best experiments science can offer we can solve this problem -i know its tempting to want an answer right now some form of action or policy some dietary prescription eat this not that but if we want to get it right were going to have to do much more rigorous science before we can write that prescription -briefly to address this our research program is focused around three meta themes or questions first how do the various foods we consume impact our metabolism hormones and enzymes and through what nuanced molecular mechanisms -second based on these insights can people make the necessary changes in their diets in a way thats safe and practical to implement -but i was committed to making sure that i could do anything possible to make her stay more comfortable i brought her a warm blanket and a cup of a coffee i brought some for her parents but more importantly see i passed no judgment on her because obviously she had done nothing to bring this on herself -and finally once we identify what safe and practical changes people can make to their diet how can we move their behavior in that direction so that it becomes more the default rather -most of them actually want to do the right thing but -i dream of a day when -our patients can shed their excess pounds and cure themselves of insulin resistance because as medical professionals weve shed our excess mental baggage and cured ourselves of new idea resistance sufficiently to go back to our original ideals open minds -the courage to throw out yesterdays ideas when they dont appear to be working -and the understanding that scientific truth isnt final but constantly evolving -staying true to that path will be better for our patients and better for science if obesity is nothing more than a proxy for metabolic illness what good does it do us to punish those with the proxy -human being -so why was it that just a few nights later as i stood in that same e r and determined that my diabetic patient did indeed need an amputation why did i hold her in such bitter contempt you see unlike the woman the night before this woman had type two diabetes she was fat -the stronger motivator the much stronger motivator is fear it drove us to the moon we literally in fear with the soviet union raced to the moon -and we have these huge rocks you know killer sized rocks in the hundreds of thousands or millions out there and while the probability is very small the impact figured in literally of one of these hitting the earth is so huge -that to spend a small fraction looking searching preparing to defend is not unreasonable and of course the third motivator one near and dear to my heart as an entrepreneur is wealth -this was my motivation was actually during apollo and apollo was one of the greatest motivators ever if you think about what happened -and people left their jobs and they went to obscure locations to go and be part of this amazing mission and we knew nothing about going to space we went from having literally put alan shepard in sub orbital flight to going to the moon in eight years -and the average age of the people that got us there was twenty six years old they didnt know what couldnt be done they had to make up everything and that -my friend is amazing motivation this is a this is gene cernan a good friend of mine saying if i can go to the moon this is the last human on the moon so far nothing nothing is impossible -but of course weve thought about the government always as the person taking us there but i put forward here the government is not going to get us there -the government is unable to take the risks required to open up this precious frontier the shuttle is costing a billion dollars a launch thats a pathetic number its unreasonable we shouldnt be happy in standing for that -the things that we did with the ansari x prize was take the challenge on that risk is ok you know as we are going out there and taking on a new frontier -we should be allowed to risk in fact anyone who says we shouldnt you know just needs to be put aside because as we go forward -take the people of earth and transition off permanently and thats exciting in fact i think it is a moral imperative that we open the space frontier -in fact the greatest discoveries we will ever know is ahead of us the entrepreneurs in the space business are the furry mammals and clearly the industrial military complex with boeing and lockheed -and nasa are the dinosaurs the ability for us to access these resources to gain planetary redundancy we can now gather all the information the genetic codes -you know everything stored on our databases and back them up off the planet in case there would be one of those disastrous situations the difficulty is getting there -and clearly the cost to orbit is key once youre in orbit you are two thirds of the way energetically to anywhere the moon to mars and today theres only three vehicles the u s shuttle -the russian soyuz and the chinese vehicle that gets you there arguably its about one hundred million dollars a person on the -one of the companies i started space adventures will sell you a ticket weve done two so far well be announcing two more on the soyuz to go up to the space station for twenty million dollars but thats expensive and to understand what the potential is -and the technology accessible that will allow us to really drive space exploration but how cheap could it get -give you the end point we know twenty million dollars today you can go and buy a ticket but how cheap could it get lets go back to high school physics here if you calculate the amount of potential energy mgh -to take you and your space suit up to a couple hundred miles and then you accelerate yourself to seventeen thousand five hundred miles per hour remember that one half mv squared -energy if you expended that over an hour its about one point six megawatts -hundred -thats the price improvement curve that we need some breakthroughs in physics along the way ill grant you that -but guys if the if history has taught us anything its that if you can imagine it you will get there eventually i have no question -that the physics the engineering to get us down to the point where all of us can afford orbital space flight is around the corner -the difficulty is that there needs to be a real marketplace to drive the investment today the boeings and the lockheeds dont spend a dollar of their own money in r d -its all government research dollars and very few of those and in fact the large corporations the governments cant take the risk so we need what i call an exothermic economic reaction in space -if you think about space everything we hold of value on this planet metals and minerals and real estate and energy is in infinite quantities in space in fact the earth is a -todays commercial markets worldwide global commercial launch market twelve to fifteen launches per year number of commercial companies out there twelve to fifteen companies one per company -its people the ansari x prize was my solution reading about lindbergh for creating the vehicles to get us there -we offered ten million dollars in cash for the first reusable ship carry three people up to one hundred kilometers come back down and within two weeks make the trip again twenty six teams from seven countries -entered the competition spending between one to twenty five million dollars each and of course we had a beautiful spaceshipone which made those two flights and won the competition and id like to take you there -to that morning for just a quick video -so in my official capacity as the chief judge of the ansari x prize competition i declare that mojave aerospace ventures has indeed -in a supermarket filled with resources the analogy for me is alaska you know we bought alaska we americans bought alaska in the eighteen fifties its called sewards -i found a visionary family the ansari family and champ car and raised part of the money but not the full ten million and what i ended up doing was going out to the insurance industry and buying a hole in one insurance policy -the best thing is they paid off -weve had a lot of accomplishments and its been a tremendous success one of the things im most happy about is that -the spaceshipone is going to hang in air and space museum next to the spirit of st louis and the wright flyer -so a little bit about the future steps to space whats available for you today you can go and experience weightless flights by eight suborbital flights the price tag for that -we valued it as the number of seal pelts we could kill and then we discovered these things gold and oil and fishing and timber and it became -quick moment for the designers in the audience we spent eleven years getting faa approval to do zero gravity flights here are some fun images heres burt rutan and my good friend greg meronek inside a zero gravity -for a chance to win the first -the future of prizes you know prizes are a very old idea i had the pleasure of borrowing from the longitude prize and the orteig prize that put lindbergh forward -and we have made a decision in the x prize foundation to actually carry that concept forward into other technology areas and we just took on a new mission statement -know a trillion dollar economy and now we take our honeymoons there the same thing will happen in space we are on the verge of the greatest exploration that the human race has ever known -i showed this slide to larry page who just joined our board and you know when you give to a nonprofit you might have fifty cents on the dollar if you have a matching grant its typically two or three to one if you put up a prize -you can get literally a fifty to one leverage on your dollars and thats huge and then he turned around and said well if you back a prize institute that runs a ten prize you get five hundred to one i said -thats great so we have actually are looking to turn the x prize into a world class prize institute -this is what happens when you put up a prize when you announce it and teams start to begin doing trials you get -then when the prize is actually won after its moving you get societal benefits you know new technology new capability -and the benefits to the sponsors is the sum of the publicity and societal benefits over the long term thats our value proposition in a -if you were going to go and try to create spaceshipone or any kind of a new technology you have to fund that from the beginning and maintain that funding with an uncertain outcome it may or may not happen -but if you put up a prize the beautiful thing is you know its a very small maintenance fee and you pay on success orteig didnt pay a dime out to the nine teams that went across -you know that when youre going for a goal the first thing you have to do is believe that you can do it yourself -then youve got to you know face potential public ridicule of thats a crazy idea itll never work and then you have to convince others so that they can in fact help you raise the funds -or support all of these things because a prize credentials the idea that this is a good idea well it must be a good idea someones offering ten million dollars to go and do this thing -and each of these areas was something that we found the ansari x prize helped short circuit these for innovation -so as an organization we put together a prize discovery process of how to come up with prizes and write the rules and were actually looking at creating prizes in a number of different categories were looking at attacking energy environment nanotechnology -talk about -so my final slide here is the most critical tool for solving humanitys grand challenges it isnt technology it isnt money its only one thing its the committed passionate human mind -in fact i think in the next decade without any question we will discover life on mars and find that it is literally ubiquitous under the soils and different parts of that planet -really well we might do three parabolas well we asked him why he wanted to go up and do this and what he said for -we took him out to the kennedy space center -up inside the nasa vehicle into the back of the zero g airplane -those of you who know me know how passionate i am about opening the space frontier so when i had the chance to give the worlds expert in gravity the experience of zero gravity it was incredible and i want to tell you that story -we had about twenty people who made donations we raised one hundred and fifty thousand in donations for childrens charities who flew with us a few tedsters here -we set up a whole er we had four emergency room doctors and two nurses on board the airplane we were monitoring his po two of his blood his heart rate his blood pressure -we took off from the shuttle landing facility where the shuttle takes off and lands -and my partner byron lichtenberg and i carefully suspended him into zero g once he was there -let him go to experience what weightlessness was truly like -and after that first parabola you know the doc said everything is great he was smiling and we said go so we did a second parabola -and -now we actually floated an apple in homage to sir isaac newton because professor hawking holds the same chair at cambridge that isaac newton did -and we did a fourth and a fifth and a sixth and a seventh and an eighth and this -man does not look like a sixty five year old wheelchair bound man -we are living on a precious jewel and its during our lifetime that were moving off this planet -i first met him through the archon x prize for genomics its a competition were holding the second x prize for the first team to sequence one hundred human genomes in ten days -and i said i cant take you there but i can take you into weightlessness into zero g and he said on the spot absolutely yes well the only way to experience zero g on earth is actually with parabolic flight weightless flight -you take an airplane you fly over the top youre weightless for twenty five seconds come back down you weigh twice as much you do it again and again you can get eight ten minutes weightlessness how nasas trained their astronauts for so long -aircraft operator say youre crazy dont do that youre going kill the guy and he wanted to go we worked hard to get all the permissions and six months later -we sat down at kennedy space center we had a press conference we announced our intent to do one zero g parabola give him twenty five seconds of zero g -but perhaps thats not the case -to a point that we have the potential in the next three decades to create a world of abundance -now im not saying we dont have our set of problems -climate crisis species extinction water and energy shortage we surely do -and as humans we are far better at seeing the problems way in advance but ultimately we knock them down -so lets look at what this last century has been -to see where were going over the last hundred years the average human lifespan has more than doubled average per capita income adjusted for inflation around the world has tripled -childhood mortality has come down a factor of ten -add to that the cost of food electricity transportation communication have dropped ten to one thousand fold -steve pinker has showed us that in fact were living during the most peaceful time ever in human history -and charles kenny that global literacy has gone from twenty five percent to over eighty percent in the last one hundred and thirty years we truly are living in an extraordinary time -and many people forget this -and we keep setting our expectations higher and higher in fact we redefine what poverty means think of this in america today the majority of people under the poverty line -still have electricity water toilets refrigerators television mobile phones -air conditioning and cars the wealthiest robber barons of the last century the emperors on this planet could have never dreamed of such luxuries -underpinning much of this is technology -and of late exponentially growing technologies -my good friend ray kurzweil showed that any tool that becomes an information technology jumps on this -curve on moores law -and experiences price performance doubling every twelve to twenty four months -thats why the cellphone in your pocket is literally a million times cheaper and a thousand times faster than a supercomputer of the seventy s now look at this curve -this is moores law over the last hundred years i want you to notice two things from this curve number one how smooth it is through good time and bad time war time and peace time recession depression and boom time -this is the result of faster computers being used to build faster computers -it doesnt slow for any of our grand challenges and also even though its plotted on a log curve on the left its curving upwards -the rate at which the technology is getting faster is itself getting faster -and on this curve -riding on moores law are a set of extraordinarily powerful technologies available to all of us cloud computing what my friends at autodesk call infinite computing sensors and networks robotics three d printing which is the ability to democratize and distribute personalized production around the planet -synthetic biology -i mean that was epic -in fact i scoured the headlines looking for the best headline in a newspaper i could and i love this watson vanquishes human opponents jeopardys not an easy game its about the nuance of human language -and imagine if you would a i s like this on the cloud available to every person with a cellphone -four years ago here at ted ray kurzweil and i started a new university called singularity university and we teach our students all of these technologies and particularly how they can be used to solve humanitys grand challenges -and every year we ask them to start a company or a product or a service that can affect positively the lives of a billion people within a decade think about that the fact that literally a group of students can touch the lives of a billion people today -thirty years ago that would have sounded ludicrous today we can point at dozens of companies that have done just that -when i think about creating abundance -its about creating a life of possibility -could have easily been the last six days or the last six years the point is that the news media preferentially feeds us negative stories because thats what our minds pay attention to -it is about taking that which was scarce and making it abundant -you see scarcity is contextual -and technology is a resource liberating -all of napoleons troops were fed with silver utensils napoleon himself with gold utensils but the king of siam -he was fed with aluminum utensils you see aluminum was the most valuable metal on the planet -worth more than gold and platinum -its the reason that the tip of the washington monument is made of aluminum -you see even though aluminum is eight point three percent of the earth by mass -it doesnt come as a pure metal its all bound by oxygen and silicates -but then the technology of electrolysis came along -and literally made aluminum so cheap -that we use it with throw away mentality -so lets project this analogy going forward -we think about energy scarcity -ladies and gentlemen we are on a planet that is bathed with five thousand times more energy than we use in a year -sixteen terawatts of energy hits the earths surface every eighty eight minutes its not about being scarce its about accessibility -and theres good news here -for the first time this year the cost of solar generated electricity is fifty percent that of diesel generated electricity in india eight point eight rupees versus seventeen rupees the cost of solar dropped fifty percent last year last month mit put out a study showing that by the end of this decade -in the sunny parts of the united states solar electricity will be six cents a kilowatt hour compared to fifteen cents as a national average -and if we have abundant energy -we also have abundant water -do you remember when carl sagan turned the voyager spacecraft -a pale blue dot -because we live on a water planet -we live on a planet seventy percent covered by water yes ninety seven -and there is technology coming online not ten twenty years from now right now -theres nanotechnology coming on nanomaterials and the conversation i had with dean kamen this morning one of the great diy innovators id like to share with you he gave me permission to do so -his technology called slingshot that many of you may have heard of it is the size of a small dorm room refrigerator its able to generate a thousand liters of clean drinking water a day out of any source saltwater polluted water latrine at less than two cents a liter -the chairman of coca cola has just agreed to do a major test of hundreds of units of this in the developing world and if that pans out which i have every confidence it will coca cola will deploy this globally to two hundred and six countries around the planet -this is the kind of innovation empowered by this technology that exists today -and weve seen this in cellphones my goodness were going to hit seventy percent penetration of cellphones in the developing world by the end of two thousand and thirteen think about it that a masai warrior on a cellphone in the middle of kenya has better mobile comm than president reagan did twenty five years ago -and if theyre on a smartphone on google theyve got access to more knowledge and information than president clinton did fifteen years ago theyre living in a world of information and communication abundance that no one could have ever predicted -better than that the things that you and i spent tens and hundreds of thousands of dollars for -probably the best part of it is whats coming down the pike in health -last month i had the pleasure of announcing with qualcomm foundation something called the dollar ten million qualcomm tricorder x prize -were challenging teams around the world to basically combine these technologies into a mobile device -that you can speak to because its got a i you can cough on it you can do a finger blood prick and to win it needs to be able to diagnose you better than a team of board certified doctors -so literally imagine this device in the middle of the developing world where there are no doctors twenty five percent of the disease burden and one point three percent of the health care workers -now the amygdala is our early warning detector our danger detector it sorts and scours through all of the information looking for anything in the environment that might harm us -when this device sequences an rna or dna virus that it doesnt recognize it calls the cdc and prevents the pandemic from happening in the first place -but here here is the biggest force for bringing about a world of abundance i call it the rising billion -so the white lines here are population we just passed the seven billion mark on earth and by the way the biggest protection against a population explosion is making the world educated and healthy -in two thousand and ten we had just short of two billion people online connected -by two thousand and twenty thats going from two billion to five billion internet users -three billion new minds who have never been heard from before are connecting to the global conversation -and they will get healthier by using the tricorder and theyll become better educated by using the khan academy and by literally being able to use three d printing and infinite computing become more productive than ever before -so what could three billion rising healthy educated productive members of humanity bring to us -how about a set of voices that have never been heard from before -what about giving the oppressed wherever they might be the voice to be heard and the voice -for the first time ever -so given a dozen news stories we will preferentially look at the negative news -what about contributions we cant even predict the one thing ive learned at the x prize is that small teams -driven by their passion with a clear focus can do extraordinary things things that large corporations and governments could only do in the past let me share and close with a story that really got me excited -there is a program that some of you might have heard of its a game called foldit -it came out of the university of washington in seattle and this is a game where individuals can actually -take a sequence of amino acids and figure out how the protein is going to fold -and how it folds dictates its structure and its functionality and its very important for research in medicine and up until now its been a supercomputer problem -and that old newspaper saying if it bleeds it leads -and this game has been played by university professors and so forth and its literally -hundreds of thousands of people came online and started playing it and it showed that in fact today the human pattern recognition machinery is better at folding proteins than the best computers and when these individuals went and looked at who was the best protein folder in the world -it wasnt an mit professor it wasnt a caltech student it was a person from england from manchester a woman -and at night was the worlds best protein folder -ladies and gentlemen what gives me tremendous confidence in the future -is the fact that we are now more empowered as individuals to take on the grand challenges of this planet -we have the tools with this exponential technology we have the passion of the diy innovator we have the capital of the techno philanthropist and we have three billion new minds coming online to work with us to solve the grand challenges to do that which we must do -we are living into extraordinary decades ahead thank you -that are bringing all the negative news to us seven days a week twenty four hours a day its no wonder that were pessimistic its no wonder that people think that the world is getting worse -now thats a logical error its exactly the same logical error as the logical error of thinking that after the disease test which is ninety nine percent accurate the chance of having the disease is ninety nine percent -so heres what you do when they say to you what do you do you say im a statistician -in the disease example we had to bear in mind two things one of which was the possibility that the test got it right -there are two things involved two parts to the explanation we want to know how likely or relatively how likely two different explanations -one of them is that sally clark was innocent which is a priori overwhelmingly likely most mothers dont kill their children -the other explanation is that she was guilty now we probably think a priori thats unlikely and we certainly should think in the context of a criminal trial that thats unlikely because of the presumption of innocence and then if she were trying to kill the children she succeeded -so the chance that shes innocent isnt one in seventy three million we dont know what it is it has to do with weighing up the strength of the other evidence against her and the statistical evidence -we know the children died what matters is how likely or unlikely relative to each other the two explanations are and theyre both implausible -theres a situation where errors in statistics had really profound and really unfortunate consequences in fact there are two other women who were convicted on the basis of the evidence of this pediatrician who have subsequently been released on appeal -now and theyll know youre making it up and then one of two things will happen theyll either discover their long lost cousin in the other corner of the room and run over and talk to them -so just to conclude what are the take home messages from this well we know that randomness and uncertainty and chance are very much a part of our everyday life -in not getting the examples i gave right its very well documented that people get things wrong they make errors of logic in reasoning with uncertainty -in medicine and indeed quite a lot of industry all of quality control which has had a major impact on industrial processing is underpinned by statistics -so if a pediatrician had come out and said to a jury i know how to build bridges ive built one down the road please drive your car home over it they would have said well pediatricians dont know how to build bridges thats what engineers do -if you believe the number just like the seventy three million to one thats not what it meant and there have been celebrated appeal cases in britain and elsewhere because of that -and just to finish in the context of the legal system its all very well to say lets do our best to present the evidence but more and more in cases of dna profiling this is another one we expect juries -in the case of uncertainty we get it wrong all the time and at the very least we should be aware of that and ideally we might try and do something about it thanks very much -its one of the challenges in our profession to try and explain what we do were not top on peoples lists for dinner party -guests and conversations and so on and its something ive never really found a good way of doing but my wife who was then my girlfriend managed it much better than -been able to many years ago when we first started going out she was working for the bbc in britain and i was at that stage working in america i was coming back to visit her she told this to one of her colleagues -said well what does your boyfriend do sarah thought quite hard about the things id explained and she concentrated in those days on listening -that and she was thinking about the work i did developing mathematical models for understanding evolution and modern genetics -so when her colleague said what does he do she paused and said he models things -to tell you about the mysteries of the universe or the wonders of evolution or the really clever innovative ways people are attacking the major inequalities in our world -how we react to that and how well we do or dont think about it so youve had a pretty easy time up till now a few laughs and all that kind of thing in the talks -think and im going to ask you some questions so heres the scene for the first question im going to ask you can you imagine tossing a coin successively -and for some reason which shall remain rather vague were interested in a particular pattern heres one a head followed by a tail followed by a tail so suppose we toss a coin repeatedly -then the pattern head tail tail that weve suddenly become fixated with happens here and you can count one two three four five six seven eight nine ten it happens after the tenth toss -this side to think about the other half of the audience doesnt like head tail tail they think for deep cultural reasons thats boring -or even the challenges of nation states in the modern global economy my brief as youve just heard is to tell you about statistics -on this side youve got a number youve done it lots of times so you get it accurately which is the average number of tosses until head tail tail on this side youve got a number the average number of tosses until head tail head -so whats going on here so youve all got to think about this and youve all got to vote and were not moving on and i dont want to end up in the two minute silence to give you more time to think about it until everyones expressed a view -ok so what you want to do is compare the average number of tosses until we first see head tail head with the average number of tosses until we first see head tail tail -who thinks that a is true that on average itll take longer to see head tail head than head tail tail who thinks that b is true that on average theyre the same -that c is true that on average itll take less time to see head tail head than head tail tail ok who hasnt voted yet because thats really naughty i said you had to -ok so most people think b is true and you might be relieved to know even rather distinguished mathematicians think that its not -a is true here it takes longer on average in fact the average number of tosses till head tail head is ten and the average number of tosses until head tail tail is eight -how could that be anything different about the two -and to be more precise to tell you some exciting things about statistics and thats thats rather more challenging than all the speakers before me and all the ones coming after me -there is head tail head overlaps itself if you went head tail head tail head you can cunningly get two occurrences of the pattern in only five tosses -you cant do that with head tail tail -that turns out to be important there are two ways of thinking about this ill give you one of them so imagine lets suppose were doing it on this side remember youre excited about -if it comes down a head thats great youre done and you celebrate if its a tail well rather disappointedly you put the glasses away and put the champagne back and you keep tossing to wait for the next head to get excited -on this side theres a different experience its the same for the first two parts of the sequence youre a little bit excited with the first head you get rather more excited with the next tail then you toss the coin if its a tail you crack open the champagne -if its a head youre disappointed but youre still a third of the way to your pattern again and thats an informal way of presenting it thats why theres a difference -my senior colleagues told me when i was a youngster in this profession rather proudly that statisticians were people who liked figures but didnt have the personality skills to become accountants -little chemical scissors called restriction enzymes which cut dna whenever they see particular patterns and theyre an enormously useful tool in modern molecular biology and instead of asking the question how long until i see a head tail head you can ask -how big will the chunks be when i use a restriction enzyme which cuts whenever it sees g a a g for example how long will -but it turns out that unlocking the secrets in the information generated by modern experimental technologies a key part of that has to do with fairly sophisticated -to know that i do something useful in my day job rather more sophisticated than the head tail head story but quite sophisticated computer modelings and mathematical modelings and modern statistical techniques -give you two little snippets two examples of projects were involved in in my group in oxford both of which i think are rather exciting -you know about the human genome project that was a project which aimed to read one copy of the human genome -the natural thing to do after youve done that and thats what this project the international hapmap project which is a collaboration between labs in five or six different countries -why do we care about that well there are lots of reasons the most pressing one is that we want to understand how some differences make some people susceptible to one disease type two diabetes for example -and other differences make people more susceptible to heart disease or stroke or autism and so on -one big project theres a second big project recently funded by the wellcome trust in this country involving very large studies thousands of individuals with each of eight different diseases common diseases -like type one and type two diabetes and coronary heart disease bipolar disease and so on to try and understand the genetics to try and understand what it is about genetic differences that causes the diseases -and theres another in joke among statisticians and thats how do you tell the introverted statistician from the extroverted statistician to which the answer is the extroverted statisticians the one who looks at the other persons shoes -why do we want to do that because we understand very little about most human diseases we dont know what causes them and if we can get in at the bottom and understand the genetics -as i said the little diversion on my main love back to some of the more mundane issues of thinking about uncertainty heres another quiz for you -now suppose weve got a test for a disease which isnt infallible but its pretty good it gets it right ninety nine percent of the time and i take one of you or i take someone off the street -and i test them for the disease in question lets suppose theres a test for hiv the virus that causes aids and the test says the person has the disease -the test gets it right ninety nine percent of the time so a natural answer is -so lets think about a disease that affects its pretty rare it affects one person in ten thousand amongst these million individuals most of them are healthy and some of them will have the disease and in fact if this is the prevalence of the disease about one hundred will have the disease -and the rest wont so now suppose we test them all what happens well amongst the one hundred who do have the disease the test will get it right ninety nine percent of the time and ninety nine will test positive -put that another way of all of them who test positive so here they are the individuals involved less than one in one hundred -actually have the disease so even though we think the test is accurate the important part of the story is theres another bit of information we need -heres the key intuition what we have to do once we know the test is positive is to weigh up the plausibility or the likelihood of two competing explanations -each of those explanations has a likely bit and an unlikely bit one explanation is that the person doesnt have the disease thats overwhelmingly likely if you pick someone -but i want to tell you something useful and here it is so concentrate now this evening theres a reception in the universitys museum of natural history and its a wonderful setting as i hope youll find and a great icon to the best of the victorian tradition -but the test gets it wrong which is unlikely the other explanation is that the person does have the disease thats unlikely but the test gets it right which is likely -and the number we end up with that number which is a little bit less than one in one hundred is to do with how likely one of those explanations is relative to the other each of them taken together is unlikely -a more topical example of exactly the same thing those of you in britain will know about whats become rather a celebrated case of a -who had two babies who died suddenly and initially it was thought that they died of whats known informally as cot death and more formally as sudden infant death syndrome -for various reasons she was later charged with murder and at the trial her trial a very distinguished pediatrician gave evidence that the chance of two cot deaths -long story short she was convicted at the time later and fairly recently acquitted on appeal in fact on the second appeal -and just to set it in context you can imagine how awful it is for someone to have lost one child -if theyre innocent to be convicted of murdering them to be put through the stress of the trial convicted of murdering them and to spend time in a womens prison where all the other prisoners think you killed your children is a really awful thing to happen to someone -it happened in large part here because the expert got the statistics horribly wrong in two different ways so where did he get the one in seventy three million number -he looked at some research which said the chance of one cot death in a family like sally clarks is about one in eight and a half thousand -so if you toss a coin twice the chance of getting a head twice are a half thats the chance the first time times a half the chance a second time -so he said here lets assume ill assume that these events are independent when you multiply eight and a half thousand together twice you get about seventy three million and none of this was stated to the court as an assumption or presented to the jury that way -its very unlikely in this special setting and this collection of people but you might just find yourself talking to someone youd rather wish that you -and secondly its palpably false there are lots and lots of things that we dont know about sudden infant deaths -it might well be that there are environmental factors that were not aware of and its pretty likely to be the case that there are genetic factors were not aware of so if a family suffer from one cot death -put them in a high risk group theyve probably got these environmental risk factors and or genetic risk factors we dont know about and to argue then that the chance of a second death is as if you didnt know that information is really silly -the first problem the second problem is what does the number of one in seventy three million mean so after sally clark was convicted you can imagine it made rather -a splash in the press one of the journalists from one of britains more reputable newspapers wrote that what the expert had said was the chance that she was innocent was one in seventy three million -i used to work as the director of the world bank office in nairobi for east africa -at that time i noticed that corruption that grand corruption that systematic corruption was undermining everything we were trying to do -and therefore i began to not only try to protect the work of the world bank our own projects our own programs against corruption but in general i thought -we need a system to protect the people in this part of the world from the ravages of corruption -and as soon as i started this work i received a memorandum from the world bank from the legal department first in which they said youre not allowed to do this -going to speak about corruption but i would like to juxtapose two different things one is the large global economy the large globalized economy -in the mean time i was chairing donor meetings for instance in which the various donors and many of them like to be in nairobi it is true it is one of the -cities of the world but they like to be there because the other cities are even less comfortable and in these donor meetings i noticed that many of the worst projects which were put forward -by our clients by the governments by promoters many of them representing suppliers from the north -that the worst projects were realized first let me give you an example a huge power project three hundred million dollars -to be built smack into one of the most vulnerable and one of the most beautiful areas of western kenya and we all -noticed immediately that this project had no economic benefits it had no clients nobody would buy the electricity there nobody was interested in irrigation projects to the contrary we knew that this project would destroy -would destroy riparian forests which were the basis for the survival of nomadic groups the samburu and the -so everybody knew this is a not a useless project this is an absolute damaging a terrible project not to speak about the future indebtedness of the country for these hundreds of millions of dollars and the siphoning off -the scarce resources of the economy from much more important activities like schools like hospitals and so on and yet -the good projects which we as a donor community would take under our wings they took years you know you had too many studies and -very often they didnt succeed but these bad projects which were absolutely damaging for the economy for many generations for the environment for thousands of families who had to be resettled -suddenly put together by consortia of banks of supplier agencies of -and the other one is the small and very limited capacity of our traditional governments and their international institutions to govern to shape this economy because there is this -between the powerful elites in the countries there and the suppliers from the north -now these suppliers were our big companies they were the actors of this global market which i mentioned in the beginning they were the siemenses of this -coming from france from the uk from japan from canada from germany and they were systematically driven by systematic large scale corruption we are not talking about -fifty thousand dollars here or one hundred thousand dollars there or one million dollars there no we are talking about ten million twenty million dollars on the swiss bank accounts on the bank accounts of -the presidents ministers the high officials in the para statal sectors this was the reality which i saw and not only one project like that -i saw i would say over the years i worked in africa i saw hundreds of projects -and so i became convinced that this systematic corruption which is perverting economic policy making in these countries -which is the main reason for the misery for the poverty for the conflicts for the violence for the desperation in many of these -that we have today more than a billion people below the absolute poverty line that we have more than a billion people without proper drinking water in the world twice that number -more than two billion people without sanitation and so on and the consequent illnesses -mothers and children still child mortality of more than ten million people every year children dying -five years old the cause of this is to a large extent grand corruption now why did the world bank not let me do this work -germany foreign bribery was allowed it was even tax deductible no wonder that most of the most important international operators -in germany but also in france and uk and scandinavia everywhere systematically bribed not all of them but most of -and this is the phenomenon which i call failing governance because when i then came to germany and started this little ngo here in berlin at the -told you cannot stop our german exporters from bribing because we will lose our contracts -which creates basically failing governance -we will lose to the french we will lose to the swedes well lose to the japanese and therefore there was a indeed a prisoners dilemma which made it very difficult -for an individual company an individual exporting country to say we are not going to continue this deadly -of large companies to bribe -so this is what i mean with a failing governance structure because even the powerful government which we have in germany comparatively was not able to say we will not allow our companies to bribe -and the large companies themselves have this dilemma many of them didnt want to bribe many of the german companies for instance believe -failing governance in many areas in the area of corruption and the area of destruction of the environment in the area of exploitation of women and children -that they are really producing a high quality product at a good price so they are very competitive they are not as good at bribing as many of their international competitors -but they were not allowed to show their strengths because the world was eaten up by grand corruption -and this is why im telling you this civil society rose to the occasion -we had a small ngo transparency international they began to think of an escape route from this prisoners dilemma -and we developed concepts of collective action basically trying to bring -various competitors together around the table explaining to all of them how much it would be in their interests if they simultaneously would stop -convention under the auspices of the oecd which obliged everybody to change their laws and criminalize foreign bribery -i mean its interesting in doing this we had to sit together with the companies we had here in berlin -aspen institute on the wannsee we had sessions with about twenty captains of industry and we discussed with them -in the area of climate change in all the areas in which we really need a capacity to reintroduce the primacy of politics -what to do about international bribery in the first session we had three sessions over the course of two years and president von weizsacker by the way chaired one of the sessions the first one to take the fear away -from the entrepreneurs who were not used to deal with non governmental organizations and in the first session they all said this is not bribery what we are doing this is customary there this is what -these other cultures demand they even applaud it in fact still says this today and so there are still a lot of people who are not convinced that who have to stop bribing -but in the second session they admitted already that they would never do this what they are doing in these other countries here in germany -or in the uk and so on cabinet ministers would admit this and in the final session at the aspen institute we had them all sign an open letter -the kohl government at the time requesting that they participate in the oecd convention and this is in my opinion -an example of soft power because we were able to convince them that they had to go with us we had a longer term time perspective we had a broader geographically much wider -london for instance where the bae got away with a huge corruption case which the serious fraud office tried to prosecute -hundred million british pounds every year for ten years to one particular official of one particular friendly country who then bought for forty four billion pounds of military equipment -this case they are not prosecuting in the uk why because they consider this as contrary to the security interest of the people -civil society is pushing civil society is trying to get a solution to this problem and also in the uk and also in japan which is not properly enforcing and so on in germany we are pushing -the ratification of the un convention which is a subsequent convention we are germany is not ratifying why because -it would make it necessary to criminalize the corruption of deputies in germany we have a system where -the economy which is operating in a worldwide arena and i think corruption -you are not allowed to bribe a civil servant but you are allowed to bribe a deputy this is -and the members of parliament dont want to change this and this is why they cant sign the un convention against foreign bribery one of they very very few countries -which is preaching honesty and good governance everywhere in the world but not able to ratify they convention which we managed to get on the books with about one hundred and sixty countries -i see my time is ticking let me just try to draw some conclusions from what has happened i believe -what we managed to achieve in fighting corruption one can also achieve in other areas of failing governance by now the united nations -on our side the world bank has turned from saulus to paulus under wolfensohn and they became i would say the strongest anti corruption agency in the -most of the large companies are now totally convinced that they have to put in place very strong policies against bribery and so on and this is possible because civil society joined -and the fight against corruption and the impact of corruption is probably one of the most interesting ways to illustrate what i mean with this failure of governance -the companies and joined the government in the analysis of the problem in the development of remedies in the implementation of reforms and then later in the -of course if civil society organizations want to play that role they have to grow into this responsibility not all civil society organizations are good -the ku klux klan is an ngo so we must be aware that civil society has to shape up itself they have to have a much more -transparent financial governance they have to have a much more participatory governance in many civil society organizations -we also need much more competence of civil society leaders this is why we have set up the governance school and the center for civil society here in berlin because we believe -most of our educational and research institutions in germany and continental europe in general do not focus enough yet empowering civil society and training the leadership -but what im saying from my very practical experience if civil society does it right and joins the other actors in particular governments governments and -thank you -talk about my own experience -in this mode hes trying to maintain his position -for the next demo id like you to introduce to my colleagues michael on the computer and thomas whos helping me onstage -in the next mode rezero is passive and we can move him around -with almost no force i can control his position and his velocity -in the next mode we can get rezero to follow a person -hes now keeping a constant distance to thomas -with the same method we can also get him to circle a person -we call this the orbiting mode -now whats the use of this technology for now its an experiment but let me show you some possible future applications rezero could be used in exhibitions or parks with a screen it could inform people or show them around in a fun and entertaining way -in a hospital this device could be used to carry around medical equipment due to the ballbot system it has a very small footprint and its also easy to move around and of course who wouldnt like to take a ride on one of these and these are more practical applications but theres also a certain beauty within this technology -our robot belongs to a family of robots called ballbots instead of wheels a ballbot is balancing and moving on one single ball the main characteristics of such a system is that theres one sole contact point to the ground -this means that the robot is inherently unstable its like when i am trying to stand on one foot -you might ask yourself whats the usefulness of a robot thats unstable now well explain that in a second let me first explain how rezero actually keeps his balance rezero keeps his balance by constantly measuring his pitch angle with a sensor -he then counteracts and avoids toppling over by turning the motors appropriately this happens one hundred and sixty times per second and if anything fails in this process rezero would immediately fall to the ground -and as you know hes a great singer but hes a magnificent hustler -very hard guy to say no to and he was saying you know just after id done the biko song were going to do a tour for amnesty you have to be on it and really that was the first time -i love trees and im very lucky because we live near a wonderful arboretum and -been out and started meeting people whod watched their family being shot in front of them and had a partner thrown out of an airplane into an ocean and suddenly -this world of human rights arrived in my world and i couldnt really walk away in quite the same way as before and -so i got involved with this tour which was for amnesty and then in eighty eight i took over bonos job -trying to learn how to hustle i didnt do it as well but we managed to get youssou ndour sting tracy chapman and bruce springsteen to go round the world for amnesty and it was an amazing experience -and once again i got an extraordinary education and it was the first time really that id met -a lot of these people in the different countries and these human rights stories became very physical -and again i couldnt really walk away quite so comfortably but the thing that really amazed me that i had no idea was -you could suffer in this way and then have your whole experience your story -usually id go there with my wife and now with my four year old and wed climb in the trees wed play hide and seek the second school i was -buried and forgotten and it seemed that whenever there was a camera -a video or film camera it was a great deal harder to do -to bury the story -and reebok set up a foundation after these human rights now tours and -it didnt really get anywhere and then the rodney king incident happened and people thought ok if you have a camera in the right place at the right time or perhaps the wrong time -who you are then you can actually start doing something and campaigning -since given -out in over sixty countries and we campaign with activist groups -and help them tell their story -we had a wonderful story from uganda yesterday this one isnt quite so good and in the north of uganda there are something like one point five million -had big trees too had a fantastic tulip tree i think it was the biggest in the country and it also had a lot of wonderful bushes and vegetation around it around the playing -internally displaced people people who are not refugees in another country but because of the civil war which has been going on for about twenty years -they have nowhere to live and twenty thousand kids have been taken away to become child soldiers -its lords resistance army i believe but the government also doesnt have a clean sheet so if we could run the first video -the -and i -the -the -the -one day i was grabbed by some of my classmates and taken in the bushes i was stripped i was attacked i was abused and this came out of the blue -me -i -is not something that always happens on -other soil in -my country it was we had been looking at pictures of british soldiers beating up young -got abu ghraib weve got guantanamo bay and i had a driver on my way to -and -he told me a story that in the middle of the night four a m -been taken out of his home in queens taken to a place in the midwest -that he was interrogated and tortured -the street four weeks later -because he had the same he was middle eastern and he had the same name as one of the nine eleven -pilots and -now the reason i say that because afterwards i was thinking well i went back into the school i felt dirty i felt betrayed -that may or may not be true i didnt think he was a liar though and i think if we look around the world -as well as the polar ice caps melting human rights which have been fought for for many hundreds of years in some cases are also eroding very fast and that is something that we need to -take a look at and -maybe start campaigning -for i mean here too one of our partners has was at van jones and the books not bars project they have managed with their footage to in california to change the -correction systems employed and its much -no not at all no problem take your time but this -whoever that man is whatever hes done this is cruel and unusual punishment -has been -the brave people who often put their lives at risk around the world with cameras and id like to show you just a little more -felt ashamed -mainly i felt powerless and thirty years later i was sitting in an airplane next to a lady called veronica who came from chile -and weve also been trying to get computers out to the world so that groups can communicate much more effectively campaign much more effectively but now -we have the wonderful possibility -which is given to us from the mobile phone with the camera in it because that is cheap its ubiquitous and its -moving fast all round the world and its very exciting for us and so the dream is that -we could have a world in which anyone -anything bad happen to them of this sort has a chance of getting their story uploaded being seen -being watched that they really know that they can be heard that there would be a giant website -maybe a little like google earth and you could fly over and find out the realities of whats going for the worlds inhabitants in a way -what this technology is allowing is really that a lot of the problems of the world -have a human face that we can actually see whos dying of aids or whos being beaten up for the first time and we can hear their stories -in a way that the blogger culture if we can move that into these sort of fields i think we can really transform -the world in all sorts of ways -could be a new movement growing up -reaching for the light -thank you -it was an amazing learning experience because for me human rights have been something -to become a translator between ourselves and some of the other machines we live with -now there is a project thats underway called the interplanetary internet its in operation between earth and mars -which the defense advanced research projects agency which funded the original arpanet funded the internet funded the interplanetary architecture is now funding a project to design a spacecraft to get to the nearest star in one hundred years time -what that means is that what were learning -how we might interact with an alien from another world i can hardly wait -we are not alone -that are wonderful individually to link them globally -just to clarify some people might have looked at the video that you showed and thought well thats just a webcam whats special about it if you could talk for just a moment about how you want to go past that -we are not alone in these abilities -may think youre looking through a window at a dolphin spinning playfully but what youre actually looking through is a two way mirror at a dolphin looking at itself spinning playfully this is a dolphin that is self aware this dolphin has self awareness its a young dolphin named bayley -now i want to return to dolphins because these are the animals that i feel like ive been working up closely and personal with for over thirty years and these are real personalities they are not persons but theyre personalities in every sense of the word and you cant get more alien than the dolphin -they are very different from us in body form theyre radically different they come from a radically different environment in fact were separated by ninety five million years of divergent evolution -i wondered how we might interface with these animals in the one thousand nine hundred and eighty s i developed an underwater keyboard this was a custom made touch screen keyboard what i wanted to do was give the dolphins choice and control these are big brains highly social animals -and i thought well if we give them choice and control if they can hit a symbol on this keyboard and by the way it was interfaced by fiber optic cables from hewlett packard -this is delphi and pan and youre going to see delphi hitting a key he hears a computer generated whistle -on their own there was no intervention on our part they explored the keyboard they played around with it they figured out how it -what we saw was self organized learning and now im imagining what can we do with new technologies how can we create interfaces new windows into the minds of animals with the technologies that exist today -so i was thinking about this and then one day i got a call -im a farm boy i grew up surrounded by animals and i would look in these eyes and wonder what was going on there -so as an adult when i started to read about the amazing breakthroughs with penny patterson and koko with sue savage rumbaugh and kanzi panbanisha irene pepperberg alex the parrot i got all excited -what was amazing to me also was -they seemed a lot more adept at getting a handle on our language than we were -on getting a handle on -ive been very interested in understanding the nature of the intelligence of dolphins for the past thirty years how do we explore intelligence in this animal thats so different from us and what ive used is a very simple research tool a mirror and weve gained great information reflections of these animal minds -i work with a lot of musicians from around the world and often we dont have any common language at all but we sit down behind our instruments and suddenly theres a way for us to connect and emote -so i started cold calling and eventually got through to sue savage rumbaugh and she invited me down i went down and -the bonobos -had had access to percussion instruments musical toys but never before to a keyboard at first they did what infants do just bashed it with their fists and then -i asked through sue if panbanisha could try with one finger only -you -that night we began to dream and we thought perhaps the most amazing tool that mans created is the internet and what would happen if we could somehow find new interfaces visual audio interfaces that would allow -these remarkable sentient beings that we share the planet with -called her friend steve woodruff and we began hustling all sorts of people whose work related or was inspiring which led us to diana -and led us to neil -he approached me with a vision of doing these things not for people for animals and then i was struck in the history of the internet this is what -the internet looked like when it was born and you can call that the internet of middle aged white men mostly middle aged -and the possibility of making a web server for a dollar grew into what became known as the internet of things which is literally an industry now with tremendous implications for health care energy efficiency and we were happy with ourselves and then when peter showed me that i realized we had missed something which is the rest of the planet -so we started up this interspecies internet project now we started talking with ted about how you bring dolphins and great apes and elephants to ted and we realized that wouldnt work -then we showed it in dolphins and then later in elephants we did this work in my lab with the dolphins and elephants and its been recently shown in the magpie now its interesting because -thats great when we were rehearsing last night he had fun watching the elephants next user group are the dolphins at the national aquarium please go ahead -weve embraced this darwinian view of a continuity in physical evolution this physical continuity -okay thats great thank you and the third user group in thailand is think elephants go ahead josh -but weve been much more reticent much slower at recognizing this continuity in cognition in emotion in consciousness in other animals other animals are conscious theyre emotional -forty years ago bob kahn and i did the design of the internet thirty years ago we turned it on -just last year we turned on the production internet youve been using the experimental version for the last thirty years the production version -it uses ip version six it has three point four times ten to the thirty eighth possible terminations thats a number only that congress can appreciate -but it leads to what is coming next -when bob and i did this design -we thought we were building a system to connect computers together what we very quickly discovered is that this was a system for connecting people together -and what youve seen tonight -tells you that we should not restrict this network to one species -you -that these other intelligent sentient species should be part of the system too this is the system as it looks today by the way this is what the internet looks like to a computer thats trying to figure out where the traffic is supposed to go -this is generated by a program thats looking at the connectivity of the internet and how all the various networks are connected together there are about four hundred thousand networks -interconnected run independently by four hundred thousand different operating agencies and the only reason this works is that they all use the same standard tcp ip protocols well you know where this is headed the internet of things tell us that a lot of -computer enabled appliances and devices are going to become part of this system too -appliances that you use around the house that you use in your office that you carry around with yourself or in the car thats the internet of things thats coming now whats important about what these people are doing -is that theyre beginning to learn how to communicate -with species that are not us -but share a common sensory environment were beginning to explore what it means to communicate with something that isnt just another person well you can see whats coming next -theyre aware there have been multitudes of studies with many species over the years that have given us exquisite evidence for thinking and consciousness in other animals other animals that are quite different than we are in form -all kinds of possible sentient beings may be interconnected through this system and i cant wait to see these experiments unfold -what happens after that -well lets see there are machines that need to talk to machines and that we need to talk to and so as time goes on were going to have to learn how to communicate with computers and how to get computers to communicate with us in the way that were accustomed to not with keyboards not with mice -we havent heard about why the buildings -that injured three hundred and thirty thousand -that displaced one point three million people -that cut off food and water and supplies for an entire nation -a disaster of engineering -worked in haiti since two thousand and seven -working with -which is the u n mission in haiti -about the haiti earthquake by skype -we inspected schools and private -we inspected medical centers and food warehouses -we inspected government buildings this is the ministry of justice behind that door is the national judicial archives the fellow in the door andre filitrault -director of the center for interdisciplinary earthquake engineering research at the university of buffalo was examining it to see if it was safe to recover the archives -my wife sent me a message -there is nothing here that we dont know -whoa earthquake -the failure points were the same -walls and slabs not tied properly into columns thats a roof slab hanging off the building -poor building materials not enough concrete not enough compression in the blocks -and we know how to build properly -the proof of this came -five hundred times -power of the seven point zero that hit port au prince -five hundred times the power yet only under a thousand casualties -adjusted for population density that is less than one percent of the impact of the haitian quake -what was the difference between chile and haiti -seismic standards and confined masonry -where the building acts as a whole walls and columns and roofs and slabs tied together -to support each other instead of breaking off into separate members and failing -if you look at this building in -but its not a pile of rubble -have been building with confined masonry for decades -right now aidg is working with kpff consulting engineers architecture for humanity to bring more confined masonry training into haiti -this is -took one of our trainings -on his last job he was working with his boss and they started pouring the columns wrong -he took his boss aside and he showed him the materials on confined masonry -he showed him you know we dont have to do this wrong -cost us any more to do it the right way -and they redid that -tied the rebar right they poured the columns right -and that building will be safe -and every building -that they build going forward -to make sure these buildings are safe its not going to take policy -its going to take reaching out -to the masons on the ground -and helping them learn the proper techniques -now there are many groups doing this and the fellow in the vest there craig toten he has pushed forward to get documentation out to all the groups that are doing this -through haiti rewired through build change architecture for humanity -thirty thousand forty thousand masons across the country and create a movement of proper building -and that was building collapse -the billions spent -on reconstruction -you can train masons for dollars on every house that they end up building over their lifetime -the way at the top is the way that haitis been building for decades -the way at the top -is a poorly constructed building that will fail -the way at the bottom is a confined masonry building -where the walls are tied together the building is symmetric and it will stand up to an earthquake -all seen the photos of the collapsed buildings in -for all the disaster -there is an opportunity here to build better houses for the next generation so that when the next earthquake hits -a disaster but not a tragedy -the national palace the equivalent of the white house -this is the largest supermarket in the caribbean -at peak shopping time -this is a nurses college -this is the ministry of economics and finance -we have all heard about the tremendous human loss -in the earthquake in haiti -but we havent heard enough about why all those lives -this was a remarkable place at a remarkable time and into that ferment came the microprocessor i think it was that interaction that led to personal computing they saw -these tools that were controlled by the establishment as ones that could actually be liberated and put to use by these communities that they were trying to build -and most importantly they had this ethos of sharing information i think these ideas are difficult to understand because when youre trapped in one paradigm the next paradigm is always like -any kind of picture or piece of text or data across a file system and we had no way of explaining it there was no metaphor was it a database a prototyping tool a scripted language heck it was everything -so we ended up writing a marketing brochure we asked a question about how the mind works and we let our customers play the role of so many blind men filling out the elephant -a few years later we then hit on the idea of explaining to people the secret of how do you get the content you want the way you want it and the easy way -heres the apple marketing video -the most involved method is to go ahead and produce your own videodisc as well as build your own hypercard stacks by far the simplest method is to buy a pre made videodisc and hypercard stacks from a commercial supplier -the method we illustrate in this video uses a pre made videodisc but creates custom hypercard stacks this method allows you to use existing videodisc materials in ways which suit your specific needs and interests -personal matter between the computer and the file system thats fine but as you can see it was about to leap out and upset jack valenti and a lot of other people -by the way speaking of the filing system it never occurred to us that these hyperlinks could go beyond the local area network a few years later tim berners lee worked that out it became a killer app of links and today of course we call that the world wide web -now not only was i instrumental in helping apple miss the internet -followed by reactions in boardrooms in the finance community best characterized as whats the finance term -let us recall the pioneers who made this technical marvel possible -the digital highway would follow the rutted trail first blazed by alexander graham bell -the -and the new york times heralds this as telecommunications moving to the home convergence great things are happening everybody in the east coast gets in the pictures citicorp penney rca all getting into this big vision -we missed a lot you know you missed we missed the internet the long tail the role of the audience open systems social networks it just goes to show how tough it is to come up with the right uses of media thomas edison had the same problem he wrote a list of -what the phonograph might be good for when he invented it and kind of only one of his ideas turned out to have been the right early idea well you know where were going on from here we come into the era of the dotcom the world wide web and i dont need to tell you about that because we all went through that bubble together -but when we emerge from this and what we call web two point zero things actually are quite different and i think its the reason that tvs so challenged if internet one was about pages now its about people its a customer its an audience its a person whos participating its the formidable thing that is changing entertainment now -and its no wonder that as we head into the writers strike odd things happen you know it reminds me of that old saw in hollywood that a producer is anyone who knows a writer -i now think a network boss is anyone who has a cable modem -could benefit from labor disputes meanwhile you have the tv bloggers going out on strike in sympathy with the television writers and then you have tv guide a fox property which is about to sponsor the online video awards but cancels it out of sympathy with traditional television not appearing to gloat -but then he remembers he works for rupert murdoch -following takes place between the minutes of two fifteen p m and two eighteen p m in the months preceding the presidential primaries -and then the bottom falls out doesnt work out too well for them they lose money and -theyre producing things for between one thousand five hundred and eight hundred dollars a minute -and theyre offering their creators thirty percent of the back end in a much more entrepreneurial manner so its a different model -what the entertainment business is struggling with the world of brands is figuring out for example nike now understands that nike plus is not just a device in its shoe its a network to hook its customers together and the head of marketing at nike says people are coming to our site an average of three times a week we dont have to go to them -which means television advertising is down fifty seven percent -and media companies realize the audience is important also heres a man announcing the new market watch from dow jones powered one hundred percent by the user experience on the home page user generated content married up with traditional content it turns out you have a bigger audience and more interest if you hook up with them or as geoffrey moore once told me -its intellectual curiosity thats the trade that brands need in the age of the blogosphere and i think this is beginning to happen in the entertainment business one of my heroes is songwriter ally willis who just wrote the color purple and has been an r and rhythm and blues writer and this is what she said -back to marshall mcluhan who forty years ago was dealing with audiences that were going through just as much change and i think that today traditional hollywood and the writers are framing this perhaps in the way that it was being framed before but i dont need to tell you this lets throw it back to him -because the old medium is always the content -and whereas television may have gotten beat up whats getting built is a really exciting new form of communication and -we kind of have the merger of the two industries and a new way of thinking to look at it thanks very much -warner of course writes off more than four hundred million dollars -showing that theyd actually mastered the art of applying moores law of successive miniaturization to their balance sheet -you know who else talks that way and the answer is pretty clearly its people in religion -we actually go back to the well and start all over again as the people in new york and l a look on in absolute morbid astonishment but its this irrational view of things that drives us on to the next thing so what id like to ask is if the computer is becoming a principal tool of media and entertainment -a machine that might actually be a potential media star so take a look at what happens when -the foremost journalist of early television meets one of the foremost computer pioneers and the computer begins to express itself -so its about time that we talked about how the computer ambushed television or why the invention of the atomic bomb unleashed forces that lead to the writers strike and its not just what these are doing to each other but its what the audience thinks that really frames this matter -now at the standard rate of fuel consumption -say at the end of forty seconds the amount of fuel remaining -it was too pricey for the navy and all of this would have been lost if it werent for a happy coincidence enter the atomic bomb -were threatened by the greatest weapon ever and knowing a good thing when it sees it the air force decides it needs the biggest computer ever to protect us -project building the a bomb in the first place talk about a shot in the arm for the computer industry and you can imagine that the air force became a pretty good salesman heres their marketing video -to get a sense of this and its been a theme weve talked about all week i recently talked to a bunch of tweeners i wrote on cards television radio myspace internet pc and i said just arrange these from whats important to you and whats not and then tell me why -this new computer built to become the nerve center of a defense network -is able to perform all the complex mathematical problems involved in countering a mass enemy raid -it is provided with its own powerhouse containing large diesel driven generators -air conditioning equipment and cooling towers required to cool the thousands of vacuum tubes in the computer -it also used vacuum tubes you saw how huge it was and to give you a sense for this because weve talked a lot about moores law and making things small at this conference so lets talk about making things large -if we took whirlwind and put it in a place that you all know say century city it would fit beautifully youd kind of have to take century city out but it could fit in there -and then the ninety two nuclear power plants that it would take to provide -lets listen to what happens when they get to the portion of the discussion on television -kind of reduces all this and makes the first mini computer it shows up at places like mit -and then a mutation happens spacewar is built the first computer game and all of a sudden interactivity and involvement and passion is worked out actually many mit students stayed up all night long working on this thing and many of the principles of gaming today were worked out dec knew a good thing about wasting time -it shipped every one of its computers with that game -meanwhile as all of this is happening by the mid fifty s the business model of traditional broadcasting and cinema has been busted completely -and a quote that sounds largely reminiscent from everything ive been reading all week -and they fake it -but like not necessary because you can do a lot of other -turns out they told us directly that these are the only crayons you should ever use with your winky dink magic window other crayons may discolor or hurt the window this proprietary principle of vendor lock in -would go on to be perfected with great success as one of the enduring principles of windowing systems everywhere -it led to lawsuits laughter federal investigations and lots of repercussions and thats a scandal we wont discuss today -but we will discuss this scandal because this man jack berry the host of winky dink went on to become the host of twenty one one of the most important quiz shows ever and it was rigged and it became unraveled when this man -charles van doren was outed after an unnatural winning streak ending berrys career and actually ending the career of a lot of people at cbs it turns out there was a lot to learn -about how this new medium worked -and fifty years ago if youd been at a meeting like this and were trying to understand the media there was one prophet and only but one you wanted to hear from professor marshall mcluhan -you have extreme concern with everybody else -doesnt necessarily mean harmony and peace and quiet but it does mean huge involvement -in everybody elses affairs and so the global village is as big as a planet and as small as a -and doug engelbart a computer scientist at sri changed the world engelbart came out of a pretty dry engineering culture but while he was beginning to do his work -all of this stuff was bubbling on the mid peninsula there was lsd leaking out of keseys veterans hospital experiments -be so stressful no -this was a remarkable place at a remarkable time and into that ferment came the microprocessor i think it was that interaction that led to personal computing -they saw these tools that were controlled by the establishment as ones that could actually be liberated and put to use by these communities that they were trying to build -and most importantly they had this ethos of sharing information i think these ideas are difficult to understand because when youre trapped in one paradigm the next paradigm is always like -a science fiction universe it makes no sense the stories were so compelling that i decided to write a book about them the title of the book is what the dormouse said how the sixties counterculture shaped the personal computer industry -any kind of picture or piece of text or data across a file system and we had no way of explaining it there was no metaphor was it a database a prototyping tool a scripted language heck it was everything -so we ended up writing a marketing brochure we asked a question about how the mind works and we let our customers play the role of so many blind men filling out the elephant a few years later we -we then hit on the idea of explaining to people the secret of how do you get the content you want the way you want it and the easy way heres the apple marketing video -youll be pleased to know im sure that there are several ways to create a hypercard interactive video -been an uneasy relationship between the tv business and the tech business really ever since they both turned about thirty -the most involved method is to go ahead and produce your own videodisc as well as build your own hypercard stacks by far the simplest method -is to buy a pre made videodisc and hypercard stacks from a commercial supplier the method we illustrate in this video uses a pre made videodisc but creates custom hypercard stacks -i hope you realize how subversive that is thats like a dick cheney speech you think hes a nice balding guy but hes just declared war on the content business find the commercial stuff -mash it up tell the story your way now as long as we confine this to the education market and a personal matter between the computer and the file system thats fine -but as you can see it was about to leap out and upset jack valenti and a lot of other people by the way speaking of the filing system it never occurred to us that these hyperlinks could go beyond the local area network -a few years later tim berners lee worked that out it became a killer app of links and today of course we call that the world wide web -he was working on a book and i was working on a video to help him kind of explain where we were all heading and how to popularize all this -we were plenty aware that we were messing with media and on the surface it looks like we predicted a lot of the right things but we also missed an awful lot lets take a look -we go through periods of enthrallment followed by reactions in boardrooms in the finance community best characterized as whats the finance term -of the man made world all -the digital highway arrived in americas living rooms late in the -let us recall the pioneers who made this technical marvel possible -the digital highway would follow the rutted trail first blazed by alexander graham bell -by the prospects of mass communication and making big bucks on advertising david sarnoff commercializes radio -never had scientists been put under such pressure and -thirty nine the radio corporation of america introduced television -never had scientists been put under such pressure and -further stimulus came with the de regulation of -and the re regulation of the cable television industry -to build this this cable industry now the broadcasters want some of our money i mean its ridiculous -once the unwieldy tools of accountants and other geeks escaped the backrooms to enter the media -world and all its culture reduced to -finally four great industrial sectors combined telecommunications entertainment computing and everything else -well see channels for the gourmet and well see channels for the pet lover next on the gourmet pet channel decorating birthday cakes for -all of industry was in play as investors -and -you know you missed we missed the internet the long tail the role of the audience open systems social networks it just goes to show how tough it is to come up with the right uses of media thomas edison had the same problem he wrote a list of -what the phonograph might be good for when he invented it and kind of only one of his ideas turned out to have been the right early idea well you know where were going on from here -we come into the era of the dot com the world wide web and i dont need to tell you about that because we all went through that bubble together but -when we emerge from this and what we call web two point zero things actually are quite different and i think its the reason that that tvs so challenging internet one was about pages -now its about people its a customer its an audience its a person whos participating its the formidable thing that is changing entertainment now -because it gave the audience a role something to do -in my own company technorati we see something like sixty seven thousand blog posts an hour come in thats about two thousand seven hundred fresh connective links -citicorp penney rca all getting into this big vision by the way this is about when i enter the picture im going to do a summer internship at time warner that summer im all im at warner that summer im all excited to work on convergence -across about one hundred and twelve million blogs that are out there and its no wonder that as we head into the writers strike odd things happen you know it reminds me of that old saw in hollywood -a writer i now think a network boss is anyone who has a cable modem but its not a joke this is a real headline websites attract striking writers operators of sites like -could benefit from labor disputes meanwhile you have the tv bloggers going out on strike in sympathy with the television writers -to show you how schizophrenic this all is heres the head of myspace or fox interactive -a news corp company being asked well with the writers strike isnt this going to hurt news corp and help you -yeah i think theres an opportunity as the strike continues theres an opportunity for more people to experience video on places like myspace tv -but then he remembers he works for rupert murdoch -one of the great things thats going on here is the globalization of content really is happening here is a clip from the video from a piece of animation -that was written by a writer in hollywood animation worked out in israel farmed out to croatia and india and its now an international series -we get word the terrorist threat is over -the company that created this aniboom is an interesting example of where this is headed traditional tv animation costs say between eighty thousand and ten thousand dollars a minute -what the entertainment business is struggling with the world of brands is figuring out for example nike now understands that nike plus -is not just a device in its shoe its a network to hook its customers together and the head of marketing at nike says people are coming to our site an average of three times a week -head of marketing says were not in the business of keeping media companies alive were in the business of connecting with consumers and media companies realize the audience is important also -heres a man announcing the new market watch from dow jones powered one hundred percent by the user experience on the home page user generated content married up with traditional content it turns out you have a bigger audience and more interest if you hook up with them or as geoffrey moore once told me -its intellectual curiosity thats the trade that brands need in the age of the blogosphere and i think this is beginning to happen in the entertainment business -the -so to wrap up id love to throw it -to marshall mcluhan who forty years ago was dealing with audiences that were going through just as much change -and i think that today traditional hollywood and the writers are framing this perhaps in the way that it was being framed before but i dont need to tell you this lets throw it back to him -we are in the middle of a tremendous clash between the old and the new the medium does things -and they are always completely unaware of this -dont really notice the new medium that is wrapping them up they think of the old medium -because the old medium is always the content of the new medium -as movies tend to be the content of tv -i think its a great time of enthrallment theres been more raw dna of communications and media thrown out there content is moving from shows -and whereas television may have gotten beat up whats getting built is a really exciting new form of communication and we kind of have the merger of the two industries and a new way of thinking to look at it thanks very much -and in just four years managed to shed about two hundred billion dollars of market capitalization -one reason that the media and the entertainment communities or the media community is driven so crazy by the tech community is that tech folks talk differently you know -for fifty years weve talked about changing the world about total transformation for fifty years its been about hopes and fears and and promises of a better world and i got to -you know who else talks that way and the answer is pretty clearly its people in religion and in politics -and so i realized that actually the tech world is best understood not as a business cycle but as a messianic movement we promise something great we evangelize it were going to change the world it doesnt work out too well and -we actually go back to the well and start all over again as the people in new york and l a look on in absolute morbid astonishment -but its this irrational view of things that drives us on to the next thing so what id like to ask is if the computer is becoming a principal tool of media and entertainment -how did we get here i mean how did a machine that was built for accounting and artillery morph into media of course the first computer was built just after world war ii to solve -built at mits lincoln lab jay forester was building this for the navy but you cant help but see that the creator of this machine had in mind -a machine that might actually be a potential media star so take a look at what happens when the foremost journalist of early television meets one of the foremost computer pioneers and the computer begins to express itself -and this is the oscilloscope of the whirlwind electronic computer would you -so its about time that we talked about how the computer ambushed television or why the invention of the atomic bomb unleashed forces -well ed this problem concerns the navys viking rocket this rocket goes up one hundred and thirty five miles into the -i would like to see the computer trace the flight path of this rocket -and see how it can determine at any -and as it reaches the peak of its trajectory the velocity you will notice has dropped off to a minimum -very good to me and before leaving -we would like to show you another kind of mathematical problem that some of the boys have worked out in their spare time -that lead to the writers strike and its not just what these are doing to each other but its what the audience thinks that really frames this matter -the mit -you know so much was worked out the first real time interaction the video display pointing a gun it lead to the micro computer but unfortunately -it was too pricey for the navy and all of this would have been lost if it werent for a happy coincidence enter the atomic bomb -they adapt whirlwind to a massive air defense system deploy it all across the frozen north and spend nearly three times as much on this computer as was spent on the -in a mass raid high speed bombers could be in on us before we could determine their -and -to get a sense of this and its been a theme weve talked about all week i recently talked to a bunch of tweeners i wrote on cards television radio myspace internet pc and i said just arrange these from -we cannot afford to take that chance it is to meet this threat that the air force has been developing sage the semi automatic ground environment system to strengthen our air defenses -this new computer built to become the nerve center of a defense network -able to perform all the complex mathematical problems involved in countering a mass -it is provided with its own powerhouse containing large diesel driven generators -a really good example of that this had the first pointing device it was distributed so it worked out distributed computing and modems so all these things could talk to each other -about twenty percent of all the nations programmers were wrapped up in this thing and it led to an awful lot of what we have today -it also used vacuum tubes you saw how huge it was and to give you a sense for this because weve talked a lot about moores law and making things small at this conference so lets talk about making things large -if we took whirlwind and put it in a place that you all know say century city it would fit beautifully youd kind of have to take century city out but it could fit in there -lets imagine we took the latest pentium processor the latest core two extreme which is a four core processor that intels working -it will be our laptop tomorrow to build that what wed do with whirlwind technology is wed have to take up roughly -whats important to you and whats not and then tell me why lets listen to what happens when they get to the portion of the discussion on television -the power would fill up the rest of los angeles thats roughly a third more nuclear power than all of france creates so the next time they tell you theyre on to something clearly theyre not so -all this and makes the first mini computer it shows up at places like mit -and many of the principles of gaming today were worked out dec knew a good think about wasting time it shipped every one of its computers with that game -a new technology has confounded radio men and movie moguls and theyre quite certain that television is about to do them in in fact despair is in the air -and a quote that sounds largely reminiscent from everything ive been reading all week rca had david sarnoff who basically commercialized radio -said this i dont say that radio networks must die every effort has been made and will continue to be made -i think its important -to find a new pattern new selling arrangements and new types of programs that may arrest the declining revenues it may yet be possible to eke out a poor existence for radio -but i dont know how and of course as the computer industry develops interactively producers in the emerging tv business actually hit on the same idea and they fake -but like not necessary because you can do a lot of other stuff with your free time than watch programs which is more fun internet or tv -you all know how to get your magic windows up on the set you just get them out first of all get your winky dink kits out put out your magic window and your erasing glove and rub it like -dawn of interactive tv and you may have noticed they wanted to sell you the winky dink kits those are the winky dink crayons i know what youre saying pete i could use any ordinary open source crayon why do i have to buy theirs i assure you thats not the case -turns out they told us directly that these are the only crayons you should ever use with your winky dink magic window other crayons may discolor or hurt the window this proprietary principle of vendor lock in -would go on to be perfected with great success as one of the enduring principles of windowing systems everywhere -it led to lawsuits federal investigations and lots of repercussions and thats a scandal we wont discuss today -but we will discuss this scandal because this man jack berry the host of winky dink went on to become the host of twenty one one of the most important quiz shows ever and it was rigged and it became unraveled when this man -charles van doren was outed after an unnatural winning streak ending berrys career and actually ending the career of a lot of people at cbs it turns out there was a lot to learn -the audience can become involved in the actual process of making the ad then its happy its like the old quiz shows they were great tv because it gave the audience a role something to do -i think we the reasons one of the reasons we put computer before tv is because nowadays like we have tv shows on the computer oh yes and -they were horrified when they discovered theyd really been left out all the time -this was a horrible misunderstanding of tv on the part of the -know mcluhan talked about the global village if you substitute the word blogosphere of the internet today it is very true that his understanding is probably very enlightening now lets listen in to -the global village is a world in which you dont necessarily have harmony you have extreme concern with everybody elses business -much involvement in everybody elses life its a sort of anne landers column writ large and -doesnt necessarily mean harmony and peace and quiet but it does mean huge involvement in everybody elses affairs and so the global village is as big as a planet and as small as a -you know the expression of technology reflects the people and the time of the culture it was built in and when i say that code expresses our hopes and aspirations its not just a joke about -its actually what we do but for this part of the story id actually like to throw it to americas leading technology correspondent john -in the midst of revolution in the streets and rock and roll concerts in the parks a group of researchers led by people like john mccarthy a computer scientist at the stanford artificial intelligence lab and doug engelbart a computer scientist at sri changed the world -real living being in a computer now -ill be honest with you and say that most of it is just a -but its a trick that actually works so why dont we go over and have a look at the demo now this is -just waggle your -now you notice hes sitting there are no controllers no keyboards or mice or joysticks or joypads -he is just going to use his hand his body and his voice just like humans interact with their hands body and voice so lets move forward -youre going to meet milo for the first time -we had to give him a problem -because when we first created milo we realized that he came across as a little bit of a brat to be honest with you he was quite know it all and he wanted to kind of make you laugh so the problem we introduced to him was this hes just moved house -when i saw a piece of technology called kinect it was called natal i was inspired and i thought for a moment maybe its possible -hes moved from london to new england over in america his parents are too busy -so here he is walking through the grass and youre able to interact with his world the cool thing is -what were doing is were changing the mind of -that means no two peoples -actually sculpting a human being -very simple at the start -by the way if you are a boy its snails if youre a girl its butterflies because what we found was that -so remember this is the first time youve met him and we really want to draw you in and make you more curious -his face by the way is fully ai driven we have complete control over his blush responses the diameter of his nostrils to denote stress -we actually do something called body matching if youre leaning forward he will try and slightly change the neurolinguistic nature of his face -because we went out with this strong idea how can we make you believe that something -the hand the other thing to use is your body -to address that one problem of storytelling to create a character -why not just instead of pushing left and right with a mouse or with a joypad why not use your body just to lean on the chair again relaxed you can -but the camera will change its perspective depending on which -to use hes used his hand hes used his body -hes now going to use the other thing which is essential and thats his voice -the thing about voice is our experience with voice recognition is pretty awful isnt it it never works you order an airline ticket you end up -so weve tackled that problem and weve come up with a solution well see in -which seemed alive which noticed me that could look me in the eyes and feel real and sculpt a story about our relationship and so a year ago -now we need to have a bit more engagement and again what we can do is -we can look at the body and -so what were going to do now is teach milo to skim stones were actually teaching him its very very interesting that men more than women tend to be more competitive -teaching milo for the first few throws but then they want to beat milo where women theyre more nurturing about this -this is skimming stones how do you skim stones -you stand up -and you skim the stone its that simple -again all of this is done in the way us humans do things and thats crucially important if we -most competitive now beaten an eleven year old child -i showed this off at a computer show called e three and this was a piece of technology with someone called claire interacting with this boy -called back in by his parents giving us time to be alone and to help him out basically the bit that we missed at the start his parents had asked him to clean up his room -going to help him with this now but this is going to be an introduction and this is all about the deep psychology that were trying to use were trying to introduce you to what i believe is the -most wonderful part you being able to talk in your natural voice to -now to do that we needed a set up like a magicians trick and what we did was we needed to -you can overhear a conversation -weve all done it as parents weve all done it as children nows a chance for dimitri to kind of reassure and calm milo down its all been too much for him hes just moved house hes got no friends -now is the time when we open that portal and allow you to talk to -to -you know what parents are like -what do they want to come here for -we -school to go to youre going to meet loads of cool new friends -and there was a huge row online about hey this cant be real and so i waited till now -a pretty awesome house milo youve got a cool garden to play in and -and were ready now to tell a story about his childhood and his life and it goes on and he has -you know many adventures some of those adventures are a little bit dark or on the darker side some of those adventures are wonderfully encouraging hes got to go to school -the cool thing is that were doing as well as you interact with him youre able to put things into his world and he recognizes objects his mind is based in -that means milos mind as millions of people use it will get smarter and cleverer hell recognize more objects -and thus understand more words but for me this is a wonderful opportunity where technology at last can be connected -where i am no longer restrained by the finger i hold in my hand as far as a computer games concerned or by the blandness of not being noticed if youre watching a film -some incredible -that was hidden in the dusty vaults -collecting dust in microsoft -benjamin bloom had showed that one on one tutoring works best so thats what we tried to emulate like with me and my mom -even though we knew it would be one on thousands here an overhead video camera is recording me as im talking and drawing on a piece of paper a student said this class felt like sitting in a bar with a really smart friend whos explaining something you havent grasped but are about to and thats exactly what we were aiming -now from khan academy we saw that short ten minute videos worked much better than trying to record an hour long lecture and put it on the small format screen we decided to go even shorter and more interactive our typical video is two minutes sometimes shorter never more than six -and then we pause for a quiz question to make it feel like one on one tutoring here im explaining how a computer uses the grammar of english to parse sentences and here theres a pause -and the student has to reflect understand whats going on and check the right boxes before they can continue students learn best when theyre actively practicing we wanted to engage them to have them grapple with ambiguity and guide them to synthesize the key ideas themselves -we mostly avoid questions like heres a formula now tell me the value of y when x is equal to two we preferred open ended questions -one student wrote now im seeing bayes networks and examples of game theory everywhere i look and i like that kind of response thats just what we were going for we didnt want students to memorize the formulas we wanted to change the way they looked at the world and we succeeded or i should say the students succeeded -this is me being inspired by my first tutor my mom -and its a little bit ironic that we set about to disrupt traditional education and in doing so we ended up making our online class much more like a traditional college class than other online classes most online classes the videos are always available you can watch them any time you want -but if you can do it any time that means you can do it tomorrow and if you can do it tomorrow well you may not ever get around to it laughter so we brought back the innovation of having due dates laughter you could watch the videos -any time you wanted during the week but at the end of the week you had to get the homework done this motivated the students to keep going and it also meant that everybody was working on the same thing at the same time so if you went into a discussion forum you could get an answer from a peer within minutes -and this is me teaching introduction to artificial intelligence to two hundred students at stanford university -now ill show you some of the forums most of which were self organized by the students themselves -from daphne koller and andrew ng we learned the concept of flipping the classroom students watched the videos on their own and then they come together to discuss them -from eric mazur i learned about peer instruction that peers can be the best teachers because theyre the ones that remember what its like to not understand sebastian and i have forgotten -and finally from teach for america i learned that a class is not primarily about information more important is motivation and determination it was crucial that the students see that were working hard for them and theyre all supporting each other -now the class ran ten weeks and in the end about half of the one hundred and sixty thousand students watched at least one video each week and over twenty thousand finished all the homework putting in fifty to one hundred hours they got this statement of accomplishment -now the students and i enjoyed the class but it occurred to me that while the subject matter of the class is advanced and modern the teaching technology isnt -so what have we learned well we tried some old ideas and some new and put them together -but there are more ideas to try sebastians teaching another class now ill do one in the fall stanford coursera udacity mitx and others have more classes coming its a really exciting time -in fact i use basically the same technology as this fourteenth century classroom note the textbook -the sage on the stage and the sleeping guy in the back -so my co teacher sebastian thrun and i thought there must be a better way -we challenged ourselves to create an online class that would be equal or better in quality to our stanford class but to bring it to anyone in the world for free we announced the class on july twenty ninth and within two weeks fifty thousand people had signed up for it -and that grew to one hundred and sixty thousand students from two hundred and nine countries we were thrilled to have that kind of audience and just a bit terrified that we hadnt finished preparing the class yet laughter so we got to work we studied what others had done what we could copy and what we could change -and love for the flavor and ultimately the challenge of the baker the challenge of every culinary student of every chef is to deliver flavor -flavor is king flavor rules i call it the flavor rule flavor rules and and you can get somebody to eat something thats good for them once -but they wont eat it again if they dont like it right so this is the challenge for this bread were going to try this at lunch and ill explain a bit more about it but its made -this is a wheat bread a whole wheat bread and its made with a new technique that ive been playing around with and developing and writing about which for lack of a better name we call the epoxy method and i call it an epoxy method because its not very appetizing i understand that but -not only with two types of pre doughs this attempt again at bringing out flavor is to make a piece of dough the day before -that is not leavened its just dough that is wet its hydrated dough we call the soaker that helps to start enzyme activity and enzymes are the secret kind of ingredient in dough -that brings out flavor it starts to release the sugars trapped in the starch thats what enzymes are doing and so if we can release some of those they become accessible to us -in our palate they become accessible to the yeast as food they become accessible to the oven for caramelization to give us a beautiful crust the other -pre dough that we make is fermented our pre ferment and its made it can be a sourdough starter or what we call a biga or any other kind of -with a little yeast in it and that starts to develop flavor also and on day two we put those two pieces together thats the epoxy -and were hoping that sort of the enzyme piece of dough becomes the fuel pack for the leavened piece of dough and when we put them together and add the final ingredients we can create a bread that does evoke the full potential of flavor trapped in the -thats the challenge okay so now what we in the journey of wheat lets go back and look at these twelve stages im going to go through them very quickly and then revisit them okay were going to start with the first stage -which is just a french way of saying get organized everything in its place first stage so in baking we call it scaling weighing out the ingredients stage two is mixing -we take the ingredients and we mix them we have to develop the gluten theres no gluten in flour theres only the potential for gluten heres another kind of prefiguring of epoxy because weve got glutenin and -neither of which are strong enough to make a good bread but when they get hydrated and they bond to each other they create a stronger molecule a stronger protein we call gluten -and so we in the mixing process have to develop the gluten we have to activate the leaven or the yeast and we have to essentially distribute all the ingredients evenly -but if you think about epoxy whats epoxy its two resins that are sort of in and of themselves neither of which can make glue but when you put the two together something happens a bond takes place and you get this very strong powerful -and theres a short rest period it can be for a few seconds it can be for twenty or thirty minutes we call that resting or benching then we go into final shaping -and then stage nine the fermentation which started at stage three is continuing through all these other stages again developing more flavor the final fermentation takes place in stage nine we call -the sugars in the dough caramelize in the crust they give us that beautiful brown crust only the crust can caramelize its the only place that gets hot enough inside the proteins this gluten -and gelatinization is yet another oven transformation coagulation caramelization and gelatinization when the starch is thick and they absorb all the moisture thats around them -they they kind of swell and then they burst and they burst and they spill their guts into the bread so basically now were eating yeast sweats sweat burps and starch guts -again transformed in stage ten in the oven because what went into the oven as dough comes out in stage eleven -as bread and stage eleven we call it cooling because we never really eat the bread right away theres a little carry over baking the proteins have to set up strengthen and firm up -and then we have stage twelve which the textbooks call packaging but my students call eating -adhesive well in this technique -and so were going to be on our own journey today from wheat to eat and in a few minutes we will try this and see if we have succeeded in -what ive tried to do is kind of gather all of the knowledge that the bread baking world the artisan bread baking community has been trying to accumulate over the last twenty years or so since weve been engaged in a bread renaissance in america and put it together to come up with -its hard to get to those levels unless you go through the literal in fact dante says you cant understand the three deeper levels unless you first understand -the literal level so thats why were talking literally about bread but lets kind of look at these stages again from the standpoint of connections to possibly a deeper level all in my quest for answering the question what is it about bread thats so special -and fulfilling this mission of evoking the full potential of flavor because what happens is bread begins as wheat -or any other grain but whats wheat wheat is a grass that grows in the field and like all grasses at a certain point it puts out seeds -and we harvest those seeds and those are the wheat kernels now in order to harvest it i mean whats harvesting its just a euphemism for -killing right i mean thats whats harvest we say we harvest the pig you know yes we slaughter you know yes thats life we harvest the wheat -in harvesting it we kill it now wheat is alive and as we harvest it it gives up its seeds -now at least with seeds we have the potential for future life we can plant those in the ground and we save some of those for the next generation but most of those seeds get crushed -and turned into flour and at that point the wheat has suffered the ultimate indignity its not only been killed but its been denied any potential for creating future life -so as i said i think bread is a transformational food the first transformation and by the way the definition of transformation for me is a radical change from one thing into something else -radical not subtle not like hot water made cold or cold water turned hot but water boiled off and becoming steam thats a transformation two different things well in this case the first transformation is -call that radical -so weve got now this -clay its like clay and we infuse that clay with an ingredient that we call leaven -in this case its yeast but yeast is leaven what does leaven -leaven comes from the root word that means enliven -to vivify to bring to life -a method that would help to take whole grain breads and lets face it everyones trying to move towards whole grains we finally after forty years of knowing that wholegrain was a -you see the baker in this moment -has become in a sense sort of the god of his dough you know and his dough well while its not an intelligent life form is now alive and we know its alive because in stage three -it grows growth is the proof of life and while its growing all these literal transformations are taking place enzymes are breaking forth sugars -yeast is eating sugar and turning it into carbon dioxide and alcohol bacteria is in there eating the same sugars turning them into acids in other words personality and characters being developed in this dough under the watchful gaze of the baker -and the bakers choices all along the way -determine the outcome of the product -a subtle change in temperature a subtle change in time its all about a balancing act between time temperature and ingredients thats the art of baking so all these things are determined by the baker and the bread goes through some stages and characters develop and then we divide it -and this one big piece of dough is divided into smaller units and each of those units are given shape by the baker and as theyre shaped theyre raised again all along proving that theyre alive and developing character -and at stage ten we take it to the oven its still dough nobody eats bread dough a few people do i think but not too many ive met some dough eaters but -its not the staff of life right bread is the staff of life but dough is what were working with and we take that dough to the oven -and it goes into the oven as soon as the interior temperature of that dough crosses the threshold of one hundred and forty degrees it passes what we call the thermal death point students love that tdp they think its the name of a video game -but its the thermal death point all life ceases there the yeast whose mission it has been up till now to raise the dough to enliven it to vivify it in order to complete its mission which is also to turn this dough into bread -what goes in is dough what comes out is bread or it goes in alive comes out dead -third transformation first transformation alive to dead second transformation dead brought back to life third transformation alive to dead but dough to bread -or another analogy would be a caterpillar has been turned into a butterfly -and its what comes out of the oven that is -what we call the staff of life this is the product that -you know we have a chance to essentially ingest that it nurtures us and we continue to carry on and have opportunities to ponder things like this -so this is what ive learned from bread this is what bread has taught me in my journey and what were going to attempt to do with this bread here again is -you know how do you make it taste good because whole grain its easy with white flour to make a good tasting bread white flour is sweet its mainly starch and starch when you break it down what is starch -to use in addition to everything we talked about this bread were going to call spent grain bread because as you know bread making is very similar to beer making beer is basically liquid bread or bread is solid beer -it turned into bread but weve got this bread and what i did here is to try to again evoke even more flavor from this -was weve added into it the spent grain from beer making and if you make this bread you can use any kind of spent grain from any type of beer i like dark spent grain today were using a light spent grain thats actually from like -some kind of a lager of some sort a light lager or an ale that is wheat and barley thats been toasted in other words the beer maker knows also how to evoke flavor from the grains -by using sprouting and malting and roasting were going to take some of that and put it into the bread so now we not only have a high fiber bread but now fiber on top of fiber -and so this is again hopefully not only a healthy bread -i kind of break this bread maybe we can share this now a little bit here well start a little piece here and im going to take a little piece here i think id better taste it myself before you have it at lunch ill leave you -with what i call the bakers blessing may your -and your bread always rise thank you -thank you sugar yes so a baker and a good baker knows how to pull or draw forth the inherent sugar trapped in the starch with whole grain bread you have other obstacles youve got bran which is -and over the course of the time ive worked in intensive care the death rate for males in australia has halved and intensive care has had something to do with that certainly a lot of the technologies that we use have got something to do with that -so we have had tremendous success and we kind of got caught up in our own success quite a bit and we started using expressions like lifesaving i really apologize to everybody for doing that because obviously we dont what we do is prolong peoples lives and delay death -and redirect death but we cant strictly speaking save lives on any sort of permanent basis and whats really happened over the period of time that ive been working in intensive care -is that the people whose lives we started saving back in the seventy s eighty s and ninety s are now coming to die in the twenty first century of diseases that we no longer have the answers to in quite the way we did then -and he looked like this i was called down to the ward to see him his is the little hand i was called down to the ward to see him by a respiratory physician he said look theres a guy down here hes got pneumonia and he looks like he needs intensive care his daughters here and she wants everything possible to be done -which is a familiar phrase to us so i go down to the ward and see jim and his skin his translucent like this you can see his bones through the skin hes very very thin and he is indeed very sick with pneumonia and hes too sick to talk to me so i talk to his daughter kathleen and i say to her -did you and jim ever talk about what you would want done -and i got talking to her and after a while she said to me you know we always thought thered be time -jim was ninety four -so a group of us started doing survey work and we looked at four and a half thousand nursing home residents in newcastle in the newcastle area and discovered that only one in a hundred of them had a plan about what to do when their hearts stopped beating -one in a hundred and only one in five hundred of them had plan about what to do if they became seriously ill -now i work in acute care this is john hunter hospital and i thought surely we do better than that -so a colleague of mine from nursing called lisa shaw and i went through hundreds and hundreds of sets of notes in the medical records department looking at whether there was any sign at all that anybody had had any conversation about what might happen to them if the treatment they were receiving was unsuccessful to the point that they would die -and we didnt find a single record of any preference about goals treatments or outcomes from any of the sets of notes initiated by a doctor or by a patient -so with that in mind im going to set about trying to do those things here and talk about dying in the -so we started to realize that we had a problem and the problem is more serious because of this -what we know is that obviously we are all going to die but how we die is actually really important obviously not just to us but also to how that -features in the lives of all the people who live on afterwards how we die lives on in the minds of everybody who survives us -and the stress created in families by dying is enormous and in fact you get seven times as much stress by dying in intensive care as by dying just about anywhere else so dying in intensive care is not your top option if youve got a choice -and if that wasnt bad enough of course all of this is rapidly progressing towards the fact that many of you in fact about one in ten of you at this point will die in intensive care in the u s its one in five in miami its three out of five people die in intensive care so this is the sort of momentum that weve got at the moment -the reason why this is all happening is due to this and i do have to take you through what this is about these are the four ways to go so one of these will happen to all of us -the ones you may know most about are the ones that are becoming increasingly of historical interest sudden death -its quite likely in an audience this size this wont happen to anybody here -sudden death has become very rare the death of little nell and cordelia and all that sort of stuff just doesnt happen anymore the dying process of those with terminal illness that weve just seen occurs to younger people by the time youve reached eighty this is unlikely to happen to you only one in ten people who are over eighty will die of cancer -the big growth industry are these -what you die of is increasing organ failure with your respiratory cardiac renal whatever organs packing up each of these would be an admission to an acute care hospital at the end of which or at some point during which somebody says enough is enough and we stop -and this ones the biggest growth industry of all and at least six out of ten of the people in this room will die in this form -which is the dwindling of -capacity with increasing frailty and frailtys an inevitable part of aging and increasing frailty is in fact the main thing that people die of now and the last few years or the last year of your life is spent with a great deal of disability unfortunately enjoying it -i feel such a cassandra here -surveys but -what we did anyway look what we did we didnt just take this lying down at john hunter hospital and elsewhere weve started a whole series of projects to try and look about whether we could in fact involve people much more in the way that things happen to them -but we realized of course that we are dealing with cultural issues and this is i love this klimt painting because the more you look at it the more you kind of get the whole issue thats going on here which is clearly the separation of death from the living and the fear like if you actually look theres one woman there -who has her eyes open shes the one hes looking at -she looks terrified -so with loads of funding from the federal government and the local health service we introduced a thing at john hunter called respecting patient choices -we trained hundreds of people to go to the wards and talk to people about the fact that they would die and what would they prefer under those circumstances they loved it the families and the patients they loved it ninety eight percent of people really thought this just should have been normal practice and that this is how things should work -and when they expressed wishes all of those wishes came true as it were we were able to make that happen for them but then when the funding ran out we went back to look six months later and everybody had stopped again -and nobody was having these conversations anymore so that was really kind of heartbreaking for us because we thought this was going to really take off -the cultural issue had reasserted itself -so heres the pitch i think its important that we dont just get on this freeway to icu without thinking hard about whether or not thats where we all want to end up particularly as we become older and increasingly frail and icu has less and less and less to offer us there has to be a little side road -off there for people who dont want to go on that track -and i have one small idea and -one big idea about what could happen and this is the small idea the small idea is lets all of us engage more with this in the way that jason has illustrated why cant we have these kinds of conversations with our own elders and people who might be approaching this -thats a really important question to ask people because giving people the control over who that is produces an amazing outcome the second thing you can say is have you spoken to that person about the things that are important to you so that weve got a better idea of what it is we can do so thats the little idea -the big idea i think is more political i think we have to get onto this i suggested we should have occupy death -i dont think euthanasia matters i actually think that -you can have physician assisted suicide you take a poisonous dose of stuff only half a percent of people ever do that im more interested in what happens to the ninety nine point five percent of people who dont want to do that i think most people dont want to be dead but i do think most people want to have some control over how their dying process proceeds -so im an opponent of euthanasia but i do think we have to give people back some control it deprives euthanasia of its oxygen supply -i think we should be looking at stopping the want for euthanasia not for making it illegal or legal or worrying about it at all -this is a quote from dame cicely saunders whom i met when i was a medical student she founded the hospice movement and she said you matter because you are and you matter to the last moment of your life and i firmly believe that thats the message that we have to carry forward -so there you go thats the truth no doubt that will piss you off and now lets see whether we can set you free i dont promise anything now as you heard in the intro i work in intensive care -and i think ive kind of lived through the heyday of intensive care its been a ride man this has been fantastic we have machines that go ping theres many of them up there and we have some wizard technology which i think has worked really well -and that did make me feel a little bit better because i have given more than five thousand dollars to the against malaria foundation -and to various other effective charities so if youre feeling bad because you still have two kidneys as well theres a way for you to get off the hook -i dont think it does make a morally relevant difference -and the answer is yes we can each of us -spends money on things that we do not really need you can think what your own habit is whether its a new car a vacation or just something like buying bottled water when the water that comes out of the tap is perfectly safe to drink -you could take the money youre spending on those unnecessary things and give it to this organization -the against malaria foundation -and use it to buy nets like this one to protect children like this one -and we know reliably that if we provide nets -fortunately more and more people are understanding this idea and the result is a growing movement effective altruism its important because it combines both the heart and the head the heart of course you felt you felt the empathy for that child -but its really important to use the head as well -to make sure that what you do is effective and well directed and not only that but also i think reason helps us -to understand that other people wherever they are are like us -so i think reason is not just some neutral tool to help you get whatever you want it does help us to put perspective on our situation -footage too graphic to be shown -and i think thats why many of the most significant people in effective altruism -have been people who have had backgrounds in philosophy or economics or math and that might seem surprising because a lot of people think philosophy is remote from the real world economics were told just makes us more selfish -the entire accident is caught on camera the driver pauses after hitting the child his back wheels seen resting on her for over a second -and we know that math is for nerds -but in fact it does make a difference and in fact theres one particular nerd who has been a particularly effective -thats the understanding the rational understanding of our situation in the world that has led to these people being the most effective altruists in history bill and melinda gates and warren buffett -has ever given as much to charity as each one of these three -and they have used their intelligence to make sure that it is highly effective -according to one estimate the gates foundation has already saved five point eight million lives and many millions more people getting diseases that would have made them very sick even if eventually -well you might say thats fine if youre a billionaire you can have that kind of impact but if im not what can i do so im going to look at four questions that people ask that maybe stand in the way of them giving -within two minutes three people pass two year old wang yue by the first walks around the badly injured toddler completely others look at her before moving off -they worry how much of a difference they can make but you dont have to be a billionaire this is toby ord -hes a research fellow in philosophy at the university of oxford -he became an effective altruist when he calculated that with the money that he was likely to earn throughout his career an academic career he could give enough -to cure eighty thousand people of blindness in developing countries and still -have enough left for a perfectly adequate standard of living so toby founded an organization called giving what we can to spread this information to unite people who want to share some of their income and to ask people to pledge to give ten percent -of what they earn over their lifetime to fighting global poverty -toby himself does better than that -hes pledged to live on eighteen thousand pounds a year thats less than thirty thousand dollars -and to give the rest to those organizations and yes toby is married and he does have a mortgage -this is a couple at a later stage of life charlie bresler and diana schott who when they were young when they met were activists against the vietnam war -and then moved into careers as most people do didnt really do anything very active about those values although they didnt abandon them and then as they got to the age at which many people start to think of retirement -they returned to them and theyve decided to cut back on their spending to live modestly and to give both money and time -to helping to fight global poverty -one person whos thought quite a bit about this issue of how you can have a career that will have the biggest impact for good in the world is will crouch -hes a graduate student in philosophy and hes set up a website -there were other people who walked past wang yue and a second van ran over her legs before a street cleaner raised -called eighty thousand hours the number of hours he estimates most people spend on their career to advise people on how to have the best most effective career -but you might be surprised to know that one of the careers that he encourages people to consider if they have the right abilities and character is to go into banking or finance -why -because if you earn a lot of money -you can give away a lot of money -and if youre successful in that career you could give enough to an aid organization so that it could employ lets say five -aid workers in developing countries and each one of them would probably do about as much good as you would have done -so you can quintuple the impact by leading that kind of career -heres one young man whos taken this advice his name is matt weiger he was a student at princeton in philosophy and math actually won the prize for the best undergraduate philosophy thesis last year when he graduated -but hes gone into finance in new york hes already earning enough so that hes giving a six figure sum to effective charities and still leaving himself with enough to live on -matt has also helped me to set up an organization that im working with that has the name taken from the title of a book i wrote the life you can save which is trying to change our culture so that -more people think that if were going to live an ethical life its not enough just to follow the thou shalt nots and not cheat steal maim kill but that if we have enough we have to share some of that with people who have so little -and the organization draws together people of different generations like holly morgan whos an undergraduate whos pledged to give ten percent of the little amount that she has and on the right ada wan who has worked directly for the poor but has now gone to yale to do an mba to have more to give -i wonder how many of you looking at that said to yourselves just now -many people will think though that -charities arent really all that effective so lets talk about effectiveness toby ord is very concerned about this and hes calculated that some charities are hundreds or even thousands of times more effective than others so its very important to find the effective ones -take for example providing a guide dog for a blind person -so you do the sums and you get something like that you could provide one guide dog for one blind american or you could cure between four hundred and two thousand people of blindness -i think its clear whats the better thing to do but if you want to look for effective charities -i would not have done that i would have stopped to help raise your hands if that thought occurred to you as i thought thats most of you and i believe you im sure youre right -this is a good website to go to -so its very tough if you want to look for other recommendations thelifeyoucansave com and giving what we can both have a somewhat broader list -but you can find effective organizations -and not just in the area of saving lives from the poor im pleased to say that there is now also a website looking at effective -animal organizations thats another cause that ive been concerned about all my life the immense amount of suffering that humans inflict on literally -tens of billions of animals every year so if you want to look for effective organizations to reduce that suffering you can go to effective animal activism and some effective -my final question is some people will think its a burden to give -i dont really believe it is ive enjoyed giving all of my life since i was a graduate student its been something fulfilling to me -charlie bresler said to me that hes not an altruist he thinks that the life hes saving is his own and holly morgan told me that she used to battle depression until she got involved with effective altruism and now is one of the happiest people she knows -but before you give yourself too much credit -i think one of the reasons for this is that being an effective altruist helps to overcome what i call the sisyphus problem -condemned by the gods to push a huge boulder up to the top of the hill just as he gets there the effort becomes too much the boulder escapes rolls all the way down the hill he has to trudge back down to push it up again and the same thing happens again and again for all eternity -look at this unicef reports that in two thousand and eleven -does that remind you of a consumer lifestyle where you work hard to get money you spend that money on consumer goods which you hope youll enjoy using -but then the moneys gone you have to work hard to get more spend more and to maintain the same level of happiness its kind of a hedonic treadmill you never get off and you never really feel satisfied -becoming an effective altruist gives you that meaning and fulfillment it enables you to have a solid basis for self esteem on which you can feel your life -was really worth living im going to conclude -by telling you about an email that i received while i was writing this talk just a month or so ago -six point nine million children under five -this is a picture of him showing him recovering from surgery why was he recovering from surgery the email began last tuesday i anonymously donated my right kidney to a stranger that started a kidney chain which enabled four people to receive kidneys -theres about one hundred people each year in the u s and more in other countries who do that i was pleased to read it chris went on to say that hed been influenced by my writings in what he did well i have to admit im also somewhat embarrassed by that because i still have two kidneys -died from preventable poverty related -but chris went on to say that he didnt think that what hed done was all that amazing because he calculated that the number of life years that he had added to people the extension of life -was about the same that you could achieve if you gave five thousand dollars to the against malaria foundation -cant you move them over to a place where theres less of a risk and the international maritime organization responded very strongly these are the new lanes -the shipping lanes have been moved and as you can see the risk of collision is much lower so its very promising actually and we can be very creative about thinking of different ways to reduce these risks -another action which was just taken independently by a shipping company itself was initiated because of concerns the shipping company had about greenhouse gas emissions with global warming the maersk line -looked at their competition and saw that everybody in shipping thinks time is money they rush as fast as they can to get to their port but then they often wait there -what maersk did is they worked ways to slow down they could slow down by about fifty percent this reduced their fuel consumption by about thirty percent which saved them money -and at the same time it had a significant benefit for whales it you slow down you reduce the amount of noise you make and you reduce the risk of collision -so to conclude id just like to point out you know the whales live in an amazing acoustic environment theyve evolved over tens of millions of years to take advantage of -and we need to be very attentive and vigilant to thinking about where things that we do may unintentionally prevent them from being able to achieve their important activities -have shown some of the different directions that we can take in addition to protected areas to be able to keep the ocean safe for whales to be able to continue to communicate thank you very much -this is a picture of a trainers whistle a whistle a trainer will blow to tell a dolphin its done the right thing and can -a fish it sounds sort of like tweeeeeet like that and this is a calf in captivity making an imitation -of that trainers whistle now if you hummed this tune to your dog or cat and it hummed it back to you you ought to be pretty surprised very few -so lets start with calls of a nonhuman primate many mammals have to produce contact calls when say a mother and calf -are apart this is an example of a call produced by squirrel monkeys when theyre isolated from another one and you can see theres not much variability -in these calls by contrast the signature whistle which dolphins use to stay in touch each individual here has a radically different call -the setting in which animals need to use this call well lets look at mothers and calves in normal life for mother and calf dolphin theyll often drift apart or swim apart if mom is chasing a fish and when they separate -they have to get back together again and what this figure shows is the percentage of the separations in which dolphins whistle against the maximum distance so when dolphins are separated by less than twenty meters less than half the time they need to use whistle -of whales and dolphins since we are such a visual species its hard for us to really understand this so ill use a mixture of figures and sounds and hope this can communicate it -most of the time they can just find each other just by swimming around but all of the time when they separate by more than one hundred meters they need to use these individually distinctive whistles to come back together again -most of these distinctive signature whistles are quite stereotyped and stable through the life of a dolphin but there are some exceptions when a male dolphin leaves mom -it will often join up with another male and form an alliance which may last for decades and as these two animals form a social bond -like woop woop woop they both have that kind of up sweep whereas members of a pair go -and whats happened is theyve used this learning process to develop a new sign that identifies this new social group its a very interesting way that they can form a new identifier for the new social group that -but it turns out that when just a single boat is approaching a group of dolphins at a couple hundred meters away the dolphins will start whistling theyll change what theyre doing theyll have a more cohesive group wait for the boat to go by and then theyll get back to normal business -well in a place like sarasota florida the average interval between times that a boat is passing within a hundred meters of a dolphin group is six minutes -but lets also think as a visual species what its like when we go snorkeling or diving and try to look underwater we really cant see very far our vision which works so well in air all of a sudden is very restricted and claustrophobic -so even in the situation that doesnt look as bad as this its still affecting the amount of time these animals have to do their normal work -before there were dolphin watching boats when there was one boat not much of an impact and two boats when the second boat was added -what happened was that some of the dolphins left the area completely and of the ones that stayed their reproductive rate declined so it it could have a negative impact on the whole population -also like to point out that sound doesnt obey boundaries so you can draw a line to try to protect an area but chemical pollution and noise pollution will continue to move through the area and id like to switch now from this local -familiar coastal environment to the much broader world of the baleen whales and the open ocean this is a kind of map weve all been looking at the world is mostly blue -so we live in a world of satellite communication are used to global communication but its still amazing to me the ocean has properties -low frequency sound to basically move globally the acoustic transit time for each of these paths is about three hours its nearly halfway around the globe -now in the early seventies roger payne -and an ocean acoustician published a theoretical paper pointing out that it was possible that sound could transmit over these large areas but very few biologists believed -and what marine mammals have evolved over the last tens of millions of years is ways to depend on sound to both explore their world -it actually turns out though even though weve only known of long range propagation for a few decades the whales clearly have evolved over tens of millions of years -a way to exploit this amazing property of the ocean so blue whales and fin whales produce very low frequency sounds that can travel over very long ranges and the top plot here shows -a complicated series of calls that are repeated by males they form songs and they appear to play a role in reproduction sort of like that of song birds down below here we see calls made by both males and females that also carry over very long ranges -the biologists continued to be skeptical of the long range communication issue well past the seventies until the end of the cold war -what happened was during the cold war the u s navy had a system that was secret at the time that they used to track russian submarines -it had deep underwater microphones or hydrophones cabled to shore all wired back to a central place that could listen to sounds over the whole north atlantic -and after the berlin wall fell the navy made these systems available to whale bio acousticians to see what they could hear this is a plot from christopher clark who tracked one individual blue whale -and also to stay in touch with one another dolphins and toothed whales use echolocation they can produce loud clicks and listen for echos from the sea floor in order to orient they can listen for echos from prey in order to decide where food is and to decide which one they want to eat -this shows us both that the calls are detectable over hundreds of miles and that whales routinely swim hundreds of miles theyre ocean based and scale animals who are communicating over much longer ranges than we had anticipated -unlike fins and blues which disperse into the temperate and tropical oceans the humpbacked whales congregate -in local traditional breeding grounds and so they can make a sound thats a little higher in frequency broader band and more complicated so youre listening the complicated -song produced by humpbacks here and humpbacks when -this means that humpback song is a form of animal culture just like music for humans would be -in ninety five they all sang the normal song but in ninety six they heard a few weird songs and it turned out that these strange songs were typical of west coast whales -shown down here you only hear the low frequencies you hear the reverberation as the sound travels over long range in the ocean and is not quite as loud -back these humpback calls ill play blue whale calls but they have to be sped up -so low in frequency that you wouldnt be able to hear it otherwise heres a blue whale call at fifty miles which was distant for the humpback its loud clear you can hear it very clearly -from a hydrophone five hundred miles away theres a lot of noise which is mostly other whales but you -all marine mammals use sound for communication to stay in touch so the large baleen whales will produce long beautiful songs which are used in reproductive advertisement for male and females both to find one another and to select a mate -lets now switch and think about a potential for -imagine that whale listening from five hundred miles theres a potential problem that maybe this kind of -whales from being able to hear each other now this is something thats been known for quite a while this is a figure from a textbook on underwater sound -and on the y axis is the loudness of average ambient noise in the deep ocean by frequency and in the low frequencies this line indicates sound that comes from seismic activity of the earth -up high these variable lines indicate increasing noise in this frequency range from higher wind and wave but right in the middle here where theres a sweet spot -the noise is dominated by human ships now think about it this is an amazing thing that in this frequency range where whales communicate -the main source globally on our planet for the noise comes from human ships thousands of human ships distant far away just all -the next slide will show what the impact this may have on the range at which whales can communicate so here you have the loudness of a call at the whale and as we get farther away the sound gets fainter and -now in the pre industrial ocean as we were mentioning this whale call could be easily detected its louder than noise at a range of a thousand kilometers -lets now take that additional increase in noise that we saw comes from shipping all of a sudden the effective range of communication goes from a thousand kilometers to ten -if this signal is used for males and females to find each other for mating and theyre dispersed imagine the impact this could have on the recovery of endangered populations -also have contact calls like i described for the dolphins ill play the sound of a contact call used by right whales to stay in touch and -one strategy is if your calls down here and the noise is in this band you could shift the frequency of your call out of the noise band and communicate better -and mother and young and closely bonded animals use calls to stay in touch with one another so sound is really critical for their lives the first thing that got me interested in the sounds of these underwater animals whose world was so foreign to me -susan parks of penn state has actually studied this shes looked in the atlantic heres data from the south atlantic heres a typical south atlantic contact call from the seventies look what happened by two thousand to the average call -same thing in the north atlantic in the fifties versus two thousand over the last fifty years as weve put more noise into the oceans these whales have had to shift its as if the whole population had to shift from being basses to singing as a tenor -its an amazing shift induced by humans over this large scale in both time and space and we now know that whales can compensate for noise -by calling louder like i did when that ship was playing by waiting for silence and by shifting their call out of the noise band -now theres probably costs to calling louder or shifting the frequency away from where you want to be and theres probably lost opportunities if we also have to wait for silence they may miss a critical opportunity to communicate so we have to be very concerned -about when the noise in habitats degrades the habitat enough that the animals either have to pay too much to be able to communicate or are not able to perform critical functions its a really important problem -and im happy to say that there are several very promising developments in this area looking at the impact of shipping on whales -in terms of the shipping noise the international maritime organization of the united nations has formed a group whose job is to establish guidelines for quieting ships to tell the industry how you could quiet ships -and theyve already found that by being more intelligent about better propeller design you can reduce that noise by ninety percent -if you actually insulate and isolate the machinery of the ship from the hull you can reduce that noise by ninety nine percent -so at this point its primarily an issue of cost and standards if this group can establish standards and if the shipbuilding industry adopts them for building their ships we can now see a gradual decline in this potential problem -was evidence from captive dolphins that captive dolphins could imitate human sounds and i mentioned ill use some visual representations of sounds -the first case comes from the bay of fundy and these black lines mark shipping lanes in and out of the bay of fundy and the colorize area shows the risk of collision for endangered right whales -because of the ships moving in this lane it turns out that this lane here goes right through a major feeding area of right whales in the summer time and it makes an area of a significant risk of collision -well biologists who couldnt take no for an answer went to the international maritime organization and petitioned them to say cant you move that lane those are just lines on the ground -and were sending that data back to the garage using telemetry at a rate of two to four megabits per second so during a two hour race each car will be sending seven hundred and fifty million numbers -thats twice as many numbers as words that each of us speaks in a lifetime its a huge amount of data -but its not enough just to have data and measure it you need to be able to do something with it so weve spent a lot of time and effort in turning the data into stories to be able to tell whats the state of the engine how are the tires degrading -okay so lets have a look at a little bit of data -lets pick a bit of data from another three month old patient this is a child -and what youre seeing here is real data and on the far right hand side where everything starts getting a little bit catastrophic that is the patient going into cardiac arrest it was deemed to be an unpredictable event this was a heart attack that no one could see coming -and then we spend the rest of the season trying to understand what it is weve built -but when we look at the information there we can see that things are starting to become a little fuzzy about five minutes or so before the cardiac arrest we can see small changes in things like the heart rate moving these were all undetected by normal thresholds which would be applied to data -so the question is why couldnt we see it was this a predictable event -can we look more at the patterns in the data to be able to do things better -so -this is a child about the same age as the racing car on stage three months old its a patient with a heart problem now when you look at some of the data on the screen above things like heart rate pulse oxygen respiration rates -to make it better to make it faster and then the next year we start again now the car you see in front of you is quite complicated the chassis is made up of about eleven thousand components the engine another six thousand the electronics about eight and a half thousand -theyre all unusual for a normal child but theyre quite normal for the child there -and so one of the challenges you have in health care is how can i look at the patient in front of me -have something which is specific for her and be able to detect when things start to change when things start to deteriorate because like a racing car any patient when things start to go bad you have a short time to make a difference -so what we did is we took a data system which we run every two weeks of the year in formula one -and we installed it on the hospital computers at birmingham childrens hospital we streamed data from the bedside instruments in their pediatric intensive care so that we could both look at the data in real time and more importantly -to store the data so that we could start to learn from it and then we applied an application on top -which would allow us to tease out the patterns in the data in real time so we could see what was happening so we could determine when things started to change -now in motor racing were all a little bit ambitious audacious a little bit arrogant sometimes so we decided we would also look at the children as they were being transported to intensive care why should we wait until they arrived in the hospital before we started to look -and so we installed a real time link between the ambulance and the hospital just using normal three g telephony to send that data so that the ambulance became an extra bed in intensive care -and then we started looking at the data so the wiggly lines at the top all the colors this is the normal sort of data you would see on a monitor heart rate pulse -oxygen within the blood -and respiration -the lines on the bottom the blue and the red these are the interesting ones the red line is showing an automated version of the early warning score that birmingham childrens hospital were already running theyd been running that since two thousand and eight and already have stopped cardiac arrests and distress within the hospital -the plot with the red and the green blobs this is plotting different components of the data against each other -the green is us learning what is normal for that child we call it the cloud of normality and when things start to change when conditions start to deteriorate we move into the red line -theres no rocket science here it is displaying data that exists already in a different way to amplify it to provide cues to the doctors to the nurses so they can see whats happening -so theres about twenty five thousand things there that can go wrong so motor racing is very much about attention to detail -in the same way that a good racing driver relies on cues to decide when to apply the brakes when to turn into a corner we need to help our physicians and our nurses to see when things are starting to go wrong -we are thinking big its the right thing to do we have an approach which if its successful theres no reason why it should stay within a hospital it can go beyond the walls -with wireless connectivity these days there is no reason why patients doctors and nurses always have to be in the same place at the same time and meanwhile -the other thing about formula one in particular -is were always changing the car were always trying to make it faster so every two weeks we will be making about five thousand new components to fit to the car five to ten percent of the race car will be different every two weeks of the year -so how do we do that well we start our life with the racing car we have a lot of sensors on the car to measure things on the race car in front of you here there are about one hundred and twenty sensors when it goes into a race its measuring all sorts of things around the car -that data is logged were logging about five hundred different parameters within the data systems about thirteen thousand health parameters and events to say when things are not working the way they should do -i believe we are seeing in this response the result of mammals and reptiles having undergone a series of exposures to h two s i got this email from him two years ago he said i think ive got an answer to some of your questions -so he now has taken mice down for as many as four hours sometimes six hours and these are brand new data he sent me on the way over here on the top now that is a temperature record of a mouse -and with all great earnestness walked in david brin was going to debate me on this and as i walked in the crowd of a hundred started booing lustily i had a girl who came up who said my dad says youre the devil -who has gone through the dotted line the temperatures so the temperature starts at twenty five centigrade and down it goes down it goes six hours later up goes the temperature -now the same mouse is given eighty parts per million hydrogen sulfide in this solid graph and look what happens to its temperature -its temperature drops it goes down to fifteen degrees centigrade from thirty five -comes out of this perfectly fine here is a way we can get people to critical care heres how we can bring people cold enough -last till we get critical care now youre all thinking yeah what about the brain tissue -this is coming towards us and i think this is going to be a revolution were going to save lives but theres going to be a cost to it the new view of mass extinctions is yes we were hit and yes we have to think about the long term because we will get hit again but theres a far worse danger confronting us -we can easily go back to the hydrogen sulfide world -how many of us flew here -how many of us have gone through our entire kyoto quota just for flying this year how many of you have exceeded it yeah ive certainly exceeded it we have a huge problem facing us as a species -we have to beat this -one question for you peter am i understanding you right that what youre saying here is that we have in our own bodies a biochemical response -to hydrogen sulfide that in your mind proves that there have been past mass extinctions due to climate change -you cannot take peoples aliens away from them and expect to be anybodys friends -well the second part of that soon after and i was talking to paul allen i saw him in the audience and i handed him a copy of rare earth and jill tarter was there -and she turned to me and she looked at me just like that girl in the exorcist it was it burns it burns because seti doesnt want to hear this -stuff out there i really applaud the seti efforts but we have not heard anything yet and i really do think we have to start thinking about -whats a good planet and what isnt now i throw this slide up because it indicates to me that even if seti does hear something -can we figure out what they said because this was a slide that was passed between the two major intelligences on earth a mac to a pc and it cant even get the letters right -so how are we going to talk to the aliens and if theyre fifty light years away and we call them up and you blah blah blah blah blah and then fifty years later it comes back and they say please repeat -there we are our planet is a good planet because it can keep water mars is a bad planet but its still good enough for us to go there and to live on its surface if were protected -is a very bad the worst planet even though its earth like and even though early in its history it may very well have harbored earth like life -this beautiful picture from my childhood i love the science fiction movies here it is this island earth and leave it to hollywood to get it just right two and a half years in the making -to runaway greenhouse thats an eight hundred degrees centigrade surface because of rampant carbon dioxide -we know from astrobiology that we can really now predict whats going to happen to our particular planet we are right now in the beautiful oreo of existence of at least life on planet earth -following the first horrible microbial age in the cambrian explosion life emerged from the swamps complexity arose and from what we can tell were halfway through -we have as much time for animals to exist on this planet -as they have been here now till we hit the second microbial age and that will happen paradoxically everything you hear about global warming -when we hit co two down to ten parts per million we are no longer going to have to have plants that are allowed to have any photosynthesis and there go animals -so after that we probably have seven billion years the sun increases in its intensity in its brightness and finally -at about twelve billion years after it first started the earth is consumed by a large sun and this is whats left -so a planet like us is going to have an age and an old age and we are in its golden summer age right now -but theres two fates to everything isnt there now a lot of you are going to die of old age but some of you horribly enough are going to die in an accident and thats the fate of a planet too earth if were lucky enough if it doesnt get hit by a hale bopp -or gets blasted by some supernova nearby in the next seven billion years well find under your feet but what about accidental death -very soon after the fossil record started yielding a very good idea of how many plants and animals there have been since complex life really began to leave a very interesting fossil record -in that complex record of fossils there were times when lots of stuff seemed to be dying out very quickly and the father mother geologists called these mass extinctions -the creationists give us six thousand but hollywood goes to the chase and in this movie we see what we think is out there -where walter alvarez trying to figure out what was the time difference between these white rocks which held creatures of the cretaceous period and the pink rocks above which held tertiary fossils how long did it take to go from -one system to the next and what they found was something unexpected they found in this gap in between a very thin clay layer and that clay layer this very thin red layer here -is filled with iridium and not just iridium its filled with glassy spherules and its filled with quartz grains that have been subjected to enormous pressure shock quartz -now in this slide the white is chalk and this chalk was deposited in a warm ocean the chalk itselfs composed by plankton which has fallen down from the sea surface onto the sea floor -so that ninety percent of the sediment here is skeleton of living stuff and then you have that millimeter thick red layer and then you have black rock and the black rock is the sediment on the sea bottom -in the absence of plankton and thats what happens in an asteroid catastrophe because thats what this was of course this is the famous k t a ten kilometer body hit the planet -the effects of it spread this very thin impact layer all over the planet and we had very quickly the death of the dinosaurs -flying saucers and aliens every world has an alien and every alien world has a flying saucer and they move about with great speed aliens -prior to that uniformitarianism was the dominant paradigm the fact that if anything happens on the planet in the past there are present day processes that will explain it -but we havent witnessed a big asteroid impact so this is a type of neo catastrophism and it took about twenty years for the scientific establishment to finally come to grips yes we were hit and yes the effects of that hit caused a major mass extinction -was the p or the permian extinction sometimes called the mother of all mass extinctions and every one of these has been subsequently blamed on large body impact -is this true -the most recent the permian was thought to have been an impact because of this beautiful structure on the right this is a buckminsterfullerene a carbon sixty because it looks like those terrible geodesic domes of my late beloved sixties theyre called buckyballs -the pressure produces the buckyballs and it captures bits of the comet helium three very rare on the surface of the earth very common in space -so lucky to watch the change of that south africa into the new south africa as i went year by year and i worked on this permian extinction camping by this boer graveyard for months at a time -well don brownlee my friend and i finally got to the point where we got tired of turning on the tv and seeing the spaceships and seeing the aliens every night -and the fossils are extraordinary you know youre gazing upon your very distant ancestors these are mammal like reptiles they are culturally invisible we do not make movies about these this is a gorgonopsian or a gorgon -thats an eighteen inch long skull of an animal that was probably seven or eight feet sprawled like a lizard probably had a head like a lion this is the top carnivore the t rex of its time -hold still youre the scale -this thrinaxodon the size of a robin egg here this is a skull ive discovered just before taking this picture theres a pen for scale its really tiny this is in the lower triassic after the mass extinction has finished -you can see the eye socket and you can see the little teeth in the front if that does not survive im not the thing giving this talk -something else is because if that doesnt survive we are not here there are no mammals its that close one species ekes through -and tried to write a counter argument to it and put out what does it really take for an earth to be habitable for a planet to be an earth to have a place where you could probably get not just life -we say anything about the pattern of who survives and who doesnt heres sort of the end of that ten years of work the ranges of stuff the red line is the mass extinction -the survivors that do get through produce this world of crocodile like creatures theres no dinosaurs yet just this slow saurian scaly nasty swampy -so if not impact what and the what i think is that we returned over and over again -to the pre cambrian world that first microbial age and the microbes are still out there they hate we animals they really want their world back and theyve tried over and over and over again -been on a freeway on a friday afternoon in los angeles believing in the gaia theory no so i really suspect theres an alternative and that life does -there are microbes which through their metabolism produce hydrogen sulfide and they do so in large amounts hydrogen sulfide is very fatal to we humans as small as two hundred parts per million will kill you -have to go to the black sea and a few other places some lakes and get down and youll find that the water itself turns purple it turns purple from the presence of numerous microbes which have to have sunlight and have to have hydrogen sulfide -but complexity which requires a huge amount of evolution and therefore constancy of conditions so in two thousand we wrote rare earth in two thousand and three we then asked lets not think about where earths are in space but how long has earth been earth -and we can detect their presence today we can see them but we can also detect their presence in the past and the last three years have seen an enormous breakthrough in a brand new field -i am almost extinct im a paleontologist who collects fossils but the new wave of palaeontologists my graduate students collect biomarkers -they take the sediment itself they extract the oil from it and from that they can produce compounds which turn out to be very specific to particular microbial groups its because lipids are so tough they can get preserved in sediment -and last the hundreds of millions of years necessary and be extracted and tell us who was there and we know who was there at the end of the permian -many of these mass extinction boundaries this is what we find isorenieratene its very specific it can only occur if the surface of the ocean has no oxygen and is totally -with hydrogen sulfide enough for instance to come out of solution -and others from penn state and my group to propose what i call the kump hypothesis many of the mass extinctions were caused by lowering oxygen -by high co two aand the worst effect of global warming it turns out hydrogen sulfide being produced out of the oceans -the source of this in this particular case the source over and over has been flood basalts this is a view of the earth now if we extract a lot of it -and each of these looks like a hydrogen bomb actually the effects are even worse this is when deep earth material comes to the surface spreads out over the surface of the planet -not the lava that kills anything its the carbon dioxide that comes out with it this isnt volvos this is volcanoes but carbon dioxide is carbon dioxide -so these are new data rob berner and i from yale put together and what we try to do now is track the amount of carbon dioxide in the entire rock record and we can do this from a variety of means -and put all the red lines here when these what i call greenhouse mass extinctions took place and theres two things that are really evident here to me is that these extinctions take place when co two is going up -but the second thing thats not shown on here the earth has never had any ice on it when weve had a thousand parts per million -if you go back two billion years youre not on an earth like planet any more what we call an earth like planet is actually a very short interval of time -so there goes the ice caps and there comes two hundred and forty feet of sea level rise i live in a view house now im going to have waterfront -and we think this is the reason that complexity took so long to take place on planet earth we had these hydrogen sulfide oceans for a very great long period they stop complex life from existing -we know hydrogen sulfide is erupting presently a few places on the planet -and i throw this slide in this is me actually two months ago and i throw this slide in because here is my favorite animal chambered nautilus its been on this planet since the animals first started five hundred million years -rare earth actually taught me an awful lot about meeting the public right after i got an invitation to go to a science fiction convention -so im swimming along and it takes off my leg im eighty miles from shore whats going to happen to me well now i die -and i could be taken to a critical care hospital -and the reason i could do that is because we mammals have gone through a series of these hydrogen sulfide events and our bodies have adapted and we can now use this as what i think will be a major medical breakthrough -after battlefield injuries he bleeds out pigs he puts in eighty parts per million hydrogen sulfide the same stuff that survived these past mass extinctions and he turns a mammal into a reptile -ladies and gentlemen -i did not choose to take up -the pen the brush the camera i chose this instrument i chose the gun for you -and you heard already being so close to this gun may make you feel uneasy -it may even feel scary a real gun at a few feets distance let us stop for a moment and feel this uneasiness you could even hear it let us cherish the fact -of the netherlands -it means soldiers are not needed to patrol our streets guns are not a part of our lives in many countries it is a different story in many countries -with troops stationed around the world im really honored to be here today -people are confronted with guns they are oppressed they are intimidated by warlords by terrorists by criminals weapons can do a lot of harm they are the cause of much distress -why then am i standing before you with this weapon why did i choose the gun as my instrument today i want to tell you why today i want to tell you why i chose the gun to create a better world -in the east of the netherlands the city where i was born -when i look around this tedxamsterdam venue i see a very special audience you are the reason why i said yes to the invitation to come here today -my father -was a hardworking baker -but when he had finished work in the bakery he often told me and my brother stories and most of the time he told me this story im going to share with you now the story of what happened when he was a conscripted soldier -in the dutch armed forces at the beginning of the second world war the nazis invaded the netherlands their grim plans were evident they meant to rule by means of repression diplomacy had failed to stop the germans -only brute force -on the bank of the river waal -he fired nothing happened he fired again no german soldier fell to the ground -my father had been given an old gun that could not even reach the opposite riverbank -hitlers troops marched on -he could have done something but with an old gun not even the best marksman in the armed forces could have hit the mark -so this story stayed with me then in high school i was gripped by the stories of the allied soldiers soldiers who left the safety of their own homes and risked their lives to liberate a country -and a people that they didnt know they liberated my birth town it was then that i decided -when i look around i see people who want to make a contribution i see people who want to make a better world by doing groundbreaking scientific work by creating impressive works of art -i would take up the gun out of respect and gratitude for those men and women who came to liberate us -from the awareness that sometimes only the gun can stand between good and evil and that -to defend democratic values to stand up for the freedom we have -to talk here today in amsterdam about how we can make the world a better place -i do not like guns -and once you have been under fire yourself it brings home even more clearly that a gun is not some macho instrument to brag about i stand here today to tell you about the use of the gun as an instrument -of peace and stability the gun may be one of the most important instruments of peace and stability that we have in this world -now this may sound contradictory to you -since the end of the cold war statistics show that we are living in a relatively peaceful era -why why has violence decreased has the human mind changed well we were talking on the human mind this morning did we simply lose our beastly impulses for revenge -for violent rituals for pure rage or is there something else -in his latest book harvard professor steven pinker -by writing critical articles or inspiring books -such a state monopoly on violence first of all serves as a reassurance -it removes the incentive for an arms race between potentially hostile groups in our societies -secondly the presence of penalties that outweigh the benefits of using violence tips the balance even further abstaining from violence becomes more profitable than starting a war -by starting up sustainable businesses and you all have chosen your own instruments -with trade theres mutual interdependency and mutual gain between parties and when there is mutual gain both sides stand to lose more than they would gain if they started a war -this ladies and gentlemen is the rationale behind the existence -of my armed forces the armed forces implement the state monopoly on violence we do this in a legitimized way only after our democracy has asked us to do so -it is this legitimate controlled use of the gun that has contributed greatly to the statistics of war conflict and violence around the globe -to fulfill this mission of creating a better world some chose the microscope -my soldiers use the gun as an instrument of peace and this is exactly why failed states are so dangerous failed states have no legitimized democratically controlled use of force -failed states do not know of the gun as an instrument of peace and stability -that is why failed states can drag down a whole region into chaos and conflict that is why spreading the concept of the constitutional state is such an important aspect -of our foreign missions that is why we are trying to build a judicial system right now in afghanistan that is why we train police officers we train judges we train public prosecutors around the world and that is why -and in the netherlands we are very unique in that -ladies and gentlemen looking at this gun we are confronted with the ugly side of the human mind -every day i hope that politicians diplomats development workers can turn conflict into peace and threat into hope and i hope that one day armies can be disbanded -and humans will find a way of living together without violence and oppression -but until that day comes we will have to make ideals and human failure meet somewhere in the middle -until that day comes i stand for my father who tried to shoot the nazis with an old gun i stand for my men and women -who are prepared to risk their lives for a less violent world for all of us i stand for this soldier -who suffered partial hearing loss and sustained permanent injuries to her leg which was hit -by a rocket on a mission in afghanistan -ladies and gentlemen -until the day comes when we can do away with the gun -often behind the scenes -it takes good equipment and well trained dedicated soldiers -instead of the bad gun my father was given i hope you will support our soldiers when they are out there -when they come home -and when they are injured and need our care they put their lives on the line for us for you and we cannot let them down i hope you will respect -my soldiers this soldier with this gun because she wants a better world because she makes an active contribution to the better world just like all of us here today thank you very much -into nepal across to india -thirty days to meet her leader the dalai lama the dalai lama lives in dharamsala india so i took this picture three days after she arrived -fact came out of mit -and he was his whole monastery was thrown into prison at the time of the uprising when the dalai lama had to leave -and -he was beaten starved tortured lost all his teeth while in prison and when i met him he was a kind gentle old man -and it really impressed me i met him two weeks after he got out of prison that he went through that experience and ended up with the demeanor that he had -so i was in dharamsala meeting these people and id spent about five weeks there and i was hearing these similar stories of these refugees that had poured out of tibet -into dharamsala and it just so happened on the fifth week there was a public teaching by the dalai lama -and -and i was watching this crowd of monks and nuns many of which i had just interviewed and heard their stories and i watched their faces and they gave us a little fm radio and we could listen to the translation of his teachings -and what he said was -treat your enemies as if they were precious jewels -because its your enemies that build your tolerance and patience on the road to your enlightenment and i -that hit me so hard -and i started interviewing the people there taking my photographs thats what i do i interview and do portraits and and this is a little girl i took her portrait up on top of the jokhang temple -and id snuck in because its totally illegal to have a picture of the dalai lama in tibet its the quickest way you can get arrested -so i snuck in a bunch of little wallet sized pictures of the dalai lama and i would hand them out and when i gave them to the people -i was going in interviewing these people and doing their portraits this is jigme and her sister sonam and they live up on the chang tang the tibetan plateau way in the western part of the country this is at seventeen thousand feet -so that in one generation were going to halve our cultural diversity he went on to say that every two weeks -and they had just come down from the high pastures at eighteen thousand feet same thing gave her a picture she held it up to her forehead -and i usually hand out polaroids when i do these because im setting up lights and checking my lights and when i showed her a polaroid she screamed and ran into her tent -way out in the middle of nowhere at the age of four he was installed as the fourteenth dalai lama -as a teenager he faced -the invasion of his country and had to deal with it he was the leader of the country eight years later when they discovered there was a plot to kill him -they dressed him up like a beggar and snuck him out of the country on a horseback and took the same trip that tamdin did and he lives in and hes never been back to his country since and -if you think about this man forty six years later still sticking to this non violent response -to a severe political and human rights issue and the young people young tibetans are starting to say listen this doesnt work you know -he still is holding this line so this is our icon -to non violence in our world one of our living icons -this is another leader of his people this is moi this is in the ecuadorian amazon and moi is thirty five years old and -an elder goes to the grave carrying the last spoken word of that culture so an entire philosophy -as much oil or twice as much oil as was spilled in the exxon valdez accident -was spilled in this little area of the amazon and the tribes in this area have constantly had to move and -belongs to the huaorani tribe and theyre known as very fierce theyre known as auca and theyve managed to keep out the seismologists and the oil oil workers with spears and blowguns -and i spent we spent i was with a team two weeks with these guys out in the jungle watching them hunt this was on a monkey hunt -and the knowledge that these people have about the natural environment is incredible they could hear things smell things see things i couldnt see and i couldnt even see the monkeys that they were getting with these darts -this is yadira and yadira is five years old shes in a a tribe thats neighboring the -and her tribe has had to move three times in the last ten years because of the oil spills and we never hear about that and the latest -thousands of acres of the ecuadorian amazon in our war on drugs -and these people are the people who take the brunt of it -this is mengatoue hes the shaman of the huaorani and he -a body of knowledge about the natural world that had been empirically gleaned over centuries goes away -he just he said to us you know im an older man now im getting tired you know im tired of spearing these oil workers i wish they would just go away -and i was i usually travel alone when i do my work but i did this i hosted a program for discovery and when i went down with the team i was -one of the things -just before nine eleven august of two thousand and one -i took my son dax who was sixteen at the time and i took him to pakistan because at first i wanted you know ive taken him on a couple of trips -but i wanted him to see people that live on a dollar a day or less i wanted him to get an experience in the islamic world -and i also wanted him to i was going there to work with a group do a story on a group called the kalash that are a group of animists three thousand animists that live very small area surrounded by islam theres three thousand -and this happens every two weeks so for the last twenty years since my -of these kalash left theyre incredible people so it was a great experience for him he stayed up all night with them drumming and dancing -and he brought a soccer ball and we had soccer every night in this little village and then we went up and met their -by the way mengatoue was the shaman of his tribe as well and this is john doolikahn whos -and hes up in the mountains right on the border with afghanistan in fact on that other side is the area tora bora the area where osama bin ladens supposed to be this is the tribal area and -we watched and stayed with -john doolikahn and -the shaman i did a whole series on shamanism which is a an interesting phenomenon but around the world -they go into trance in different ways and in pakistan the way they do it is they burn juniper leaves and they sacrifice an animal pour the blood of the animal on the leaves and then inhale the smoke -and theyre all praying to the mountain gods as they as they go into trance that was -you know getting kids used to different realities i think is so important what dan dennett said the other day -having a curriculum where they study different religions just to make a mental flexibility give them a mental flexibility in different belief systems i think this is so -have been traveling the world and coming back with stories about some of these people -five years ago we started a program that links kids in indigenous communities with kids in the united states so we first hooked up -spot in the navajo nation with a classroom in seattle we now have fifteen sites -one in kathmandu nepal dharamsala india takaungu kenya takaungu is one third christian one third muslim and one third animist the community -peru and arctic village alaska this is daniel hes one of our students in arctic village alaska he lives in this log cabin -no running water no heat other than no windows and high speed internet connection and this is -this is i see this rolling out all over this is our site in ollantaytambo peru four years ago where they first saw their first computers now they have computers in their classrooms -and what id like to do right now is share some of those stories with you this is tamdin she is a sixty nine year old nun -and the way we do it is we do it in workshops and we bring people who want to learn digital workflow and storytelling and have them -work with the kids and just this last year weve taken a group of teenagers in and this has worked the best so our dream is to bring teenagers together so theyll have a community service experience -as well as a cross cultural experience as they teach kids in these areas and help them build their communication infrastructure this is teaching photoshop in the childrens tibetan childrens village in dharamsala -we have the website where the kids all get their homepage this is all their movies weve got about sixty movies that these kids have made and theyre quite incredible the one i want to show you after -get them to make the movies we have a night where we show the movies to the community and this is in takaungu weve got a generator and a digital projector and were projecting it up against a barn -and showing one of the movies that they made and if you get a chance you can go to our website and youll see the incredible work these kids do -the kids in our the other thing i wanted to give indigenous people a voice that was one of the big motivating factors -she was thrown in prison in tibet for two years for putting up a little tiny placard protesting the occupation of her country -but the other motivating factor is the insular nature of our country national geographic just did a roper study of eighteen to twenty six year olds in -our country and in nine other industrialized countries it was a two million dollar study united states came in second to last -in geographic knowledge seventy percent of the kids couldnt find afghanistan or iraq on a map -sixty percent couldnt find india -thirty percent couldnt find the pacific ocean and this is a study that was just done a couple of years ago -so what id like to show you now in the couple of minutes i have left -is a film that a student made in guatemala we just had a workshop in guatemala -a week before we got to the workshop -a massive landslide caused by hurricane stan last october came in and buried six hundred people alive in their village and this kid lived in the village he wasnt there at the time -and this is the little movie he put together about that and he hadnt seen a computer before we did this movie we taught him photoshop and yeah we can play -and when i met her she had just taken a walk over the himalayas from lhasa the capital of tibet -is an old mayan -now i still enjoyed the fragmentation of pointillism seeing these little tiny dots come together to make this unified whole -so i began experimenting with other ways to fragment images where the shake wouldnt affect the work like dipping my feet in paint and walking on a canvas -or in a three d structure consisting of two by fours creating a two d image -by burning it with a blowtorch -i discovered that if i worked on a larger scale and with bigger materials my hand really wouldnt hurt -when i was in art school i developed a shake in my hand and this was the straightest line i could draw -and after having gone from a single approach to art -i ended up having an approach to creativity that completely changed my artistic horizons -this was the first time id encountered this idea that embracing a limitation could actually drive creativity -i felt like i could do so much more with the supplies i thought an artist was supposed to have -i actually didnt even have a regular pair of scissors i was using these metal shears until i stole a pair from the office that i worked at -now in hindsight it was actually good for some things like mixing a can of paint or shaking a polaroid -really try to create something just completely outside of the box -but i sat there for hours -and nothing came to mind -the same thing the next day and then the next -quickly slipping into a creative slump -and i was in a dark place for a long time unable to create -and it didnt make any sense because i was finally able to support my art and yet i was creatively blank -but as i searched around in the darkness i realized i was actually paralyzed by all of the choices that i never had before -and it was then that i thought back to my jittery hands -embrace the shake -and i realized if i ever wanted my creativity back i had to quit trying so hard to think outside of the box -what if i could only create with a dollars worth of supplies -but at the time this was really doomsday this was the destruction of my dream of becoming an artist -it really became a moment of clarification for me that -we need to first be limited -in order to become limitless -i took this approach of thinking inside the box to my canvas and wondered what if instead of painting on a canvas i could only paint on my chest -so i painted thirty images one layer at a time one on top of another with each picture representing an influence in my life -or what if instead of painting with a brush i could only paint with karate chops -the shake developed out of -so for six days i lived in front of a webcam i slept on the floor and i ate takeout and i asked people to call me and share a story with me about a life changing moment -their stories became the art as i wrote them onto the revolving canvas -really a single minded pursuit of pointillism just years of making tiny tiny dots -this destruction idea turned into a yearlong project that i called goodbye art where each and every piece of art had to be destroyed after its creation -in the beginning of goodbye art i focused on forced destruction like this image of jimi hendrix made with over seven thousand matches -like spitting out food -and eventually these dots went from -and even frozen wine -the last iteration of destruction was to try to produce something that didnt actually exist in the first place so i organized candles on a table i lit them and then blew them out then repeated this process over and over with the same set of candles -then assembled the videos into the larger image -so the end image was never visible as a physical whole -it was destroyed before it ever existed -being perfectly round to looking more like tadpoles because of the shake -in the course of this goodbye art series i created twenty three different pieces with nothing left to physically display -what i thought would be the ultimate limitation -actually turned out to be the ultimate liberation -as each time i created the destruction brought me back to a neutral place where i felt refreshed and ready to start the next project -it did not happen overnight there were times when my projects failed to get off the ground or even worse after spending tons of time on them the end image was kind of embarrassing -but having committed to the process i continued on and something really surprising came out of this as i destroyed each project -i was learning to let go -let go of outcomes -let go of failures and let go of imperfections -so to compensate id hold the pen tighter and this progressively made the shake worse so id hold the pen tighter still -and in return i found a process of creating art thats perpetual -i found myself in a state of constant creation thinking only of whats next -and coming up with more ideas than ever -when i think back to my three years away from art -away from my dream just going through the motions -instead of trying to find a different way to continue that dream -i just quit i gave up -and what if i didnt embrace the shake -because embracing the shake for me wasnt just about art and having art skills it turned out to be about life -and having life skills -learning to be creative within the confines of our limitations -is the best hope we have to transform ourselves -and collectively transform our world -looking at limitations as a source of creativity -now when i run into a barrier or i find myself creatively stumped -and this became a vicious cycle that ended up causing so much pain and joint issues i had trouble holding anything -like using hundreds of real live worms to make an image -using a pushpin to tattoo a banana -or painting a picture with hamburger grease -limitations may be the most unlikely of places to harness creativity -rethink categories and challenge accepted norms -and instead of telling each other to seize the day -and then i left art completely -but after a few years i just couldnt stay away from art and i decided to go to a neurologist about the shake and discovered i had permanent nerve damage -so i did i went home i grabbed a pencil and i just started letting my hand shake and shake i was making all these scribble pictures -and even though it wasnt the kind of art that i was ultimately passionate about -i just had to find a different approach to making the art that i wanted -it was huge to give you a sense of the scale -okay there you go the scale here is fifty miles on top a hundred kilometers on the bottom this thing was three hundred kilometers across two hundred miles an enormous crater that excavated out vast amounts of earth that splashed around the globe and set -fires all over the planet threw up enough dust to block out the sun it wiped out seventy five percent of all species on -earth now not all asteroids are that big some of them are smaller -here is one that came in -over the united states in october of one thousand nine hundred and ninety two it came in on a friday night why is that important because -over west virgina maryland pennsylvania and new jersey until it did that to a car in new york -now this thing was probably about the size of a school bus when it first came in it broke up through atmospheric pressure it crumbled and then the pieces fell apart and did some damage -now you wouldnt want that falling on your foot -or your head because it would do that to it that would be bad but it wont wipe out you know all life on earth so thats fine but it turns out you dont need something six miles across to do a lot of damage there is a median point between tiny rock and gigantic rock and in fact -that it is actually called meteor crater to give you a sense of scale this is about a mile wide if you look up at the top thats a parking lot and those are recreational vehicles right there -so its about a mile across six hundred feet deep -the object that formed this was probably about thirty to fifty yards across so roughly the size of mackey auditorium here -it came in at speeds that were tremendous slammed into the ground blew up and exploded with the energy of roughly a twenty megaton nuclear bomb a very hefty bomb this was fifty thousand years ago so it may have wiped out a few buffalo or antelope or something like that out in the desert -but it probably would not have caused -global devastation it turns out that these things dont have to hit the ground to do a lot of damage now in one thousand nine hundred and eight over siberia near the tunguska region -the dinosaurs had a bad day -for those of you who are dan aykroyd fans and saw ghostbusters when he talked about the greatest cross dimensional rift since the siberia blast of one thousand nine hundred and nine where he got the date wrong but thats okay -the heat from the explosion set fire -to the forest below it and then the shock wave came down and knocked down trees for hundreds of square miles okay this did a huge amount of damage and again this was a rock probably roughly the size of this auditorium that were sitting in -either way these are tremendous explosions twenty megatons now when these things blow up -theyre not going to do global ecological damage theyre not going to do something like the dinosaur killer did theyre just not big enough but they will do global economic damage because they dont have to hit necessarily to do this kind of damage they dont have to do global devastation if one of these things were to hit -pretty much anywhere it would cause a panic but if it came over a city an important city not that any city is more important than others but some of them we depend on them more on the global economic basis that could do a huge amount of damage to us as a civilization so -now that ive scared the crap out of you -few centuries or every few thousand years but its still something to be aware of well what do we do about them the first thing we have to do is find them this is an image of an asteroid that passed us in two thousand and nine its right here -but you can see that its extremely faint i dont even know if you can see that in the back row these are just stars -this is a rock that was about thirty yards across so roughly the size of the ones that blew up over tunguska and hit arizona fifty thousand years ago -these things are faint theyre hard to see and the sky is really big we have to find these things first well the good news is were looking for them nasa has devoted money to this the national science foundation other countries are very interested in doing this were building telescopes that are looking for the threat thats a great first step -it released its energy all at once and it was an explosion that was mind numbing if you took every nuclear weapon ever built at the height of the cold war lumped them together and blew them up at the same time that would be one one millionth of the energy released at that moment -but whats the second step the second step is that we see one heading toward us we have to stop it what do we do -youve probably heard about the asteroid apophis if you havent yet you will -if youve heard about the mayan two thousand and twelve apocalypse youre going to hear about apophis because youre keyed in to all the doomsday networks anyway -and its going to pass by the earth in april of two thousand and twenty nine and its going to pass us so close that its actually going to come underneath our weather satellites the earths gravity is going to bend the orbit of this thing so much -that if its just right if it passes through this region of space this kidney bean shaped region called the keyhole -the earths gravity will bend it just enough that seven years later -and its two hundred and fifty meters across so it would do unbelievable damage now the good news is that the odds of it actually passing through this keyhole and hitting us next go around are one in a million roughly very very low odds so i personally am not lying awake at night worrying about this at all i dont think apophis is a problem in fact -because how do you stop an asteroid like this well let me ask you -what happens if youre standing in the middle of the road and a cars headed for you what do you do you do this right move the car goes past you but we cant move the earth at least not easily -but we can move a small asteroid and it turns out weve even done it in the year two thousand and five nasa launched a probe called deep impact which slammed into slammed a piece of itself into the nucleus of a comet comets are very much like asteroids -the purpose wasnt to push it out of the way the purpose was to make a crater to excavate the material and see what was underneath the surface of this comet which we learned quite a bit about we did move the comet a little tiny bit not very much but that wasnt the point however -think about this this thing is orbiting the sun -you might think about why dont we use a nuclear weapon its like well you can try that but the problem is timing you shoot a nuclear weapon at this thing you have to blow it up within a few milliseconds of tolerance or else youll just miss it and there are a lot of other problems with that its very hard to do but just hitting something thats pretty easy i think even nasa can do that and they proved that they can -the dinosaurs had a really bad day okay now a six mile wide rock is very large we all live here in boulder if you look out your window and you can see longs peak youre probably familiar with it now scoop up longs peak and put it out in space -well my opinion is fine okay its not hitting us in six months thats good now we have three years to do something else and you can hit it again thats kind of ham fisted you might just push it into a third keyhole or whatever so you dont do that and this is the part -then we bring in the velvet gloves -that it can pull the asteroid and you have your rockets set up so you can oh you can barely see it here but theres rocket plumes and you basically these guys are connected by their own gravity and if you move the probe very slowly very very gently you can -so think about this right -there are these giant rocks flying out there and theyre hitting us and theyre doing damage to us -but weve figured out how to do this and all the pieces are in place to do this -we have astronomers in place with telescopes looking for them we have smart people very very smart people who are concerned about this and figuring out how to fix the problem and we have the technology to do this this probe actually cant use chemical rockets chemical rockets provide too much thrust too much push the probe would just shoot away -we invented something called an ion drive which is a very very very low thrust engine it generates the force a piece of paper would have on your hand incredibly light but it can run for months and years -providing that very gentle push -if anybody here is a fan of the original star trek they ran across an alien ship that had an ion drive and spock said theyre very technically sophisticated theyre a hundred years ahead of us with this drive -thats the difference thats the difference between us and the dinosaurs this happened to them it doesnt have to happen to us the difference between the dinosaurs and us is that we have a space program and we can vote and so we can change -thats the power of anonymity so what are the seven social processes that grease the slippery slope of evil mindlessly taking the first small step dehumanization of others de individuation of self -diffusion of personal responsibility blind obedience of authority uncritical conformity to group norms passive tolerance to evil through inaction or indifference and it -nothing is easier than to denounce the evil doer nothing more difficult than understanding him dostoevksy tells us understanding is not excusing psychology is not excuse iology -apparently lucifer means the light it also means the morning star in some scripture and apparently he disobeyed god and thats the ultimate disobedience to authority and when he did -the landmark stanford study provides a cautionary tale for all military operations if you give people power without oversight its a prescription for abuse they knew that and let that happen -so another report an investigative report by general fay -the system is -paradigm shift in all of these areas the shift is away from the medical model that focuses only on the individual the shift is toward a public health model that recognizes situational and systemic vectors of disease -thats a decision that you have to make thats a personal thing so i want to end very quickly on a positive note heroism as the antidote to evil -by promoting the heroic imagination especially in our kids in our educational system we want kids to think im the hero in waiting waiting for the right situation to come along and i will act heroically -the counterpoint to hannah arendts banality of evil our traditional societal heroes are wrong because they are the exceptions they organize their whole life around this thats why we know their names and our kids heroes are also role models for them because they have supernatural talents -we want our kids to realize most heroes are everyday people and the heroic act is unusual this is joe darby -he was the one that stopped those abuses you saw because when he saw those images he turned them over to a senior investigating officer he was a low level private and that stopped -was he a hero no they had to put him in hiding because people wanted to kill him and then his mother and his wife for three years they were in hiding this is the woman who stopped the stanford prison -i said it got out of control i was the prison superintendent i didnt know it was out of control i was totally indifferent she came down saw that madhouse and said you know what -its terrible what youre doing to those boys theyre not prisoners theyre not guards theyre boys and you are responsible and i ended the study the next day -the good news is i married her the next year -came to my senses obviously so situations have the power to do through but the point is this is the same situation that can inflame the hostile imagination in some of us that makes us perpetrators of evil -can inspire the heroic imagination in others its the same situation and youre on one side or the other most people are guilty of the evil of inaction because your mother said dont get involved -have to say mama humanity is my business so the psychology of heroism is were going to end in a moment how do we encourage children in new hero courses that im working with matt langdon he has a hero workshop -to develop this heroic imagination this self labeling i am a hero in waiting and teach them skills to be a hero you have to learn to be a deviant because youre always going against the conformity of the group -heroes are ordinary people whose social actions are extraordinary who act the key to heroism is two things a youve got to act when other people are passive b you have to act socio centrically -with the story that some of you know about wesley autrey new york subway hero fifty year old african american construction worker hes standing on a subway in new york a white guy falls on the tracks the subway train is coming -theres seventy five people there you know what they freeze hes got a reason not to get involved hes black the guys white and hes got two little kids instead he gives his kids to a stranger jumps on the tracks puts the guy between the tracks lays on him the subway goes over him -and he said i did what anyone could do no big deal to jump -and the moral imperative is i did what everyone should do and so one day you will be in a new situation -the point is are we ready to take the path to celebrating ordinary heroes waiting for the right situation to come along to put heroic imagination into action -he didnt do a good job of keeping it there though so this arc of the cosmic transformation of gods favorite angel into the devil for me sets the context for understanding -because it may only happen once in your life and when you pass it by youll always know i could have been a hero and i let it pass me by so the point is thinking it and then doing -human beings who are transformed from good ordinary people into perpetrators of evil so the lucifer effect although it focuses on the negatives -the negatives that people can become not the negatives that people are leads me to a psychological definition evil is the exercise of power and thats the key its about power -you google evil a word that should surely have withered by now you come up with one hundred and thirty six million hits in a third of a second -a few years ago i am sure all of you were shocked -as i was with the revelation of american soldiers abusing prisoners in a strange place in a controversial war abu ghraib in iraq and these were men and women who were putting prisoners through -i was shocked but i wasnt surprised because i had seen those same visual parallels when i was the prison superintendent of the stanford prison study immediately the bush administration military -what what all administrations say when theres a scandal dont blame us its not the system its the few bad apples the few rogue soldiers my hypothesis is american soldiers are good usually maybe it was the barrel that was bad -i could study him have him come to my home get to know him do psychological analysis to see was he a good apple or bad apple and thirdly i had access to all of the one thousand pictures that these soldiers took -what ive done is i organized them into various categories but these are by united states military police army reservists -they are not soldiers prepared for this mission at all and it all happened in a single place tier one a on the night shift why tier one a was the center for military intelligence it was the interrogation hold -cia was there interrogators from titan corporation all there and theyre getting no information about the insurgency so theyre going to put pressure on these soldiers military police to cross the line -give them permission to break the will of the enemy to prepare them for interrogation to soften them up to take the gloves off those are the euphemisms and this is how it was interpreted -and i had friends who were really good kids who lived out the doctor jekyll mister hyde scenario robert louis stevenson that is they took drugs got in trouble went to jail some got killed -pretty horrific thats one of the visual illustrations of evil and it should not have escaped you that -the reason i paired the prisoner with his arms out with leonardo da vincis ode to humanity is that that prisoner was mentally ill -that prisoner covered himself with shit every day and they used to have to roll him in dirt so he wouldnt stink but the guards ended up calling him shit boy what was he doing in that prison rather than in some mental institution -so how do psychologists go about understanding such transformations of human character if you believe that they were good soldiers before they went down to that dungeon there are three ways the main way is its called dispositional -we look at whats inside of the person the bad apples this is the foundation of all of social sciences the foundation of religion the foundation of war -and some did it without drug assistance so when i read robert louis stevenson that wasnt fiction the only question is what was in the juice and more importantly -and social scientists stop there and they miss the big point that i discovered when i became an expert witness for abu ghraib the power is in the system the system creates the situation that corrupts the individuals and the system is the legal political -with these three factors -and its a dynamic interplay what do the people bring into the situation what does the situation bring out of them and what is the system that creates and maintains that situation -effect although it focuses on evil really is a celebration of the human minds infinite capacity to make any of us kind or cruel -this is a wonderful cartoon in the new yorker which really summarizes my whole talk im neither a good cop nor a bad cop jerome like yourself im a complex amalgam of positive and negative personality traits that emerge or not depending on the circumstances -that line between good and evil which privileged people like to think is fixed and impermeable with them on the good side and the others on the bad side i knew that line was movable and it was permeable -some of you think you know about but very few people have ever read the story you watched the movie -four dollars for your time and it said we dont want college students we want men between twenty and fifty in the later studies they ran women ordinary people barbers clerks white collar people so you go -and one of you is going to be a learner and one of you is going to be a teacher the learners a genial middle aged guy he gets tied up to the shock apparatus in another room -could be middle aged could be as young as twenty and one of you is told by the authority the guy in the lab coat your job -to give this guy material to learn gets it right reward him gets it wrong you press a button on the shock box the first button is fifteen volts he doesnt even feel it -thats the key all evil starts with fifteen volts and then the next step is another fifteen volts the problem is at the end of the -people could be seduced across that line and under good and some rare circumstances bad kids could recover with help with reform with rehabilitation -what percent of american citizens would go to the end they said only one percent because thats sadistic behavior and we know psychiatry knows only one percent of americans are sadistic ok -in study sixteen where you see somebody like you go all the way ninety percent go all the way in study five if you see people rebel ninety percent rebel -and its like a dial on human nature a dial in a sense that you can make almost everybody totally obedient down to the majority down to -so what are the external parallels for all research is artificial whats the validity in the real world nine hundred and twelve american citizens committed suicide -reverend jim jones he persuaded them to commit mass suicide and so hes the modern lucifer effect a man of god who becomes the angel of death -study is all about individual authority -to control people most of the time we are in institutions so the stanford prison study is a study of the power of institutions -so this study which i did with my graduate students especially craig haney we also began work with an ad we didnt have money so we had a cheap little ad but we wanted college students for a study of prison life -the front door and knocks and says hes looking for me so they right there you know they took me out the door they put my hands against -car it was a real cop car it was a real policeman and there were real neighbors in the street -this was -and there was cameras all around and neighbors all -they put me in the car then they drove me around -they put me in a cell which was just like a -with a door with bars -you could tell it wasnt a real jail they locked me in there in this degrading little outfit -they were taking this experiment -here are the prisoners who are going to be dehumanized theyre going to become numbers here are the guards with the symbols of power and anonymity guards get prisoners to clean the toilet bowls out with their bare hands to do other humiliating tasks -that tells us several things one the world is was will always be filled with good and evil because good and evil is the yin and yang of the human condition it tells me something else if you remember gods favorite angel was lucifer -strip them naked they sexually taunt them they begin to do degrading activities like having them simulate sodomy you saw simulating fellatio in soldiers in abu ghraib my guards did it in five days -does it make a difference if warriors go to battle changing their appearance or not does it make a difference if theyre anonymous in how they treat their victims -we know in some cultures they go to war they dont change their appearance in other cultures they paint themselves like lord of the flies in some they wear masks in many soldiers are anonymous in uniform -so this anthropologist john watson found twenty three cultures that had two bits of data do they change their appearance fifteen do they kill torture mutilate thirteen -my colleague at stanford went back fourteen years later to try to discover what was different about those kids there were enormous differences between kids who resisted and kids who yielded in many ways -the kids who resisted scored two hundred and fifty points higher on the sat thats enormous thats like a whole set of different iq points -didnt get in as much trouble they were better students they were self confident and determined and the key for me today the key for you is they were future focused instead of present -so what is time perspective thats what im going to talk about today time perspective is the study of how individuals all of us divide the flow of your human experience into time zones or time categories and you do it automatically and non consciously -what determines any decision you make you make a decision on which youre going to base an action for some people its only about what is in the immediate situation what other people are doing and what youre feeling -and those people when they make their decisions in that format were going to call them present oriented because their focus is what is now for others -i want to share with you some ideas about the secret power of time in a very short time -the present is irrelevant its always about what is this situation like that ive experienced in the past so that their decisions are based on past memories -is something that influences every decision you make youre totally unaware of namely the extent to which you have one of these biased time -or past negative you can be present hedonistic namely you focus on the joys of life or present fatalist it doesnt matter your life is controlled you can be future oriented setting goals or you can be transcendental future namely life begins after death -right start the clock please -so very quickly what is the optimal time profile high on past positive moderately high on future and moderate on present hedonism -is the energy the energy to explore yourself places people sensuality -it quiet please -they sacrifice hobbies and they sacrifice sleep so it affects their health and they live for work achievement and control im sure that resonates with some of the tedsters -and it resonated for me i grew up as a poor kid in the south bronx ghetto of sicilian family everyone lived in the past and present im here as a future oriented person who went over the top who did all these sacrifices because -its about time -teachers intervened and made me future oriented told me dont eat that marshmallow because if you wait youre going to get two of them until i learned to balance out ive added present hedonism ive added -a focus on the past positive so at seventy six years old i am more energetic than ever more productive and im happier than i have ever -i just want to say that we are applying this to many world problems changing the drop out rates of school kids combating addictions enhancing teen health -eight seven -five -lets tune into the conversation of the principles in adams temptation -come on adam dont be so wishy washy take a -one bite adam dont abandon eve i dont know guys -get in trouble okay one bite what the hell -life is temptation its all about yielding resisting yes no now later impulsive reflective present focus and future focus -within one year and most of them did so without using birth control so much for promises now lets tempt four year olds -judging the decision against the effect on everybody not just on the disgruntled person you cant run a society by the lowest common denominator -whats needed is a basic shift in philosophy we can pull the plug on a lot of this stuff if we shift our philosophy weve been taught that authority is the enemy of freedom its not true authority in fact is essential to freedom -law is a human institution responsibility is a human institution if teachers dont have authority to run the classroom to maintain order everybodys learning suffers -the principle didnt want to stand up to the parent because he didnt want to get dragged into some legal proceedings so she had to go to meeting after meeting same arguments made over and over again after thirty days of sleepless nights she finally capitulated -if the judge doesnt have the authority to toss out unreasonable claims then all of us go through the day looking over our shoulders if the environmental agency cant decide that the power lines -are good for the environment then there is no way to bring the power from the windfarms to the city a free society requires red lights and green lights -look around so what the world needs now -is to restore the authority to make common choices its the only way to get our freedom back -and its the only way to release the energy and passion needed so that we can meet the challenges of our time -and raised the grade she said life is too short i just cant keep going with this about the same time she was going to take two students to a leadership conference -in laramie which is a couple of hours away and she was going to drive them in her car -the school said no you cant drive them in the car for liability reasons you have to go in a school bus so the provided a bus that held sixty people -three of them back and forth several hours to laramie her husband is also a science teacher and he takes his biology class on a hike in the nearby national park -but he was told he couldnt go on the hike this year because one of the students in the class was disabled so the other twenty five students didnt get to go on the hike -always been interested in relationship of formal structures and human behavior if you build a wide road out to the outskirts of town people will move there -either at the end of this day i could have filled a book just with stories about law from this one teacher -now weve been taught to believe that law is the foundation of freedom but somehow or another in the last couple of decades the land of the free has become a legal minefield -its really changed our lives in ways that are sort of imperceptible and yet when you pull back you see it all the time its changed the way we talk -i was talking to a pediatrician friend in north carolina he said well you know i dont deal with patients the same way anymore -you wouldnt want to say something off the cuff that might be used against you -this is a doctor whose life is -caring for people my own law firm has a list of questions that im not allowed to ask when interviewing candidates -such as the sinister question bulging with hidden motives and innuendo where are you from -now for twenty years -tort reformers have been sounding the alarm that lawsuits are out of control and we read every once in while about these crazy lawsuits like the guy in the district of columbia who sued his dry cleaners for fifty four million dollars -rare they dont usually -and the total of direct tort cost in this country is about two percent which is twice as much as in other countries but as taxes go hardly crippling but -the direct costs are really only the tip of the iceberg whats happened here again almost without our knowing is -our culture has changed -people no longer feel free to act on their best judgment so what do we do about it we certainly dont want to give up the rights when people do something wrong to -seek redress in the courts we need regulation to make sure people dont pollute and such we lack even a vocabulary to deal with this problem -is also a powerful driver of human behavior and what id like to discuss today -and thats because we have the wrong frame of reference weve been trained to think that the way to look at every dispute every issue is a matter of kind of individual rights and so we peer through a legal microscope -and look at everything is it possible that there are extenuating circumstances that explain why johnny turned his paper in late -always a different scenario that you can sketch out where its possible that something could have been done differently and yet weve been trained to squint into this legal microscope -hoping that we can judge any dispute against the standard of a perfect society where everyone will agree whats fair and where accidents will be extinct -risk will be no more -is the need to overhaul and simplify the law to release the energy and passion of americans so that we can begin to address the challenges of our society -of course this is utopia -its a formula for paralysis not freedom its not the basis of the rule of law its not the basis of a free society -so now i have the first of four propositions im going to leave with you about how you simplify the law -youve got to judge law mainly by its effect on the broader society not individual disputes absolutely vital -so lets pull back from the anecdote for a second and look at our society from high above is it working what will the macro data show us -well the healthcare system has been transformed -a culture pervaded with defensiveness universal distrust of the system of justice universal practice of defensive medicine its very hard to measure because there are mixed motives doctors can make more on -by the institute of medicine and others turns out thats not the case the fear has chilled professional interaction so thousands of tragic -as we saw with the teacher in cody wyoming she seems to be affected by the law -well it turns out the schools are literally drowning in law you could have a separate section of a law library around each of the following legal concepts due process special education no child left behind -you might have noticed that law has grown progressively denser in your lives over the last decade or two if you run a business its -zero tolerance work rules it goes on we did a study of all the rules that affect one school in new york the board of ed had no idea -tens of thousands of discreet rules sixty steps to suspend a student from school its a formula for paralysis whats the effect of that one -is a decline in order -again studies have shown its directly attributable to the rise of due process public agenda did a survey for us a couple of years ago -where they found that forty three percent of the high school teachers in america say that they spend at least half of their time maintaining order in the classroom -that means those students are getting half the learning theyre supposed to because if one child is disrupting the class no one can learn -and what happens when the teacher tries to assert order theyre threatened with a legal claim we also surveyed that -seventy eight percent of the middle and high school teachers in america have been threatened by their students with violating your rights with lawsuits by their students they are threatening their student -its not that they usually sue its not that they would win but its an indication of the corrosion of authority -doesnt seem to be working very well does it neither in sacramento nor -no reason europe or china should have the fastest trains -well actually there is a reason environmental review has evolved into a process of no pebble left unturned -for any major project taking the better part of a decade then followed by years of litigation by anybody who doesnt like the project -then just staying above the earth for one more second people are acting like idiots -a couple of years ago broward county florida banned running at recess -see all these labels contents are extremely hot theyll think it was some kind of aphrodisiac thats the only explanation because why would you have to tell people that something was actually hot my favorite -was one on a five inch fishing lure i grew up in the south -none of these people are doing what they think is right and why not they dont trust the law why dont they trust the law because it gives us the worst of both worlds its random -you need a lawyer to run the company because there is so much law but its not just business thats affected by this its actually pressed down into the daily -in the areas that are regulated there are so many rules no human could possibly know -well how do you fix it we could spend ten thousand -but the challenge here is not one of just amending the law because the hurdle for success is trust -people for law to be the platform for freedom people have to trust it -so thats my second proposition trust is an essential condition to a free society -but law is different than other kinds of uncertainties because it carries with it the power of state and so the state can come in it actually changes the way people think -that dark deep well of the subconscious where instincts and experience and all the other factors of creativity and good judgment are -it drives us to the thin veneer of conscious logic pretty soon the doctor is saying well i doubt if that headache could be a tumor but who would protect me if it were so maybe ill just order the mri so then youve wasted two hundred billion dollars in unnecessary tests -if you make people self conscious about their judgments studies show you will make them make worse judgments if you tell the -to think about how shes hitting the notes when shes playing the piece she cant play the -self consciousness is the enemy of accomplishment edison -stated it best he said hell we aint got no rules around here were trying to accomplish something -so how do you restore trust tweaking the law is clearly not good enough and tort reform which is a great idea lowers your cost if youre a business person -but its like a band aid on this gaping wound of distrust states with extensive tort reform still suffer all these pathologies so whats needed is not just to limit claims but actually create a dry ground of freedom it turns out -boundaries -and on one side of those boundaries are all the things you cant do or must do -you cant steal youve got to pay your taxes but those same boundaries are supposed to define and protect a dry ground of freedom isaiah berlin put it this way -sets frontiers not artificially drawn within which men shall be inviolable -people wade through law all day long -so whats needed now is to rebuild these boundaries -and its especially important to rebuild them for lawsuits because what people can sue for -no one will want to take the risk of a lawsuit and thats whats happened there are no seesaws jungle gyms merry go rounds climbing ropes nothing that would interest a kid over the age of four because there is no risk associated with it so how do we rebuild it life is too complex -our guide was a local science teacher she was wholey unconcerned about the bears but she was terrified of lawyers the story started pouring out -choices involve value judgments and social norms not objective facts and so here is the fourth proposition -this is what we have the philosophy we have to change to and there are two essential elements of it we have to simplify the law -we have to migrate from all this complexity towards general principles and goals the constitution is only sixteen pages long worked pretty well for two hundred years -law has to be simple enough so that people can internalize it in their daily choices if they cant internalize it they wont trust it -and how do you make it simple because life is complex and here is the hardest and biggest change we have to restore the authority to judges and officials to interpret and apply the law -we have to rehumanize the law -to make law simple so that you feel free the people in charge have to be free to use their judgment to interpret and apply the law in accord with reasonable social norms -as youre going down and walking down the sidewalk during the day you have to think that if there is a dispute there is somebody in society who sees it as their job -to affirmatively protect you if you are acting reasonably -that person doesnt exist today -this is the hardest hurdle -just been involved in an episode where a parent had threatened to sue the school because she lowered the grade of the student by ten percent when he turned the paper in late -in small claims court takes five minutes thats it its not that hard but its a hard hurdle because we got into this legal quicksand -where no one could have bad values anymore the problem is we created a system where we eliminated the right -doesnt mean that people in authority can do whatever they want they are still bounded by legal goals and principles the teacher is accountable to the -the judge is accountable to an appellate court the president is accountable to voters but the accountabilities up the line -trying to make things i was just obsessed with taking things apart and building things and just anything i could do with my hands or with wood or electronics or metal or anything else -and we laid out the zoning but of course people could build all around it however they wanted to and what was so amazing right from the start -concept basically was instantly and thoroughly ignored and like two months into the whole thing which is really a small amount of time even in second life time i remember -the users the people who were then using second life the residents came to me and said we want to buy the disco because i had built it we want to buy that land and raze it -and put houses on it and i sold it to them i mean we transferred ownership and they had a big party and blew up the entire building and i remember that that -was just so telling you know that you didnt know exactly what was going to happen when you think about stuff that people have built thats popular jh cbgbs has to close eventually -and it but it closed on day one basically in internet time -you know an example of something pregnancy you can have a baby in second life this is done -entirely using kind of the tools that are built into second life so the innate concept of becoming pregnant and having a baby of course second life is at -the platform level at the level of the company at linden lab second life has no game properties to it whatsoever there is no attempt to structure the experience to make it utopian in that sense that -we put into it so of course we never would have put a mechanism for having babies or you know taking two avatars and merging them or something but people built the ability to have babies and care for babies -as a purchasable experience that you can have in second life and so i mean thats a pretty fascinating example of you know what goes on in the overall economy and of course -and so for example and its a great second life thing i had a bedroom and every kid you know as a teenager has got his bedroom he retreats to but i wanted my door -questions for philip rosedale right here -had a fantastic avatar a female avatar that i used to be once in a while but my avatar is a guy wearing -chaps spiky hair spikier than this kind of orange hair handlebar mustache kind of a village people sort of a character so very cool jh and your question -the question is there appears to be a lack of cultural fine tuning in second life it doesnt seem to have its own culture and the sort of differences that exist in the real world arent translated into the second life -first of all were very early so this has only been going on for a few years and so part of what we see is the same evolution of human behavior that you see in emerging societies so -i thought it would be cool if my door went up rather than opened like on star trek i thought it would be neat to do that and so i got up in the ceiling and i cut through the ceiling joists -a fair criticism is what it is of second life today is that its more like the wild west than it is like rome -from a cultural standpoint that said the evolution of and the nuanced interaction that creates culture is happening at ten times the speed of the real world and in an environment where if you walk into a bar in second life -that you drag onto your body and they basically kind of pop up on your screen and allow you to use google or babelfish or one of the other online text translators to on the fly translate -spoken im sorry typed text between individuals and so the multicultural nature and the sort of cultural melting pot thats happening inside second life is quite i think quite remarkable relative to what -in real human terms in the real world weve ever been able to achieve so i think that culture will fine tune it will emerge but we still have some years to wait while that happens as you would naturally expect jh other questions -right here -the use of second life increases dramatically as your physical age increases so as you go from -age thirty to age sixty and there are many people in their sixties using second life this is also not a sharp curve its very very distributed -usage goes up in terms of like hours per week by forty percent as you go from age thirty to age sixty -much to my parents delight and put the door you know being pulled up through the ceiling i built i put a garage door opener up in the -in real life so theres not many people make the mistake of believing that second life is some kind of an online game actually its generally unappealing -just speaking broadly and critically its not very appealing to people that play online video games because the graphics are not yet -equivalent to i mean these are very nice pictures but in general the graphics are not quite equivalent to the fine tuned graphics that you see in a grand theft auto four -if you take the uk and europe together they make up about fifty five percent of the usage base in second life in terms of psychographic oh men and women men and women are almost equally -matched in second life so about forty five percent of the people online right now on second life are women -use second life though about thirty to forty percent more on an hours basis than men do meaning that more men sign up than women and more women stay and use it than men -so thats another demographic fact in terms of psychographic you know the people in second life are remarkably dissimilar -its not easy to describe as a demographic if i had to just sort of paint a broad picture id say remember the people who were really getting -in the first few years of ebay maybe a little bit like that in other words people who are early adopters they tend to be creative they tend to be entrepreneurial a lot of them about fifty five thousand people so far are cash flow positive theyre making money -would pull this door up you can imagine the amount of time that it took me to do this to the house and the displeasure of my parents the thing that -from what i mean real world money from what theyre doing in second life so its a very build still a creative building things build your own business type of an orientation so thats -you describe yourself philip as someone who was really creative when you were young and you know liked to make things i -it was funny because i was definitely a more antisocial kid i read all the time i was shy i dont seem like it now but i was very shy -moved around a bunch had that experience too so i did kind of i think live in my own world and obviously that helps you know engage your real interest in something jh so youre on your fifth life at this point pr if you count yeah cities -so but i did and i didnt do i think i didnt do as well in school as i could have i think youre right i wasnt like an obsessed you know get a -a great social experience when i went to college that i hadnt had before and more fraternal experience where i met -saying that in the pamphlet theres a statement that we -id say a couple of things -one is its disturbing like the internet or electricity was that is its a big change but it isnt avoidable -so no amount of backpedaling or intentional behavior or political behavior is going to keep these technology changes from connecting us together because the basic motive that people have to be -our concept of our very lives and being and our identities as well i dont think we can get away from those changes i think generally we were talking about this i think that generally -being present in a virtual world and being challenged by it being surviving there having a good life there so to speak -is a challenge because of the multiculturality of it because of the languages the sort of flea market nature if you will of the virtual world today -it puts challenges on us to rise to we must be better than ourselves in many ways we must learn things and you know be more tolerant and be smarter and learn faster -and be more creative perhaps than we are typically in our real lives and i think that if that is true of virtual worlds then these changes though scary and i say inevitable -cobble together the materials and go through the actual execution phase of building something that you imagine from a design perspective -are ultimately for the better and therefore something that we should ride out but i would say that and many other authors and speakers about this -things a little differently im not going to show you a presentation im going to talk to you and at the same time were going to look at -and so for me i know that when the internet came around and i was doing computer programming and just you know just generally trying to run my own little company and -figure out what to do with the internet and with computers i was just immediately struck by how -to sort of recreate the laws of physics and the rules of how things went together the sort of -the idea of atoms and how to make things and do that inside a computer so that we could all get in there and make stuff and so for me that was the thing that was so -enticing i just wanted this place where you could build things and so i think you see that in the genesis of what has happened with second life -and i think its important i also think that more generally the use of the internet and technology as a kind of a space between us for creativity and design is a general -trend it is a sort of a great human progress technology is just generally being used to allow us to create -just images from a photo stream that is pretty close to live of things that snapshots -in as shared and social a way as possible and i think that second life and virtual -more generally represent the best we can do to achieve that right now you know another way to look at that and related to the content and you know thinking about space is to connect sort of virtual worlds -to space i thought that might be a fun thing to talk about for a second if you think about going into space -its a fascinating thing so many movies so many kids we all sort of dream about exploring space now why is that stop for a moment and ask why that conceit why do we as people want to do that -in some sense you would become someone else in that journey because there wouldnt be youd leave society and life as you know it behind and so inevitably you would transform yourself -you can find out there oh yeah you have no idea what youre going to find once you get there into space its going to be different than here and in fact -virtual worlds and where were going with more and more computing technology represent essentially the likely really tactically possible -version of space exploration we are moved by the idea of virtual worlds because like space they allow us to reinvent ourselves and they contain -come from there i thought id talk a little bit about some just big ideas about this and then get john back out here so we can talk interactively a little bit more and -web and virtual reality with internet you can find exactly the same articles written about everything that people are observing to give you an idea of scale -second life is about twenty thousand cpus at this point its about twenty thousand computers connected together in three facilities in the united states right now -active population is something like a smallish city the space itself is about ten times the size of san francisco and its about as densely built out -so that sort of space exploration thing is matched up here by the amount of content thats in there and i think that amount is critical -it was critical with the virtual world that it be this space of truly infinite possibility were very sensitive to that as humans you know you know when you see it you know when you can do anything in a space and you know when you cant second life today is this twenty thousand machines and its about one hundred million or so user -created objects where you know an object would be something like this possibly interactive ten of millions of them are thinking all the time they have code attached to them -so its a really large world already in terms of the amount of stuff thats there and thats very important if anybody plays like world of warcraft world -comes on like four dvds second life by comparison has about one hundred terabytes of user created data making it about twenty five thousand times larger -so again like the internet compared to aol and -ask questions you know i guess the first question is why build a virtual world at all -that whatever this is going to evolve into is going to be bigger in total usage than the web itself and let me justify that with two statements -the web puts information in the form of text and images the topology the geography of the web is text to text links for the most part -thats one way of organizing information but there are two things about the way you access information in a virtual world that i think are the important ways that theyre very different and much better than what -weve been able to do to date with the web the first is that as i said -the well the first difference for virtual worlds is that information is presented to you in the virtual world using the most powerful iconic symbols -that you can possibly use with human beings so for example c h a i r is the english word for that but a picture of this -is a universal symbol everybody knows what it means theres no need to translate it its also more memorable if i show you that picture and i show you c h a i r on a piece of paper -and i think the answer to that is always going to be at least driven to a certain extent by the people initially crazy enough to start the project -so when you organize information using the symbols of our memory using the most common symbols that weve been immersed in all our lives you maximally -both excite stimulate are able to remember transfer and manipulate data and so virtual worlds are the best way for us to essentially organize and experience information -that lifelike environments are really important in some magical way to us but the second thing and i think this one is less obvious is that the -is in the virtual world implicitly and inherently social you are always there with other people and we as humans -social creatures and must or are aided by or enjoy more the consumption of information in the presence of others -its essential to us you cant escape it when youre on amazon com and youre looking for digital cameras or whatever youre on -right now when youre on the site with like five thousand other people but you cant talk to them you cant just turn -to the people that are browsing digital cameras on the same page as you and ask them hey have you seen one of these before because im thinking about buying it -that experience of like shopping together just as a simple example is an example of how as social creatures we want to experience information in that way so that second point that we inherently -you know so i can give you a little bit of first background just on me and what moved me as a really going back as far as a teenager and then -to connect us and so i think again that its likely that in the next decade or so these virtual worlds are going to be -the most common way as human beings that we kind of use the electronics of the internet if you will to be together to consume information -you know mapping in india thats such a great example maybe the solution there involves talking to other people in real time -asking for advice rather than any possible way that you could just statically organize a map -so i think thats another big point i think that wherever this is all going whether its second life -its descendants or something broader that happens all around the world at a lot of different points this is what were going to see the internet used for and total traffic -and total unique users is going to invert so that the web and its bibliographic set of text and graphical information -is going to become a tool or a part of that consumption pattern but the pattern itself is going to happen mostly in this type of an environment -big idea but i think highly defensible so let me stop there and bring john back and maybe we can just have a longer conversation -an adult to actually try and build this kind of thing i was a very creative kid who read a lot and got into -such a deep question yeah is a virtual world likely to be a utopia would be one way id say it the answer is no and i think the reason why is because -the web itself as a good example is profoundly bottoms up that idea of infinite possibility that magic of anything can happen only happens in an environment where -you really know that theres a fundamental freedom at the level of the individual actor at the level of the lego blocks if you will that make up the virtual world you have to have that level of freedom and so im often asked that you know is there a kind of utopian or -is there a utopian tendency to second life and things like it that you would create a world that has a grand scheme to it those top down schemes are alienating -to just about everybody even if you mean well when you build them and whats more human society when its controlled when you set out a grand scheme of rules a new way of people interacting or -a new way of laying out a city or whatever that stuff historically has never scaled much beyond you know i always laughingly say the mall of america -give me a story of a tool you created at the beginning in second life that you were pretty sure people would want to use in the creation of their avatars or in communicating -electronics first and then later programming computers when i was really young i was just always -more private conversation but it wasnt instant messaging because you had to sort of befriend somebody it was just this idea that you could kind of have a private chat i just remember it was one of those examples of -data driven design i thought it was such a good idea from my perspective and it was just absolutely never used and we ultimately i think weve now turned it off if i remember we finally gave up took it out of the code -but more generally you know one other example i think about this which is great relative to the utopian idea second life originally had sixteen simulators -now has twenty thousand so when it only had sixteen it was only about as big as this college campus and we had -we zoned it you know we put a nightclub we put a disco where you could dance and then we had a place where you could fight with guns if you wanted to and we had another place that was like a boardwalk kind of a coney island -they dont know the language of face contact the non verbal and verbal set of rules that enable you to comfortably talk to somebody else listen to somebody else -physical company and theres actually a cortical arousal were looking at because guys have been with guys in teams in clubs in gangs in fraternities especially in the military and then in pubs -and this peaks at super bowl sunday when guys would rather be in a bar with strangers watching a totally overdressed aaron rodgers of the green bay packers rather than jennifer lopez totally naked in the bedroom the problem is they now prefer the asynchronistic internet world to the spontaneous interaction in social relationships -the demise of guys guys are flaming out academically theyre wiping out socially with girls and sexually with women other than that theres not much of a problem -drugs you want more of the same different so you need the novelty in order for the arousal to be sustained -and the problem is the industry is supplying it -so the effect very quickly is its a new kind of arousal boys brains are being digitally rewired in a totally new way for change novelty excitement and constant arousal that means theyre totally out of sync in traditional classes -which are analog static interactively passive theyre also totally out of sync in romantic relationships which build gradually and subtly so whats the solution its not my job im here to alarm its your job -so whats the data so the data on dropping out is amazing -two thirds of all students in special ed remedial programs are guys and as you all know boys are five times more likely than girls to be labeled as having attention deficit disorder and therefore we drug them with ritalin -whats the evidence of wiping out first its a new fear of intimacy intimacy means physical emotional connection with somebody else and especially with somebody of the opposite sex who gives off ambiguous contradictory phosphorescent signals -and this is two kinds its a social awkwardness the old shyness was a fear of rejection its a social awkwardness like youre a stranger in a foreign land they dont know what to say they dont know what to do especially one on one with the opposite sex -thats why i continue -to work even if its for toilet brush -and why not a toothbrush i dont try to design the toothbrush i dont try to say oh that will be a beautiful object or something like that that doesnt interest me because there is different types of design -for producer to make product more sexy like that they sell more its shit its obsolete its ridiculous i call that the cynical design -is people like me who try to deserve to exist -what will be the effect of the brush in the mouth and to understand what will be the effect of the toothbrush in the mouth i must imagine who owns this mouth what is the life of the owner of this mouth -in what society does this guy live what civilization creates this society -because there is not a human production which exists -some million years after pshoo shoo bloop bloop ah wake up at the end finally that succeeds and life appears we was so -and the fun is the super monkey we are today is at half of the story -yes she said something like that -and today we have no idea of what we shall be in four billion years and this territory is fantastic that is our poetry -that is our beautiful story its our romanticism mu ta tion we are mutants and if we dont deeply understand if we dont integrate that we are mutants we completely miss the story -but everybody is obliged to participate and to participate for a mutant there is a minimum of exercise a minimum of sport we can say that the first if you want there is so many but one which is very easy to do is the duty of vision -i can explain you i shall try -but perhaps because you walk with the eyes like that you will not see oh there is a hole -and you will fall and you will die dangerous thats why perhaps you will try -the angle of vision -but its still very selfish selfish egoiste yes selfish you you survive its ok -because after there is another trap if you look like that you look to the past or you look inside if you are very flexible inside yourself its called schizophrenia and you are dead also thats why every morning now because you are a good mutant you will -what else we can say about that why do that its because we if we look from far we see -line of evolution this line of evolution is clearly positive -from far this line looks very smooth like that but if you take a lens -about something -its nothing because its not the right time -we are its almost done we have just to finish the story -that is very very important and when you dont understand really whats happened you cannot go and fight and work and build and things like that you -in perhaps fifty years sixty years we can finish completely this civilization -done that was our story that passed now you have a duty invent a new story invent a new poetry the only rule is we have not to have any idea about the next story -for a moment the entire crowd had forgotten their differences they had become one -pushing me to triumph -please take this music with you home and start -gluing feathers to your arms and take off and fly and look at the world -from a different perspective -and when you see mountains remember mountains can be moved -okay i cheated it was a mere twenty seconds but hey were on ted time -when i was six years old i fell in love with magic -for christmas i got a magic box and a very old book on card manipulation -somehow i was more interested in pure manipulation than in all the silly little tricks in the box so i looked in the book for the most difficult -now im not supposed to share that with you but i have to show you the card is hidden in the back of the hand now that manipulation -one two -two months later six years old im able to do one two three four five six seven and i go to see a famous magician and proudly ask him well what do you think -six years old the magician looked at me and said this is a disaster -two years later -magic juggling is mentioned repeatedly as a great way to acquire dexterity and coordination -now i had long admired how fast and fluidly jugglers make objects fly so thats it im fourteen im becoming a juggler -i befriend a young juggler in a juggling troupe and he agrees to sell me three clubs -but in america you have to explain what are clubs nothing to do with golf they are those -when i was buying the clubs somehow the young juggler was hiding from the others well i didnt think much of it at the time -anyway here i was progressing with my new clubs but i could not understand -i was pretty fast -but i was not fluid at all the clubs were escaping me at each throw and i was trying constantly to bring them back to me until one day i practiced in front of francis brunn the worlds greatest juggler and he was frowning -and he finally asked can i see those -so i proudly showed him my clubs he said philippe you have been had these are rejects they are completely out of alignment they are impossible to juggle -tenacity -is how i kept at it against all odds -now i have been playing with ropes and climbing all my childhood so thats it im sixteen im becoming a wire walker -i found two trees -but not any kind of trees trees with character -there was this wondrous ending when people and fire -and the next day one rope off and a few days later i was practicing on a single tightrope -now you can imagine at that time i had to switch the ridiculous boots for some slippers so that is how in case there are people here in the audience who would like to try this is how not to learn wire walking -is a tool essential in my life -in the meantime i am being thrown out of five different schools because instead of listening to the teachers i am my own teacher -progressing in my new art -on the high wire within months im able to master all the tricks they do in the circus except i am not satisfied -i was starting to invent my own moves and bring them to perfection -but nobody wanted to hire me -it was dreaming time -so i started putting a wire up in secret and performing without permission -the sydney harbor bridge -terrifying -all of a sudden the density of the air is no longer the same -now my story has a lot to do with dreaming although im known to make my dreams come true -manhattan no longer spreads its infinity -the murmur of the city dissolves into a squall whose chilling power i no longer feel -i lift the balancing pole i approach the edge i step over the beam i put my left foot on the cable -the weight of my body raised on my right leg anchored to the flank of the building -shall i ever so slightly shift my weight to the left my right leg will be unburdened my right foot will freely meet the wire -on one side a mass of a mountain a life i know -on the other the universe of the clouds so full of unknown we think its empty -which vibrates which rolls on itself which is ice -which is three tons tight ready to explode -but it is too late -decisively my other foot sets itself onto the cable -in my dictionary -for an hour and a half -so after the walk people ask me how can you top that well i didnt have that problem i was not interested in collecting the gigantic in breaking records in fact -such as my street juggling for example -i shared with the audience a lifetime of creativity how i pursue perfection how i cheat the impossible and then ted challenged me philippe can you shrink this lifetime to eighteen minutes -so each time -i draw my circle of chalk on the pavement and enter -as the improvising comic silent character i created forty five years ago i am as happy as when i am in the clouds -thank you thank you -each time i street juggle -now improvisation is empowering because -it welcomes the unknown -and -since whats impossible is always unknown -it allows me -to believe i can cheat the impossible -now i have done the impossible not once but many times so what should i share oh i know israel some years ago -i was invited to open the israel festival by a high wire walk and i chose to put my wire between the arab quarters and the jewish quarter of jerusalem over the ben hinnom valley and i thought -it would be incredible if in the middle of the wire i stopped and like a magician i produce a dove and send her in the sky as a living symbol of peace well now i must say it was a little bit hard to find a dove in israel but i got one -for me to start is to pay my respects to the gods of creativity so please join me for a minute of silence -now but hold on im not finished so now im like fifty yards from my arrival and im exhausted so my steps are slow and something happened -we give you white pages invent we give you the best tools the best tools and now do -toothpick beautiful toilet seats -it thats why i continue to work even if its for toilet brush -one we can call it the cynical design that means the design invented by raymond loewy in the fifties who said what -which is terrible it means the design must be just the weapon for marketing for producer to make product -you will understand nothing with my type of english its good for you because you can have a -that the cynical design after there is -design its -there is people like me who try to deserve to exist and who are so -to make this useless job who try to do it in another way and they try i try to -make the object for the object but for the result for the profit for the human being the person who will use it if we take the toothbrush i dont think about the toothbrush i think what -in what society this guy live what civilization creates this society -what animal species creates this civilization when i -anything but when i come back i can understand why i shall not do it because today to not -fantastic people i must tell you i am like that not very -but to come back where i am at the animal species -there is things to see there is things to see there is the big challenge the big challenge in front of us -because there is not a human production which exists -of what i call the big image the -mutation our life we must remember and we can see that -yes -there was this soup called soupe primordiale this first soup bloop bloop -because usually in life i think my job is absolutely useless i mean i -sort of dirty mud no life nothing -and that -up at the end finally that succeeds and life appears we was so -so stupid the most stupid bacteria even i think we copy our way to reproduce you know what i mean and something of -after we become a fish after we become a frog after we become a monkey after we become what we are today a super monkey -and the fun is the super monkey we are today is at half of the story -can you imagine from that stupid bacteria to us with a microphone with a computer with an ipod four billion years -and we know and especially carolyn that -dont know what and -four billion years -yes she said something like that ok that means we are -can you imagine its very symbolic because the bacteria we was had no idea of what we are today -after carolyn and all the -and today we have no idea of what we shall be in four billion years and this territory is -that is our poetry that is our beautiful story its our -we are mutants and if we dont deeply understand if we dont integrate that we are mutants we completely miss the story -every generation thinks we are the final one we have a way to look at earth like that you know i am the man -we mutate during four billion years before but now because its me we stop -jacket something like that -i am not sure of that -because that is our intelligence of mutation and things like that there is so many things to do its so fresh -and here is something nobody is obliged to be a genius -but everybody is obliged to participate and to participate for a mutant there is a minimum of -minimum of sport we can say that the first if you want there is so many but one which is very easy to do is the duty of vision -i can explain you i shall try -you walk -but perhaps because you walk with the eyes like that you will not see oh there is a hole and you will fall and you will die dangerous thats why perhaps you will try -i can see -and they continue up up up i raise the angle of vision -i dont know why i am here but you know the nightmare you can have like you are an impostor you arrive at the opera and they push you you must sing i dont know -but its still very selfish selfish egoiste yes selfish you you survive its ok -if you raise the level of your eyes a little more you go i see you oh my god you are here how are you i can -i can design for you a new toothbrush new toilet brush something like that i live in society i live in community its ok -to be in the territory of intelligence we can say from this level -more you will be important for the society the more you will rise the more you will be important for the civilization the more you will rise -to see far and high like that the more you will be important for the story of our mutation that means intelligent people are in this angle that -from this to here that -einstein things like that nobodys obliged to be a genius its better but nobody -take care in this training to be a good mutant -trap one trap the vertical because at the vertical of us if you look like that -when we dont know -when your brain is not enough big when you dont understand you go ah its god its god thats ridiculous thats why jump -come back because after there is another trap if you look like that you look -or you look inside if you are very flexible inside yourself its called schizophrenia and you -thats why every morning now because you are a good mutant you will raise your angle of view out more of the horizontal you -never forget like that like that -so so because i have nothing to show -its very very very important what -what else we can say about that why do that its because we -we look from far we see -of evolution this line of evolution is clearly positive from far this line looks very smooth like that but if you take a lens -that this line is ack ack ack ack ack like that its made of light -and shadow we can say light is civilization shadow is barbaria and its very important to know where we are -because some cycle there is a spot in the cycle and you have not the same duty in the different parts of the cycle that means -to say -we can imagine i dont say it was fantastic but in the eighties there was not too much -like that it was we can imagine that the civilization can become -about something else we can start if you want by understanding its just to start its not interesting but -in this case people like me are acceptable we can say its luxurious time we have time to think we have time to -so fast so fast to shadow we fall so fast to barbaria -many many many many face of barbaria because its not the barbaria we have today its -we think there is different type of barbaria thats why we must adapt that means -when barbaria is back forget the beautiful chairs forget the beautiful -forget design even im sorry to say forget art forget all that there is priority there is -you must go back to politics you must go back to radicalization im sorry if thats not very english you must go back to fight to battle thats why today im so ashamed to make this job thats why -to try to do it the best possible but i know that even i do it the best possible thats why im the best its nothing because its not the right time thats why i say that i say that -how i work when somebody comes to me and ask for what i am known i mean yes lemon squeezer -this scenario of this civilization was about becoming powerful intelligent like this idea we have invented this concept of god we are god now -we are its almost done we have just to finish the story that is very very important and when you dont understand -really whats happened you cannot go and fight and work and build and things like that you go to the future -back back back back like that and you can fall and its very dangerous no you -because we have almost finished ill repeat this story and the beauty of this in perhaps fifty years sixty years we can finish completely this civilization and -to our children the possibility to invent a new story a new poetry a new -people who have been born worked lived and died before us these people who have worked so much -we have now bring beautiful things beautiful gifts we know so many things we can say to our children ok -done that was our story that passed now you have a duty invent a new story -a new poetry the only rule is we have not to have any idea about the next story -except all of those years ive been there on a tourist visa and im fairly sure not many japanese would want to consider me one of them -and i say all this just to stress how very old fashioned and straightforward my background is because when i go to hong kong or sydney or vancouver most of the kids i meet are much more international and multi cultured than i am and they have one home associated with their parents but -another associated with their partners a third connected maybe with the place where they happen to be a fourth connected with the place they dream of being and many more besides -and their whole life will be spent taking pieces of many different places and putting them together into a stained glass whole -home for them is really a work in progress its like a project on which theyre constantly adding upgrades and improvements and corrections -and for more and more of us home has really less to do with a piece of soil -some years ago when i was climbing up the stairs in my parents house in california and i looked through the living room windows and i saw that we were encircled by seventy foot flames one of those wildfires that regularly tear through the hills of california and many other such places -and three hours later that fire had reduced my home and every last thing in it except for me to ash -and when i woke up the next morning i was sleeping on a friends floor the only thing i had in the world was a toothbrush i had just bought from an all night supermarket of course if anybody asked me then where is your home i literally couldnt point to any physical construction -my home would have to be whatever i carried around inside me -and in so many ways i think this is a terrific liberation because when my grandparents were born they pretty much had their sense of home their sense of community even their sense of enmity assigned to them at birth -and didnt have much chance of stepping outside of that and nowadays at least some of us can choose our sense of home create our sense of community -fashion our sense of self and in so doing maybe step a little beyond some of the black and white divisions of our grandparents age no coincidence that the president of the strongest nation on earth is half kenyan partly raised in indonesia has a chinese canadian brother in law -and theyre absolutely right insofar as one hundred percent of my blood and ancestry does come from india except -the number of people living in countries not their own now comes to -two hundred and twenty million and thats an almost unimaginable number but it means -and the number of us who live outside the old nation state categories is increasing so quickly by sixty four million just in the last twelve years that soon there will be more of us than there are americans already we represent the fifth largest nation on earth -and in fact in canadas largest city toronto the average resident today is what used to be called a foreigner somebody born in a very different country -ive never lived one day of my life there i cant speak even one word -the real voyage of discovery as marcel proust famously said consists not in seeing -new sights but in looking with new eyes -and of course once you have new eyes even the old sights even your home become something different -many of the people living in countries not their own are refugees who never wanted to leave home -and ache to go back home but for the fortunate among us i think the age of movement brings exhilarating new possibilities certainly when im traveling especially to the major cities of the world -the typical person i meet today will be lets say a half korean half german young woman living in paris -and as soon as she meets a half thai half canadian young guy from edinburgh she recognizes him as kin she realizes that she probably has much more in common with him -constantly evolving mix of all those places -and potentially everything about the way that young woman dreams about the world writes about the world -thinks about the world could be something different because it comes out of this almost unprecedented blend of cultures where you come from now is much less important than where youre going -and yet there is one -and if where do you come from means where were you born and raised and educated -great problem with movement and that is that its really hard to get your bearings when youre in midair some years ago i noticed that i had accumulated one million miles on united airlines alone you all know that crazy system six days in hell you get the seventh day free -i began to think that really movement was only as good as the sense of stillness that you could bring to it to put it into perspective and eight months after my house burned down i ran into a friend who taught at a local high school and he said ive got the perfect place for you -really i said im always a bit skeptical when people say things like that no honestly he went on its only three hours away by car and its not very expensive and its probably not like anywhere youve stayed before -then im entirely of that funny little country known as england except i left england as soon as i completed my undergraduate education and all the time i was growing up i was the only kid in all my classes who didnt begin to look like the classic english heroes represented in our textbooks -this was the wrong answer i had spent fifteen years in anglican schools so i had had enough hymnals and crosses to last me a lifetime several lifetimes actually but my friend assured me that he wasnt catholic nor were most of his students but he took his classes there every spring -and as he had it even the most restless distractible testosterone addled fifteen year old -californian boy only had to spend three days in silence and something in him cooled down and cleared out he found himself and i thought -anything that works for a fifteen year old boy ought to work for me so i got in my car and i drove three hours north along the coast and the roads grew emptier and narrower and then i turned onto an even narrower path barely paved that snaked for two miles -up to the top of a mountain -and when i got out of my car the air was pulsing the whole place was absolutely silent but the silence wasnt an absence of noise it was really a presence of a kind of energy or quickening -all around me were eight hundred acres of wild dry brush and i went down to the room in which i was to be sleeping small but eminently comfortable it had a bed and a rocking chair and a long desk and even longer picture windows looking out on a small private walled garden -and then one thousand two hundred feet of golden pampas grass running down to the sea -and i went out under this great overturned saltshaker of stars and i could see the tail lights of cars disappearing around the headlands twelve miles -to the south and it really seemed like my concerns of the previous day vanishing -and the next day when i woke up in the absence of telephones and tvs and laptops the days seemed to stretch for a thousand hours it was really all the freedom i know when im traveling but it also profoundly felt like coming home -and im not a religious person so i didnt go to the services i didnt consult the monks for guidance i just took walks along the monastery road and sent postcards to loved ones i looked at the clouds and i did -and if where do you come from means where do you pay your taxes where do you see your doctor and your dentist -what is hardest of all for me to do usually which is nothing at all and i started to go back to this place and i noticed that i was doing my most important work there invisibly just by sitting still -and certainly coming to my most critical decisions the way i never could when i was racing from the last email to the next appointment -and i thought back to that wonderful phrase i had learned as a boy from seneca in which he says -that man is poor -not who has little but who hankers after more -and of course im not suggesting that anybody here go into a monastery thats not the point but i do think its only by stopping movement that you can see where to go and its only by stepping out of your life and the world that you can see what you most deeply care about -then im very much of the united states and i have been for forty eight years now since i was a really small child except for many of those years ive had to carry around this funny little pink card with green lines running through my face identifying me as a permanent alien i do actually feel more alien the longer i live -and find a home -and ive noticed so many people now take conscious measures to sit quietly for thirty minutes every morning just collecting themselves in one corner of the room without their devices or go running every evening or leave their cell phones behind when they go to have a long conversation with a friend -movement is a fantastic privilege and it allows us to do so much that our grandparents could never have dreamed of doing but movement ultimately only has a meaning if you have a home to go back to -and home in the end is of course not just the place where you sleep -its the place where you stand thank you -if where do you come from means which place goes deepest inside you and where do you try to spend most of your time then im japanese because ive been living as much as i can for the last twenty five years in japan -and i actually wanted more so i borrowed another mouse from a friend never returned to him and i now had four rollers -what i did with these rollers is basically i took them off of these mouses and then put them in one line -it had some strings and pulleys and some springs what i got is basically a gesture interface device that actually acts as a motion sensing device made for two -so here whatever movement i do in my physical world is actually replicated inside the digital world just using this small device that i made around eight years back in two thousand -a message written on a sticky note to my mom on paper can come to an sms or maybe a meeting reminder automatically syncs with my digital -to do list that automatically syncs with you but you can also search in the digital world -or maybe you can write a query saying what is doctor smiths address and this small system actually prints it out so it actually acts like a paper input output system just made out of paper -in another exploration i thought of making a pen that can draw in three dimensions so i implemented this pen that can help designers and architects not only think in three dimensions but they can actually draw so that its more intuitive to use that -a coffee cup will show where you can find more coffee or where you can trash the cup so these were some of the earlier explorations i did because the goal was to connect these two -among all these experiments there was one thing in common i was trying to bring a part of the physical world -to the digital world i was taking some part of the objects or any of the intuitiveness of real life and bringing them to -what we are interested in is information we want to know about things we want to know about dynamic things going -maybe how about i take my digital world and paint the physical world with that digital information -because pixels are actually right now confined in these rectangular devices that fit in our pockets why can i not -and take that to my everyday objects everyday life so that i dont need to learn the new language for interacting with -i took it very literally and took my bike helmet put a little cut over there so that the projector actually fits nicely so now what i can do i can augment the world around me with this digital information -when you talk about objects one other thing automatically comes attached to that thing and that is gestures how we manipulate these objects how we use these objects in everyday life -moved to a much better consumer oriented pendant version of that that many of you now know as the sixthsense device -but the most interesting thing about this particular technology is that you can carry your digital world with you -we are giving you the freedom of using all of both of your hands so you can actually use both of your hands to zoom into or zoom out of a map just by pinching -but im more excited that you can actually take it outside rather than getting your camera out of your pocket you can just do the gesture of taking a photo and it takes a photo for you -thank you -i can find a wall anywhere and start browsing those photos or maybe ok i want to modify this photo a little bit and send it as an email to a friend -so we are looking for an era where computing will actually merge with the physical world and of course if you dont have any surface you can start using your palm for simple operations here im dialing a phone number just using my hand -not only understanding your hand movements but interestingly is also able to understand what objects you are holding in your hand -what were doing here is actually for example in this case the book cover is matched with so many thousands or maybe millions of books -famous talk at harvard university -this was obamas visit last week -was seeing the live of his talk outside on just a newspaper your newspaper will show you live weather information rather than having it updated like you have to check your computer in order to do that -im going back i can just use my boarding pass to check how much my flight has been delayed because at that particular time im not feeling like opening my iphone and checking out -and i think this technology will not only change the way yes it will change the way we interact with people also not only the physical world the fun part is im going to the boston metro and playing a pong game inside the train -in india i dont need to teach a kid that this means four runs in cricket it comes as a part of our everyday learning -on the ground right and i think the -is the only limit of what you can think of when this kind of technology merges with real life but many of you argue actually that -all of our work is not only about physical objects we actually do lots of accounting and paper editing and all those kinds of things what about that -and many of you are excited about the next generation tablet computers to come out in the market so rather than waiting for that i actually made my own just using a piece of paper -and then just pinched that like i just made a clip out of the microphone and clipped that to a piece of paper any paper that you found -so now the sound of the touch is getting me when exactly im touching the paper but the camera is actually tracking where my fingers are moving -you can of course watch movies good afternoon my name is russell and i am a -games -so i am very interested from the beginning that how how our knowledge about everyday objects and gestures and how we use these objects can be leveraged to our interactions with the digital world -i can use my full size computer -and putting over here a second part from a second place and im actually modifying the information that i have over there -and i say ok this looks nice let me print it out that thing so i now have a print out of that thing and now the workflow is more intuitive the way we used to do -but will also help us in some way to stay human to be more connected to our physical world -and it will help us actually not be machines sitting in front of -thank you -rather than using a keyboard and mouse why can i not use my computer in the same way that i interact in the physical world -thinking why can we only have sixth sense we should have a fifth sense for missing sense people who cannot speak this technology can be used for them to speak out in a different way with maybe a speaker system -im trying to make this more available to people so that anyone can develop their own sixthsense device because the hardware is actually not that -to manufacture or hard to make your own we will provide all the open source software for them maybe starting next month -to -is a lot of energy here lots of learning all of this work that you have seen is all about my learning in india and now if you see more about the cost effectiveness -the -so i started this exploration about eight years back and it literally started with a mouse on my desk rather than using it for my computer i actually opened it -i would say youre truly one of the two or three best inventors in the world right now its an honor to have you at ted -with plenty of windows to let light in -so nowadays in the operating room we no longer need to use sunlight and because we no longer need to use sunlight we have very specialized lights that are made for the operating room we have an opportunity to bring in other kinds of lights -so let me back up a little bit when we are in medical school we learn our anatomy from illustrations such as this where everythings color coded nerves are yellow arteries are red veins are blue -thats so easy anybody could become a surgeon right -to you about one of the biggest myths in medicine and that is the idea that all we need are more medical breakthroughs and then all of our problems will be solved our society loves to romanticize the idea of the single solo inventor who -not have one person die every minute -well if cancer can be caught early enough such that someone can have their cancer taken out excised with surgery i dont care if it has this gene or that gene or if it has this protein or that protein its -and the way the cancer looks and the way it feels and its relationship to other structures and all of our experience we say you know what the cancers gone weve made a good job weve taken it out -thats what the surgeon is saying in the operating room when the patients on the table -and then send those bits to the pathology lab in the meanwhile the patients on the operating room table the nurses anesthesiologist the surgeon all the assistants are waiting around -and we wait the pathologist takes that sample freezes it cuts it looks in the microscope one by one and then calls back into the room and that may be twenty minutes later per piece so if youve sent three specimens its an hour later and very often they say -you know what points a and b are okay but point c you still have some residual cancer there please go cut -that piece out so we go back and we do that again and again and this -so now youre faced with telling your patient first of all that they may need another surgery or that they need additional therapy such as radiation or chemotherapy -so in two thousand and four during my surgical residency i had the great fortune to meet dr roger chen -the molecule they had developed had three parts the main part of it is the blue part polycation and its basically very sticky to every tissue in your body so imagine that you make a solution full of this sticky material and inject it into the veins of someone who has cancer -three part molecule along with the dye which is shown in green -and you inject it into the vein of someone who has cancer -normal tissue can -boom the tumor labels itself and it gets fluorescent so heres an example of a nerve that has tumor surrounding it can you tell where the tumor is -i couldnt when i was working on this -sentinel lymph node dissection has really changed the way that we manage breast cancer melanoma women used to get really debilitating surgeries to excise all of the axillary lymph nodes but when sentinel lymph node came into our treatment protocol -the surgeon basically looks for the single node that is the first draining lymph node of the cancer and then if that node has cancer -so what that means is if the lymph node did not have cancer the woman would be saved from having unnecessary surgery -you have to cut it out bring it back home -anesthesiologists surgeons are waiting around that takes time so with our technology we can tell right away you see a lot of little roundish bumps there some of these are swollen lymph nodes that look a little larger than others who amongst us hasnt had swollen lymph nodes with a cold -that doesnt mean that theres cancer inside well with our technology -the surgeon is able to tell immediately which nodes have cancer i wont go into this very much but our technology besides being able to -im a surgeon -and we surgeons have always had this special relationship with light when i make an incision inside a patients body its dark we need to shine light to see what were doing and this is why traditionally -in surgery its important to know what to cut out -and what im talking about are nerves -even in so called nerve sparing surgery which means that the surgeon is aware of the problem and they are trying to avoid the nerves but you know what these little nerves are so small in the context of prostate cancer -and theyre known because somebody has decided to study them -which means that were still learning about where they -so i said wouldnt it be great if we could find a way to see nerves with fluorescence -surgeries have always started so early in the morning to take advantage of daylight hours and if you look at historical pictures of the early operating rooms -when we put these two probes together -do you guys know where the margins of this tumor -and color code the surgical field -this was a bit of a breakthrough -i think that itll change the way that we do surgery we published our results in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences and in nature biotechnology we received commentary in discover magazine in the economist -and we showed it to a lot of my surgical colleagues -they said wow -what needs to happen now is further development of our technology along with development of the instrumentation that allows us to see this sort of fluorescence in the operating room the eventual goal is that well get this into patients -they have been on top of buildings for example this is the oldest operating room in the western world in london where the operating room is actually on top of a church with a skylight coming in and then this -however -weve discovered that theres actually no straightforward mechanism to develop a molecule for one time use -understandably the majority of the medical industry is focused on multiple use drugs such as long term daily medications -we are focused on making this technology better were focused on adding drugs adding growth factors killing nerves that are causing problems and not the surrounding tissue -we know that this can be done and were committed to doing it -id like to leave you with this final thought -successful innovation is not a single breakthrough it is not -successful innovation -and this takes the long term steady courage of the day in day out struggle to educate to persuade and to win acceptance -now this is something that we see on indian streets all the time but many people see the same thing and think things differently and one of them is here -century gift which is very very important for the whole world whether it is global economic meltdown whether it is climate change any problem that you talk about -is gaining more from less for more and more not only the current generations for the future generations and that can come only from gandhian engineering -so ladies and gentlemen im very happy to announce this gift of the twenty one st century to the world from india gandhian engineering -thank you -a story that drove me that transformed my life i remember i went to a poor school because -my mother could not gather the twenty one rupees that half a dollar that was required within the stipulated time it was high school -but it was a poor school with rich teachers honestly and one of them was who taught us physics one day he took us out into the sun and tried to show us how to find the focal length of -the lens was here the piece of paper was there he moved it up and down and there was a bright spot up there and then he said this is the focal length but then he held it for a little while lakshmi -me a great message focus and you can achieve i said whoa science is so wonderful i have to become a scientist -but more importantly focus and you can achieve and that message very frankly is valuable for society today what does that focal length -it has parallel lines which are sun rays and the property of parallel lines is that they never meet -so i learned the lesson of convex lens leadership from that and when i was at national -the great thing about our leaders is that should they not only have passion in their belly which practically all of them have -is absolutely true its not just ratan tata its the house of tatas over time let me confirm what she said yes i went -i was twelve i struggled to day was a huge issue and when i finished my -and it was tata trust which gave me six rupees per month almost a dollar per month for six years thats how im standing before you so that -of course as soon as you say something like this people say it is impossible and thats what was said by suzuki he said oh probably he is going to -with stepney and you can see the cartoon here well they didnt build that they built a proper car nano and -im six feet half an inch ratan is taller than me and we have ample space in the front and ample space in the back in this particular -and incredible car and of course nothing succeeds like success the cynics then turned around and one after the other -told them question -and at a point in time he got so engrossed in the whole challenge that he himself became a member of the team can you believe it -i still am told about this story of that single wiper design in which he participated until midnight hed be thinking early morning hell be coming back with sort of solutions -the team leader was girish wagh a thirty four year old boy in and the nano team average age was just twenty seven years -and they did innovation in design and beyond broke many norms of the standard conventions for the first time for example that a two cylinder gas engine was used in a car with a -huge co creation with vendors and suppliers all ideas on board -seeking solutions for non auto sectors it was an open innovation ideas from all over were welcome the mechanism of helicopters seats and windows was used by the way -as well as a dashboard that was inspired by two wheelers the fuel lines and lamps were as in two wheelers and -and therefore each component had to have a dual functionality and the seat riser for example serving as a mounting for the seat as well as a structural part of the functional rigidity half the number of -contained in nano in comparison to a typical passenger car the length is smaller by eight percent by the way but the current entry level cars in comparison to that is eight percent less but twenty one percent more inside -space and what happened was that -more from less you can see how much more for how much less when the model t was launched and this is by the way all the figures that are adjusted to two thousand and seven dollar prices -was nineteen thousand seven hundred by ford volkswagon was eleven thousand three hundred and thirty three and british motor was around eleven thousand -and nano was bang dollar two thousand this is why you started actually -a new paradigm shift where the same people who could not dream of sitting in a car who were carrying their entire family in a scooter started dreaming of being in a car and those dreams are getting -this is a photograph of a house and a driver and a car near my own home -nano and you can see there is a physical space that has been created for him -parking that car along with the owners car but more importantly theyve created a space in their mind that yes my chauffeur is going to come in his own car and park it and thats why i call it a transformational innovation -it is not just technological it is social innovation -that we talk about and that is where ladies and gentlemen this famous -of getting more from less for more becomes important i remember talking about this for the first time in australia about one and a half years ago when their academy honored me with a fellowship -i titled this more from less for more and more people as gandhian engineering and gandhian engineering in my judgment is the one which is going to take the world forward is going to make a difference not just for a few but for everyone -let me move from mobility in a car to individual mobility for those unfortunates who have -here is an american citizen and his son having an artificial foot what is its price dollar twenty thousand -and of course these feet are so designed that they can walk only on such -but if you dont have money what happens well you are to ride a bicycle carrying your own weight and also some other weight so that you can -more importantly they not only walk far to work and not only do they cycle to work -but they cycle for work as you can see here and they climb up for their work you have to design an artificial foot for such conditions -a quick molding and modular components enabling custom made on the spot limb fitments you could feel it actually in an hour by the way whereas the equivalent other feet took something like a day -socket made by using heated high density polyethylene pipes rather than using heated sheets and unique high ankle design and human like looks and functions and i like -how it looks and how it works -jumps you can see what stress it must have -the bread for the day well poor do not remain poor they become lower middle class and if they do so then of course the conditions improve -so thats what it is all about and therefore time took notice of this -lets -to something else ive been talking about getting more from less for more lets move to health weve talked about mobility and the rest of it lets talk about health whats happening in the area of health you know you have new diseases that require new drugs -and they start riding on scooters but the challenge is again they dont get much value because -it took around ten years and seven hundred million dollars lets start in the spirit of more from less and more for more -looks absolutely ridiculous you know something this has been achieved in india these targets have been achieved in india and how -once said when you wish to achieve results that have not been achieved before it is an unwise fancy to think that they can be achieved by using methods that have been used before -from men to mice to men not molecule to mice to men you know and that is how this difference has come and you can see -they cant afford anything more than the scooter the issue is at that price can you give them some extra value -you can see before treatment and after treatment this is really getting more from less for more and more people because these are all affordable treatments now let me just -and he also said i would prize every invention of science made for the benefit for all so he was giving you the message that you must have it for more and more people -not just a few people and therefore ladies and gentlemen this is the theme getting more from less for more -and mind you it is not getting just a little more for just a little less its not about low cost its about ultra low cost -a super value in terms of their ability to ride in a car to get that dignity to get that safety looks practically impossible isnt it -it is not only getting more from less for more by more and more people the whole world working for it i was very touched when i saw a breakthrough the other day you -for example theyre not available in africa theyre not available in indian villages and infants die -two thousand and theres a twenty five dollar incubator giving that performance that had been created and by -the message the final message is this india gave a great gift to the world what was that twentieth century we gave gandhi to the world -one of our collaborators is chemist martin hanczyc and hes really interested in the transition from inert to living matter -now thats exactly the kind of process that im interested in when were thinking about sustainable materials so martin he works with a system called the -all this is and its magic is a little fatty bag and its got a chemical battery in it and it has no dna -this little bag is able to conduct itself in a way that can only be described as living it is able to move around its environment -it can follow chemical gradients it can undergo complex reactions some of which are happily architectural -so here we are these are protocells patterning their environment we dont know how they do that yet -here this is a protocell and its vigorously shedding this skin now this looks like a chemical kind of birth this is a violent process -here weve got a protocell to extract carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and turn it into carbonate and thats the shell around that globular fat they are quite brittle so youve only got a part of one -so what were trying to do is were trying to push these technologies towards creating bottom up construction approaches for architecture which contrast -the current victorian top down methods which impose structure upon matter that cant be energetically sensible -so bottom up materials actually exist today theyve been in use in architecture since ancient times -if you walk around the city of oxford where we are today and have a look at the brickwork which ive enjoyed doing in the last couple of days youll actually see that a lot of it is made of limestone and if you look even closer -but imagine what the properties of this limestone block might be if the surfaces were actually in conversation with the atmosphere maybe they could extract carbon dioxide -it give this block of limestone new properties well most likely it would it might be able to grow it might be able to self repair and even respond to dramatic changes in the immediate environment -so architects are never happy with just one block of an interesting material they think big okay so when we think about scaling up metabolic materials -we can start thinking about ecological interventions like repair of atolls or reclamation of parts of a city that are damaged by water -so one of these examples would of course be the historic city of venice now venice as you know has a tempestuous relationship with the sea -and is built upon wooden piles so weve devised a way by which it may be possible for the protocell technology that were working with to sustainably reclaim venice -so here is the technology we have today this is our protocell technology effectively making a shell like its limestone forefathers -and depositing it in a very complex environment against natural materials were looking at crystal lattices to see the bonding process in this -now this is the very interesting part we dont just want limestone dumped everywhere in all the pretty canals what we need it to do is to be creatively crafted around the wooden piles -so you can see from these diagrams that the protocell is actually moving away from the light toward the dark foundations weve observed this in -and that means that there is a one way transfer of energy from our environment into our homes and cities this is not sustainable -can actually move away from the light they can actually also move towards the light you have to just choose your species so that these dont just exist as one entity we kind of chemically engineer them -the protocells are depositing their limestone very specifically around the foundations of venice effectively petrifying it -now this isnt going to happen tomorrow its going to take a while its going to take years of tuning and monitoring this technology -in order for us to become ready to test it out in a case by case basis on the most damaged and stressed buildings within the city of venice but -as the buildings are repaired we will see the accretion of a limestone reef beneath the city an accretion itself is a huge sink of carbon dioxide -to the natural world in a very direct and immediate way but perhaps the most exciting thing about it is that the driver of this technology is available everywhere this is -so in summary im generating metabolic materials as a counterpoise to victorian technologies and building architectures from a bottom up approach secondly -i believe that the only way that it is possible for us to construct genuinely sustainable homes and cities is by connecting them to nature not insulating them from it -and finally an observer in the future marveling at a beautiful structure in the environment may find it almost impossible to tell -this structure has been created by a natural process or an artificial one thank you -now in order to do this we need the right kind of language living systems are in constant conversation with the natural world through sets of chemical reactions called metabolism -and this is the conversion of one group of substances into another either through the production or the absorption of energy -and this is the way in which living materials make the most of their local resources in a sustainable way -so im interested in the use of metabolic materials for the practice of architecture but they dont exist so im having to make them im working with architect neil spiller at the bartlett school of architecture -and were collaborating with international scientists in order to generate these new materials from a bottom up approach that means were generating them from scratch -all your unwanted media what it does is use the internet to create an infinite marketplace to match -whatever they may be the other week i went on one of these sites appropriately called swaptree -was rondoron who wanted swap his or her like new copy of sex and the city for my copy of twenty four -so in other words whats happening here is that swaptree solves my carrying companys sugar rush problem a problem the economists call the coincidence of wants -today im going to talk to you about the rise of collaborative consumption im going to explain what it is and try and convince you in just fifteen minutes that this isnt a flimsy idea or a short term -in approximately sixty seconds whats even more amazing is it will print out a purchase label on the spot because it knows the -now there are layers of technical wonder behind sites such as swaptree but thats not my interest and -my passion and what ive spent the last few years dedicated to researching are the collaborative behaviors and trust mechanics inherent in these -with a total stranger whose real name i didnt know and without any money changing hands yet ninety nine percent of trades on swaptree happen successfully -and the one percent that receive a negative rating its for relatively minor reasons like the item didnt arrive on time -so whats happening here an extremely powerful dynamic that has huge commercial and cultural implications is at play namely that technology is enabling trust between strangers -what i find fascinating is that weve actually wired our world to share whether thats our neighborhood our school our office or our facebook network and thats creating an economy of whats mine is yours -the grandfather of exchange marketplaces -to car sharing companies such as goget where you pay a monthly fee to rent cars by the hour -sharing and collaborating again in ways that i believe are more hip than hippie i call this groundswell collaborative consumption -now before i dig into the different systems of collaborative consumption id like to try and answer the question that every author rightfully gets asked which is -where did this idea come from -actually it was a complicated web of seemingly disconnected -see a bit like a conceptual fireworks display of all the dots that went on in my head -you know when you learn a new word and then you start to see that word everywhere thats -to me when i noticed that we are moving from passive -to highly enabled collaborators -happening is the internet is removing the middleman -so that anyone from a t shirt designer to a knitter can make a living selling -force of this peer to peer revolution means that sharing is happening at -i mean its amazing to think that in every single minute of this speech twenty five hours of youtube video -now what i find fascinating about these examples is how theyre actually tapping in to our primate instincts -i mean were monkeys and were born and bred to share and cooperate and were doing so for thousands of years whether its -system called hyper consumption came along and we built these fences and created out -but things are changing -and one of the reasons why are the digital natives or -the reason why its happening so fast is because of mobile collaboration we now live in a connected age -where we can locate anyone anytime in real time from a small device in our hands -this was going through my head towards the end of two thousand and eight when of course the great financial crash -now we rationally know that an economy built on hyper consumption is a ponzi scheme its a house of cards yet its hard for us to individually know what to -so all of this is a lot of twittering right well it was a lot of noise and complexity in my head until actually i realized it was happening because of four key drivers one a renewed belief in the importance of community and a very redefinition of what friend and neighbor really means -a torrent of peer to peer social networks and real time technologies fundamentally changing the way we behave three -global recession that has fundamentally shocked consumer behaviors -all the hands but it looks like all of you on our shelves at home we have a box set of the dvd series twenty four -an inflection point where the sharing behaviors through sites such as flickr and twitter that are becoming second nature online are being applied to offline areas of our everyday lives -my co author roo rogers and i have actually gathered thousands of examples from all around the world of collaborative consumption -and although they vary enormously in scale maturity and purpose when we dived into them we realized that they could actually be organized into three clear systems -the first is redistribution markets redistribution markets just like swaptree is when you take a used or pre owned item and move it from where its not needed to somewhere or someone where it is -thought of as the fifth r reduce reuse recycle repair and redistribute because they stretch the life cycle of a product and thereby reduce waste -the second is collaborative lifestyles this is the sharing and resources of things like money skills and time -in a couple of years that phrases like coworking and couch surfing and time -this is where you pay for the benefit of the product what it does for you without needing to own the product outright -around three years ago for a christmas present now my husband chris and -this idea is particularly powerful for things that have high idling capacity and that can be anything from baby -to fashions to how many of you have a power drill -right that power drill will be used around twelve to thirteen minutes in -lifetime -its kind of ridiculous right because what you need is the hole not -i want to just give you an example of how powerful collaborative consumption can be to change behaviors the average car costs dollar eight thousand a year to run -but lets face it when youve watched it once maybe or twice you dont really want to watch it again because you know how jack bauer is going to defeat the terrorists so there is sits on our shelves obsolete to us but with immediate latent value to someone else -for twenty three hours a day -so when you consider these two facts it starts to make a little less sense that we have to own one outright -so this is where car sharing companies such as zipcar and goget -in in two thousand and nine zipcar took two hundred and fifty participants from across thirteen cities -and theyre all self confessed car addicts and car sharing rookies and got them to surrender their keys for a month instead these people had to walk bike -take the train or other forms of public transport they could only use their zipcar membership when absolutely necessary -the results of this challenge after just one month we staggering its amazing that four hundred and thirteen lbs were lost just from the extra exercise -but my favorite statistic is that one hundred out of the two hundred and fifty participants did not want their keys back -in other words the car addicts had lost their -a great quote that was written in the new york times that said sharing is to ownership what the ipod is to the eight track what solar power is to the coal mine -i believe also our generation -our relationship to satisfying what we want is far less tangible than any other previous generation i dont want the dvd i want the movie is carries -i dont want a clunky answering machine i want the message it saves i dont want a cd i want the music it plays in other words i dont want stuff -the needs or experiences it fulfills -this is fueling a massive shift from where usage trumps possessions or as kevin kelly the editor of wired magazine puts it where access is better than -now as our possessions dematerialize into the cloud a blurry line is appearing between whats mine whats yours and -i want to give you one example that shows how fast this evolution is happening -this represents and eight year time span weve gone from traditional car -to car sharing companies such as zipcar and goget to ride sharing platforms that match rides to the newest entry which is peer to peer car rental -where you can actually make money out of renting that car that sits idle for twenty three hours a day to -i have a confession to make i lived in new york for ten years and i am a big fan of sex and the city now id love to watch the first movie again as sort of a warm up to the sequel coming out next week -now all of these systems require a degree of trust -and the cornerstone to this working is reputation -much because our credit history was far more important that any kind of peer to peer review but now with the web we -with every idea we post comment we share were actually signaling how well we collaborate and whether we can -my first example -i can see that rondoron has completed five hundred and fifty three trades with a hundred percent success rate in other words i can trust him or her -now mark my words its only a matter of time before were going to be able to -and see a cumulative picture of our reputation capital and this reputation capital will determine our access to collaborative consumption -its a new social currency so to speak that could become as powerful as our credit rating -now as a closing thought i believe were actually in a period where were waking up -from this humongous hangover of emptiness and -and were taking a leap to create a more sustainable system built to serve our innate needs for community and individual -i believe it will be referred to as a revolution so to speak when society faced with great challenges -made a seismic shift from individual getting and spending towards a rediscovery -im on a mission to make sharing cool im on a mission to make sharing hip because i really believe it can disrupt outdated modes of business -help us leapfrog over wasteful forms of hyper consumption and teach us when enough really is enough thank you -how easily could i swap our unwanted copy of twenty four for a wanted copy of sex and the city now you may have noticed theres a new sector emerging called swap trading now -the places being rented out are things that you might expect like spare rooms and holiday homes but part of the magic is the unique places that you can now -and it actually didnt surprise them what they heard was that users were putting their reputation scores on the top of their resumes -and that recruiters were searching the platform to find people with unique talents now thousands of programmers today are finding better jobs this way because stack overflow and the reputation dashboards provide a priceless window into how someone really behaves and what their peers think of them -but the bigger principle of whats happening behind stack overflow i think is incredibly exciting people are starting to realize that the reputation they generate in one place has value beyond the environments from which it was built -they all talk about how having a high reputation unlocks a sense of their own power -on stack overflow it creates a level playing field enabling the people with the real talent to rise to the top on airbnb the people often become more important than the spaces on taskrabbit it gives people control of their economic activity -hes turning fifty this year and hes convinced that the rich tapestry of reputation hes built on airbnb will lead him to doing something interesting with the rest of his life -were living through one of those moments i believe that we are at the start of a collaborative revolution that will be as significant as the industrial revolution -in the twentieth century the invention of traditional credit transformed our consumer system and in many ways controlled who had access to what -thank you very much -of how technology is creating a market for things that never had a marketplace before now let me show you these heat maps of paris to see how insanely fast its growing this image here is from two thousand and eight -the pink dots represent host properties even four years ago letting strangers stay in your home seemed like a crazy idea -now the same view in two thousand and ten and now two thousand and twelve there is an airbnb host on almost every main street in paris now -from skills to spaces to material possessions in ways and on a scale never possible before its an economy and culture called collaborative consumption and through it people like sebastian are becoming micro entrepreneurs theyre empowered to make money and save money from their existing assets -but the real magic and the secret source behind collaborative consumption marketplaces like airbnb isnt the inventory or the money its using the power of technology to build trust between strangers -how would people describe your judgment your knowledge your behaviors in different situations -connections that are enabling us to rediscover a humanness that weve lost somewhere along the way by engaging in marketplaces like airbnb like kickstarter like etsy that are built on personal relationships versus empty transactions -today id like to explore with you why the answer to this question will become profoundly important in an age where reputation will be your most valuable asset id like to start by introducing you to someone whose life has been changed by a marketplace fueled by reputation -to the wonderful world of collaborative consumption thats enabling us to match wants with haves in more democratic ways now -but the key reason why its taking off now so fast -is because every new advancement of technology increases the efficiency and the social glue of trust to make sharing easier and easier -now ive looked at thousands of these marketplaces and trust and efficiency are always the critical ingredients let me give you an example -meet forty six year old chris mok who has i bet the best job title here of superrabbit now -now the story behind taskrabbit starts like so many great stories with a very cute dog by the name of kobe -leah quit her job and taskrabbit was born -at the time she didnt realize that she was actually hitting on a bigger idea she later called service networking its essentially about how we use our online relationships to get things done in the real world -now the way taskrabbit works is people outsource the tasks that they want doing name the price theyre willing to pay and then vetted rabbits bid to run the errand yes -but i love that the number one task posted over a hundred times a day is something that many of us have felt the pain of doing yes assembling ikea furniture -and seventy percent of this new labor force were previously unemployed or underemployed i think taskrabbit and other examples of collaborative consumption are like lemonade stands on steroids theyre just brilliant now -connecting trustworthy strangers to create all kinds of people powered marketplaces -i caught up with him recently where over the course of several cups of tea he told me how hosting guests from all over the world has enriched his life more than fifty people have come to stay in the eighteenth century watchhouse he lives in with his cat squeak now -will transform the way we trust one another face to face -now with all of my optimism and i am an optimist comes a healthy dose of caution or rather an urgent need to address some pressing complex questions -how to ensure our digital identities reflect our real world identities do we want them to be the same how do we mimic the way trust is built face to face online how do we stop people whove behaved badly in one community doing so under a different guise -in a similar way that companies often use some kind of credit rating to decide whether to give you a mobile plan or the rate of a mortgage -marketplaces that depend on transactions between relative strangers need some kind of device to let you know that sebastian and chris are good eggs and that device is reputation -reputation is the measurement of how much a community trusts you -now laughter i love that word superrabbit and interestingly what chris has noted is that as his reputation has gone up so -the difference today is that with every trade we make comment we leave -thirty million rides have been shared on carpooling com this year two billion dollars worth of loans will go through peer to peer lending platforms this adds up to millions of pieces of reputation data on how well we behave or misbehave -now capturing and correlating the trails of information that we leave in different places is a massive challenge but one were being asked to figure out -what the likes of sebastian are starting to rightfully ask is shouldnt they own their reputation data shouldnt the reputation that hes personally invested on building on airbnb mean that it should travel with him from one community to another -i mention squeak because sebastians first guest -what i mean by this is say he started selling second hand books on amazon why should he have to start from scratch -its a bit like when i moved from new york to sydney it was ridiculous i couldnt get a mobile phone plan because my credit history didnt travel with me i was essentially a ghost in the system now -adding up tweets and likes and friends in a clout like fashion those guys are measuring influence not behaviors that indicate our trustworthiness but the most important thing that we have to keep in mind is that reputation is largely contextual -just because sebastian is a wonderful host does not mean that he can assemble ikea furniture the big challenge is figuring out what data makes sense to -its only a matter of time before well be able to perform a facebook or google like search and see a complete picture of someones behaviors in different contexts over time i envision a realtime stream of who has trusted you when where and why -your reliability on taskrabbit your cleanliness as a guest on airbnb the knowledge that you display on quora or unclear theyll all live together in one place -now this is a concept that im currently researching and writing my next book on and currently define as the worth of your reputation your intentions capabilities and values across communities and marketplaces -this isnt some far off frontier there are actually a wave of startups like connect me and legit and trustcloud that are figuring out -how you can aggregate monitor and use your online reputation -now i realize that this concept may sound a little big brother to some of you -and how he bought the cat to influence his now -as many of you know airbnb is a peer to peer marketplace that matches people who have space to rent with people who are looking for a place to stay in over one hundred and ninety two countries -that value into reputation capital ultimately when we get it right reputation capital could create a massive positive disruption in who has power trust -and in many instances limit what we can do in the world indeed reputation is a currency that i believe will become more powerful than our credit history in the twenty first century reputation will be the currency that says that you can trust me -now the interesting thing is reputation is the socioeconomic lubricant that makes -collaborative consumption work and scale but the sources it will be generated from and its applications are far bigger than this space alone -tech bloggers and entrepreneurs joel spolsky and jeff atwood decided to start something called stack overflow -now stack overflow is basically a platform where experienced programmers can ask -other good programmers highly detailed technical questions on things like tiny pixels and chrome extensions -our models have hundreds of thousands of grid boxes calculating hundreds of variables each on minute timescales and it takes weeks to perform our integrations and we perform dozens of integrations in order to understand whats happening -we also fly all over the world looking for this thing i recently joined a field campaign in malaysia there are others we found a global atmospheric watchtower there in the middle of the -id like to talk to you today about the scale of the scientific effort that goes into making the headlines you see in the paper headlines that look like this when they have to do with climate change and headlines that look like this when they have to do with air quality or smog they are both two branches of the same field of atmospheric science -we hire military and test pilots to do the maneuvering we have to get special flight clearance and as you come around the banks in these valleys the forces can get up to two gs and the scientists have to be completely harnessed in in order to make measurements while -so as you can imagine the inside of this aircraft doesnt look like any plane you would take on vacation its a flying laboratory that we took to make measurements in the region of this molecule -we do all of this to understand the chemistry of one molecule and when one student like me has some sort of inclination or understanding about that molecule they write one scientific paper on the subject -an assessment like the ipcc although we have others and each one of the eleven chapters of the ipcc has six to ten subsections so you can imagine the scale of the -each one of those assessments that we write we always tag on a summary and the summary is written for a non scientific audience and we hand that summary to journalists and policy makers in order to make headlines like these -thank you very much -that report was written by six hundred and twenty scientists from forty countries they wrote almost a thousand pages on the topic and all of those pages were reviewed by another four hundred plus scientists and reviewers -and in each one of these research areas of which there are even more there are phd students like me and we study incredibly narrow topics things as narrow as a few processes or a few molecules -i think it was my longstanding desire to bring together my interest in art science and philosophy that allowed me to be ready when the proverbial light bulb went on -so i started researching and to my surprise this project had never been done before in the arts or the sciences and perhaps naively i was surprised to find that there isnt even an area in the sciences that deals with this idea of global species longevity -so what youre looking at here is the rhizocarpon geographicum or map lichen and this is around three thousand years old and lives in greenland which is a long way to go for some lichens -visiting greenland was more like traveling back in time than just traveling very far north it was very primal and more remote than anything id ever experienced before -and this is heightened by a couple of particular experiences one was when i had been dropped of by boat on a remote fjord only to find that the archeologists i was supposed to meet were nowhere to be found -and its not like you could send them a text or shoot them an email so i was literally left to my own devices but luckily it worked out obviously but it was a humbling experience to feel so disconnected -and then a few days later we had the opportunity to go fishing in a glacial stream near our campsite where the fish were so abundant -and then of course theres the lichens these lichen grow only one centimeter every hundred years i think that really puts human lifespans into a different -and what youre looking at here is an aerial photo take over eastern oregon and if the title searching for armillaria death rings sounds ominous it -is actually a predatory fungus killing certain species of trees in the forest its also more benignly known as the honey mushroom or the humongous fungus because it happens to be one of the worlds largest organisms as well -so with the help of some biologists studying the fungus i got some maps and some gps coordinates and chartered a plane and started looking for the death rings the circular patterns in which the fungus kills the trees -so im not sure if there are any in this photo but i do know the fungus is down there and then this back down on the ground and you can see that the fungus is actually invading this tree -each containing clusters of tiny green leaves at the end and so densely packed together that you could actually stand on top of it -by preventing the flow of water and nutrients so this strategy has served it pretty well its two thousand four hundred years old -and then from underground to underwater this is a brain coral living in tobago thats around two thousand years old and i had to overcome my fear of deep water to find this one this is at about sixty ft or eighteen meters depth -and youll see theres some damage to the surface of the coral that was actually caused by a school of parrot fish that had started eating it though luckily they lost interest before killing it -now this is something that i think is one of the most quietly resilient things on the planet this is clonal colony of quaking aspen trees living in utah that is literally eighty thousand years old -what looks like a forest is actually only one tree imagine that its one giant root system and each tree is a stem coming up from that system -this individual lives in the atacama desert in chile and it happens to be three thousand years old it also happens to be a relative of parsley -so what you have is one giant interconnected genetically identical individual thats been living for eighty thousand years it also happens to be male and in theory immortal -this is a clonal tree as well this is the spruce gran picea which at nine thousand five hundred and fifty years is a mere babe in the woods the location of this tree is actually kept secret for its own protection -i spoke to the biologist who discovered this tree and he told me that that spindly growth you see there in the center is most likely a product of climate change -as its gotten warmer on the top of the mountain the vegetation zone is actually changing so we dont even necessarily have to have direct contact with these organisms to have a very real impact on them -this is the -im just kidding -this is the fortingall yew but i put that slide in there because im often asked if there are any animals in the project and aside from coral the answer is no -does anybody know how old the oldest tortoise -for the past five years ive been researching working with biologists and traveling all over the world to find continuously living organisms that are two thousand years old and older -this giant clam that was discovered off the coast of northern iceland that reached four hundred and five years old however it died in the lab as they were determining its age -after reaching full maturity so that being said its highly unlikely that any jellyfish would survive that long in the wild -and back to the yew here so as you can see its in a churchyard its in scotland its behind a protective wall and there are actually a number or ancient yews in churchyards around the u k but if you do the math youll remember its actually the yew trees that were there -then the churches -and now down to another part of the world i had the opportunity to travel around the limpopo province in south africa with an expert in baobab trees -a number of them and this is most likely the oldest its around two thousand and its called the -and you know i think of all of these organisms as palimpsests they contain thousands of years of their own histories within themselves and they also contain records of natural and human events -and this can create great natural shelters for animals but theyve also been appropriated for some rather dubious human uses including a bar -the project is part art and part science theres an environmental component and im also trying to create a means in which to step outside our quotidian experience of time and to start to consider a deeper -a prison and even a toilet inside of a tree -and this brings me to another favorite of mine i think because it is just so unusual this plant is called the welwitschia and it lives only in parts of coastal namibia and angola where its uniquely adapted to collect moisture -from mist coming off the sea and whats more its actually a tree its a primitive conifer youll notice that its bearing cones down the center -and what looks like two big heaps of leaves is actually two single leaves that get shredded up by the harsh desert conditions over time -and it actually never sheds those leaves so it also bears the distinction of having the longest leaves in the plant kingdom -i spoke to a biologist at the kirstenbosch botanical garden in capetown to ask him where he thought this remarkable plant came from -and his thought was that if you travel around namibia you see that there are a number of petrified forests and the logs are all -the logs are all giant coniferous trees and yet theres no sign of where they might have come from so -his thought was that flooding in the north of -this is what i think is the most poetic of the oldest living things this is something called an underground forest so i spoke to a botanist at the pretoria botanical garden -who explained that certain species of trees have adapted to this region its bushfelt region which is dry and prone to a lot of fires -so what these trees have done is if you can imagine that this is the crown of the tree and that this is ground level imagine that -the whole thing that whole bulk of the tree migrated underground and you just have those leaves peeping up above the surface -that way when a fire roars through its the equivalent of getting your eyebrows singed the tree can easily recover -i selected two thousand years as my minimum age because i wanted to start at what we consider to be year zero and work backward from -back in the u s theres a couple plants of similar age this is the clonal creosote bush which is around twelve thousand years old if youve been in the american west you know the creosote bush is pretty ubiquitous but that being said you see that this has this unique circular form -and whats happening is its expanding slowly outwards from that original shape and its one again that interconnected root system making it one genetically identical individual -it also has a friend nearby well i think theyre friends this is the clonal mojave yucca its about a mile away -and its a little bit older than twelve thousand years and you see it has that similar circular form and theres some younger clones dotting the landscape behind it -and both of these the yucca and the creosote bush live on bureau of land management land -and thats very different from being protected in a national park in fact this land is designated for recreational all terrain vehicle use -so now i want to show what very well might be the oldest living thing on the planet this is siberian actinobacteria which is between four hundred thousand and six hundred thousand years old -and what they found by doing research into the permafrost was this bacteria but whats unique about it is that its doing dna repair below freezing -looking at now is a tree called jomon sugi living on the remote island of yakushima the tree was in part a catalyst for the project id been traveling in japan without an agenda other than to photograph -and what that means is that its not dormant its actually been living and growing for -a million years its also probably one the most vulnerable of the oldest living things because if the permafrost melts it -this is a map that ive put together of the oldest living things so you can get a sense of where they are you see theyre all over the world the blue flags represent things that ive already photographed and the reds are places that im still trying to get to -youll see also theres a flag on antarctica im trying to travel there to find five thousand year old moss which lives on the antarctic peninsula -so i probably have about two more years left on this project on this phase of the project but after five years i really feel like i know whats at the heart of this work -the oldest living things in the world are a record and celebration of our past a call to action in the present and a barometer of our future -theyve survived for millennia in desert in the permafrost at the tops of mountains and at the bottom of the ocean -the bulk of our research is algorithms its the magic that brings these machines to life -so how does one design the algorithms that create a machine athlete we use something broadly called model based design -we first capture the physics with a mathematical model of how the machines behave we then use a branch of mathematics called control theory to analyze these models and also to synthesize algorithms for controlling them -for example thats how we can make the quad hover we first captured the dynamics with a set of differential equations we then manipulate these equations with the help of control theory to create algorithms that stabilize the quad -let me demonstrate the strength of this approach -suppose that we want this quad to not only hover but to also balance this pole with a little bit of practice its pretty straightforward for a human being to do this although we do have the advantage of having two feet on the ground and the use of our very versatile hands -it becomes a little bit more difficult when i only have one foot on the ground and when i dont use my hands notice how this pole has a reflective marker on top which means that it can be located in the space -you can notice that this quad is making fine adjustments to keep the pole balanced how did we design the algorithms to do this we added the mathematical model of the pole to that of the quad once we have a model of the combined quad pole system we can use control theory to create algorithms for controlling it here you see that -it goes back to the nice balanced position -we can also augment the model to include where we want the quad to be in space -using this pointer made out of reflective markers i can point to where i want the quad to be in space a fixed distance away from me -the key to these acrobatic maneuvers is algorithms -designed with the help of mathematical models and control theory lets tell the quad to come back here and let the pole drop and i will next demonstrate the importance of understanding physical models and the workings of the physical world -notice how the quad lost altitude when i put this glass of water on it unlike the balancing pole i did not include the mathematical model of the glass in the system in fact the system doesnt even know that the glass of water is there like before i could use the pointer to tell the quad where i want it to be in space -you put these two things together the net result is that all side forces on the glass are small and are mainly dominated by aerodynamic effects which as these speeds are negligible -and -thats why you dont need to model the glass it naturally doesnt spill no matter what the quad does -the lesson here is that some high performance tasks are easier than others and that understanding the physics of the -problem tells you which ones are easy and which ones are hard in this instance carrying a glass of water is easy balancing a pole is hard -weve all heard stories of athletes performing feats while physically injured can a machine also perform with extreme physical damage -quads have been around for a long time -four fixed motor propeller pairs in order to fly because there are four degrees of freedom to control roll pitch yaw and acceleration -the reason that theyre so popular these days is because theyre mechanically simple by controlling the speeds of these four propellers these machines can roll pitch yaw and accelerate along their common orientation on board are also a battery a computer various sensors and wireless radios -if we analyze the mathematical model of this machine with only two working propellers we discover that theres an unconventional way to fly it -we relinquish control of yaw but roll pitch and acceleration can still be controlled with algorithms that exploit this new configuration -mathematical models tell us exactly when and why this is possible -in this instance this knowledge allows us to design novel machine architectures -or to design clever algorithms that -gracefully handle damage just like human athletes do instead of building machines with redundancy -we cant help but hold our breath when we watch a diver somersaulting into the water or when a vaulter is twisting in the air the ground fast approaching will the diver be able to pull off a rip entry will the vaulter stick the landing -suppose we want this quad here to perform a triple flip and finish off at the exact same spot that it started this maneuver is going to happen so quickly that we cant use position feedback to correct the motion during execution there simply isnt enough time -instead what the quad can do is perform the maneuver blindly observe how it finishes the maneuver and then use that information to modify its behavior so that the next flip is better similar to the diver and the vaulter it is only through repeated practice that the maneuver can be learned and executed to the highest standard -striking a moving ball is a necessary skill in many sports how do we make a machine do what an athlete does seemingly without effort -this quad has a racket strapped onto its head with a sweet spot roughly the size of an apple so not too large the following calculations are made every twenty milliseconds or fifty times per second we first figure out where the ball is going -we then next calculate how the quad should hit the ball so that it flies to where it was thrown from -third a trajectory is planned that carries the quad from its current state to the impact point with the ball fourth we only execute twenty milliseconds worth of that strategy twenty milliseconds later the whole process is repeated until the quad strikes the ball -quads are extremely agile but this agility comes at a cost -machines can not only perform dynamic maneuvers on their own they can do it collectively -these three quads are cooperatively carrying a sky net -they are inherently unstable and they need some form of automatic feedback control in order to be able to fly -perform an extremely dynamic and collective maneuver to launch the ball back to me notice that at full extension these quads are vertical -when fully extended this is roughly five times greater than what a bungee jumper feels at the end of their launch -re plan a cooperative strategy fifty times per second -everything we have seen so far has been about the machines and their capabilities -what happens when we couple this machine athleticism with that of a human being -what i have in front of me is a commercial gesture sensor mainly used in gaming it can recognize what my various body parts are doing in real time -similar to the pointer that i used earlier we can use this as inputs to the system we now have a natural way of interacting with the raw athleticism of these quads with my gestures -so how did it just do that -interaction doesnt have to be virtual it can be physical take this quad for example its trying to stay at a fixed point in space -if i try to move it out of the way it fights me -and moves back to where it wants to be we can change this behavior however -we can use mathematical models to estimate the force that im applying to the quad once we know this force we can also change the laws of physics as far as the quad is concerned of course -here the quad is behaving as if it were in a viscous fluid -cameras on the ceiling and a laptop serve as an indoor global positioning system its used to locate objects in the space that have these reflective markers on them -so we can physically interact with these quads and we can change the laws of physics -lets have a little bit of fun with this -for what you will see next these quads will initially behave as if they were on pluto as time goes on gravity will be increased until were all back on planet earth but i assure you we wont get there okay here goes -this data is then sent to another laptop that is running estimation and control algorithms which in turn sends commands to the quad which is also running estimation and control algorithms -thinking now these guys are having way too much fun -and youre probably also asking yourself why exactly are they building machine athletes -some conjecture that the role of play in the animal kingdom is to hone skills and develop capabilities -others think that it has more of a social role that its used to bind the group -similarly we use the analogy of sports and athleticism to create new algorithms for machines to push them to their limits -what impact will the speed of machines have on our way of life -like all our past creations and innovations they may be used to improve the human condition or they may be misused and abused this is not a technical choice we are faced with its a social one -i love her to bits shes the one who taught me how to draw and more importantly how to love shes a bit of a hippie she said dont say that but im saying it anyway -they in fact told me three weeks -i walk into her room and there was a shy girl and she was bald and she was trying to hide her baldness i whipped out my pen and i started drawing on her head and i drew a crown for her and then we started talking -and we spent a lovely time i told her how i ended up in australia how -who i conned and how i got a ticket and all the stories and i drew it out for -and then i left -and within a few days of her death they published a book for her and she used my cartoon on the cover -you will join me in this magic carpet ride and touch children and be honest thank you so much -the rest of my family are boring academics busy collecting ivy league decals for our classic ambassador car my fathers a little different my father believed in a holistic approach to living and you know every time he taught -these books because these books are hijacked by industrial revolution while he still held that worldview i was sixteen i got the best lawyer in town my older brother karthik and i sat him down and i said -he was very impressed he was all tearing up ready to hug me and i said hold that thought i said can i quite school then -i think it was in my second grade that i was caught drawing the bust of a nude by michelangelo i was sent straight away to my school principal -but to cut a long story short i quit school to pursue a career as a cartoonist i must have done about thirty thousand caricatures i would do birthday parties weddings divorces anything for anyone who wanted to use my services -but most importantly while i was traveling i taught children cartooning and in exchange i learned how to be spontaneous and mad and crazy and fun when i started teaching them i said let me start doing this professionally -when i was eighteen i started my own school however an eighteen year old trying to start a school is not easy unless you have -a big patron or a big supporter so i was flipping through the pages of the times of india when i saw that the prime minister of india was visiting -my home town bangalore -and you know just like how every cartoonist knows bush here and if you had to meet bush it would be the funnest thing because his face was a cartoonists delight i had to meet my prime minister -i went to the place where his helicopter was about to land i saw layers of security i caricatured my way through three layers by just impressing the -and my school principal a sweet nun -i i hopped into his car and off we went through -i sat him down i caricatured him and since then ive caricatured hundreds of celebrities this is one i remember fondly salman rushdie was pissed off i think because i altered the map of new york -anyway the next slide im about to show you -the next slide im about to show you is a little more serious i was hesitant to include this in my presentation because this cartoon was published -looked at my book with disgust flipped through the pages saw all the nudes you know id been seeing my mother draw nudes and id copy her -soon after nine eleven what was for me a very naive observation turned out to be a disaster -that evening i came home to hundreds of hate mails hundreds of people telling me how they could have lived another day without seeing this i was also asked to leave -the organization a cartoonists organization in america -that for me was my lifeline thats when i realized you know cartoons are really powerful art comes with responsibility anyway what i did was i decided -that i need to take a break i quit my job at the papers i closed my school and i wrapped up my pencils and my brushes and inks and i decided to go traveling -when i went traveling i remember i met this fabulous old man who i met when i was caricaturing who turned out to be an artist -i said oh my god what is that and i asked him and he said oh that thing in the night i die in the morning i am born again -and the nun slapped me on my face and said -so i tried going to the art store -you know there are a hundred types of brushes forget it they will confuse you even if you know how to draw so i decided im going to learn to paint by myself im going to show you a very quick clip to show you how i painted and a little bit about my city bangalore -they had to be larger than life everything had to be larger the next painting was even bigger and even bigger and for me it was i had to dance while i painted it was so exciting except -i didnt know the dance form so i started following them and i made some money sold my paintings and would rush off to france or spain -and work with them thats pepe linares a renowned flamenco singer but i had one problem my paintings never danced -as much energy as i put into them while making them they never danced so i decided i had this crazy epiphany at two in the morning i called my friends painted on their bodies and had them dance in front of a painting and all of a sudden my paintings came alive -but it was convincing enough for me never to draw again until the ninth grade thanks to a really boring lecture i started caricaturing my teachers in school -and then i was fortunate enough to actually perform this in california with velocity circus and i sat like you guys there in the audience and i saw my work come alive you know normally you work in isolation and -the work was coming alive and it had some other artists working with me the collaborative effort was fabulous i said im going to collaborate with anybody and everybody i meet i started doing fashion this is a fashion show we held in london -the best collaboration of course is with children -and i must say i spent time in the bronx working with these kids and in exchange for me working with them they taught me how to be cool i dont think ive succeeded but theyve taught me they said stop -then i -all this is good but i want to paint like a -paint humongous paintings and they look really good and i wondered how they did it from so close so one day i had the opportunity to meet one of these guys and i said how do you paint like that who taught you -and he said oh its very easy i can teach you but were leaving the city because billboard painters are a dying extinct bunch of artists -and you know i got a lot of popularity i dont play sports im really bad at sports i dont have the fanciest gadgets at home -i must have been nineteen and a half then and it was love at first sight i lived in india she lived in america shed come every two months to visit me -and then i said im the man im the man and i have to reciprocate i have to travel seven oceans and i have to come and see you i did that twice and i went broke -so then i said nets what do i do she said why dont you send me your paintings my dad knows a bunch of rich guys well try and con them into buying it -dads friends -like most -im not on top of the class so for me cartooning gave me a sense of identity i got popular but i was scared id get caught again so what i did was i quickly put together a collage of all the teachers i had drawn -no they were really big geeks and they didnt know much about art so netra was stuck with thirty paintings of mine -so what we did was we rented a little van and we drove all over the east coast trying to sell it she contacted anyone and everyone who was willing to buy my work -she made enough money she sold off the whole collection and made enough money to move me for four years with lawyers a company everything and she became my manager -thats us in new york notice one thing -but this brought me with netra managing my career it brought me a lot of success i was really happy i thought of myself as a bit of a rockstar i loved the attention this is all the press we got and we said -its time to celebrate and i said that the best way to celebrate is to marry netra i said lets get -and i said not just married lets invite everyone whos helped us all the people who bought our work and you wont believe it we put together a list of seven thousand people who had made a -models we had makeup artists jewelry designers all kinds of people working with me to make my wedding an art installation and i had a special -on that for me but all this excitement led to the press writing about us we were in the papers were still in the news three years later but unfortunately something tragic happened -my mother -you have to say bye to her you have to do what you have to do -and i was devastated i had shows booked up for another year i was on a high and i couldnt i could not my life was not exuberant i could not live this larger than life person i started exploring the -glorified my school principal put him right on top and gifted it to him he had a good laugh at the other teachers and put it up on the notice board -of course my work turned ugly -another thing happened i lost all my audiences -the bollywood stars who i would party with and buy my work -none of them liked it my works also turned autobiographical -at this point something else happened a very very dear friend of mine -came out of the closet -and in india at that time it was illegal to be gay and its disgusting to see how people respond to a gay person i was very upset i remember the time -when my mother used to dress me up as a little girl thats me there -anyway i dont know what my friends -my works turned a little violent i talked about this masculinity that one need not perform and i talked about the weakness of male sexuality -this time not only did my collectors disappear the political activists decided to ban me and to threaten me and to forbid me from showing -it turned nasty and im a bit of a chicken i cant deal with any threat this was a big threat so i decided -it was time to end and go back home -this is a part of -this time i said lets try something different i need to be reborn again -and i thought the best way as most of you know who have children the best way to have a new lease on life is to have a child i decided to have a child and before i did that i quickly studied what can go wrong -a family get disfunctional and rudra was born thats my little son and two magical things happened after he was born my mother miraculously recovered after -i became a school hero all my seniors knew me i felt really special i have to tell you a little bit about my family thats my mother -and this man was elected president of this country you know i sat at home and i watched i teared up and i said thats where i want to be -and i wound up our life closed up everything we had and we decided to move to new york and this was just eight months ago -i moved back to new york my work has changed everything about my work has become more whimsical this one is called what the fuck was i thinking it -talks about mental incest you know -i may appear to be a very nice clean sweet boy but im not -these are just different cartoons and before i go want to tell you a little story -and thats an entirely different talk -i want to leave you with one story that really really inspired me i met belinda -when she was sixteen i was seventeen i was in australia and -had cancer and i was told shes not going to live -and id go at the end of the day to a traditional hindu house which was probably the only hindu house in a predominantly islamic neighborhood -basically i celebrated every religious function in fact when there was a wedding in our neighborhood all of us would paint our houses for the wedding i remember we cried profusely when the little goats we played with in the summer became biriani -we all had to fast during ramadan it was -i was affected by this communal unrest my little five year old kid neighbor comes running in and he says rags rags you know the hindus are killing us muslims be careful -everyone im an artist and a dad second time around -distill only its emotional residue and image my own life imagine history being taught differently remember that childrens book where you shake and the sexuality of the parents change i have another idea its a childrens book about indian independence very patriotic but when you shake it you get pakistans perspective -thank you and i want to share with you my latest art project its a childrens book for the ipad its a little quirky and silly its called pop it and its about the things little kids do with their parents -you know im making a very important argument and my argument is that the only way -for us to teach creativity is by teaching children perspectives at the earliest stage after all childrens books are manuals on parenting so you better give them childrens books that teach them perspectives and conversely only when you teach perspectives -will a child be able to imagine and put themselves in the shoes of someone who is different -from them im making an argument that art and creativity are very essential tools in empathy you know i cant promise my child a life without bias -you can draw -as everyone should but you know i have a problem with childrens books i think theyre full of propaganda at least an indian trying to get one of these american books in park slope forget it its not the way i was brought up so i said im going to counter this with my own propaganda if you notice carefully its a homosexual couple bringing up a child -and you have a lesbian couple -and you have a heterosexual couple -you know i dont even believe in the concept of an ideal family i have to tell you about my childhood i went to this very proper christian school taught by nuns fathers brothers sisters basically i was brought up to be a good samaritan and i am -because you know we both come from families that really look up to humility and wisdom but we both like to live larger than life -i believe in the concept of a raja yogi be a dude before you can become an ascetic this is me being a rock star even if its in my own house -you know so when netra and i sat down to make our first plan ten years ago -will ever live beyond two hundred years so we thought thats a perfect place where we should situate our plan -and let our imagination take flight -you know i never really believed in legacy what am i going to leave behind im an artist -until i made a cartoon about nine eleven -seventy five years ago my grandfather a young man -ended up staying so much longer -now im in the business of creating art that will definitely even outlive me and i think about what i want to leave behind through those paintings you know the nine eleven cartoon upset me so much that i decided ill never cartoon again i said im never going to make any honest public commentary again -because i forgot about how people reacted to my work you know sometimes forgetting is so important to remain idealistic -walked into a tent that was converted into a movie theater like that -perhaps loss of memory is so crucial for our survival as human beings -i really make decisions all the time about how i want to remember myself and thats the most important kind of decisions i make and this directly translates into my paintings but like my friends i can -and i rather think of our brains as biased curators of our memory you know and if technology is not a metaphor for memory what is it -is a picture of my mother and she recently got a facebook account you know where this is going and ive been very supportive until -and she said why you look so cute darling i said you just dont understand -maybe we are among the first generation that really understands this digital curating of ourselves maybe we are the first to even actively record our lives you know whether you agree with you know legacy or not we are actually leaving behind digital traces all the time -so netra and i really wanted to use our two hundred year plan -when i think of the future i never see myself moving forward in time i actually see time moving backward towards me -i can actually visualize my future approaching i can dodge what i dont want and pull in what i want its like a video game obstacle course and ive gotten better and better at doing this even when i make a painting i actually imagine im behind the painting it already exists and someones looking at it -and i see whether theyre feeling it from their gut are they feeling it from their heart or is it just a cerebral thing and it really informs my painting even when i do an art show i really think about what should people walk away with -i remember when i was nineteen i did i wanted to do my first art exhibition -and i wanted the whole world to know about it i didnt know ted then but what i did was i closed my eyes tight and i started dreaming i could imagine people coming in dressed up looking beautiful my paintings with all the light -and in my visualization i actually saw a very famous actress launching my show giving credibility to me and i woke up from my visualization and i said who was that i couldnt tell if it was shabana azmi or rekha two very famous indian actresses like the meryl streeps of india -as it turned out next morning i wrote a letter to both of them -and shabana azmi replied and came and launched my very first show twelve years ago -and what a bang it started my career with you know when we think of time in this way we can curate not only the future -but also the past -this is a picture of my family and that is netra my wife shes the co creator of my two hundred year plan netras a high school history teacher i love netra but i hate history i keep saying nets you live in the past while ill create the future -and when im done you can study about it -she gave me an indulgent smile -and as punishment she said tomorrow im teaching a class on indian history and you are sitting in it and im grading you im like oh god i went i actually went and sat in on her class -she started by giving students -primary source documents from india pakistan from britain and i said wow then she asked them to separate fact from bias -an image of your own story of dignity -history as an imaging tool -i was so inspired i went and created my own version of -you know if this is so it occurred to me that maybe just maybe the primary objective of our brains is to serve our dignity -dont write our two hundred year -no we actually write it only to set our attitudes right you know -i used to believe that education is the most important tool to leave a meaningful legacy education is great it really teaches us who we are and helps us contextualize ourselves in the world but its really my creativity thats taught me that i can be much more than what my education told me i am -id like to make the argument that creativity is the most important tool we have it lets us create who we are and curate what is to come i like to think thank you i like to think of myself as a storyteller where my past and my future -you know my grandfather died many years ago when i was little but his love for mae west lives on as a misspelling in the dna of his progeny that for me is successful legacy -covering what is now pakistan northwestern india and parts of afghanistan and iran given that it was such a vast civilization you might expect to find really powerful rulers kings and huge monuments glorifying these powerful kings in fact -what archeologists have found is none of that theyve found small objects such as these -a king a god -a priest or perhaps an ordinary person like you or me we dont know -but the indus people also left behind artifacts with writing on them well no not pieces of plastic but stone seals copper tablets pottery -and surprisingly one large sign board which was found buried near the gate of a city now we dont know if it says hollywood or even bollywood for that matter -in fact we dont even know what any of these objects say -begin with a thought experiment imagine that its four thousand years into the future civilization as we know it has ceased to exist no books -and thats because the indus script is undeciphered we dont know what any of these symbols mean the symbols are most commonly found on seals so you see up there one such object its the square object with the unicorn like animal on it now thats a magnificent piece of art so how big do you think that is -perhaps that big -we need to decipher the script to answer that question deciphering the script is not just an intellectual puzzle its actually become a question thats become deeply intertwined with the politics and the cultural history of south asia in fact the script has become a battleground of sorts between three different groups of people first -youll see that most of the languages spoken in north india belong to the indo european language family so some people believe that the indus script represents an ancient indo european language such as sanskrit -no electronic devices -and they say that perhaps sometime in the past dravidian languages were spoken all over india and that this suggests that the indus civilization is perhaps also dravidian which of these hypotheses can be true -no facebook or twitter all knowledge of the english language and the english alphabet has been lost now imagine archeologists digging through the rubble of one of our cities -we dont know but perhaps if you deciphered the script you would be able to answer this question but deciphering the script is a very challenging task first theres no rosetta stone i dont mean the software i mean an ancient artifact -that contains in the same text both a known text and an unknown text -and why was i fascinated well its the last major undeciphered script in the ancient world my career path led me to become a computational neuroscientist so in my day job i create computer models of the brain to try to understand how the brain makes predictions how the brain makes decisions how the brain learns and so on -but in two thousand and seven my path crossed again with the indus script thats when i was in india -and i had the wonderful opportunity to meet with some indian scientists who were using computer models to try to analyze the script and so it was then that i realized there was an opportunity for me to collaborate with these scientists and so i jumped at that opportunity and id like to describe some of the results that we have found or better yet -lets all collectively decipher are you ready the first thing that you need to do when you have an undeciphered script is try to figure out the direction of writing here are two texts that contain some symbols on them can you tell me if the direction of writing is right to left or left to right -ill give you a couple of seconds -okay right to left -with strange symbols on them -and some other signs but never by these other signs at the bottom and furthermore theres some signs that really prefer the end of texts such as this jar shaped sign -and this sign in fact happens to be the most frequently occurring sign in the script -perhaps some circular pieces of metal maybe some cylindrical containers with some symbols on them and perhaps one archeologist becomes an instant celebrity when she discovers buried in the hills somewhere in north america -and the computer learned a statistical model of which symbols tend to occur together and which symbols tend to follow each other given the computer model we can test the model by essentially quizzing it so we could deliberately erase some symbols and we can ask it to predict the missing symbols here are some examples -and we can use the computer model now to try to complete this text and make a best guess prediction heres an example of a symbol that was predicted -such a random jumble of letters is said to have a very high entropy this is a physics and information theory term but just imagine its a really random jumble of letters -has an intermediate level of entropy its neither too rigid nor is it too random -massive versions of these same symbols -now lets ask ourselves what could such artifacts say about us -well linguistic scripts can actually encode multiple languages so for example heres the same sentence written in english and the same sentence written in dutch using the same letters of the alphabet if you dont know dutch and you only know english and i give you some words in dutch -youll tell me that these words contain some very unusual patterns some things are not right -two of them are shown here that have very unusual patterns so for example the first text theres a doubling of this jar shaped sign this sign is the most frequently occurring sign in the indus script and its only in this text that it occurs as a doubling pair -to people four thousand years into the future this is no hypothetical question in fact -its just like our english and dutch example and that would explain why we have these strange patterns that are very different from the kinds of patterns you see in the text that are found within the indus valley this suggests that the same script the indus script could be used to write different languages -the results we have so far seem to point to the conclusion that the indus script probably does represent language if it does represent language then how do we read the symbols thats our next big challenge so youll notice that many of the symbols look like pictures of humans of insects of fishes of birds -use the rebus principle which is using pictures to represent words so as an example heres a word -can you write it using pictures ill give you a couple seconds -the indus valley civilization which existed four thousand years ago the indus civilization was roughly contemporaneous with the much better known egyptian and the mesopotamian civilizations but it was actually much larger than either of these two civilizations it occupied the area of approximately one million square kilometers -except that this is the mother of all crossword puzzles because the stakes are so high if you solve it -and i want to mention that these seals were used for stamping clay tags that were attached to bundles of goods so its quite likely that these tags at least some of them contain names of merchants -and it turns out that in india theres a long tradition of names being based on horoscopes and star constellations present at the time of birth in dravidian languages the word for fish is meen which happens to sound just like the word for star -and so seven stars would stand for elu meen which is the dravidian word for the big dipper star constellation similarly theres another sequence of six stars and that translates to aru meen which is the old dravidian name for the star constellation pleiades -and finally theres other combinations such as this fish sign with something that looks like a roof on top of it and that could be translated into mey meen which is the old dravidian name for the planet saturn so that was pretty exciting -these seals contain dravidian names based on planets and star constellations well not yet so -we have no way of validating these particular readings but if more and more of these readings start making sense and if longer and longer sequences appear to be correct then we know that we are on the right track -ted in egyptian hieroglyphics and in cuneiform script because both of these were deciphered in the nineteenth century the decipherment of these two scripts enabled these civilizations to speak to us again directly the mayans started speaking to us in the twentieth century but the indus civilization remains silent -these are our ancestors yours and mine they were silenced by an unfortunate accident of history -and it seemed to want to do something with these gray boxes these real time control systems so that got our attention and we started a lab project where we infected our environment with stuxnet and checked this thing out -program code that its trying to infect is actually running on that target and if not -stuxnet does nothing so that really got my attention and we started to work on this nearly around the clock because i thought well we dont know what the target is it could be lets say for example a u s power plant or a chemical plant in germany so we better find out what the target is soon -idea behind the stuxnet computer worm is actually quite simple -so we extracted and decompiled the attack code and we discovered that its structured in two digital bombs a smaller one and a bigger one -and we also saw that they are very professionally engineered by people who obviously had all insider information they knew all the bits and bites that they had to attack -they probably even know the shoe size of the operator so they know everything and if you have heard that the dropper of stuxnet is complex and high tech let me tell you this the payload is rocket science its way above everything that we have ever seen before -in order to get target theories we remember that its definitely hardcore sabotage -it must be a high value target and it is most likely located in iran because thats where most of the infections had been reported -now you dont find several thousand targets in that area it basically boils down to the bushehr nuclear power plant and to the natanz fuel enrichment plant so i told my assistant get me a list of all centrifuge and power plant experts from our client base -and i phoned them up and picked their brain in an effort to match -their expertise with what we found in code and data -and that worked pretty well so we were able to associate the small digital warhead with the rotor control the rotor is that moving part within the centrifuge that black object that you see -and if you manipulate the speed of this rotor you are actually able to crack the rotor and eventually even have the centrifuge explode -what we also saw is that the goal of the attack was really to do it slowly and creepy obviously in an effort to drive maintenance engineers crazy that they would not be able to figure this out quickly -the big digital warhead we had a shot at this by looking very closely at data and data structures so for example the number one hundred and sixty four really stands out in that code you cant overlook it -i started to research scientific literature on how these centrifuges are actually built in natanz and found they are structured in what is called a cascade and each cascade holds one hundred and sixty four centrifuges so that made sense that was a match and it even got better -now if we manage to compromise these systems that control drive speeds -these centrifuges in iran are subdivided into fifteen what is called stages -and guess what we found in the attack code an almost identical structure so again that was a real good match -anyway so we figured out that both digital warheads were actually aiming at one and the same target but from different angles -the small warhead is taking one cascade and spinning up the rotors and slowing them down and the big warhead is talking to six cascades and manipulating valves -so in all we are very confident that we have actually determined what the target is it is natanz and it is only natanz so we dont have to worry that other targets might be hit by stuxnet heres some very cool stuff that we saw -now what this thing does is it intercepts the input values from sensors so for example from pressure sensors and vibration sensors -and it provides legitimate program code which is still running during the attack with fake input data -and as a matter of fact this fake input data is actually prerecorded by stuxnet so its just like from the hollywood movies where during the heist the observation camera is fed with prerecorded video -thats cool -the -idea here is obviously not only to fool the operators in the control room it actually is much more dangerous and aggressive the idea is to circumvent a digital safety system -obviously this cannot be done by a human operator so this is where we need digital safety systems and when they are compromised then real bad things can happen your plant can blow up and neither your operators nor your safety system will notice it thats scary but it gets worse -and this is very important what im going to say -think about this this attack -is generic -it is generic -and you dont have as an attacker you dont have to deliver this payload by a usb stick as we saw it in the case of stuxnet you could also use conventional worm technology for spreading just spread it as wide as possible and if you do that what you end up with is -place a good windows virus on a notebook that is used by a maintenance engineer to configure -thats the consequence that we have to face -so unfortunately -the biggest number of targets for such attacks are not in the middle east -so all of the green areas these are your target rich environments -we have to face the consequences and we better start to prepare right now thanks -there is only one and thats the united states -fortunately fortunately -because otherwise our problems would even be bigger -i want to tell you how we found that out when we started our research on stuxnet six months ago it was completely unknown what the purpose of this thing was -the only thing that was known is its very very complex on the windows part the dropper part used multiple zero day vulnerabilities -now if you take that bullet and take this packet of photons and fire into this bottle how will those photons shatter into this bottle how does light look in slow motion -now the whole -now remember the whole event is effectively taking place in less than a nanosecond thats how much time it takes for light to travel but im slowing down in this video by a factor of ten billion so you can see the light in motion but coca cola did not sponsor this research -now -if you take an ordinary bullet -and let it go the same distance and slow down the video again by a factor of ten billion do you know how long youll have to sit here to watch that movie -a day a week actually a whole year itll be a very boring movie -you can watch the ripples again washing over the table the tomato and the wall in the back its like throwing a stone in a pond of water -but if you look at this tomato one more time you will notice as the light washes over the tomato it continues to glow it doesnt become dark why is that because the tomato is actually ripe and the light is bouncing around inside the tomato and it comes out after several trillionths of a second -so in the future when this femto camera is in your camera phone you might be able to go to a supermarket and check if the fruit is ripe without actually touching it -so how did my team at mit create this camera -but now fifty years later we can go a million times faster and see the world not at a million or a billion but one trillion frames per second i present you -but were going to go a billion times faster than your shortest exposure -so after our paper was published in nature communications it was highlighted by nature com and they created this animation -and because the packet of the photons -and a tiny fraction of the photons will actually come back to the camera but most interestingly they will all arrive at a slightly different time slot -and it can look at the world at the speed of light -and this way we know the distances of course to the door but also to the hidden objects but we dont know which point corresponds to which distance -which you look on the screen doesnt really make any sense but then we will take a lot of such pictures dozens of such pictures put them together and try to analyze the multiple bounces -or we can look for survivors in hazardous conditions by looking at light reflected through open windows -a new type of photography femto photography a new imaging technique so fast -and also for cardioscopes but of course because of tissue and blood this is quite challenging so this is really a call for scientists to start thinking about femto photography as really a new imaging modality to solve the next generation of health imaging problems -now like doc edgerton a scientist himself science became art an art of ultra fast photography -and i realized that all the gigabytes of data that were collecting every time is not just for scientific imaging but we can also do a new form of computational photography with time lapse and color coding -and we look at those ripples remember the time between each of those ripples is only a few trillionths of a second -but theres also something funny going on here when you look at the ripples under the cap the ripples are moving away from us the ripples should be moving towards us whats going on here it turns out because were recording nearly at the speed of light -we have strange effects and einstein would have loved to see this picture -the order at which events take place in the world appear in the camera with sometimes reversed order so by applying the corresponding space and time warp we can correct for this distortion so whether its for photography around corners -or creating the next generation of health imaging or creating new visualizations -since our invention we have open sourced all the data and details on our website and our hope is that the diy the creative and the research community will show us that we should stop -obsessing about the megapixels in cameras -and really challenge what we mean by a camera -now if i take a laser pointer and turn it on and off in one trillionth of a second which is several femtoseconds ill create a packet of photons barely a millimeter wide -and that packet of photons that bullet will travel at the speed of light and again a million times faster than an ordinary bullet -i had no idea what was going on but strangers intervened -kept my heart moving beating -i say moving because it was quivering and they were trying to put a beat back into it -somebody was smart and put a bic pen in my neck to open up my airway so that i could get some air in there and my lung collapsed so somebody cut me open and put a pin in there as well to stop -eighteen months later i woke up i was blind i couldnt speak and i couldnt walk i was sixty four lbs -going to share something with you i havent talked about probably in more than ten years so bear with me as i take you through this journey when i was twenty two years old i came home from work put a leash on my dog and went for my usual run -i -i had so many surgeries to put my neck back together to repair my heart a few times some things worked some things didnt i had lots of titanium put in me cadaver bones to try to get my feet moving the right way -and i ended up with a plastic nose porcelain teeth and all kinds of other things but eventually i started to look human again -but -its hard sometimes to talk about these things so bear with me i had more than fifty surgeries but whos counting so eventually the hospital decided it was time for me to go they needed to open up space for somebody else that they thought could -so they basically put a map up on the wall threw a dart and it landed at a senior home here in colorado -and i know all of you are scratching your head a senior citizens home what in the world are you going to do there but if you think about all of the skills and talent that are in this room right now -they eventually started matching their talents and skills to all of my needs -but one of the first things they needed to do was assess what i needed right away i needed to figure out how to eat like a normal human being since id been eating through a tube in my chest and through my veins so i had to go through trying to eat again and they went through that process -i had no idea that at that moment my life was going to change forever while i was preparing my dog for the run a man was finishing drinking at a bar picked up his car keys got into a car -and then they had to figure out well she needs furniture she is sleeping in the corner of this apartment so they went to their storage lockers and all gathered their extra furniture gave me pots and pans blankets -everything -and then the next thing that i needed was a makeover so out went the green scrubs and in came the polyester and floral prints -youre a kid you take things for granted you learn things unconsciously -but the men had a better idea they were going to make it fun for me so they were teaching me cuss word scrabble at night -so im going to just leave it to your imagination as to what my first words were -when sally finally got my confidence built -the redundancy was actually good for me so well just keep moving on -one of the pivotal times for me was actually learning to cross a street again as a blind person so close your eyes now imagine you have to cross a street you dont know how far that street is -headed south or wherever he was -and you dont know if youre going straight and you hear cars whizzing back and forth -and you had a horrible accident that landed you in this situation so there were two obstacles i had to get through -one was post traumatic stress disorder and every time i approached the corner or the curb i would panic and the second one was actually trying to figure out how to cross that street -i was running across the street and the only thing that i actually remember is feeling like a grenade went off in my head and i remember putting my hands on the ground and feeling my lifes blood emptying out of my neck and my mouth -so one of the seniors just came up to me and she pushed me up to the corner and she said when you think its time to go just stick the cane out there if its hit dont cross the street -but by the third cane that went whizzing across the road -so that i could go to the braille institute and actually gain the skills to be a blind person and also to go get a guide dog who transformed my life and i was able to return to college because of the senior citizens who invested in me and also the guide dog and skill set i had gained -ten years later i gained my sight back not magically i opted in for three surgeries and one of them was experimental it was actually robotic surgery they removed a hematoma from behind my eye -the biggest change for me was that the world moved forward -how you feel about things and how things sound and how things smell -so one day i was in my room and i saw this thing sitting in my room and i thought it was a monster so i was walking around it and i go im just going to touch it and i touched it and i went oh my god -everything is different when youre a sighted person because you take that for granted but when youre blind you have the tactile memory for things the biggest change for me was looking down at my hands and seeing that id lost ten years of my life -i thought that time had stood still for some reason and moved on for family and friends but when i looked down i realized that time marched on for me too and that i needed to get caught up so i got going on it -we didnt have words like crowd sourcing and radical collaboration when i had my accident but the concept held true people working with people to rebuild me people working with people to re educate me -what had happened is he ran a red light and hit me and my dog she ended up underneath the car i flew out in front of the car and then he ran over my legs my left leg got caught up in the wheel well spun it around -the bumper of the car hit my throat slicing it open i ended up with blunt chest trauma -your aorta comes up behind your heart its your major artery and it was severed so my blood was gurgling out of my mouth -our students questions -for example flipping a boring lecture from the classroom to the screen of a mobile device might save instructional time but if it is the focus of our students experience its the same dehumanizing chatter just wrapped up in fancy clothing but if instead we have the guts -teach chemistry -to confuse our students perplex them and evoke real questions -through those questions we as teachers have information that we can use to tailor robust -and informed methods of blended instruction -so twenty first century lingo jargon mumbo jumbo aside -the truth is ive been teaching for thirteen years now -and it took a life threatening situation -not some scripted curriculum that gave them tidbits of random information -in may of two thousand and ten at thirty five years old -with a two year old at home and my second child on the way i was diagnosed with a large aneurysm at the base of my thoracic aorta this led to open heart surgery this is the actual real email from my doctor right -there now when i got this i was press caps lock -absolutely freaked out okay but -and third through intense reflection he gathered the information that he needed -to design and revise the procedure and then with a steady hand -that i bring to my lesson planning still today -rule number one curiosity comes first -questions can be windows to great instruction but not the other way around -were all teachers we know learning is ugly -over and over some people nodding yes -and just because the scientific -method is allocated to page five of section one point two of chapter one of the one that we all skip -and rule number three -but it also deserves our revision -can we be the surgeons of our classrooms -as if what we are doing one day will save lives our students our worth it -and each case is different -recently i showed this to my students and i just asked them to try and explain why it happened the questions and conversations that followed were fascinating check out this video that maddie from my period three class sent me that evening -southern family and on the left riley now rileys going to be a big girl in a couple weeks here shes going to be four years old -and anyone who knows a four year old knows that they love to ask -why yeah why -i could teach this kid anything because she is curious about everything we all were at that age -but the challenge is really for rileys future teachers the ones she has yet to meet -how will they grow this curiosity -you see i would argue that riley is a metaphor for all kids -to the senior whos checked out before the years even begun or that empty desk -in the back of an urban middle schools classroom -but if we as educators leave behind this simple role as disseminators of content and embrace a new paradigm -as cultivators of curiosity and inquiry -we just might bring a little bit more meaning to their school day and spark their imagination thank you very much -obviously as maddies chemistry teacher i love that she went home and continued to geek out about this kind of ridiculous demonstration that we did in class -but what fascinated me more is that maddies curiosity took her to a new level -if you look inside that beaker you might see a candle maddies using temperature to extend this phenomenon to a new scenario you know questions and curiosity like maddies are magnets that draw us towards our teachers and they transcend -all technology or buzzwords in education but if we place these technologies before student inquiry we can be robbing ourselves of our greatest tool as teachers -you linger a a when im trying to reach my goal a a and why must -i dont know a a i dont have -right here -its good to be so free a a so -chicago -i dont know a a i dont have -really quite an honor to be here tonight and im really glad that -here -right here -to -the -the -its good to be so -i stayed here and listened because ive really been inspired and -right here on -the -and -to -and then -going to play some songs for you tonight that are literally world premieres ive been working on my new record and ive never played these songs for anybody except the microphone -the -first time -a feel the fear and do it anyway kind of thing this next song is a song that started out as a dream a childhood dream -it was one of the titles that i was sort of thinking about calling my record except theres a couple of problems one thing is its unpronouncable and its a made up word its called -and the song is based on what i think was my first sort of childhood attempts -to think about invisible forces so tembererana was these dreams in which i would be running away from -is the only way i can put it so this is called tembererana its based on an argentinian rhythm called carnivalito -world within a world a a the sound of a primal scream a a travels out across -this is a song that i wrote -reaching out -sound of the final boom a a rumbles fiercely across -the meaning of technology which goes perfectly with this gathering i started thinking about when i was in college especially as a blind person -obliterating all but thee a a you see what you want to see -the shade of power -the power of -alone -was the aim of the game a a and the -power a a had a name a a its the -a research paper was a major undertaking you had to go to the library see if you could get them to find the books for you you know -anyway this is a song about -we have all this but what are we going to do with it its called all the answers -you -have to be -this -we -this -i think its difficult to be in the world and not be aware of whats going on and the wars and so forth -this song kind of came out of all of that and i wrote a lot of happy songs on my first record -which i still stand by but this has got something else in it its called peace -is no -no future a a no faith in god to save the day a a there is -no -on earth a a thats what we -the -the -no -no -and faces to -no -all -the -you cant -answer -a -and no one left to say it to -is -is free to make a -picture a world where the -s time on -its really quite an honor to be here tonight and im really glad that i stayed here and listened because ive really been inspired and -this next song is a song that started out as a dream a childhood dream -and the song is based on what i think was my first childhood -attempts to think about invisible forces so tembererana was these dreams in which i would be running away from bad -feelings is the only way i can put it so this is called tembererana its based on an argentinian rhythm called carnivalito -this is a song that i wrote about -the meaning of technology which goes perfectly with this gathering i started thinking about when i was in college especially as a blind person -the shade of power -escaping the impressions every feeling made i would -anyway this is a song about -we have all this but what are we going to do with it its called all the answers -these comics are a fundamental way that children especially in the diaspora learn their religious and mythological folk tales i for one was steeped in these -jitish kallat successfully practices across photography sculpture painting and installation as you can see hes heavily influenced by graffiti and street art -right now is the most exciting time to see new indian art contemporary artists in india are having a conversation with the world like never before -he also creates phantasmagoric sculptures made of bones from cast resin here he envisions the carcass of an autorickshaw he once witnessed burning in a riot -this next artist n s harsha actually has a studio right here in mysore hes putting a contemporary spin on the miniature tradition he creates this fine delicate images which he then repeats on a massive scale -he uses scale to more and more spectacular effect whether on the roof of a temple in singapore -or in his increasingly ambitious installation work here with one hundred and ninety two functioning sewing machines fabricating the flags of every member of the united nations -mumbai based dhruvi acharya builds on her love of comic books and street art to comment on the roles and expectations of modern indian women she too mines the rich source material of amar chitra kathas but in a very different way than chitra ganesh -in this particular work she actually strips out the images and leaves the actual text to reveal something previously unseen and -is kolkata born kashmir raised and london trained he too is reinventing the miniature tradition -he creates these opulent tableaus inspired by hieronymus bosch but also by the kashmiri textiles of his youth -he actually applies metallic industrial paints to his work using porcupine quills to get this rich detailed effect -i thought it might be interesting even for the many long time collectors here with us at ted local collectors to have an outside view of ten young indian artists i wish everyone at ted -kind of cheating with this next artist since raqs media collective are really three artists working together raqs are probably the foremost practitioners of multimedia art in india today working across photography video and -this next artist is probably the alpha male of contemporary indian art subodh gupta he was first known for creating giant photo realistic canvases paintings of everyday objects the stainless steel kitchen vessels and tiffin containers -known to every indian he celebrates these local and mundane objects globally and on a grander and grander scale by incorporating them into ever more -colossal sculptures and installations -these are actually wires wrapped in muslin and steeped in vegetable dye and she arranges them so that the viewer actually has to navigate through the space and interact with the objects and light and shadow are a very important part of her work -she also explores themes of consumerism and the environment such as in this work where these basket like objects look organic and woven and are woven but with the strips of steel salvaged from cars that she found in a bangalore junkyard -ten artists six minutes i know that was a lot to take in but i can only hope ive whet your appetite to go out and see and learn more about the amazing things that are happening in art in india today thank you very much for looking and listening -first is bharti kher the central motif of bhartis practice is the ready made store -that untold millions of indian women apply to their foreheads every day in an act closely associated with the institution of marriage -but originally the significance of the bindi is to symbolize the third eye between the spiritual world and the religious world -she also creates life size fiberglass sculptures often of animals which she then completely covers in -often with potent symbolism she says she first got started with ten packets of bindis and then wondered what she could do with ten thousand -our next artist balasubramaniam really stands at the crossroads of sculpture painting and installation working wonders with fiberglass -in such a way as to take from the earth only what can be renewed by the earth naturally and rapidly not another fresh drop of oil -to do no harm to the biosphere -take nothing do no harm -i simply said if hawkins is right and business and industry must lead who will lead business and industry unless somebody leads nobody will -its axiomatic why not us and thanks to the people of interface i have become a recovering plunderer -i once told a fortune magazine writer -that someday people like me would go to jail and that became the headline of a fortune article they went on to describe me as americas greenest -ninety nine asked later in the canadian documentary the corporation what i meant by the go to jail remark -or not i come offering a solution to a very important part of this larger problem with the requisite focus on climate and the solution -for theft of our childrens future to be a crime there must be a clear demonstrable alternative to the take make waste -and converting it to products that quickly become waste in a landfill or an incinerator in short digging up the earth -and converting it to pollution -according to paul and anne ehrlich and a well known environmental impact equation impact a bad thing -is the product of population affluence and technology that is impact is generated by people what they consume in their affluence and how it is produced -and though the equation is largely subjective you can perhaps quantify people and perhaps quantify affluence but technology is abusive in too many ways to quantify so the equation is conceptual -still it works to help us understand the problem -to create an example to transform the way we made carpet a petroleum intensive product for materials as well as energy -and to transform our technologies so they diminished environmental impact rather than multiplied it -paul and anne ehrlichs environmental impact equation i is equal to p times a times t population affluence and technology i wanted interface to rewrite that equation so that it read -i equals p times a divided by t now the mathematically minded will see immediately that t in the numerator increases impact a bad thing but -t in the denominator decreases impact so i ask what would move t technology -is to the biggest culprit -from the numerator call it t one where it increases impact to the denominator call it t two where it reduces impact i thought about the characteristics of -first industrial revolution t one as we practiced it at interface and it had the following characteristics -in this massive mistreatment of the earth by humankind and the resulting decline of the biosphere that culprit is business and industry -taking raw materials from the earth -linear take make waste powered by fossil fuel derived energy wasteful abusive and focused on labor productivity more carpet per man hour thinking it through -i realized that all those attributes must be changed to move t to the denominator -in the new industrial revolution extractive must be replaced by renewable linear by cyclical fossil fuel energy by renewable energy sunlight -wasteful by waste free and abusive by benign and labor productivity by resource productivity and i reasoned that if we could make -those transformative changes and get rid of t one altogether we could reduce our impact to zero including our impact on the climate -so i can tell you how far we have come in the ensuing twelve years net greenhouse gas emissions down eighty two percent in absolute tonnage -over the same span of time sales have increased by two thirds and profits have doubled so an eighty two percent absolute reduction translates into a ninety percent reduction in greenhouse gas intensity relative to sales -this is the magnitude of the reduction the entire global technosphere must realize by two thousand and fifty to avoid catastrophic climate disruption so the scientists are telling us -fossil fuel usage is down sixty percent per unit of production due to efficiencies in renewables the cheapest most secure barrel of oil there is is the one not used through efficiencies -going for one hundred percent we have diverted one hundred and forty eight million pounds thats seventy four thousand tons of used carpet from landfills -closing the loop on material flows through reverse logistics and post consumer recycling technologies that did not exist when we started fourteen years ago -those new cyclical technologies have contributed mightily to the fact that we have produced and sold eighty five million square yards of climate neutral carpet -since two thousand and four meaning no net contribution to global climate disruption in producing the carpet throughout the supply chain from mine and well head -clear to end of life reclamation independent third party certified we call it cool carpet and it has been a powerful marketplace differentiator increasing sales and profits three years ago -we launched carpet tile for the home -you can point and click today at flor com and have cool carpet delivered to your front door in five days it is practical and pretty -reckon that we are a bit over halfway to our goal zero impact zero footprint -we call this mission zero and this is perhaps the most important facet we have found mission zero to be incredibly good for business a better business model a better way to bigger -is the business case for sustainability from real life experience costs are down not up reflecting some four hundred million dollars of avoided costs in pursuit of zero waste -the first face of mount sustainability this has paid all the costs for the transformation of interface -and this dispels a myth too this false choice between the environment -and the economy our products are the best theyve ever been inspired by design for sustainability an unexpected wellspring of innovation -our people are galvanized around this shared higher purpose you can not beat it for attracting the best people and bringing them together -and the goodwill of the marketplace is astonishing no amount of advertising no clever marketing campaign at any price could have produced or created this much goodwill -costs products people marketplaces what else is there it is a better business model and here is our fourteen year record of sales -and profits -there is a dip there from two thousand and one to two thousand and three a dip when our sales over a three year period were down seventeen percent but the marketplace was down thirty six percent -we literally gained market share we might not have survived that recession but for the advantages of sustainability -for the business and institution markets and shepherding it through start up and survival to prosperity and global dominance -if every business were pursuing interface plans would that solve all our problems i dont think so i remain troubled by the revised ehrlich equation -i equals p times a divided by t two that a is a capital a suggesting that affluence is an end in itself -but what if we reframed ehrlich further and what if we made a a lowercase a suggesting that it is a means to an end and that end -is happiness more happiness with less stuff you know -and our whole system of economics if not for our species then perhaps for the one that succeeds us -the sustainable species living on a finite earth ethically happily and ecologically -in balance with nature and all her natural systems for a thousand generations or ten thousand generations that is to say into the indefinite future -but does the earth have to wait for our extinction as a species well maybe so but i dont think so -we can see our way now clear to the top of that mountain and now the challenge is in execution and as my good friend and adviser amory lovins says if something exists -it must be possible -if we can actually do it it must be possible if we a petro intensive company can do it anybody can and if anybody can it follows that everybody can -hawking fulfilled business and industry leading humankind away from the abyss because with continued unchecked decline -of the biosphere a very dear person is at risk here frankly an unacceptable risk who is that person not you not -but let me introduce you to the one who is most at risk here and i myself met this person in the early days of this mountain climb on a -in his book paul charges business and industry as one the major culprit in causing the decline of the biosphere and two the only institution that is large enough -about five days later back in atlanta i received an email from glenn thomas one of my people in the california meeting he was sending me an original poem -that he had composed after our tuesday morning together and when i read it it was one of the most uplifting moments of my life -because it told me by god one person got it here is what glenn wrote and here is that person most at risk please meet tomorrows child -without a name an unseen face and knowing not your time or place tomorrows child though yet unborn i met you first last tuesday morn -a wise friend introduced us two and through his sobering point of view i saw a day that you would see a day for you but not for me -knowing you has changed my thinking for i never had an inkling that perhaps the things i do might someday somehow threaten you -tomorrows child my daughter son im afraid ive just begun to think of you and of your good though always having known i should -begin i will the way the cost of what i squander what is lost if ever i forget that you will someday come and live -well every day of my life since tomorrows child has spoken to me with one simple but profound message which i presume to share with you we are each and every one a part of the web of life -the continuum of humanity sure but in a larger sense the web of life itself and we have a choice to make during our brief brief visit to this beautiful blue and green living -and pervasive enough and powerful enough to really lead humankind out of this mess -planet to hurt it -to help it for you its your call -thank you -and by the way he convicted me as a plunderer of the earth and i then challenged the people of interface my company to lead our company and the entire industrial world -but thatll be the hardware side of the equation where will we get the software well it turns out we can see inside the human brain and in fact -being from the massachusetts high tech community myself id point out that we were hippies also in the nineteen sixties although we hung around harvard square -we can understand it this is a block diagram of a model and simulation of the human auditory cortex that actually works quite well in applying psychoacoustic tests gets very similar results to human auditory perception -we will succeed in reverse engineering the human brain by the twenty twenties weve already had very good models and simulation of about fifteen regions out of the several hundred -of labor in the last fifty years e commerce has been growing exponentially its now a trillion dollars you might wonder well wasnt there a boom and a bust that was strictly a capital markets -wall street noticed that this was a revolutionary technology which it was but then six months later when it hadnt revolutionized all business models they figured well that was wrong and then we had this bust -right this is a technology that we put together using some of the technologies were involved in -but we do have the potential to overcome disease and poverty and im going to talk about those issues if we have the will kevin kelly talked about the acceleration of technology thats been a strong interest of mine and a theme that -its great to be here weve heard a lot about the promise of technology and the peril ive been quite interested in both -with ways in which machines are already superior in terms of doing analytic thinking remembering billions of facts accurately machines can share their knowledge very quickly but its not just a alien invasion of intelligent -we are going to merge with our technology these nano bots i mentioned will first be used for medical and health applications -up the environment providing fuel powerful fuel cells and widely distributed decentralized solar panels and so on in the environment -so for example full immersion virtual reality from within the nervous system the nano bots shut down the signals coming from your real senses replace them with the signals that -brain would be receiving if you were in the virtual environment and then itll feel like youre in that virtual environment you can go there with other people have any kind of experience -with anyone involving all of the senses experience beamers i call them will put their whole flow of sensory experiences in the neurological correlates of their emotions out on the internet -you can plug in and experience what its like to be someone else but most importantly itll be a tremendous expansion of human intelligence -this direct merger with our technology which in some sense were doing already we routinely do intellectual feats that would be impossible without our technology -very rapidly in the years ahead my main message is that progress in technology is exponential not linear -many even scientists assume a linear model so theyll say oh itll be hundreds of years before we have -self replicating nano technology assembly or artificial intelligence if you really look at the power of exponential growth youll see that these things are pretty soon at hand -and information technology is increasingly encompassing all of our lives from our music to our manufacturing to our biology -for some thirty years i realized that my technologies had to make sense when i finished the project that invariably the world was a different place -to our energy to materials well be able to manufacture almost anything we need in the twenty twenties from information in very inexpensive raw materials using -when i would introduce a technology and i noticed that most inventions fail not because the r d department cant get it to work if you look at most business plans -they will actually succeed if given the opportunity to build what they say theyre going to build and ninety percent of those projects or more will fail because the timing is wrong not all the enabling factors will be in place -when theyre needed so i began to be an ardent student of technology trends and track where technology would be at different points in time -and began to build the mathematical models of that its kind of taken on a life of its own ive got a group of ten people that work with me to gather data -on key measures of technology in many different areas and we build models and youll hear people say well we cant predict the future and if you ask me -will the price of google be higher or lower than it is today three years from now thats very hard to say will wimax cdma g three be the wireless standard three years from now thats hard to say -there are remarkably smooth exponential curves that govern price performance capacity bandwidth and im going to show you a small sample of this but theres really a theoretical reason why technology -an exponential fashion and a lot of people when they think about the future think about it linearly they think theyre going to continue to develop -into the project the skeptics were still going strong says youre two thirds through this project and youve managed to only sequence -a very tiny percentage of the whole genome but its the nature of exponential growth that once it reaches the knee of the curve it explodes most of the project was done in the last -few years of the project it took us fifteen years to sequence hiv we sequenced sars in thirty one days so we are gaining the potential to overcome -these problems im going to show you just a few examples of how pervasive this phenomena is the actual paradigm shift rate the rate of adopting new ideas is doubling every decade according to our models these are all logarithmic graphs -so as you go up the levels it represents generally multiplying by factor of ten or one hundred it took us half a century to adopt the telephone the first virtual reality technology cell phones were adopted in about eight years if you put different -we cant do that today because solar panels are heavy expensive and very inefficient there are nano engineered designs -now this is an interesting chart and this really gets at the fundamental reason why an evolutionary process and both biology and technology are evolutionary processes -they work through interaction they create a capability and then it uses that capability to bring on the next stage so the first step in biological evolution -the evolution of dna actually it was rna came first took billions of years but then evolution used that information processing backbone to bring on the next stage so the cambrian explosion when all the body plans of the animals were -of an evolutionary process so homo sapiens the first technology creating species the species that combined a cognitive function with an opposable appendage and by the way chimpanzees dont really have a very good -so we could actually manipulate our environment with a power grip and fine motor coordination and use our mental models to actually change the world and bring on technology but anyway the evolution of our species took hundreds of thousands of years -which at least have been analyzed theoretically that show the potential to be very lightweight very inexpensive very efficient and wed be able to actually provide all of our energy needs in this renewable way nano engineered fuel cells could provide the energy where its needed -stone tools fire the wheel kept accelerating we always used then the latest generation of technology to create the next generation printing press took a century to be adopted -the first computers were designed pen on paper now we use computers and weve had a continual acceleration of this process now by the way if you look at this on a linear graph it looks like everything has just happened -but some observer says well kurzweil just put points on this graph that fall on that straight line so i took fifteen different lists from key thinkers like the encyclopedia britannica the museum of natural history carl sagans cosmic calendar -on the same and these people were not trying to make my point these were just lists in reference works and i think thats what they thought the key events were in biological evolution and technological evolution -see a very clear trend theres a basic profound acceleration of this evolutionary process -a personal experience when i was at mit computer taking up about the size of this room less powerful than the computer in your -but moores law which is very often identified with this exponential growth is just one example of many because its basically a property of the evolutionary process of technology -if we i put forty nine famous computers on this logarithmic graph by the way a straight line on a logarithmic graph is exponential growth -thats a key trend which is decentralization moving from centralized nuclear power plants and liquid natural gas tankers to decentralized resources that are environmentally more friendly a lot -of left field to continue the exponential growth they were shrinking vacuum tubes making them smaller and smaller that hit a wall they couldnt shrink them and keep the vacuum -whole different paradigm transistors came out of the woodwork in fact when we see the end of the line for a particular paradigm it creates research pressure to create the next paradigm -but by the teen years the features of transistors will be a few atoms in width and we wont be able to shrink them any more thatll be the end of moores law but it wont be the end of the exponential growth of computing because chips are flat we live in a three dimensional world we might as well use the third dimension -we will go into the third dimension and its been tremendous progress just in the last few years of getting three dimensional self organizing molecular circuits to work -well have those ready well before moores law runs out of steam supercomputers same thing -its pretty remarkable how smooth an exponential process that is i mean youd think this is the result of some tabletop -what one molecule in a gas will do its hopeless to predict a single molecule yet we can predict the properties of the whole gas using -very accurately its the same thing here we cant predict any particular project but the result of this whole worldwide chaotic unpredictable -unlike gertrude steins roses its not the case that a transistor is a transistor as we make them smaller and less expensive the electrons have less distance to travel theyre faster -more efficient and capable and safe from disruption bono spoke very eloquently that we have the tools for the first time to -other forms of innovation and processor design you get a doubling of price performance of computing every one year -and thats basically deflation fifty percent deflation and its not just computers i mean its true of dna sequencing its true of brain scanning -its true of the world wide web i mean anything that we can quantify we have hundreds of different measurements of different information related measurements capacity adoption rates and they basically double every twelve thirteen fifteen months depending on what youre looking at -in terms of price performance thats a fifty forty to fifty percent deflation rate and economists have actually started worrying about that we had deflation during the -we actually more than keep up with it weve had twenty eight percent per year compounded growth in dollars in information technology over the last -fifty years i mean people didnt build ipods for ten thousand dollars ten years ago as the price performance makes new applications feasible -new applications come to the market and this is a very widespread phenomena magnetic data storage thats not moores law its shrinking magnetic spots different engineers different companies same exponential process -a key revolution is that were understanding our own biology in these information terms were understanding the software programs that -make our body run these were evolved in very different times wed like to actually change those programs one little software program called the fat insulin receptor gene basically says hold onto every calorie because the next hunting season may not -address age old problems of disease and poverty most regions of the world are moving in that direction -work out so well that was in the interests of the species tens of thousands of years ago wed like to actually turn that program off they tried that in animals and these mice ate ravenously and remained slim and got the health benefits of being slim they didnt get diabetes -get heart disease they lived twenty percent longer they got the health benefits of caloric restriction without the restriction four or five pharmaceutical companies have noticed this felt that would be -at this conference like myself to live much longer because we were using up the precious resources which were better deployed towards the children and those caring for them so life long lifespans like that is to say much more than thirty werent selected for -but we are learning to actually manipulate and change these software programs through the biotechnology revolution for example we can inhibit -genes now with rna interference there are exciting new forms of gene therapy that overcome the problem of placing the genetic material in the right place on the chromosome -actually a for the first time now something going to human trials that actually cures pulmonary hypertension a fatal disease -a penny in two thousand its now under a tenth of a cent the amount of genetic data basically this is this shows that smooth exponential growth doubled every year -enabling the genome project to be completed another major revolution the communications revolution the price performance bandwidth capacity of communications measured many different ways wired wireless -is growing exponentially the internet has been doubling in power and continues to measured many different ways this is based on the number of -the most exciting opportunity is actually to go inside the human body and perform therapeutic and diagnostic functions and this is less futuristic than it may sound -tens of thousands of these in the blood cell they tried this in rats it lets insulin out in a controlled fashion and actually cures type one diabetes what youre watching is -in its intricacy once we understand its principles of operation and the pace with which we are reverse engineering biology is accelerating -we can actually design these things to be thousands of times more capable an analysis of this respirocyte designed by rob freitas indicates if you replace ten percent of your red blood cells with these robotic versions -see what we do in our olympic trials presumably well ban them but then well have the specter of teenagers in their high schools gyms routinely out performing the olympic athletes -in nineteen fifties they were shrinking vacuum tubes making them smaller and smaller they finally hit a wall they couldnt shrink the vacuum tube any more and keep the vacuum and that was the end of the shrinking of vacuum tubes but it was not the end of the exponential growth of computing we went to the fourth paradigm -made not a dent in this exponential progression well see the same thing in the economic recession were having now at least the exponential growth of information technology capability will continue unabated -and i just updated these graphs because i had them through two thousand and two in my book the singularity is near so we updated them so i could present it here -to two thousand and seven and i was asked well arent you nervous maybe it kind of didnt stay on this exponential progression -was a little nervous because maybe the data wouldnt be right but ive done this now for thirty years and it has stayed on this exponential progression -but look at how predictable this is and id say this knowledge is over fitting to past data ive been making these forward looking predictions for about thirty years -and the cost of a transistor cycle which is a measure of the price performance of electronics comes down about every year thats a fifty percent deflation rate and its also true of other examples like dna data or brain data -and our intuition is linear when we walked through the savanna a thousand years ago we made linear predictions where that animal would be and that worked fine its hardwired in our brains but the pace of exponential growth is really what describes -but we more than make up for that we actually ship more than twice as much of every form of information technology weve had eighteen percent growth -in constant dollars in every form of information technology for the last half century despite the fact that you can get twice as much of it each year -this is a completely different example this is not moores law the amount of dna data weve sequenced has doubled every year the cost has come down by half -every year and this has been a smooth progression since the beginning of the genome project and halfway through the project skeptics said this is not working out youre halfway through the genome project and youve finished one percent -of the project but that was really right on schedule because if you double one percent seven more times which is exactly what happened you get one hundred percent and the project was finished on time -i wrote over twenty years ago in the age of intelligent machines when the soviet union was going strong that it would be swept away by this growth of decentralized communication -and we will have plenty of computation as we go through the twenty one st century to do things like simulate regions of the human brain but where will we get the software some critics say oh well software is stuck in the mud -but we are learning more and more about the human brain spatial resolution of brain scanning is doubling every year the amount of data were getting about the brain is doubling every year and were showing that we can actually turn this -into working models and simulations of brain regions there is about twenty regions of the brain that have been modeled simulated -the auditory cortex regions of the visual cortex cerebellum where we do our skill formation slices of the cerebral cortex where we do our rational thinking -and were all concerned about energy and the environment well this is a logarithmic graph this represents a smooth doubling every two years -of the amount of solar energy were creating particularly as were now applying nanotechnology a form of information technology -to solar panels and were only eight doublings away from it meeting one hundred percent of our energy needs and there is ten thousand times more sunlight than we need -in twenty five years and we will begin to actually deeply influence our health and our intelligence as we get closer and closer to this technology -based on that we are announcing here at ted in true ted tradition singularity university its a new university thats founded by peter diamandis who is here in the audience and myself its backed by nasa -and google and other leaders in the high tech and science community and our goal was to assemble the leaders both teachers and students -in these exponentially growing information technologies and their application but larry page made an impassioned speech at our organizing meeting saying we should devote -this study to actually addressing some of the major challenges facing humanity and if we did that then google would back this and so thats what weve done -the last third of the nine week intensive summer session will be devoted to a group project to address some major challenge of humanity like for example applying -the internet which is now ubiquitous in the rural areas of china or in africa to bringing health information to developing areas of the world and these projects will continue past -these sessions using collaborative interactive communication all the intellectual property that is created and taught will be online and available and developed online in a collaborative fashion here is our founding meeting -take thirty steps exponentially two four eight sixteen i get to a billion it makes a huge difference and that really describes information technology when i was a student at mit -but this is being announced today it will be permanently headquartered in silicon valley at the nasa ames research center there are different programs for graduate students for executives at different -the first six tracks here artificial intelligence advanced computing technologies biotechnology nanotechnology are the different core areas -of information technology then we are going to apply them to the other areas like energy ecology policy law and ethics entrepreneurship so that people can bring these new technologies to the world -so were very appreciative of the support weve gotten from both the intellectual leaders the high tech leaders particularly google and nasa this is an exciting new venture and we invite you to participate thank you very much -thats a billion fold increase in capability per dollar that weve actually experienced since i was a student and were going to do it again in the next twenty five years information technology progresses through a series of s curves -and moores law was not the first paradigm to bring exponential growth to computing the exponential growth of computing started decades before gordon moore was even born -and while we were there we learned the seriousness of the water crisis in northern africa we also learned that many of the issues facing the people of northern africa affected young people the most -a month ago today i stood there -we are capable of doing anything we set our minds to but if im going to continue doing these adventures there has to be a reason for me to do them beyond just getting there -around that time i met an extraordinary human being peter thum who inspired me with his actions hes trying to find and solve water issues the crisis around the world his dedication inspired me -to come up with this expedition a run to the south pole where with an interactive website i will be able to bring young people students and teachers from around the world on board the expedition with me -ninety degrees south the top of the bottom of the world the geographic south pole and i stood there beside two very good friends of mine richard weber and kevin vallely together we had just broken the world speed record for a trek to the south pole -as active members so we would have a live website that every single day of the thirty three days we would be blogging telling stories of you know depleted ozone forcing us to cover our faces or we will burn -we were blogging to this live website daily to these students that were tracking us as well about ten hour trekking days fifteen hour trekking days -sometimes twenty hours of trekking daily to meet our goal wed catch cat naps at forty below on our sled incidentally -in turn students people from around the world would ask us questions young people would ask the most amazing questions one of my favorite its forty below youve got to go to the bathroom -what do you eat one of my favorite dishes on expedition butter and bacon its about a million calories we were burning about eight thousand five hundred a day so we needed it -batteries do you carry for all the equipment that you have virtually none all of our equipment including film equipment was charged by the sun and do you get along -i certainly hope so because at some point or another on this expedition one of your teammates is going to have to take a very big needle and put it in an infected blister and drain it for you -but seriously seriously we did get along because we had a common goal of wanting to inspire these young people they were our teammates they were inspiring us -i remember looking at the guys thinking what do i take from this journey you know seriously that im this uber endurance guy -took us thirty three days twenty three hours and fifty five minutes to get there we shaved five days off the previous best time and in the process i became the first person in history -as i stand here today talking to you guys ive been running for the grand sum of five years and before that -a pack a day smoker living a very sedentary lifestyle what i take from this journey from my journeys is that in fact -can you imagine seriously can you imagine -this at forty years of age imagine being thirteen years old hearing those words and believing it thank you very much -to make the entire six hundred and fifty mile journey from hercules inlet to south pole solely on feet without skis now many of you are probably saying wait a sec is this tough to do -imagine if you will dragging a sled as you just saw in that video clip with one hundred and seventy pounds of gear in it everything you need to survive -on your antarctic trek its going to be forty below every single day youll be in a massive headwind and at some point youre going to have to cross these cracks in the ice these -some of them have a very precarious thin footbridge underneath them that could give way at a moments notice taking your sled you into the abyss never to be seen again -the punchline to your journey look at the horizon yes its uphill the entire way because the south pole is at ten thousand feet and youre starting at sea level -you make a blood flow movie you have an independent proxy of brain activity this has literally revolutionized cognitive science take any cognitive domain you want memory motor planning thinking about your mother in law getting angry at people emotional response it goes on and on -put people into functional mri devices and image how these kinds of variables map onto brain activity its in its early stages and its crude by some measures but in fact twenty years ago we were at nothing you couldnt do people like this you couldnt do healthy people -thats caused a literal revolution and its opened us up to a new experimental preparation neurobiologists as you well know -have lots of experimental preps worms and rodents and fruit flies and things like this and now we have a new experimental prep human beings we can now use human beings to study and model the software in human beings and we have a few burgeoning biological measures -everyone is interested in other people everyone has relationships with other people and theyre interested in these relationships for a variety of reasons good relationships bad relationships annoying relationships agnostic relationships -i wont go through the details of it but thats an important discovery and we know a good bit about that now and its just a small piece of it but its important because those are the neurons that you would lose if you had parkinsons disease -and theyre also the neurons that are hijacked by literally every drug of abuse and that makes sense drugs of abuse would come in and they would change the way you value the world they change the way you value the symbols associated with your drug of choice and they make you value that -over everything else heres the key feature though these neurons are also involved in the way you can assign value to literally abstract ideas and i put some symbols up here that we assign value to for various reasons -we have a behavioral superpower in our brain and it at least in part involves dopamine we can deny every instinct we have for survival for an idea for a mere idea no other species can do that in one thousand nine hundred and ninety seven the cult heavens gate committed -and what im going to do is focus on the central piece of an interaction that goes on in a relationship so im going to take as inspiration the fact that were all interested in interacting with other people -using exactly the same systems that were put there to make them survive thats a lot of control -okay one thing that ive left out of this narrative is the obvious thing which is the focus of the rest of my little talk and that is other people these same valuation systems are redeployed when were valuing interactions with other people -let me give you an example of this -you bring to the table such enormous processing power in this domain that you hardly even notice it -heres a couple theyre sharing a moment together and weve even done an experiment where you can cut out different pieces of this frame and you can still see that theyre sharing it theyre sharing it sort of in parallel now the elements of the scene also communicate this to us but you can read it straight off their faces and if you compare their faces to normal faces it would be a very subtle cue -heres another couple hes projecting out at us and shes clearly projecting you know love and admiration at him heres another couple -and im thinking im not seeing love and admiration on the left -im going to completely strip it of all its complicating features and im going to turn that -it gives them the pie it gives that kind of a behavioral punch which weve called a superpower so how can we take that and arrange a kind of staged social interaction and turn that into a scientific probe and the short answer is games -economic games so what we do is we go into two areas one area is called experimental economics the other area is called behavioral economics and we steal their games and we contrive them to our own purposes so this shows you one particular game called an ultimatum game red person is given a hundred dollars and can offer a split to blue -lets say red wants to keep seventy and offers blue thirty so he offers a seventy thirty split with blue -control passes to blue and blue says i accept it in which case hed get the money or blue says i reject it in which case no one gets anything okay so -object that simplified object into a scientific probe and provide the early stages embryonic stages of new insights into what happens in two brains while they simultaneously interact -a rational choice economist would say well you should take all non zero offers what do people do people are indifferent at an eighty twenty split at eighty twenty its a coin flip whether you accept that or not why is that you know because youre pissed off -youre mad thats an unfair offer and you know what an unfair offer is this is the kind of game done by my lab and many around the world that just gives you an example of the kind of thing that these games probe -the interesting thing is these games require that you have a lot of cognitive apparatus on line you have to be able to come to the table with a proper model of another person you have to be able to remember what youve done you have to stand up in the moment to do that then you have to update your model based on the signals coming back -you sit across the desk from somebody they have some prior image of you you send signals across the desk to move their image of you from one place to a place where you want it to be -was diminished the birds would swoon before people would so it acted as an early warning system hey get out of the mine things arent going so well -people come to the table and even these very blunt staged social interactions and they and theres just numbers going back and forth between the people and they bring enormous sensitivities to it so we realized we could exploit this and in fact as weve done that and weve done this now in many thousands of people i think on the order of -five or six thousand we actually to make this a biological probe need bigger numbers than that remarkably so but anyway -patterns have emerged and weve been able to take those patterns convert them into mathematical models and use those mathematical models to gain new insights into these exchanges okay so what well the so what is thats a really nice behavioral measure the economic games bring to us notions of optimal play we can compute that during the game -and we can use that to sort of carve up the behavior -heres the cool thing six or seven years ago we developed a team it was at the time in houston texas its now in virginia and london -and we built software thatll link functional magnetic resonance imaging devices up over the internet i guess weve done up to six machines at a time but lets just focus on two so it synchronizes machines anywhere in the world we synchronize the machines -the first is we can now eavesdrop safely on healthy brain activity without needles and radioactivity without any kind of clinical reason we can go down the street and record from your friends and neighbors brains while they do a variety of cognitive tasks and we use a method called functional magnetic resonance imaging -set them into these staged social interactions and we eavesdrop on both of the interacting brains so for the first time we dont have to look at just averages over single individuals or have individuals playing computers or try to make inferences that way we can study individual dyads we can study the way that one person interacts with another person -turn the numbers up and start to gain new insights into the boundaries of normal cognition -but more importantly we can put people with classically defined mental illnesses or brain damage -into these social interactions and use these as probes of that so weve started this effort weve made a few hits a few i think embryonic discoveries we think theres a future to this but its our way of going in and redefining with a new lexicon a mathematical one actually as opposed to the standard ways that we think about mental illness -that is we exploit the fact that the healthy partner playing somebody with major depression or playing somebody with autism spectrum disorder or playing somebody with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder we use that as a kind of biosensor and then we use computer programs to model that person and it gives us a kind of assay of this -early days and were just beginning were setting up sites around the world here are a few of our collaborating sites the hub ironically enough is centered in little roanoke virginia theres another hub in london now and the rest are getting set up we hope to give the data away at some stage -thats a complicated issue about making it available to the rest of the world but were also studying just a small part of what makes us interesting as human beings and so i would invite other people who are interested in this to ask us for the software or even for guidance on how to move forward with that let me leave you with one thought in closing -the interesting thing about studying cognition has been that weve been limited in a way we just havent had the tools to look at -interacting brains simultaneously -the fact is though that even when were alone were a profoundly social creature were not a solitary mind built out of properties that kept it alive in the world independent of other people in fact our minds -so this is the first sort of step into using that insight into what makes us human beings turning it into a tool and trying to gain new insights into mental illness thanks for having me -youve probably all read about it or heard about in some incarnation let me give you a two sentence version of it so weve all heard of mris mris use magnetic fields and radio waves and they take snapshots of your brain or your knee or your stomach grayscale images that are frozen in time -in the one thousand nine hundred and ninety s it was discovered you could use the same machines in a different mode and in that mode you could make microscopic blood flow movies from hundreds of thousands of sites independently in the brain -the german magazine stern a news magazine had its app censored because the apple nannies deemed it to be a little bit too racy for their users -and despite the fact that this magazine is perfectly legal for sale on newsstands throughout germany and more controversially recently apple censored a palestinian protest app after the israeli government voiced concerns that it might be used to organize violent attacks -so heres the thing we have a situation where private companies are applying censorship standards -that are often quite arbitrary -and generally more narrow than the free speech constitutional standards that we have in democracies or theyre responding to censorship requests by authoritarian regimes that do not reflect consent of the governed or theyre responding to requests and concerns by governments -that have no jurisdiction over many or most of the users and viewers who are interacting with the content in question -was controlled almost entirely by nation states but now we have this new layer of private sovereignty in cyberspace -and their decisions about software coding engineering design terms of service all act as a kind of law that shapes what we can and cannot do with our digital lives and their sovereignties cross cutting globally interlinked -can in some ways challenge the sovereignties of nation states in very exciting ways -but sometimes also act to project and extend it at a time when control over what people can and cannot do with information has more effect than ever on the exercise of power in our physical world -and these platforms were certainly very helpful to activists in tunisia and egypt this past spring and beyond as wael ghonim the google egyptian executive by day secret facebook activist by night -famously said to cnn after mubarak stepped down if you want to liberate a society just give them the internet -but overthrowing a government is one thing and building a stable democracy is a bit more complicated on the left theres a photo taken by an egyptian activist who was part of the storming of the egyptian state security offices in march -and many of the agents shredded as many of the documents as they could and left them behind in piles but some of the -files were left behind intact -and activists some of them found their own surveillance dossiers full of transcripts of their email exchanges their cellphone text message exchanges even skype conversations and one activist actually found a contract -from a western company for the sale of surveillance technology to the egyptian security forces and egyptian activists are assuming that these technologies for surveillance are still being used by the transitional authorities running the networks there -and in tunisia censorship actually began to return in may not nearly as extensively as under president ben ali but youll see here a blocked page of what happens when you try to reach certain facebook pages and some other websites that the transitional authorities have determined might incite violence -in protest over this blogger slim amamou who had been jailed under ben ali and then became part of the transitional government after the revolution he resigned in protest from the cabinet -but theres been a lot of debate in tunisia about how to handle this kind of problem in fact on twitter there were a number of people who were supportive of the revolution who said well actually we do want democracy and free expression but there is some kinds of speech that need to be off bounds because its too violent and it might be destabilizing for our democracy -but the problem is how do you decide who is in power to make these decisions and how do you make sure that they do not abuse their power -as riadh guerfali the veteran digital activist from tunisia remarked over this incident before things were simple you had the good guys on one side and the bad guys on the other today things are a lot more subtle -welcome to democracy our tunisian and egyptian friends the reality is that -even in democratic societies today we do not have good answers -for how you balance the need for security and law enforcement on one hand and protection of civil liberties and free speech on the other in our digital networks -amazon webhosting dropped wikileaks as a customer after receiving a complaint from u s senator joe lieberman despite the fact that wikileaks had not been charged let alone convicted of any crime -so we assume that the internet is a border busting technology this is a map of -social networks worldwide and certainly facebook has conquered much of the world which is either a good or a bad thing depending on how you like the way facebook manages its service but borders do persist in some parts of cyberspace in brazil and japan its for unique cultural and linguistic reasons -but if you look at china vietnam and a number of the former soviet states -whats happening there is more troubling you have a situation where the relationship between government and local social networking companies -is creating a situation where effectively the empowering potential of these platforms is being constrained because of these relationships between companies -and government now in china you have the great firewall as its well known that blocks facebook and -and thats done in part with the help from western technology but thats only half of the story the other part of the story are requirements that the chinese government places on all companies operating on the chinese internet -presented awards to the top twenty chinese companies that are best -in russia they do not generally block the internet and directly censor websites but this is a website called rospil thats an anti corruption site and earlier this year there was a troubling incident where people who had made donations to rospil through -a payments processing system called yandex money -suddenly received threatening phone calls from members of a nationalist party who had obtained details about donors to rospil through members of the security services who had somehow obtained this information from people at yandex money -this has a chilling effect on peoples ability to use the internet to hold government accountable -so we have a situation in the world today where in more and more countries -the relationship between citizens and governments is mediated through the internet which is comprised primarily of privately owned and operated services so the important question i think is not this debate over whether the internet is going to help the good guys -more than the bad guys of course its going to empower whoever is most skilled at using the technology and best understands the internet in comparison with whoever their adversary is the most urgent question we need to be asking today is how do we make sure -that the internet evolves in a citizen centric manner -because i think all of you will agree that the only legitimate purpose of government is to serve citizens and i would argue that the only legitimate purpose of technology is to improve our lives not to manipulate or enslave us so -the question is we know how to hold government accountable we dont necessarily always do it very well but we have a sense of what the models are politically and institutionally to do that -powerful even today technology created by innovative companies will set us all free -how do you hold the sovereigns of cyberspace accountable to the public interest when most ceos argue that their main obligation is to maximize shareholder profit -and government regulation often isnt helping all that much you have situations for instance in france where president sarkozy tells the ceos of internet companies were the only legitimate representatives of the public interest -but then he goes and champions laws like the infamous three strikes law that would disconnect citizens from the internet for file sharing which has been condemned -by the u n special rapporteur on freedom of expression as being a disproportionate -violation of citizens right to communications and has raised questions amongst civil society groups about whether some political representatives are more interested in preserving the interests of the entertainment industry than they are in defending the rights of their citizens -and here in the united kingdom theres also concern over a law called the digital economy act thats placing more onus -on private intermediaries to police citizen behavior -so what we need to recognize is that if we want to have a citizen -centric internet in the future we need a broader and more sustained internet freedom movement -fast forward more than two decades apple launches the iphone in china and censors the dalai lama out along with several other politically sensitive applications at the request of the chinese government for its chinese app store -after all companies didnt stop polluting groundwater as a matter of course -or employing ten year olds as a matter of course just because executives woke up one day and decided it was the right thing to do it was the result of decades of sustained activism shareholder advocacy and consumer advocacy similarly governments dont enact -intelligent environmental and labor laws just because politicians wake up one day its the result of very sustained and prolonged political activism that you get the right regulations and that you get the right corporate behavior we need to make the same approach with the internet -we also are going to need political innovation eight hundred years ago approximately the barons of england decided that the divine right of kings was no longer working for them so well and they forced king john to sign the magna carta -which recognized that even the king who claimed to have divine rule still had to abide by a basic set of rules -this set off a cycle of what we can call political innovation which led eventually to the idea of consent of the governed which was implemented for the first time by that radical revolutionary government in america across the pond -so now we need to figure out how to build consent of the networked and what does that look like at the moment we still dont know but its going to require innovation -thats not only going to need to focus on politics on geopolitics but its also going to need to deal with -questions of business management investor behavior consumer choice and even software design and engineering -the american political cartoonist mark fiore also had his satire application censored in the united states because some of apples staff were concerned it would be offensive to some groups his app wasnt reinstated until he won the pulitzer prize -and at the end of my freshman year of college i read an article about the work that dr barry zuckerman was doing as chair of pediatrics at boston medical center and his first hire was a legal services attorney to represent the patients -so i called barry and with his blessing in october one thousand nine hundred and ninety five walked into the waiting room of the pediatrics clinic at boston medical center ill never forget the tvs played this endless reel of cartoons -and the exhaustion of mothers who had taken two three sometimes four buses to bring their child to the doctor was just palpable -the doctors it seemed never really had enough time for all the patients try as they might and over the course of six months i would corner them in the hallway and ask them a sort of naive but fundamental question if you had unlimited resources whats the one thing you would give your patients -and i heard the same story again and again a story weve heard hundreds of times since then they said every day we have patients that come into the clinic child has an ear infection i prescribe antibiotics but the real issue is theres no food at home -freshman year of college i signed up for an internship in the housing unit at greater boston legal services -the real issue is that child is living with twelve other people in a two bedroom apartment and i dont even ask about those issues because theres nothing i can do -i have thirteen minutes with each patient patients are piling up in the clinic waiting room i have no idea where the nearest food pantry is and i dont even have any help in that clinic even today there are two social workers for twenty four thousand pediatric patients which is better than a lot of the clinics out there -so health leads was born of these conversations a simple model where doctors and nurses can prescribe nutritious food heat in the winter and other basic resources for their patients the same way they prescribe medication -patients then take their prescriptions to our desk in the clinic waiting room where we have a core of well trained college student advocates who work side by side with these families to connect them out to the existing landscape of community resources -up the first day ready to make coffee and photocopies but was paired with this righteous deeply inspired attorney named jeff purcell who thrust me onto the front lines from the very first day -so we began with a card table in the clinic waiting room totally lemonade stand style but today we have a thousand college student advocates who are working to connect nearly nine thousand patients and their families with the resources that they need to be healthy -so eighteen months ago i got this email that changed my life and the email was from dr jack geiger who had written to congratulate me on health leads and to share as he said a bit of historical context -in one thousand nine hundred and sixty five dr geiger founded one of the first two community health centers in this country in a brutally poor area in the mississippi delta -and so many of his patients came in presenting with malnutrition that be began prescribing food for them and they would take these prescriptions to the local supermarket which would fill them and then charge the pharmacy budget of the clinic -and when the office of economic opportunity in washington d c which was funding geigers clinic found out about this they were furious and they sent this bureaucrat down to tell geiger that he was expected to use their dollars for medical care -to which geiger famously and logically responded the last time i checked my textbooks the specific therapy for malnutrition was food -here we are forty five years after geiger has prescribed food for his patients and i have doctors telling me on those issues we practice a dont ask dont tell policy -forty five years after geiger health leads has to reinvent the prescription for basic resources -so i have spent hours upon hours trying to make sense of this weird groundhog day -how is it that if for decades we had a pretty straightforward tool for keeping patients and especially low income patients healthy that we didnt use it if we know what it takes to have a healthcare system rather than a sick care system why dont we just do it -and over the course of nine months i had the chance to have dozens of conversations with low income families in boston -these questions in my mind are not hard because the answers are complicated -they are hard because they require that we be honest with ourselves my belief is that its almost too painful to articulate our aspirations for our healthcare system or even admit that we have any at all because if we did they would be so removed from our current reality -but that doesnt change my belief that all of us deep inside here in this room and across this country share a similar set of desires -what if we decided to make a different set of choices what if we decided to take all the parts of healthcare that have drifted away from us and stand firm and say no these things are ours they will be used for -who would come in presenting with housing issues -so thats where health leads began we started with the prescription pad a very ordinary piece of paper and we asked not what do patients need to get healthy antibiotics an inhaler medication -but always had an underlying health issue -and when the doctor begins the visit she knows height weight is there food at home is the family living in a shelter and that not only leads to a better set of clinical choices but the doctor can also prescribe those resources for the patient using health leads like any other sub specialty referral -so i had a client who came in about to be evicted because he hasnt paid his rent -the problem is once you get a taste of what its like to realize your aspiration for healthcare you want more so we thought if we can get individual doctors to prescribe these basic resources for their patients could we get an entire healthcare system to shift its presumption -and we gave it a shot so now at harlem hospital center when patients come in with an elevated body mass index -but he hasnt paid his rent of course because hes paying for his hiv medication and just cant afford -so on the one hand this is just a basic recoding of the electronic medical record -and on the other hand its a radical transformation of the electronic medical record from a static repository of diagnostic information to a health promotion tool in the private sector when you squeeze that kind of additional value out of a fixed cost investment its called a billion dollar company -but in my world its called reduced obesity and diabetes its called healthcare a system where doctors can prescribe solutions to improve health not just manage disease same thing in the clinic waiting room -so every day in this country three million patients pass through about one hundred and fifty thousand clinic waiting rooms in this country and what do they do when theyre there they sit they watch the goldfish in the fish tank they read extremely old copies of good housekeeping magazine -we had moms who would come in daughter has asthma wakes up covered in cockroaches every morning and one of our litigation strategies was actually to send me into the home of these clients with these large glass bottles -if airports can become shopping malls and mcdonalds can become playgrounds surely we can reinvent the clinic waiting room -and thats what health leads has tried to do to reclaim that real estate and that time and to use it as a gateway to connect patients to the resources they need to be healthy -so its a brutal winter in the northeast your kid has asthma your heat just got turned off and of course youre in the waiting room of the er because the cold air triggered your childs asthma but what if instead of waiting for hours anxiously -the waiting room became the place where health leads turned your heat back on -we know that our doctors and nurses and even social workers arent enough that the ticking minutes of health care are too constraining health just takes more time it requires a non clinical army of community health workers and case managers and many others -what if a small part of that next healthcare workforce were the eleven million college students in this country -now lest you think it improbable that a college volunteer can make this kind of commitment i have two words for you march madness the average ncaa division i mens basketball player dedicates thirty nine hours a week to his sport now we may think thats good or bad -but in either case its real and health leads is based on the presumption that for too long we have asked too little of our college students when it comes to real impact in vulnerable communities -college sports teams say were going to take dozens of hours at some field across campus at some ungodly hour of the morning and were going to measure your performance and your teams performance and if you dont measure up or you dont show up were going to cut you off the team -and i would collect the cockroaches hot glue gun them to this poster board that wed bring to court for our cases and we always won because the judges were just so grossed out -but well make huge investments in your training and development and well give you an extraordinary community of peers -and people line up out the door just for the chance to be part of it so our feeling is if its good enough for the rugby team its good enough for health and poverty -health leads too recruits competitively trains intensively coaches professionally demands significant time builds a cohesive team and measures results a kind of teach for america for healthcare -now in the top ten cities in the u s with the largest number of medicaid patients each of those has at least twenty thousand college students new york alone has half a million college students -and this isnt just a sort of short term workforce to connect patients to basic resources its a next generation healthcare leadership pipeline -and the thing is theres thousands of these folks already out there -mia says when my classmates write a prescription they think their work is done -when i write a prescription i think can the family read the prescription do they have transportation to the pharmacy do they have food to take with the prescription do they have insurance to fill the prescription those are the questions i learned at health leads not in medical school -far more effective i have to say than anything i later learned in law school but over the course of these nine months i grew frustrated with feeling like we were intervening too far downstream in the lives of our clients that by the time they came to us they were already in crisis -now none of these solutions the prescription pad the electronic medical record the waiting room the army of college students are perfect -so i had been at legal services for about nine months when this idea of health leads started percolating in my mind and i knew i had to tell jeff purcell my attorney that i needed to leave and i was so nervous because i thought he was going to be disappointed in me for abandoning our clients for some crazy idea -when you have a vision you have an obligation to realize that vision you must pursue that vision and i have to say i was like whoa -waking minute nearly since then chasing that vision -i believe that we all have a vision for healthcare in this country -i believe that at the end of the day when we measure our healthcare it will not be by the diseases cured but by the diseases prevented it will not be by the excellence of our technologies or the sophistication of our specialists but by how rarely we needed them -and most of all i believe that when we measure healthcare it will be not by what the system was but by what we chose it to be thank you -that we share with all other animals with monkeys and mice and even sea slugs and yet you put them together in a particular network and what you get is the capacity to write romeo and juliet -or to say as alan greenspan did i know you think you understand what you thought i said but im not sure you realize that what you heard is not what i meant -so the job of my field of cognitive neuroscience is to stand with these ideas one in each hand and to try to understand how you can put together -simple units simple messages over space and time in a network and get this amazing human capacity to think about minds -to tell you three things about this today obviously the whole project here is huge and im going to tell you just our first few steps -about the discovery of a special brain region for thinking about other peoples thoughts some observations on the slow development of this system as we learn how to do this difficult job -today im going to talk to you about the problem of other minds and the problem im going to talk about is not the familiar one from philosophy which is -and then finally to show that some of the differences between people in how we judge others can be explained by differences in this brain system -so first the first thing i want to tell you is that there is a brain region in the human brain in your brains whose job it is to think about other peoples thoughts this is a picture of it -its called the right temporo parietal junction its above and behind your right ear and this is the brain region you used when you saw the pictures i showed you or when you read romeo and juliet or when you tried to understand alan greenspan -and you dont use it for solving any other kinds of logical problems so this brain region is called the rtpj and this picture shows the average activation in a group of what we call typical human adults theyre mit undergraduates -the second thing i want to say about this brain system is that although we human adults are really good at understanding other minds we werent always that way it takes children a long time to break into the system im going to show you a little bit of that long extended process -the first thing im going to show you is a change between age three and five as kids learn to understand that somebody else can have beliefs that are different from their own so im going to show you a five year old who is getting a standard kind of puzzle that we call the false belief task -how can we know whether other people have minds that is maybe you have a mind and everyone else is just a really convincing robot -this is the first pirate his name is ivan -really like cheese -yeah so ivan has this cheese sandwich and he says yum yum yum yum yum i really love cheese sandwiches -and ivan puts his sandwich over here on top of the pirate chest and ivan says -yum yum yum yum yum i love cheese sandwiches and he puts his cheese sandwich over here on top of the pirate -so thats a five year old who clearly understands that other people can have false beliefs and what the consequences are for their actions now im going to show you a three year old who got the same puzzle -so thats a problem in philosophy but for todays purposes im going to assume that many people in this audience have a mind and that i dont have to worry about this -i want my cheese sandwich which sandwich is he going to take do you think hes going to take that one lets see what happens lets see what he does here comes ivan and he says -i want my cheese sandwich and he takes this one -so the three year old does two things differently first he predicts ivan will take the sandwich -really his and second when he sees ivan taking the sandwich where he left his where we would say hes taking that one because he thinks its -by upping the ante and asking children now not for an action prediction but for a moral judgement so first im going to show you the three year old again -being mean and naughty for taking joshuas sandwich yeah r s should ivan get in trouble for taking joshua -a second problem that is maybe even more familiar to us as parents and teachers and spouses and novelists -maybe not surprising he thinks it was mean of ivan to take joshuas sandwich since he thinks ivan only took joshuas sandwich to avoid having to eat his own dirty sandwich -was ivan being mean and naughty for taking joshuas sandwich um yeah r s and so it is not until age seven -that we get what looks more like an adult response r s should ivan get in trouble for taking joshuas sandwich -the -and now what weve started to do in my lab is to put children into the brain scanner and ask -whats going on in their brain as they develop this ability to think about other peoples thoughts -so the first thing is that in children we see this same brain region the rtpj being used while children are thinking about other people but its not quite like the adult brain -so where as in the adults as i told you this brain region is almost completely specialized it does almost nothing else except for thinking about other peoples thoughts in children its much less so when they are age five to eight the age range of the children i just showed you -and actually if we even look at eight to eleven year olds getting into early adolescence they still dont have quite an adult like brain region -which is why is it so hard to know what somebody else wants or believes or perhaps more relevantly why is it so hard to change what somebody else wants or believes -and so what we can see is that over the course of childhood and even into adolescence both the cognitive system -our minds ability to think about other minds and the brain system that supports it are continuing slowly to develop but of course -probably aware even in adulthood people differ from one another in how good they are at thinking of other minds how often they do it and how accurately -so the first thing that we did is we gave adults a version of the pirate problem that we gave to the kids and im going to give that to you now -so grace and her friend are on a tour of a chemical factory and they take a break for coffee and graces friend asks for some sugar in her coffee -grace goes to make the coffee and finds by the coffee a pot containing a white powder which is sugar -but the powder is labeled deadly poison so grace thinks that the powder is a deadly poison and she puts it in her friends coffee -and her friend drinks the coffee and is fine how many people think it was morally permissible for grace to put the powder in the coffee okay -so we ask people how much should grace be blamed in this case which we call a failed attempt to harm and we can compare that to another case where everything in the real world is the -same the powder is still sugar but whats different is what grace thinks now she thinks the powder is sugar and perhaps unsurprisingly if grace thinks the powder is sugar and puts it in her friends coffee people say she deserves no blame at all -think novelists put this best like philip roth who said and yet what are we to do about this terribly significant business of other people so ill equipped are we all to envision one anothers interior workings and invisible aims -and in fact they say she deserves more blame in this case the failed attempt to harm than in another case which we call an accident where grace thought the powder was sugar because it was labeled sugar and by the coffee machine but actually the powder was poison -so even though when the powder was poison the friend drank the coffee and died people say grace deserves less blame in that case when she innocently thought it was sugar than in the other case where she thought it was poison and no harm occurred -some people think she should deserve more blame and other people less and what im going to show you is what happened when we look inside the brains of people while theyre making that judgment -so what im showing you from left to right is how much activity there was in this brain region and from top to bottom how much blame people said that grace deserved -so thats good but of course what wed rather is have a way to interfere with function in this brain region and see if we could change peoples moral -and we do have such a tool its called trans cranial magnetic stimulation or tms this is a tool that lets us pass a magnetic pulse -through somebodys skull into a small region of their brain and temporarily disorganize the function of the neurons in that region -what happens when you put a quarter on the machine when you hear -so as a teacher and as a spouse this is of course a problem i confront every day but as a scientist im interested in a different problem of other minds and that is the one im going to introduce to you today and that problem is how is it so easy to know other minds -so it causes a small involuntary contraction in my hand by putting a magnetic pulse in my brain and we can use that -now applied to the rtpj to ask if we can change peoples moral judgments so these are the judgments i showed you before peoples normal moral judgments -and then we can apply tms to the rtpj and ask how peoples judgments change and the first thing is people can still do this task overall so their -the case when everything was fine remain the same they say she deserves no blame but in the case of a failed attempt to harm -where grace thought that it was poison although it was really sugar people now say it was more okay she deserves less blame for putting the powder in the coffee -and in the case of the accident where she thought that it was sugar but it was really poison and so she caused a death people say that it was less okay she deserves more blame -so what ive told you today is that people come actually especially well equipped to think about other peoples thoughts we have a special brain system that lets us think about what other people are thinking -this system takes a long time to develop slowly throughout the course of childhood and into early adolescence and even in adulthood differences in this brain region can explain differences among adults in how we think about and judge other people -but i want to give the last word back to the novelists and to philip roth who ended by saying the fact remains that getting people right is not what living is all about anyway -its getting them wrong that is living getting them wrong and wrong and wrong and then on careful reconsideration getting them wrong again -when you start talking about using magnetic pulses to change peoples moral judgments that sounds alarming -im not i mean theyre calling but im not taking the -they really are -you must lie awake at night sometimes wondering where this work leads i mean youre clearly an incredible human being but -so to start with an illustration you need almost no information one snapshot of a stranger to guess what this woman is thinking or what this man is -yeah we worry about this so -so its not a surreptitious technology its quite hard actually to get those very small changes the changes i showed you are impressive -to me because of what they tell us about the function of the brain but theyre small on the scale of the moral judgments that we actually make and what we changed was not peoples moral judgments when theyre deciding what to do when theyre making action choices -we change their ability to judge other peoples actions and so i think of what im doing not so much as studying the defendant in a criminal trial but studying the jury -is your work going to lead to any recommendations in education to perhaps bring up a generation of kids able to make fairer moral judgments -thats one of the idealistic hopes the whole research program here of studying the distinctive parts of the human brain is brand new -until recently what we knew about the brain were the things that any other animals brain could do too so we could study it in animal models we knew how brains -see and how they control the body and how they hear and sense and the whole project of understanding how brains do the uniquely human things -learn language and abstract concepts and thinking about other peoples thoughts thats brand new and we dont know yet what the implications will be of understanding it -you can understand why a brain works perhaps but why does anyone have to feel anything why does it seem to require these beings who sense things for us to operate -a brilliant young neuroscientist i mean what chances do you think there are that at some time in your career someone you or someone else is going to come up with some paradigm shift in understanding what seems an impossible problem -and put another way the crux of the problem is the machine that we use for thinking about other minds our brain is made up of pieces brain cells -i hope they do and i think they probably wont c a why r s its not called the hard problem of consciousness -the world trade center and whats been going on there what it means to us -because -if architecture is what i believe it to be which is the built form of our cultural ambitions -to be new at ted its like being the last high school virgin you know that all of the cool people are there doing it -what do you do when presented with an opportunity to rectify -a situation that represents somebody elses cultural ambitions relative to us and our own opportunity to make something new there -and made it a subject for common conversation i dont remember in my twenty year career of practicing and writing about architecture a time when five -sat me down at a table and asked me very serious questions about zoning fire exiting safety concerns and whether carpet burns -you have to suddenly think about architecture in a very different way and so now were going to think about architecture in a very different way were going to think about it like this how many of you saw usa today today -there it is looks like that theres the world trade center site on the front cover theyve made a selection theyve chosen a project by daniel -the enfant terrible of the moment of architecture child prodigy piano player he started on the squeeze box and moved to a little more serious issue a bigger instrument and now to an even larger instrument upon which to -his particular brand of de constructivist magic as you see here he was one of six people who were invited to participate in this competition after six previous -firms struck out with things that were so stupid and banal that even the city of new york was forced to go oh im really sorry we screwed up -and youre on the outside youre at home youre like the raspyni brothers where youve got your balls in cold water -can we do this again from the top except use some people with a vague hint of talent instead of just six utter boobs like we brought in last time -hacks of the kind who usually plan our cities lets bring in some real architects for a change and so we got this or we had a choice of that oh stop clapping -its too late that is gone this was a scheme by a team called think a new york based team and then there was that one which was the libeskind scheme this one -this is going to be the new world trade center a giant hole in the ground with big buildings falling into it now i dont know what you think but i think this is a pretty stupid decision -because what youve done is just made a permanent memorial to destruction by making it look like the destruction is going to continue forever -but thats what were going to do but i want you to think about these things in terms of a kind of ongoing struggle that american architecture represents and that these two things talk about very specifically -and that is the wild divergence in how we choose our architects in trying to decide whether we want architecture from the kind of technocratic -and you just play with your fingers all day and then you get invited and youre on the inside and -chemical or something thats more of a romantic solution now i dont mean romantic as in this is a nice place to take someone on a date -i mean romantic in the sense of there are things larger and grander than us so in the american tradition the difference between the technocratic and the romantic would be the difference between -as a really truly technocratic solution a bowing to the in jeffersons time current popular philosophy of -now which would you rather be a grid or manifest destiny manifest destiny -a big deal it sounds big it sounds important it sounds solid it sounds american ballsy serious male -and that kind of fight has gone on back and forth in architecture all the time i mean it goes on in our private lives too every single day we all want to go out and buy an audi tt dont we -everyone here must own one or at least they craved one the moment they saw one and then they hopped in it turned the little electronic key rather than the real key -zipped home on their new superhighway and drove straight into a garage that looks like a tudor castle -why why why do you want to do that why do we all want to do that i even owned a tudor thing once myself -its everything you hoped it would be its exciting and theres music playing all of the time and then suddenly its over -in our nature to go ricocheting back and forth between this technocratic solution -and a larger sort of more romantic image of where we are so were going to go straight into this can i have the lights off for a moment -im going to talk about two architects very very briefly that represent the current split architecturally between these two traditions of a technocratic or technological solution -and a romantic solution and these are two of the top architectural practices in the united states today one very young one a little more mature this is the work of a firm called shop and what youre seeing here -is their isometric drawings of what will be a large scale camera obscura in a public park does everybody know what a camera obscura is -yeah its one of those giant camera lenses that takes a picture of the outside world its sort of a little movie without any moving parts and projects it on a page and you can see the world outside you as you walk around it -this is just the outlines of it and you can see does it look like a regular building no its actually non orthogonal its not up and down square rectangular anything like that that youd see in a normal shape of a building -the computer revolution the technocratic technological revolution has allowed us to jettison normal shaped buildings traditionally shaped buildings in favor of non orthogonal buildings such as this whats interesting about it is not the shape whats interesting about it is how its made -and its only taken five minutes and you want to go back and do it again but i really appreciate being here and thank you chris and also thank you deborah patton for making this possible so anyway -how its made a brand new way to put buildings together something called mass customization no it is not an oxymoron -what makes the building expensive in the traditional sense is making individual parts custom that you cant do over and over again thats why we all live in developer houses they all want to save money by building the same thing five hundred times -thats because its cheaper -works by an architect feeding into a computer a program that says manufacture these parts the computer then talks to a machine a computer operated machine a cad cam machine -that can make a zillion different changes at a moments notice because the computer is just a machine it doesnt care its manufacturing the parts it doesnt see any excess cost it doesnt spend any extra time -its not a laborer its simply an electronic lathe so the parts can all be cut at the same time meanwhile -send a set of assembly instructions like you used to get when you were a child when you bought little models that said bolt a to b and c to d -and so what the builder will get is every single individual part that has been custom manufactured off site and delivered on a truck to the site -to that builder and a set of these instruction manuals just simple bolt a to b and they will be able to put them together heres the little drawing that tells them how that works -and thats what will happen in the end youre underneath it looking up into the lens of the camera obscura lest you think this is all fiction lest you think this is all fantasy or romance -young architects summer series and they said well its summer what do you do in the summer you go to the beach and when you go to the beach what do you get you get sand dunes so lets make architectural sand dunes and a beach cabana -so they went out and they modeled a computer model of a sand dune they took photographs they fed the photographs into their computer program and that computer program shaped a sand dune -and then took that sand dune shape and turned it into at their instructions using standard software with slight modifications a set of instructions for pieces of wood -and those are the pieces of wood those are the instructions these are the pieces and heres a little of that blown up what you can see is theres about six different colors and each color represents a type of wood to be cut a piece of wood to be cut -talk about architecture a little bit within the subject of creation and optimism and if you put creation and optimism together youve got two choices that you can talk about you can talk about creationism -all of which were delivered by flat bed on a truck and hand assembled in forty eight hours by a team of eight people -only one of whom had ever seen the plans before only one of whom had ever seen the plans before and here comes dunescape coming up out of the courtyard -and there it is fully built there are only sixteen different pieces of wood -its a great place for parties it was it was only up for six weeks its got little dressing rooms and cabanas where lots of interesting things went on all summer long -now lest you think that this is only for the light at heart or just temporary installations this is the same firm working at the world trade center -and the redevelopment of the west side they were asked to design replace that bridge in six weeks building it including all of the parts manufactured -and they were able to do it that was their design using that same computer modeling system and only five or six really different kinds of parts a couple of struts like this some exterior cladding material -and a very simple framing system that was all manufactured off site and delivered by truck they were able to create that -you dont need any overhead lighting so the neighbors dont complain about metal highlight lighting in their face -here it is going across and there down the other side and you get the same kind of grandeur now let me show you quickly the opposite if i may woo pretty -to seduce you into something that you can do into something that will please you something that will lift your spirits something that will make you feel as if are in another world such as his nobu restaurant in new york -which is supposed to take you from the clutter of new york city to the simplicity of japan and the elegance of japanese -when its all said and done its got to look like seaweed said the owner -or his restaurant pod in philadelphia pennsylvania i want you to know the room youre looking at is stark white every single surface of this restaurant is white -the reason it has so much color is that it changes using lighting its all about sensuality its all about transforming watch this im not touching any buttons ladies and gentlemen this is happening by itself -it transforms through the magic of lighting its all about sensuality its all about touch rosa mexicano restaurant where he transports us to the shores of acapulco up on the upper west side with this wall -cliff divers who there you go like that lets see it one more time okay just to make sure that youve enjoyed it -and finally its about comfort its about making you feel good in places that you wouldnt have felt good before its about bringing nature to the inside in the guardian tower of new york converted to a w union square im sorry im rushing -where we had to bring in the best horticulturists in the world to make sure that the interior of this dragged the garden space of the court garden of the union square into the building itself -this is a wine buying experience simplified by color and taste fizzy fresh soft luscious juicy smooth big and sweet wines -all explained to you by color and texture on the wall and finally its about entertainment as in his headquarters for the -any kind of conversation about architecture which is in fact what you were just talking about what was going on here setting up ted small scale architecture at the present time cant really -it -is that this simulation is a good one -its believable its tactile you can reach out things are solid you can move objects from one area to another -you can feel your body you can say id like to go over to this location and you can move this mass of molecules through the air -over to another location at will -now with the allocation and the understanding of the lack of understanding we enter into a new era of science in which we feel -nothing more than so much so as to say that those within themselves comporary or non comporary -feel not as though it is a sphere we live on -its more important to realize -the negative space as music is only the division of space it is the space we are listening to divided as such which gives us the information comparison to something other -thats one of the things that i enjoy most about this convention its not so much as so little as to do with -the -thank you -what everything is -scientists and engineers -but amazing things stop happening -if you knew you could not fail -now i want to say -this is not easy -its hard to hold onto this feeling -really hard i guess in some way i sort of believe its supposed to be hard doubt and fear always creep in we think someone else someone smarter than us someone more capable someone with more resources will solve that problem but there isnt anyone else -takes a hand and says -let me help you believe -jason harley did that -im not encouraging failure -i saw jason nearly every day sometimes twice a day and more so than most he saw the highs and the lows the celebrations and the disappointments -jason sat down -and he wrote an email -he was encouraging -he probably didnt realize what a difference it would make -im discouraging fear of failure -it mattered to me -in that moment -and still today -when i doubt -when i feel afraid when i need to reconnect with that feeling -i remember his words -they were so powerful -because its not failure itself that constrains us the path to truly new never been done before things always has failure along the way -there is only time enough -to iron your cape -and back to the skies for you -so that glider of yours the mach twenty glider the first one no control it ended up in the pacific i think somewhere rd yeah yeah it did ca what happened on that second flight yeah it also went into the pacific ca but this time under control -control of the vehicle before we lost it -its amazing -the -we wondered if it was possible to do it and you have to revisit these questions over time -clemenceau said -life gets interesting when we fail -it would be inconceivable for us to do that work -if we didnt make people excited and uncomfortable with the things that we do at the same time -its just the nature of what we do now our responsibility is to push that -asking questions about the possibly unintended consequences of your teams brilliance -my job is one of the most exhilarating jobs you could have -i work with some of the most amazing people -and so you have on the one hand this tremendous lift of whats possible and this tremendous seriousness of what it means -in october of one thousand nine hundred and three the prevailing opinion of expert aerodynamicists -the flight lasted twelve seconds -and covered one hundred and twenty feet -that was one thousand nine hundred and three one year later the next declarations of impossibilities began ferdinand foch a french army general credited with having one of the most original and subtle minds in the french army -but of no military value -forty years later aero experts coined the term transonic they debated should it have one s or two -you see they were having trouble in this flight regime and it wasnt at all clear that we could fly faster than the speed of sound -in one thousand nine hundred and forty seven there was no wind tunnel data beyond mach zero point eight five -and he flew towards an unknown -than in all u two missions combined -it took a lot of failures to get there -since we took to the sky we have wanted to fly -thats still true today -today we dont talk about flying transonically -or even supersonically we talk about flying hypersonically -not mach two or mach three mach twenty -at mach twenty we can fly from -new york to long beach in eleven minutes and twenty seconds -id like to tell you about a magical place called darpa where scientists and engineers defy the impossible and refuse to fear failure -and we are flying it or trying to -maneuvering aircraft ever built -its boosted to near space atop a minotaur iv rocket now the minotaur iv has too much impulse so we have to bleed it off by flying the rocket at an eighty nine degree angle of attack for portions of the trajectory -and its pointed at the hypersonic glider -this is the actual rocketcam footage from flight one -now to conceal the shape we changed the aspect ratio a little bit but this is what it looks like from the third stage of the rocket -looking at the unmanned glider -as it heads into the atmosphere back towards earth -weve flown twice -but we collected more hypersonic flight data than in thirty years of ground based testing combined -and in the second flight -three minutes of fully controlled aerodynamic flight -you cant learn to fly at mach twenty unless you fly -and while theres no substitute for speed maneuverability is a very close second -if a mach twenty glider takes eleven minutes and twenty seconds to get from new york to long beach a hummingbird -now these two ideas are connected more than you may realize -but they are maneuverable -small enough and maneuverable enough to do so -this is a hummingbird drone -it can fly in all directions -because when you remove the fear of failure -is equipped with a video camera -it weighs less than one aa battery -it does not eat nectar -in two thousand and eight it flew for a whopping twenty seconds -a year later two minutes then six eventually eleven -many prototypes crashed -impossible things suddenly become -it -and make amazing new things -with the occasional clumsiness of a human -or perhaps spider man will one day be gecko man -a gecko can support its entire body weight with one toe -one square millimeter of a geckos footpad has fourteen thousand hair like structures called setae they are used to help it grip to surfaces using intermolecular forces -ask yourself this question -today we can manufacture structures that mimic the hairs of a geckos foot the result -can support a static load of six hundred and sixty pounds thats enough to stick six forty two inch plasma tvs to your wall no nails -so much for velcro right -what would you attempt to do -in the world of godzilla spider mites we can make millions of mirrors each one fifth the diameter of a human hair moving at hundreds of thousands of times per second to make large screen displays so that we can watch movies like godzilla in high def -if you knew you could not fail -and if we can build machines at that scale what about eiffel tower like trusses at the microscale -today we are making metals that are lighter than styrofoam so light they can sit atop a dandelion puff and be blown away with a wisp of air -if you really ask yourself this question you cant help but feel uncomfortable -from the smallest wisp of air to the powerful forces of natures storms there are -forty four lightning strikes per second around the globe each lightning bolt heats the air to forty four thousand degrees -experiments suggest that lightning could be the next gps -tim uses his thoughts to control an advanced prosthetic arm -i feel a little uncomfortable -this is the first time -a human has controlled a robot -with thought alone -and it is the first time that tim has held katies hand in seven years -and this green goo may someday matter to you -because when you ask it you begin to understand how the fear of failure constrains you -this green goo is perhaps the vaccine that could save your life -it was made in tobacco plants -tobacco plants can make millions of doses of vaccine in weeks instead of months -and it might just be the first healthy use of tobacco -and if it seems far fetched that tobacco plants could make people healthy what about gamers that could solve problems that experts cant solve -last september -the gamers of foldit -solved the three dimensional structure of the retroviral protease that contributes to aids in rhesus monkeys now understanding this structure is very important for developing treatments -for fifteen years it was unsolved -in the scientific community -the gamers of foldit solved it in fifteen days -now they were able to do so by working together they were able to work together because theyre connected by the internet and others also connected to the internet used it as an instrument of democracy and together they changed the fate of their nation -how it keeps us from attempting great things -the internet is home to two billion people or thirty percent of the worlds population -it allows us to contribute -and to be heard as individuals -it allows us to amplify -thats all that made it through an l and an o and then a buffer overflow crashed the system -now a worldwide force -so who are these scientists and engineers -at a magical place called darpa -they are nerds -and they are heroes among us -and life gets dull amazing things stop happening sure good things happen -they challenge existing perspectives at the edges of science and under the most demanding of conditions they remind us -that we can change the world -if we defy the impossible -and we refuse to fear failure -they remind us that we all -have nerd power -sometimes we just forget -you see there was a time when you werent afraid of failure when you were a great artist or a great dancer and you could sing you were good at math -you could build things you were an astronaut an adventurer jacques cousteau you could jump higher run faster kick harder than anyone you believed in impossible things and you were -or this one coming to us from india you can find this on youtube the gentleman whos recumbent on a motorcycle while text messaging or what we call the sweet gravy stop me before i kill again -that is actually the device what this is doing is we find a a direct collision -we find a direct collision between availability and whats possible through availability and a fundamental human need which weve been hearing about a lot the need -to talk to you about today is two things one the rise of a culture of availability and two a request so were seeing a rise of this availability being driven by mobile device proliferation globally across all social strata -shared narratives were very good at creating personal narratives but its the shared narratives that make us a culture and when youre standing with someone -look around you there might be somebody on one right now participating in multi dimensional engagement -our reality right now is less interesting than the story were going to tell about it later this one i love this poor kid clearly a prop dont get me wrong a willing prop but the kiss thats being documented kind of looks like -this is the sound of one hand clapping -so as we lose the context of our identity it becomes incredibly important that what you share becomes the context of shared narrative -we are creating the technology that is going to create the new shared experience which will create the new world and so my request is please lets make technologies that make people more human and not less -were seeing along with that proliferation of mobile devices an expectation of availability and with that comes the third point which is obligation and an obligation to that availability and the problem is were still working through from a societal standpoint -how we allow people to be available theres a significant delta in fact between what were willing to accept apologies to hans rosling he said anything thats not using real stats is a lie but the big delta there is -how we deal with this from a public standpoint so weve developed certain tactics and strategies to -the stretch ok the gentleman on the left is saying screw you im going to check my device but the guy here on the right hes doing the stretch its that -out the physical contortion to get that device just below the tabletop or my favorite the love you mean it -where this comes into play and why this is important is i head up a technology incubator and we had eight startups sitting around there and those startups are focused on what they are not what theyre not until one day athletepath which is a website that focuses on services for extreme athletes found this video -and what they learned was that those little things done right actually matter and that well designed moments can build brands -so you take a look out in the real world and the fun thing is you can actually hack these yourself you can type in an url and put in a four hundred and four and these will pop -this is one that commiserates with you this is one that blames you this is one that i loved this is an error page but what if this error page was also an opportunity so it was a moment in time where all of these startups had to sit and think -and got really excited about what they could be because back to the whole relationship issue what they figured out through this exercise was that a simple mistake can tell me what youre not -its annoying when you hit this thing -you sort of get down there to the bottom and things get really dicey -but these things are everywhere theyre on sites big theyre on sites small this is a global experience what a four hundred and four page tells you is that you fell through the cracks -a single drop of rain -increasing amplitude -the mechanism that drives it has nine motors and about three thousand pulleys -four hundred and forty five strings in a three dimensional weave -transferred to a larger scale -actually a lot larger with a lot of help -fourteen thousand and sixty four bicycle reflectors -then i just love it and ill cut some wood and drill some holes and watch the water and maybe ill have to walk around and look for washers you have no idea how much time i spend -a twenty day install -connected is a collaboration with choreographer gideon obarzanek -strings attached to dancers -this is very early rehearsal footage but the finished works on tour and is actually coming through l a in a couple weeks -take your finger and draw this line -summer fall -winter spring -did you know thats a continuous sheet of cloud thats dipping in and out of the condensation layer -what if every seemingly isolated object was actually just where the continuous wave of that object poked through into our world -this is the double raindrop -and you might say surely rueben if you took even just the slightest step back the cycles of -hunger and eating waking and sleeping laughing and crying would emerge as pattern -of all my sculptures its the most talkative -but i would say if i did that -too much would be lost -this tension between the need to look deeper -and the beauty and immediacy of the world where if you even try to look deeper youve already missed what youre looking for -this tension is what makes the sculptures move and for me the path between these two extremes -takes the shape of a wave -it adds together the interference pattern from two raindrops that land near each other instead of expanding circles theyre expanding hexagons -and does it ever change do you think youre designing one thing and then when its produced it looks like something else -i actually hated it the very moment i turned it on i hated it it was like a really deep down gut reaction and i wanted to throw it out -and i happened to have a friend who was over and he said why dont you just wait -and i waited and the next day i liked it a bit better the next day i liked it a bit better and now i really love it and so i guess one the gut reactions a little bit wrong sometimes and two it does not look like as expected -all the sculptures move by mechanical means -as i thought about that later on i came up with a saying which is i collect bad wines because if the wine is ready and the person is there im opening it i no longer want to postpone anything in life and that urgency that purpose has really changed my life -the second thing i learned that day and this is as we clear the george washington bridge which was by not a lot -and i thought about my relationship with my wife with my friends with people and after as i reflected on that i decided to eliminate negative energy from my life its not perfect but its a lot better -a big explosion as you climb through three thousand ft imagine a plane full of smoke -the third thing i learned and this is as your mental clock starts going fifteen fourteen thirteen you can see the water coming im saying please blow up i dont want this thing to break in twenty pieces like youve seen in those documentaries and as were coming down i had a sense of -wow dying is not scary its almost like weve been preparing for it our whole lives but it was very sad i didnt want to go i love my life -and that sadness really framed in one thought which is i only wish for one thing i only wish i could see my kids grow up about a month later i was at a performance by my daughter first grader not much artistic talent -imagine an engine going clack clack clack clack clack clack clack -i was given the gift of a miracle of not dying that day i was given another gift -which was to be able to see into the future and come back and live differently i challenge you guys that are flying today -imagine the same thing happens on your plane and please dont but imagine and how would you change what would you get done that youre waiting to get done because you think youll be here forever how would you change your relationships and the negative energy in them and more than anything are you being the best parent you can thank you -and they said no problem we probably hit some birds the pilot had already turned the plane around and we werent that far you could see manhattan two minutes later three things happened at the same time -the pilot lines up the plane with the hudson river thats usually not the route -could see in her eyes it was terror life was over now i want to share with you three things i learned about myself that day i learned that it all changes in an instant -anybody can contribute anything so that could be a problem so it didnt take long right -and the kind of educational materials that we use every day in school has anyone here ever been to school ok does anybody realize theres a crisis in our schools -ok so this is a little bit of a problem so we clearly need some kind of idea of quality control and this is really where the idea of review -and peer review comes in ok you come to ted why do you come to ted because chris and his team have ensured that things are very very high quality -right and so we need to be able to do the same thing right and we need to be able to design structures and what were doing is designing social software -to enable anyone to build their own peer review process and we call these things lenses and basically what they allow is anyone out there to develop their own peer review process so that they can focus -on the content in the repository that they think is really important and you can think of ted as a potential lens so id just like to end by saying you can really view this as a call to action right -and open content is all about sharing knowledge all of you here are tremendously -around the world i hope ok im not going to spend too much time on that but what i want to talk about is some of the -that appear when an author publishes a book that in fact the publishing process just because of the fact that its complicated its heavy -what id like to talk a little bit about today are some ideas that i think have just tremendous resonance with all the things that have been talked about the last -books are expensive creates a sort of a wall between authors of books and the ultimate users of books be they teachers students -or just general readers and this is even more true if you happen to speak a language other than one of the worlds major languages and especially english -right that weve seen in the musical culture and try to bring these towards reinventing the way we think about writing books using them and teaching from them ok -so thats what id like to talk about and really how do we get from where we are now to where we need to go so the first thing id like you to do is a little thought experiment so imagine taking all the worlds books ok everybody imagine books -and imagine just tearing out the pages so liberating these pages and imagine digitizing them right and then storing them in a vast interconnected global repository think of it -as a massive itunes right for book type content and then take that material and imagine making it all open so that people can modify it play with it improve it -update this content improve it play with it on a time scale thats more on the order of seconds instead of years ok instead of editions coming out every -two years of a book imagine it coming out every twenty five seconds so imagine we could do that and imagine we could put people into this -right so that we could truly build an ecosystem with not just authors but all the people who could be or want to be authors -in all the different languages of the world and i think if you could do this it would be called well im just going to refer to it as a knowledge ecosystem so really this is the dream -and in a sense what you can think of it is we are trying to enable anyone in the world i mean anyone in the world to be their own educational dj creating educational materials sharing them with the world constantly innovating -this is the dream in fact this dream is actually being realized right over the last six and a half years -weve been working really hard at rice university on a project called connexions and so what id like to do for the rest of the talk is just tell you a little bit about what people are doing with -which you can kind of think of as the counterpoint to nicholas negropontes talk yesterday where theyre working on the hardware of bringing education to the world were working on the open source tools -and the content ok so thats sort of to put it in perspective here so create so what are some of the people that are using these kind of tools well the first thing is theres -a community of engineering professors from cambridge to kyoto who are developing engineering content in electrical engineering to develop what you can think of as a massive super textbook -right that covers the entire area of electrical engineering and not only that it can be customized for use in each of their own individual institutions -ok so these are lp records and theyve been replaced right theyve been -people like kitty jones right a shut out a private music teacher and mom from champagne illinois who wanted to share her -a team of volunteers at the university of texas el paso graduate students translating this engineering super textbook ideas and within about a week -ok what about people who are mixing what does mixing mean mixing means building customized courses means building customized books companies like national instruments who are -embedding very powerful interactive simulations into the materials so that we can go way beyond our regular kind of textbook -to an experience that all the teaching materials and things you can actually interact with and play around with and actually learn as you do -been working with teachers without borders who are very interested in mixing our materials theyre going to be using connexions as their platform to develop and deliver teaching materials for teaching teachers how to teach -in eighty four countries that are around the world twb is currently in iraq training twenty thousand teachers -if you dont empower people with the ability to re contextualize the material translate it into their own language and take ownership of it its not good ok -other organizations weve been working with uc merced people know about uc merced its a new university in california in the central valley -witnessed when thomas was playing the music as we came in the room today whats happened in the music world is theres a culture or an ecosystem thats been created that if you take some words from apple the catchphrase that we create -a bunch of the projects that are funded by hewlett foundation who have taken a real leadership role in this area of open content ok burn i think this is sort of quite interesting burn is the idea -trying to create the physical instantiation of one of these courses and i think a lot of you received i think all of you received one of these music books in your -gift pack a little present for you -tell you quickly about it this is an engineering textbook its about three hundred pages long -hard bound this costs anybody guess -how much would it cost in a bookstore -this costs twenty two dollars to the student why does it cost twenty two dollars because its published on demand -and its developed from this repository of open materials if this book were to be published by a regular publisher it would cost at least one hundred and twenty two dollars ok so what were seeing is moving this burning or publication process -the regular sort of single author authored book towards community authored materials that are modular that are customized to each individual class -and published on demand very inexpensively either pushed out through amazon right or published directly through -on demand press like coop and i think that this is an extraordinarily interesting area because there is tremendous -area under this long tail in publishing were not talking about the harry potter end right at the left side were talking about books on hyper geometric partial differential equations -right books that might sell one hundred copies a year one thousand copies a year there is tremendous sustaining revenue right -rip mix and burn what i mean by that is that anyone in the world is free and allowed to create new music and musical ideas anyone in the world is allowed to rip or copy musical ideas use them in innovative ways -under this long tail to sustain open projects like ours but also to sustain this new emergence of on demand publishers like coop who produced these two books -and i think one of the things that you should take away from this talk is that theres an impending cut out the middle man right disintermediation its going to be happening in the publishing industry -going to reach a crescendo over the next few years and i think that its for our benefit really and for the world -ok so what are the enablers whats really making all of this happen theres tons of technology and the only piece of technology that i really -well what the xml is going to do is its going to basically be its going to turn those pages into lego blocks right xml are the nubs on the lego -that allow us to combine the content together in myriad different ways and it provides us a framework to share content so it lets you take -this ecosystem right in its primordial state right of all this content all the pages youve torn out of books and create -highly sophisticated learning machines right books courses course packs ok it gives you the ability to personalize -the learning experience to each individual student right so that every student can have a book or a course thats customized to their learning style their context their language -and the things that excite them it lets you reuse the same materials in multiple different ways and surprising new ways it lets you interconnect ideas -indicating how fields right relate to each other and ill just give you my personal story -we came up with this six and a half years ago because i teach the stuff in the red box and my day job as chris said im an electrical engineering professor -this seemingly dry math is actually the center of this tremendously powerful web that links technology that links really cool applications like music synthesizers to -new tools to be able to interconnect these ideas and i think that really in a sense what were trying to do is make minskys dream come to a reality -can imagine all the books in a library actually starting to talk to each other right and people who are teachers out here whoever taught you know this its the interconnections between ideas that teaching is really all about -back to math right imagine this is possible that every single equation that you click on in one of your new e texts is something that youre going to be able to explore and experiment with -like mathml for chemistry imagine chemistry textbooks that actually understand the structure of how molecules are formed imagine music xml -that actually lets you delve into the semantic structure of music play with it understand it its no wonder that everybodys getting into it right even the three wise men -the second big enabler and this is where i told a big lie the second big enabler is -right and we would be accused of pirates for doing that right because this music has been propertized its now owned right much of it by big -industries so really the key thing here is we cant let this happen we cant let this napster thing happen here so what we have to do is get it right from the very beginning and what we have to do is find -and the gpl and the ideas the creative commons licenses how many people have heard of creative commons if you have not -you must learn about it creativecommons org at the bottom of every piece of material in connexions and in lots of other projects -you can find their logo clicking on that logo takes you to an absolute no nonsense human readable document a deed that tells you exactly what you can do with this content in fact youre free -right to share it to do all of these things to copy it to change it even to make commercial use of it as long as you attribute the author because in academic publishing and much of educational publishing its really this idea of -very carefully construct it and creative commons is taking off right over forty three million things out there licensed with a creative commons license not just -text but music images video and theres actually a tremendous uptake of the number of people that are actually licensing music -to make it free for people who do this whole idea of re sampling rip mixing burning and sharing so id like to conclude with just -last few points so weve built this idea of a commons people are using it we get over five hundred thousand unique visitors per month just our particular site mit open courseware -which is another large open content site gets a similar number of hits but how do we protect this how do we protect it into the future and -the first thing that people are probably thinking is quality control right because were saying that anybody can contribute things to this -you a rebel then or how would you -yeah i think i was a bit of a maverick -and -but i and i was yeah i was fortunately good at sport and so at least i had something to excel at at school ca and -some bizarre things happened just earlier in your life i mean theres the story about your mother allegedly dumping you in a field aged four and saying ok -was you know she felt that we needed to stand on our own two feet from an early age so she did things to us which now shed be arrested for -i just love learning -such as pushing us out of the car and telling us to find our own way to grannys about five miles before we actually got there -and making us go on wonderful long bike rides and we were never allowed to watch television -too coddled they dont know what theyve got were going to raise a generation of -i think if youre bringing up kids you just want to smother them with love and praise and enthusiasm so i dont think you can mollycoddle your kids too much -and im incredibly inquisitive and i love taking on you know the status quo and trying to turn it upside down -you didnt turn out too bad i have to say -your headmaster said to you i mean he found you kind of an enigma at your school he said youre either going to be a millionaire or go to prison and im not sure which which of those -both i think i went to prison first i was actually prosecuted under two quite ancient acts in the -mentioning the word venereal disease in public which we had a center where we would help young people who had problems and one of the -and then subsequently never mind the bollocks heres the sex pistols the word bollocks the police decided -was a rude word and so we were arrested for using the word bollocks on the sex pistols album and -john mortimer the playwright defended us -and he asked if i could find a linguistics expert to -one long learning process and if i see you know if i fly on somebody elses airline and find the experience is not a pleasant one which it wasnt in twenty one years ago -come up with a different definition of the word bollocks and so i rang up nottingham university and i asked to talk to the professor of linguistics -and he said look bollocks is not a has nothing to do with balls whatsoever its actually a nickname given to priests in the eighteenth century -a priest myself and so i said would you mind coming to the court and he said hed be delighted and i said and he said would you like me to wear my dog collar and i said yes that -so our key witness was argued that it was actually never mind the priest heres the sex pistols and the judge found us reluctantly found us not -that is outrageous -is any of it true is there an element of truth in it -i dont actually think that the stereotype of a business person -come back and come back for more and i think all you have in life is your reputation and its a very small world -and i actually think that the best way of becoming a successful business leader is -thank you very much the first ted has been great ca have you met anyone interesting rb well the nice thing about ted is everybodys interesting i was very glad to see goldie hawn because i had -the people who love you and who see you spending you keep getting caught up in these new projects but it almost feels like youre addicted to launching new stuff you get excited by -and kapow i mean do you think about life balance how do your family feel about each time you step into something big and -and so we spend a very good sort of three months away together yes ill you know be in touch were very lucky we have this tiny little island in the caribbean -you started talking in recent years about this term capitalist philanthropy what is that -works you know the alternative communism -has not -the problem with capitalism is -with that wealth and -i think its important that the individuals -in that fortunate position do not end up competing for bigger and bigger boats and bigger and bigger cars -you know use that money to either create new jobs or to tackle -around the world ca and what are the issues that you worry about most care most about want to turn your -well theres i mean theres a lot of issues i mean global warming certainly is a massive threat to mankind -and we are putting a lot of time and energy into a trying to come up with alternative fuels and -was a bizarre thing because you made this move that a lot of people advised you was crazy and in fact -we just launched this prize which is really a prize in case we dont get an answer on alternative fuels in case we dont actually manage to get the carbon -we need to try to encourage people to come up with a way of extracting carbon out of the earths atmosphere and we just you know there werent really people working on that before so we wanted people to try to -the best brains in the world to start thinking about that and also to try to extract the methane out of the earths atmosphere as well -yes i mean weve got were setting up something called the war room which is maybe the wrong word were trying to maybe well change it but anyway its a war room to -try to coordinate all -in a way it almost took down your empire at one point i had a conversation with one of the investment bankers who at the time when you basically sold virgin records -going on in africa all the different social problems in africa and try to look at best -practices so for instance theres a doctor in africa thats found that if you give a mother antiretroviral drugs at twenty four weeks -the war room sounds it sounds powerful and dramatic and is there a risk -the kind of the business heroes of the west -get so excited about i mean theyre used to having an idea getting stuff done and they believe profoundly in their ability to make a difference in the world is there a risk that we go to places like africa and say -this problem and we can do it ive got all these billions of dollars you know da da da heres the big idea and kind of -making a mess of it do you worry about that -on this particular -situation were actually were working with the government on it i mean thabo mbekis had his problems with accepting hiv and aids are related but this is a way i think of him -tackling this problem -and instead of the world criticizing him its a way of working with him with his government its important that if people do go to africa and do try to help -they dont just go in there and then leave after a few years its got to be consistent but i think business leaders can bring their entrepreneurial -clinics in africa where were going to be giving free antiretroviral drugs free tb treatment and free malaria treatment but -were also trying to make them self sustaining clinics so that people pay for some other aspects ca i mean -a lot of cynics say about someone like yourself or bill gates or whatever that this is really being -i think that everybody people do things for a whole variety of different reasons and i think that you know when im on me deathbed i will want to feel that -ive made a difference to other peoples lives and that may be a selfish thing to think -the worlds fourth biggest record company for the twenty fifth biggest airline and that you were out of your mind why did you do that -the way ive been brought up i think if im in a position to radically change other peoples lives for the better i should do so ca how -im fifty six ca i mean the psychologist erik erikson says that -as i understand him and im a total amateur but that -people are driven by this desire to grow and thats where they get their fulfillment -sixties the mode of operation shifts more to the quest for wisdom and a search for legacy -i dont think i think too much about legacy i mean i like to you know my grandmother lived to one hundred and one -i just want to live life to its full you know if i can make a difference i hope to be able to -make a difference and i think one of the positive things at the moment is youve got sergey and larry from google for instance -good friends and thank god youve got two people who genuinely care about the world -with that kind of wealth if they had that kind of wealth and they didnt care about the world it would be very worrying and you know theyre going to make a hell of a difference to the world -well i think that -and you actually did inspire me i looked at you i thought well hes made it maybe there is a different way so i would like to thank you for that inspiration and for coming to ted today thank you -we had we were being attacked by british airways they were trying to put our airline out of business and -they launched whats become known as the dirty tricks campaign and i realized that the whole empire was likely to come crashing down unless i chipped in a chip and -in order to protect the jobs of the people who worked for the airline and protect the jobs of the people who worked for the record company i had to sell the family jewelry to protect the airline -post napster youre looking like a bit of a genius actually for that as well rb yeah as it turned out -to be the right -it was sad at the time but we moved on -we have a lot of fun and i think the people who work for it enjoy it we we as i say we go in and shake up other industries -to make to her id had dinner with her about two years ago and id she had this big wedding ring and i put it on my finger and i couldnt get -i mean virgin brides -what happened -we couldnt find any customers -curious why i think you missed an opportunity with your condoms launch you called it mates i mean couldnt you have used the virgin brand for that as well -virgin no longer or something rb again we may have had -i became -what are the numbers on this i mean how big is the group overall how much whats the total revenue rb its about twenty five billion dollars now in total ca and how many employees -about fifty five thousand ca so youve been photographed in various ways at various times and -never worrying about putting your dignity on the line or anything like that -i went home to my wife that night and she wanted to know why i had another womans big massive big wedding ring on my finger and anyway the next morning we had to go along to the jeweler and get it -tea ca ok -that was a wonderful car boat in which rb oh that car that we actually we we it was a tedster event that i think is that -a minute rb its a tough job isnt it ca i -when i first came to america i used to try this with employees as well and -cola bottle -twenty five years earlier wed launched the sex pistols god save the queen and -never expected that twenty five years later that shed actually knight us but somehow she must have had a forgetful memory i think -well god saved her and you got your just reward do you like to be called -in america i hear people saying sir richard and think theres some shakespearean play taking -can you use your knighthood for -if youre having problems getting a booking in a restaurant or something that might be worth using it ca you know its not richard branson its -lets look at the space thing i think with us weve got a video that shows -to and -so thats the bert rutan designed spaceship rb yeah itll be -ready in well ready in twelve months and then we do twelve months extensive testing and then -twenty four months from now people -take a ride into space -quite a bit of it the logos and hes building the space station in new mexico -basically hes just taken -and the space station will be one -so were going to put up some slides of one of your some of your companies here youve started one or two in your time -back into this giant eye but hes absolutely genius when it comes -but you didnt have him design the engine -is quite erratic so i think that he wouldnt be the best -to design -a wonderful talk here -many times i mean i think with the ballooning and boating expeditions weve done in the past -the sea i think six times by helicopters so and each time i didnt expect to come home to tell the tale so in those moments you certainly wonder what youre doing up there or -so you know virgin atlantic virgin records i guess it all started with a magazine called student and then yes all these other ones as well i mean how -you got to when did you think this is it i might be -each one actually i think we came close and i mean first of all we nobody had actually crossed the atlantic in a hot air balloon before so we had to -build a hot air balloon that was capable of flying in the jet stream and we werent quite sure when a balloon actually got into the jet stream whether it would actually survive -two hundred two hundred and twenty miles an hour winds that you can find up there and so just the initial -lift off from sugarloaf to cross the atlantic as were pushing into the jet stream this enormous balloon the top of the balloon -and it just took off and it was like holding onto a thousand horses and we were just -crossing every finger praying that the balloon would hold together which -the ends of all those balloon trips were -and left me holding on -me jump but once his weight had gone the balloon just shot up to -twelve thousand feet and i ca and you inspired an -i put on my oxygen mask and stood on top of the balloon with my parachute looking at the -do you do this -my courage to jump into the north sea which and it was a very very very lonely few moments but anyway we -i knew i had about half an hours fuel left -and i also knew that -the chances were that if i jumped i would only have a couple of minutes of life left so i climbed back into the capsule and -make sure that i was making the right decision and wrote some notes to my family and then climbed back up again looked down at those clouds again climbed back into the capsule again -and then finally just thought theres a better way ive got you know this enormous balloon above me its the biggest parachute -why not use it and so i managed to fly the balloon down through the clouds and about -fifty feet before i hit the sea threw myself over and the balloon hit the sea and went shooting back up ten thousand feet without me but it was a wonderful feeling being in that water and ca what did you write to -just what you would do in a situation like that just i love you very much and -id already written them a letter before going on this trip which just in case anything had happened but fortunately they never had to use it -your companies have had incredible pr value out -regarded as this great hero in the u k and elsewhere and cynics might say you know this is just a smart business guy doing what it takes to -how much was the pr -as an airline owner the last thing you should be doing is heading off in balloons and boats and crashing into the -they had a point -you must have been a genius from the get go right -i mean i think i learned early on that if you can run one company you can really run any companies i mean companies are all -didnt werent you just terrible at school rb i was dyslexic -i had no understanding of schoolwork whatsoever -i certainly would have failed iq tests -and it was one of the reasons i left school when i was fifteen years old and -if i if im not interested in something -i dont grasp it as somebody whos dyslexic you also have some quite bizarre situations -ive had to you know ive been running the largest group of private companies in europe but havent been able to know the difference between net and gross and so the board meetings have been -and so its like good news or bad news and generally the people would say oh well thats bad news ca but just to clarify the twenty five billion is gross right thats gross rb well i -so when i turned fifty somebody took me outside the -finding the right people inspiring those people you know drawing out the best in people and -draw on a diagram heres a net in the sea and the fish have been pulled from the sea into this net -and thats the profits youve got left over in this little net everything else is eaten and i finally worked it all -easily capable of financing a massive research survey to settle the question and i put the suggestion up for what its worth -but let me know show you some data that have been properly published and analyzed on one special group namely top scientists -among this select group belief in a personal god dropped to a shattering seven percent -about twenty percent are agnostic and the rest could fairly be called atheists similar figures obtained for belief in personal immortality among biological scientists the figures are even -five point five percent only believe in god physical scientists its seven point five percent -ive not seen corresponding figures for elite scholars in other fields such history or philosophy but id be surprised if they were different -so weve reached a truly remarkable situation a grotesque mismatch between the american intelligentsia and the american electorate a philosophical opinion about the nature of the universe -which is held by the vast majority of top american scientists and probably the majority of the intelligentsia generally is so abhorrent to the american electorate that no candidate for popular election dare affirm it -in public if im right this means that high office in the greatest country in the world is barred to the very people best qualified to hold it -in non professional circles within america it arouses so much hostility that its fair to say that american biologists are in a state of war -the intelligentsia unless they are prepared to lie about their beliefs to put it bluntly american political opportunities are heavily loaded against those who are simultaneously intelligent and honest -not a citizen of this country so i hope it wont be thought unbecoming if i suggest that something needs to be done -we need a consciousness raising coming out campaign for american atheists -this could be similar to the campaign organized by homosexuals a few years ago although heaven forbid that we should stoop to public outing of people against their will -in most cases people who out themselves will help to destroy the myth that there is something wrong with atheists on the contrary theyll demonstrate that atheists are often the kinds of people that could serve as decent role models for your children -the kinds of people an advertising agent could use to recommend a product the kinds of people who are sitting in this room -could be non linearities threshold effects when a critical mass has been attained theres an abrupt acceleration in recruitment and again it will need money -i suspect that the word atheist itself contains or remains a stumbling block -far out of proportion to what it actually means and a stumbling block to people who otherwise might be happy to out -themselves so what other words might be used to smooth the path oil the wheels -sugar the pill darwin himself preferred agnostic and not only -the war is so worrying at present with court cases coming up in one state after another that i felt i had to say something about it if you want to know -out of loyalty to his friend huxley who coined the term -darwin said i have never been an atheist in the same sense as denying the existence of a god i think that generally an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind -he even became uncharacteristically tetchy with edward aveling aveling was a militant atheist who -failed to persuade darwin to accept the dedication of his book on atheism incidentally giving rise to a fascinating myth that karl marx tried to dedicate das kapital -to darwin which he didnt it was actually edward aveling what happened was that avelings mistress was marxs daughter -and when both darwin and marx were dead marxs papers became muddled up with avelings papers and a letter from darwin saying my -what i have to say about darwinism itself im afraid youre going to have to look at my books which you wont find in the -but why should you be so aggressive darwin thought that atheism might be well and good for the intelligentsia but that ordinary people were not quote ripe for it -but in any case that was more than one hundred years ago you think we might have grown up since then -now -a friend an intelligent lapsed jew who incidentally observed the sabbath for reasons of cultural solidarity describes himself as a tooth fairy agnostic -he wont call himself an atheist because its in principle impossible to prove a negative but agnostic on its own might suggest that gods existence was therefore on equal terms of likelihood -as his non existence so my friend is strictly agnostic about the tooth fairy but it isnt very likely is it like god hence the phrase tooth fairy agnostic -that doesnt mean you treat the likelihood of its existence as on all fours with its non existence the list of things which we strictly have to be agnostic about -that splendid music the coming in music the elephant march from aida is the music ive chosen for my funeral -the onus is on you to say why the onus is not on the rest of us to say why not we who are atheists are also a fairiests and -but we dont bother to say so -this is why my friend uses tooth fairy agnostic as a label for what most people would call atheist nonetheless if we want to attract deep down atheists to come out publicly -were going to have find something better to stick on our banner than tooth fairy or teapot agnostic so how about humanist -this has the advantage of a worldwide network of well organized associations and journals and things already in place my problem with it only is its apparent anthropocentrism -one of the things weve learned from darwin is that the human species is only one among millions of cousins some close some distant -there are other possibilities like naturalist but that also has problems of confusion because darwin would have thought naturalist -he was of course and i suppose there might be others who would confuse it with nudism -such people might be those belonging to the british lynch mob which last year attacked a pediatrician in mistake for -or id dont be fooled theres nothing new about id its just creationism under another name rechristened i choose the word advisedly -i think the best of the available alternatives for atheist is simply non theist it lacks the strong connotation that theres definitely no god and it could therefore easily be embraced by teapot or tooth fairy agnostics its -completely compatible with the god of the physicists when people like when atheists like stephen hawking and albert einstein -use the word god they use it of course as a metaphorical shorthand for that deep mysterious part of physics which we dont yet understand -non theist will do for all that yet unlike atheist it doesnt have the same phobic hysterical -responses but i think actually the alternative is to grasp the nettle of the word atheism itself precisely because it is a taboo word carrying frissons of hysterical phobia -critical mass may be harder to achieve with the word atheist than with the word non theist or some other non confrontational word -but if we did achieve it with that dread word atheist itself the political impact would be even greater -now i said that if i were religious id be very afraid of evolution id go further i would fear science in general if properly understood and this is because the scientific worldview -is so much more exciting more poetic more filled with sheer wonder than anything in the poverty stricken arsenals of the religious imagination -as carl sagan another recently dead hero put it how is it that hardly any major religion has looked at science and concluded this is better than we thought -the universe is much bigger than our prophet said grander more subtle more elegant instead they say no no no my god is a little god and i want him to stay that way -a religion old or new that stressed the magnificence of the universe as revealed by modern science might be able to draw forth reserves of reverence and -hardly tapped by the conventional faiths now this is an elite audience and i would therefore expect about ten percent of you to be religious -for tactical political reasons the arguments of so called id theorists are the same old arguments that had been refuted again and again since darwin down to the present day -many of you probably subscribe to our polite cultural belief that we should respect religion -but i also suspect that a fair number of those secretly despise religion as much as i do -if youre one of them and of course many of you may not be but if you are one of them im asking you to stop being polite come out and say -by foundations such as the templeton foundation and the discovery institute we need an anti templeton to step forward -if my books sold as well as stephen hawkings books instead of only as well as richard dawkins books id do it myself -lets all stop being so damned respectful thank you very much -is an effective evolution lobby coordinating the fight on behalf of science and i try to do all i can to help them -you can understand why creationists lacking any coherent scientific argument for their case fall back -on the popular phobia against atheism teach your children evolution in biology class -and theyll soon move on to drugs grand larceny and sexual pre version -in fact of course educated theologians from the pope down are firm in their support of evolution this book finding darwins god by kenneth miller -one of the most effective attacks on intelligent design that i know and its all the more effective because its written by a devout christian people like kenneth miller could be called a godsend to the evolution lobby -because they expose the lie that evolutionism is as a matter of fact tantamount to atheism people like me on the other hand -you can see why its triumphal i will -rock the boat but here i want to say something nice about creationists its not a thing i often do so listen carefully -i think theyre right about one thing i think theyre right that evolution is fundamentally hostile to religion ive already said that many individual evolutionists like the pope -also religious but i think theyre deluding themselves i believe a true understanding of darwinism is deeply corrosive to -now it may sound as though im about to preach atheism and i want to reassure that thats not what im going to do -in an audience as sophisticated as that as this one that would be preaching to the choir no what i want to urge upon you -i wont feel anything but if i could i would feel triumphal at having lived at all and at having lived on this splendid planet and having been given the opportunity to understand something about why i was here -instead what i want to urge upon you is militant atheism -if i wanted to if i was a person who were interested in preserving religious faith i would be very afraid of the positive power -of evolutionary science and any science generally but evolution in particular to inspire and enthrall precisely because it is atheistic -difficult problem for any theory of biological design is to explain the massive statistical improbability of living things -and thats before we even start on the other things hes expected to do like forgive sins bless marriages listen to -nothing but simplicity essentially it does it by providing a smooth ramp of gradual step by step increment -but here i only want to make the point that the elegance of darwinism is corrosive to religion precisely because it is so elegant so parsimonious so powerful so economically powerful -it has the sinewy economy of a beautiful suspension bridge the god theory is not just a bad theory it turns out to be in principle incapable of doing the job required of it -in the first place before not being here can you understand my quaint english accent -so returning to tactics and the evolution lobby i want to argue that rocking the boat may be just the right thing to do -my approach to attacking creationism is unlike the evolution lobby my approach to attacking creationism is to attack religion as a whole -at this point i need to acknowledge the remarkable taboo against speaking ill of religion and im going to do so in the words of the late douglas adams -he begins this speech which was tape recorded in cambridge shortly before he died he begins by explaining how science works through the testing of hypotheses that are framed to be vulnerable to disproof and then he goes on i -religion doesnt seem to work like that it has certain ideas at the heart of it which we call sacred or holy what it means is -here is an idea or a notion that youre not allowed to say anything bad about youre just not why not because youre not -why should it be that its perfectly legitimate to support the republicans or democrats this model of economics versus that macintosh instead of windows -but to have an opinion about how the universe began about who created the universe no thats holy so were used to not challenging -yet when you look at it rationally there is no reason why those ideas shouldnt be as open to debate as any other except that weve agreed somehow between us that they shouldnt be and thats the end of the quote from douglas -like everybody else i was -in my view not only is science corrosive to religion religion -is corrosive to science it teaches people to be satisfied with trivial supernatural non explanations -and blinds them to the wonderful real explanations that we have within our grasp -it teaches them to accept authority revelation and faith instead of always insisting on evidence -theres douglas adams magnificent picture from his book last chance to see now theres a typical scientific journal the quarterly review of biology and im going to put together -as guest editor a special issue on the question did an asteroid kill the dinosaurs and the first paper -is a standard scientific paper presenting evidence iridium layer at the k t boundary potassium argon dated crater in -the president of the royal society has been vouchsafed a strong inner conviction -that an asteroid killed the -it has been privately revealed to professor huxtane -the beauty of the things they showed the only slight jarring note was when jeffrey katzenberg said of the mustang the most splendid creatures that god put on this earth -that an asteroid killed the dinosaurs -professor hawkins has promulgated an official dogma binding on all -that an asteroid killed the dinosaurs -thats inconceivable of course -no i dont know that atheists should be considered citizens nor should they be considered patriots this is one nation under god -bushs bigotry was not an isolated mistake blurted out in the heat of the moment and later retracted he stood by it in the face of repeated calls -for clarification or withdrawal he really meant it more to the point he knew it posed no threat to his election quite the -under god what would thomas jefferson have said incidentally -im not usually very proud of being british but you cant help making the comparison -now of course we know that he didnt really mean that but in this country at the moment you -in practice what is an atheist an atheist is just somebody who feels about yahweh the way any decent christian feels about thor or -or the golden calf as has been said before we are all atheists about most of the gods that humanity has ever believed in some of us just go one god -however we define atheism its surely the kind of academic belief that a person is entitled to hold without being vilified as an unpatriotic unelectable non citizen -and that all stems from the perception of atheists as some kind of weird way out minority -natalie angier wrote a rather sad piece in the new yorker saying how lonely she felt as an atheist she clearly feels in a beleaguered minority -but actually how do american atheists stack up numerically the latest survey makes surprisingly encouraging reading -im a biologist and the central theorem of our subject the theory of design darwins theory of evolution by natural selection -with two point eight million muslims at one point one million and hindus buddhists and all other religions put together the second largest group of nearly thirty million is the one described as non religious or secular -you cant help wondering why vote seeking politicians are so proverbially overawed by the power of for example the jewish lobby -the state of israel seems to owe its very existence to the american jewish vote while at the same time consigning the non -to political oblivion this secular non religious vote if properly mobilized is nine times as numerous as the jewish vote -why does this far more substantial minority not make a move to exercise its political muscle well so much for quantity -how about quality is there any correlation positive or negative between intelligence and tendency to be religious -that is the higher ones intelligence or educational level the less one is likely to be religious well i havent seen the original forty two studies and i cant comment on -in professional circles everywhere its of course universally accepted in non professional circles outside america its largely ignored -that meta anaysis but i would like to see more studies done along those lines and i know that there are if i could put a little plug here there are people in this audience -if if life could i mean life could originate once per planet could be extremely common or it could originate once per -or once per galaxy -or maybe only once in the entire universe in which case it would have to be here -and somewhere up there would be the chance that a frog would turn into a prince and similar magical things like that -if life has arisen on only one planet in the entire universe that planet has to be our planet because here we are talking about -and that means that if we want to avail ourselves of it were allowed to postulate chemical events in the origin of life which have a probability as low as one in one hundred billion billion -i dont think we shall have to avail ourselves of that because i suspect that life is quite common in the universe and when i say quite common it could still be so rare that no one island of life ever encounters another -how shall we interpret queerer than we can suppose queerer than in principle can be supposed or just queerer than we can suppose given the limitations of our brains evolutionary apprenticeship in middle world -i wonder whether we might help ourselves to understand say quantum theory if we brought up children to play computer games beginning in early childhood -which had a sort of make believe world of balls going through two slits on a screen a world in which the strange goings on of quantum mechanics were enlarged by the computers make believe so that they became familiar -experiments and thats richard -on the middle world scale of the stream and similarly a relativistic computer game in which objects on the screen manifest the lorenz contraction and so on -to try to get ourselves into the way of thinking get children into the way of thinking about it i want to end by applying the idea of middle world to our perceptions of each other -most scientists today subscribe to a mechanistic view of the mind were the way we are because our brains are wired up as they are -our hormones are the way they are wed be different our characters would be different if our neuro anatomy and our physiological chemistry were different -but we scientists are inconsistent if we were consistent our response to a misbehaving person like a child murderer should be something like this unit has a faulty component it needs repairing -the biologist lewis wolpert believes that the queerness of modern physics is just an extreme example science as opposed to technology does violence to common sense -thats not what we say what we say and i include the most austerely mechanistic among us which is probably me what we say is vile monster prison is too good for you -or worse we seek revenge in all probability thereby triggering the next phase in an escalating cycle of counter revenge which we see of course all over the world today -in short when were thinking like academics we regard people as elaborate and complicated machines like computers -but when we revert to being human we behave more like basil fawlty who we remember thrashed his car to teach it a lesson when it wouldnt start on gourmet night -the reason we personify things like cars and computers is that just as monkeys live in an arboreal world and moles live in an underground world and water striders live in a surface tension dominated -my title -we are evolved to second guess the behavior of others by becoming brilliant intuitive psychologists treating people as machines may be -the economically useful way to model a person is to treat him as a purposeful goal seeking agent with pleasures and pains desires and intentions guilt blame worthiness -when were trying to think about entities for which its not appropriate like basil fawlty with his car or like millions of deluded people with the universe as a whole -every time you drink a glass of water he points out the odds are that you will imbibe at least one molecule that passed through the bladder of oliver cromwell -if the universe is queerer than we can suppose is it just because weve been naturally selected to suppose only what we needed to suppose in order to survive in the pleistocene of africa -or are our brains so versatile and expandable that we can train ourselves to break out of the box of our evolution or finally are there some things in the universe so queer -that no philosophy of beings however godlike could dream them thank you very much -just elementary probability theory -queerer than we can suppose the strangeness of science queerer than we can suppose comes from j b s haldane the famous biologist who said -the number of -hugely greater than the number of glassfuls or bladdersful in the world and of course theres nothing special about cromwell or bladders -you have just breathed in a nitrogen atom that passed through the right lung of the third iguanodon to the left of the tall cycad tree -queerer than we can suppose what is it that makes us capable of supposing anything and does this tell us anything about what we can suppose -are there things about the universe that will be forever beyond our grasp but not beyond the grasp of some superior intelligence are there things about the universe that are in principle ungraspable -by any mind however superior -science has been one long series of violent brainstorms as successive generations have come to terms with increasing levels of queerness in the universe -used to the idea that the earth spins rather than the sun moves across the sky its hard for us to realize what a shattering mental revolution that must -tell me he asked a friend why do people always say it was natural for man to assume that the sun went round the earth rather than that the earth was rotating -now my own suspicion is that the universe is not only queerer than we suppose but queerer than we can suppose -his friend replied well obviously because it just looks as though the sun is going round the earth wittgenstein replied well what would it have looked like if it had looked as though the earth was rotating -the familiar illustration is the nucleus of an atom is a fly in the middle of a sports stadium and the next atom is in the next sports stadium -so it would seem the hardest solidest densest rock is really almost entirely empty space -broken only by tiny particles so widely spaced they shouldnt count why then do rocks look and feel solid and hard and impenetrable -as an evolutionary biologist id say this our brains have evolved to help us survive within the orders of magnitude of size and speed which our bodies operate at -we never evolved to navigate in the world of atoms if we had our brains probably would perceive rocks as full of empty space -rocks feel hard and impenetrable to our hands precisely because objects like rocks and hands -i suspect that there are more things in heaven and earth than are dreamed of or can be dreamed of in any philosophy -cannot penetrate each other its therefore useful for our brains to construct notions like solidity -and impenetrability because such notions help us to navigate our bodies through the middle sized world in which we have to navigate -our brains would be much better at understanding einstein i want to give the name middle world to the medium -we are evolved denizens of middle world and that limits what we are capable of -hits another middle world object like a rock it knocks itself out may i introduce major general -he stared at his wall in arlington virginia and decided to do it as frightening as the prospect was he was going into the next office -and moved out from behind his desk what is the atom mostly made of he thought space -richard feynman compared the accuracy of quantum theories experimental predictions to specifying the width of north america -he started walking -what am i mostly made -atoms he quickened his pace almost to a jog now -what is the wall mostly made -atoms all i have to do is merge the spaces then general stubblebine banged his nose hard on the wall of his office -who commanded sixteen thousand soldiers was confounded by his continual failure to walk through the wall -he has no doubt that this ability will one day be a common tool in the military arsenal who would screw around with an army that could do that thats from an article in playboy which i was reading the other day -unaided human intuition -schooled in middle world finds it hard to believe galileo when he tells us a heavy object and -air friction aside would hit the ground at the same instant and thats because in middle world air friction is always there -if wed evolved in a vacuum we would expect them to hit the ground simultaneously if we were bacteria constantly buffeted by thermal movements of molecules it would be different but we middle -to within one hairs breadth of accuracy this means that quantum theory has got to be in some sense true -to notice brownian motion in the same way our lives are dominated by gravity but are almost oblivious to the force of surface tension -a small insect would reverse these priorities -steve grand hes the one on the left douglas adams is on the right steve grand in his book creation life and how to make it -is positively scathing about our preoccupation with matter itself we have this tendency to think that only solid material things are really things at all -waves of electromagnetic fluctuation in a vacuum seem -but we find real matter comforting only because weve evolved to survive in middle world where matter is a useful fiction -a whirlpool for steve grand is a thing with just as much reality as a rock in a desert plain in tanzania -in the shadow of the volcano ol donyo lengai theres a dune made of volcanic ash the beautiful thing is that it moves bodily -its whats technically known as a barchan and the entire dune walks across the desert in a westerly direction at a speed of about seventeen meters per year -it retains its crescent shape and moves in the direction of the horns what happens is that the wind blows the sand up the shallow slope -yet the assumptions that quantum theory needs to make in order to deliver those predictions are so mysterious that even feynman himself -on the other side and then as each sand grain hits the top of the ridge it cascades down on the inside of the crescent and so the whole horn shaped dune moves -steve grand points out that you and i are ourselves more like a wave than a permanent thing he invites us the reader -to think of an experience from your childhood something you remember clearly something you can see feel maybe even smell as if you were really there -after all you really were there at the time werent you how else would you remember it but here is the bombshell you werent -not a single atom that is in your body today was there when that event took place matter flows from place to place and momentarily comes together to be you -so really isnt a word that we should use with simple confidence if a neutrino had a brain which it evolved in neutrino sized ancestors it would say that rocks really do consist of empty space -was moved to remark if you think you understand quantum theory you dont understand quantum theory -we have brains that evolved in medium sized ancestors which couldnt walk through rocks really for an animal is whatever its brain needs it to be in order to assist its survival -and because different species live in different worlds there will be a discomforting variety of reallys -what we see of the real world is not the unvarnished world but a model of the world regulated and adjusted by sense data but constructed -from a walking climbing or swimming -a monkeys brain must have software capable of simulating a three dimensional world of branches and trunks a moles software for constructing models of its world will be customized for underground use -a water striders brain doesnt need three d software at all since it lives on the surface of the pond in an edwin abbott flatland -ive speculated that bats may see color with their ears the world model that a bat needs -in order to navigate through three dimensions catching insects must be pretty similar to the world model that any flying bird a day flying bird like a swallow needs to perform the same kind of tasks -the fact that the bat uses echoes in pitch darkness to input the current variables to its model while the swallow uses light is incidental -bats i even suggested use perceived hues such as red and blue as labels internal labels for -that physicists resort to one or another paradoxical interpretation of it david deutsch whos talking here in the fabric of reality embraces the -some useful aspect of echoes perhaps the acoustic texture of surfaces furry or smooth and so on in the same way as swallows or indeed we use -those perceived hues redness and blueness etcetera to label long and short wavelengths of light theres nothing inherent about red that makes it long wavelength -the point is that the nature of the model is governed by how it is to be used rather than by the sensory modality involved -j b s haldane himself had something to say about animals whose world is dominated by smell -dogs can distinguish two very similar fatty acids extremely diluted caprylic acid and caproic acid the only difference you see is that one has an extra pair of carbon atoms in the chain -guesses that a dog would probably be able to place the acids in the order of their molecular weights by their smells just as a man could place a number of piano wires in the order of their lengths by means of -another fatty acid capric acid which is just like the other two except that it has two more carbon atoms -a dog that had never met capric acid would perhaps have no more trouble imagining its smell than we would have trouble imagining a trumpet say -playing one note higher than weve heard a trumpet play before -middle world the range of sizes and speeds which we have evolved to feel intuitively comfortable with is a bit like the narrow range of the electromagnetic spectrum -many worlds interpretation of quantum theory because the worst that you can say about it is that its preposterously wasteful -that we see as light of various colors were blind to all frequencies outside that unless we use instruments to help us -middle world is the narrow range of reality which we judge to be normal as opposed to the queerness of the very small the very large and the very fast -we could make a similar scale of improbabilities nothing is totally impossible miracles are just events that are extremely improbable -a marble statue could wave its hand at us the atoms that make up its crystalline structure are all vibrating back and forth anyway -because there are so many of them and because theres no agreement among them in their preferred direction of movement the marble as we see it in middle world stays -the atoms in the hand could all just happen to move the same way at the same time and again and again in this case the hand would move and wed see it waving at us in middle world -the odds against it of course are so great that if you set out writing zeros at the time of the origin of the universe you still would not have written enough zeros to this day -evolution in middle world has not equipped us to handle very improbable events we dont live long enough -it postulates a vast and rapidly growing number of universes existing in parallel mutually undetectable except through the narrow porthole of quantum mechanical -in the vastness of astronomical space and geological time that which seems impossible in middle world might turn out to be inevitable -one way to think about that is by counting planets we dont know how many planets there are in the universe but a good estimate -is about ten to the twenty or one hundred billion billion and that gives us a nice way to express our estimate of lifes improbability -could make some sort of landmark points along a spectrum of improbability which might look like the electromagnetic spectrum we just looked at if life has arisen only once on any -and i think that one of the happiest things is the sense that with my children ive been able to introduce them to the very small circle of humans who are lucky enough or possibly stupid enough -and many of them are ecosystems that are species that are not found anywhere on the earth except on that one tree -and while we were climbing hyperion marie antoine spotted an unknown species of golden brown ant about halfway up the -not known to occur in redwood trees curiously enough and we wondered whether this ant this species of ant was only endemic to this one tree or possibly to that -and in subsequent climbs they could never find that ant again and so no specimens have ever been collected we dont know what it is we just know its there -so you have to wonder when you know if some other -species than us was recording the stories that mattered on -you know our stories are about iraq and war and politics -its an amazing sense of wonder youve given me and a sense of just how fragile this whole thing -it is fragile and you know i think about emerging human diseases parasites that move into the human species but thats just a very small -richard preston thank you very much i think -entirely protected in a chain of small parks strung out like pearls along the north coast of california including redwood national park -but curiously redwood rainforests the fragments that we have left to this day remain under explored redwood rainforest is incredibly difficult to move through -and even today individual trees are being discovered that have never been seen before including in the summer of two thousand and six hyperion the worlds tallest tree -do a little gedanken experiment im going to ask you to imagine what a redwood really is as a living organism and chris if i could have you up here -i have a tape measure -its a kind loaner from ted -and chris if you could take the end of that tape measure -isnt long enough its only a twenty five foot tape chris could you extend your arm out that way -there we go ok -has rainforests temperate rainforests where it can rain more than one hundred inches a year -maybe about here about thirty feet -is the diameter of a big redwood -now let your imagination go upward into space think about this tree -rising upward into redwood space three hundred and twenty five feet -thirty two stories an individual living organism articulating its forms upward into space over long periods of time -the redwood species seems to exist in another kind of time not human time but what we might call redwood time redwood time moves at a more stately pace than human time -to us when we look at a redwood tree it seems to be motionless and still and yet redwoods are constantly in motion -moving upward into space -time over thousands of years plant this small seed wait two thousand years and you get this the lost monarch -this is the realm of the coast redwood tree its species name is sequoia sempervirens -youre not seeing the organism youre like a mouse looking at the foot of an elephant and most of the organism is overhead unseen -i became very interested and i wrote about a couple steve sillett and marie antoine are the principal explorers of the redwood forest canopy theyre world class athletes and they also are world class -steve sillett when he was a nineteen year old college student at reed college had heard that the redwood forest canopy is considered to be a so called redwood desert -that is to say at that time it was believed that there was nothing up there except the branches of redwood trees -and with a friend of his he took it upon himself to free climb a redwood without ropes or any equipment to see what was up there he climbed up a small tree next to this giant redwood and then -he leaped through space and grabbed a branch with his hands and ended up hanging like catching a bar of a trapeze and then from there he climbed directly up the bark -is the tallest living organism on earth -that there was a yellow jacket wasps nest the size of a bowling ball hanging from the branch that steve had jumped into and when marwood made the jump he was covered with wasps stinging him in the face and eyes he nearly let go -he would have fallen to his death being seventy five feet above the ground but they made it to the top and what they found was not a redwood desert but a lost world -a kind of three dimensional labyrinth in the air filled with unknown life now i had been working on other topics the emergence of infectious diseases -the range of the species goes up to as much as three hundred and eighty feet tall thats thirty eight stories tall these are trees that would stand out in midtown manhattan -which come out of the natural ecosystems of the earth make a trans species jump and get into humans -after three books on this it got to be a bit much in a way -my wife and i adore our children -and i began climbing trees with my kids as just something to do with them using the so called arborist climbing technique -ropes you use ropes to get yourself up into the crown of a tree children are incredibly adept at climbing trees thats my son oliver -they dont seem to suffer from the same fear of heights that humans do -if ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny then children are somewhat closer to our roots as primates in the arboreal forest -humans appear to be the only primates that i know of that are afraid of heights all other primates when theyre scared they run up a tree where they feel safe -we camped overnight in the trees -in tree boats this is my daughter laura then fifteen looking out of a tree boat shes by the way tied in with a rope so she cant fall -looking out of a tree boat in the morning and hearing birdsong coming in three dimensions around us we had been visited in the night by flying squirrels who -seem to recognize humans for what they are because theyve never seen them in the canopy before and we practiced advanced techniques like sky walking where you can move from tree to tree through space rather like spiderman -it became a writing project when steve sillett gets up into a big redwood he fires an arrow which trails a fishing line which gets over a branch in the tree and then you ascend up a rope which has been dragged into the tree by the line -nobody knows how old the oldest living coast redwoods are because nobody has ever drilled into any of them to count their annual growth rings and in any case the centers of the oldest individuals appear to be hollow -you ascend thirty stories there are two people climbing this tree gaya which is thought to be one of the oldest redwoods there they are they are only one seventh of the way up that tree -you do feel a sense of exposure there is a small person right down there on the ground you feel like youre climbing a wall of wood but then -you enter the redwood canopy and its like coming through a layer of clouds and all of a sudden you lose sight of the ground and you also lose sight of the sky -and youre in a three dimensional labyrinth in the air filled with hanging gardens of ferns growing out of soil which is populated with all kinds of small organisms -there are epiphytes plants that grow on trees these are huckleberry bushes many species of mosses and then all sorts of lichens just plastering the tree -when you get near the top of the tree you feel like you cant fall in fact its difficult to move youre worming your way through branches which are crowded with living things that dont occur near the ground -its like scuba diving into a coral reef except youre going upward instead of downward and then the trees tend to flare out into platform like -areas at the top marias sitting on one of them these limbs could be five to six hundred years old redwoods grow very slowly in their tops -they also have a feature thickets of huckleberry bushes that grow out of the tops of redwood trees that are technically known as huckleberry afros and you can sit there and snack on the berries while youre resting -a redwood is a fractal and as they put out limbs the limbs burst into small trees copies of the redwood -now here we see a reiteration in chronos one of the older redwoods this reiteration -is a huge flying buttress that comes out the tree itself this buttress is less than halfway up the tree -and then it bursts into a forest of redwoods this particular extra trunk is a meter across at the base -and extends upward for one hundred and fifty feet its as big as any of the biggest trees east of the mississippi river and yet its only a minor feature on chronos -but its believed that the oldest living redwoods are perhaps two thousand five hundred years old roughly the age of the parthenon -this three dimensional map of the crown structure of a redwood named iluvatar made by steve sillett marie antoine and their colleagues -gives you an idea what youre seeing here is a hierarchical schematic development of the trunks of this tree -as it has elaborated itself over time into six layers of fractal of trunks springing from trunks springing from trunks -i asked steve to put a human being in this to give a sense of scale -the person right there -the person is waving to us ive wanted to ask craig venter -if it would be possible to insert a synthetic chromosome into a human so that we could reiterate ourselves if we wanted to and if we were able to reiterate then the fingers of our hand would be people -who look like us -and they would have people on their hands and so on and if we had redwood like biology we would have six layers of people on our hands as it were and it would be a lovely thing to be able to wave to someone and have all our reiterations wave at the same time -to reiterate the point -lets go closer into -were looking at that yellow box -this hallucinatory drawing shows you everything you see in this drawing is -although its also suspected that there may be individual trees that are older than that -these are millennial structures portions of the tree that are believed to be more than one thousand years old there are four humans in this shot one two -and this flying buttress is a limb shot out of that small trunk going back into the main trunk and fusing with it flying buttresses just as in a cathedral help strengthen the crown of the tree and help the tree exist longer through time -the scientists are doing all kinds of experiments in these trees theyve wired them like patients in an -out that redwoods can move moisture out of the air and down into their trunks possibly all the way into their root systems they also have the ability -you can see the range of the coast redwoods its here in red the largest individuals of this species the dreadnoughts of their kind live just on the north coast of california where the rain is really -to put roots anywhere in the tree itself if a portion of a redwood is rotting the redwood will send roots into its own form and draw nutrients out of itself as it falls apart -as yet no names this is an unnamed species of copapod a copapod is a crustacean these copapods are a major constituent -of the oceans and they are a major part of the diet of grazing baleen whales what theyre doing in -the redwood forest canopy soil hundreds of feet above the ocean or how they got there is completely unknown -there are some interesting theories that if i had time i would tell you about but as you go and you look closer at a tree what you see is you see increasing complexity -were looking at the very top of gaya which is thought to be the oldest redwood gaya may be three thousand to five thousand years old no one really knows -this little japanese garden like -i have to show you something unfortunately very sad at the conclusion of this talk -the eastern hemlock tree has often been described as the redwood of the east and were moving a full circle now in the nineteen fifties a small organism appeared in richmond virginia called the hemlock woolly adelgid -it made a trans species jump out of some other organism in asia where it was living on hemlock trees in asia when it moved into its new host the eastern hemlock tree it escaped its predators -and the new tree had no resistance to it the eastern hemlock forest is being considered in some ways the last fragments -of primeval rainforest east of the mississippi river i hadnt even know that there were rainforests in the east but in great smoky mountains national park it can rain up to one hundred inches of rain a year -in recent historic times about ninety six percent -and in the last two to three summers these invasive organisms -this kind of ebola of the trees as it were has swept through the primeval hemlock forest of the east and has absolutely wiped it out -i climbed there this past summer this is great smoky mountains national park and the hemlocks are dead as far as the eye can see -and what were seeing is not just the potential death of the eastern hemlock species that is to say its extinction from nature due to this invading parasite -of the coast redwood forest was cut down especially in a series of bursts of intense liquidation logging clear cutting that took place -but were also seeing the death of an incredibly complex ecosystem for which these trees are merely the substrate for the aerial labyrinth of the sky that exists in their crowns -its absolutely heartbreaking to see one of the things that is just i almost cant conceive it is -the idea that the national news media hasnt picked this up at all and this is the devastation of one of the most important ecosystems in north america -what can the redwoods tell us about ourselves -well i think they can tell us something about human time the flickering -and the brevity of human life the necessity to love -but were different from trees and they can also teach us something about ourselves in the differences that we have -we are human and we have the capacity to love we have the capacity to wonder and we have a sort of boundless curiosity a restless inquisitiveness that so suits us as primates i think -and at least for me personally the trees have taught me an entirely new way of loving my children -if you look at this sort of diagram of a coral reef we know a lot about that part up near the top and the reason we know so much about it is scuba divers can very easily go down there and access it -there is a problem with scuba though in that it imposes some limitations on how deep you can go and it turns out that depth is about two hundred feet ill get into why -that is in just a minute but the point is scuba divers generally stay less than one hundred feet deep and very rarely go much below this at least not with any kind of sanity so to go deeper -this is the first of two rather extraordinary photographs im going to show you today it was taken eighteen years ago i was nineteen years old at the time i had just returned from one of the deepest dives id ever made at that time a little over two hundred feet and -that almost all research using submersibles has taken place well below five hundred feet now its pretty obvious at this point that theres this zone here in the middle and thats the zone that really -centers around my own personal pursuit of happiness i want to find out whats in this zone we know almost nothing about it scuba divers cant get there submarines go right on past -it it took me a year to learn how to walk again after i had my diving accident in palau and during that year i spent a lot of time learning about physics and physiology of diving and figuring out how to overcome these limitations so -going to show you a basic idea were all breathing air right now air is a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen about twenty percent oxygen about eighty percent nitrogen is in our lungs and -theres a phenomenon called henrys law that says that gases will dissolve into a fluid in proportion to the partial pressures which youre exposing them to so -the problem happens when you start to go underwater now the deeper you go underwater the higher the pressure is if you were to go down to a depth of about one hundred and thirty feet which is the recommended limit for most scuba divers -you get this pressure effect and the effect of that pressure is that you have an increased density of gas molecules in every breath you take and then over time those gas molecules dissolve into your blood and tissues and start to fill you up -now if you were to go down to say three hundred feet you dont have five times as many gas molecules in your lungs youve got ten times as many gas molecules in your lungs and sure enough they dissolve into your blood and tissues as well and of course if you were to down -the first limitation is the oxygen oxygen toxicity now we all know the song love is like oxygen you get too much you get too high not enough and youre going to die well in the context of diving you get too much you die also -i had caught this little fish here and it turns out that that particular one was the first live one of that ever taken alive im not just an ichthyologist im a bona fide fish nerd and to a fish nerd this is some pretty exciting stuff -you die also because oxygen toxicity can cause a seizure makes you convulse underwater not a good thing to happen underwater it happens because theres too much concentration of oxygen in your body -the nitrogen has two problems one of them is what jacques cousteau called rapture of the deep its nitrogen narcosis it makes you loopy the deeper you go the loopier you get -and at the time really i wasnt the only one who didnt know what i was doing almost nobody did and this rig was actually used for a dive of three hundred feet but over time we got a little bit better at it and we came up with this really sophisticated looking rig with -three main advantages to a rebreather one theyre quiet they dont make any noise two they allow you to stay underwater longer three they allow you to go deeper and -and more exciting was the fact that the person who took this photo was a guy named jack randall the greatest living ichthyologist on earth the grand poobah of fish nerds if you will and so it was really exciting to me to have this moment in time -how is it that they do that well in order to really understand how they do that you kind of have to take off the hood and look underneath and see whats going on there are three basic systems to a closed circuit rebreather the most fundamental of these is called the breathing loop -the counterlungs arent high tech theyre just simply flexible bags they allow you to mechanically breathe or mechanically ventilate when you exhale your breath it goes in the exhale counterlung when you inhale a breath it comes from the inhale counterlung its just pure mechanics allowing you to cycle air through this breathing loop -and the other component on a breathing loop is the carbon dioxide absorbent canister now as we breathe we produce carbon dioxide -so thats the breathing loop in a nutshell now the second main component of a closed circuit rebreather is the gas system now the primary purpose of the gas system is to -but if we only had an oxygen gas supply cylinder we wouldnt be able to go very deep because wed run into oxygen toxicity very very quickly so we need another gas something to dilute the oxygen with and that -now in our applications we generally put air inside this diluent gas supply because its a very cheap and easy source of nitrogen so thats where we get our nitrogen from but if we want to go deeper of course we need another gas supply we need -now normally you dont have to do that because all of its done automatically for you with the electronics the third system of a rebreather the most critical part of a rebreather are the oxygen sensors -need three of them so that if one of them goes bad you know which one it is you need voting logic you also have three microprocessors any one of those computers can run the entire system so you have to lose two of them theres also back up power supplies -and of course theres multiple displays to get the information to the diver this is the high tech gadgetry that allows us to do what we do on these kind of deep dives and i can talk about it all day just ask my wife -then we just start dropping dropping dropping people have asked me it must take a long time to get there no it only takes a couple of minutes to get all the way down to three or four hundred feet which is where were aiming for its kind of like skydiving in slow motion its really a very -and all of a sudden youre confronted with a tremendous amount of diversity much more than anyone used to believe now not all of it not all of it is new species like that fish you see with the white stripe thats a known species but if you look carefully -into the cracks and crevices youll see little things scurrying all over the place theres a just unbelievable diversity its not just fish either these are crinoids sponges black corals -find them but this is what it looks like and this kind of habitat just goes on and on and on for miles this is papua new guinea -high tech gear on your back youre in a remote reef off papua new guinea thousands of miles from the nearest recompression chamber and youre completely surrounded by sharks -you start talking like donald duck theres no situation in the world that can seem tense -now youve seen video like this on tv a lot and its very intimidating and i think it gives the wrong impression about sharks sharks are actually not very dangerous animals and thats why we werent worried much why we were joking around down there -i learned two really important things that day the first thing i learned well im mortal thats a really big one and the second thing i learned was that -by a shark so sharks arent quite as dangerous as most people make them out to be now i dont know if any of you get u s news and world report i got the recent issue theres a -as a fish nerd i have to laugh because you know they dont call us fish nerds for nothing we actually do get excited about finding a new dorsal spine in a guppy but its much more than that -this thing just look at the monetary value of this thing a couple of these ended up getting sold through the aquarium trade to japan where they sold for fifteen thousand dollars apiece thats half a million dollars a pound -with a black spot and i thought aw damn i should have caught one i think thats a new species and then eventually i got around to looking in my bucket sure enough i had caught one i just completely forgot that i had caught one -i knew with profound certainty this is exactly what i was going to do for the rest of my life i had to focus all my energies towards going to find new species of things down on deep coral reefs -and so this one we decided to give the name centropyge narcosis to so thats its official scientific name in reference to -this is another neat one when we first found it we werent even sure what family this thing belonged to so we just called it the doctor seuss fish because it looked like something out of one of those books -now this ones pretty cool if you go to papua new guinea and go down three hundred feet youre going to see this big mounds and this may be kind of hard to see but theyre about oh a couple meters in diameter if you look closely youll see theres a little white fish a little white and gray fish that hangs out near -quickly we find them were up to seven new species per hour of time we spend at that depth now if you go to an amazon jungle and fog a tree you may get a lot of bugs but for fishes -there are only five to six thousand known species so a very large percentage of what is out there isnt really known we thought we had a handle on all the reef fish diversity evidently not and im going to just close on a very somber note at the beginning i told you -that i was going to show you two extraordinary photographs this is the second extraordinary photograph im going to show you this one was taken at the exact moment i was down there filming those sharks this was taken exactly three hundred feet above my head -now when you think of a coral reef this is what most people think of all these big hard elaborate corals and lots of bright colorful fishes and things but this is really just the tip of the iceberg -and the reason this photograph is extraordinary is because it captures a moment in the very last minute of a persons life -less than sixty seconds after this picture was taken this guy was dead -when we recovered his body we figured out what had gone wrong he had made a very simple mistake he turned the wrong valve when he filled his cylinder he had eighty percent oxygen in his tank when he should have had forty he had an oxygen toxicity seizure and he drowned -the reason i show this not to put a downer on everything but i just want to use it to key off my philosophy of life in general which is that we all have two goals -first goal we share with every other living thing on this planet which is to survive i call it perpetuation the survival of the species and survival of ourselves because theyre both about perpetuating the genome and the second goal is for those of us who have mastered that first goal is to -you know you call it spiritual fulfillment you can call it financial success you can call it any number of different things i call it seeking joy this pursuit of happiness -so i guess my theme on this is this guy lived his life to the fullest he absolutely did you have to balance those two goals if you live your whole life in fear i mean -life is a sexually transmitted disease with one hundred percent mortality so you cant live your life in fear -but at the same time you dont want to get so focused on rule number two or goal number two that you neglect goal number one -because once youre dead you really cant enjoy anything after that i wish you all the best of luck in maintaining that balance in your future endeavors thanks -one run on one of these machines two hundred gigabases -in a week and that two hundred is going to change to six hundred this summer and theres no sign of this pace slowing -so the price of a base to sequence a base has fallen one hundred million times thats the equivalent of you filling up your car with gas in one thousand nine hundred and ninety eight waiting until two thousand and eleven and now you can drive to jupiter and back twice -and heres all the new stuff guys this is a log scale you dont typically see lines that go up like that -so the worldwide capacity to sequence human genomes is something like fifty thousand to one hundred thousand human genomes this year and we know this based on the machines that are being placed this is expected to double triple or maybe quadruple year over year for the foreseeable future -in fact theres one lab in particular that represents twenty percent of all that capacity its called the beijing genomics institute -the chinese are absolutely winning this race to the new moon by the way what does this mean for medicine -so a woman is age thirty seven she presents with stage two estrogen receptor positive breast cancer she is treated with surgery chemotherapy and radiation she goes home two years later she comes back with stage three c ovarian cancer unfortunately treated again with surgery and chemotherapy -she comes back with acute myeloid leukemia -she goes into respiratory failure and dies eight days later so first the way in which this woman was treated in as little as ten years will look like bloodletting -and its because of people like my colleague rick wilson at the genome institute at washington university who decided to take a look at this woman postmortem and he sequenced he took skin cells healthy skin -top left bottom right are the sex chromosomes women have two copies of that big x chromosome men have the x and of course that small copy of the y sorry boys but its just a tiny little thing that makes you different so if you zoom in on this genome -in a particular gene called tp fifty three if you have this deleterious mutation in this gene youre ninety percent likely to get cancer in your life -so unfortunately this doesnt help this woman but it does have severe profound if you will implications to her family i mean if they have the same mutation and they get this genetic test and they understand it then they can go and get regular screens and they can catch cancer early and potentially live a significantly longer life -let me introduce you now to the beery twins diagnosed with cerebral palsy at the age of two their mom is a very brave woman who didnt believe that the symptoms werent matching up and through some heroic efforts and a lot of internet searching she was able to -convince the medical community that in fact they had something else -what they had was dopa responsive dystonia and so they were given l dopa and their symptoms did improve but they werent totally asymptomatic significant problems remained turns out the gentleman in this picture is a guy named joe beery who was lucky enough to be the cio of a company called life technologies -theyre one of the two companies that makes these massive whole genome sequencing tools and so what he did was he got his kids sequenced and what they found was a series of mutations in a gene called spr which is responsible for producing serotonin among other things -so on top of l dopa they gave these kids a serotonin precursor drug and theyre effectively normal now guys this would never have happened without whole genome sequencing and at the time this was a few years ago it cost dollar one hundred thousand today its dollar ten thousand next year its dollar one thousand the year after its dollar one hundred give or take a year thats how fast this is moving so heres little nick -likes batman and squirt guns and it turns out nick shows up at the childrens hospital with this distended belly like a famine victim and its not that hes not eating its that when he eats his intestine basically opens up and feces spill out into his gut so a hundred surgeries later he looks at his mom and says mom -please pray for me im in so much pain -his pediatrician happens to have a background in clinical genetics and he has no idea whats going on but he says lets get this kids genome sequenced and what they find is a single point mutation in a gene responsible for controlling programmed cell death -so the theory is that hes having some immunological reaction to whats going on to the food essentially and thats a natural reaction which causes some programmed cell death but the gene that regulates that down is broken -and so this informs among other things of course a treatment for bone marrow transplant which he undertakes and after nine months of grueling recovery hes now eating steak with a one sauce -then what you see of course is this double helix structure the code of life spelled out with these four biochemical letters or we call them bases right a c g and t how many are there in the human genome three billion is that a big number -today its here and what it means for all of us is that everybody in this room could live an extra five ten twenty years just because of this one thing which is a fantastic story unless you think about humanitys footprint on the planet and our ability to keep up food production so it turns out that the very same technology is also being used -to grow new lines of corn wheat soybean and other crops that are highly tolerant of drought of flood of pests and pesticides now look -none not one -this is a typewriter a staple of every desktop for decades and in fact the typewriter was essentially deleted by this thing and then more general versions of word processors came about -but ultimately it was a disruption on top of a disruption it was bob metcalfe inventing the ethernet and the connection of all these computers that fundamentally changed everything and suddenly we had netscape and we had yahoo and we had indeed the entire dotcom bubble -revolution today this is where we are so what id like you to consider is what does it mean when these dots dont represent the individual bases of your genome but they connect to genomes all across the planet -so i just recently had to buy life insurance and i was required to answer a i have never had a genetic test b ive had one here you go and c ive had one and im not telling thankfully i was able to answer a and i say that honestly in case my life insurance agent is listening but what would have happened if i had said c -consumer applications for genomics they will flourish do you want to see whether youre genetically compatible with your girlfriend sure dna sequencing on your iphone theres an app for that -well everybody can throw around big numbers but in fact if i were to place one base on each pixel of this one thousand two hundred and eighty by eight hundred resolution screen -theres already a lab today that tests -and a third cousins genome was also sitting there and there was software that could compare these two and make these associations not hard to imagine my company has software that does this right now -we would need three thousand screens to take a look at the genome so its really quite big and perhaps because of its size -now this is probably a good thing right you have bigger clan gatherings and so on but maybe its a bad thing as well how many fathers in the room raise your hands -okay so experts think that one to three percent of you are not actually the father of your child -or not and so i urge you all to wake up and to tune in and to influence the genomic revolution thats happening all around you thank you -that the world has completely changed and none of you know about it so -now what we do is we take a genome we make maybe fifty copies of it we cut all those copies up into little fifty base reads and then we sequence them massively parallel and then we bring that into software and we reassemble it and we tell you what the story is and so just to give you a picture of what this looks like the human genome project three gigabases right -now its about thirty five percent its been declining and i believe it will continue to decline gasoline consumption in the u s probably peaked in two thousand and seven and is declining -so oil is playing a less significant role every year and so twenty five years ago there was a peak oil -just like in the nineteen twenties there was a peak coal and a hundred years before that there was a peak wood -is a very important picture of the evolution of energy systems and whats been taking up the slack in the last few decades well a lot of natural gas -and a little bit of nuclear for starters and what goes on in the future well i think out ahead of us a few decades -peak gas and beyond that peak renewables -tell you another little very important story about this picture now im not pretending that energy use in total isnt increasing it -and that continues into the future with the renewables that were developing today reaching maybe thirty percent of primary energy by mid century -start in central texas heres a piece of limestone i picked it up outside of marble falls texas its about four hundred million years old and its just limestone nothing really special about it now heres a piece of chalk -off the coast of california -comes this its abalone shell now millions of abalone every year make this shell oh by the way -just in case you werent already guessing its calcium carbonate its the same stuff as this and the same stuff as this but its not the same stuff its different its thousands of times maybe three thousand times tougher -and one of the reasons is this is remarkable stuff you take about eight or so carbon atoms about twenty hydrogen atoms you put them together in exactly the right way -and why because the lowly abalone is able to lay down the calcium carbonate crystals in layers making this beautiful iridescent -mother of pearl very specialized material that the abalone self assembles millions of abalone -all the time every day every year this is pretty incredible stuff all the same whats different how the molecules are put together -now what does this have to do with energy heres a piece of coal and ill suggest that this coal is about as exciting as this chalk -now -nature hasnt every built those perfect materials yet because nature didnt need to nature didnt need to because unlike the abalone shell -the survival of the species didnt depend on building those materials until maybe now when it might just matter so -when we think about the future of energy imagine what would it be like if instead of this -we could build the energy equivalent of this just by rearranging the molecules differently -is my story the oil will never run out its not because we have a lot of it its not because were going to build a bajillion windmills -its because well thousands of years ago people invented ideas they had ideas innovations technology and the stone age ended not because we ran out of stones -its ideas its innovation its technology that will end the age of oil long before we run out of oil thank you very much -now as far as it goes theres a lot of oil out there in the world heres my little pocket map of where its all located -a bigger one for you to look at but this is it this is the oil in the world geologists have a pretty good idea of where the oil is this is about one hundred trillion gallons of crude oil still to be developed and produced in the world today -now thats just one story about oil and we could end it there and say well oils going to last forever because well theres just a lot of it but theres actually more to the story than -oh by the way if you think youre very far from some of this oil one thousand meters below where youre all sitting is one of the largest producing oil fields in the world -come talk to me about it ill fill in some of the details if you want so thats one of the stories of oil theres just a lot of it but what about oil where is it in the energy system -heres a little snapshot of one hundred and fifty years of oil and its been a dominant part of our energy system for most of those one hundred and fifty years now heres another little secret im going to tell you about -i can make them wonderful and i can make them repeatedly wonderful and you know what those products and services are because you own some of them theyre the things that youd snatch if the house was on fire forming the emotional bond -i thought well what the hells that about so i started to ask myself questions about it and the first was -and by the way i was little -and i suddenly realized that there was something that did exactly that -light to dark in six seconds exactly that -you see using this bit the thinky bit the slow bit of the brain using that and this isnt a think its a feel and would you do me a favor for the next fourteen minutes or whatever it is will you feel stuff i dont need you to think so much as i want you to feel it i felt -everybody likes it but some like it more than others -so this leads me to think of this in a different way were not feeling it were thinking beauty is in the limbic system if thats not an outmoded idea -these are the bits the pleasure centers and maybe what im seeing and sensing and feeling is bypassing my thinking the wiring from your sensory apparatus to those bits is shorter than the bits that have to pass through the thinky bit the cortex they arrive first -by osmosis and end up inside it as pure potable drinking water and all of a sudden this plastic bag -was extremely beautiful to me -who are picking up something off that maybe theres an innocence to it now im going to tell you what it is are you ready this is the last -before she died of cancer to the spine its the last thing she did the last physical act -look at that picture look at the innocence look at the beauty in it is it beautiful now stop -i watch what people do i watch faces i watch reactions because i have to know how people react to things and one of the most common faces on something -and as he did so his customer noticed that on the back side of the balance wheel was an engraving were words -response often quite a sad emotional response but its part of what we do it isnt just about nice and this is the dilemma this is the paradox of beauty sensorily were taking in all sorts of things mixtures of things that are good bad exciting frightening to come up with that sensorial -and he said to the guy why have you put -stuff on the back that no one will ever see and the watchmaker turned around and said -saying that beauty was about symmetry well it obviously isnt this is a more interesting one where half faces were shown to some people and then to add them into a list of most beautiful to least beautiful and then exposing a full face and they found that it was almost exact -coincidence so it wasnt about symmetry in fact -and as a designer i cant help meddling with this so i pulled it to bits and sort of did stuff like this and tried to understand what the individual elements were but feeling it as i go now i can feel -a sensation of delight and beauty if i look at that eye im not getting it off the eyebrow and the earhole isnt doing it to me at all so i dont know how much this is helping me but its helping to guide me to the places where the signals are coming off -and as i say im not a neuroscientist but to understand how i can start to assemble things that will very quickly bypass -because its a palimpsest of things its masses and masses of layers this is just the bit that protrudes into our physical dimension its something much bigger layer after layer of legend -this bit the big secret of automotive design reflection management its not about the shapes -its how the shapes reflect light now that thing light flickers across it as you move -so it becomes a kinetic object even though its standing still managed by how brilliantly thats done on the reflection this little relief on the footplate by the way to a rider means theres something going on underneath it in this case a drive chain running at three hundred miles and hour probably -and only a few people can do it and a focus group cannot do it -and a team rarely can do it it takes a central cortex if you like to be able to orchestrate all those elements at the same time -this is a beautiful water bottle some of you know of it done by ross lovegrove the designer this is pretty close to intrinsic beauty this one -to make something that refracts light like that that comes out of the tool correctly that goes down the line without falling over underneath this like the story of the swan is a million things very difficult to do -the comprehension of it leads us to a greater and heightened sense of the beauty of whats actually going on -so is that wrong well in this case it isnt because its a very very ecologically sound piece of technology but youre a slave of that first flash we are slaves to the first few -fractions of a second and thats where much of my work has to win or lose on a shelf -the stuff that costs nothing because that knowledge is free bundle that together and where do we come out -form follows function only sometimes only sometimes form is -david gallo says push yourself physically mentally youve gotta push push push you gotta push through shyness and self doubt goldie hawn says i always had self doubts i wasnt good enough i wasnt smart enough i didnt think id make it -really a two hour presentation i give to high school students cut down to three minutes and it all started one day on a plane on my way to ted seven years ago and in the seat next to -now its not always easy to push yourself and thats why they invented mothers -frank gehry frank gehry said to me my mother pushed -sherwin nuland says it was a privilege to serve as a doctor now a lot of kids tell me they want to be millionaires and the first thing i say to them is ok well you cant serve yourself you gotta serve others something of value because thats the way people really get rich -ideas ted ster bill gates says i had an idea founding the first micro computer software company id say it was a pretty good idea -so the big the answer to this question is simple pay four thousand bucks and come to ted -or failing that do the eight things and trust me these are the big eight things that lead to success thank you ted sters for -high school student a teenager and she came from a really poor family and she wanted to make something of her life and she asked me a simple little question she said what leads to success -and i felt really badly because i couldnt give her a good answer so i get off the plane and i come to ted and i think jeez im in the middle of a room of successful people so why dont i ask them what helped them succeed and pass it on to kids -so here we are seven years five hundred interviews later and im gonna tell you what really leads to success and makes ted sters tick and the first thing is passion -work rupert murdoch said to me its all hard work nothing comes easily but i have a lot of fun did he say fun rupert -yes ted sters do have fun working and they work hard i figured theyre not workaholics theyre workafrolics -goldie hawn says i always had self doubts i wasnt good enough i wasnt smart enough i didnt think id make it -now its not always easy to push yourself and thats why they invented mothers -now a lot of kids tell me they want to be millionaires and the first thing i say to them is ok well you cant serve yourself you gotta serve others something of value because thats the way people really get rich -ideas ted ster bill gates says i had an idea founding the first micro computer software company id say it was a pretty good idea -and theres no magic to creativity in coming up with ideas its just doing some very simple things and i give lots of evidence persist -joe kraus says persistence is the number one reason for our success -you gotta persist through failure you gotta persist through crap which of course means criticism rejection assholes and pressure -pay four thousand bucks and come to ted -and in the seat next to me was a -high school student a teenager and she came from a really poor family and she wanted to make something of her life and she asked me a simple little question she said what leads to success -and i felt really badly because i couldnt give her a good answer -so i get off the plane and i come to ted and i think jeez im in the middle of a room of successful people so why dont i ask them what helped them succeed and pass it on to kids -so here we are seven years five hundred interviews later and im gonna tell you what really leads to success -and makes ted sters tick and the first thing is passion -freeman thomas says im driven by my passion ted sters do it for love they dont do it for money carol coletta says i would pay someone to do what i do and the interesting thing is if you do it for love the money comes anyway -work rupert murdoch said to me its all hard work nothing comes easily but i have a lot of fun did he say fun rupert yes -ted sters do have fun working and they work hard i figured theyre not workaholics theyre workafrolics -i can buy anything i want but im not happy im depressed its true what they say and i didnt believe it until it happened to me but money cant buy happiness he said no but it can buy prozac -my partner and i thom we had to let all our employees go it was down to just the two of us and we were about to go under and that was great because with no employees there was nobody for me to manage -so i went back to doing the projects i loved -i had fun again i worked harder and to cut a long story short did all the things that took me back up to success -do so many people reach success and then fail one of the big reasons is we think success is a one way street so we do everything that leads up to success -business grew bigger than ever and when i went back to following these eight principles the black cloud over my head disappeared altogether and i woke up one day and i said i dont need prozac anymore -and i threw it away and havent needed it since i learned that success isnt a one way street it doesnt look like this it really looks more like this its a continuous journey -if we want to avoid success to failure syndrome we just keep following these eight principles because that is not only how we achieve success its how we sustain it so here is to your continued success thank you very much -and i can tell you this happens because it happened to me -reaching success i worked hard i pushed myself but then i stopped because i figured oh you know i made it i can just sit back and relax -reaching success i was pretty good at coming up with good ideas because i did all these simple things that led to ideas but then i stopped because i figured i was this hot shot guy and -i shouldnt have to work at ideas they should just come like magic and the only thing that came was creative block i couldnt come up with any ideas -reaching success i always focused on clients and projects and ignored the money then all this money started pouring in and i got distracted by it and suddenly i was on the phone to my stockbroker and my real estate agent when i should have been talking to my clients -reaching success i always did what i loved but then i got into stuff that i didnt love like management i am the worlds worst manager but i figured i should be doing it because i was after all the president of the company -but i came to realize that -and thats a small torch from a broken flashlight -so i set up everything -as you can see the solar panel charges the battery and the battery supplies the power to the small indicator box i call it a transformer -and thats how it looks to lions when they come at night -one of them was this grandmother -for scaring other predators like hyenas -because of this invention i was lucky to get a scholarship in one of the best schools in kenya -my new school now is coming in -so one year ago i was just a boy in the savanna grassland -i used to hate lions but now because my invention -we are able to stay with the lions without any conflict -and this is what they do they kill our livestock -i want to make an electric fence ca electric fence rt but i know electric fences are already invented but i want to make mine -and i felt so bad because it was the only bull we had -my community the maasai we believe that we came from heaven -with all our animals and all the land -so i grew up hating lions so much -so they kill the lions its one of the six lions which were killed in nairobi -but this graph is after taking into account all of these known risk factors this is after accounting for smoking social class diet all those other known risk factors we are left with this missing space of increased deaths the further north you go -now sunlight of course comes into this and vitamin d has had a great deal of press and a lot of people get concerned about it and we need vitamin d its now a requirement that children have a certain amount -my grandmother grew up in glasgow back in the one thousand nine hundred and twenty s and thirty s when rickets was a real problem and cod liver oil was brought in and that really prevented the rickets that used to be common in this city and i as a child was fed cod liver oil by my grandmother i distinctly nobody forgets cod liver oil -but an association the higher peoples blood levels of vitamin d are the less heart disease they have the less cancer there seems to be a lot of data suggesting that vitamin d is very good for you and it is to prevent rickets and so on -but if you give people vitamin d supplements you dont change that high rate of heart disease and the evidence for it preventing cancers is not yet great -so what im going to suggest is that vitamin d is not the only story in town its not the only reason preventing heart disease high vitamin d levels i think are a marker for sunlight exposure and sunlight exposure in methods im going to show is good for heart disease -anyway i came back from australia and despite the obvious risks to my health i moved to aberdeen -and what was remarkable about it was in the past when we think of chemical messengers within the body we thought of complicated things like estrogen and insulin or nerve transmission very complex processes with very complex chemicals that fit into very complex receptors -what you learn when you go to australia is the australians are very competitive and they are not magnanimous in victory and that happened a lot you pommies you cant play cricket rugby i could accept that -and heres this incredibly simple molecule a nitrogen and an oxygen that are stuck together -and yet these are hugely important for unclear our low blood pressure for neurotransmission for many many things -but particularly cardiovascular health -and i started doing research and we found very excitingly -i thought well whats it doing how do you have low blood pressure in your skin its not the heart what do you do so i went off to the states as many people do if theyre going to do research and i spent a few years in pittsburgh -this is pittsburgh and i was interested in these really complex systems we thought that maybe nitric oxide affected cell death and how cells survive and their resistance to other things and i first off started work in cell culture growing cells and then i was using knockout mouse models mice that couldnt make the gene -we worked out a mechanism which no was helping cells survive -an ideal model but what we found was that we couldnt reproduce in man the data we had shown in mice -it seemed we couldnt turn off the production of nitric oxide in the skin of humans we put on creams that blocked the enzyme that made it we injected things we couldnt turn off the nitric oxide and the reason for this it turned out after two or three years work -was that in the skin we have huge stores not of nitric oxide because nitric oxide is a gas and its released poof and in a few seconds its away -but moving into work and we have each week whats called a journal club when youd sit down with the other doctors and youd study a scientific paper in relation to medicine -and we then thought to ourselves with those big stores i wonder if sunlight might activate those stores and release them from the skin where the stores are about ten times as big as whats in the circulation could the sun activate those stores into the circulation and there in the circulation do its good things for your cardiovascular system -well im an experimental dermatologist so what we did was we thought wed have to expose our experimental animals to sunlight -and so what we did was we took a bunch of volunteers and we exposed them to ultraviolet light so these are kind of sunlamps now what we were careful to do -was vitamin d is made by ultraviolet b rays and we wanted to separate our story from the vitamin d story so we used ultraviolet a which doesnt make vitamin d -when we put people under a lamp for the equivalent of about thirty minutes of sunshine in summer in edinburgh what we produced was we produced a rise in circulating nitric oxide so we put patients with these subjects under the uv and their no levels do go up -and their blood pressure goes down not by much as an individual level but enough at a population level to shift the rates of heart disease in a whole population -and when we shone uv at them or when we warmed them up to the same level as the lamps but didnt actually let the rays hit the skin this didnt happen so this seems to be a feature of ultraviolet rays hitting the skin -now were still collecting data a few good things here this appeared to be more marked in older people im not sure exactly how much one of the subjects here was my mother in law and clearly i do not know her age but certainly -and after week one it was about cardiovascular mortality a dry subject how many people die of heart disease what the rates are -so what weve next done is weve moved on to looking at blood vessel dilatation so weve measured this is again notice no tail and hairless this is a medical student -in the arm you can measure blood flow in the arm by how much it swells up as some blood flows into it -so here further data that ultraviolet thats sunlight has benefits on the blood flow and the cardiovascular system -and they were competitive about this you pommies your rates of heart disease are shocking -so we thought wed just kind of model -hit different parts of the earth at different times of year so you can actually work out those stores of nitric oxide the nitrates nitrites nitrosothiols in the skin cleave to release no different wavelengths of light have different activities of doing that so you can look at the wavelengths of light that do that -and you can look so if you live on the equator the sun comes straight overhead it comes through a very thin bit of atmosphere in winter or summer its the same amount of light if you live up here in summer the sun is coming fairly directly down but in winter its coming through a huge amount of atmosphere and much of the ultraviolet is weeded out -and the range of wavelengths that hit the earth are different from summer to winter -and of course they were right australians have about a third less heart disease than we do less deaths from heart attacks heart failure less strokes theyre generally a healthier bunch and of course they said this was because of their fine moral standing their exercise because theyre australians and were weedy pommies and so on -so what you can do is you can multiply those data by the no thats released and you can calculate how much nitric oxide would be released from the skin into the circulation -in summer the area beneath the curve is pretty good but edinburgh in winter the amount of no that can be released is next to nothing tiny amounts -so what do we think were still working at this story were still developing it were still expanding it we think its very important we think it probably accounts for a lot of the north south health divide within britain its of relevance to us -we think that the skin well we know that the skin has got very large stores of nitric oxide as these various other forms we suspect a lot of these come from diet green leafy vegetables beetroot lettuce has a lot of these nitric oxides that we think go to the skin -we think theyre then stored in the skin -and we think the sunlight releases this where it has generally beneficial effects -i actually think a far more important message is that there are benefits as well as risks to sunlight yes sunlight is the major alterable risk factor for skin cancer -but deaths from heart disease are a hundred times higher than deaths from skin cancer and i think that we need to be more aware of and we need to find the risk benefit ratio how much sunlight is safe -but its not just australia that has better health than britain within britain there is a gradient of health and this is whats called standardized mortality basically your chances of dying -this is looking at data from the paper about twenty years ago but its true today -so income means something very important within our societies -thank you -and nothing between them -the explanation of that paradox is that within our societies were looking at relative income -or social position social status where we are in relation to each other and the size of the gaps between us -and as soon as youve got that idea -you should immediately wonder what happens if we widen the differences or compress them make the income differences bigger or smaller -and thats what im going to show you -im not using any hypothetical data im taking data from the u n its the same as the world bank has on the scale of income differences in these rich developed market democracies -the measure weve used because its easy to understand and you can download it is how much richer the top twenty percent than the bottom twenty percent in each country and you see in the more equal countries on the left japan finland norway sweden -the truth of what im going to say i think the intuition that inequality is divisive and socially corrosive has been around since before the french revolution whats changed is we now can look at the evidence we can compare societies more and less equal societies and see what inequality does -the top twenty percent are about three and a half four times as rich as the bottom twenty percent but on the more unequal end u k portugal usa singapore the differences are twice as big on that measure we are twice as unequal -as some of the other successful market democracies -now im going to show you what that does to our societies -we collected data on problems with social gradients the kind of problems that are more common at the bottom of the social ladder -internationally comparable data on life expectancy on kids maths and literacy scores on infant mortality rates homicide rates -proportion of the population in prison teenage birthrates levels of trust obesity mental illness which in standard diagnostic classification includes drug and alcohol addiction and social -which i shall use over and over again in the data -the more unequal countries are doing worse on all these kinds of social problems -no correlation anymore -we were a little bit worried that people might think wed been choosing problems to suit our argument and just manufactured this evidence so we also did a paper in the british medical journal on the unicef index of child well being -it has forty different components put together by other people it contains whether kids can talk to their parents whether they have books at home what immunization rates are like whether theres bullying at school everything goes into it here it is in relation to that same measure of inequality -kids do worse in the more unequal societies highly significant relationship -theres no relationship no suggestion of a relationship -what all the data ive shown you so far says is the same thing the average well being of our societies is not dependent any longer -on national income and economic growth thats very important in poorer countries but not in the rich developed world -but the differences between us and where we are in relation to each other now matter very much -im going to show you some of the separate bits of our index here for instance is trust its simply the proportion of the population who agree most people can be trusted it comes from the world values survey you see at the more unequal end -its about fifteen percent of the population who feel they can trust others but in the more equal societies it rises to sixty or sixty five percent -and if you look at measures of involvement in community life or social capital -im going to take you through that data and then explain why the links im going to be showing you exist but first see what a miserable lot we are laughter i want to start though with a paradox -very similar relationships closely related to inequality -i may say we did all this work twice we did it first on these rich developed countries -and then as a separate test bed we repeated it all on the fifty american states asking just the same question do the more unequal states do worse on all these kinds of measures so here is trust from a general social survey of the federal government related to inequality -very similar scatter over a similar range of levels of trust same thing is going on basically we found that almost anything thats related to trust internationally is related to trust amongst the fifty states in that separate test bed -this is the percent of the population with any mental illness in the preceding year -and it goes from about eight percent up to three times that whole societies with three times the level of mental illness of others and again closely related to inequality -this is violence these red dots are american states and the blue triangles are canadian provinces but look at the scale of the differences it goes from fifteen homicides per million -theres a about a tenfold difference there log scale up the side but it goes from about forty to four hundred people in prison that relationship is not mainly driven by more crime in some places thats part of it but most of it is about more punitive sentencing -harsher sentencing and the more unequal societies are more likely also to retain the death penalty -here we have children dropping out of high school again quite big differences extraordinarily damaging if youre talking about using the talents of the population this is social mobility -its actually a measure of mobility based on income basically its asking do rich fathers have rich sons and poor fathers have poor sons or is there no relationship between the two -and at the more unequal end fathers income is much more important in the u k usa and in scandinavian countries fathers income is much less important theres more social mobility -and as we like to say and i know there are a lot of americans in the audience here if americans want to live the american dream they should go to denmark -this shows you life expectancy against gross national income how rich countries are on average and you see the countries on the right like norway and the usa are twice as rich as israel greece portugal on the left -ive shown you just a few things in italics here i could have shown a number of other problems theyre all problems that tend to be more common at the bottom of the social gradient but there are endless problems with social gradients that are worse in more unequal countries -think of the expense the human cost of that -i want to go back though to this graph that i showed you earlier where we put it all together to make two points one is that in graph after graph we find the countries that do worse whatever the outcome seem to be the more unequal ones -and the ones that do well seem to be the nordic countries and japan so what were looking at is general social disfunction related to inequality its not just one or two things that go wrong its most things -the other really important point i want to make on this graph is that if you look at the bottom sweden and japan -but another really important difference is how they get their greater equality sweden has huge differences in earnings and it narrows the gap through taxation general welfare state generous benefits and so on -japan is rather different though it starts off with much smaller differences in earnings before tax it has lower taxes it has a smaller welfare state -and in our analysis of the american states we find rather the same contrast there are some states that do well through redistribution some states that do well because they have smaller income differences before tax so we conclude that it doesnt much matter how you get your greater equality as long as you get there somehow -i am not talking about perfect equality im talking about what exists in rich developed market democracies -another really surprising part of this picture is that its not just the poor who are affected by inequality -and in a number of studies its possible to compare how people do in more and less equal countries at each level in the social hierarchy -this is just one example its infant mortality some swedes very kindly classified a lot of their infant deaths according to the british register of general socioeconomic classification and so -and it makes no difference to their life expectancy at all theres no suggestion of a relationship there -its anachronistically a classification by fathers occupations so single parents go on their own but then where it says low social class thats unskilled manual occupations it goes through towards the skilled manual occupations in the middle then the -junior non manual going up high to the professional occupations doctors lawyers -the biggest differences are at the bottom of society but even at the top -we show that on about five different sets of data covering educational outcomes and health in the united states and internationally and that seems to be the general picture that greater equality makes most difference at the bottom but has some benefits even at the top but i should say a few words about whats going on -but if we look within our societies there are extraordinary social gradients in health running right across society this again is life expectancy these are small areas of england and wales the poorest on the right the richest on the left -i think im looking and talking about the psychosocial effects of inequality more to do with feelings of superiority and inferiority of being valued and devalued respected and disrespected -and of course those feelings of the status competition that comes out of that drives the consumerism in our society -it also leads to status insecurity we worry more about how were judged and seen by others whether were regarded as attractive clever all that kind of thing -the social evaluative judgments increase the fear of those social evaluative judgments -interestingly some parallel work going on in social psychology some people reviewed two hundred and eight different studies in which volunteers had been invited into a psychological laboratory and had their stress hormones their responses to doing stressful tasks measured -and in the review what they were interested in seeing is what kind of stresses most reliably raise levels of cortisol the central stress hormone -and the conclusion was it was tasks that included social evaluative threat threats to self esteem or social status in which others can negatively judge your performance those kind of stresses have a very particular effect on the physiology of stress -now we have been criticized of course there are people who dislike this stuff -our data source decides whether its reliable data we dont otherwise that would introduce bias what about other countries there are two hundred studies -of health in relation to income and equality in the academic peer reviewed journals this isnt confined to these countries here hiding a very simple demonstration the same countries the same measure of inequality one problem after another -why dont we control for other factors well weve shown you that gnp per capita doesnt make any difference and of course others using more sophisticated methods in the literature have controlled for poverty and education and so on -what about causality correlation in itself doesnt prove causality we spend a good bit of time and indeed people know the causal links quite well in some of these outcomes the big change in our understanding of drivers of chronic health in the rich developed world -is how important chronic stress from social sources -affecting the immune system the cardiovascular system -or for instance the reason why violence becomes more common in more unequal societies is because people -have less good health than the people at the top -i think the take home message though -is that we can improve the real quality of human life -by reducing the differences in incomes between us suddenly we have a handle on the psychosocial well being of whole societies and thats exciting -in korea that there was a young girl who was eleven years old being raised by her grandmother and the grandmother had never let any westerners ever see her every time any westerners came to the village she hid the -so the two of us were just like oh my god oh my god so were trying to get natasha -and the whole room filled with smoke in about two seconds and gene turns round and says were not going to make it and he closes the door and the whole room is now filled with smoke were all choking and theres smoke pouring through the vents under the doors theres people screaming -i had two overwhelming feelings one was absolute terror its like oh please god i just want to wake up this has got to be a nightmare this cant be happening please i just want to wake up its got to be a nightmare and the other is unbelievable guilt here ive been playing god -with my friends lives my friends son with natashas life and this what you get when you try playing god is you hurt people i remember just being so frightened and terrified and gene whos laying on the floor -says man weve got to soak towels i said what he says weve got to soak towels were going to die from the smoke so we ran to the bathroom and got towels and put them over our faces and the kids faces -he said do you have gaffers tape i said what he said do you have gaffers tape i said yeah somewhere in my halliburton he says weve got to stop the smoke he said thats all we can do weve got to stop the smoke i mean gene thank god for gene so we -put the room service menus over the vents in the wall we put blankets at the bottom of the door we put the kids on the windowsill to try to get some air -eleven people ended up dying in the fire five people jumped and died other people were killed by the smoke and -i remember a sort of a tussle at the door trying to get the door open in any case -twelve hours later i mean they put us in the lobby gene ended up using his coat and his fist in the coat to break open a liquor cabinet people were lying on the floor it was one of just the most horrifying nights -and then twelve hours later we rented a car as we had planned to and drove back to natashas village and we kept saying do you realize we were dying in a hotel fire like eight hours ago its so weird how life just goes on natasha wanted to introduce her brother and father -to all the villagers and the day we showed up turned out to be a sixty year old mans birthday this guys sixty years old so it turned into a dual celebration because natasha was the first person from this village ever to go to the united states -so these are the greenhouse tents this is the elders teaching gene their dances we drank a lot of rice wine we were both so drunk i couldnt believe it -you do for a year so i found out the name of every official on both the korean and american side and i photographed them and told them how famous they were going to be when this book was done -and four months later the adoption papers came through this is -with me and went to this village found the grandmother sat down with her and to my astonishment she agreed to let me photograph her granddaughter and i was paying for this myself so i asked the translator -saying goodbye to everybody at the orphanage this is father keene with natasha at the bus stop her great aunt at the airport i had -a wonderful deal with cathay pacific airlines for many years where they gave me free passes on all their airlines in return for photography it was like the ultimate perk -and the pilot i actually knew because they used to let me sit in the jump seat to tell you how long ago this was this is a tri star and so they let natasha actually sit in the jump seat and the pilot jeff cowley actually went back and adopted one of the other kids at the orphanage after -meeting natasha this is twenty eight hours later in atlanta its a very long flight just to make things even crazier gail natashas new mom was three days away from giving birth to her own daughter -showing natasha her new cousins and uncles and aunts gene and gail know everyone in atlanta theyre the most social couple imaginable so at this point natasha doesnt speak a word of english other than what little father keene -this is kylie her sister whos now a doctor -this is a deal i had with natasha which is that when we got to atlanta she could take she could cut off my beard she never liked it very much she learned english in three months she entered seventh grade at her own age level -for the first time this is her cooking teacher -me that a lot of the kids thought she was stuck up because they would talk to her and she wouldnt answer and they didnt realize she didnt actually speak english very well in the beginning but what i noticed again as an observer was she was choosing who was going to be on her team -and seemed to be very popular very very quickly now remember the picture how much she looked like her grandmother at the beginning people were always telling natasha how much she looks like her mother gail -it would be ok if i stayed for the week i had a sleeping bag the family had a small shed on the side of the house so i said could i sleep in my sleeping bag in the evenings and -a tense moment in the first football game -and kylie i mean it was almost like kylie was her own child -now a lot of parents when they adopt actually want to erase their childrens history and gail and gene did the complete opposite they were studying korean they bought korean clothes -gene even did a little tile work in the kitchen which was that once upon a time there was a beautiful girl that came from hills of korea to live -king the captain of the cheerleaders -beauty pageant used to -kodak hired natasha to be a translator for them at the olympics in korea her future husband jeff was working for canon cameras -and met natasha at the olympic village this is her first trip back to korea so theres her uncle this is her half sister she went back to the village thats her best friends mother -and i always thought that was a very annie hall kind of outfit -so interesting just to watch this is her mother in the background there -this is natashas wedding day genes looking a little older -i just told the little girl whose name was hyun sook lee that if i ever did anything to embarrass her she didnt speak a word of english although she looked very american -this is sydney whos going to be three years old in a couple of days and theres evan natasha would you just come up for a second -about forty things shes going to tell me that wasnt what happened that -anyway thank you mike and richard so much for letting us tell the story -she could just put up her hand and say stop and i would stop taking pictures and then my translator left so there i was i couldnt speak a word of korean and this is the first night -her mother was still alive her mother was not raising her her grandmother was raising her and what struck me immediately -was how in love the two of these people were the grandmother was incredibly fond deeply in love with this -they slept on the floor at night the way they heat their homes in korea is to put bricks under the floors so the heat actually radiates from underneath the floor hyun sook was eleven years old i had photographed as i said a lot of these kids -was in fact the fifth child that i found to photograph and almost universally amongst all the kids they were really psychologically -by having been made fun of ridiculed picked on and been rejected and korea was probably the place i found to be the worst for these kids and what struck me immediately in -you can see how much she looks like her grandmother although she looks so western i decided to follow her to school this is the first morning i stayed with her this is on the way to school -this is the morning assembly outside her school -and i noticed that she was clowning around when the teachers would ask questions shed be the first person to raise her hand -again not at all shy or withdrawn or anything like the other children that id photographed again the first one to go to the blackboard to answer questions -getting in trouble for whispering into her best friends ears in the middle of class and one of the other things that i said to her through the translator again this thing about saying stop -was to not pay attention to me and so she really just completely ignored me most of the time i noticed that at recess she was the girl who picked the other girls to be on her team -was very obvious from the very beginning that she was a leader this is on the way home and thats north korea up along the hill this is up along the dmz they would actually cover the windows every night -so that light couldnt be seen because the south korean government has said for years that the north koreans may invade at any time so theres always this the closer you -the week came and my translator came back because id asked her to come back so i could formally thank the grandmother and hyun sook and in the course of the grandmother talking to the translator the grandmother started crying -and i said to my translator whats going on why is she crying and she spoke to the grandmother for a moment and then she started getting tears in her eyes and i said ok what did i do whats going on why is everyone crying and the translator said the grandmother says that she thinks shes dying -and she wants to know if you would take hyun sook to america with you and i said im twenty eight years old and i live in hotels and -im not married i mean i had fallen in love with this girl but i you know it was like emotionally i was about twelve years old if you know of photographers -the joke is its the finest form of delayed adolescence ever invented sorry i have to go on an assignment ill be back and then you never come back so i -asked the translator why she thought she was dying can i get her to a hospital could i pay to get her a doctor and she refused any help at all -my best friend had mistakenly one day said something about wishing he had another child so here my friends gene and gail had not heard from me in about a year -and suddenly i was calling saying im in korea and ive met this extraordinary girl and i said the grandmother thinks shes sick but i think maybe we -have to bring the grandmother over also and i said ill pay for the i mean i had this whole sort of picture so anyway i left and -my friends actually said they were very interested in adopting her and i said look i think ill scare the grandmother to death if i actually -back and talk to her but i was off on assignment i figured id come back in a couple of weeks and talk to the grandmother and on christmas day i was in bangkok with a group of photographers and got a telegram back in those days you got telegrams -from time magazine saying someone in korea had died and left their child in a will to me did i know anything about this because i hadnt told them what i was doing because i was so upset with the story -so i went back to korea and i went back to hyun sooks village and she was gone and the house that i had spent time in was empty it was incredibly cold -i spent a few days photographing children in different countries and like a lot of photographers and a lot of journalists i always hope that when my pictures were published -her best friend that she used to play with after school every day and myung sung under some pressure from me and the translator gave us an address on the outside of -and i went to that address and knocked on the door and a man answered the door it was not a very nice area of -so i was -the door was being slammed in my face its incredibly cold and im trying to think what would the hero do in a movie if i was writing this as a movie script so i said listen its really cold ive come a very long way do you mind if i just come in for a minute im freezing -so the guy kind of reluctantly let us in and we sat down on the floor and as we started talking i saw him yell something and hyun sook came and brought us some food -and i had this whole mental picture of sort of like cinderella i sort of had this picture of this incredibly wonderful bright happy little child who now appeared to be very withdrawn -they might actually have an effect on a situation instead of just documenting it so i -being enslaved by this family and i was really appalled and i couldnt figure out what to do and the more i tried talking to him the less friendly he was getting so i finally decided i said look this is all through the translator because this is all you know i dont speak a word of korean -and i said look im really glad that hyun sook has a family to live with i was very worried about her i made a promise to her grandmother your mother -mother had been a prostitute and she was a prostitute and a boy whod been in and out of jail and i said to them look theres a little girl who has a tiny chance of getting -out of here and going to america i said i dont know if its the right decision or not but i would like you to come to lunch tomorrow and tell the uncle what its like to walk down the street what people say to you what you do for a living -and just i want him to understand what happens if she stays here and i could be wrong i dont know but i wish you would come tomorrow so these two came to lunch and -we got thrown out of the restaurant they were yelling at him they were it got to be really ugly and we went outside and he was just furious and i knew i had totally blown this whole thing here i was again trying to figure out what to do -with your cameras around your neck accusing me of enslaving my niece this is my niece i love her shes -daughter who the hell are you to accuse me of something like this and i said you know look i said -i will fly my friends over here from the united states if you want to meet them to see if you approve of them i just think that what little i know about the situation she has very little chance here of having the kind of life that you probably would like her to have -so everyone told me afterwards that inviting the prospective parents over was again the stupidest thing i could have possibly done because whos ever good enough for your -but he invited me to come to a ceremony they were having that day for her grandmother and they actually take items of clothing and photographs and they burn them as part of the ritual -and you can see how different she looks just in three months this was now i think february early february and the pictures before were taken in september -an american marine priest that i had met in the course of doing the story who had seventy five children living in his house he had three women helping him take care of these kids -i decided i would find six children in different countries and actually go spend some time with the kids and try to tell their story a little bit better than i thought i had done for time magazine in the course of doing the story i was looking for -father keene hes just a wonderful guy -kids -this is a social worker interviewing hyun sook now i had always thought she was completely untouched by all of this because the grandmother to me appeared to be sort of the village wise woman and the -and he said the second day she was here she made up a list of all of the names of the older kids and the younger kids and she assigned one of the older kids to each of the younger kids -and then she set up a work detail list of who cleaned the orphanage on what day and he said shes telling me that im messy and i have to clean up my room and he said i dont know who raised her but he said shes running the orphanage and shes been here three -this is a woman who is now working at the orphanage whose son had been adopted -gene and gail started studying korean the moment they had gotten my first letter they really wanted to be able to welcome hyun sook into their family -and one of the things father keene told me when i came back from one of these trips hyun sook had chosen the name natasha -which i understood was from her watching a rocky and bullwinkle cartoon on the american air force station this may be one of those myth buster things that well have to clear up here in a minute so my friend gene flew over with his son tim -gail couldnt come and they spent a lot of time huddled over a dictionary and this was gene showing the uncle where atlanta was on the map where he lived -this is the uncle signing the adoption papers -now we went out to dinner that night to celebrate the uncle went back to his family and natasha and tim and gene and i went out to dinner -and gene was showing natasha how to use a knife and fork and then natasha was returning the utensil lessons -we went back to our hotel room and gene was showing natasha also where atlanta was this is the third night we were in korea the first night -a room for the kids right next to us now id been staying in this room for about three months it was a little fifteen story korean hotel -so the second night we didnt keep the kids room because we went down and slept on the floor with all the kids at the orphanage and the third night we came back wed just gone out to dinner where you saw the pictures -and we got to the front desk and the guy at the front desk said theres no other free rooms on your floor tonight so if you want to put the kids five floors below you theres a room there -and gene and i looked at each other and said no we dont want two eleven year olds five floors away so his son said dad i have a sleeping bag ill sleep on the floor and i said yeah i have one too so tim and i slept on the floor natasha got one bed gene got the other -kids pass out its been very exciting for three days were laying in bed and gene and i are talking about how cool we are we said that was so great we saved this little girls life we were just like you know -full of ourselves and we fall asleep and ive been in this room you know for a couple of months now and they always overheat the hotels in korea terribly so during the day i always left the window open -freezing i go to close the window and i hear people shouting outside and i thought oh the bars must have just gotten out and i dont speak korean but im hearing these voices and im not hearing -so i open the window and i look out and theres flames coming up the side of our hotel and the hotels on fire -so i run over to gene and i wake him up and i say gene dont freak out i think the hotels on fire and now theres smoke and flames coming by our windows were on the eleventh floor -in those days nobody had bank accounts or american express cards or hedge funds your assets are tied up in your flocks so its a symbol of his identity and its a symbol of his income and the third thing its a symbol of his influence -a shepherds staff well -so hes saying you -your identity whats in your hand youve got identity youve got income youve got influence whats in your hand -down ill make it come alive ill do some things you could never imagine possible and if youve watched that movie ten commandments all of those big miracles that happen in egypt are done through this staff -last year i was invited to speak at nba all stars game -do you figure out what on earth am i here for -and so im talking to the players because most of the nba teams nfl teams and all the other teams have done this forty days of purpose based on the book -and -i asked them i said whats in your hand so whats in your hand i said its a basketball -and that basketball represents your identity who you are youre an nba player it represents your income youre making a lot of money off that little ball and it represents your influence -i meet a lot of people who are very smart and say but why cant i figure out my problems and i meet a lot of people who are very successful who say why dont i feel more fulfilled why do i feel like a fake -and even though youre only going to be in the nba for a few years youre going to be an nba player for the rest of your life and that gives with you enormous influence so what are you going to do with what youve been given -and i guess -thats the main reason i came up here today to all of you very bright people at ted -background education freedom -ideas creativity what are you doing with what youve been given that to me is the primary question about life that -to me is what being purpose driven is all about -in the book i talk about how youre wired to do certain things youre shaped this little cross takes spiritual gifts heart ability personality and experiences -why would god wire you to do something and then not have you do it if youre wired to be an anthropologist youll be an anthropologist if youre wired to be an underseas explorer youll be an undersea explorer if youre wired to make deals you make deals if youre wired to -did you know that god smiles when you be you -when my little kids were little theyre all grown now i have grandkids i used to go in and sit on the side of their bed and i used to watch my kids sleep -and i just watched their little bodies rise and lower -rise and lower and i would look at them this is not an accident rise and lower -and i got joy out of just watching them sleep -some people have the misguided idea that god only gets excited when youre doing quote spiritual things like going to church or -helping the poor or -you know confessing or doing something like that -the bottom line is god gets pleasure watching you be you why he made you and when you do what you were made to do he goes thats my boy -thats my girl youre using the talent and ability that i gave -why do i feel like -income and say its not about me its about -ive got to pretend that im more than i really am i think that comes down to this issue of meaning of significance of purpose i think it comes down to this issue of why am i here what am i here for -im often asked -where am i going these are not religious issues -human issues i wanted to tell michael before he spoke -that i really appreciate what he does because it makes my life work a whole lot easier as a pastor i do see a lot of kooks and i have learned that there are kooks in every area of life -you know what surprises you about the book and i said that i got to write it i would have never imagined that not in my wildest dreams did i think i dont even consider myself to be an author -religion doesnt have a monopoly on that but there are plenty of religious kooks there are secular kooks there are smart kooks dumb kooks there are people a lady came up to me the other day and she had a white -she goes well i see jesus and started crying and left -im going ok you -when the book became the best selling book in the world for the last three years -i kind of had my little crisis and that was what is the purpose of this -because it brought in enormous amounts of money when you write the best selling book in the world its tons and tons of money -and i decided that i was never going to go on tv because i didnt want to be a celebrity i didnt want to be a quote evangelist televangelist thats not my thing and -all of a sudden it brought a lot of money and a lot of attention i dont think -now this is a worldview and i will tell you everybodys got a worldview -and -when i you know made a bet i happened to believe that jesus was who he said he was -but everybodys got and i believe in a pluralistic society everybodys betting on something -and when i started the church you know i had no plans to do what its doing now -and then when i wrote this book and all of a sudden it just -took off -and -i just dont believe that and when you write a book that the first sentence of the book is its not about you then when all of a sudden it becomes the best selling book in history you got to figure well i guess its not about me -im often asked why do you think so many people have read this this things selling still about a million copies a month -thats kind of a no brainer so what is it for -and i began to think about what i call the stewardship of affluence and the stewardship of influence so i believe essentially that leadership is stewardship -that if you are a leader in any area in business in politics in sports in art in academics in any area you dont -you are a steward of it for instance thats why i believe in protecting the environment this is not my planet it wasnt mine before i was born its not going to be mine after i die im just here for eighty years and -thats it i was debating the other day on a talk show and the guy was challenging me and go whats a pastor doing on protecting the environment -and i asked this guy i said well do you believe that human beings are responsible -i said oh you dont i said let me make this clear again do you believe that as human beings im not talking about religion -do you believe that as human beings it is our responsibility to take care of this planet and make it just a little bit better for the next generation and he said -and -not any more than any other species -when he said the word species he was revealing his worldview and he was saying im no more responsible to take care of this environment -i think its because spiritual emptiness is a universal disease i think inside at some point we put our heads down on the pillow and we go theres got to be more to life than this -and you are responsible thats my worldview and so you need to understand -what your world is the worldview is the problem is most people never really think it through they never really they never really -but you may you may -your worldview though does determine everything else in your life because it determines your decisions it determines your relationships it determines your level of confidence -it determines really everything in your life what we believe obviously and you know this determines our behavior and our behavior determines what we become in life -so all of this money started pouring in and all of this fame started pouring in and -what do i do with this -my wife and i first made five decisions on what to do with the money we said first -the second thing was -from the church that i pastor third thing is i added up all that the church had paid me over the last twenty five years and i gave it back -gave it back because i didnt want anybody thinking that i do what i do for money i -personally ive never met -a priest or a pastor or a minister who does it for money i know thats a stereotype ive never met one of them believe me theres a whole lot easier ways to make -get up in the morning go to work come home and watch tv go to bed get up in the morning go to work come home watch tv go to bed go to parties on weekends a lot of people say im living no youre not living thats just existing -because my father in law is in his last probably forty eight hours before he dies of cancer and im watching a guy whos lived his life hes now in his mid -and hes dying with peace you know the test of your worldview is not how you act in the good times the test of your worldview is how you act at the funeral -and having been through literally -if not thousands of funerals it makes a difference it makes a difference what you believe -of the world illiteracy poverty pandemic diseases particularly hiv aids and set up these three foundations and put the money into that the last thing we did is we became what i call reverse -and that is when my wife and i got married -thirty years ago -we started tithing now thats -a principle in the bible that says give ten percent of what you get back to charity give it away to help other people -so we started doing that and each year we would raise our tithe one percent so our first year of marriage we went to eleven percent second year we went to twelve percent and the third year we went to thirteen percent and on and on and on -why did i do that because every time i give it breaks the grip of materialism in my life -its all about more having more and we think that the good life is actually looking good -i meet people all the time who have those and theyre not necessarily happy if money actually made you happy then the wealthiest people in the world would be the happiest and that i know personally is not true -so the good life is not about looking good feeling good or having the goods its about being good and doing good -giving your life away significance in life doesnt come from status because you can always find somebody whos got more than you -i really think thats theres this inner desire -it doesnt come from sex it doesnt come from salary it comes from serving it is in giving our lives away that we find meaning we find significance -thats the way we were wired i believe by god -and so we began to give away and now after thirty years my wife and i are reverse tithers we give away ninety percent and live on ten -that actually was the easy part the hard part is what do i do with all this attention because i start getting all kinds of invitations i just came off of a nearly month long speaking tour on three -i do believe what chris said i believe that youre not an accident -continents and i wont go into that but it was an amazing thing and im going what do i do with this this notoriety that the book has brought -and being a pastor i started reading the bible theres a chapter in the bible called psalm seventy two and its solomons prayer for more influence when you read this prayer it sounds -i want you to make me famous i want you to spread the fame of my name through every land i want you to give me power -i want you to make me famous i want you to give me influence and it just sounds like the most egotistical request you could make if you were -until you read the whole psalm the whole chapter and then he says so that the king he was the king of israel at that time at its apex in power -your parents may not have planned you but i believe god did i think there are accidental parents theres no doubt about that i dont think there are accidental kids -so that the king may care for the widow and orphan support depressed defend the defenseless -care for the sick assist the poor speak up for the foreigner those in prison basically hes talking about all the marginalized in society -and as i read that i looked at it and i thought -you know what this is saying is that the purpose of influence is to speak up for those who have no influence -or your net worth and by the way your net worth is not the same thing as -your value is not based on your valuables -based on a whole different set of things and so the purpose of influence is to speak up for those who have no influence and i had to admit -i cant think of the last time i thought of widows and orphans theyre not on my radar i pastor a church in one of the most affluent areas of america a bunch of gated communities i have a church full of ceos and scientists -and i could go five years and never ever see a homeless person theyre just not in my pathway -now theyre thirteen miles up the road in santa ana -so i had to say ok i would use whatever affluence and whatever influence ive got to help those who dont have either of those -you know theres a story in the bible about moses whether you believe its true or not it really didnt matter to me but moses if you saw the movie the ten commandments moses goes out and theres this burning bush and god talks to him and god says moses -and i think you matter -whats in your hand -i think you matter to god i think you matter to history i think you matter to this universe -moses says its a staff -its a shepherds staff and god says throw it down and if you saw the movie you know he throws it down and it becomes a snake -and then god says pick it up -and he picks it back up again and it becomes a staff again -now im reading this thing and im going what is that all about -ok whats that all about well i do know a couple of things number one god never does a miracle to show off -to show up hes not going to show up on cheese bread -ok i just this is why i love what michael does because its like ok if hes debunking it then i dont have to but god my god doesnt show up on sprinkler images -a few more powerful ways than that to do whatever he wants to do but he doesnt do miracles just to show off second thing is if god ever asks you a question he already knows the answer -and i think that the difference between what i call the survival level of living the success level of living and the significant level of living is -now follow me on this this staff represented three things about moses life first it represented his identity he was a shepherd its the symbol of his own occupation i am a shepherd -its a symbol of his identity his career his job second its a symbol of not only his identity its a symbol of his income because all of his assets are tied up in sheep -well i said to her you know kids dont learn from people they dont like -both my parents were educators my maternal grandparents were educators -and for the past forty years ive done the same thing and so needless to say over those years ive had a chance to look at education reform from a lot of perspectives some of those reforms have been good some of them have been not so good -and kids can be cruel and so she kept those things in her desk and years later after she retired -i watched some of those same kids come through and say to her you know ms walker you made a difference in my life -of relationships that could never disappear -can we stand to have more relationships absolutely will you like all your children -is this job tough you betcha -oh god you betcha but it is not impossible -we can do this were educators were born to make a difference thank you -and we know why kids drop out we know why kids dont learn its either poverty low attendance negative peer influences we know why but one of the things that we never discuss or we rarely discuss is the value and importance of human connection -says that no significant learning can occur without a significant relationship george washington carver says all learning is understanding relationships -everyone in this room has been affected by a teacher or an adult -a time for even grimmer stuff than that like in last aprils new yorker magazine this short fiction piece by martin amis starts -on september eleven two thousand and one he opened his eyes at four a m in portland maine and mohamed attas last day began for a time -that i find to be the most placid and uneventful hour of the day four in the morning sure gets an awful lot of bad press -across a lot of different media from a lot of big names and it made me suspicious i figured surely some of the most creative artistic minds in the world really arent all defaulting back to this one -easy trope like they invented it right could it be there is something more going on here something deliberate something secret and who got the four in the morning bad rap ball rolling anyway i say -this guy alberto giacometti shown here with some of his sculptures on the swiss one hundred franc note he did it with this famous piece from the new york museum of modern art its title -not just the earliest cryptic -on your blackberries or your iphones if youve got them it works a little something like this is a recent google search for four in the morning results vary of course -this is pretty typical the top ten results yield you four hits for faron youngs song its four in the morning -three hits for judi denchs film four in the morning one hit for wislawa szymborskas poem four in the morning but what you may ask -a polish poet a british dame a country music hall of famer all have in common besides this totally -every single morning to milk my labrador this -he shot himself in the head on december ninth which incidentally is judi denchs birthday -but he didnt die on denchs birthday he languished -the following afternoon when he finally succumbed to a supposedly self inflicted gunshot wound at the age of sixty four which incidentally -is how old alberto giacometti was when he died where was wislawa szymborska during all this she has the worlds most absolutely watertight alibi on that very day december ten -ninety six while mister four in the morning faron young was giving up the ghost in nashville tennessee miss four in the morning or one of them anyway -was in stockholm sweden accepting the nobel prize for literature one hundred years to the day after the death of alfred nobel himself coincidence no its creepy coincidence -to me has a much simpler magic thats like me telling you hey you know the nobel prize was -one which coincidentally is the same year alberto giacometti was born no not everything fits so -into the paradigm but that does not mean theres not something going on at the highest possible levels in fact there are people in this room who may not want me to show you this clip were about -tennis court a swimming pool -in the -paid for now do you need towels -wait wait wait wait wait let me see if i got this straight it is christmas day four a m theres a rumble in my stomach homer -let me see if i got this straight matt -when homer simpson needs to imagine the most remote possible moment of not just the clock but the whole freaking calendar he comes up with four hundred -on the birthday of the baby jesus and no i dont know how it works into the whole puzzling scheme of things but obviously i know a coded message when i see -i said i know a coded message when i see one and folks you can buy a copy of bill clintons my life from the bookstore here at ted parse it cover to cover for whatever hidden references you want -or you can go to the random house website where there is this excerpt and how far down into it you figure well have to scroll to get to the golden ticket would you believe -sure you were because youve prepared your entire life for this historic quadrennial event that just sort of sneaks up on you and then -we get this little beauty we went back to blair house to look at the speech for the last time it had gotten a lot better since four a -well how could it have by his own writing this man was either asleep at a prayer meeting with al and tipper or learning how to launch a nuclear missile out of a suitcase -what happens to american presidents at four hundred on inauguration day what happened to william jefferson clinton we might not ever know and i noticed -hes not exactly around here today to face any tough -could get awkward right i mean after all this whole business happened on his watch but if he were -remind us as he does in the wrap up to his fine autobiography that on this day bill clinton began a journey -a journey that saw him go on to become the first democrat president elected to two consecutive terms in decades in generations the first -since this man franklin delano roosevelt who began his own unprecedented journey way back at his own first election -way back in a simpler time way back -the year alberto giacometti made the -at four in the morning the year lets remember -that this voice now departed first came a cryin into this big old -time for inconveniences mishaps yearnings a time for plotting to whack the chief of police like in this classic scene from the godfather coppolas script describes these guys as exhausted in shirt sleeves it is -than that like autopsies and embalmings in isabel allendes the house of the spirits after the breathtaking green haired rosa is murdered the doctors preserve her with unguents and morticians paste they worked -their name in your inbox its all you wanted anyway and a message saying hey its me i miss you listen youll see -being dead is dandy now you go back to raising kids and waging peace and craving candy if i designed the internet -com would be a loop of a boy in an orchard with a ski pole for a sword -would be a recipe for biscuits and spit bath instructions one two three that links with hotdiggitydog com that is my grandfather they take you to -me the guy who usually goes too far so if i were emperor of the internet i guess id still be mortal -that point i would probably already have the lowest possible mortgage and the most enlarged possible penis so -this poem after hearing a pretty well known actress tell a very well known interviewer on television im really getting into the internet lately i just wish it were more organized so -i would outlaw spam on my first day in office i wouldnt need it id be like some kind of internet genius and me id like -to upgrade to deity and maybe just like that pop id go -hire this i could zip through your servers and firewalls like a virus until the world wide web is as wise as wild and as organized -i think a modern day miracle oracle can get but ooh eee you want to bet just how whack and un pc your mac or pc is going to be when im rocking hot shit hot shot god net i guess its just like -life it is not a question of if you can its do ya we can interfere with the interface -we can make youve got hallelujah the national anthem of cyberspace every lucky time we log on you dont say a prayer you dont write a psalm you dont chant an om you send one blessed email -to whoever youre thinking of -if i controlled the internet you could auction your broken heart on ebay take the money go to amazon -a phonebook for a country youve never been to call folks at random until you find someone who flirts really well in a foreign language if i were in charge of the internet you could mapquest your lovers mood swings -left at cranky right at preoccupied u turn on silent treatment all the way back to tongue kissing and good love and you could navigate and understand every emotional intersection some days im as shallow as a baking pan -but i still stretch miles in all directions if i owned the internet napster monster and friendster com would be one big -that way you could listen to cool music while you pretend to look for a job and youre really just chatting with your pals heck if i ran the web you could email dead -they would not email you back but youd get an automated reply -a gilded cage ill line the bottom with old notebook pages inside it i will place a mockingbird for short explanation -violin have to do with technology -where in the world is this world heading on one end gold bars on the other an entire planet we are twelve billion light years from the edge thats -live like us and die like us you might want to avert your gaze because that is a newt about to regenerate its limb and shaking hands spreads more germs than kissing theres about ten million -per job its a very strange world inside a nanotube women can talk black men ski white men build strong buildings we build strong suns the surface of the earth is absolutely riddled with holes and here we are -right in the middle -it is the voice of life that calls us to come and learn -when all the little mockingbirds fly away theyre going to sound like the last four days -uptown gurus downtown teachers broke ass artists and dealers and filipino preachers leaf blowers bartenders boob job doctors hooligans garbage men your local congressmen in the spotlight guys in the overhead helicopters everybody gets heard everybody gets this -one honest mockingbird as a witness -and im on this im on -the whole thing spreads with chat rooms and copycats and moms maybe tucking kids into bed singing hush little baby -dont say a word wait for the man with the mockingbird -and then come the news crews and the man in the street interviews letters to the editor everybody asking just who is responsible for this citywide nationwide mockingbird cacophony and somebody finally is going to tip the city council of monterey california -offer me a key to the city a gold plated oversized key to the city and that is all i need because if i get -i can unlock the air ill listen for whats missing and ill put it there thank you ted -a mockingbird can squawk it so check it im going to catch mockingbirds im going to trap mockingbirds all across the nation and put them gently into mason jars like mockingbird molotov cocktails yeah -and as i drive through a neighborhood say where people got a lotta ill take a mockingbird i caught in a neighborhood where folks aint got nada and just let it go you know up goes the bird out come the words -im going to be the -johnny appleseed of sound -ice is ill get that lady at the laundromat who always seems to know what being nice is ill get your postman making dinner plans ill get the last time you -and the girl goes -so the guy replies yeah i know i know i think my heartbeat might be the morse code for inappropriate at least thats how it seems -a junior varsity cheerleader sometimes for swearing awkward silences and very simple rhyme schemes right now -im not even really a guy -but im still suggesting you and i -first soon and then -the southwest corner of fifth and forty two nd at noon tomorrow but ill stay until you show up -ponytail or not hell -i dont know what else to tell you -i got a pencil you can borrow -you can put it in your phone -the start of the story where this means guy and that is a ponytail on a passer by -heres where it happens -this is a cassette tape the girl puts into her cassette tape player she wears it every day its not considered vintage she just likes certain music to sound a certain way look at her posture its remarkable thats because she -dances now he the guy takes all of this in figuring honestly geez what are my chances -he could say oh my god or i heart you im laughing out loud i want to give you a hug but he comes up with that you know he tells -id like to hand paint your portrait on a coffee mug -put a crab inside -on dry land but just panhandle at the ocean he says you look like a mermaid -you walk like a waltz -that took me to this wet and warm band of the tropics that encircles the earth -those are not cartographers lines like latitude or the borders between nations they are astronomical phenomena caused by the earths tilt and they change -they move they go up they go down in fact for years the tropic of cancer and the tropic of capricorn have been steadily drifting towards the equator at the rate of about fifteen meters per year and nobody told me that i didnt know it -last month the encyclopaedia britannica announced that it is going out of print after two hundred and forty four years which made me nostalgic because i remember playing a game with the colossal encyclopedia set in my hometown library back when i was a kid maybe twelve years old -chimborazo so -to keep the game going i just have to find another term and look that one up since im already in the tropics i chose tropical rainforest famous for its diversity human diversity there are still dozens and dozens of uncontacted tribes living on this planet -which turn out to be -beetles now i clicked on this on purpose but if id somehow gotten here by mistake it does remind me for the band see the beatles for the car see volkswagon beetle but i am here -you are astonishingly well adapted there are scavenger beetles that pick the skin and flesh off of bones in museums there are predator beetles that attack other insects and still look pretty cute to us there are beetles that roll little balls of dung -great distances across the desert floor to feed to their hatchlings this reminded the ancient egyptians of their god khepri who renews the ball of the sun every morning which is how that dung rolling scarab became -have the most romantic flirtation in the animal kingdom fireflies are not flies fireflies are beetles fireflies are coleoptera and coleoptera communicate in other ways as well like my next link the chemical language -took me to a video of a sea urchin having sex -and the link to aphrodisiac now thats something that increases sexual desire possibly -chocolate there is a compound in chocolate called phenethylamine that might be an aphrodisiac but as the article mentions because of enzyme breakdown its unlikely that phenethylamine will reach your brain if taken orally so those of you who only eat your chocolate you might have to experiment -and i wondered if i could update that game -but not when theyre together like that -i do like sympathy i do like magic so when i click on sympathetic magic i get -sympathetic magic -not just for modern methods but for the modern me -sympathetic magic is imitation if you imitate something maybe you can have an effect on it -weve got tens of thousands years old artwork common themes around the globe include large wild animals and tracings of human hands usually -so even though i dont know why a paleolithic person would trace his hand or blow pigment on it from a tube i can easily picture how he did it and i really dont think its that different form our own little dominant hand avatar right there that im going to use now to click on the term for hand -so i tried i went to an online encyclopedia wikipedia and i entered the term earth you can start anywhere this time i chose earth -go to the page for hand where i found the most fun and possibly embarrassing bit of trivia ive found in a long time its simply this the back of the hand is formally called the opisthenar now thats embarrassing because up until now every time ive said i know it like the back -and the link i clicked on here well lemurs monkeys and chimpanzees have the little opisthenar i click on chimpanzee and i get our closest genetic relative -pan troglodytes the name we give him means cave dweller -he doesnt he lives in rainforests and savannas -its just that were always thinking of this guy as lagging behind us evolutionarily or somehow uncannily creeping up on us and in some cases -he gets places before us -like my next link the almost irresistible link -and more specifically his skeleton wound up in the smithsonian museum getting picked clean by beetles in between those two landmarks in hams life -and the first rule of the game is pretty simple you just have to read the article until you find something you dont know and preferably something your dad doesnt even know and in this case -he flew into space he experienced weightlessness -and re entry months before the first human being to do it soviet cosmonaut yuri gagarin -when i click on yuri gagarins page i get this guy who was surprisingly short in stature huge in heroism top estimates soviet estimates put this guy at one point six five meters that is less than five and a half feet tall max possibly because he was malnourished as a child -germans occupied russia a nazi officer took over the gagarin household and he and his family built and lived in a mud hut -years later the boy from that cramped mud hut -would grow up to be the man in that cramped capsule on the tip of a rocket who volunteered to be launched into outer space the first one of any of us to -really physically leave this planet and he didnt just leave it -he circled it once fifty years later as a tribute -the international space station which is still up there tonight -with gagarins orbit at the exact same time of day -and filmed it so you can go online and you can watch over one hundred minutes of what must have been -you can click on one more link you can come back to earth -return to where you started -you can finish your game you just need to find one more fact that you didnt know -and for me i quickly landed on this one -the earth has a tolerance of about seventeen percent from the reference spheroid which is less than the twenty two percent allowed in billiard balls this is the kind of fact i would have loved as a boy i found it myself -i quickly found this the furthest point from the center of the earth is not the tip of mount everest like i might have thought -its got some math that i can do im pretty sure my dad doesnt know it what this means is that if you could shrink the earth to the size of a billiard ball -sea creatures making love in the deep blue sea you just shrink -it would be as smooth -with a slight bulge around the middle -its the tip of this mountain mount chimborazo in ecuador -the earth spins of course as it travels around the sun so the earth bulges a little bit around the middle like some earthlings -attas last day began for a time that i find to be the most -i figured surely some of the most creative artistic minds in the world really arent all defaulting back to this one easy trope like they invented it right could it be there is something more going on here -something deliberate something secret and who got the four in the morning bad rap ball rolling anyway i say this guy alberto giacometti shown here with some of his sculptures on the swiss one hundred franc note he did it -with this famous piece from the new york museum of modern art its title -the palace at four -reference to four in the morning i can find i believe that this so called first surrealist sculpture may provide an incredible key to virtually every artistic depiction of four in the morning to follow it i call this the giacometti code -is pretty typical the top ten results yield you four hits for faron youngs song its four in the morning three hits for judi denchs film -four in the morning one hit for wislawa szymborskas poem four in the morning but what you may ask do a polish poet a british dame a country music hall of famer all have in common besides this totally excellent google ranking well lets start with faron young -who was born incidentally in one thousand nine hundred and thirty two -on december ninth which incidentally is judi denchs birthday -until the following afternoon when he finally succumbed to a supposedly self inflicted gunshot wound at the age of sixty four which incidentally -is a recent cover of new york magazine best hospitals where doctors say they would go for cancer treatment births strokes heart disease hip replacements four a m emergencies and this is a song medley i put together -was in stockholm sweden accepting the nobel prize for literature one hundred years to the day after the death of alfred nobel himself coincidence no its creepy laughter coincidence -i know a coded message when i see -or you can go to the random house website where there is this excerpt and how far down into it you figure well have to scroll to get to the golden ticket would you believe -about a dozen paragraphs this is page four hundred and seventy four on your paperbacks if youre following along though it was getting better i still wasnt satisfied with the inaugural address -for the last time it had gotten a lot better since four a m well how could it have by his own writing this man was either asleep -at a prayer meeting with al and tipper or learning how to launch a nuclear missile out of a suitcase what happens to american presidents at four hundred on inauguration day what happened to william jefferson -democrat president elected to two consecutive terms in decades in generations the first since this man franklin delano roosevelt who began his own unprecedented journey way back at his own first election way back -in a simpler time way back -in one thousand nine hundred and thirty two -inconveniences mishaps yearnings a time -in the morning laughter a time for even grimmer stuff -its me i miss you laughter listen youll see being dead is dandy now you go back to raising kids and waging peace and craving candy if i designed the internet childhood com would be a loop -of a boy in an orchard with a ski pole for a sword trashcan lid for a shield shouting -the emperor of oranges who grows up to be me the guy who usually goes too far so if i were emperor of the internet i guess id still be mortal huh but at that point i would probably already have -this poem after hearing a pretty well known actress tell a very well known interviewer on television im really getting into the internet lately i just wish it were more organized -just how whack and un pc your mac or pc is going to be when im rocking hot shit hot shot god net i guess its just like life -it is not a question of if you can its do ya we can interfere with the interface -if i controlled the internet -you could auction your broken heart on ebay take the money go to amazon buy a phonebook for a country youve never been to call folks at random until you find someone who flirts really well in a foreign language -hang left at cranky right at preoccupied u turn on silent treatment all the way back to tongue kissing and good lovin you could navigate and understand every emotional intersection some days im as shallow as a baking pan -that way you could listen to cool music while you pretend to look for a job and youre really just chattin with your pals laughter heck if i ran the web you could email dead people -where in the world is this world heading on one end gold bars on the other an entire planet -we are twelve billion light years from the edge thats a guess space is length and breadth continued indefinitely but you cannot buy a ticket to travel commercially to space in america because countries are beginning to eat like us -per job its a very strange world inside a nanotube women can talk black men ski white men build strong buildings we build strong suns the surface of the earth is absolutely riddled with holes and here we are -right in the middle -when all the little mockingbirds fly away theyre going to sound like the last four days -i will get uptown gurus downtown teachers broke ass artists and dealers and filipino preachers leaf blowers bartenders boob job doctors hooligans garbage men your local congressmen in the spotlight guys in the overhead helicopters everybody gets heard everybody gets this one honest mockingbird as a witness -mockingbirds thats mimus polyglottos are the emcees of the animal kingdom they listen and mimic and remix what they like they rock the mic outside my window every morning i can hear them sing the sounds of the car alarms like they were songs of spring i mean if you can talk it -and im on this im on this til the whole thing spreads with chat rooms and copycats and moms maybe tucking kids into bed singing hush little baby -i can unlock the air ill listen for whats missing and ill put it there thank you ted -first soon and then -ponytail or not -i got a pencil you can borrow -you can put it in your phone -heres where it happens -you know he tells her -id like to hand paint your portrait on a coffee mug -but you walk like a waltz -and the girl goes -we figured out some pretty interesting ways to track co two levels in the atmosphere going back millions of years we used to do it just with ice cores but in this case were going back -twenty million years and we take samples of the sediment and it tells us the co two level of the ocean and therefore the co two level of the atmosphere and heres the thing -you have to go back about fifteen million years to find a time when co two levels were about what they are today you have to go back about thirty million years to find a time when co two levels were double what they are today -thats the reason that theyre not able to respond or adapt to this rapid acidification thats going on right now -so charlie veron came up with this statement last year the prospect of ocean acidification may well be the most serious -of all of the predicted outcomes of anthropogenic co two release and i think that may very well be true so ill close with this -you know we do need the protected areas absolutely but for the sake of the oceans we have to cap or limit co two emissions as soon as possible thank you very much -its not clear what the target should be and how can you figure out how to fix something if you dont have a clear target now youve heard about two degrees that we should limit temperature rise to no more than two degrees but theres not a lot of science behind that number -really want to understand the problem that were facing with the oceans you have to think about the biology at the same time you think about the physics -now why is this so complicated why dont we know some of these things a little bit better well the problem is that weve got very complicated forces in the climate system theres all kinds of natural causes of climate change -air sea interactions here in galapagos were affected by el ninos and la nina but the entire planet warms up when theres a big -and we know the solar outputs not constant through time so those are all natural causes of climate change and then we have the human induced causes of climate change as well were changing the characteristics of the surface of the land the reflectivity -we inject our own aerosols into the atmosphere and we have trace gases and not just carbon dioxide its methane ozone oxides of sulfur and nitrogen -so heres the thing it sounds like a simple question is co two produced by mans activities causing the planet to warm up but to answer that question to make a clear attribution to carbon dioxide -you have to know something about all of these other agents of change but the fact is we do know a lot about all of those things you know thousands of scientists have been working on -we cant solve the problems unless we start studying the ocean in a very much more interdisciplinary way so im going to demonstrate that -now we have many ways to study natural variability ill show you a few examples of this now this is the ship that i spent the last three months on in the antarctic -a scientific drilling vessel we go out for months at a time and drill into the sea bed to recover sediments that tell us stories of climate change -like one of the ways to understand our greenhouse future is to drill down in time to the last period where we had co two double what it is today and so thats what weve done with this ship this was -this is south of the antarctic circle it looks downright tropical there one day where we had calm seas and sun which was the reason i could get off the ship most of the time it looked like this we -waves up to fifty ft and winds averaging about forty knots for most of the voyage and up to seventy or eighty knots so that trip just ended -and i cant show you too many results from that right now but well go back one more year to another drilling expedition ive been involved in this was led by -tim naish its the andrill project and we made the very first bore hole through the largest -and we drilled in the ross sea thats the ross sea ice shelf on the right there so this huge floating ice shelf the size of alaska comes from west antarctica -through discussion of some of the climate change things that are going on in the ocean well look at sea level rise well look at ocean warming and then the last thing on the list there ocean acidification -now west antarctica is the part of the continent where the ice is grounded on sea floor as much as two thousand meters deep so that ice sheet is partly floating and its exposed to the ocean to the ocean heat -this is the part of antarctica that we worry about because its partly floating you can imagine is sea level rises a little bit -the ice lifts off the bed and then it can break off and float north when that ice melts sea level rises by six meters so we drill back in time to see how often thats happened and exactly how fast that ice can melt -the deepest geological bore hole ever drilled it took about ten years to put this project together -and heres what we found now theres forty scientists working on this project and people are doing all kinds of really complicated and expensive analyses -but it turns out you know the thing that told the best story was this simple visual description you know we saw this in the core samples as they came up -between sediments that look like this theres gravel and cobbles in there and a bunch of sand -thats the kind of material in the deep sea it can only get there if its carried out by ice so we know theres an ice shelf overhead and that alternates with a sediment that looks like this -this is absolutely beautiful stuff this sediment is one hundred percent made up of the shells of microscopic plants -and these plants need sunlight so we know when we find that sediment theres no ice overhead and we saw about thirty five alternations between open water and ice covered water between gravels and these plant sediments -if you were to ask me you know what do you worry about the most what frightens you for me its ocean acidification and this has come onto the stage pretty recently so i will spend a little time at the end -so what that means is what it tells us is that the ross sea region this ice shelf melted back and formed anew about thirty five times and this is in the past four million years -this was completely unexpected nobody imagined that the west antarctic ice sheet was this dynamic in fact the lore for many years has been -the ice formed many tens of millions of years ago and its been there ever since and now we know that in our recent past -it melted back and formed again and sea level went up and down six meters at a time what caused it well were pretty sure that its very small changes -the other thing we found out is that the ice sheet passed a threshold that the planet warmed up enough and the numbers about one degree to one and a half degrees centigrade the planet warmed up enough that it became -that ice sheet became very dynamic and was very easily melted and you know what weve actually changed the temperature in the last century just the right amount so -many of us are convinced now that west antarctica the west antarctic ice sheet is starting to melt we do expect to see a sea level rise on the order of one to two meters by the end of this century and it could be larger than that -this is a serious consequence for nations like kiribati you know where the average elevation is about a little over a meter above sea level -and its covered with algae thats what happens when these things die immediately organisms come in and encrust and live on that dead surface -i was in copenhagen in december like a number of you in this room and i think we all found it simultaneously an eye opening and a very frustrating experience -and so when a coral colony is killed by an el nino event it leaves this indelible record you can go then and study corals and figure out how often do you see this -so one of the things thought of in the eighties was to go back and take cores of coral heads throughout the galapagos and find out how often was there a devastating event and just -what we found after drilling back in time two to four hundred years was that these were unique events we saw no other mass mortality events so these events in our recent past really are unique -so theyre either just truly monster el ninos or theyre just very strong el ninos that occurred against a backdrop of global warming either case its bad news for the corals -heres how we sample the corals this is actually easter island look at this monster this coral is eight meters tall right and it been growing for about six hundred years -so we have a diamond drill were not killing the colony were taking a small core sample out of the top the core comes up as these cylindrical tubes of limestone -and that material then we take back to the lab and analyze it you can see some of the coral cores there on the right so weve done that all over the eastern pacific were starting to do it in the western pacific as well -i sat in this large negotiation hall at one point for three or four hours without hearing the word oceans one time -then their other attribute is that they have this great chemistry we can analyze the carbonate that makes up the coral and theres a whole bunch of things we can do but in this case we measured the different isotopes of oxygen their ratio tells us the water temperature -in this example here we had monitored this reef in galapagos with temperature recorders so we know the temperature of the water the corals growing -then after we harvest a coral we measure this ratio and now you can see those curves match perfectly in this case at these islands you know corals are instrumental quality recorders of change in the water -and of course our thermometers only take us back fifty years or so here the coral can take us back hundreds and thousands of years -it really wasnt on the radar screen the nations that brought it up when we had the speeches of the national leaders it tended to be the leaders of the small island states the low lying island states -so what we do weve merged a lot of different data sets its not just my group theres maybe thirty groups worldwide doing this but -we get these instrumental and near instrumental quality records of temperature change that go back hundreds of years and we put them together -heres a synthetic diagram theres a whole family of curves here but whats happening were looking at the last thousand years of temperature on the planet and theres five or six different compilations there but each one of those compilations reflects -input from hundreds of these kinds of records from corals we do similar things with ice cores we work with tree rings -and thats how we discover what is truly natural and how different is the last century right -and i chose this one because its complicated and messy looking right this is as messy as it gets you can see theres some -signals there some of the records show lower temperatures than others some of them show greater variability but they all -tell us what the natural variability is some of them are from the northern hemisphere some are from the entire globe -and there is natural variability caused by the sun caused by el ninos a century scale decadal scale variability and we know the magnitude its about two tenths to four tenths of a degree centigrade -but then at the very end is where we have the instrumental record in black and theres the temperature up there in two thousand and nine you know weve warmed the globe -about a degree centigrade in the last century and theres nothing in the natural part of that record that resembles what weve seen in the last century you know thats the strength of our argument that we are doing something thats truly -different so ill close with a short discussion of ocean acidification -and by this weird quirk of alphabetical order of the nations a lot of the low lying states like -i like it as a component of global change to talk about because even if you are a hard bitten global warming skeptic and i talk to that community fairly often you cannot deny the simple physics -of co two dissolving in the ocean you know were pumping out lots of co two into the atmosphere from fossil fuels from cement production right now about a third of that carbon dioxide is dissolving straight into the sea -it does so it makes the ocean more acidic so -you cannot argue with that that is whats happening right now and its a very different issue than the global warming issue it has many consequences theres consequences for carbonate organisms -many organisms that build their shells out of calcium carbonate plants and animals both the main framework material of coral reefs is calcium carbonate that material is more soluble -acidic fluid so one of the things were seeing is organisms are having to -more metabolic energy to build and maintain their shells at some point as this transience as this co two uptake in the ocean continues -that materials actually going to start to dissolve and on coral reefs where some of the main framework organisms disappear we will see a major loss of marine biodiversity -but its not just the carbonate producers that are affected theres many physiological -they were seated at the very end of these immensely long rows you know they were marginalized in the negotiation room one of the problems is coming up with the right target -greater metabolic demands reduced reproductive success changes in respiration and metabolism you know these are things that we have good physiological reasons to expect to see stressed caused by this transience so -this led me to starting a company called design within reach a company dealing with simple forms making good designers available to us and also selling the personalities and character of the designers as well -and it seems to have worked a couple of years into the process i spent a lot of time in europe traveling around looking for design and i had a bit of a wake up call in amsterdam i was there -we know a lot about whats going on with design around the world and its getting increasingly more difficult to find design that reflects a unique culture i was walking around on the streets of amsterdam and i recognized you know the big story -i was listed on the online biography that said i was a design missionary thats a bit lofty im really more of something like a street walker -from amsterdam isnt whats in the design stores its whats out on the streets and maybe its self explanatory but a city that hasnt been taken over by modernism -and i write a newsletter that goes out every week and i wrote an article about this and it got such enormous response that i realized that design that common design thats in the public area means a lot to people and establishes kind of a groundwork and a -i then kind of thought about the other cities in europe where i spend a lot of time looking for design like basel where vitra is located or in northern italy all cities where there are a whole lot of bicycles and where pedestrian areas and i came to the conclusion that perhaps -but it did seem that in many of these areas pedestrian traffic was protected -you wouldnt look at this and call this a designer bike a designer bike is made of titanium or molybdenum but i began looking at design in a place like amsterdam and recognized you know the first job of design is to serve a social purpose and so i look at this bike as not being -a designer bike but being a very good example of design and since that time in amsterdam i spent an increasing amount of time in the cities looking at design for common evidence of design that -really isnt under so much of a designers signature i was in buenos aires very recently and i went to see this bridge by santiago -a spanish architect and designer and the tourist brochures pointed me in the direction of this bridge i love bridges metaphorically and symbolically and structurally -i spend a lot of time in urban areas looking for design and studying design in the public sector i take about five thousand photographs a year and -and it was a bit of a disappointment because of the sludge from the river was encrusted on it it really wasnt in use and i recognized that oftentimes design when youre set up to see design it can be a bit of a letdown but there were -lots of other things going on in this area it was a kind of construction zone a lot of buildings were going up and approaching a building from a distance you dont see too much you get a little closer and you arrive at a nice little composition that might remind you of a mondrian or -or something but to me it was an example of industrial materials with a little bit of colors and animation and a nice little still life kind of unintended piece of design and going a little closer -you get a different perspective i find these little vignettes these little accidental pieces of design to be refreshing they give me i dont know a sense of correctness in the -world and some visual delight in the knowledge that the building will probably never look as good as this simple industrial scaffolding that is there to serve -down the road there was another building a nice visual structure horizontal vertical elements little decorative lines going across these magenta squiggles the workmen being reduced to decorative elements -just a nice kind of breakup of the urban place and you know that no longer exists youve captured it for a moment and finding this little still lifes like listening to little songs or something it gives me an enormous amount of pleasure -i thought that i would edit from these and try to come up with some images that might be appropriate and interesting to you and i used -red drew me into this little composition optimistic to me in the sense that maybe the public services mailbox door service -plumbing it looks as if these different public services work together to create some nice little compositions in italy you know almost everything kind of looks good simple menus put on a board achieving kind of the sort of balance but im convinced that its because youre walking around the streets and seeing things -can be comical it can draw your attention to the poor little personality of the little fire hydrant suffering from bad civic planning in havana -can animate simple blocks simple materials walking in new york ill stop i dont always know why i take photographs of things -a nice visual composition of symmetry curves against sharp things its a comment on the way in which we deal with public seating in the city of new york -come across some other just kind of curious relationships of bollards on the street that have different interpretations but these things amuse me -nice little piece of sculpture so theres this sort of silent hand of design at work that i see in places that i go havana is a wonderful area -its quite free of commercial clutter you dont see our logos and brands and names and therefore youre alert to things physically and this is a great -cuba needs to be far more resourceful because of the blockades and things but a really wonderful playground ive often wondered why italy is really a leader in modern design -in our area in furnishings theyre sort of way at the top the dutch are good also but the italians are good and i came across this little street in venice where the communist headquarters were sharing a wall with this catholic shrine -and i realized that you know italy is a place where they can accept these different ideologies and deal with diversity and not have the problem or they can choose to ignore them -but these you dont have warring factions and i think that maybe the tolerance of the absurdity which has made italy -so innovative and so tolerant the past and the present work quite well together in italy also and i think that -its recognizable there and has an important effect on culture because their public spaces are protected their sidewalks are protected and youre actually able to confront these things -and i use this this is sort of what i consider to be urban spam i notice the stuff because i walk a lot but here private industry is really kind of making a mess of -some type of control over whats happening in the environment is very evident even in the way that they sell and distribute periodicals i walk to work every day or ride my scooter and i come down and park in this little spot -stuff that was available to all people and stuff that probably contains some other important messages ill use these sidewalks in rio as an example -and i came down one day and all the bikes were red now this is not going to impress you guys who photoshop and can do stuff but this was an actual moment when i got off my bike and i looked and i thought its as if all of my -biker brethren had kind of gotten together and conspired to make a little statement and it reminded me that -to keep in the present to look out for these kinds of things it gave me possibilities for wonder if maybe its a yellow day in san francisco and we could all -agree and create some installations but it also reminded me of the power of pattern and repetition to make an effect in our mind -and i dont know if theres a stronger kind of effect than pattern and the way it unites kind of disparate elements i was at the art show in miami in december and spent a couple of hours looking at fine art and amazed at the prices of -know quite a nice little collage of these car keys and my closest equivalent were a group of prayer tags that i had seen in tokyo -very common public design done in the fifties its got a nice kind of flowing organic form very consistent with the brazilian culture i think good design adds to culture -and i thought that if pattern can unite these disparate elements it can do just about anything i dont have very many shots of people because they kind of get in the way of studying pure form i was in a small restaurant in -spain having lunch one of those nice days where you had the place kind of to yourself and you have a glass of wine and -enjoying the local area and the culture and the food and the quiet and feeling very lucky and a bus load of tourists arrived -emptied out filled up the restaurant in a very short period of time completely changed the atmosphere and character with loud voices and large bodies and such -and we had to get up and leave it was just that uncomfortable and at that moment the sun came out and through this perforated screen -pattern was cast over these bodies and they kind of faded into the rear and we left the restaurant kind of feeling ok about stuff and -i do think pattern has the capability of eradicating some of the most evil forces of society such as bad form in restaurants but quite seriously -it was a statement to me that one thing that you do sort of see is the aggressive nature of the industrial world has produced kind of -large masses of things when you in monoculture and i think the preservation of diversity in culture is something thats important to us -the last shots that i have deal with coming back to this theme of sidewalks and -i wanted to say something here about im kind of optimistic you know post second world war the influence of the automobile has really been devastating in a lot of our cities a lot of urban areas have been converted into -parking lots in a sort of indiscriminate use a lot of the planning departments became subordinated to the transportation department its as easy to rag on cars as it is on wal mart im not going to do that -wholly inconsistent with san francisco or new york but i think these are my sort of information highways i live in much more of an analog world -are our contributions to a larger whole cities are the place where were most likely to encounter diversity -and to mix with other people we go there for stimulation in art and all those other things but i think people have recognized the sanctity of our urban areas -a place like chicago has really reached kind of a level of international stature the u s is actually becoming a bit of a leader in kind of enlightened urban -planning and renewal and i want to single out a place like chicago where i look at some guy like mayor daley as a bit of a design hero for being able to work through -the political processes and all that to improve an area you would expect a city like this to have upgraded flower boxes on michigan avenue where wealthy people shop -common elements of this that youll see throughout chicago and then there are your big d design statements the pritzker pavilion done by frank gehry -where pedestrian traffic and interaction and diversity exchange and where i think the simple things under our feet have a great amount of meaning to us -measure of this as being an important bit of design is not so much the way that it looks but the fact that it performs a very important social function there are a lot of free concerts for example that go on -in this area it has a phenomenal acoustic system but the commitment that the city has made to the public area is significant and almost an international model i work on the mayors council in san francisco on the international -mayor daley and the folks there i thought that i should include at least one shot of technology for you guys this is also in millennium park in chicago where -the spanish artist designer plensa has created kind of a digital readout in this park that reflects back the characters and personalities of the people -in this area and its a welcoming area i think inclusive of diversity reflective of diversity and i think this marriage -both technology and art in the public sector is an area where the u s can really take a leadership role and chicago is one example thank you very much -how did i get started in this business i was a ceramic designer for about ten years and just loved utilitarian form simple things that we use every day little compositions of color and surface on form -but as more people showed up wanting water the folks who were there first got a little concerned and in one thousand eight hundred and sixty five montana passed its first water law it basically said everybody near the stream can share in the stream oddly a lot of people showed up wanting to share -had the first or senior water rights these senior water rights -along with the economic value that goes with it so they have no incentive to conserve -so its not just about the number of people -the system itself creates a disincentive to conserve because you can lose your water right if you dont use it so after decades of lawsuits and one hundred and forty years now of experience we still have this -its a broken system theres a disincentive to conserve because if you dont use your water right you can lose your water right and im sure you all know this has created significant conflicts between the agricultural and environmental communities -theres another thing happening around the country which is that companies are starting to get concerned about their water footprint theyre concerned about securing an adequate supply of water theyre trying to be really efficient with their water use and theyre concerned about how their water use affects the image of their brand -well its a national problem but im going to tell you another story from montana and it involves beer i bet you didnt know it takes about five pints of water to make a pint of beer if you include all the -this is happening all over the country there are tens of thousands of miles of dewatered streams in the united states on this map the colored areas represent water conflicts -so what can they do about this remaining water footprint that can have serious effects on the ecosystem these ecosystems are really important to the montana brewers and their customers after all theres a strong correlation between water and fishing -and for some theres a strong correlation between fishing and beer laughter so the montana brewers and their customers are concerned and theyre looking for some way to address the problem so how can they address this remaining water -footprint remember prickly pear up until now business water stewardship has been limited to measuring and reducing and were suggesting that the next step -is to restore remember prickly pear its a broken system youve got a disincentive to -senior water rights holders can leave their water in stream -while legally protecting it from others and maintaining their water right -after all it is their water right and if they want to use that water right to help the fish grow in the stream its their right to do so but they have no incentive to do so so working with local water trusts we created an incentive to do so -we pay them to leave their water in stream thats whats happening here this individual has made the choice -and is closing this water diversion leaving the water in the stream he doesnt lose the water right he just chooses to apply that right or some portion of it to the stream instead of to the land -similar problems are emerging in the east as well the reasons vary state to state but mostly in the details there are four thousand miles of dewatered streams in montana -because hes the senior water rights holder he can protect the water from other users in the stream -this guys measuring the water that this leaves in the stream -we then take the measured water we divide it into thousand gallon increments -each increment gets a serial number and a certificate and then the brewers and others buy those certificates as a way to return water to these degraded ecosystems the brewers pay to restore water to the stream -it provides a simple inexpensive and measurable way -to return water to these degraded ecosystems while giving farmers an economic choice and giving businesses concerned about their water footprints an easy way to deal with them after one hundred and forty years of conflict and one hundred years of dry streams -a circumstance that litigation and regulation has not solved -we put together a market based willing buyer willing seller solution a solution that does not require litigation -its about giving folks concerned about their water footprints a real opportunity to put water where its critically needed into these degraded ecosystems while at the same time providing farmers a meaningful economic choice -about how their water is used these transactions create allies not enemies they connect people rather than dividing them and they provide needed economic support for rural communities and most importantly its working weve returned more than four billion gallons of water to degraded ecosystems -weve connected senior water rights holders with brewers in montana with hotels and tea companies in oregon and with high tech companies that use a lot of water in the southwest and when we make these connections -we can and we do turn this into this -alone they would ordinarily support fish and other wildlife theyre the veins of the ecosystem and theyre often empty veins -i want to tell you the story of just one of these streams because its an archetype for the larger story this is prickly pear creek it runs through a populated area from east helena to lake helena -it supports wild fish including cutthroat brown and rainbow trout nearly every year for more than a hundred years -its looked like this in the summer how did we get here well it started back in the late one thousand eight hundred s when people started settling in places like montana in short there was a lot of water and there werent very many people -this is a liter of oil this bottle of oil distilled over a hundred million years of geological time ancient sunlight -we can turn it into a dazzling array of materials medicine modern clothing laptops a whole range of different things -it gives us an energy return thats unimaginable historically weve based the design of our settlements -our business models our transport plans even the idea of economic growth some would argue on the assumption that we will have this in perpetuity -yet when we take a step back and look over the span of history at what we might call the petroleum interval -its a short period in history where weve discovered this extraordinary material and then based a whole way of life around it -culture we tell ourselves lots of stories about the future and where we might move forward from this point some of those stories are that -but as we straddle the top of this energy mountain at this stage we move from a time where our economic success our sense of individual -there are ninety eight oil producing nations in the world but of those sixty five have already passed their peak the moment when the world on average passes this peak -but are we to assume that the same brilliance and creativity and adaptability that got us up to the top of that energy mountain in the first place is somehow mysteriously going to evaporate -when we have to design a creative way back down the other side no but the thinking that we have to come up with has to be based on a realistic assessment of where we are -so the ipcc said that we might see significant break up of the arctic ice in two thousand one hundred in their worst case scenario actually if current trends continue it could all be gone in five or ten years time -just three percent of the carbon locked up in the arctic permafrost is released as the world warms -it would offset all the savings that we need to make in carbon over the next forty years to avoid runaway climate change we have no choice other than deep and urgent decarbonization -the generation that lived at the top of the mountain that partied so hard and so abused its inheritance -and one of the ways i like to do that is to look back at the stories people used to tell before we had cheap oil before we had fossil fuels and people relied on their own muscle animal muscle energy or a little bit of wind little bit of water energy -you having to do any work provided you could remember the other magic word to stop it making porridge otherwise youd flood your entire town with warm porridge -my work for a long time has been involved in education in teaching people practical skills for sustainability -we have the magic porridge pot in the form of walmart and tesco and we have the elves in the form of china but we dont appreciate what an astonishing thing that has been -and what are the stories that we tell ourselves now as we look forward about where were going to go and i would argue that there are four there is the idea of business as usual that the future will be like the present just more of it -is the idea of hitting the wall that actually somehow everything is so fragile that it might just all unravel and collapse its this popular story in some places -third story is the idea that technology can solve everything that technology can somehow get us through this completely and its an idea that i think is very prevalent at these -the idea that we can invent our way out of a profound economic and energy crisis that a move to a knowledge economy can somehow neatly sidestep those energy constraints -the idea that we can step off neatly onto a completely renewable world but the world isnt second life we cant create new land and new energy systems at the click of -and as we sit exchanging free ideas with each other there are still people mining coal in order to power the servers extracting the minerals to make all of those things -the breakfast that we eat as we sit down to check our email in the morning is still transported at great distances usually at the expense of the local more resilient food systems that would have supplied that in the past which weve so effectively devalued and dismantled -we can be astonishingly inventive and creative but we also live in a world with very real constraints and demands energy and technology are not the same thing -what im involved with is the transition response and this is really about looking the challenges of peak oil and climate change square in the face and responding with a creativity and an adaptability and an imagination that we really need -i lived in ireland built the first straw bale houses in ireland and some cob buildings and all this kind of thing but all my work for many years was -its open source its something which everybody whos involved with it develops and passes on as they work with it -its self organizing there is no great central organization that pushes this people just pick up an idea and they run with it and they implement it where they are its solutions focused its very much looking at what people can do where they are to respond to this -its sensitive to place and to scale transitional is completely different transition groups in chile transition groups in the u s transition groups here what theyre doing looks very different in every place that you go to -it learns very much from its mistakes and it feels historic it tries to create a sense that this is a historic opportunity to do something really extraordinary -and its a process which is really joyful people have a huge amount of fun doing this reconnecting with other people as they do it one of the things that underpins it is this idea of resilience -and i think in many ways the idea of resilience is a more useful concept than the idea of sustainability the idea of resilience comes from the study of ecology and its really about how -systems settlements withstand shock from the outside when they encounter shock from the outside that they dont just unravel and fall to pieces and i think its a more useful concept than sustainability as i said -when our supermarkets have only two or three days worth of food in them at any one time often sustainability tends to focus on the energy efficiency of the freezers and the packaging that the lettuces are wrapped up in -looking through the lens of resilience we really question how weve let ourselves get into a situation thats so vulnerable -focused around the idea that sustainability means basically looking at the globalized economic growth model and moderating what comes in at one end and moderating the outputs at the other end -this is at a time when the city of bristol which is quite close to here was surrounded by commercial market gardens which provided a significant amount of the food that was consumed in the town -and created a lot of employment for people as well there was a degree of resilience if you like at that time which we can now only look back on with envy -so how does this transition idea work so basically you have a group of people who are excited by the idea they pick up some of the tools that weve developed -they start to run an awareness raising program looking at how this might actually work in the town they show films they give talks and so on its a process which is playful and creative -and informative then they start to form working groups looking at different aspects of this and then from that there emerge a whole lot of projects which then the transition project itself starts to support and enable -so it started out with some work i was involved in in ireland where i was teaching and has since spread there are now over two hundred formal transition projects and there are thousands of others who are at what we call the mulling stage they are mulling -whether theyre going to take it further and actually a lot of them are doing huge amounts of stuff but what do they actually do you know its a kind of nice idea but what do they actually do on the ground well i think its really important to make the point that actually -you know this isnt something which is going to do everything on its own we need international legislation from copenhagen and so on we need national responses we need local government responses but all of those things are going to be -and then i came into contact with a way of looking at things which actually changed that profoundly and in order to introduce you to that ive got something here that im going to unveil which is one of the great marvels of the modern age and its something so astounding and so astonishing -lot of places now are starting to set up their own energy companies community owned energy companies where the community can invest money into itself to start putting in place -the kind of renewable energy infrastructure that we need a lot of places are working with their local schools newent in the forest of dean big polytunnel they built for the school the kids are learning how to grow food -and also starting to play around with the idea of alternative currencies this is lewes in sussex who have recently launched the lewes pound -a currency that you can only spend within the town as a way of starting to cycle money within the local economy you take it anywhere else its not worth anything but actually within the town you start to create these economic cycles much more effectively -another thing that they do is what we call an energy descent plan which is basically to develop a plan b for the town most of our local authorities when they sit down to plan -for the next five ten fifteen twenty years of a community still start by assuming that there will be more energy more cars more housing -getting a lot of interest from government ed miliband the energy minister of this country was invited to come our recent conference as a keynote listener which -and has since become a great advocate of the whole idea there are now two local authorities in this country -and the head of the council said if we didnt have transition stroud we would have to invent all of that community infrastructure for the first time -as we see the spread of it we see national hubs emerging in scotland the scottish governments climate change fund has funded transition scotland as a national organization supporting the spread of this and we see it all over the place as well -but the key to transition is thinking not that we have to change everything now but that things are already inevitably changing and what we need to do is to work creatively with that based on asking the right questions -that i think maybe as i remove this cloth a suitable gasp of amazement might be appropriate if you could help me with that it would be fantastic -i think id like to just return at the end to the idea of stories because i think stories are vital here and actually the stories that we tell ourselves we have a huge dearth of stories about how to move forward creatively from here -one of the key things that transition does is to pull those stories out of what people are doing stories about the community thats produced its own twenty one pound note for example -the school thats turned its car park into a food garden the community thats founded its own energy company and for me one of the great stories recently was the obamas digging up the south lawn of the white house to create a vegetable garden -so the question i like to leave you with really is for all aspects of the things that your community needs in order to thrive -how can it be done in such a way that drastically reduces its carbon emissions while also building resilience personally i feel enormously grateful to have lived through the age of cheap oil -ive been astonishingly lucky weve been astonishingly lucky but let us honor what it has bought us and move forward from this point -more nourishing and in which we find ourselves fitter more skilled and more connected to each other thank you very much -what i should do is not actually replicate what they saw is replicate what they remembered so this is our footage of the launch based on -basically taking notes asking people what they thought and then the combination of all the different shots and all the different things put together created their sort of collective consciousness of what they remembered it looked like but not what it really looked like so this is what we created for apollo thirteen -so i was basically was setting up something that would remind you of something you havent really quite seen before -and so basically if you believed any of the stuff that i just showed you what you were reacting to what youre emoting to is something thats a total falsehood and i found that really kind of fascinating and in this particular case this is the climax of the movie and you know the weight of achieving it was simply -take a model throw it out of a helicopter and shoot it -and thats simply what i did thats me shooting and im a fairly mediocre operator so i got that nice sense of verisimilitude of a kind of you know following the rocket all the way down and giving that little sort of edge i was desperately trying to keep it in frame -so then i come up to the next thing we had a nasa consultant who was actually an astronaut who was actually on some of the missions of apollo fifteen and he was there to basically double check my science and i guess somebody thought they needed to do that -i dont know why but they thought they did so we were hes a hero hes an astronaut and were all sort of excited and you know i gave myself the liberty of saying you know some of the shots i did -and then he basically told me what he thought -its what you dream about -so what i got from him is he turned to me and said -you would never ever design a rocket like that you would never have a rocket go up while the gantry arms are going out can you imagine the tragedy that could possibly happen -and as an experiment because i dauntingly create a task for myself of recreating a saturn v launch -was on this is apollo fifteen this was his mission so i showed him this and the reaction i got was interesting -and what happened was i mean what i sort of intuned in that is that he remembered it differently he remembered that was a perfectly safe sort of gantry system perfectly safe rocket launch because hes sitting in a rocket that has like a hundred thousand pounds of thrust built by the lowest bidder he was hoping it was going to work -twisted his memory around now ron howard ran into buzz aldrin who was not on the movie so he had no idea that we were faking any of this footage and he just responded as he would respond -for this particular movie because i put it out there i felt a little nervous about it so i need to do an experiment and bring a group of people like this in a projection room and play this stock footage and when i played this stock footage i simply wanted to find out -so titanic was if you dont know the story doesnt end well -jim cameron actually photographed the real titanic so he basically set up or basically shattered the suspension of disbelief because what he photographed was the real thing a mir sub going down or actually two mir subs going down to the real wreck -and he created this very haunting footage its really beautiful and it conjures up all these various different emotions but he couldnt photograph -so im going to just let it run so you kind of absorb this sort of thing and ill describe my sort of reactions when i was looking at it for the very first time i got the feeling that my brain wanted to basically see it come back to life i automatically wanted to see this ship this magnificent ship -basically in all its glory and conversely i wanted to see it -not in all its glory basically go back to what it looks like -so i conjured up an effect that im later going to show you what i tried to do which is kind of the heart of the movie for me -and so thats why i wanted to do the movie thats why i wanted to create the sort of things i created and ill show you you know another thing that i found interesting is what we really were emoting to when you take a look at it so heres the behind the scenes a couple of little shots here so when you saw my footage -you were seeing this basically a bunch of guys flipping a ship upside down and the little mir subs are actually about the size of small footballs and shot in smoke -jim went three miles went down and i went about three miles away from the studio and photographed this in a garage and so but what youre emoting to or what youre looking at -our brains sort of once you believe somethings real you transfer everything that you feel about it this quality you have -and its totally artificial its totally make believe yet its not to you and i found that that was a very interesting thing to explore and use and it caused me to create the next effect that ill show you which is -this sort of magic transition and all i was really attempting to do is basically have the audience cue the effect so it became a seamless experience for them that i wasnt showing you my sort of interpretation i was showing you what you wanted to see -what people remembered what was memorable about it what should i actually try to replicate what should i try to emulate to some degree -and the very next shot right after this -okay so now the titanic transition so this is what i was referring to where i wanted to -basically magically transplant from one state of the titanic to the other so ill just play the shot once -and then at some point im changing the periphery of the shot im changing its becoming the rusted wreck -and then i would run it every day and then i would find exactly the moment that i stopped looking at them and start noticing the rest of it and the moment my eye shifted we just marked it to the frame the moment my eye shifted i immediately started to change them so now somehow you missed -where it started and where it stopped and so ill just show it one more time -really wanted to feel like -they were still on the wreck essentially thats where they were buried forever -we sasha baron cohen is a very clever very smart guy comedian wanted to basically do an homage to the kind of the buster keaton sort of slapstick things and he wanted his leg brace to get caught on a moving train -very dangerous very impossible to do and particularly on our stage because there literally is no way to actually move this train because it fits so snugly into our set so let me show you the scene -and then i basically used the trick that was identified by sergei eisenstein which is -if you have a camera thats moving with a moving object what is not moving appears to be moving and what is moving appears to be stopped so what youre actually seeing now is the train -and i thought it was sort of an interesting thing because it was part of the homage of the movie itself is coming up with this sort of genius trick which i cant take credit for id love to but i can -you know what i was going to do and he said so let me see if i can get this straight the thing with the wheels that doesnt move -the thing without the wheels that moves precisely -what was your memorable shots they changed them they were -train station that only he can actually navigate through and do it this way and we had to make it feel that this is his normal everyday sort of life so the idea of doing it as one shot was very -sort of great for me was it was probably the best reviewed shot ive ever worked on and you know i was kind of proud of it when i was done which is you should never really be proud of stuff -and tv satellite and cable revenues are way up other content markets like book publishing and radio are also up -so this small missing chunk here is puzzling -recent debate over copyright laws like sopa in the united states and the acta agreement in europe -theft which is quite a lot when you consider that back in ninety eight the bureau of labor statistics indicated that the motion picture and video industries were employing two hundred and seventy thousand people -other data has the music industry at about forty five thousand people and so the job losses that came with the internet and all that content theft have therefore left us with negative employment in our content industries and this is just one of the many mind blowing statistics that copyright mathematicians have to deal with every day and some people think that string theory is tough -has been very emotional and i think some dispassionate quantitative reasoning could really bring a great deal to the debate id therefore like to propose that we employ we enlist the cutting edge field of copyright math whenever we approach this subject for instance just recently -some people think this numbers a little bit large but copyright mathematicians who are media lobby experts are merely surprised that it doesnt get compounded for inflation every year -now when this law first passed the worlds hottest mp three player could hold just ten songs and it was a big christmas hit because what little hoodlum wouldnt want a million and a half bucks worth of stolen goods in his pocket -the motion picture association revealed that our economy loses fifty eight billion dollars a year to copyright theft -now rather than just argue about this number a copyright mathematician will analyze it and hell soon discover that this money could stretch from this auditorium all the way across ocean boulevard to the westin -and then to mars -now this is obviously a powerful some might say dangerously powerful insight -this is the equivalent to the entire american corn crop failing along with all of our fruit crops as well as wheat tobacco rice sorghum whatever sorghum is -because this is what we want this is what we want -young lady not watching a football game not watching a basketball game watching exploration live from thousands of miles away and its just dawning on her -what shes seeing and when you get a jaw drop you can inform you can put so much information into that mind its in full recept mode -this i hope will be a -future engineer or a future scientist in the battle for truth and my final question my final question -why are we not looking at moving out onto the sea why do we have programs to build habitation on mars and we have programs to look at colonizing the moon -but we do not have a program looking at how we colonize our own planet and the technology is at hand thank you very much -we used to ridicule continental drift it was something we laughed at we learned of marshall kays geosynclinal cycle which is a bunch of crap -in todays context it was a bunch of crap but it was the law of geology vertical tectonics all the things were going to walk through in our explorations and discoveries of the oceans -mostly discoveries made by accident -the first question is this our country has two exploration programs one is -i have a characterization this is a characterization of what it would look like if you could remove the water it gives you the false impression its a map it is not a map -fact i have another version at my office and i ask people why are there mountains here on this area here but there are none over here -and they go well gee i dont know saying is it a fracture zone is it a hot spot no no thats the only place a ship -most of the southern hemisphere is unexplored -we had more exploration ships down there during captain cooks time than now -its amazing all right so were going to immerse ourselves in the seventy two percent of the planet because you know its really naive to think that the easter bunny -put all the resources -you know its just ludicrous -we are always constantly playing the zero sum game you know were going to take it away from something else i believe in just enriching the economy -and were leaving so much on the table seventy two percent of the planet and as i will point out later in the presentation fifty percent -with a mission to explore the great beyond to explore the heavens which we all want to go to if were lucky and you can see we have sputnik and we have a saturn and we have other manifestations of space exploration -lies beneath the sea -i began my explorations the hard way back then actually my first expedition was when i was seventeen years old it was forty nine years ago do the math im sixty six and i went out to sea on a scripps ship and we almost got sunk by a -giant rogue wave and i was too young to be you know i thought it was great i was a body surfer and i thought wow that was an incredible wave -and all the major deep submersibles we have which are about eight in fact on a good day we might have four or five human beings at the average depth of the earth -this is on a mercator projection but if you were to put it on an equal area projection youd see that the mid ocean ridge covers twenty three percent of the earths total surface area almost a quarter of our -to the moon played golf up there before -we went to the largest feature on our own planet -and our interest in this mountain range as earth scientists in those days was not only because of its tremendous size dominating the planet -but the role it plays in the genesis of the earths outer skin because its along the axis of the mid ocean ridge where the great crustal plates are separating and like a living organism you tear it open it bleeds its molten blood -rises up to heal that wound from the asthenosphere hardens forms new tissue and moves laterally but no one had actually gone down into the actual site of the boundary of creation as we call it into the rift valley until a group of seven of us -its absolutely pitch black because photons cannot reach the average depth of the ocean which is twelve thousand feet in the rift valley its nine thousand feet most of our planet does not feel the warmth of the sun -most of our planet is in eternal darkness -and for that reason you do not have photosynthesis in the deep sea and with the absence of photosynthesis you have no plant life and as a result you have very little animal life living in this underworld or so we thought -and so in our initial explorations we were totally focused on exploring the boundary of creation looking at the volcanic features running along that entire forty two thousand miles -running along this entire forty two thousand miles are tens of thousands of active volcanoes tens of thousands of active volcanoes there are more active volcanoes beneath the sea than on land by two orders of magnitude -so its a phenomenally active region its not just a dark boring place its a very alive place and its then being ripped open -and my question is this why are we ignoring the oceans heres the reason or not the reason but heres why i ask that question if you compare -but we were dealing with a particular scientific issue back then we couldnt understand why you had a mountain under tension in plate tectonic theory we knew that if you had plates collide it made sense -they would crush into one another you would thicken the crust youd uplift it thats why you get you know you get sea shells up on mount everest its not a flood it was pushed up there -we understood mountains under compression but we could not understand why we had a mountain under tension it should not be until one of my colleagues said it looks to me like a thermal blister -was missing heat it was hot it wasnt hot enough so we came up with multiple hypotheses theres little green people down there taking it theres all sorts of things going on but the only logical was that there were hot springs so there must be -pilot made this great observation thats hot -then we realized our probe was made out of the same stuff it could have melted but it turns out the exiting temperature was six hundred and fifty degrees fahrenheit hot enough to melt lead this is what a real one looks like on the juan de fuca ridge what youre looking at is an incredible pipe organ of chemicals coming out of the ocean -and you have massive heavy metal deposits that were making in this mountain range were making huge discoveries of large commercial grade ore along this mountain range but it was dwarfed -by what we discovered we discovered a profusion of life in a world that it should not exist -giant tube worms ten feet tall i remember having to use vodka my own vodka to pickle it because we dont carry formaldehyde we went and found these incredible clam beds sitting on the barren rock -large clams and when we opened them they didnt look like a clam and when we cut them open they didnt have the anatomy of a clam no mouth no gut no digestive system -their bodies had been totally taken over by another organism a bacterium that had figured out how to replicate photosynthesis in the dark through a process we now call chemosynthesis none of it in our textbooks -none of this in our textbooks we did not know about this life system we were not predicting it we stumbled on it looking for some missing heat -so we wanted to accelerate this process we wanted to get away from this silly trip up and down on a submarine average depth of the ocean twelve thousand feet two and half hours -would fund noaas budget to explore the oceans for one thousand six hundred years -to get to work in the morning two and half hours to get to home five hour commute to work three hours of bottom time average distance traveled one mile -on a forty two thousand mile mountain range great job security but not the way to go so i began designing a new technology of telepresence using robotic systems to replicate myself so i wouldnt have to cycle my vehicle system -we began to introduce that in our explorations and we continued to make phenomenal discoveries with our new robotic technologies again looking for something else -but more importantly they discovered edifices down there that they did not understand that did not make sense they were not above a magma chamber they shouldnt be there and we called it lost city -and lost city was characterized by these incredible limestone formations and upside down pools look at that how do you do that -thats water upside down we went in underneath and tapped it and we found that it had the ph of -the ph of eleven and yet it had chemosynthetic bacteria living in it and at this extreme environment and the hydrothermal vents were in an acidic environment all the way at the other end in an alkaline environment at a ph of eleven life existed so life was much more -why why are we looking up is it because its heaven -them in the caldera nearby we found phenomenal hydrothermal vent systems and more life systems this was two miles from where people go to sunbathe and they were -to the existence of this system again you know we stop at the water -finding pools of water this -time not upside down right side up bingo youd think youre in air until a fish swims by youre looking at -brine pools formed by salt diapirs near that was methane ive never seen volcanoes of methane -and hell is down here is it a cultural issue why are people afraid of the ocean -instead of belching out lava they were belching out big big bubbles of methane and they were creating these volcanoes and there were flows not of lava but of the mud coming out of the earth but driven by ive never seen this before -moving on theres more than just natural history beneath the sea human history our discoveries of the titanic the realization that the deep sea is the largest museum on earth -it contains more history than all of the museums on land combined and yet were only now penetrating it finding the state of preservation we found the bismarck in sixteen thousand feet -we then found the yorktown people always ask did you find the right ship it said yorktown on the stern -more recently finding ancient history how many ancient mariners have had a bad day the numbers a million weve been discovering these along ancient trade routes where theyre not supposed to be this shipwreck sank -or do they just assume the ocean is just a dark gloomy place that has nothing to offer -and then heres one that sank at the time of homer at seven hundred and fifty b c more recently into the black sea where were exploring because theres no oxygen there its the largest reservoir of hydrogen sulphide on earth -look at the state of preservation still the ad mark of a carpenter look at the state of those artifacts you still see the bees wax dripping when they dropped they sealed it this ship sank one thousand five hundred years ago -been able to convince congress we begin to go on the hill and lobby and we stole recently a ship from the united states navy -its mission its mission is as good as you could get its mission is to go where no one has gone before on planet earth and i was looking at it -im going to take you on a sixteen minute trip -its up in seattle ok it comes online this -and it begins its journey of exploration but we have no idea what were going find when we go out there with our technology but certainly its going to be going to the unknown america -this is that part of the united states that lies beneath the sea we own all of that blue and yet like i say particularly the western territorial trust we dont have maps of them -on seventy two percent of the planet so buckle up ok -an ancient shipwreck a phoenician off brazil or a new rock formation a new life so were going to run it like an emergency hospital were going to connect our command center -a high bandwidth satellite link to a building were building at the university of rhode island called the interspace center and within that were going to run it just like you run a -in the command center a second later but then its connected through internet too the new internet highway that makes internet one and look like a dirt road on the information highway with ten gigabits of bandwidth -go into areas we have no knowledge of its a big blank sheet on our planet well map it within hours have the maps disseminated out -to the major universities it turns out that ninety percent of all the oceanographic intellect in this country are at twelve universities theyre all on i -we can then build a command center this is a remote center at the university of washington shes talking to the pilot shes five thousand miles away but shes assumed command but the beauty of this too is we can then disseminate it to children -we can disseminate they can follow this expedition ive started a program where are you jim jim young who helped start a program called the jason project more recently weve started a program -with the boys and girls clubs of america so that we can use exploration and the excitement of live exploration to motivate them and excite them -and then give them what theyre already ready for i would not let an adult drive my robot you dont have enough gaming experience but i -let a kid with no license take over control of my vehicle system -because we want to create we -we sense there that its going to happen and then we respond by applying an electrical energy at that spot -which erases the errant signal so that you dont get the clinical manifestations of the migraine headache -we use current pacemaker defibrillator technology thats used for the heart we thought we could adapt it for the brain the device could be implanted under the scalp to be totally hidden -and avoid wire breakage which occurs if you put it in the chest and you try to move your neck around form a company to produce a neuro pacemaker for epilepsy as well as other diseases of the brain because -all diseases of the brain are a result of some electrical malfunction in it that causes many if not all of brain disorders -then approximately twenty five percent of all patients never have any symptoms what are we going to do about them how can we save their lives its particularly true of diabetics and elderly women -we formed a company called neuropace and we started work on responsive neuro stimulation and this is a picture of what the device looked -in the scalp its opened the neurosurgeon has a template he marks it around -and uses a dental burr to remove a piece of the cranial bone exactly the size of our device and tonight youll be able to see the device in the tent -and then weve with four screws we put in a frame then we snap in the device and we run with wires the one shown in green will go to the surface of the brain with electrodes -to the epileptic focus the origin of the epilepsy where we can sense the electrical signal and have computer analysis that tells us when to hit it with some electrical current to prevent the clinical manifestation of the seizure -in the blue wire we see whats called a deep brain electrode if thats the source of the epilepsy we can attack that as well -the comprehensive solution this is the device its about one inches by two inches and oddly enough just the thickness of most cranial bones -the advantages of responsive neurostimulation it can detect and terminate seizures before the clinical symptoms occur provide stimulation only when needed can be turned off if seizures disappear -it has minimal side effects as a matter of fact in all our clinical trials to date weve seen no side effects in the forty or so patients in whom its been implanted -and its an invisible cosmetically hidden so if you have epilepsy and you have the device no one will know it because you cant tell that its -and this shows what an electroencephalogram is and on the left is the signal of a spontaneous seizure of one of the patients -well what is needed for the earliest possible warning of a heart attack a means to determine if theres a complete blockage of a coronary artery -then we stimulated and you see how that heavy black line and then you see the electroencephalogram signal going to normal which means they did not get the epileptic seizure -that concludes my discussion of epilepsy and which is the third invention that i want to discuss here this afternoon -i have three wishes well i cant do much about africa im a tech im into medical gadgetry which is mostly high tech stuff like mister bono talked about -the first wish is to use the epilepsy responsive neurostimulator called rns for responsive neurostimulator thats a brilliant acronym -for the treatment of other brain disorders well if were going to do it for epilepsy why the hell not try it for something else -then you saw what that device looked like that the woman was using to fix her migraines i tell you this thats something which some research engineer like me would concoct not a real designer of good equipment -we want to have some people who really know how to do this perform human engineering studies to develop the optimum design -for the portable device for treating migraine headaches and some of the sponsors of this ted meeting are such organizations -then were going to challenge the ted attendees to come up with a way to improve health care in the usa where we have problems that africa doesnt have and by reducing malpractice litigation -that ladies and gentlemen is a heart attack the means consist of noting something a little technical -quickly to my first wish the brain operates by electrical signals if the electrical signals create a brain disorder electrical stimulation can overcome that disorder -by acting on the brains neurons in other words if youve screwed up electrical signals maybe by putting other electrical signals from a computer in the brain we can counteract that -a signal in the brain that triggers brain dysfunction might be sensed as a trigger for electrostimulation like were doing with epilepsy but even if there is no signal -im going to discuss with you three of my inventions that can have an effect on tens to a hundred million people which we will hope to see happen -such as obsessive compulsive disorder that presently is not well treated with drugs and includes five million americans and mister fischer -and his group at neuropace and myself believe that we can have a dramatic effect in improving ocd in america and in the world that is the first wish -the second wish is at the present time the clinical trials of transcranial magnetic stimulators thats what tms means -segment elevation of the electrogram translated into english that means that if theres an electrical signal in the heart and one part of the ecg which we call the st segment -the present portable device is far from optimally designed both as to human factors as appearance i think she said it looks like a gun a lot of people dont like guns -engage a company having prior successes for human factors engineering and industrial design to optimize the design -of the first portable tms device that will be sold to the patients who have migraine headaches and that is the second wish -and of the one hundred thousand dollar prize money that ted was so generous to give me i am donating fifty thousand dollars to the neuropace people to get on with the treatment of ocd obsessive compulsive disorder -and im making another fifty thousand available for a company to optimize the design of the device for migraines and thats how ill use my one hundred thousand dollar prize money -well the third and final wish is somewhat unfortunately its much more complicated because it involves lawyers well medical malpractice litigation in the us has escalated the cost -ended up badly the high cost of health care in the us is partly due to litigation and insurance costs ive seen pictures -as a starting point for discussion with the ted group a major part of the problem is the nature of the written extent of informed consent that the patient or spouse must read and sign -for example i asked the epilepsy people what are they using for informed consent would you believe twelve pages single space -the patient has to read before theyre in our trial to cure their epilepsy what do you think someone has at the end of reading twelve single space pages they dont understand what the hell its about -elevates that is a sure sign of a heart attack and if we had a computer put into the body of a person whos at risk we could know -thats the present system how about making a video we have entertainment people here we have people who know how to do videos with visual presentation of the anatomy and procedure done with animation everybody knows -no i dont well then lets go to a simpler explanation then theres a simpler one and oh yes i understand that well press the button and youre on record you understand -and that is one of the ideas now also a video is done of the patient or spouse and medical presenter with the patient agreeing that he understands the procedure to be done including all the possible failure modes -the patient or spouse agree not to file a lawsuit if one of the known procedure failures occurs now in america in fact you cannot give up your right to trial by jury however -if the video is there that everything was explained to you and you have it all in the video file itll be much less likely that some hotshot lawyer will take this case on contingency because it wont be nearly as good a case -if a medical error occurs the patient or spouse agree to a settlement for fair compensation by arbitration instead of going to -that would save hundreds of millions of dollars in legal costs in the united states and would decrease the cost of medicine for everyone these are just some starting points -before they even have symptoms that theyre having a heart attack to save their life well the doctor can program a level of this st elevation voltage -and so there thats the end of all my wishes i wish i had more wishes but three is what ive got and there they are -that will trigger an emergency alarm vibration like your cell phone but right by your clavicle bone and when it goes beep beep beep -you better do something about it because if you want to live you have to get to some medical treatment -so we have to try these devices out because the fda wont just let us use them on people unless we try it out first and -the best model for this happens to be pigs and what we tried with the pig was external electrodes on the skin -like you see in an emergency room and im going to show you why they dont work very well and then we put a lead which is a wire in the right ventricle inside the heart which does the electrogram which is the signal voltage from inside the heart -well with the pig at the baseline before we blocked the pigs artery to simulate a heart attack that was the signal after forty three seconds -even an expert couldnt tell the difference and after three minutes well if you really studied it youd see a difference but what happened when we looked inside the pigs heart to the electrogram -there was the baseline first of all a much bigger and more reliable signal second of all ill bet even you people who are untrained -can see the difference and we see here an st segment elevation right after this sharp line look at the difference there -we discussed in the prior film some of the old things that we did like stents and insulin pumps for the diabetic -it doesnt take much every lay person could see that difference and computers can be programmed to easily detect it -then look at that after three minutes we see that the signal thats actually in the heart we can use it to tell people that theyre having a heart attack even before they have symptoms so we can save their life -then we tried it with my son doctor tim fischell we tried it on some human patients who had to have a stent put in well -he kept the balloon filled to block the artery to simulate a blockage which is what a heart attack is and its not hard to see that -elevation and if we had a computer that could detect it we could tell you youre having a heart attack so early it could save your life and prevent congestive heart failure -and then he did it again we filled the balloon again a few minutes later and here you see even after ten seconds -id like to talk very briefly about three new inventions that will change the lives of many people -a great rise in this piece which we can have computers inside under your chest like a pacemaker with a wire into your heart like a pacemaker -and computers dont go to sleep we have a little battery and on this little battery that computer will run for five years without needing replacement -what does the system look like well on the left is the imd which is implantable medical device -and tonight in the tent you can see it theyve exhibited it its about this big the size of a pacemaker its implanted with very conventional techniques -and the exd is an external device that you can have on your night table itll wake you up and tell you to get your tail to the emergency room when the thing goes off because if you dont youre in deep doo doo -and then finally a programmer that will set the level of the stimulation which is the level which says you are having a heart attack -the fda says okay test this final device after its built in some animal which we said is a pig -so we had to get this pig to have a heart attack and when you go to the farmyard you cant easily get pigs to have heart attacks -so we said well were experts in stents tonight youll see some of our invented stents we said so well put in a stent but were not going to put in a stent that wed put in people -at the present time it takes an average of three hours after the first symptoms of a heart attack are recognized by the patient before that patient arrives -we took two copper stents and we put it in the artery of this pig and let me show you the result thats very gratifying -as far as people who have heart disease are concerned there it was thursday morning we -the pigs medication and there is his electrogram the signal from inside the pigs heart coming out by radio telemetry -then on friday at six forty three he began to get certain signs which later we had the pig run around im not going to go into this early stage -but look what happened at ten six after we removed this pigs medication that kept him from having a heart attack any one of you now is an expert on st elevation can you see it there -can you see it in the picture after the big rise of the qrs you see st elevation this pig at ten six -was having a heart attack what happens after you have the heart attack this blockage your rhythm becomes irregular -and thats what happened forty five minutes later then ventricular fibrillation the heart quivers instead of beats this is just before death of the pig -an emergency room and people with silent ischemia which translated into english means they dont have any symptoms -and then the pig died it went flat line but we had a little bit over an hour where we couldve saved this pigs life well because of the fda we didnt save the pigs life -because we need to do this type of animal research for humans but when it comes to the sake of a human we can save their life we can -the lives of people who are at high risk for a heart attack what is the response to acute myocardial infarction a heart attack today -finally you go to the emergency room you wait as burns and other critical patients are treated because seventy five percent of the patients who go to an emergency room with chest pains dont have ami so youre not taken very seriously -they finally see you it takes more time to get your electrocardiogram on your skin and diagnose it and its hard to do because they dont have the baseline data which the computer we put in -finally if youre lucky you are treated in three or four hours after the incident but the heart muscle has died and that is the typical treatment in the advanced world not africa thats the typical treatment in the advanced world today -it takes even longer for them to get to the hospital the ami acute myocardial infarction which is a doctors big word so they can charge you more money -so we developed the angelmed guardian system and we have a device inside this patient called the implanted angelmed guardian and when you have a blockage the alarm goes off -and it sends the alarm and the electrogram to an external device which gets your baseline electrogram from twenty four hours ago and the one that caused the alarm so you can take it to the emergency room and show them and say take care of me right away -then it goes to a network operations center where they get your data from your patient database thats been put in at some central location say in the united states -then it goes to a diagnostic center and within one minute of your heart attack your signal appears on the screen of a computer and the computer analyzes what your problem is and the person whos there -the medical practitioner calls you this is also a cell phone and says mister smith youre in deep doo doo you have a problem weve called the ambulance -the ambulance is on the way itll pick you up and then were going to call your doctor tell him about it were going to send him the signal that we have that says you have a heart attack and were going to send the signal to the hospital -and were going to have it analyzed there and there youre going to be with your doctor and youll be taken care of so you wont die of a heart attack thats the first invention that i wanted to describe -and their lives are being totally ruined by it we have a mission statement for our company doing migraine which is -means a heart attack annual incidence one point two million americans mortality three hundred thousand people dying each year -know theres a certain faradays law which says if i apply a magnetic pulse on salt water thats your brains by the way -so heres a picture of what were doing the patients who have a migraine preceded by an aura -have a band of excited neurons thats shown in red that moves at three to five millimeters a minute towards the mid brain -and when it hits the mid brain thats when the headache begins theres this migraine that is preceded by a visual aura -and this visual aura by the way and ill show you a picture but it sort of begins little with little dancing lights gets bigger and bigger until it fills your whole visual field -and what we tried was this here is a device called the cadwell model mes ten weighs about seventy pounds -has a wire about an inch in diameter and heres one of the patients who has an aura and always has a headache bad one after the aura what do we do -this is what an aura looks like its sort of funny dancing lights shown there on the left and right side and thats a fully developed visual aura as we see on top in the middle -about half of them six hundred thousand have permanent damage to their heart that will cause them to have very bad problems later on -our experimentalist the neurologist who said im going to move this down a little and im going to erase half your aura and by god -the neurologist did erase it and thats the middle picture half of the aura erased by a short magnetic pulse what does that mean -that means that the magnetic pulse is generating an electric current thats interfering with the erroneous electrical activity in the brain -and finally he says okay now im going to all of the aura get erased with an appropriately placed magnetic pulse what is the result -we designed a magnetic depolarizer that looks like this that you could have a lady in her pocket book and when you get an aura you can try it -and see how it works well the next thing they have to show is what was on abc news channel seven last week in new york city in the eleven oclock news -well my first reaction was that it -but for christina sidebottom almost anything was worth trying if it could stop a migraine -even frightening as you walk around with it in your purse but researchers here in ohio organizing clinical trials for this migraine zapper say -sound that in fact when the average person gets a migraine its caused by something similar to an electrical impulse the zapper creates a magnetic -nine hundred thousand people either have died or have significant damage to their heart muscle symptoms are often denied by the patient -but is it safe to use every day experts say the research has actually been around for more than a decade and more long term studies need to be done christina now swears by it -and that is the invention to treat migraines -the problem is thirty million americans have migraine headaches and we need a means to treat it and i think that we now have -and this is the first device that we did and im going to talk about my second wish which has something to do with this our conclusions from our studies so far at three research centers is -there is a marked improvement in pain levels after using it just once the most severe headaches responded better after we did it several times and the unexpected finding indicates that even established headaches not only those with aura -get treated and get diminished and auras can be erased and the migraine then does not occur and that is the migraine invention that we are talking about and that we are working on -third and last invention began with an idea -epileptic focus now unfortunately us technical people unlike mister bono have to get into all these technical words well -we sense at a place in your brain which is called an epileptic focus which is where epilepsy where the epileptic seizure begins -to get very close to the surface in fact theres the diameter of your hair a gecko has two million of these and each hair has one hundred to one thousand split ends -think of the contact of that thats possible we were fortunate to work with another group at stanford that built us a special manned sensor that we were able to measure the force of an individual hair -heres an individual hair with a little split end there when we measured the forces -they were so large that a patch of hairs about this size the geckos foot could support the weight of a small child about forty pounds easily now how do they do it -the truth is its exactly what you dont want to do because evolution works -how about wet adhesion or capillary adhesion they dont have any glue and they even stick under water just fine if you put their foot under water they grab on how -believe it or not they grab on by intermolecular forces by van der waals forces you know you probably had this a long time ago in chemistry where you had these -what were doing is were taking that inspiration of the hairs and with another colleague at berkeley -were manufacturing them and just recently weve made a breakthrough where we now believe were going to be able to create -are interested in this we also presented to nike even -see where this goes we were so excited about this that we realized that that small size scale and where everything gets sticky and gravity doesnt matter anymore -we needed to look at ants and their feet because one of my other colleagues at berkeley has built a six millimeter silicone robot with legs but it gets stuck it doesnt move very well -the ants do and well figure out why so that ultimately well make this move and imagine youre going to be able to have swarms of these six millimeter robots available to run around -this going i think you can see it already clearly the internet is already having eyes and ears you have web cams and so forth -the beginning of that with his fish -so in conclusion i think the message is clear if you need a message if natures not enough if you care about search and rescue or mine clearance or medicine or the various things were working on -natural technologies have incredible constraints think about it if you were an engineer and i told you that you had to build an automobile but it had to start off to be this big then it had to grow to be full size and had to work every step along the way -we must preserve natures designs otherwise these secrets will be lost forever thank you -because of history and the inherited plan start with a clean slate so organisms have this important history really -welcome if i could have the first slide please -this is a real challenge to do this because animals when you start to really look inside them how they work appear hopelessly complex theres no detailed history of the design plans you cant go look it up anywhere -they have way too many motions for their joints too many muscles even the simplest animal we think of something like an insect and they have more neurons and connections than you can imagine -how can you make sense of this well we believed and we hypothesized that one way animals could work simply -is if the control of their movements tended to be built into their bodies themselves what we discovered was that -six and eight legged animals all produce the same forces on the ground when they move they all work like this kangaroo -they bounce -works like two legs of a trotting dog or works like three legs together as one of a trotting insect or four legs as one as a trotting crab and then they alternate -in their propulsion but the patterns are all the same almost every organism weve looked at this way youll see next week ill give you a hint therell be an article coming out that says that really big things -like t rex probably couldnt do this but youll see that next week now whats interesting is the animals then we said bounce along the vertical plane this way and in our collaborations with pixar -the bipedal nature of the characters of the ants and we told them of course they move in another plane as well and they asked us this question they say why model -just in the sagittal plane or the vertical plane when youre telling us these animals are moving in the horizontal plane this is a good question nobody in biology ever modeled it this way we took their advice -contrary to calculations made by some engineers bees can fly -and we modeled the animals moving in the horizontal plane as well we took their three legs we collapsed them down as one we got some of the best mathematicians in the world from princeton to work on this problem -and we were able to create a model where animals are not only bouncing up and down but theyre also bouncing side to side at the same time and many organisms fit -this kind of pattern now why is this important to have this model because its very interesting when you take this model and you perturb it you give it a push as it bumps into something -enough -appear to be self stabilizing like this using basically springy legs that is the legs can do computations on their own the control algorithms in a sense are embedded in the form of the animal itself -why havent we been more inspired by nature and these kinds of discoveries well i would argue that human technologies are really different from natural technologies at least they have been so far think about the typical kind of robot that you see -however whats changing whats really exciting and ill show you some of that next is that as human technology takes on more of the characteristics of nature then nature really can become a much more useful teacher -heres one example thats really exciting this is a collaboration we have with stanford and they developed this new technique called shape deposition manufacturing its a technique where they can mix materials together and mold any shape that they like and -for example heres a leg the clear part is stiff the white part is compliant and you dont need any axles -there or anything it just bends by itself beautifully so you can put those properties in it inspired them to show off this design by producing a little robot they named sprawl -what i want to do in the short time i have is to try to allow each of you to experience sort of the thrill of revealing -our work has also inspired another robot a biologically inspired bouncing robot from the university of michigan and mcgill named rhex for robot hexapod and this ones autonomous -lets go to the video and let me show you some of these animals moving and then some of the simple robots that have been inspired by our discoveries -this is a deaths head cockroach this is an american cockroach you think you dont have in your kitchen this is an eight legged scorpion six legged ant forty four legged centipede -i said all these animals are sort of working like pogo sticks theyre bouncing along as they move and you can see that in this ghost crab from the beaches of panama and north carolina it goes up to four meters per second when it runs -actually leaps into the air and has aerial phases when it does it like a horse and youll see its bouncing here what we discovered is whether you look at the leg of a human like richard or -seen so far now what good are springy legs then what can they do well we wanted to see if they allowed the animals to have greater stability and maneuverability so we built a terrain -heres the first example of that this is the stanford shape deposition manufactured robot named sprawl it has six legs there are the tuned -springy legs it moves in a gait that an insect uses and here it is going on the treadmill -now whats important about this robot compared to other robots -is that it cant see anything it cant feel anything it doesnt have a brain yet it can maneuver over -these obstacles without any difficulty whatsoever its this technique of building the -into the form this is a graduate student this is what hes doing to his thesis project very robust if a graduate student does that to his thesis project -this is from mcgill and university of michigan this is the rhex making its first outing in a demo -same principle -it only has six moving parts -six motors but it has springy tuned legs it moves in the gait of the insect it has the middle leg moving -in synchrony with the front and the hind leg on the other side sort of an alternating tripod and they can negotiate obstacles just like the animal -the challenge of looking at natures designs and ill tell you the way that we perceive it and the way weve used it the challenge of course is to answer this question what permits this extraordinary performance of animals that allows them basically to go anywhere -oh my -go on different surfaces heres sand although we havent perfected the feet yet but ill talk about that later heres rhex entering the -the fundamental dynamics -love him bob here -said especially with legged robots because theyre way too complicated nothing can do that and i talk next i showed them this video with the simple design of rhex here and just to convince them we should go to mars in two thousand and eleven i -video orange just to give them -another reason why animals have extraordinary performance and can go anywhere is because they have an effective interaction with the environment the animal im going to show you that we studied to look at this -is the gecko we have one here -and notice its position its holding on -now im going to challenge you im going show you a video one of the animals is going to be running on the level and the other ones going to be running up a wall which ones which -going at a meter a second how many think the one on the left is running up the wall -the point is -really hard to tell isnt it its incredible we looked at students do this and -its just phenomenal -the one on the right was going up the -this they have bizarre toes they have toes that uncurl like party favors when you blow them out -and then peel off the surface like tape like if we had a piece of tape now wed peel it this way they do this with their toes its -this peeling inspired irobot that we work with to build mecho geckos heres a legged version and a tractor version or a bulldozer version -lets see some of the geckos move with some video and then ill show you a little bit of a clip of the robots heres the gecko running up a vertical surface there it goes in real time -you cant use regular cameras you have to take one thousand pictures per second to see this and heres some video at one thousand frames per second -many biologists will tell engineers and others organisms have millions of years to get it right theyre spectacular they can do everything wonderfully well -i want you to look at the animals back do you see how much its bending like that we cant figure that out thats an unsolved mystery we dont know how it works -its a see through treadmill with a see through treadmill belt so we can watch the animals feet and video tape them through the treadmill belt to see -heres the animal that we have here running on a vertical surface pick a foot and try to watch a toe and see if you can see what the animals doing -see it uncurl and then peel these toes it can do this in fourteen milliseconds -and heres the peeling action of the mecho gecko it uses a pressure sensitive adhesive to do it peeling in the -peeling in the mecho gecko that allows them climb autonomously can go on the flat surface transition to a wall and then go on to a ceiling theres the bulldozer version -now it doesnt use pressure sensitive glue the animal does not use that but thats what were limited to at the moment -what does the animal do the animal has weird toes and if you look at the toes they have these little leaves there -so the answer is biomimicry just copy nature directly we know from working on animals -nine hundred times you see there are hairs there tiny hairs and if you look carefully those tiny hairs have -and if you zoom in on those thirty thousand times youll see each hair has split ends -try to add spines and claws and set it for dry adhesives so the idea is to first get the toes and a foot right attempt to make that climb and ultimately put it on the robot and thats exactly what hes done hes built -so these are tuned toes there are six of them -and they use the principles that i just talked about collectively -so this is not using any suction any glue and it will ultimately when its attached to the robot -as biologically inspired as the animal hopefully be able to -climb any kind of a surface -here you see it next going up the side of a building at stanford -its sped up again its a foot climbing its not the whole robot yet were working on it now you can see how its attaching these tuned structures allow the spines friction pads and ultimately the adhesive hairs to grab on to very challenging difficult surfaces -ok you can visualize this now its not impossible its a very challenging -but more to come later to finish weve gotten design secrets from nature by looking at how -learned we should distribute control to smart parts dont put it all in the brain but put some of the control in tuned feet legs and even body -nature uses hybrid solutions not a single solution to these problems and theyre integrated and beautifully robust -and third we believe strongly that we do not want to mimic nature but instead be inspired by biology and use these novel principles -the best engineering solutions that are out there to make potentially something better than nature -so theres a clear message whether you care about -a fundamental basic research of really interesting bizarre wonderful animals or you want to build a search and rescue robot that can help you in an earthquake or to save someone in a fire or you care about medicine -you to imagine -youre a student in my lab -its a design inspired by nature but its not a copy of any specific foot you just looked at -but its a synthesis of the -it turns out that animals can go anywhere they can locomote on substrates that vary as you saw in the probability of contact the movement of that surface -and the type of footholds that are present if you want to study how a foot works were going to have to simulate those surfaces or simulate that debris -you to help me create a fully three d dynamic parameterized contact model -when we did that heres a new experiment that we did -we put an animal and had it run this grass spider on a surface with ninety nine percent of the contact area removed but it didnt even slow down the animal its still running at the human equivalent of three hundred miles per hour -well look more carefully when we slow it down fifty times we see how the leg is hitting that simulated debris the leg is acting as a foot and in fact the animal contacts other parts of its leg -more frequently than the traditionally defined foot the foot is distributed along the whole leg -passing some cockroaches around take a look at their feet -heres what it does it doesnt even slow -can run the same speed without even that segment no problem for the cockroach they can grow them back if you care -very effective now the question we had is how general is a distributed foot -and the next behavior ill show you of this animal just -stunned us the first time -and it is a true challenge and i do want you to help me of course in the challenge there is a prize -thats a bipedal octopus -thats disguised as a rolling coconut -it was discovered by christina huffard and filmed by sea studios right here from monterey -weve also described -another species of -walks on two legs and it holds the other arms up in the air -so that it cant be seen -to get over -uses that beautiful distributed foot -those obstacles are not even there -he thought he created an animal fantasy -but we know that art imitates life and it turns out nature three million years ago evolved the next animal its a shrimp like animal called the stomatopod and heres how it moves on the beaches of -but it is an exclusive t shirt from our lab so please send me your ideas -if we want to then to our blueprint add the first important feature we want to add distributed foot contact not just with the traditional foot but also the leg and even of the body -can this help us inspire the design of novel robots we biologically inspired this robot named rhex built by these extraordinary -engineers over the last few years rhexs foot started off to be quite simple then it got tuned over time and ultimately resulted in this half circle -why is that the video will show you watch where the robot now contacts its leg in order to deal with this very difficult terrain -over this you can see it here well on this -how to design a foot -really simple but beautiful now you might have noticed something else about the animals when they were running over the rough terrain and my assistants going to help me here when you touched the cockroach leg can you -its spiny right its really spiny isnt it it sort of hurts maybe we could give it to our curator and see if hed be brave enough to touch the -that they have spines and until a few weeks ago no one knew what they did they assumed that they were for protection and for sensory structures we found that theyre for something else heres a segment of -tuned such that they easily collapse in one direction to pull the leg out from debris but theyre stiff in the other direction so they capture disparities in the surface -now crabs dont miss footholds because they normally move on sand until they come to our lab -a problem with this kind of mesh because they dont have spines -the crabs are missing spines so they have a problem in this kind of rough terrain -but of course we can deal with that -because we can produce artificial spines we can make spines that catch on simulated debris and collapse on removal to easily pull them out we did that by putting these artificial spines on -do we really understand that principle of tuning the answer is yes this is slowed down twenty fold and the crab just zooms across that simulated debris -so to our blueprint we need to add tuned spines -the lower extremity of a leg that is in direct contact with the ground in standing or walking thats the traditional definition but if you wanted to really do research what do you have to do you have to go to the literature and look up whats known about feet -my colleagues did this at u penn dan koditschek put some steel nails very simple version on the robot and heres rhex now going over those steel those rails -no problem how does it do it lets slow it down and you can see the spines in action watch the leg come around and youll see it grab on right there -do that before it would just slip and get stuck and tip over and watch again right there -just because we have a distributed foot and spines doesnt mean you can climb vertical surfaces -this is really really difficult -the animal effectively climbs by slipping and look and doing actually terribly with respect to grabbing on the surface it looks in fact like its swimming up the surface -can actually model that behavior better as a fluid if you look at it the distributed foot actually is working more like a paddle -the same is true when we looked at this lizard running on fluidized sand -watch its feet its actually functioning as a paddle even though its interacting with a surface that we normally think of as a solid -now converted into an incredibly maneuverable -at stanford university one of my collaborators is an extraordinary engineer who developed this technique called shape deposition manufacturing where he can imbed claws right into an artificial foot and heres the simple version -of a foot for a new robot that ill show you -so to our blueprint lets attach claws -look at animals though to be really maneuverable in all surfaces the animals use hybrid mechanisms that include claws and spines and -there are many many feet -you see the hairs and the claws and this thing here this is when its foot is is in the air -pad comes out and thats where the glue is -here from underneath is an ant foot and when the claws dont dig in that pad automatically comes out without the ant doing anything -it just extrudes and this was a hard shot to get i think this is -the ant foot on the superstrings -this is what it looks like close up heres the ant foot -need to survey all feet and extract principles of how they work and i want you to help me do that in this next clip as you see this clip look for principles -now you might think for smooth surfaces we get inspiration here -now we have something better here -the geckos a really great example of nanotechnology in nature these are its feet theyre almost look alien and the secret which they stick on with -they can run up a surface at a meter per second take thirty steps in that one second you can hardly see them if we slow it down they attach their feet at eight milliseconds and detach them in sixteen milliseconds -peel away from the surface like youd peel away a piece of tape -very strange -if you look at their feet they have leaf like structures called linalae with millions of hairs and each hair has the worst case -ends possible it has a hundred to a thousand split ends and thats the secret because it allows intimate contact the gecko has a billion of these two hundred nanometer sized split ends -so to our blueprint we split some hairs -patent issued were happy to say and heres the simplest version in nature and heres my collaborator ron fearings attempt at an artificial version of this dry adhesive made from polyurethane and heres the first -have it work on some load theres enormous interest in this in a variety of different fields you could think of a thousand possible uses im sure -lots of people have and were excited about realizing this as a product we have imagined products for example this one -we imagined a bio inspired band aid where we took the glue off the band aid we took some hairs from a molting gecko put three rolls of them on here and then made -in order to understand -this is an undergraduate volunteer we have thirty thousand undergraduates so we can choose among them -actually just a red pen mark -i think this is an extraordinary example of how curiosity based research we just wondered how they climbed up something can lead to things that you could never imagine its just an example of why we need to -how a foot works -weve redefined now what a foot is -the question is can we use these secrets then to inspire the design of a better foot better than one we see in nature heres the new project -were trying to create the first -i call the new robot rise -its six legged and has a tail here it is on a fence and a tree -and im really pleased to report to you today that the first synthetic self cleaning dry adhesive has been made -from the simplest version in nature one branch my engineering collaborator ron fearing at berkeley had made the first synthetic version -and so has my other incredible collaborator mark cutkosky at standford he made much larger hairs than the gecko but used the same general principles and here is its first -thats kellar autumn my former ph d student professor now at lewis and clark literally giving his first born child up for this test -more recently this happened -and attached to a safety rope lynn began her sixty foot ascent lynn made it to the top in a perfect pairing of hollywood and science -so youre the first human being to officially emulate a gecko -and what a privilege that has been -to climb up and pull herself up and you can try this in the lobby and look at the gecko inspired material -now the problem with the robots doing this is that they cant get unstuck with the material this is the geckos solution they actually peel their toes away from the surface at high rates -share with you today an original discovery but i want to tell it to you the way it really happened not the way i present it in a scientific meeting or the way youd read it -as they run up the wall well im really excited today to show you the newest version of a robot stickybot using a new hierarchical dry adhesive here is the actual robot -and here is what it does -and if you look -you can see that it uses the toe peeling just like the gecko -some of the video you can see it climbing up -there it is and now it can go on other surfaces because of the new adhesive that the standford group was able to do in designing this incredible robot -one thing i want to point out is look at stickybot you see something on it its not just to look like a gecko it has a tail -and just when you think youve figured out nature this kind of thing happens the engineers told us for the climbing robots that if they dont have a tail they fall off the wall -so what they did was they asked us an important question they said well -kind of looks like a tail even though we put a passive bar there do animals use their tails when they climb up walls -in a scientific paper its a story about beyond biomimetics to something im calling biomutualism -in reality we were then panicked being the biologists and we should know this already we said well what do tails do well we know that tails store fat -for example we know that you can grab onto things with them and perhaps it is most well known that they provide static balance -it can also act as a counterbalance so watch this kangaroo -see that tail thats incredible marc raibert built a uniroo hopping robot and it was unstable without its tail -now mostly tails limit maneuverability like this human inside this dinosaur suit -my colleagues actually went on to test this limitation by increasing the moment of inertia of a student so they had a tail and running them through and obstacle course and found a decrement in performance like youd predict -but of course this is a passive tail -i define that as an association between biology and another discipline where each discipline reciprocally advances the other but where the collective discoveries that emerge are beyond any single field -talked about the tail being a whip for communication it can also be used in defense -pretty powerful so we then went back and looked at the animal and we ran it up a surface but this time what we did is we put a slippery patch -that you see in yellow there and watch on the right what the animal is doing with its tail when it slips this is slowed down ten times so here is normal speed and watch it now slip and see what it does with its tail -it has an active tail that functions as a fifth leg and it contributes to stability if you make it slip a huge amount this is what we discovered -engineers had a really good idea -and what would happen if they climbed on the underside of that leaf and there was some wind or we -and we did that experiment that you see here -now thats real time you cant see anything but there it is slowed down -so they do it with this active tail as they swing around and then they always land in the sort of superman skydiving posture -okay now we wondered if we were right we should be able to test this in a physical model in a robot so for ted we actually built a robot -now in terms of biomimetics as human technologies take on more of the characteristics of nature nature becomes a much more useful teacher -over there a prototype with the tail and were going to attempt the first air righting response in a tail with a robot if we could have the lights on -okay there it goes -there it is -and it works just like it does in the animal so all you need is a swing of the tail to right yourself -now of course we were normally frightened because the animal has no gliding adaptations so we thought oh thats okay well put it in a vertical wind tunnel well blow the air up -give it a landing target a tree trunk just outside the plexi glass enclosure and see what it does -so we did and here is what it does -it does an equilibrium glide -highly controlled this is sort of incredible but actually its quite beautiful when you take a picture of -and its better than that it just in the slide maneuvers in -and then we had to film this several times to believe this it also does this watch this it oscillates its tail up and down like a dolphin it can actually swim through the air -but watch its front legs can you see what they are doing -what does that mean for the origin of flapping flight maybe its evolved from coming down from trees and trying to control a glide stay tuned for that -so then we wondered can they actually maneuver with this -so there is the landing target could they steer towards it -of animal gliding down there is a red trajectory line look at the end to see the animal but then as it gets closer to the tree look at the close up and see if you can see it land -so there it comes down there is a gecko at the end of that trajectory line you see it there there -watch up there and you can see the landing did you see it hit it actually uses its tail too just like we saw in the lab -so now we can continue this mutualism by suggesting that they can make an active tail -and here is the first active tail in the robot -made by boston dynamics so to conclude -i think we need to build biomutualisms like i showed that will increase the pace of basic discovery in their application to do this though we need to redesign education in a major way to balance depth with interdisciplinary communication and explicitly train people -how to contribute to and benefit from other disciplines and of course you need the organisms and the environment to do it that is whether you care about security search and rescue or health -we must preserve natures designs otherwise these secrets will be lost forever and from what i heard from our new president im very optimistic thank you -to climb up a wall so quickly we discovered it and what we found was that -that look like a rug and each of those hairs has the worst case of split ends possible about one hundred to one thousand split ends that are nano size -the vertical axis is just percent per year of growth zero percent a year one percent a year two percent a year -the white line is for the u k and then the u s takes over as the leading nation in the year one thousand nine hundred when the line switches to red youll notice that for the first four centuries theres hardly any growth at all just zero point two percent then growth gets better and better -it maxes out in the one thousand nine hundred and thirty s forty s and fifty s and then it starts slowing down and heres a cautionary note that last downward notch in the red line is not actual data -that is a forecast that i made six years ago that growth would slow down to one point three percent but you know what the actual facts are you know what the growth in per person income has been in the united states in the last six years negative -this led to a fantasy what if i try to fit a curved line to this historical record i can make the curved line end anywhere i wanted but i decided i would end it at zero point two just like the u k growth for the first four centuries -now the history that weve achieved is that weve grown at two point zero percent per year over the whole period one thousand eight hundred and ninety one to two thousand and seven and remember its been a little bit negative since two thousand and seven but if growth slows down -now were going to change and look at the level of per capita income -the vertical axis now is thousands of dollars in todays prices youll notice that in one thousand eight hundred and ninety one over on the left we were at about five thousand dollars today were at about forty four thousand dollars of total output per member of the population -now what if we could achieve that historic two percent growth for the next seventy years well its a matter of arithmetic two percent growth quadruples your standard of living in seventy years that means wed go from forty four thousand to one hundred and eighty thousand well were not going to do that -and the reason is the headwinds the first headwind is demographics its a truism that your standard of living rises faster than productivity rises faster than output per hour if hours per person increased and we got that gift back in the seventy s and eighty s when women entered the labor force -but now its turned around now hours per person are shrinking first because of the retirement of the baby boomers -and second because theres been a very significant dropping out of the labor force of prime age adult males who are in the bottom half of the educational distribution -the next headwind is education weve got problems all over our educational system despite race to the top in college weve got cost inflation in higher education that dwarfs cost inflation in medical care -we have in higher education a trillion dollars of student debt and our college completion rate -is fifteen points fifteen percentage points below canada -economy grew from two thousand to two thousand and seven -thats a boeing seven hundred and seven -on the back of consumers massively overborrowing consumers paying off that debt is one of the main reasons why our economic recovery is so sluggish today and everybody of course knows that the federal government debt is growing as a share of gdp at a very rapid rate and the only way thats going to stop is some combination -only sixty years later it travels at eighty percent of the speed of sound and we dont travel any faster today because commercial supersonic air travel turned out to be a bust -of faster growth in taxes or slower growth in entitlements also called transfer payments -and that gets us down from the one point five where weve reached for education down to one point three and then we have inequality over the fifteen years before the financial crisis -the growth rate of the bottom ninety nine percent of the income distribution was half a point slower than the averages weve been talking about before all the rest went to the top one percent so that brings us down to zero point eight and that zero point eight is the big challenge -are we going to grow at zero point eight if so thats going to require that our inventions are as important as the ones that happened over the last one hundred and fifty years so lets see what some of those inventions were -if you wanted to read in one thousand eight hundred and seventy five at night you needed to have an oil or a gas lamp they created pollution they created odors they were hard to control the light was dim and they were a fire hazard by one thousand nine hundred and twenty nine electric light was everywhere -we had the vertical city the invention of the elevator central manhattan became possible -and then in addition to that at the same time hand tools were replaced by massive electric tools and hand powered electric tools all achieved by electricity electricity was also very helpful in liberating women -women back in the late nineteenth century spent two days a week doing the laundry they did it on a scrub board then they had to hang the clothes out to dry then they had to bring them in the whole thing took two days out of the seven day week and then we had the electric washing machine -and by one thousand nine hundred and fifty they were everywhere but the women still had to shop every day -but no they didnt because electricity brought us the electric refrigerator -so i started wondering and pondering could it be that the best years of american economic growth are behind us and that leads to the suggestion maybe economic growth is almost over -back in the late nineteenth century the only source of heat in most homes was a big fireplace in the kitchen that was used for cooking and heating the bedrooms were cold they were unheated but by one thousand nine hundred and twenty nine certainly by one thousand nine hundred and fifty we had central heating everywhere -which dropped without restraint -twenty five to fifty pounds of manure on the streets every day together with a gallon of urine that comes out at five to ten tons -daily per square mile in cities those horses also ate up fully one quarter of american agricultural land thats the percentage of american agricultural land it took -to feed the horses of course when the motor vehicle was invented and it became almost ubiquitous by one thousand nine hundred and twenty nine that agricultural land could be used for human consumption or for export and heres an interesting ratio starting from zero in one thousand nine hundred only thirty years later -the ratio of motor vehicles to the number of households in the united states reached ninety percent in just thirty years -had to be carried in buckets and pails in from the outside its a historical fact that in one thousand eight hundred and eighty five the average north carolina housewife walked one hundred and forty eight miles a year carrying thirty five tons of water but by -and as a result one of the great scourges of the late nineteenth century waterborne diseases like cholera began to disappear and an amazing fact for techno optimists -is that in the first half of the twentieth century the rate of improvement of life expectancy was three times faster than it was in the second half of the nineteenth century so its a truism that things cant be more than one hundred percent of themselves -some of the reasons for this are not really very controversial there are four headwinds that are just hitting the american economy in the face theyre demographics education debt and inequality theyre powerful enough to cut growth in half -and ill just give you a few examples we went from one percent to ninety percent of the speed of sound electrification central heat -ownership of motor cars they all went from zero to one hundred percent urban environments make people more productive than on the farm we went from twenty five percent urban to seventy five percent by the early postwar years -what about the electronic revolution heres an early computer its amazing the mainframe computer was invented in one thousand nine hundred and forty two -by one thousand nine hundred and sixty we had telephone bills bank statements were being produced by computers -the earliest cell phones the earliest personal computers were invented in the one thousand nine hundred and seventy s the one thousand nine hundred and eighty s brought us bill gates dos atm machines to replace bank tellers bar code scanning to cut down on labor in the retail sector -fast forward through the ninety s we had the dotcom revolution and a temporary rise in productivity growth but im now going to give you an experiment -you have to choose either option a or option b -the problem we face is that all these great inventions we have to match them in the future and my prediction that were not going to match them brings us down from the original two percent growth down to zero point two the fanciful curve that i drew you at the beginning -so here we are back to the horse and buggy id like to award an oscar to the inventors of the twentieth century -the people from alexander graham bell to thomas edison to the wright brothers id like to call them all up here and theyre going to call back to you your challenge is can you match what we achieved thank you -so we need a lot of innovation to offset this decline and heres my theme because of the headwinds if innovation continues to be as powerful as it has been in the last one hundred and fifty years growth is cut in half -if innovation is less -powerful invents less great wonderful things then growth is going to be even lower than half of history -now heres eight centuries of economic growth -its a distinct privilege to be here a few weeks ago i saw a video on youtube of congresswoman gabrielle giffords -at the early stages of her recovery from one of those awful bullets this one entered her left hemisphere and knocked out her brocas area the speech center of her brain and in this session -gabbys working with a speech therapist and shes struggling to produce some of the most basic words and you can see her growing more and more devastated until she ultimately breaks down into sobbing tears and she starts sobbing -wordlessly into the arms of her therapist -and after a few moments her therapist tries a new tack and they start singing together and gabby starts to sing through her tears and you -can hear her clearly able to enunciate the words to a song that describe the way she feels and she sings in one descending scale she sings -let it shine let it shine let it shine -and its a very powerful and poignant reminder of how the beauty of music has the ability to speak where words fail in this case literally speak -seeing this video of gabby giffords reminded me of the work of dr gottfried schlaug one of the preeminent neuroscientists studying music and the brain at harvard and schlaug is a proponent of a therapy called melodic intonation therapy which has become very popular in music therapy now -whether it was happy birthday to you or their favorite song by the eagles or the rolling stones and after seventy hours of intensive singing lessons he found that the music was able to literally rewire the brains of his patients and create a homologous speech center in their right hemisphere to compensate for the left hemisphere -when i was seventeen i visited dr schlaugs lab and in one afternoon he walked me through some of the leading research on music and the brain -how musicians had fundamentally different brain structure than non musicians how music and listening to music could just light up the entire brain from our prefrontal cortex all the way back to our cerebellum -how music was becoming a neuropsychiatric modality to help children with autism to help people struggling with stress and anxiety and depression how deeply parkinsonian patients would find that their tremor and their gait would steady when they listened to music -and how late stage alzheimers patients whose dementia was so far progressed that they could no longer recognize their family could still pick out a tune by chopin at the piano that they had learned when they were children -but i had an ulterior motive of visiting gottfried schlaug and it was this that i was at a crossroads in my life trying to choose between music and medicine -i had just completed my undergraduate and i was working as a research assistant at the lab of dennis selkoe studying parkinsons disease at harvard -and i had fallen in love with neuroscience i wanted to become a surgeon i wanted to become a doctor like paul farmer or rick hodes these kind of -fearless men who go into places like haiti or ethiopia and work with aids patients with multidrug resistant tuberculosis or with children with disfiguring cancers i wanted to become that kind of red cross doctor that doctor without borders -on the other hand i had played the violin my entire life -music for me was more than a passion it was obsession it was oxygen i was lucky enough to have studied at the juilliard school in manhattan and to have played my debut with zubin mehta and the israeli philharmonic orchestra in tel aviv -and it turned out that gottfried schlaug had studied as an organist at the vienna conservatory but had given up his love -for music to pursue a career in medicine and that afternoon i had to ask him how was it for you making that decision -and he said that there were still times when he wished he could go back and play the organ the way he used to and that for me medical school could wait but that the violin simply would -not -and after two more years of studying music i decided to shoot for the impossible before taking the mcat and applying to medical school like a good indian son to become the next dr gupta -it was a wild dream to perform in an orchestra to perform in the iconic walt disney concert hall in an orchestra conducted now by the famous gustavo dudamel but much more importantly to me to be surrounded by musicians and mentors that became my new family -my new musical home -but a year later i met another musician who had also studied at juilliard one who profoundly helped me find my voice and shaped my identity -as a musician -nathaniel ayers was a double bassist at juilliard but he suffered a series of psychotic episodes in his early twenty s was treated with thorazine at bellevue and ended up living homeless on the streets of skid row in downtown los angeles thirty years later -and on the many times i saw nathaniel on skid row i witnessed how music was able to bring him back from his very darkest moments from what seemed to me in my untrained eye to be the beginnings of a schizophrenic episode -playing for nathaniel the music took on a deeper meaning because now it was about communication a communication where words failed a communication of a message that went deeper than words that registered at a fundamentally primal level in nathaniels psyche yet came as a true musical offering from me -i found myself growing outraged -that someone like nathaniel could have ever been homeless on skid row because of his mental illness yet how many tens of thousands of others there were out there on skid row alone who had stories as tragic as his but were never going to have a book or a movie made about them that got them off the streets -but in the end it was nathaniel who showed me that if i was truly passionate about change if i wanted to make a difference i already had -perfect instrument to do it that music was the bridge that connected my world and his -theres a beautiful quote by the romantic german composer robert schumann who said to send light into the darkness of mens hearts such is the duty of the artist and this is a particularly poignant quote because schumann himself suffered from schizophrenia and died in asylum -and inspired by what i learned from nathaniel i started an organization on skid row of musicians called street symphony -bringing the light of music into the very darkest places performing for the homeless and mentally ill at shelters and clinics on skid row performing for combat veterans with post traumatic stress disorder and for the incarcerated and those labeled as criminally insane -after one of our events at the patton state hospital in san bernardino a woman walked up to us and she had tears streaming down her face and she had a palsy she was shaking and she had this gorgeous smile and she said that she had never heard classical music before she didnt think she was going to like it she had never heard a violin before but -suddenly what were finding with these concerts away from the stage away from the footlights out of the tuxedo tails the musicians become the conduit -for delivering the tremendous therapeutic benefits of music on the brain to an audience that would never have access to this room would never have access to the kind of music that we make -just as medicine serves to heal more than the building blocks of the body alone the power and beauty of music transcends the e in the middle of our beloved acronym -music transcends the aesthetic beauty alone -the synchrony of emotions that we experience when we hear an opera by wagner or a symphony by brahms or chamber music by beethoven compels us to remember our shared common humanity -the deeply communal connected consciousness the empathic consciousness that neuropsychiatrist iain mcgilchrist says is hard wired into our brains right hemisphere -and for those living in the most dehumanizing conditions of mental illness within homelessness and incarceration the music and the beauty of music offers a chance for them to transcend the world around them -to remember that they still have the capacity to experience something beautiful and that humanity has not forgotten them -and the spark of that beauty the spark of that humanity transforms into hope -and we know whether we choose the path of music or of medicine thats the very first thing we must instill within our communities within our audiences if we want to inspire healing from within -id like to end with a quote by john keats the romantic english poet a very famous quote that im sure all of you know -keats himself had also given up a career in medicine to pursue poetry but he died when he was a year older than me and keats said beauty is truth and truth beauty that is all ye know on earth and all ye need to know -but then we also wanted to figure out what we could do with it and what first attracted me or interested me was this view from the street which is this steel structure sort of rusty this industrial relic but when i went up on top -it was a mile and a half of wildflowers running right through the middle of manhattan with views of the empire state building and the statue of liberty and the hudson river and thats really where we started the idea coalesced around lets make this a park and lets have it be sort of inspired -by this wildscape at the time there was a lot of opposition mayor giuliani wanted to tear it down im going to fast forward through a lot of lawsuits and a lot of community engagement -mayor bloomberg came in office he was very supportive but we still had to make the economic case this was after nine eleven the city was in tough times -so we commissioned an economic feasibility study to try to make the case and it turns out we got those numbers wrong we thought it would cost one hundred million dollars to build so far its cost about one hundred and fifty million and the main case was this is going to make good economic sense for the city so we said over a twenty year time period -the value to the city in increased property values and increased taxes would be about two hundred and fifty million -that was enough it really got the city behind it it turns out we were wrong on that now people estimate its created about a half a billion dollars or will create about a half a billion dollars -in tax revenues for the city we did a design competition selected a design team we worked with them to really create a design that was inspired by that wildscape theres three sections we opened the fist section in two thousand and nine -its been successful beyond our dreams last year we had about two million people which is about ten times what we ever estimated -this is one of my favorite features in section one its this amphitheater right over tenth ave and the first section ends at twentieth st right now the other thing its generated obviously a lot of economic value its also inspired i think a lot of great architecture theres a point you can stand here -and it was originally a freight line that ran down tenth ave and it became known as death avenue because so many people were run over by the trains that the railroad hired a guy on horseback to run in front and he became known as the west side cowboy -and see buildings by frank gehry jean nouvel shigeru ban neil denari -and the whitney is moving downtown and is building their new museum right at the base of the high line and this has been designed by renzo piano and theyre going to break ground in may -and weve already started construction on section two this is one of my favorite features this flyover where youre eight feet off the surface of the high line running through a canopy of trees -the high line used to be covered in billboards and so weve taken a playful take where instead of framing advertisements its going to frame people in views of the city this was just installed last month -and then the last section was going to go around the rail yards which is the largest undeveloped site in manhattan and the city has planned for better or for worse twelve million square feet of development that the high line is going to ring around -but what really i think makes the high line special is the people and honestly even though i love the designs that we were building i was always frightened -but what i found is its in the people and how they use it that to me makes it so special just one quick example is i realized right after we opened that there were all these people holding hands on the high line and i realized new yorkers dont hold hands -but even with a cowboy about one person a month was killed and run over so they elevated it they built it thirty ft in the air right through the middle of the city but with the rise of interstate trucking it was used less and less -and by one thousand nine hundred and eighty the last train rode it was a train loaded with frozen turkeys they say at thanksgiving from the meatpacking district -and then it was abandoned and i live in the neighborhood and i first read about it in the new york times in an article that said it was going to be demolished and i assumed someone was working to preserve it or save it and i could volunteer but -so we exchanged business cards and we kept calling each other and decided to start this organization friends of the high line -and the goal at first was just saving it from demolition -this too is origami and this shows where weve gone in the modern world naturalism detail you can get horns antlers even if you look close cloven hooves -raises a question what changed and what changed is something you might not have expected in an art which is math that is people applied mathematical principles -my talk is flapping birds and space telescopes and you would think that should have nothing to do with one another but i hope by the end of these eighteen minutes youll see a little bit of a relation it ties to origami so let me start what is -to the art to discover the underlying laws and that leads to a very powerful tool the secret to productivity in so many fields and in origami is letting dead people do your work for you -because what you can do is take your problem -and turn it into a problem that someone else has solved and use their solutions -i want to tell you how we did that in -the directions of the folds at any vertex the number of mountain folds the number of valley folds always differs by two two more or two less nothing else -you look at the angles around the fold you find that if you number the angles in a circle all the even numbered angles add up to a straight line all the odd numbered angles add up to a straight line -and if you look at how the layers stack youll find that no matter how you stack folds and sheets a sheet can never -so thats four simple laws thats all you need in origami all of origami comes from that and youd think can four simple laws give rise to that kind of complexity -but indeed the laws of quantum mechanics can be written down on a napkin and yet they govern all of chemistry all of life all of history if we obey these laws we can do amazing things -so in origami to obey these laws we can take simple patterns like this repeating pattern of folds called textures and by itself its nothing -but if we follow the laws of origami we can put these patterns into another fold that itself might be something very very simple but when we put it together we get something a little different this fish -four hundred scales again it is one uncut square only folding -and if you dont want to fold four hundred scales you can back off and just do a few things and add plates to the back of a turtle or toes or you can ramp up and go up to fifty stars on -most people think they know what origami is its this flapping birds toys cootie catchers that sort of thing and that is what origami used to be -thirteen stripes and if you want to go really crazy one thousand scales -on a rattlesnake and this guys on display downstairs so take a look if you get a chance the most powerful tools in origami have related to how we get -parts of creatures and i can put it in this simple equation we take an idea combine it with a square and you get an origami figure -what matters is what we mean by those symbols and you might say can you really be that specific i mean a stag beetle its got two points for jaws its got antennae can you be that specific in the detail and yeah you really can -so how do we do that well we break it down into a few smaller steps so let me stretch out that equation i start with my idea i abstract it whats the most abstract form its a stick figure -and from that stick figure i somehow have to get to a folded shape that has a part for every bit of the subject a flap for every leg and then once i have that folded shape that we call the base -you can make the legs narrower you can bend them you can turn it into the finished shape now the first step pretty easy take an idea draw a stick figure -the last step is not so hard but that middle step going from the abstract description to the folded shape thats hard -but thats the place where the mathematical ideas can get us over the hump and im going to show you all how to do that so you can go out of here and fold something but were going to start small this base has a lot of flaps in it were going to learn how to make one flap -what paper went into that flap well if i unfold it and go back to the crease pattern you can see that the upper left corner of that shape -is the paper that went into the flap so thats the flap and all the rest of the papers left over i can use it for something else well theres other ways of making a flap -theres other dimensions for flaps if i make the flaps skinnier i can use a bit less paper if i make the flap as skinny as possible i get to the limit of the minimum amount of paper needed and you can see there it needs a quarter circle of paper to make a flap -theres other ways of making flaps if i put the flap on the edge it uses a half circle of paper and if i make the flap from the middle it uses a full circle so no matter how i make a flap -it needs some part of a circular region of paper so now were ready to scale up what if i want to make something that has a lot of flaps what do i need -i need a lot of circles and in the nineteen nineties origami artists discovered these principles and realized we could make arbitrarily complicated figures just by packing circles -and heres where the dead people start to help -because lots of people have studied the problem of packing circles i can rely on that vast history of mathematicians and -you pack circles you decorate the patterns of circles with lines according to more rules that gives you the folds those folds fold -shape the base you get a folded shape in this case a cockroach -and its so simple -its so simple that a computer could do it -and you just draw a stick figure and it calculates the crease pattern it does the circle packing calculates the crease pattern -and if you use that stick figure that i just showed which you can kind of tell its a deer its got antlers youll get this crease pattern and if you take this crease pattern you fold on the dotted lines youll get a -called a crane every japanese kid learns how to fold that crane so this art has been around for hundreds of years and you would think something -base that you can then shape into a deer -or you could do -a moose or really any other kind of deer these techniques revolutionized this art we found we could do insects spiders which are close things with legs things with legs and wings -things with legs and antennae and if folding a single praying mantis from a single uncut square wasnt interesting enough then you could do -two praying mantises from a single uncut square shes eating him -i call it snack time -and you can do more than just insects this you can put details toes and claws a grizzly bear has claws -this tree frog has toes actually lots of people in origami now put toes into their models toes have become an origami meme because everyones doing -it you can make multiple subjects so these are a couple of instrumentalists the guitar player from a single square -bass player from a single square and if you say well but the guitar bass thats not so hot do a little more complicated instrument well then you could do an organ -and what this has allowed is the creation of origami on demand so now people can say i want exactly this and this and this -and you can go out and fold it and sometimes you create high art and sometimes you pay the bills by doing some commercial work but i want to show you some examples everything youll see here except the car -paper computers made things move but these were all real folded objects that we made -and we can use this not just for visuals but it turns out to be useful even in the real world surprisingly origami and the structures that weve developed in origami turn out to have -a folding pattern and realized this could fold down into an extremely compact package that had a very simple -now there is actually a little origami in the james webb space telescope but its very simple the telescope going up in space it unfolds in two places it folds in thirds -a japanese folder named yoshizawa came along and he created tens of thousands of new designs but even more importantly he created a language a way we could communicate a code of dots dashes and arrows harkening back -its a very simple pattern you wouldnt even call that origami they certainly didnt need to talk to origami artists but if you want to go higher and go larger than this then you might need some origami -engineers at lawrence livermore national lab had an idea for a telescope much larger they called it the eyeglass the design called for geosynchronous -twenty six thousand miles up one hundred meter diameter lens so imagine a lens the size of a football field there were two groups of people who were interested in this planetary scientists who want to look up -and then other people who wanted to look down -whether you look up or look down how do you get it up in space youve got to get it up there in a rocket and rockets are small so you have to make it smaller how do you make a large sheet of glass smaller -well about the only way is to fold it up somehow so you have to do something like this this was a small model for the lens you divide up the panels you add flexures but this patterns not going to work -said lets see if someone else is doing this sort of thing so they looked into the origami community we got in touch with them and i started working with them and we developed a pattern together -that scales to arbitrarily large size but that allows any flat ring or disc to fold down into a very neat compact cylinder and they -that for their first generation which was not one hundred meters it was a five meter but this is a five meter telescope has about a quarter mile focal length and it works perfectly on its test range and it indeed folds up into a neat little bundle -now there is other origami in space japan aerospace agency flew a solar sail and you can see here that the sail expands out and you can still see the fold lines -the problem thats being solved here is something that needs to be big and sheet like at its destination but needs to be small for the journey and that works whether youre going into space or whether youre just going into a body -and this example is the latter this is a heart stent developed by zhong you at oxford university it holds open a blocked artery when it gets to its destination but it needs to be much smaller for the trip -susan blackmores talk we now have a means of transmitting information with heredity and selection and we know where that leads and where it has led in origami is to things like this this is an origami figure -there through your blood vessels and this stent folds down using an origami pattern based on a model called the water bomb base -and the algorithms that we developed to do insects turned out to be the solution for airbags -to do their simulation and so they can do -a simulation like this those are the origami creases forming and now you can see the airbag inflate and find out does it work -and that leads to a really interesting idea -you know where did these things come from -well the heart stent -came from that little blow up box that you might have learned in elementary school its the same pattern called the water bomb base the airbag flattening algorithm came from all the developments -of circle packing and the mathematical theory that was really developed just to create insects things with legs -the thing is that this often happens in math and science when you get math involved problems that you solve for aesthetic value only or to create something beautiful -turn around and turn out to have an application in the real world -and as weird and surprising as it may sound -one sheet no cuts folding only hundreds of folds -and im going to be fair to the statisticians who talked this morning not almost one point five million people a week but almost one point four million people a week -but im a journalist and we exaggerate so almost one point five million people a week close to seventy million people a year -and if you do the math thats one hundred and thirty people every minute so thatll be in the eighteen minutes that im given to talk here between two and three thousand people will have journeyed -better than one in three people on earth so these are the cities of the future -and -we have to engage them and i was thinking this morning of the good life and before i show you the rest of my -because i think it says something about reversing our perception of what we think the good life is -so the hut was made of corrugated metal set on a concrete pad it was a ten by ten cell armstrong obrian jr shared it with three other men -they did have electricity but it was illegal service tapped from someone elses wires and could only power one feeble bulb this was southland -a small shanty community on the western side of nairobi kenya but it couldve been anywhere in the city because more than half the city of nairobi lives like this -one point five million people stuffed into mud or metal huts with no services no toilets no rights -in case you owe one month the landlord will come with his henchmen and bundle you out he will confiscate your things armstrong said not one month one day -his roommate hilary kibagendi onsomu who was cooking ugali the spongy white cornmeal concoction that is the staple food in the country cut into the conversation -this is the squatter community in sanjay gandhi national park in bombay india whats called mumbai these days this is hosinia -they called their landlord a wabenzi meaning that he is a person who has enough money to drive a mercedes benz -put on a wool sports jacket and we headed out into the glare outside a mound of garbage formed the border between southland and the adjacent legal neighborhood of langata it was perhaps eight feet tall forty feet long and ten feet wide -squatted and -the flies buzzed hungrily around his legs when twenty families one hundred people or so share a single latrine a boy pooping on a garbage pile is perhaps no big thing -but it stood in jarring contrast to something armstrong had said as we were eating that he treasured the quality of life in his neighborhood -for armstrong southland wasnt constrained by its material conditions instead the human spirit radiated out from the metal walls and garbage heaps to offer something no legal neighborhood could -freedom this place is very addictive he had said its a simple life but nobody is restricting you nobody is controlling what you do -the largest and most urbanized favela in rio de janeiro and this is sultanbelyi which is one of the largest squatter communities in -once you have stayed here you cannot go back he meant back beyond that mountain of trash back in the legal city of legal buildings -with legal leases and legal rights once you have stayed here he said you can stay for the rest of your life -this is getting ready for the monsoon in bombay india this is home improvement putting plastic tarps on your roof this is -in rio de janeiro and its getting a bit better right were seeing scavenged terra cotta tile and little pieces of signs and plaster over the brick some color -and this is sulay montakayas house in sultanbelyi and its getting even better hes got a fence he scavenged a door hes got new -here are multi story they develop you can see on the far right one where it seems to just stack on top of each other room after room after room -and what people do is they develop their home on one or two stories and they sell their loggia or roof rights -and someone else builds on top of their building and then that person sells the roof rights and someone else builds on top of their building all of these buildings are made out of reinforced concrete and brick -on their roofs but the green building on behind you can see that the top floor is not occupied so people are building with the possibility of expansion -and its built to a pretty high standard of design and then you finally get squatter homes like this which is built on the suburban model hey thats a single family home in the squatter community -they are what i consider to be the cities of tomorrow the new urban world now why do i say that to tell you about that i have to talk about this fellow here his name is julius -that runs through it lots of people out on the street these communities in these cities are actually more vital than the illegal communities they have more things going on in them this is a typical pathway in -these becos are normally very crowded and people hump furniture up them or refrigerators up them all sorts of things beer is all carried in on your shoulders beer is a very important thing in brazil -this is commerce in kenya right along the train tracks so close to the train tracks that the merchants sometimes have to pull the merchandise out of the way -this is a marketplace also in kenya toi market lots of dealers in almost everything you want to buy those green things in the foreground are mangoes -this is a shopping street in kibera and you can see that theres a soda dealer a health clinic two beauty salons a bar two grocery stores and a church and more its a typical -and what hotel means in kenya and india is an eating place so thats a restaurant people steal electrical power this is rio -and i met julius the last week that i was living in kibera so i had been there almost three months -people tap in and they have thieves who are called grillos or crickets and they steal the electrical power and wire the neighborhood people burn trash to get rid of the garbage -and they dig their own sewer channels talk about more plastic bags than plankton and sometimes they have natural trash disposal -and when they have more money they cement their streets and they put in sewers and good water pipes and stuff like that this is water going to rio people run their water -houses so the question is how do you go from the mud hut village to the more developed city -to the even highly developed sultanbelyi i say there are two things one is people need a guarantee they wont be evicted that does not necessarily mean property rights and i would disagree with -on that question because property rights create a lot of complications theyre most often sold to people and people then wind up in debt and have to pay back the debt and sometimes have to sell their property in order to pay back the debt -and i was touring around the city going to different squatter areas and julius was tagging along and he was bug eyed and at certain points we were walking around he grabbed my hand for support -and that can mean two things that can mean community organizing from below but it can also mean possibilities from above and i say that because the system in turkey is -in turkey you cant be evicted without due process of law if they dont catch you during the night and the second aspect is -and when youre a legal sub municipality you suddenly have politics youre allowed to have an elected government collect taxes provide municipal services and thats exactly what they -so these are the civic leaders of the future the woman in the center is geeta jiwa she lives in one of those tents on the highway median in mumbai -this woman is nine which means grandma in turkish and there were three old ladies who lived in thats her self built house behind her and -he makes money taking pictures of the neighborhood and the people in the neighborhood and is a great resource in the community and finally my choice to run for mayor of rio -is cezinio the fruit merchant with his two kids here and a more honest and giving and caring man i dont know -the future of these communities is in the people and in our ability to work with those people so i think -which is something most kenyans would never consider doing theyre very polite and they dont get so forward so quickly and i found out later that it was julius first -the message i take from what i read from the book from what armstrong said and from all these people is that these are neighborhoods the issue is not urban poverty the issue is not -the larger over arching thing the issue is for us to recognize that these are neighborhoods this is a legitimate form of urban development and -that cities have to engage these residents because they are building the cities of the future thank you very much -day in nairobi and -hes one of many so close to two hundred thousand people a day migrate from the rural to the urban areas -hes one of many -so close to two hundred thousand people a day migrate from the rural to the urban areas -thats and im going to be fair to the statisticians who talked this morning not almost one point five million people a week but almost one point four million people a week but im a journalist and we exaggerate so almost one point five million people a week close to seventy million people a year -and if you do the math thats one hundred and thirty people every minute so thatll be in the eighteen minutes that im given to talk here between two and three thousand people will have journeyed to the cities -and here are the statistics today a billion squatters one in six people on the planet -these are the cities of the future -and -we have to engage them and i was thinking this morning of the good life and before i show you the rest of my presentation im going to violate ted rules here and im going to read you something from my book -as quickly as i can because i think it says something about reversing our perception of what we think the good life is -so thats kibera the largest squatter community in nairobi -so the hut was made of corrugated metal set on a concrete pad it was a ten by ten cell armstrong obrian jr shared it with three other men -armstrong and his friends had no water they bought it from a nearby tap owner no toilet the families in this compound shared a single pit latrine and no sewers or sanitation -they did have electricity but it was illegal service tapped from someone elses wires and could only power one feeble bulb -this was southland a small shanty community on the western side of nairobi kenya but it couldve been anywhere in the city because more than half the city of nairobi lives like this one point five million people stuffed into mud or metal huts with no services no toilets no rights -armstrong explained the brutal reality of their situation they paid one thousand five hundred shillings in rent about twenty bucks a month a relatively high price for a kenyan shantytown and they could not afford to be late with the money -in case you owe one month the landlord will come with his henchmen and bundle you out he will confiscate your things armstrong said not one month one day -his roommate hilary kibagendi onsomu who was cooking ugali the spongy white cornmeal concoction that is the staple food in the country cut into the conversation they called their landlord a wabenzi meaning that he is a person who has enough money to drive a mercedes benz -hilary served the ugali with a fry of meat and tomatoes the sun slammed down on the thin steel roof and we perspired as we ate after we finished armstrong straightened his tie -put on a wool sports jacket and we headed out into the glare outside a mound of garbage formed the border between southland and the adjacent legal neighborhood of langata it was perhaps eight feet tall forty feet long and ten feet wide -and it was set in a wider watery ooze as we passed two boys -but i was wrong once atop the pile one of the boys lowered his shorts squatted and defecated -the flies buzzed hungrily around his legs -when twenty families one hundred people or so share a single latrine a boy pooping on a garbage pile is perhaps no big thing -but it stood in jarring contrast to something armstrong had said as we were eating that he treasured the quality of life in his neighborhood for armstrong southland wasnt constrained by its material conditions instead the human spirit -radiated out from the metal walls and garbage heaps to offer something no legal neighborhood could freedom this place is very addictive he had said its a simple life but nobody is restricting you nobody is controlling what you do once you have stayed here you cannot go back -he meant back beyond that mountain of trash back in the legal city of legal buildings with legal leases and legal rights once you have stayed here he said you can stay for the rest of your life -so he has hope and this is -this is getting ready for the monsoon in bombay india this is home improvement -putting plastic tarps on your roof this is -in rio de janeiro and its getting a bit better right were seeing scavenged terra cotta tile and little pieces of signs and plaster over the brick some color -and this is sulay montakayas house in sultanbelyi and its getting even better hes got a fence he scavenged a door hes got new -tile on the roof and then you get rocinha and you can see -that its getting even better the buildings here are multi story they develop you can see on the far right one where it seems to just stack on top of each other room after room after room and what people do is they develop their home on one or two stories and they sell their loggia or roof rights -and someone else builds on top of their building and then that person sells the roof rights and someone else builds on top of their building all of these buildings are made out of reinforced concrete and brick -and then you get sultanbelyi in turkey where its even built to a higher level of design the crud in the front is mattress stuffing and you see that all over turkey people dry out or air out their mattress stuffing on their roofs but -the green building on behind you can see that the top floor is not occupied so people are building with the possibility of expansion and its built to a pretty high standard of design -and then you finally get squatter homes like this which is built on the suburban model hey thats a single family home in the squatter community thats also in istanbul turkey -theyre quite vital places these communities this is the main drag of rocinha the estrada da gavea and theres a bus route -that runs through it lots of people out on the street these communities in these cities are actually more vital than the illegal communities they have more things going on in them -they are what i consider to be the cities of tomorrow the new urban world now why do i say that to tell you about that i have to talk about this fellow here his name is julius -this is a typical pathway in rocinha called a beco these are how you get around the community its on very steep ground theyre built on the hills inland from the beaches -in rio and you can see that the houses are just cantilevered over the natural obstructions so thats just a rock in the hillside and these becos are normally very crowded and people hump furniture up them or refrigerators up them all sorts of things -beer is all carried in on your shoulders beer is a very important thing in brazil -this is commerce in kenya right along the train tracks so close to the train tracks that the merchants sometimes have to pull the merchandise out of the way -this is a marketplace also in kenya toi market lots of dealers in almost everything you want to buy those green things in the foreground are mangoes -this is a shopping street in kibera and you can see that theres a soda dealer a health clinic two beauty salons a bar two grocery stores and a church and more its a typical downtown street -and what hotel means in kenya and india is an eating place so thats a restaurant -people steal electrical power this is rio people tap in and they have thieves who are called grillos or crickets and they steal the electrical power and wire the neighborhood people burn trash -to get rid of the garbage and they dig their own sewer channels -and i met julius the last week that i was living in kibera so i had been there almost three months -talk about more plastic bags than plankton -and sometimes they have natural trash disposal -and when they have more money they cement their streets and they put in sewers and good water pipes and stuff like that this is water going to rio people -run their water pipes all over the place and that little hut right there has a pump in it and thats what people do they steal electricity they install a pump and they tap into the water main and pump water up to their houses -so the question is how do you go from the mud hut village -to the more developed city to the even highly developed sultanbelyi i say there are two things one is people need a guarantee they wont be evicted -theres a whole variety of other reasons why property rights sometimes dont work in these cases but they do need security of tenure -and they need access to politics -and that can mean two things that can mean community organizing from below but it can also mean possibilities from above and i say that because the system in turkey is -notable turkey has two great laws that protect squatters one is that its called gecekondu in turkish which means built overnight and if you build your house overnight in turkey you cant be evicted without due process of law -and i was touring around the city going to different squatter areas and julius was tagging along and he was bug eyed -and the second aspect is that -once you have two thousand people in the community you can petition the government to be recognized as a legal sub municipality -and when youre a legal sub municipality you suddenly have politics youre allowed to have an elected government collect taxes provide municipal services and thats exactly what they do so these are the civic leaders of the future -the woman in the center is geeta jiwa she lives in one of those tents on the highway median in mumbai -thats sureka gundi she also lives with her family on the tent along the same highway median theyre very outspoken theyre very active they can be community leaders -this woman is nine which means grandma in turkish and there were three old ladies who lived in thats her self built house behind her and theyve lived there for thirty or forty years and they are the backbone of the community there -this is richard muthama peter and he is an itinerant street photographer in kibera he makes money taking pictures of the neighborhood and the people in the neighborhood and is a great resource in the community and finally my choice to run for mayor of rio -and at certain points we were walking around he grabbed my hand for support which is something most kenyans would never consider doing theyre very polite and they dont get so forward so quickly and i found out later that it was julius first -the message i take from what i read from the book from what armstrong said and from all these people is that these are neighborhoods the issue is not urban poverty the issue is not the larger over arching thing the issue is for us to recognize that these are neighborhoods this is a legitimate form of urban development and -that cities have to engage these residents because they are building the cities of the future thank you very much -day in nairobi and -this is a shopping mall this is oshodi market in lagos jorge luis borges had a story called the aleph and the aleph is a point in the world where absolutely everything exists and for me this image is a point in the world where absolutely everything exists -so what am i talking about when i talk about system d its traditionally called the informal economy the underground economy the black market -i dont conceive of it that way i think its really important to understand that something like this is totally open its right there for you to find all of this is happening openly and aboveboard theres nothing underground about it its our prejudgment that its underground -ive pirated the term system d from the former french colonies theres a word in french that is debrouillardise that means to be self reliant -and the former french colonies have turned that into system d for the economy of self reliance or the diy economy -but governments hate the diy economy and thats why i took this picture in two thousand and seven -and this is the same market in two thousand and nine and i think when the organizers of this conference were talking about radical openness they didnt mean that the streets should be open and the people should be gone -and what i mean by that is that this is a photograph i took in makoko -used for other kinds of profit -this is the pickle economy were all focusing on this is a statistic from earlier this month in the financial times were all focusing on the luxury economy its worth one point five trillion dollars every year and thats a vast amount of money right thats three times the gross domestic product of switzerland -shantytown in lagos nigeria its built over the lagoon and there are no streets where there can be stores to shop and so the store comes to you -call it -the united street sellers republic the u s s r or bazaaristan it would be -worth ten trillion dollars every year and that would make it the second largest economy in the world after the united states and given that projections are that the bulk of economic growth over the next fifteen years will come from emerging economies in the developing world -it could easily overtake the united states and become the largest economy in the world so the implications of that are vast -but the gala sausage roll is not sold in stores -and in the same community this is business synergy this is the boat that that lady was paddling around in and this artisan makes the boat and the paddles and sells directly to the people who need the boat and the paddles -and its been sold that way for forty years its a business plan for a corporation and its not just in africa -heres mr clean looking amorously at all the other procter gamble products and procter gamble you know the statistic always cited is that wal mart is their largest customer and its true as one store -wal mart buys fifteen percent thus fifteen percent of procter gambles business is with wal mart -but their largest market segment is something that they call high frequency stores which is all these tiny kiosks and the lady in the canoe and all these other businesses that exist in -system d the informal economy and procter gamble makes twenty percent of its money from that market segment and its the only market segment thats growing -so procter gamble says we dont care whether a store is incorporated or registered or anything like that we want our products in that store -and then theres mobile phones this is an ad for mtn which is a south african multinational active in about twenty five countries and when they came into nigeria nigeria is the big dog in africa one in seven africans is a nigerian -and so everyone wants in to the mobile phone market in nigeria and when mtn came in they wanted to sell the mobile service like i get in the united states or like people get here in the u k or in europe -expensive monthly plans you get a phone you pay overages youre killed with fees and their plan crashed and burned and they went back to the drawing board and they retooled and they came up with another plan we dont sell you the phone we dont sell you the monthly plan we only sell you airtime -and wheres the airtime sold its sold at umbrella stands all over the streets where people are unregistered unlicensed but mtn makes most of its profits -perhaps ninety percent of its profits from selling through system d the informal economy -and where do the phones come from well they come from here this is in guangzhou china and if you go upstairs in this rather sleepy looking electronics mall you find the guangzhou dashatou second hand trade center -and this is a global business ogandiro smokes fish in makoko in lagos and i asked her where does the fish come from -and if you go in there you follow the guys with the muscles who are carrying the boxes and where are they going theyre going to eddy in lagos now most of the phones there are not second hand at all the name is a misnomer most of them are pirated they have the name brand on them but theyre not manufactured by the name -you can buy fake designer glasses you can buy cloned cologne -now businesses tend to complain about this and their they i dont want to take away from their entire validity of complaining about it but i did ask a major sneaker manufacturer earlier this year -what they thought about piracy and they told me well you cant quote me on this because if you quote me on this i have to kill you but -they use piracy as market research -the sneaker manufacturer told me that if they find that pumas are being pirated or adidas are being pirated and their sneakers arent being pirated they know theyve done something wrong -now theres another problem this is a real street sign in lagos nigeria all of system d really doesnt pay taxes right and when i think about that first of all i think that government is a social contract between the people and the government and if the government isnt transparent then the people arent going to be transparent either -but also that were blaming the little guy who doesnt pay his taxes and were not recognizing that everyones fudging things all over the world including some extremely respected businesses and ill give you one example there was one company that paid four thousand bribes in the first decade of this millennium -and a million dollars in bribes every business day right all over the world and that company was the big german electronics giant siemens so this goes on -in the formal economy as well as the informal economy so its wrong of us to blame and im not singling out siemens im saying everyone does it okay i just want to end by saying that -if adam smith had framed out a theory of the flea market instead of the free market what would be some of the principles first -it would be to understand that it could be considered a cooperative and this is a thought from the brazilian legal scholar roberto mangabeira unger cooperative development is a way forward secondly from the austrian anarchist philosopher paul feyerabend -facts are relative and what is a massive right of self reliance to a nigerian businessperson is considered unauthorized and horrible to other people and we have to recognize that there are differences in how people define things and what their facts are -tiny increment of profit on the streets of lagos and this is a business incubator this is olusosun dump the largest garbage dump in lagos and two thousand people work here and i found this out from this fellow andrew saboru andrew spent sixteen years scavenging materials on the dump -and third is and im taking this from the great american beat poet allen ginsberg that -alternate economies barter and different kinds of currency alternate currencies are also very important -and he talked about buying what he needed just with his good looks -and so i just want to leave you there and say that this economy is a tremendous force for global development and we need to think about it that way thank you very much -earned enough money to turn himself into a contract scaler which meant he carried a scale and went around and weighed all the materials that people had scavenged from the dump now -hes a scrap dealer thats his little depot behind him and he earns twice the nigerian minimum wage -and further it indicates that those caught in the cycle of self concern suffer helplessly while the compassionate are more free and implicitly more happy -we absolutely must do that there is no way not to do it and then finally that leads to a new orientation in life where we -equally for ourselves and others and we realize that happiness for ourselves and we are joyful and happy one thing we mustnt think is compassion makes you miserable -even if you havent done anything yet for anybody else although the change in your mind already does something for other beings they can sense this new quality in yourself -and it helps them already and gives them an example and that uncompassionate clock has just showed me that its all over so practice compassion -read the charter disseminate it and develop it within yourself dont just think oh well im compassionate or im not compassionate and sort of think youre stuck -you can develop this you can diminish the non compassion the cruelty the callousness the neglect of others take universal responsibility for them -and then not only will god smile and the eternal mama will smile but karen armstrong will smile thank you very -the dalai lama often states that compassion is his best friend it helps him when he is overwhelmed with grief and despair -and broadens his awareness of the sufferings of others even of the perpetrators of his misery and the whole mass of -in fact suffering is so huge and enormous his own becomes less and less monumental and he begins to move beyond his self concern -into the broader concern for others and this immediately cheers him up as his courage is stimulated to rise to the occasion -by quoting einsteins wonderful statement just so people will feel at ease that the great scientist of the twentieth century also agrees with us and also calls us to this action -is a very famous story in the indian and buddhist tradition of the great saint asanga who lived contemporary of augustine in the west and was sort of like the -lived eight hundred years after the buddhas time and he was discontented with the state of peoples practice of the buddhist religion in india at that time -and so he said im sick of all this nobodys really living the doctrine theyre talking about love and compassion and wisdom and enlightenment but they are acting selfish and -so buddhas teaching has lost its momentum i know next buddha will come a few thousand years from now but exists currently in a certain heaven thats -so im going to go on a retreat and im going to meditate and pray until the buddha maitreya reveals himself to me -and gives me a teaching or something to revive the practice of compassion in the world today so he went on this retreat -and he meditated for three years and he did not see the future buddha maitreya and he left in disgust and as he was leaving he saw -a man a funny little man sitting sort of part way down the mountain and he had a lump of iron -and he said thats ridiculous you cant make a needle by rubbing a lump of iron with a cloth and the man said really and he showed him a dish full of needles -making a nest on a cliff ledge and where its landing to bring the twigs to the cliff -its feathers brushes the rock and it had cut the rock in inches six to eight inches in there was a cleft in the rock by the brushing of the feathers of generations of the birds -he said a human being is a part of the whole called by us universe a part limited in time and space he experiences himself his thoughts and feelings as something separated from the rest -so he said all right i get the point he went back another three years again no vision of maitreya after nine years and he again leaves and this time water dripping -making a giant bowl in the rock where it drips in a stream and so again he goes back and after twelve there is still no vision -and hes freaked out and he wont even look left or right to see any encouraging vision and he comes to the town hes a broken person and there in the town hes approached by a dog -who comes like this one of these terrible dogs you can see in some poor countries even in america i think in some areas and hes looking just terrible -and he becomes interested in this dog because its so pathetic and its trying to attract his attention and he sits down looking at the dog and the dogs whole hindquarters are a complete open sore -and some of it is like gangrenous and theres like maggots in the flesh and its terrible he thinks what can i do to fix up this dog -i can clean this wound and wash it so he takes it to some water hes about to clean then his awareness focuses on the maggots -and he sees the maggots and the maggots are kind of looking a little cute and theyre maggoting happily in the dogs hindquarters there well if i clean the dog ill kill the maggots -the maggots so he had a brilliant idea and he took a shard of something and cut a piece of flesh from his thigh and he placed it on ground -was not really thinking too carefully about the aspca he was just immediately caught -so he says well ill put my tongue on the dogs flesh and then the maggots will jump on my warmer tongue the dog is kind of used -and then ill spit them one by one down on the thing so he goes down and hes sticking his tongue out like this and -the future buddha maitreya in a beautiful vision like rainbow lights golden jeweled plasma body -a kind of optical delusion of his consciousness that separation this delusion is a kind of prison for us restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us -mystic vision he sees and he says oh he bows but being human hes immediately thinking of his next complaint so as he comes up from his first bow he says my lord im so happy to see you but where have you been for twelve years -what is this and maitreya says i was with you who do you think was making needles and making nests and dripping on rocks for you mister dense -looking for the buddha in person he said and he said you didnt have until this moment real compassion and until you have real compassion you cannot recognize love -love the loving one you know in sanskrit and so he looked very dubious asanga did and he said if you dont believe me just take me with you and so he took -a globe a ball took him on his shoulder -and he ran into town in the marketplace and he said rejoice rejoice the future buddha has come ahead of all predictions here -and then pretty soon they started throwing rocks and stones at him it wasnt chautauqua it was some other town because they saw a demented looking scrawny looking yogi man -some kind of hippie with a bleeding leg and a rotten dog on his shoulder shouting that the future buddha had come so naturally they chased him out of town but on the edge of town one elderly lady a char woman in the charnel ground -saw a jeweled foot on a jeweled lotus on his shoulder and then the dog but she saw the jewel foot of the maitreya and she offered -a flower so that encouraged him and he went with maitreya with maitreya then took him to a certain heaven the way the buddhist myth unfolds in a typical way -and maitreya then kept him in heaven for five years dictating to him five complicated tomes of the methodology of how you cultivate compassion and then i thought i would share with you -what that method is or one of them famous one its called the sevenfold causal method of developing compassion and it begins first by one meditating and visualizing that all beings are with one -our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty -all even animals too but everyone is in human form the animals are in one of their human lives the humans are human -and then among them you think of your friends and loved ones the circle at the table and you think of your enemies and you think of the neutral ones and then you try to say well the loved ones i love -but you know after all theyre nice to me i had fights with them sometimes they were unfriendly i got mad brothers can fight parents and children can fight -so in a way i like them so much because theyre nice to me while the neutral ones i dont know they could all be just fine and then -the buddhist view in some previous life although you dont remember it and neither do i have been my mother for which i do apologize for the trouble i -and also actually ive been your mother ive been female and ive been every single one of you your mother in a previous life the way the buddhists reflect -so my mother is this life is really great but all of you in a way are part of the eternal mother you gave me that expression the eternal mama you -thats the way the buddhists do it a theist christian can think that all beings even my enemies are gods children so in that sense were related -so they first create this foundation of equality so we sort of reduce a little of the clinging to the ones we love just in the meditation -and we open our mind to those we dont know and we definitely reduce the hostility and i dont want to be compassionate to them to the ones we think of as the bad guys the ones we hate -and we dont like and we dont hate anyone therefore so we equalize thats very important and then the next thing we do is what is called mother recognition -this insight of einsteins is uncannily close to that of buddhist psychology wherein compassion karuna it is called -and that is we think of every being as familiar as family we expand we take the feeling about remembering a mama -and we defuse that to all beings in this meditation and we see the mother in every being we see that look that the mother has on her face this looking at this child that is a miracle that she has produced from her own body being a mammal -its the most powerful form of altruism the mother is what is the model of all altruism for human beings in spiritual traditions and so we reflect until we can sort of see that motherly expression -in all beings people laugh at me because you know i used to say that i used to meditate on -mama cheney as my mom when of course i was annoyed with him about all of his evil doings in iraq i used to meditate on george bush hes quite a cute mom in a female form has his little ears and he -and he rocks you in his arms and you think of him as nursing you and then saddam husseins serious mustache is a problem but you think of him as a -and this is the way you do it you take any being who looks weird to you and you see how they could be familiar to you -is defined as the sensitivity to anothers suffering and the corresponding will to free the other from that suffering -and you do that for awhile until you really feel that you can feel the familiarity of all beings nobody seems alien theyre not other you reduce the feeling of otherness about beings then you move from there to -and you begin to get very sentimental you cultivate sentimentality intensely you will even weep perhaps with gratitude and kindness -and then you connect that with your feeling that everyone has that motherly possibility every being even the most mean looking ones can be motherly -and then third you step from there to what is called a feeling of gratitude you want to repay that kindness that all beings have shown to you and then the fourth step you go to what is called lovely love -in each one of these you can take some weeks or months or days depending on how you do it or you can do them in a run this meditation and then you think of -how lovely beings are when they are happy when they are satisfied and every being looks beautiful when they are internally feeling a happiness -their face doesnt look like this when theyre angry they look ugly every being but when theyre happy they look beautiful and so you see beings in their potential happiness -it pairs closely with love which is the will for the other to be happy which requires of course that one feels some happiness oneself and wishes to share -enemy he does say that and we think hes being unrealistic and sort of spiritual and highfalutin and nice for him to say it but i cant do that but actually thats practical if you love your enemy that means you want your enemy to be happy if your enemy was really happy -anyway thats the lovely love and then finally the fifth step is compassion universal compassion and that is where you then look at the reality of all the beings you can think of -you look at them and you see how they are and you realize how unhappy they are actually mostly most of the time you see that furrowed brow in people -you realize they dont even have compassion on themselves theyre driven by this duty and this obligation i have to get that i need more im not worthy and i should do something and theyre rushing around all stressed out -and they think of it as somehow macho hard discipline on themselves but actually they are cruel to themselves and of course they are cruel and ruthless toward others and they then never get any positive feedback -and the more they succeed and the more power they have the more unhappy they are and this is where you feel real compassion for them -who was fixing the maggots on the dog because he had that motivation and whoever was in front of him he wanted to help but of course that is impractical he should have founded the -in the town and gotten some scientific help for dogs and maggots and im sure he did that later but that -this is perfect in that it clearly opposes self centeredness and selfishness to compassion the concern for others -and you have compassion for yourself also and you dont it isnt sentimental only you might be in fear of something some bad guy is making himself more and more unhappy being more and more mean to other people -and getting punished in the future for it in various ways and in buddhism they catch it in the future life of course in theistic religion theyre punished by god or whatever and materialism -they get out of it just by not existing by dying but they dont and so they get reborn as whatever you know never mind i wont get into that -but the next step is called universal responsibility and that is very important the charter of compassion must lead us to develop through true compassion what is called universal responsibility and that means -that the great teaching of his holiness the dalai lama that he always teaches everywhere and he says that is the common religion of humanity kindness but -means universal responsibility and that means whatever happens to other beings is happening to us that we are responsible for that and we should take it and do whatever we can at whatever little level and small level that we can do it -is part of an effort to get them to appreciate your humanity in the long run i think its the first step toward that thats the long term goal -there are people who worry about this and in fact i myself apparently was denounced on national tv a couple of nights ago -because of an op ed id written it was kind of along these lines and the allegation was that i have quote affection for terrorists now the good news is that the person who said it was ann coulter ok -if youve got to have an enemy do make it -but its not a crazy concern ok because -closer to erring on the side of not comprehending the situation clearly enough than in comprehending it so clearly that we just cant you know get the army out to kill terrorists -so im not really worried about it so i mean were going to have to work on a lot of fronts ok but -if we succeed if we succeed then once again -non zero sumness and the recognition of non zero sum -will have forced us to a higher moral level and a kind of saving -higher moral level something that kind of literally saves the world if you look at the word salvation in the bible -the christian usage that were familiar with saving souls that people go to heaven thats actually a latecomer the original meaning of the word salvation in the bible -is about saving the social system yahweh is our savior means he has saved the nation of israel which at the time was a pretty high level social organization -and in fact thats actually sustaining a long standing trend that predates human beings ok that biological evolution was doing for us because what happened in the beginning this stuff encases itself in a cell -now social organization has reached the global level and i guess if theres good news i can say im bringing you its just that all the salvation of the world requires is the intelligent -pursuit of self interests in a disciplined and careful way its going to be hard i say we give it a shot anyway because weve just come too far to screw it up now -got apparently eighteen minutes to convince you that history has a direction an arrow that in some fundamental sense its good that the arrow points to something positive -then cells start hanging out together in societies eventually they get so close they form multicellular organisms then you get complex multicellular organisms they form societies -and amazingly that evolution sustains the trajectory that biological evolution had established toward greater complexity -just absolutely delights the little ones -next best thing to a video game -im sorry it was a cheap laugh but i wanted to find a way to transition back to this idea of the unfolding apocalypse and i thought that might -ok so what -now first let me remind you how much work it took to get us where we are to be on the brink of true global social organization originally you had the most complex societies the hunter gatherer village -now when the ted people first approached me about giving this upbeat talk that was before -with the invention of writing you start getting cities this is blurry i kind of like that because it makes it look like a one celled organism and reminds you how many levels organic -and the roman empire so you had social complexity spanning the whole continent even if no polity did similarly today youve got nation states -point is theres obviously collaboration and organization going on beyond national bounds this is actually just a picture of the earth at night -im just putting it up because i think its pretty does kind of convey the sense that this is an integrated system ok now -i explained this growth of complexity by reference to something called non zero sumness -assuming that a few of you did not do the assigned reading very quickly the key idea is the distinction between zero sum games in which correlations are inverse always a winner and a loser non zero sum games in which correlations -the cartoon of muhammad had triggered global rioting it was before the avian flu had reached europe it was before hamas had won the palestinian election eliciting various counter measures by israel and to be honest -can be positive ok so like in tennis usually its win lose it always adds up to zero zero sum but if youre playing doubles the person on your side of the net -sum behavior in the realm of economics and so on in everyday life -often leads to cooperation the argument i make is basically that well non zero sum games have always been part of life you have them in hunter gatherer societies -but then through technological evolution new forms of technology arise that facilitate or encourage the playing of non zero sum games involving more people -over larger territory social structure adapts to accommodate this possibility and to harness this productive potential so you get cities you know and you get -all the non zero sum games you dont think about that are being played across the world like have you ever thought when you buy a car how many people on how many different continents -to the manufacture of that car those are people in effect youre playing a non zero sum game with i mean there are certainly plenty of them around now -sounds like an intrinsically upbeat worldview in a way because when you think of non zero you think win win you know thats good well there are a few reasons that actually its not intrinsically -upbeat first of all it can accommodate it doesnt deny the existence of inequality exploitation war but theres a more fundamental reason that its not intrinsically upbeat because -a non zero sum game all it tells you for sure is that the fortunes will be correlated for better or worse it doesnt necessarily predict a win win outcome -so in a way the question is on what grounds am i upbeat at all about history and the answer is first of all on balance i would say people have played their games -to more win win outcomes than lose lose outcomes on balance i think history is a net positive in the non zero sum game department -and a testament to this is the thing that most amazes me most impresses me and most uplifts me which is that -when i was asked to give this upbeat talk that even as i was giving the upbeat talk -and treated them that way and then this moral revolution arrived and they decided that actually no greeks are human beings its just the persians who arent fully human and dont deserve to be treated very nicely -do something horrendous regardless of race or religion and you have to read your ancient history to realize what a revolution that has been ok this was not a prevalent view -the apocalypse would be unfolding -few thousand years ago and i attribute it to this non zero sum dynamic i think thats the reason there is as much tolerance toward nationalities ethnicities religions as there is today -you know if you asked me you know why am i not in favor of bombing japan well im only half joking when i say they built my car ok we have this non zero sum relationship and i think that does lead to -a kind of a tolerance to the extent that you realize that someone elses welfare is positively correlated with yours youre more likely to cut them a break i kind of think this is a kind of a business class morality -i might have said is it okay if i talk about something else but i didnt ok so were here ill do what i can -you know bigotry about racial groups or ethnic groups because the people who are flying trans atlantic business class are doing business with all these people theyre making money off of all these people and i -really do think that in that sense at least capitalism has been a constructive force and more fundamentally its a non zero sumness that has been a constructive force -in expanding peoples realm of moral awareness ok i think the non zero sum dynamic which is not only economic by any means its not always commerce but it has driven us to the verge of a moral truth -which is the fundamental equality of everyone it has done that as it has moved global moved us toward a global level of social organization it has driven us toward moral truth i think thats wonderful -now back to the unfolding apocalypse and you may wonder ok thats all fine sounds great moral direction in history but what about this so called clash of civilizations well -i would emphasize that it fits into the non zero sum framework ok if you look at the relationship between the so called muslim world and western world two terms i dont like but -cant really avoid in such a short span of time theyre efficient if nothing else it is non zero sum -i can ive got -less happy with their place in the world itll be bad for the west if they get more happy itll be good for the west so that is a non zero sum dynamic -and i would say the non zero sum dynamic is only going to grow more intense over time because of technological trends but more intense in a kind of negative way its the down side correlation of their fortunes that will become more and more -the sense in which my worldview is upbeat has always been kind of subtle sometimes even elusive -possible and one reason is because of something i call the growing lethality of hatred more and more its possible for grassroots hatred abroad -to manifest itself in the form of organized violence on american soil and thats pretty new and i think its probably going to get a lot worse this capacity -and nanotechnology we may be hearing more about that today and theres something i worry about especially which is that this dynamic -will lead to a kind of a feedback cycle that puts us on a slippery slope what i have in mind is terrorism happens here we overreact to it that you know were -surgical in our retaliation leads to more hatred abroad more terrorism we overreact because being human we feel like retaliating and it gets worse and worse and worse -you could call this the positive feedback of negative vibes but i think in something so spooky we really shouldnt have the word positive there at all even in a technical sense so lets call it the death spiral of negativity -i assure you if it happens at the end both the west and the muslim world will have suffered ok so -we do well -first of all we can do a lot more with arms control the international regulation of dangerous technologies i have a whole global governance sermon that i will spare you right now because i dont think thats going to be enough anyway although its essential -i think were going to have to have a major round of moral progress in the world i think youre just going to have to see less hatred among groups less bigotry and you know racial groups religious -sense in which i can -whatever ive got to admit i feel silly saying that it sounds so kind of pollyannaish i feel like rodney king you know saying why cant we all just get along but hey i dont really see any alternative given the way i -be uplifting and inspiring i mean theres always been a kind of a certain grim dimension to the way i try to uplift so if grim inspiration -the situation theres going to have to be moral progress ok theres going to have to be a lessening of the amount of hatred in the world given how dangerous its becoming -in my defense id say as naive as this may sound -its ultimately grounded in cynicism -that is to say thank you thank you -is to say remember my whole view of morality is that it boils down to self interest its when peoples fortunes are correlated its when your welfare conduces to mine that i decide oh yeah im all in favor of your welfare -thats whats responsible for this growth of this moral progress so far and im saying we once again have a correlation of fortunes and if people respond to it intelligently we will see the development of tolerance -and so on the norms that we need you know we will see the further evolution of this kind of business class morality so these two things you know if they get peoples attention -and drive home the positive correlation and people do whats in their self interests which is further the moral evolution -then they could actually have a constructive effect and thats why i lump growing lethality of hatred and death spiral of negativity under the general rubric -reasons to be cheerful -doing the best i can okay i never called myself mister uplift im just doing what i can here now -if grim inspiration is not a contradiction in terms that is im afraid the most you can hope for ok today thats if i succeed ill see what i can do ok -speaking as an american who has children whose security ten twenty thirty years down the road i worry about -what i personally want to start out doing is figuring out why so many people around the world hate us ok i think thats a worthy -s doing things you consider strange in a culture you consider strange to really understand why they do the things they do is a morally redeeming -for somewhat the same reasons thats true understanding and i think that is an expansion of your moral compass when you manage to do that its especially hard to do when people hate you -you dont want to say well yeah i can kind of understand how a human being in those circumstances would hate the country i live in thats not a pleasant thing but i think its something that -were going to have to get used to and work on now -i want to stress that to understand you know there are people who dont like this whole business of understanding the grassroots the root causes of -now in one sense the claim that history has a direction is not that controversial if youre just talking about social structure ok clearly thats gotten more complex a little over the last ten thousand years has reached higher and higher levels -the idea when you go through this moral exercise of really coming to appreciate their humanity and better understand them -its going to take real work to change that but nobody ever said that doing gods work was going to be easy thanks -not just when human beings first showed up but actually even before that i think its probably the case that in the human evolutionary lineage even before -there were homo sapiens feelings like compassion and love and sympathy had earned their way kind of into the gene pool and biologists have a pretty clear idea of how this first happened -it happened through a principle known as kin selection and the basic idea of kin selection is that -if an animal feels compassion for a close relative and this compassion leads the animal to help the relative then in the end -the compassion actually winds up helping the genes underlying the compassion itself so from a biologists point of view -get there i hope to get a little fuzzier to me this isnt this doesnt bother me so much that the underlying darwinian rationale of compassion -is kind of self serving at the genetic level actually i think what the bad news is about kin selection is just that it means that this kind of compassion -is naturally deployed only within the family thats the bad news the good news is compassion is natural the bad news is that this kin selected compassion is naturally confined to the family -now theres more good news that came along later in evolution a second kind of evolutionary logic biologists call that reciprocal altruism okay and there the basic idea is that -compassion leads you to do good things for people who then will return the favor -again you know i know this is not as inspiring a notion of compassion as you may have heard in the past but from a biologists point of view this reciprocal altruism kind of compassion it is ultimately self serving too -you wind up most easily extending compassion to friends and allies im sure a lot of you if a close friend has something really terrible happen to them you feel really bad -the bad news is this doesnt bring us universal compassion by itself okay so theres still work to be done now -okay it has given people a kind of intuitive appreciation of the golden rule okay i dont quite mean that the golden rule itself is written in our genes but you can go -to a hunter gatherer society that has had no exposure to any of the great religious traditions no exposure to ethical philosophy and youll find if you spend time with these people that basically they believe that one good turn deserves another -and that bad deeds should be punished and evolutionary psychologists think that these intuitions have a basis in the genes -so they do understand that if you want to be treated well you treat other people well and its good to treat other people well thats close to being -a kind of built in intuition so thats good news now if youve been paying attention youre probably anticipating that theres bad news here okay that we still arent to universal love and its true because -although an appreciation of the golden rule is natural its also natural to kind of carve out exceptions to the golden rule okay i mean for example -none of us probably want to go to prison but we all think that there are some people who should go to prison right so we think we should treat them differently than we would want to be treated now we have a rationale for that we say they did these bad things -that make it just that they should go to prison none of us really extends the golden rule in truly diffuse and universal fashion we have the capacity to carve out exceptions put people in a special category and the problem -in everyday life the way we all make these decisions about who were not going to extend the golden rule to we use a much rougher and readier formula and basically its just like if youre my enemy if youre my rival -okay if youre not my friend if youre not in my family im much less inclined to apply the golden rule to you okay we all kind of do that -or some of them have done things that put them in a special category the israelis would not want to have an economic blockade imposed on them but they impose one on gaza and they say well -the palestinians or some of them have brought this on themselves so its these exclusions to the golden rule that amount to a lot of the worlds trouble -and its natural to do that so the fact that the golden rule is in some sense built in to us is not by itself going to bring us -are you on the edges of your seats here good because before i tell you about that good news im going to have to take a little excursion -its this non zero sumness stuff you just heard a little bit about its just quick introduction to game theory this wont hurt -basically a zero sum game is the kind youre used to in sports where theres a winner and a loser so their fortunes add up to zero okay so in tennis -then the person on your side of the net is in a non zero sum relationship with you because every point is either good for both of you positive win win or bad for both of you its lose lose okay thats a non zero sum -game and in real life there are lots of non zero sum games in the realm of economics say if you buy something that means youd rather have the merchandise than the money -but the merchant would rather have the money than the merchandise you both feel you won okay in a war two allies are playing a non zero sum game its going to either be win win or lose lose for them -so there are lots of non zero sum games in real life and you could basically -of the world are affirming compassion and the golden rule as fundamental principles that are integral to their faiths at the same time i think -the deployment of the golden rule most naturally happens along these non zero sum channels so kind of webs of non zero sumness are where you would expect compassion and the golden rule to kind of work their magic -with zero sum channels you would expect something else okay so now youre ready for the good news that i said might save the world and now i can admit that it might not too now that ive held your attention for three minutes of -you can go back all the way to the stone age and i think from technological evolution -roads the wheel writing a lot of transportation and communication technologies have just inexorably made it -so that more people can be in more non zero sum relationships with more and more people at greater and greater distances okay thats kind of the story -of civilization its why social organization has grown from the hunter gatherer village to the ancient state the empire now here we are in a globalized world and the story of -you see this all the time in the modern world you saw it with the recent economic crash where bad things happen in the economy bad for everybody for much of the world good things happen its good for -look at the depictions of japanese in the american media as just about subhuman and look at the fact that we dropped atomic bombs really without giving it much of a thought -and you compare that to the attitude now i think part of that is due to a kind of economic interdependence any form of interdependence non zero sum relationship forces you to acknowledge the humanity -of people so i think thats good and the world is full of non zero sum dynamics environmental problems in many ways put us all in the same boat -and there are non zero sum relationships that maybe people arent aware of okay so for example -because if these muslims become happier and happier with their place in the world and feel that they have a place in it thats good for americans because there will be fewer terrorists to threaten american security if they get less and less happy that will be bad for americans okay so theres -plenty of non zero sumness and so the question is if theres so much non zero sumness -a couple of things are that first of all there are a lot of zero sum situations in the world and also you know sometimes again people dont recognize -the non zero sum dynamics in the world and i think in both of these areas i think -you know economic engagement is generally better than blockades and so on i think in this regard and politicians can be aware and should be aware -that when people around the world are looking at them are looking at their nation okay and picking up their cues -for whether they are in a zero sum or a non zero sum relationship with a nation like say america or any other nation human psychology is such that they use cues like do we feel were being respected -because you know historically if youre not being respected youre probably not going to wind up in a non zero sum mutually profitable relationship with people so we need to be aware -what kind of signals were sending out and some of this again is in the realm of kind of political work if theres one thing i can encourage everyone to do politicians religious leaders and us -it would be what i call expanding the moral imagination okay that is to say that your ability to put yourself -in the shoes of people in very different circumstances this is not the same as compassion but its conducive to compassion it opens the channels -for compassion and im afraid here we have another good news bad news story which is that the moral imagination is part of human nature thats good -but again we tend to deploy it selectively okay once we define somebody as an enemy we have trouble putting ourselves in their shoes just naturally -so if you want to take a particularly hard case say for an american somebody in iran whos burning an american flag say and you see them on tv well -you know theyll resist that comparison and thats natural thats human and similarly the person in iran when you try to humanize somebody in america who said -to be done after that okay okay so quick natural history first compassion in the beginning there was compassion and i mean -evil theyll have trouble with that okay so its a very difficult thing to get people to expand the moral imagination to a place it doesnt naturally go i think its worth the trouble because -i mean religious leaders are kind of in the inspiration business its their great calling right now to get people all around the world better at expanding their moral imaginations appreciating -that in so many ways theyre in the same boat i would just sum up the way things look at least from this secular perspective -as far as compassion and the golden rule go by saying that its good news that compassion and the golden rule are in some sense -built in to human nature its unfortunate that they tend to be selectively deployed -unfortunately we were not ready nobody taught us how to deal with such kinds of disabilities and as many questions as possible started to come to our minds and that has been really a tough time questions some basics like you know -why did this happen to us and what went wrong some more -we were really feeling like a failure i mean the only real product of our life at the end was a failure and you know it was not a failure -for ourselves in itself but it was a failure that will impact his full life honestly we went down i mean we went really down but at the end -we started to look at him and we said we have to react -so immediately as francesca said we changed our life we started physiotherapy we started the rehabilitation and one of the paths that we were following in terms of rehabilitation is the mirror neurons pilot basically we spent months doing this with mario you have an object -and we showed him how to grab the object now the theory of mirror neurons simply says that in your brains exactly now as you watch me doing this you are activating exactly the same neurons as if you do -we found that mario was not -just to show to him the best things that we can show to him -this short video is from last week -i am not saying -and to consider what you miss just as an opportunity and this is the message that we want to share with you this is why we -why -so the effect that this stroke could have -just imagine if you have a computer and a printer and you want to transmit to input to print out a document but the printer doesnt have the right drives so the same is for mario its just like he would like to move his left side of his body -what zipcar does is we park cars throughout dense urban areas for members to reserve by the hour and by the day instead of using their own car -it means that i pay only for what i need all these hours for a car sitting idle im not paying for it -so im going to talk about two stories today one is -it means that i can choose a car exactly for that particular trip so heres a woman that reserved minimia -and she had her day i can take a bmw when im seeing clients i can -drive my toyota element when im going to go on that surfing trip and the other -i get all the good stuff and none of the bad so what is the social result of this -how we need to use market based pricing to affect -the social result is that todays zipcar has one hundred thousand members driving three thousand cars parked in three thousand parking spaces instead of driving twelve thousand miles a year which is what the average city dweller does they drive five hundred miles a year -are they happy the company has been doubling in size every since i founded it or greater -really want to spend eight dollars to go buy the ice cream or maybe ill do without maybe i would have bought the ice cream when i did some other errand so people really respond very quickly to it -demand and use wireless technologies to dramatically reduce our emissions in the transportation sector -to prices and the last point i want to make is zipcar would never be possible without technology it required -that it was completely trivial that it takes thirty seconds to rent to reserve a car go get it drive it and for me as a service provider i would never be able to provide you a car for an hour -if the transaction cost was anything so without these wireless technologies this as a concept could never happen -so heres another example this company is goloco im launching it in three weeks and i hope to do for ridesharing what i did for carsharing this will apply for people across all of america -today seventy five percent of the trips are single occupancy vehicles yet twelve percent of trips to work are currently carpool and i think that we can apply social networks -and online payment systems to completely change how people feel about ridesharing and make that trip much more efficient and so when i think about the future -why would you ever want to go by yourself in your own car how did you go food shopping you went with your neighbor what a great social time you know its going to really transform how we feel about travel -and the other is that there is an incredible opportunity if we choose the right wireless technologies how we can -and it will also i think enhance our freedom of mobility where can i go today and who can i do it with those are the types of things that you will look at and feel and the social benefits -the rate of single occupancy vehicles is i told you seventy five percent i think we can get that down to fifty percent the demand for parking of course is down congestion and the co two emissions -one last piece about this of course is that it is enabled by wireless technologies and its the cost of driving thats making people want to be able to do this the average american spends -percent of their income on their car and theres a pressure for them to reduce that cost yet they have no outlet today -so the last example of this is congestion pricing very famously done in london when you charge a premium for people to drive on congested roads in london the day they turned the congestion pricing on -there was a twenty five percent decrease in congestion overnight and thats persisted for the four years in which theyve been doing congestion pricing and again do people like the outcome -generate a new engine for economic growth and dramatically reduce c two in the other sectors -ken livingston was reelected -so again we can see that price plays an enormous role in peoples willingness to reduce their driving behavior -and what congestion pricing is is that its a technology trial and a psychological trial for something called road pricing -and road pricing is where were all going to have to go because today we pay for our maintenance and wear and tear on our roads with gas taxes and -im really scared we need to reduce c two emissions in ten to fifteen years by eighty percent in order to avert catastrophic effects -as we get our cars more fuel efficient thats going to be reducing the amount of revenue you get off of those gas taxes so we need to charge people by the -we need to put this better market feedback and if we have it youll decide how many miles to drive what mode of travel where to live and work and wireless technologies make this real time loop possible so i want to move now to the second part of my story which is -to be the tool to turn our usage overnight and what kind of wireless technology are we going to use this is my -big vision there is a tool that can help us bridge the digital divide respond to emergencies get traffic moving provide a new engine for economic growth and dramatically reduce co two emissions in every sector -and this is a moment from the graduate do you remember this moment you guys are going to be the -handsome young guy and im going to be the wise businessman i want to say one word to you just one word yes sir -and im astounded that im standing here to tell you that what are catastrophic effects a three degree centigrade climate change rise that will result in fifty percent species extinction -are you listening -yes i am -ad hoc peer to peer self configuring wireless networks -these laptops when a child opens them up they communicate with every single child in the classroom within that school within that village and what is the cost of that communication system zero dollars a month -heres another example in new orleans video cameras were mesh enabled so they could monitor crime in the downtown french quarter when the hurricane happened -the only communication system standing was the mesh network volunteers flew in and added a whole bunch of devices and for the next twelve months mesh networks were the only wireless that was happening in -and be able to see precisely where your bus is on the street and when its coming and you can buy your tickets in real time again all mesh enabled monthly communication cost zero -so the beauty of mesh networks you can have these very low cost devices zero ongoing communication costs -highly scalable you can just keep adding them and as in katrina you can keep subtracting them as long as theres some we can still communicate theyre resilient their redundancy is built into this fabulous decentralized design -the incredible weaknesses there isnt anybody in washington lobbying to make it happen or in those municipalities to build out their cities with these wireless networks because -zero ongoing communications cost so the examples that i gave you are these islands of mesh networks and networks are interesting only as they are big -its not a movie this is real life -how do we create a -are you guys ready again the graduate this time you will still play the handsome young thing but ill be the sexy woman these are the next two lines in the movie where did you do it -so you know when you stick this idea -and im really worried because when people talk about cars which i know something about -to think about -and whys this going to happen because were going to do congestion pricing we are going to do road tolls gas taxes are going to become road pricing these things are going to happen what is the wireless technology -maybe we should use a good one when are we going to do it maybe we shouldnt wait for the ten to fifteen years for this to happen we should pull it forward -so id like us to launch the wireless internet interstate wireless mesh system -and require that this network be accessible to everyone with open standards right now in the transportation sector -were creating these wireless devices i guess you guys might have fastpass here or easylane that are single purpose devices -so we can provide the lowest cost means of going wireless coast to coast we can have resilient nationwide communication systems -the press and politicians and people in this room are all thinking lets use fuel efficient cars -we have a new tool for creating efficiencies in all sectors imagine what happens when the cost of getting information from anywhere to anywhere is close to zero what you can do with that tool -we can create an economic engine information should be free and access to information should be free and we should be charging people for carbon -i think this is a more powerful tool than the interstate highway act and i think this is as important and world changing to our economy as electrification -and if i had my druthers we would have an open source version in addition to open standards and this open source version means that -it could be if we did a brilliant job of it it could be used around the world very quickly so going back to one of my earlier thoughts imagine if every one of these buses in lagos were part of the mesh network -when i went this morning to larry brilliants tedtalk prize his fabulous networks imagine if there was an open source mesh communications device that can be put into these networks to make all that happen -if we started today -and we can be doing it if we could get over the fact that someone is with this little slice of things is going to be for free and we could make billions of dollars on top of it but this one particular slice of communications needs to be open source -so lets take control of this nightmare -ten years from now at the end of this window -of opportunity -those fuel efficient cars will reduce our fossil fuel needs -that is not enough but now ill talk about some more pleasant things here are some -ways that we can make some dramatic changes so zipcar is a company that i founded seven years ago but its an example of something called carsharing -but whats really happening is that weve got the power of a free and open internet -and on top of that were putting a platform for participation and the peers are now in partnership with the company -creating shared value on shared values -and each strengthening the other and doing what the other cant do -i call this peers inc the incorporated side the company is doing things that it does really well -what does it do really well it creates economies of scale -significant and long term resource investment -the expertise of many different kinds of people and different kinds of minds and for individuals consumers its bringing the standards rules and recourse that we really want as consumers and this is kind of bound up in a brand promise and the companies are providing this on a platform for participation -peers are giving and doing things that are incredibly expensive for companies to do what do they bring they bring this fabulous diversity -expensive for companies and what does that deliver it delivers localization and customization specialization and all of this aspect about social networks and how companies are yearning and eager to get inside there its natural for me me and my friends i can connect to them easily and it also delivers really fabulous innovation -and ill talk about that later so we have the peers that are providing the services and the product and the company thats doing the stuff that companies do -the two of these are delivering the best of both worlds -zipcar buys -some of my favorite examples in transportation -carpooling com ten years old three and a half million people have joined up and a million rides are shared every day its a phenomenal thing its the equivalent of two thousand five hundred tgv trains and just think they didnt have to lay a track or buy a car this is all happening with excess capacity -and its not just with transportation my love but of course in other realms heres fiverr com i met these founders just weeks after they had launched and now in two years what would you do for five dollars -seven hundred and fifty thousand gigs are now posted after two years what people would do for five dollars and not just -easy things that anyone can do this peers inc concept is in a very difficult and complex realm topcoder has four hundred thousand engineers who are delivering complex design and engineering services -when i talked to their ceo he had this great line he said we have a community that owns its own company -and then my all time favorite etsy etsy is providing goods that people make themselves and theyre selling it in a marketplace it just celebrated its seventh anniversary -and after seven years last year it delivered five hundred and thirty million dollars worth of sales to all those individuals who have been making those objects -i know you guys out there who are businesspeople are thinking oh my god i want to build one of those i see this incredible speed and scale you mean all i have to do is build a platform and all these people are going to put their stuff on top and i sit back and roll it in -building these platforms for participation are so nontrivial to do i think of the difference -google video versus youtube who would have thought that two young guys and a start up would beat out google video why i actually have no idea why i didnt talk to them -but im thinking you know they probably had the share button a little bit brighter and to the right and so it was easier and more convenient for the two sides that are always participating on these networks -so i actually know a lot about building a peer -because now every single thing we do has these two different bodies that i have to be thinking about the owners who are going to provide the cars -and each driver drives about eighty percent less -and the drivers who are going to rent them every single decision i have to think about what is right for both sides there are many many examples and ill give you one that is not my favorite example insurance it took me a year and a half to get the insurance just right -way too much money i just cant even go there with lawyers trying to figure out how this is different whos responsible to whom and the result was that we were able to provide owners -because theyre now paying the full cost all at once in real time but what zipcar really did was make sharing the norm -protection for their own driving records and their own history the cars are completely insured during the rental and it gives drivers what they need and what do they need they need a low deductible and twenty four hour roadside assistance so this was a trick to get these two sides -so now i want to take you to the moment -owners who were getting text messages and emails that said hey joe wants to rent your car for the weekend you can earn sixty euros isnt that great yes or no no reply -the whole point of industrial production is to provide a standardized exact service model that is consistent every single time and im really thankful that my smartphone is made using industrial production and zipcar provides a very nice consistent service that works fabulously -now a decade later its really time to push the envelope a little bit and so a couple years ago i moved to paris with my husband and youngest child and we launched buzzcar a year ago buzzcar lets people rent out their own cars to their friends and neighbors -but what does peer production do peer production -is this completely different way of doing things and you have a big quality range -and so ebay cleverly the first peer production peer inc company id say they figured out early on we need to have ratings and commentaries and all that yucky side stuff -so going back -this is my look of excitement and joy because all this stuff that id also been hoping for actually really did happen and whats that that is the diversity of whats going on you have these different fabulous owners and their different cars different prices different locations -excited guys and here is selma who i love this driver and after a year we have -they went to rent a car to go up the coast of france and the owner gave it to them and said you know what heres where the cliffs are and heres all the beaches and this is my best beach and this is where the best fish restaurant is -and the peers also become peers and owners create relationships and so at the last minute people can a driver can say hey you know what i really need the car is it available and that person will say sure my wifes at home go pick up the keys go do it so you can have these really nice things that cant happen -and its a kind of wow and i want to say wow type of thing thats happening here because individuals -what happens in peer inc companies is that you have tens and hundreds and thousands and even millions of people who are creating experiments on this model and so out of all that influence and that effort you are having this exceptional amount of -so one of the reasons if we come back to why did i call it buzzcar i wanted to remind all of us about the power of the hive -instead of investing in a car we invest in a community -and its incredible facility to create this platform that individuals want to participate and innovate on -and for me when i think about our future and all of those problems that seem incredibly large the scale is impossible the urgency is there peers inc provides the speed and scale and the innovation and the creativity that is going to answer these problems -all we have to do is create a fabulous platform for participation nontrivial so i continue to think that transportation is the center of the hard universe all problems come back to transportation for me but there are all these other areas that are these profound big problems -we bring the power of a corporation to individuals who add their cars to the network -so over the last decade -some people call this peer to peer this does express the humanity of whats going on and the personal relationships -fairs are the same thing as etsy -but i also dont understand how it does ruin the magic all of the magic i think that may well be taken away by science is then replaced by something as wonderful astrology for instance like many rationalists im a pisces laughter now -astrology we remove the banal idea that your life could be predicted that youll perhaps today meet a lucky man -whos wearing a hat that is gone but if we want to look at the sky and see predictions we still can -we can see predictions of galaxies forming of galaxies colliding into each other of new solar systems this is a wonderful thing if the sun could one day and indeed the earth in fact if the earth could read its own astrological astronomical chart one day it would say not a good day for making plans -youll been engulfed by a red giant and that to me as well that if you think im worried about losing worlds well many worlds theory one of the most beautiful fascinating sometimes terrifying ideas from the quantum interpretation is a wonderful thing -youve not really made that decision but in fact every single permutation of those decisions is made each one going off into a new universe that is a wonderful idea if you ever think that your life is rubbish -always remember theres another you thats made much worse decisions than that -this to me in its own strange way is very very comforting -now reincarnation thats another thing gone the afterlife but its not gone science actually says -we will live forever well there is one proviso we wont actually live forever you wont live forever your consciousness the you ness of you the me ness of me that gets this one go but every single thing that makes us every atom in us -has already created a myriad of different things and will go on to create a myriad of new things -we have been mountains and apples and pulsars and other peoples knees who knows maybe one of your atoms was once napoleons knee that is a good thing -unlike the occupants of the universe the universe itself is not wasteful we are all totally recyclable and when we die we dont even have to be placed in different refuse sacs this is a wonderful thing -understanding to me does not remove the wonder and the joy for instance my wife could turn to me and she may say why do you love me and i can with all honesty look her in the eye and say because -our pheromones matched -that is a wonderful thing there love does not die because of that thing pain doesnt go away either this is a terrible thing even though i understand pain if someone punches me and because of my personality this is recently a regular occurrence -i understand where the pain comes from it is basically momentum to energy where the four vector is constant thats what it is but at no point can i react and go ha is that the best momentum to energy fourth vector constant youve got no i just spit out a tooth -now i know you dont think that you may well have your own children and think oh no my childs best -i do a radio show the radio show is called the infinite monkey cage its about science its about rationalism so therefore we get a lot of complaints every single week -thats the wonderful thing about evolution the predilection to believe that our child is best now in many ways thats just a survival thing the fact we see here is the vehicle for our genes and therefore we love it but we dont notice that bit we just unconditionally love that is a wonderful thing -ive done some tests -do nothing -for me its a very very important thing even on my journey up here the joy that i have on my journey up here every single time if you actually think you remove the myth and there is still something wonderful im sitting on a train every time i breathe in im breathing in a million billion billion atoms of oxygen -im sitting on a chair even though i know the chair is made of atoms and therefore actually in many ways empty space i find it comfortable i look out -if you go to the safari parks on saturn or jupiter you will be disappointed -complaints including one we get very often which is to say the very title infinite monkey cage celebrates the idea of vivisection we have made it quite clear to these people that an infinite monkey cage is roomy -and i realize im observing this with the brain the human brain the most complex thing in the known universe that to me is an incredible thing and do you know what that might be enough -steven weinberg the nobel laureate once said the more the universe seems comprehensible the more it seems pointless now for some people that seems to lead to an idea of nihilism but for me it doesnt that is a wonderful thing -im glad the universe is pointless it means if i get to the end of my life the universe cant turn to me and go what have you been doing you idiot thats not the point -i can make my own purpose you can make your own purpose we have the individual power to go this is what i want to do and in a pointless universe that to me is a wonderful thing i have chosen to make silly jokes about quantum mechanics and the copenhagen interpretation you i imagine can do much better things with your time thank you very much -the main element though the main complaint we get and one that i find most worrying is that people say oh why do you insist on ruining the magic you bring in science and it ruins the magic now im an arts graduate i love myth and magic and existentialism and self loathing thats what i do -when the earth started to go around the sun one hundred and fifty years ago with darwin we had to give up the idea we were different from animals and to you know imagine -really have emotions or that robots could be living creatures i think is going to be hard for us to accept but were going to come to accept it over the next fifty years or so -the second question is will the machines want to take over and here the standard scenario is that we create these things they grow we nurture them they learn a lot from us and then they start to decide that were pretty -boring slow they want to take over from us and for those of you that have teenagers you know what thats like but hollywood extends it to the robots and -happen and i dont think -i dont think were going to deliberately build robots that were uncomfortable with well you know theyre not going to have a super bad robot before that has to come to be you know -a mildly bad robot and before that a not so bad robot and were just not going to let it go that way so -i think im going to leave it at that the robots are coming we dont have too much to worry about its going to be a lot of fun and i hope you all enjoy the journey -and on the right there is one that the nec developed the papero which i dont think theyre going to release but nevertheless those sorts of things are out there -and weve seen over the last two or three years lawn mowing robots husqvarna on the bottom friendly robotics on top there an israeli company and then in the last twelve months or so weve started to see a bunch of -home cleaning robots appear top left one is a very nice home cleaning robot from a company called dyson in the u k except it was so expensive -five hundred dollars they didnt release it but at the bottom left you see electrolux which is on sale another one from karcher at the bottom right is one that i built in my lab about ten years ago and we finally turned that into -a product and let me just show you that were going to give this away i think chris said after the talk this -it starts off sort of just going around in ever increasing circles if it hits something -to clean up around me lets see lets -who stole my rice krispies they stole my rice krispies -its a robot its -the three year old kids they dont worry about it its grown ups that get really -ok so -later -the trick was building a better cleaning mechanism actually the intelligence on board was fairly simple -and thats true with a lot of robots weve all i think become sort of computational chauvinists and think that computation is everything but the mechanics still matter -another robot the packbot that weve been building for a bunch of years its a military surveillance robot to -go in ahead of troops looking at caves for instance but we had to make it fairly robust -much more robust than the robots we build in our labs -that robot is a pc running linux it can withstand a four hundred -g shock the robot has local intelligence it can flip itself over can get itself into communication range can go upstairs by itself et cetera -its doing local navigation there a soldier gives it a command -to go upstairs and it does that was not a controlled descent now -head off and the big breakthrough for these robots really was september eleventh we had the robots down at the world trade center late that evening -and searched for possible survivors in the buildings that were too dangerous to go into lets run this video -one -had -whats going on the robot -in afghanistan every day and thats one of the reasons they -in -chris stand up -yeah okay come over here now notice he thinks robots have to be a bit stiff he sort of -this robot a task its a very complex task now notice he nodded there he was giving me some indication he was understanding the flow of communication and if id said something completely bizarre he would have looked askance at me and regulated the conversation -so now i brought this up in front of him id looked at his eyes and i saw his eyes looked at this bottle top and im doing this task here and hes checking up his eyes are going back and forth up to me to see what im looking at so weve got shared attention -and so i do this task and he looks and he looks to me to see whats happening next and now ill give him the bottle and well see if he can do the task can you do that -okay hes pretty good yeah good good good i didnt show you how to do that now see if you can put it back together -and he thinks a robot has to be really slow good robot thats good so we saw a bunch of things there -we saw when were interacting were trying to show someone how to do something we direct their visual attention -shared attention looking at the same sort of thing and recognizing socially communicated reinforcement at the end and weve been trying to put that into our lab -because we think this is how youre going to want to interact with robots in the future i just want to show you one -diagram here the most important thing for building a robot that you can interact with socially is its visual attention system because what it pays attention to -its seeing and interacting with and what youre understanding what its doing so in the videos im about to show you youre going to see -it looks for highly saturated colors from toys and it looks for things that move around and it weights those together into an attention window and it looks for the highest scoring place the stuff where the most interesting stuff is happening -might decide that its lonely and look for skin tone or might decide that its bored and look for a toy to play with and so these weights change and over here on the right this is what we call the steven spielberg memorial module -this is a habituation gaussian that gets negative and more and more intense as it looks at one thing and it gets bored -you can tell what its looking at you can estimate its gaze direction from those eyeballs covering its camera and you can tell when its actually seeing the toy and its got a little bit of an emotional response here -kismet has an underlying three dimensional emotional space -space it expresses -basic messages that mothers give their children pre linguistically -and the robots reacting appropriately -other games that came after that and were starting to see that same sort of thing with robots lego mindstorms furbies who here did anyone here have -smiles she imitates the smile this happens a lot these are naive subjects here we asked them to get the robots attention -and indicate when they have the robots attention -the -the -asked to prohibit the robot and this first woman really pushes the robot into an emotional -we put that together then we put in turn taking when we talk to someone we talk then we sort of -raise our eyebrows move our eyes give the other person the idea its their turn to talk and then they talk and then we pass the baton back and forth between each -other so we put this in the robot we got a bunch of naive subjects in we didnt tell them anything about the robot sat them down in front of the robot and said talk to the robot now what they didnt know was the robot wasnt understanding a word they said -and that the robot wasnt speaking english it was just saying random english phonemes and i want you to watch carefully at the beginning of this where this person ritchie who happened to talk to the robot for twenty five minutes -says i want to show you something i want to show you my watch and he brings the watch center in to the robots field of vision -eight million of them sold worldwide they are pretty common and theyre a little tiny robot a simple robot with some sensors its a little bit of processing actuation -notice the turn taking -a -and then when christie looks over at this toy the robot estimates her gaze direction and looks at the same thing that shes looking at -will we accept them will we will they need rights eventually and the other question people ask me is will they want to take over -and on the first you know this has been a very hollywood theme with lots of movies you probably recognize these characters here where in each of these cases the robots want more respect well do you ever need to give robots respect -on the right there is another robot doll who you could get a couple of years ago and just as in the early days when there was a lot of sort of amateur -just machines after all but i think you know we have to accept that we are just machines after all thats certainly what modern molecular biology says about us you dont see a description of -how you know molecule a you know comes up and docks with this other molecule and its moving forward you know propelled by various charges and then the soul steps in and tweaks those molecules so that they connect -its all mechanistic we are mechanism if we are machines then in principle at least we should be able to build machines -out of other stuff which are just as -alive as we are but i think for us to admit that we have to give up on our special ness in a certain way and weve had the -by the way the wages for librarians went up faster than the wages for other jobs in the u s over that same time period because librarians became partners of computers computers became tools and they got more tools that they could use and become more effective during that time -same thing happened in offices back in the old days people used spreadsheets spreadsheets were spread sheets of paper and they calculated by hand -but here was an interesting thing that came along with the revolution around one thousand nine hundred and eighty of p c s the spreadsheet programs were tuned for office workers not to replace office workers but it respected office workers as being capable of being programmers -so office workers became programmers of spreadsheets it increased their capabilities -they no longer had to do the mundane computations but they could do something much more -now today were starting to see robots in our lives on the left there is the packbot from irobot when soldiers came across roadside bombs in iraq and afghanistan instead of putting on a bomb suit and going out and poking with a stick as they used to do up until about two thousand and two they now send the robot out so the robot takes over the dangerous jobs -on the right are some tugs from a company called aethon in pittsburgh these are in hundreds of hospitals across the u s and they take the dirty sheets -down to the laundry they take the dirty dishes back to the kitchen they bring the medicines up from the pharmacy and it frees up the nurses and the nurses aides from doing that mundane work of just mechanically pushing stuff around to spend more time with patients in fact robots have become sort of ubiquitous in our lives in many ways -but i think when it comes to factory robots people are sort of afraid because factory robots are dangerous to be around -in order to program them you have to understand six dimensional vectors and quaternions and ordinary people cant interact with them and i think its the sort of technology thats gone wrong its displaced the worker from the technology -and i think thats some of the fear that we see about jobs disappearing from artificial intelligence and robots that were overestimating the technology in the short term but i am worried -and then itll go back reach for another object the interesting thing is baxter has some basic common sense -by the way whats going on with the eyes the eyes are on the screen there the eyes look ahead where the robots going to move so a person thats interacting with the robot understands where its going to reach and isnt surprised by its motions -here chris took the object out of its hand and baxter didnt go and try to put it down it went back and realized it had to get another one its got a little bit of basic common sense -but i think the most interesting thing about baxter is the user interface and so chris is going to come and grab the other arm now -and when he grabs an arm it goes into zero force gravity compensated mode and graphics come up on the screen you can see some icons on the left of the screen there for what was about its right arm hes going to put something in its hand hes going to bring it over here press a button and let go of that thing in the hand -whether were going to get the technology we need in the long term because the demographics are really going to leave us with lots of jobs that need doing and that we our society is going to have to be built on the shoulders of steel of robots in the future so im scared we wont have enough robots -the object from it just moves it around and the robot figures out that was an area search he didnt have to select that from a menu and now hes going to go off and train the visual appearance of that object while we continue talking -so as we continue here i want to tell you about what this is like in factories these robots were shipping every day they go to factories around the country this is mildred mildreds a factory worker in connecticut shes worked on the line for over twenty years one hour after she saw her first industrial robot she had programmed it to do some tasks in the factory -she decided she really liked robots and it was doing the simple repetitive tasks that she had had to do beforehand -now shes got the robot doing it when we first went out to talk to people in factories about how we could get robots to interact with them better one of the questions we asked them was do you want your children to work in a factory the universal answer was no i want a better job than that for my children -and as a result of that mildred is very typical of todays factory workers in the u s theyre older and theyre getting older and older there arent many young people coming into factory work and as their tasks become more onerous on them -we need to give them tools that they can collaborate with so that they can be part of the solution so that they can continue to work and we can continue to produce in the u s -and so our vision is that mildred whos the line worker becomes mildred the robot trainer she lifts her game like the office workers of the one thousand nine hundred and eighty s lifted their game of what they could do -were not giving them tools that they have to go and study for years and years in order to use theyre tools that they can just learn how to operate in a few minutes theres two great forces that are both volitional but inevitable thats climate change and demographics demographics is really going to change our world -this is the percentage of adults who are working age and its gone down slightly over the last forty years but over the next forty years its going to change dramatically even in china the percentage of adults who are working age drops dramatically and turned up the other way the people who are retirement age goes up -very very fast as the baby boomers get to retirement age that means there will be more people with fewer social security dollars competing for services but more than that -as we get older we get more frail and we cant do all the tasks we used to do -and older thats happening statistically right now -and as the number of people who are older above retirement age and getting older as they increase there will be less people to take care of them and i think were really going to have to have robots to help us and i dont mean robots in terms of companions i mean robots doing the things -but fear of losing jobs to technology has been around for a long time back in one thousand nine hundred and fifty seven there was a spencer tracy katharine hepburn movie so you know how it ended up spencer tracy brought a computer a mainframe computer of one thousand nine hundred and fifty seven in to help the librarians the librarians in the company would do things like answer for the executives -that we normally do for ourselves but get harder as we get older getting the groceries in from the car up the stairs into the kitchen -or even as we get very much older driving our cars to go visit people and i think robotics gives people a chance to have dignity as they get older by having control of the robotic solution so they dont have to rely on people that are getting scarcer to help them -spending more time with robots like baxter and working with robots like baxter in our daily lives and that we will -here baxter its good -and seeing it dispersed and seeing younger more talented just different talent take it to levels you can never imagine -and so thats what i proceeded to do through a long story one of desperation -pictures in the magazines that a couple other guys skate -i thought wow thats for me you know because there was no coach standing directly over you and these guys they were just being themselves there was no opponent directly across from you -which was amazing to me -but thats why they called me the godfather of modern street skating -heres some images of that -now i was about halfway through my pro career -they were using it to get up onto stuff like bleachers and handrails and over stairwells and all kinds of cool stuff so it was evolving upwards in fact when someone tells -the crazy thing was there was a really liberating sense about it because i no longer had to protect -my record as a champion champion again champion sounds so goofy but its what it was right -always was creating new stuff the other thing that i had was a deep well of tricks to draw from that were rooted in these flat ground tricks -stuff the normal guys were doing was very much different -so as humbling and rotten as it was and believe me it was rotten i would go to skate spots and i was already like famous guy right and everyone thought i was good but in this new terrain i was horrible so people would go oh hes all oh what happened to mullen -i began again here are some tricks that i started to bring to that new terrain -its just the way you throw your board over just let the ledge do that and its easy and the next thing you know theres twenty more tricks based out of the variations -so thats the kind of thing that here check this out heres another way and i wont overdo this -all i was thinking is -but suddenly because you already have something in this fixed domain of this target its like what will match this trick how can i -watch this one oh i love this its like surfing this one the way you catch it -board flipped and spun this way both axes -which as i was doing it i was like oh wow -and sixty flip and so this is what i want to emphasize that as you can imagine all of these tricks are made of -and so as im going up these things are floating around and you have to sort of let the cognitive mind like rest back pull it back a little bit and let your intuition go as you feel these things -so next oh mind you -and the beauty of skateboarding -who seek a sense of -we take that we make it our own and then we contribute back to the community the inner way that edifies the community itself -the greater the contribution -the more we express and form our individuality -which is so important to a lot of us who feel like rejects to begin with -the summation of that -gives us something we could never achieve as an individual -i should say this theres some sort of beautiful symmetry -disparate information and they bring it together in a way -and the open source community the basic ethos of it is take what other people do -make it better give it back so we all rise further very similar communities very similar -we have our edgier sides -its funny my dad was right these are my peers -but i respect what they do and they respect what i do because they can do things -its amazing what they can do in fact one of them -he was ernst young -and then it went down and then it became the biggest again which is harder than the first time and then we sold it and then we sold it again -and it resonated because i had won thirty five out of thirty six contests that id entered over eleven years and it made me bananas in fact winning isnt the word i won it once the rest of the time youre just defending and you get into this like turtle posture you -on the very edge of preachy right here im not here to do that its just that im in front of a very privileged audience if you guys arent already leaders in your community you probably will be -its not fame its not all these things what it is is that theres an intrinsic value in creating something for the sake of creating -we dont enjoy a reminder of our own fragile mortality thats why writing on the internet has become a lifesaver for me -my ability to think and write have not been affected and on the web my real voice finds expression i have also met many other disabled people who communicate this way -one of the funniest blogs on the web is written by a friend of mine named smartass cripple -all of these people are saying in one way or another that what you see is not all you get so i have not come here to complain -i have much to make me happy and relieved i seem for the time being to be cancer free -i am writing as well as ever i am productive -if i were in this condition at any point before a few cosmological instants ago -i would be as isolated as a hermit i would be trapped inside my head -because of the rush of human knowledge because of the digital revolution i have a voice and i do not need to scream -you all know the test for artificial intelligence the turing test a human judge has a conversation with a human and a computer if the judge cant tell the machine apart from the human the machine has passed the test -i now propose a test for computer voices the ebert test if a computer voice can successfully tell a joke and do the timing and delivery as well as henny youngman then thats the voice i want -my tongue larynx and vocal cords were still healthy and unaffected -the first surgery was a great success -these are my words but this is not my voice this is alex the best computer voice ive been able to find which comes as standard equipment on every macintosh -i saw myself in the mirror and i looked pretty good two weeks later i was ready to return home i was using my ipod to play the leonard cohen song im your man for my doctors and nurses -suddenly i had an episode of catastrophic bleeding my carotid artery had ruptured -thank god i was still in my hospital room and my doctors were right there -chaz told me that if that song hadnt played for so long i might have already been in the car on the way home and would have died right there and then so thank you leonard cohen for saving my life -and then a third attempt -which also patched me back together pretty well -until it failed -a doctor from brazil said he had never seen anyone survive -a carotid artery rupture -and before i left the hospital after a year of being hospitalized -i had seven ruptures of my carotid artery there was no particular day when anyone told me i would never speak again it just sort of became obvious -human speech is an ingenious manipulation of our breath -within the sound chamber of our mouth -for most of my life i never gave a second thought to my ability to speak it was like breathing in those days i was living in a fools paradise after surgeries for cancer took away my ability to speak eat or drink i was forced to enter this virtual world in which a computer does some of my living for me -and respiratory system -we need to be able to hold and manipulate that breath -in order to form sounds -therefore the system must be essentially airtight in order to capture air -because i had lost my jaw i could no longer form a seal and therefore my tongue -and all of my other vocal equipment was rendered powerless -and nobody had to try to read my handwriting i tried out various computer voices that were available online and for several months i had a british accent which chaz called sir lawrence -then apple released the alex voice which was the best id heard it knew things like the difference between an exclamation point and a question mark when it saw a period it knew how to make a sentence sound like it was ending instead of staying up in the air there are all sorts of html codes you can use to control the timing and -for me they share a fundamental problem theyre too slow -when i find myself in a conversational situation i need to type fast and to jump right -people dont have the time or the patience to wait for me to fool around with the codes for every word or phrase -but what value do we place on the sound of our own voice how does that affect who you are as a person -when people hear alex speaking my words do they experience a disconnect does that create a separation or a distance from one person to the next -how did i feel not being able to speak i felt and i still feel a lot of distance from the human mainstream ive become uncomfortable when im separated from my laptop even then im aware that most people have little patience for my speaking difficulties -so we contacted a company in scotland that created personalized computer voices theyd never made one from previously recorded materials all of their voices had been made by a speaker recording original words in a control booth but they were willing to give it a try -so i sent them many hours of recordings of my voice including several audio commentary tracks that id made for movies on dvds -and it sounded like me it really did there was a reason for that it was me -but it wasnt that simple the tapes from my tv show werent very useful because there were too many other kinds of audio involved movie soundtracks for example or gene siskel arguing with me -for several days now we have enjoyed brilliant and articulate speakers here at ted i used to be able to talk like that -when i heard it the first time -it makes me feel good that many of the words you are hearing were first spoken while i was commenting on casablanca and citizen kane this is the first voice theyve created for an individual there are several very good voices available for computers but they all sound like somebody else -while this voice sounds like me i plan to use it on television radio and the internet people who need a voice should know that most computers already come with built in speaking systems many blind people use them to read pages on the web to themselves -maybe i wasnt as smart but i was at least as talkative -they said i talked too much -and now i still can -the flow isnt natural the good people in scotland are still improving my voice and im optimistic about it but so far the apple alex voice is the best one ive heard i wrote a blog about it and actually got a comment from the actor who played alex -he said he recorded many long hours in various intonations to be used in the voice a very large sample is needed -i want to devote my talk today to the act of speaking itself and how the act of speaking or not speaking is tied so indelibly to ones identity as to force the birth of a new person when it is taken away however ive found that listening to a computer voice for any great length of time can be monotonous -now i have spoken my last words -and i dont even remember for sure what they were i feel like the hero of that harlan ellison story titled i have no mouth and i must scream -on wednesday david christian explained to us what a tiny instant the human race represents in the time span of the universe for almost all of its millions and billions of years there was no life on earth at all -for almost all the years of life on earth there was no intelligent life -only after we learned to pass knowledge from one generation to the next -did civilization become possible in cosmological terms that was about ten minutes ago -finally came mankinds most advanced and mysterious tool the computer that has mostly happened in my lifetime some of the famous early computers were being built in my hometown of urbana the birthplace of hal nine thousand -when i heard the amazing talk by salman khan on wednesday about the khan academy website -that teaches hundreds of subjects to students all over the world i had a flashback -it was about one thousand nine hundred and sixty as a local newspaper reporter still in high school i was sent over to the computer lab of the university of illinois to interview the creators of something called plato the initials stood for programmed logic for automated teaching operations -this was a computer assisted instruction system -which in those days ran on a computer named illiac -the programmers said it could assist students in their learning i doubt on that day fifty years ago they even dreamed of what salman khan has accomplished but thats not the point the point is plato was only fifty years ago an instant in time -it continued to evolve and operated in one form or another on more and more sophisticated computers until only five years ago -i have learned from wikipedia that starting with that humble beginning plato established forums message boards online testing email chat rooms -picture languages instant messaging remote screen sharing and multiple player games since the first web browser was also developed in urbana -it appears that my hometown in downstate illinois was the birthplace of much of the virtual online universe we occupy today but im not here from the chamber of commerce -so ive decided to recruit some of my ted friends to read my words aloud for me i will start with my wife chaz -and when i told the people in the press room at the academy awards that theyd better install some phone lines for internet connections they didnt know what i was talking about when i bought my first desktop it was a dec rainbow does anybody remember that -named the porteram telebubble i joined compuserve when it had fewer numbers than i currently have followers on twitter -it is unimaginable what will happen next -at all because without intelligence and memory there is no history for billions of years the universe evolved completely without notice -we are born into a box of time and space -we use words and communication to break out of it and to reach out to others -for me the internet began as a useful tool and now has become something i rely on for my actual -daily existence -i cannot speak i can only type so fast -it was chaz who stood by my side through three attempts to reconstruct my jaw and restore my ability to speak -computer voices -are sometimes not very sophisticated but with my computer i can communicate more widely than ever before -not everybody -but online everybody speaks at the same speed -this whole adventure has been a learning experience every time there was a surgery that failed i was left with a little less flesh and bone now i have no jaw left at all -while harvesting tissue from both my shoulders the surgeries left me with back pain and reduced my ability to walk easily ironic that my legs are fine and its my shoulders that slow up my walk -when you see me today i look like the phantom of the opera but no you dont -it is human nature to look at someone like me and assume i have lost some of my marbles -going into the first surgery for a recurrence of salivary cancer in two thousand and six i expected to be out of the hospital in time to return to my movie review show ebert and roeper at the movies -people talk loudly im so sorry -people talk loudly and slowly to me sometimes they assume i am deaf -there are people who dont want to make eye contact -can only appear because there is also darkness in that same building and the same is more or less what santiago calatrava said when he said light -i make it in my buildings for comfort and he didnt mean the comfort of a five course dinner as opposed to a one course meal but he really meant the comfort of the quality of the building for the people he meant that you can see the sky and that you can experience the sun -and he created these gorgeous buildings where you can see the sky and where you can experience the sun that give us a better life in the built environment -just because of the relevance of light in its brightness and also in its shadows -a manifestation of that energy -the sun is for dynamics for color changes the sun is for beauty in our environment like in this building the high museum in atlanta which has been created by renzo piano from italy together with arup lighting a brilliant team of lighting designers who -statement on the screen that says light creates ambiance light makes -created a very subtle modulation of light across the space responding to what the sun does outside just because of all these beautiful openings in the roof so in an indirect way you can see the sun and what they did is they created an integral building element -to improve the quality of the space -that surrounds the visitors of the museum they created this shade that you can see here -which actually covers the sun but opens up to the good light from the sky -and here you can see how they really crafted a beautiful design process with physical models with quantitative as well as qualitative methods -to come to a final solution that is truly integrated and completely holistic with the architecture they allowed themselves a few mistakes along the way as you can see here theres some direct light on the floor but they could easily figure out where that comes from -and they allow people in that building to really enjoy the sun the good part of the sun -and enjoying the sun can be in many different ways of course it can be just like this -or maybe like this which is rather peculiar but this is in one thousand nine hundred and sixty three the viewing of a sun eclipse in the united states and its just a bit bright up there so these people have found a very intriguing solution -this is i think a very illustrative image of what i try to say that the beautiful dynamics of sun -bringing these into the building -creates a quality of our built environment that truly enhances our lives and this is all about darkness as much as it is about lightness of course because otherwise you dont see these dynamics -as opposed to the first office that i showed you in the beginning of the talk this is a well known office which is the white group they are in green energy consulting or something like that and they really practice what they preach because this office doesnt have any electric lighting at all -it has only on one side -this big big glass window that helps to let the sunlight enter deep into the space and create a beautiful quality there and a great dynamic range -i really owe a short introduction of this man to you this is richard kelly -who was born one hundred years ago which is the reason i bring him up now because its kind of an anniversary year in the one thousand nine hundred and thirty s richard kelly was the first person to really describe a methodology of modern lighting design and he coined three terms which are focal glow -ambient luminescence and play of the brilliants three very distinctly different ideas about light in architecture that all together make up this beautiful experience so you begin with focal glow he meant something like this where the light gives direction to the space and helps you to get around -or something like this which is the lighting design he did for general motors for the car showroom and you enter that space and you feel like wow this is so impressive just because of this focal point this huge light source in the middle -to me it is something from theatre and i will get back to that a little bit later its the spotlight on the artist that helps you to focus -it could also be the sunlight that breaks through the clouds and lights up a patch of the land highlighting it compared to the dim environment -or it can be in todays retail in the shopping environment lighting the merchandise and creating accents that help you to get around -ambient luminescence is something very different -richard kelly saw it as something infinite something without any focus something where all details actually dissolve in infinity and i see it as a very comfortable kind of light that really helps us to relax -and to contemplate it could also be something like this the national museum of science in london where this blue is embracing all the exhibitions and galleries in one large gesture -really some play of the skyline of hong kong or perhaps the chandelier in the opera house or in the theater here which is a decoration the icing on the cake something playful something that is just an addition to the architectural environment i would say -these three distinct elements together make a lighting environment that helps us to feel better -and we can only create these out of darkness and i will explain that further and i guess that is something that richard kelly here on the left was explaining to ludwig mies van der rohe and behind them you see that seagram building that later turned into -an icon of modern lighting design -those times there were some early attempts also for light therapy already you can see here a photo from the united states library of medicine where people are put in the sun to get better -its a little bit of a different story this health aspect of light than what im telling you today -in todays modern medicine there is a real understanding of light in an almost biochemical way -and there is the idea that when we look at things it is the yellow light that helps us the most that we are the most sensitive for but our circadian rhythms which are the rhythms that help us to wake and sleep and be alert and relaxed and so forth and so on they are much more triggered by blue light -and by modulating the amount of blue in our environment we can help people to relax or to be alert to fall asleep or to stay awake -that there is no good lighting that is healthy and for our well being without proper darkness -and that is how maybe in the near future light can help hospitals to make people better sooner recover them quicker -maybe in the airplane we can overcome jet lag like that perhaps in school we can help children to learn better because they concentrate more on their work and you can imagine a lot more applications -but i would like to talk further about the combination of light and darkness as a quality in our life -so light is of course for social interaction also to create relationships with all the features around us -it is the place where we gather around when we have to say something to each other and it is all about this planet but when you look at this planet at night it looks like this and i think this is the most shocking image in my talk today -because all this light here goes up -to the sky it never reaches the ground where it was meant for it never is to the benefit of people it only spoils the darkness so at a global scale it looks like this and i mean that is quite amazing what you see here how much light goes up -into the sky and never reaches the ground because if we look at the earth -the way it should be it would be something like this very inspiring image where darkness is for our imagination and for contemplation and to help us to relate to everything -so this is how we normally would light our offices we have codes and standards that tell us that the lights should be so much lux and of great uniformity -the world is changing though and urbanization is a big driver of everything i took this photo two weeks ago in guangzhou and i realized that ten years ago there was nothing like this -of these buildings it was just a much smaller city and the pace of urbanization is incredible and enormous and we have to understand these main questions how do people move through these new urban spaces -how do they share their culture how do we tackle things like mobility -and how can light help there because the new technologies they seem to be in a really interesting position to contribute to the solutions of urbanization and to provide us with better environments -its not that long ago that our lighting was just done with these kinds of lamps and of course we had the metal halide lamps and fluorescent lamps and things like that -now we have led but here you see the latest one and you see how incredibly small it is and this is exactly what offers us a unique opportunity -because this tiny tiny size allows us to put the light wherever we really need it and we can actually leave it out where its not needed at all and where we can preserve darkness so that is a really interesting proposition i think and a new way -of lighting the architectural environment with our well being in mind -the problem is though that i wanted to explain to you how this really works but i can have four of these on my finger -so you would not to be able to really see them so i asked our laboratory to do something about it and they said well we can do something they created for me the biggest led in the world especially for tedx in amsterdam so here it is its the same thing as you can see over there -just two hundred times bigger and i will very quickly show you how it works so just -to explain now every led that is made these days gives blue light -now this is not very pleasant and comfortable and for that reason we cover the led with -a phosphor cap and the phosphor is excited by the blue -and makes the light white and warm and pleasant and then when you add the lens to that you can bundle the light and send it to wherever you need it without any need to spill any light to the sky or anywhere else so you can preserve the darkness and make the light i just wanted to show that to you so you understand -can we be more gentle with light like here this is a very low light level actually -can we engage people more in the lighting projects that we create so they really want to connect with it like here or can we create simply sculptures that are very inspiring to be in and to be around and can we preserve the darkness because to find a place like this today on earth is really very very challenging -and to find a starry sky like this is even more difficult -even in the oceans we are creating a lot of light that we could actually ban also for animal life to have a much greater well being and its known that migrating birds for example get very disoriented because of these offshore platforms and we discovered that when we make those lights green -the birds they actually go the right way they are not disturbed anymore and it turns out once again that spectral sensitivity -in all of these examples i think we should start making the light out of darkness and use the darkness as a canvas like the visual artists do like edward hopper in this painting i think that there is a lot of suspense in this painting i think -when i see it i start to think who are those people where have they come from where are they going what just happened what will be happening in the next five minutes and it only embodies all these stories and all this suspense because of the darkness and the light -if we would apply these codes and standards to the pantheon in rome it would never have looked like this because this beautiful light feature that goes around there all by itself -and enjoy the greatest show in the universe which is of course the universe itself -so i give you this wonderful informative image -of the sky ranging from the inner city where you may see one or two stars and nothing else all the way to the rural environments where you can enjoy this great and gorgeous and beautiful performance of the constellations and the stars -in architecture it works just the same -by appreciating the darkness when you design the light you create much more interesting environments that truly enhance our lives -where light and dark in very gentle combinations alter each other to define the space or richard mccormacks southern tube station in london where you can really see the sky even though you are under the ground -and i think the theater is a place where we truly enhance life with light thank you very much -but this guy who were following right now is in the deep jungle whereas other king cobras very often come into the human interface you know the plantations -to find big rat snakes and stuff this guy specializes in pit vipers and the guy who is working there with them hes from maharashtra he said i think hes after -the nusha means the high whenever he eats the pit viper he gets this little -arriving in india sixty years ago brought by my mother doris norden and my stepfather rama chattopadhyaya its been a roller coaster ride -and this charismatic snake the king cobra talk today really is is to sort of indelibly scar your minds -the king cobra is quite remarkable for several reasons what youre seeing here is very recently shot images in a forest nearby here -of a female king cobra making her nest here is a limbless animal capable of gathering a huge mound of leaves and then laying her eggs inside -off your preconceptions your preconceived fears and thoughts about reptiles because -to withstand five to ten in order that the eggs can incubate over the next ninety days and hatch into little baby king cobras so she protects her eggs -and after three months the babies finally do hatch out a majority of them will die of course there is very high mortality in little baby reptiles who are just ten to twelve inches long -my first experience with king cobras was in seventy two at a magical place called agumbe in karnataka this state -and it is a marvelous rain forest this first encounter was kind of like the masai boy who kills the lion to become a warrior it really changed my life totally -and it brought me straight into the conservation fray i ended up starting this research and education station in agumbe which you are all of course invited to visit -this is basically a base wherein we are trying to gather and learn virtually everything about the biodiversity of this incredibly complex forest system and try to hang on to whats there make sure the water sources are protected and kept clean -and of course having a good time too you can almost hear the drums throbbing back in that little cottage where we stay when were there -it was very important for us to get through to the people and through the children is usually the way to go they are fascinated with snakes they havent got that steely thing that you end up -my story across to you and by the way if i come across as a sort of rabid hippie conservationist its purely a figment of your imagination -either fearing or hating or despising or loathing them in some way they are interested and it really works to start with them this -caught more than one hundred king cobras over the last three years and relocated them in nearby forests but in order to find out the real secrets of these creatures -for us to actually insert a small radio transmitter inside snake now we are able to follow them and find out their secrets where the babies go after they hatch and -this was just a few days ago in agumbe i had the pleasure of being close to this large king cobra who had caught a venomous pit viper and it does it in such a way that it doesnt get bitten itself and king cobras feed only on snakes -usually they eat something a bit larger in this case a rather strange and inexplicable activity happened over the last breeding season wherein a large male king cobra actually grabbed a female king cobra -this male snake twelve feet long met another male king cobra and they did this incredible ritual combat dance its very much like the rutting of mammals including humans you know sorting out our differences -but gentler no biting allowed its just a wresting match but a remarkable activity now what are we doing with all this information whats the point of all this -well the king cobra is literally a keystone species in these rainforests and our job is to convince the authorities -that these forests have to be protected and this is one of the ways we do it by learning as much as we can about something so remarkable and so iconic in the rainforests there in order to help protect -okay we are actually the first species on earth to be so prolific to actually threaten our own survival -trees animals and of course the water sources youve all heard perhaps of project tiger which started back in the early -but who also had an incredible passion for environment and this is the time when project tiger emerged and just like project tiger -our activity with the king cobra is to a species of animal so that we protect its habitat and everything within it so the tiger is the icon -and now the king cobra is a new one all the major rivers in south india are sourced in the western ghats the chain of hills running along the west coast of india -it pours out millions of gallons every hour and supplies drinking water to at least three hundred million people and washes many many babies and of course -and i know weve all seen images enough to make us numb of the tragedies that were perpetrating on the planet -in peril of your life and the thing is its not just big industry its not misguided river engineers who are doing all this its us it seems that our citizens find the best way to dispose of garbage are in water sources -now were going north very far north north central india the chambal river is where we have our base this is the home of the gharial this incredible -it is an animal which has been on the earth for just about one hundred million years it survived even during the time that the dinosaurs died off -it has remarkable features even though it grows to twenty feet long since it eats only fish its not dangerous to human beings it does have big teeth however and its kind of hard to convince people if an animal has big teeth that its a harmless creature but -we actually back in the early seventies did surveys and found that gharial were extremely rare -in fact if you see the map the range of their original habitat was all the way from the indus in pakistan to the irrawaddy in burma and now its just limited to a couple of spots in nepal and india so -in fact at this point there are only two hundred breeding gharial left in the wild so starting in the mid seventies when conservation was at the fore we were actually able to start projects -greedy kids using it all up arent we and today is a time for me to talk to you about water -which were basically government supported to collect eggs from the wild from the few remaining nests and release five thousand baby gharial back to the wild and pretty soon we were seeing sights like this -i mean just incredible to see bunches of gharial basking on the river again but -very very heavy cultivation all the way down to the rivers edge not allowing the animals to breed anymore were looking at even more problems building up for the gharial despite the early good -their nests hatching along the riverside producing hundreds of hatchlings its just an amazing sight this was actually just taken last year -but then the monsoon arrives and unfortunately downriver there is always a dam or there is always a barrage -a lot of interest my pals in the crocodile specialist group of the iucn the an ngo the world wildlife fund the wildlife institute of india state forest departments -and the ministry of environment we all work together on stuff but its possibly and definitely not enough for example -in the winter of two thousand and seven and two thousand and eight there was this incredible die off of gharial in the chambal river suddenly dozens of gharial -so in order to try to find out the answer to this we got veterinarians from all over the world working with indian vets to try to figure out what was happening i was there for a lot of the necropsies on the riverside and we actually looked through -all their organs and tried to figure out what was going on and it came down to something called gout which as a result of kidney breakdown is actually uric acid crystals -throughout the body and worse in the joints which made the gharial unable to swim and its a horribly painful death -just downriver from the chambal is the filthy yamuna river the sacred yamuna river and i hate to be so ironic and sarcastic about it but its the truth its just one of the filthiest cesspools you can imagine if flows down through -mathura agra and gets just about every bit of effluent you can imagine so it seemed that the toxin that was killing the gharial was something in the food chain something in the fish they were eating -and you know once a toxin is in the food chain everything is affected including us because these rivers are the lifeblood of people all along their course -in order to try to answer some of these questions we again turn to technology to biological technology in this case again -putting radios on ten gharial and actually following their movements theyre being watched everyday as we speak to try to find out what this mysterious toxin -the chambal river is an absolutely incredible place its a place thats famous to a lot of you who know about the bandits the dacoits who used to -but for several other reasons as well when i was a kid growing up in new york i was smitten by snakes the same way most kids are smitten by tops marbles cars trains cricket balls and my mother -get to see the incredible landscape as well but again heavy fishing pressures -this is one of the last repositories of the ganges river dolphin various species of turtles thousands of migratory birds -and fishing is causing problems like this and now new elements of human intolerance for river creatures like the gharial means that -if they dont drown in the net then they simply cut their beaks off animals like the ganges river dolphin which is just down to a few left and it is also critically endangered so who is next us -because we are all dependent on these water sources so we all know about the narmada river the tragedies of dams the tragedies of huge projects which displace people and wreck river systems -so were not sure where this story is going to end whether its got a happy or sad ending and climate change is certainly going to turn all of our theories and predictions on their heads -you know the decision makers the folks in power theyre up in their bungalows and so on in delhi in the city capitals they are all supplied with plenty of water -but out on the rivers there are still millions of people who are in really bad shape and its a bleak future for them -so we have our ganges and yamuna clean up project weve spent hundreds of millions of dollars on it and nothing to show for it incredible -so people talk about political will during the dieoff of the gharial we did galvanize a lot of action government cut through all the red tape we got foreign vets on it it was great so we can do it -but if you stroll down to the yamuna or to the gomati in lucknow or to the adyar river in chennai or the mula muta river in pune just see what were capable of doing to a river its sad -but i think the final note really is that we can do it the corporates the artists the -was partly to blame taking me to the new york natural history museum buying me books on snakes and then starting this infamous career of mine which has culminated in of course -the good old everyday folks can actually bring these rivers back and the final word is that there is a king cobra looking over our shoulders -and there is a gharial looking at us from the river and these are powerful water totems and they are going to disturb our dreams until we do the right thing -i take the sort of humble approach i guess you could say i dont say that snakes are huggable exactly its not like the teddy bear but i -as a creature who is totally frightened of something so dangerous as a human being and that is the truth and thats what i try to get -this is actually the first time anyone of us knew about it for one thing as i said its just like a little snack for him you know usually they eat larger snakes like rat snakes or even cobras -as the ruler shrinks down to infinity the length goes to infinity -this made no sense at all so they consigned these curves to the back of the math books they said these are pathological curves and we dont have to discuss them -want to start my story in germany in one thousand eight hundred and seventy seven with a mathematician named georg cantor -so heres the second iteration and the third fourth and so on so nature has this self similar structure nature uses self organizing systems -and i thought this is fabulous i wonder why and of course i had to go to africa and ask folks why so i got a fulbright scholarship to just travel around africa for a year asking people why they were building fractals which is a great job if you can get it -but he was really cool about it and he took me up -this is a village in southern zambia the ba ila built this village about four hundred meters in diameter you have a huge ring the rings that represent the family enclosures get larger and larger as you go towards the back and then you have the chiefs ring here towards the back -and then the chiefs immediate family in that ring so heres a little fractal model for it heres one house with the sacred altar heres the house of houses the family enclosure with the humans here where the sacred altar would be and then heres the village as a whole a ring of ring -now you might wonder how can people fit in a tiny village only this big thats because theyre spirit people its the ancestors and of course the spirit people -have a little miniature village in their village right so its just like georg cantor said the recursion continues forever -this is in the mandara mountains near the nigerian border in cameroon mokoulek i saw this diagram drawn by a french architect and i thought wow what a beautiful fractal so i tried to come up with a seed shape which upon iteration would unfold into this thing -i came up with this structure here lets see first iteration second third fourth now -after i did the simulation i realized the whole village kind of spirals around just like this and heres that replicating line a self replicating line that unfolds into the fractal well i noticed that line is about where the only square building in the village is at -so when i got to the village i said can you take me to the square building i think somethings going on there and they said -in mali and you can see you go inside the family enclosure -you go inside and heres pots in the fireplace stacked recursively heres calabashes that issa was just showing us and theyre stacked recursively now the tiniest calabash in here keeps the womans soul and when she dies they have a ceremony where they break this stack called the zalanga and her soul goes off to eternity once again -now you might ask yourself three questions at this point -architecture but that turns out not to be true i started collecting aerial photographs of native american -so native americans use a combination of circular symmetry and fourfold symmetry you can see on the pottery and the baskets heres an aerial photograph of one of the anasazi ruins you can see its circular at the largest scale but its rectangular at the smaller scale right it is not the same pattern at two different scales -so he realized he had a set whose number of elements was larger than infinity and this blew his mind literally he checked into a sanitarium -second you might ask well dr eglash arent you ignoring the diversity of african cultures and three times the answer is no -first of all i agree with mudimbes wonderful book the invention of africa that africa is an artificial invention of first colonialism and then oppositional movements no because a widely shared design practice doesnt necessarily give you a unity of culture and it definitely is not in the dna -and finally the fractals have self similarity so theyre similar to themselves but theyre not necessarily similar to each other you see very different uses for fractals its a shared technology in africa -and finally well isnt this just intuition its not really mathematical knowledge africans cant possibly really be using -fractal geometry right it wasnt invented until the one thousand nine hundred and seventy s well its true that some african fractals are as far as im concerned just pure intuition so some of these things id wander around the streets of dakar asking people whats the algorithm whats the rule for making this and theyd say well we just make it that way because it looks pretty stupid -in ethiopian crosses you see this wonderful unfolding of the shape -in angola the chokwe people draw lines in the sand and its what the german mathematician euler called a graph we now call it an eulerian path you can never lift your stylus from the surface and you can never go over the same line twice -but they do it recursively and they do it with an age grade system so the little kids learn this one and then the older kids learn this one then the next age grade initiation you learn this one and with each iteration of that algorithm you learn the iterations of the myth you learn the next level of knowledge -and finally all over africa you see this board game its called owari in ghana where i studied it its called mancala here on the east coast bao in kenya sogo elsewhere well you see self organizing patterns -that spontaneously occur in this board game and the folks in ghana knew about these self organizing patterns and would use them strategically so this is very conscious knowledge heres a wonderful fractal anywhere you go in the sahel youll see this windscreen -and of course fences around the world are all cartesian all strictly linear but here in africa youve got these nonlinear scaling fences so i tracked down one of the folks who makes these things this guy in -he said but wind and dust goes through pretty easily now the tight rows up at the very top they really hold out the wind and dust but it takes a lot of time and it takes a lot of straw because theyre really tight -now he said we know from experience -that the farther up from the ground you go -the stronger the wind blows right its just like a cost benefit analysis and i measured out the lengths of straw put it on a log log plot got the scaling exponent and it almost exactly matches the scaling exponent for the relationship between wind speed and height in the wind engineering handbook -so these guys are right on target for a practical use of scaling technology the most complex example of an algorithmic approach to fractals that i found was actually not in geometry it was in a symbolic code -and other mathematicians did the same sort of thing a swedish mathematician von koch decided that instead of subtracting lines he would add them and so he came up with this beautiful curve and theres no particular reason why we have to start with this seed shape we can use any seed shape we like -and this was bamana sand divination and the same divination system is found all over africa you can find it on the east coast as well as the west coast and often the symbols are very well preserved so each of these symbols has four bits its a four bit -and they did this very rapidly -and i couldnt understand where they were getting they only did the randomness four times i couldnt understand where they were getting the other twelve symbols and they wouldnt tell me they said no no i cant tell you about this and i said well look ill pay you you can be my teacher and -ill come each day and pay you they said its not a matter of money this is a religious matter and finally out of desperation i said well let me explain georg cantor in one thousand eight hundred and seventy seven and i started explaining why i was there in -for a bamana priest and of course i was only interested in the math so the whole time he kept shaking his head going you know i didnt learn it this way but i had to sleep with a kola nut next to my bed buried in sand and give seven coins to seven lepers and so on and finally he revealed the truth of the matter -and it turns out its a pseudo random number generator using deterministic chaos -when you have a four bit symbol you then put it together with another one sideways so even plus odd gives you odd odd plus even gives you odd even plus even gives you even odd plus odd gives you even its addition modulo two just like in the parity bit check on your computer -and then you take this symbol and you put it back in so its a self generating diversity of symbols theyre truly using a kind of deterministic chaos in doing this -now because its a binary code you can actually implement this in hardware what a fantastic teaching tool that should be in african engineering schools and the most interesting thing i found out about it was historical in the twelfth century hugo of santalla brought it from islamic mystics into spain -and ill rearrange this and ill stick this somewhere down there ok -right ones and zeros the binary code george boole took leibnizs binary code and created boolean algebra and john von neumann took boolean algebra and created the digital computer -so all these little pdas and laptops every -the national science foundations broadening participation in computing program recently awarded us a grant to make a programmable version of these design tools so hopefully in three years anybodyll be able to go on the web and create their own simulations and their own -and now upon iteration that seed shape sort of unfolds into a very different looking structure so these all have the property of self similarity the part looks like the whole its the same pattern at many different scales now mathematicians thought this was very strange because as you shrink a ruler -artifacts weve focused in the u s on african american students as well as native american and latino weve found statistically significant improvement -with children using this software in a mathematics class in comparison with a control group that did not have the software -so its really very successful teaching children that they have a heritage thats about mathematics that its not just about singing and dancing -weve started a pilot program -kenya has come up with this great idea for using fractal structure for postal address in villages that have fractal structure because if you try to impose a grid structure postal system on a fractal village it doesnt quite fit bernard tschumi at columbia university has finished using this in a design for a museum of african art -david hughes at -its in ecological sustainability its in the developmental power of entrepreneurship -the ethical power of democracy -its also in some bad things self organization is why the aids virus is spreading -so fast and if you dont think that capitalism which is self organizing can have destructive effects you havent opened your eyes enough so we need to think about as was spoken earlier the traditional african methods for doing self organization these are robust algorithms -these are ways of doing self organization of doing entrepreneurship that are gentle that are egalitarian -so if we want to find a better way of doing that kind of work we need look only no farther than africa to find these robust self organizing algorithms thank you -now mathematicians thought this was very strange because as you shrink a ruler down you measure a longer and longer length -this made no sense at all so they consigned these curves to the back of the math books they said these are pathological curves and we dont have to discuss -realized that if you do computer graphics and used these shapes he called fractals you get the shapes of nature -you get the human lungs you get acacia trees you get ferns you get these beautiful natural forms if you take your thumb and your index finger and look right where they meet go ahead and do that now -and relax your hand youll see a crinkle and then a wrinkle within the crinkle and a crinkle within the wrinkle right -your body is covered with fractals the mathematicians who were saying these were pathologically useless shapes they were breathing those words with fractal lungs -and ill show you a little natural recursion here again we just take these lines and recursively replace them with the whole shape -in the nineteen eighties i happened to notice that if you look at an aerial photograph of an african village you see fractals and i thought this is fabulous i wonder why and of course i had to go to africa and ask folks why so i got a fulbright -to just travel around africa for a year asking people why they were building fractals which is a great job if you can get -and so i finally got to this city and id done a little fractal model for the city just to see how it would sort of unfold but when i got there -i got to the palace of the chief and my french is not very good i said something like i am a mathematician and i would like to stand on your roof -and it turns out the royal insignia has a rectangle within a rectangle within a rectangle and the path through that palace is actually this spiral here -and as you go through the path you have to get more and more polite so theyre mapping the social scaling onto the geometric scaling its a conscious -pattern it is not unconscious like a termite mound fractal this is a village in southern zambia the ba ila built this village about four hundred -you have a huge ring the rings that represent the family enclosures get larger and larger as you go towards the back and then you have the chiefs ring here towards the back and the chiefs immediate family -in that ring so heres a little fractal model for it heres one house with the sacred altar heres the house of houses the family enclosure -with the humans here where the sacred altar would be and then heres the village as a whole a ring of ring of rings with the chiefs extended family here the chiefs immediate family here and here theres a tiny village only this -and take those two resulting lines and bring them back into the same process a recursive process so he starts out with one line and then two and then four and then sixteen and so on -now you might wonder how can people fit in a tiny village only this big thats because theyre spirit people its the ancestors and of course the spirit people -have a little miniature village in their village right so its just like georg cantor said the recursion continues forever this is in the mandara mountains near the nigerian border in cameroon mokoulek i saw this diagram drawn by a french -architect and i thought wow what a beautiful fractal so i tried to come up with a seed shape which upon iteration would unfold into this thing i came up with this structure here -first iteration second third fourth now after i did the simulation i realized the whole village kind of spirals around -just like this and heres that replicating line a self replicating line that unfolds into the fractal well i noticed that line is about where the only square building in the -so when i got to the village i said can you take me to the square building i think somethings going on there and they said well we can take you there but you cant go inside because thats the sacred altar where we do sacrifices every year to keep up those annual cycles of fertility -the fields and i started to realize that the cycles of fertility were just like the recursive cycles in the geometric algorithm that builds this and the recursion in some of these villages continues down into very tiny scales so heres a nankani village in mali -and you can see you go inside the family enclosure you go inside and heres pots in the fireplace stacked recursively heres calabashes that -eternity once again infinity is important now you might ask yourself three questions at this point -architecture but that turns out not to be true i started collecting aerial photographs of native american and south pacific architecture only the african ones were fractal and if you think about it all these different societies have different geometric design themes they use -so native americans use a combination of circular symmetry and fourfold symmetry you can see on the pottery and the baskets -heres an aerial photograph of one of the anasazi ruins you can see its circular at the largest scale but its rectangular at the smaller scale right it is not the same pattern at two different scales -second you might ask well doctor eglash arent you ignoring the diversity of african cultures and three times the answer is no -so he realized he had a set whose number of elements was larger than infinity and this blew his mind literally -because a widely shared design practice doesnt necessarily give you a unity of culture and it definitely is not in the dna -africa -and finally well isnt this just intuition its not really mathematical knowledge africans cant possibly really be using fractal geometry right it wasnt invented until the nineteen seventies -we just make it that way because it looks pretty stupid but sometimes -in angola the chokwe people draw lines in the sand and its what the german mathematician euler called a graph we now call it an eulerian path you can never lift your stylus from the surface and you can never go over the same line twice -but they do it recursively and they do it with an age grade system so the little kids learn this one and then the older kids learn this one then the next age grade initiation -and when he came out of the sanitarium he was convinced that he had been put on earth to found transfinite set theory because the largest set of infinity would be god himself he was a very religious man he was a mathematician on a mission -and with each iteration of that algorithm you learn the iterations of the myth you learn the next level of knowledge -see self organizing patterns that spontaneously occur in this board game and the folks in ghana knew about these self organizing patterns and would use them strategically so this is very conscious knowledge heres a wonderful fractal -fences so i tracked down one of the folks who makes these things a guy in mali just outside of bamako and i asked him how come youre making fractal fences because nobody else is and his answer was very -he said but wind and dust goes through pretty easily now the tight rows up at the very top they really hold out the wind and dust but it takes a lot of time and it takes a lot of straw because theyre really tight now he said we know from experience -that the farther up from the ground you go the stronger the wind blows right its just like a cost benefit analysis and i measured out the lengths of straw put it on a log log plot got the scaling exponent -you can find it on the east coast as well as the west coast and often the symbols are very well preserved so -each of these symbols has four bits its a four bit binary word you draw these lines in the sand randomly -and then you count off and if its an odd number you put down one stroke and if its an even number you put down two strokes and they did this very rapidly -and i couldnt understand where they were getting they only did the randomness four times i couldnt understand where they were getting the other twelve symbols -sideways so even plus odd gives you odd odd plus even gives you odd even plus even gives you even odd plus odd gives you even its addition modulo two just like in the parity bit check on your computer -and then you take this symbol and you put it back in so its a self generating diversity of symbols theyre truly using -a kind of deterministic chaos in doing this now because its a binary code you can actually implement this in hardware what a fantastic teaching tool that should be -in african engineering schools and the most interesting thing i found out about it was historical in the twelfth century hugo of santalla brought it from islamic mystics into spain -this seed shape we can use any seed shape we like and ill rearrange this and stick this somewhere down there ok and -the german mathematician talked about geomancy in his dissertation called de combinatoria and he said well instead of using one stroke and two strokes lets use a one and a zero and we can count by powers of two -right ones and zeros the binary code george boole took leibnizs binary code and created boolean algebra and john von neumann took boolean algebra and created the digital computer so all these little pdas and laptops every digital circuit in the world -started in africa and i know brian eno says theres not enough africa in computers you know i dont think theres enough african history in -just a few words about applications that weve found for this and you can go to our website the applets are all free they just run in the browser -in the world can use them the national science foundations broadening participation in computing program recently awarded us a grant to make -a programmable version of these design tools so hopefully in three years anybodyll be able to go on the web and create their own simulations and their own artifacts weve focused in the u s on african american students as well as native american -really very successful teaching children they have a heritage thats about mathematics that its not just about singing and dancing -a pilot program in ghana we got a small seed grant just to see if folks would be willing to work with us on this were very excited about the -now upon iteration that seed shape sort of unfolds into a very different looking structure so these all have the property of self similarity the part looks like the whole its the same pattern at many different scales -i just wanted to point out that this idea of self organization as we heard earlier its in the brain its in the -its in googles search engine actually the reason that google was such a success is because they were the first ones to take advantage of the self organizing properties of the web its in ecological sustainability its in the developmental power of entrepreneurship the ethical power of democracy -its also in some bad things self organization is why the aids virus is spreading so fast and if you dont think that capitalism which is self organizing can have destructive effects you havent opened your eyes enough so we need to think about -as was spoken earlier the traditional african methods for doing self organization these are robust algorithms these are ways of doing self organization of doing entrepreneurship that are gentle that are egalitarian -so if we want to find a better way of doing that kind of work we need look only no farther than africa to find these robust self organizing algorithms thank you -i see dialysis centers popping up -so i figured that the -problem is the solution -food is the problem and food is the solution plus i got tired of driving forty five minutes round trip to get an apple that wasnt impregnated with pesticides so what i did -so me and my group l a green grounds we got together and we started planting my food forest fruit trees you know the whole nine vegetables what we do were a pay it forward kind of group -where its composed of -the city came down on me and basically gave -thats enough space to plant seven hundred and twenty five million tomato plants why in the hell would they not okay -just like a graffiti artist -i use the garden the soil like its a piece of cloth and the plants and the trees thats my embellishment for that cloth -youd be surprised -youd be surprised -how kids are affected by this -gardening is the most -especially in the inner city -i remember this time there was this mother and a daughter came it was like ten thirty at night and they were in my yard -and i came out and they looked so ashamed so im like man it made me feel bad that they were there and i told them you know you dont have to do this like this this is on the street for a reason -it made me feel ashamed to see people -in downtown los angeles these are the guys they helped me unload the truck -it was cool -so green grounds has gone on to plant maybe twenty gardens weve had like -fifty people come to our dig ins and participate and its all volunteers if kids grow kale kids eat kale -so with gardening i see an opportunity where we can train these kids -to take over their communities to have a sustainable life -just like twenty six point five million other americans i live in a food desert -now this is one of my plans this is what i want to do i want to plant a whole -take shipping containers and turn them into healthy cafes now dont get me wrong -im not talking about no free shit -so what i want to do here we gotta make this sexy -south central los angeles home of the drive thru -so i want us all to become -let that be your weapon of choice -for instance the obesity rate in my neighborhood is five times higher than say beverly hills which is probably eight ten miles away -if you had no access to healthy food if every time you walk out your door you see the ill effects that the present food system has on your neighborhood -players who didnt smile in their pictures lived an average of only seventy two point nine years where players with beaming smiles lived an average of almost eighty years -when theyre born babies continue to smile initially mostly in their sleep and even blind babies smile to the sound of the human voice -smiling is one of the most basic biologically uniform expressions of all humans -in studies conducted in papua new guinea paul ekman the worlds most renowned researcher on facial expressions found that even members of the fore tribe who were completely disconnected from western culture and also known for their unusual cannibalism rituals -attributed smiles to descriptions of situations the same way you and i would so from papua new guinea -to hollywood all the way to modern art in beijing we smile often and you smile to express joy and satisfaction -smile less than five in fact those with the most amazing superpowers are actually children who smile as many as four hundred times per day -you ask why because smiling is evolutionarily contagious and it suppresses the control we usually have on our facial muscles -mimicking a smile and experiencing it physically help us understand whether our smile is fake or real so we can understand the emotional state of the smiler -please dont try this at home -the finding supported darwins theory by showing that facial feedback modifies the neural processing of emotional content in the brain in a way that helps us feel better when we smile -smiling stimulates our brain reward mechanism in a way that even chocolate a well regarded pleasure inducer cannot match british researchers found that one smile can generate the same level of brain stimulation as up to two thousand bars of chocolate -when i grew up and realized that science fiction was not a good source for superpowers i decided instead to embark on a journey of real science to find a more useful truth -and think about it this way twenty five thousand times four hundred quite a few kids out there feel like mark zuckerberg every day -and unlike lots of chocolate lots of smiling can actually make you healthier smiling can help reduce the level of stress enhancing hormones -a recent study at penn state university found that when you smile you dont only appear to be more likable and courteous but you actually appear to be more competent -so whenever you want to look great and competent reduce your stress or improve your marriage or feel as if you just had a whole stack of high quality chocolate without incurring the caloric cost or as if you found twenty five grand in a pocket of an old jacket you hadnt worn for ages -i started my journey in california with a uc berkley thirty year longitudinal study that examined the photos of students in an old yearbook and tried to measure their success and well being throughout their life -by measuring their student smiles researchers were able to predict how fulfilling and long lasting a subjects marriage will be how well she would score on standardized tests of well being and how inspiring she would be to others -in another yearbook i stumbled upon barry obamas picture when i first saw his picture i thought that these superpowers came from his super collar -computers have changed the lives of us all in this room and around the world but i think theyve changed the lives of we blind people more than any other group -and so i want to tell you about the interaction between computer based adaptive technology and the many volunteers who helped me over the years -three or four years old i remember my mum reading a story to me and my two big brothers and i remember putting up my hands to feel the page of the book to feel the picture they were discussing -to become the person i am today -the books were transcribed by transcribers voluntary people who punched one dot at a time so id have volumes to read and that had been going on mainly by women since the late nineteen -when i was in high school -i got my first philips reel to reel tape recorder and tape recorders became my sort of pre computer medium of learning i could have family and friends read me material -and i could then read it back -as many times as i needed and it brought me into contact with volunteers and helpers for example when i studied at graduate school at queens university in canada -in law by their dedicated help -tape recorders were everything to me -in fact in my office in one thousand nine hundred and ninety i had eighteen miles -one of the reasons i agreed to give this talk today was that i was hoping that lois would be here so i could introduce you to her and publicly thank her -i saw my first -how very wrong i was in one thousand nine hundred and eighty seven in the month our eldest son gerard was born i got my first blind computer and its actually here -it was invented by russell smith a passionate inventor in new zealand who was trying to help blind people sadly he died in a light plane crash in two thousand and five but his memory lives on in my heart it meant for the first time i could read back -but by using charge coupled device flatbed scanners and speech synthesizers he developed a machine that could read any font -and his machine which was as big as a washing machine -for the first time i could read what i wanted to read by putting a book on the scanner i didnt have to be nice to people -i no longer would be censored for example -i was too shy then and im actually too shy now to ask anybody to read me out loud sexually explicit material -but you know i could pop a book on in the middle of the night -the kurzweil reader is simply a program on my laptop -that i would be part of a technological revolution that would make that dream come true -one is another american inventor ted henter -ted was a motorcycle racer -he then turned to being a waterskier and was a champion disabled waterskier but in one thousand nine hundred and eighty nine he teamed up with bill joyce to develop a program -i was born premature by about ten weeks which resulted in my blindness -you see if i read like that id fall asleep i slowed it down for you im going to ask that we play it at the speed i read it can we play that one -you know when youre marking student essays you want to get through -but you know i find -reading with machines a very lonely process -i grew up with family friends reading to me and i loved the warmth -some sixty four years ago -and the breath and the closeness of people reading do you love being read to and one of my most enduring memories is in one thousand nine -harry potter and the philosophers stone isnt that a great book i still love being close to someone reading to me but i wouldnt give up the technology because its allowed me to lead a great life -the condition is known as retrolental fibroplasia and its now very rare in the developed world -of course talking books for the blind predated all this technology after all the long playing record -w three c has developed worldwide standards for the internet and we want all internet users or internet site owners to make their sites compatible so that we persons without vision can have a level playing field -there are other barriers brought about by our laws -or read for we blind persons -but those books cant travel across borders -for example in spain there are a one hundred thousand accessible books in spanish in argentina there are fifty thousand -in no other latin american country are there more than a couple of thousand -but its not legal to transport the books from spain to latin america -there are hundreds of thousands of accessible books in the united states britain canada australia etc but they cant be transported to the sixty countries in our world where english is the first and the second language and remember i was telling you about harry potter -well because we cant transport books across borders there had to be separate versions read in all the different english speaking countries britain united states canada australia and new zealand all had to have separate readings of harry potter -and thats why next month in morocco a meeting is taking place between all the countries its something that a group of countries and the world blind union are advocating a cross border treaty -so that if books are available under a copyright exception and the other country has a copyright exception we can transport those books across borders and give life to people particularly in developing countries blind people -who dont have the books to read -my life has been extraordinarily blessed with marriage and children -and certainly interesting work to do -that i was in a country where i could participate -ive indeed been a very fortunate human being -i wonder what the future will hold -the technology will advance even further -but i can still remember my mum saying sixty years ago remember darling -youll never be able to read the print with your fingers -id like to thank my researcher hannah martin who is my slide clicker who clicks the slides and my wife professor mary crock whos the light of my life is coming on to collect me i want to thank her too -in the technological revolution there are thirty seven -i think i have to say goodbye now bless you thank you very -million totally blind people on our planet but those of us whove shared in the technological changes mainly come from north america europe japan and other developed parts of the world -which is what -because you have to understand in israel we dont talk with people from iran we dont know people from iran its like on facebook you have friends only from its like your neighbors are your friends on facebook -and now people from iran are talking to me so i start answering this girl and shes telling me she saw the poster and -give me a picture i will make you a poster and thats how it started and thats how really its unleashed because suddenly people from facebook friends and others just understand that they can be part of it its not just one dude making one poster its -we can be part of it so they start sending me pictures and ask me make me a poster post it tell the iranians we from israel love you too -it became you know at some point it was really really intense i mean so many pictures so i asked friends -to come graphic designers most of them to make posters with me because i didnt have the time it was a huge amount of pictures so for a few days thats how my living room was -and we received israeli posters israeli images but also lots of comments lots of messages from iran -and we took these messages and we made posters out of it because i know people they dont read they see images if its an image they may read it so here are a few of them -on an israeli flag to enter her school every morning and now that she sees the posters that were sending she starts she said that she changed her mind and now -she loves that blue she loves that star and she loves that flag talking about the israeli flag and she wished that wed meet and come to visit one another and just a few days after i posted the first poster -and now its communication its a two way story its israelis and iranians sending the same message one to each other -and then it became news because when youre seeing the middle east you see only the bad news and suddenly there is something that was happening -so she said everybody in palestine in where israel who is everybody everybody they said syria syria lebanon lebanon at some point he just said forty million people are going to see you today -something crazy also happened every time a country started talking about it like germany america wherever a page on facebook popped up with -the same logo with the same stories so at the beginning we had iran loves israel which is an iranian sitting in tehran saying okay israel loves iran -i give you iran loves israel you have palestine loves israel you have lebanon that just a few days ago and this whole list of pages on facebook dedicated to the same message to people sending their love one to each other -the moment i really understood that something was happening a friend of mine told me google the word israel and those were the first images on those days that popped up from google -and the client was saying no its ten thousand a day -when you were typing israel or iran we really changed how people see the middle east because youre not in the middle east youre somewhere over there and then you want to see the middle east so you go on google and you say israel and they give you the bad stuff and for a few days you got those images -today the israel loves iran page is this number eighty thousand eight hundred and thirty one and two million people last week went on the page and shared liked i dont know commented on one of the photos so for -five months now thats what we are doing me michal a few of my friends -and were understanding -and you show compassion and you become friends -and at some point you become friends on facebook and you become friends in life you can go and travel and meet people -and i was in munich a few weeks ago -i went there to open an exposition about iran and i met there with people -from the page that told me okay youre going to be in europe im coming im coming from france from holland from germany of course and from israel people came and we just met there for the first time in real life i met with people that -are supposed to be my enemies for the first time and we just shake hands and have a coffee and a nice discussion and we talk about food and basketball and that was the end of it remember that image from the beginning at some point we met in real life and we became friends -and -to come to israel and she gets on the plane and arrives at ben gurion and says okay not that big a deal so a few weeks ago the stress is getting higher -its like every year its the last minute that we can do something about the war with iran its like if we dont act now its too late forever for ten years now -so we start this new campaign called -not ready to die in your war i mean its plus minus the same message but we wanted really to add some aggressivity to it -and again something amazing happened something that we didnt have on the first wave of the campaign now people from iran the same ones who were shy at the first campaign and just sent you know their foot and half their faces now theyre sending their faces and theyre saying okay -no problem were into it we are with you -just read where those guys are from and for every guy from israel youve got someone from iran -just people sending their pictures -so -so you may ask yourself who is this dude -my name is ronny edry and im forty one im an israeli im a father of two im a husband and im a graphic designer im teaching graphic design -i was in the army i was in the paratroopers for three years and i know how it looks from the ground i know how it can look really bad so to me this is the courageous thing to do to try to reach the other side before its too late -sometimes but maybe with effort we can avoid it maybe as people because especially in israel were in a democracy we have the freedom of speech and maybe that little thing can change something -and really we can be our own ambassadors we can just -send a message and hope for the best -change something just raise that exactly and im just going to take a picture of it and im just going to post it on facebook with kind of israelis for peace or something -oh my god dont cry thank you guys -so i went to sleep and that was it for me and later on in the night i woke up because im always waking up in the night and i went by the computer and i see all these red dots you know on facebook which ive never seen before -thank you brunos face just then he said no dont go through this dont please dont dont go through this dont do it -im worried when i -got the invitation they said somewhere in the thing they said fifteen minutes to change the world your moment onstage fifteen minutes to change the world i dont know about you it takes me fifteen minutes to change a plug -seen that wonderful demonstration of the wireless electric fantastic you know it inspires us three hundred years ago hed have been burnt at the -for that and now its an idea its -a whole new experience dont you think i mean he must walk in and they will say -i dont know how you keep it up chris i really dont so nice all week hes the kind of man you could say to chris im really sorry ive crashed your car and -how can your coffee be true -and they will say would you mind if i serve the next customer and elaine morgan yesterday wasnt she wonderful fantastic really good -talk about the aquatic ape and the link of course the link between darwinism and the fact that we are all -not hirsute and we can swim rather well and she said you know shes ninety shes running out of time she said and shes desperate to find more evidence for the link and i think im sitting next to lewis pugh -this man has swum around the north pole what more evidence do you want -global problems require scottish solutions -the problem i have is because gordon brown he comes onstage and he looks for all the world like a man whos just taken the head off a bear suit -can i tell you what happened in the woods back there uh no -it gets worse i crashed it into your house your house has caught fire and whats more your wife has just run off with your best friend and you know that chris would say -sorry ive only got eighteen minutes eighteen minutes to talk about saving the world saving the planet global institutions -our work on climate change ive only got eighteen minutes unfortunately im not able to tell you about all the wonderful things were doing to promote the climate change agenda in great britain like the third runway were planning at heathrow airport -the -british jobs for scottish people -although to be honest when i was at number eleven that was never going to be a problem -i just -my wife with a wonderful smile that reminds me i must post that -i just -thank you -i wrote to him just before i left office i said can i rely on your support for the next month and he wrote back he said -another thing gordon could have mentioned in his speech to the mansion house in two thousand and two that was to the building the people werent listening but -the people when talking about the finance industry he said what you as the city of london have done for financial services we as a government hope to do for the economy as a whole -thank you for sharing thats really interesting -is the first time that i can remember where if you get a letter from the bank manager about a loan you dont know if youre borrowing money from him or if hes -money from you am i right -these extraordinary things icelandic internet accounts did anyone here have an icelandic internet account why would you do that why would its like one step up from replying to one of those emails from nigeria -asking for your bank details and you know iceland it was never going to cut it it didnt have that kind of -it have it has fish thats all thats why the prime minister went on television he said this has left us all with a very big haddock -the -very very difficult luckily somebody like george bush was really helpful he summed it up really at a dinner he was speaking at a dinner he said wall street got -and now its -thank you for inviting us one -is donald rumsfeld who said there are the known knowns the things we know we know -and then you got the known unknowns the things we know we dont know -and then you got the unknown unknowns those are the things we dont know we dont know and being -i first heard that i thought what a load of cock and then -now well actually thats what this is about this whole -on in the ted week is that gradually as the days go by all the other speakers cover most of what you were going to say -they didnt know what they were doing in two thousand and six the head of the american mortgage bankers association said -quote -as we can clearly see no seismic occurrence is about to overwhelm the u s economy now there is a man on top of his job -have a new man america has now elected its first openly black president -you see a lot of the people that i most admire either great artists great designers great thinkers theyre left handed and somebody said to me last night you know being left handed you have to learn to write without smudging the ink -sorry about that im right handed but i seem to have smudged that ink as well -but you know hes gone now hes gone thats eight years of american history eight minutes of my act just gone like that you know its the end of an error i happen to believe it was a -they said there was no link between iraq and al qaeda there is now -message for the suicide -those people whove blown themselves up -now hes gone and its great to see one of the -the worst speech makers in american history now given way to one of the greatest in obama you were there maybe on the night of his victory and he spoke to the crowd in chicago he said -if there is anyone out there -who still doubts -not so easy is it -about cicero who said people would listen to a speech they said great speech and then theyd listen to demosthenes and theyd say lets march and -so this morning i thought oh well ill just do a card trick that ones gone as well -we all want to believe in president obama its rather like that line in the film as good as it gets do you remember that film with helen hunt and jack nicholson and helen hunt says to jack nicholson what do you see in me and jack nicholson just says you make me want to be a better man -you want a leader that inspires and challenges and makes you want to be a better citizen right but at the moment its a cicero thing we like what barack obama says but we dont do anything about it so he comes over to this country and he says -big -a nu ca ler sorry what a -thank you -but he says we want a nuclear free world and that day north korea that very day north korea is just seeing if it can just get one over japan and land it before so where do we look for inspiration -and today is emmanuels day i think weve agreed that already havent we -i believe it was president dwight d eisenhower who said -was diana ross who said -reach out and touch somebodys -this world a better place if you can i just think thats important i really do and i was -him in -we have prince charles and the environment is so important all we can do my wife gets fed up with me constantly trying to push emissions up her agenda -i was planning on finishing on a dance so -we have mandela to inspire mandela the great man mandela hes been honored with a statue now the previous highest honor he had in britain was a visit from the team from ground force a gardening program -so nelson how would you like a nice water feature -to -i was -of the ocean why would i -very quickly -how to end this talk and then yesterday that man came up with a wonderful quote from the japanese essays on -what i can do is to launch today the first ted global auction -if i could start this is the enigma -decoding machine who will start me with one thousand dollars anyone -is two kinds of problems problems that occur on the mountain which you couldnt anticipate such as for example ice on a slope but which you can get around and problems which you couldnt anticipate and which you cant get around like a sudden blizzard or an avalanche or a change in the weather -is as follows were told that we went into afghanistan -and the key to this is a guide who has been on that mountain -in every temperature at every period -a guide who above all knows when to turn back -who doesnt press on relentlessly when conditions turn against them what we look for in firemen in climbers in policemen and what we should look for in intervention is intelligent risk takers not people who plunge blind off a cliff -not people who jump into a burning room but who weigh their risks weigh their responsibilities because the worst thing we have done in afghanistan is this idea that failure is not an option -it makes failure -that if we can often do much less than we pretend we can do much more than we fear -thank you very much applause thank you thank you -the problem in libya is that we are always pushing for the black or white we imagine there are only two choices either full engagement and troop deployment -or total isolation and we are always being tempted up to our neck we put our toes in and we go up to our neck -what we should have done in libya is we should have stuck to the u n resolution we should have limited ourselves very very strictly to the protection of the civilian population in benghazi -had no planes within forty eight hours instead of which weve allowed ourselves to be tempted towards regime change -in doing so weve destroyed our credibility with the security council which means -as they possibly can the story that were told is that there was a light footprint initially -in other words that we ended up in a situation where we didnt have enough troops we didnt have enough resources that afghans were frustrated they felt there wasnt enough progress and economic development and security and therefore the taliban came back -when president obama signed off on a surge that we finally had in the words of secretary clinton -the strategy the leadership and the resources so as the president now reassures us we are on track to achieve our goals -all of this is wrong -every one of those statements is wrong -why did we invade afghanistan the question is -afghanistan does not pose an existential threat to global security -it is extremely unlikely the taliban would ever be able to take over the country -why are we still in afghanistan one decade later -its extremely unlikely that al qaeda would significantly enhance its ability to harm the united states or harm europe -because this isnt the one thousand nine hundred and ninety s anymore if the -and these troops that we brought in -its a great picture of david beckham there on the sub machine gun made the situation worse not better when i walked across afghanistan in the winter of two thousand and one two thousand and two what i saw was scenes like this -a girl if youre lucky in the corner of a dark room -lucky to be able to look at the koran -but in those early days when were told we didnt have enough troops and enough resources we made a lot of progress in afghanistan within a few months there were two and a half million more girls in school -why are we spending dollar one hundred and thirty five billion why have we got one hundred and thirty thousand troops on the ground why were more people killed -and we had progress in the free media we had progress in elections all of this with the so called light footprint -but when we began to bring more money -when we began to invest more resources things got worse not better how well first see if you put one hundred and twenty five billion dollars a year into a country like afghanistan where the entire revenue of the afghan state is one billion dollars a year you drown everything -its not simply corruption and waste that you create you essentially replace the priorities of the afghan government the elected afghan government with the micromanaging tendencies of foreigners on short tours with their own priorities and the same is true for the troops -considerably more islamist than wed like to acknowledge this man for example mullah mustafa tried to shoot me -and i was too afraid on this occasion -to ask him having run for an hour through the desert and taken refuge in this house why he had turned up and wanted to have his photograph taken with me -last month than in any preceding month of this conflict -but eighteen months later i asked him why he had tried to shoot me -and mullah mustafa hes the man with the pen and paper explained that the man sitting immediately to the left as you look at the photograph nadir shah had bet him that he couldnt hit me now this is not to say afghanistan is a place full of people like mullah mustafa its not its a wonderful place -full of incredible energy and intelligence but it is a place where the putting in of the troops has increased the violence rather than decreased it -two thousand and five anthony fitzherbert an agricultural engineer could travel through helmand could stay in nad ali sangin and ghoresh which are now the names of villages where fighting is taking place today he could never do that -so the idea that we deployed the troops to respond to the taliban insurgency is mistaken rather than preceding the insurgency the taliban followed the troop deployment and as far as im concerned the troop deployment caused their return -now is this a new idea no there have been any number of people saying this over the last seven years i ran a center at harvard from two thousand and eight to two thousand and ten -and there were people like michael semple there who speak afghan languages fluently whove traveled to almost every district in the country andrew wilder for example -served his whole life in pakistan and afghanistan paul fishstein who began working there in one thousand nine hundred and seventy eight worked for save the children ran the afghan research and evaluation unit -twenty years has been the age of intervention -these are people who were able to say consistently -that the increase in development aid was making afghanistan less secure not more secure that the counter insurgency strategy was not working and would not work -and yet nobody listened to them instead -there was a litany of astonishing optimism -beginning in two thousand and four every general came in saying -ive inherited a dismal situation but finally -i have the right resources and the correct strategy which will deliver in general barnos word in two thousand and four the decisive year -and afghanistan is simply one act in a five act tragedy we came out of the end of the cold war -well guess what it didnt but it wasnt sufficient to prevent -general abuzaid saying that he had the strategy and the resources to deliver in two thousand and five the decisive year or general david richards to come in two thousand and six and say he had the strategy and the resources to deliver the crunch year or in two thousand and seven -the norwegian deputy foreign minister espen eide to say that that would deliver the decisive year or in two thousand and eight major general champoux to come in and say -he would deliver the decisive year or in two thousand and nine my great friend general stanley mcchrystal who said that he was knee deep in the decisive year or in two thousand and ten the u k foreign secretary david miliband who said that at last we would deliver -well the answer of course is if you spend one hundred and twenty five billion or one hundred and thirty billion dollars a year in a country you co opt almost everybody -even the aid agencies who begin to receive an enormous amount of money from the u s and the european governments to build schools and clinics are somewhat disinclined to challenge the idea that afghanistan is an existential threat to global security -wouldnt get the money to build their hospitals and schools its also very difficult to confront a general with medals on his chest its very difficult for a politician because youre afraid that many lives have been lost in vain you feel deep deep guilt you exaggerate your fears -and youre terrified about the humiliation of defeat -we faced bosnia -what is the solution to this -well the solution to this is we need to find a way that people like michael semple or those other people who are telling the truth who know the country whove spent thirty years on the ground and most importantly of all -the missing component of this -and then we rediscovered our confidence in the third act we went into bosnia and kosovo and we seemed to succeed in the fourth act with our hubris our overconfidence developing -afghans themselves who understand what is going on -we need to somehow get their message to the policymakers and this is very difficult to do because of our structures the first thing we need to change is the structures of our government -very very sadly our foreign services the united nations the military -in these countries have very little idea of whats going on the average british soldier is on a tour of only six months -italian soldiers on tours of four months -the american military on tours of twelve months -diplomats are locked in embassy compounds when they go out they travel in these curious armored vehicles with these somewhat threatening security teams who ready twenty four hours in advance who say you can only stay on the ground for an hour in the british embassy in afghanistan in two thousand and eight -an embassy of three hundred and fifty people there were only three people who could speak dari the main language of afghanistan at a decent level and there was not a single pashto speaker -in the afghan section in london responsible for governing afghan policy on the ground -i was told last year that there was not a single staff member of the foreign office in that section who had ever served on a posting in afghanistan -so we need to change that institutional culture and i could make the same points about the united states and the united nations -secondly we need to aim off of the optimism of the generals we need to make sure that were a little bit suspicious that we understand that optimism is in the dna of the military that we dont respond to it with quite as much alacrity -and thirdly we need to have some humility we need to begin from the position -that our knowledge our power -our legitimacy is limited this doesnt mean that intervention around the world is a disaster it isnt bosnia and kosovo -were signal successes -we invaded iraq and afghanistan -has largely happened a million properties have been returned borders between the bosniak territory and the bosnian serb territory have calmed down -the national army has shrunk -the crime rates in bosnia today are lower than they are in sweden -this has been done by an incredible principled effort by the international community and of course above all by bosnians themselves -but you need to look at context and this is what weve lost in afghanistan and iraq you need to understand that in those places what really mattered -lot of the secret of our success -was our humility -was the tentative nature of our engagement we criticized people a lot in bosnia for being quite slow to take on war criminals we criticized them for being quite slow to return refugees but that slowness that caution the fact that president clinton initially said that american troops would only be deployed for a year turned out to be a strength -so the question is what are we doing why are we still stuck in afghanistan and the answer of course that we keep being given -and it helped us to put our priorities right one of the saddest things about our involvement in afghanistan -is that weve got our priorities out of sync were not matching our resources to our priorities because if what were interested in is terrorism -pakistan is far more important than afghanistan if what were interested in is regional stability egypt is far more important if what were worried about is poverty and development sub saharan africa is far more important -this doesnt mean that afghanistan doesnt matter but that its one of forty countries in the world with which we need to engage -so if i can finish with a metaphor -for intervention what we need to think of -is something like mountain rescue -why mountain rescue because when people talk about intervention they imagine that some scientific theory the rand corporation goes around counting forty three previous insurgencies producing mathematical formula saying you need one trained counter insurgent for every twenty members of the population -this is the wrong way of looking at it you need to look at it in the way that you look at mountain rescue when youre doing mountain rescue you dont take a doctorate in mountain rescue you look for somebody who knows the terrain its about context you understand that you can prepare -but the amount of preparation you can do is limited you can take some water you can have a map you can have a pack but what really matters -family doctors businesspeople professors distinguished economists historians writers -army officers ranging from colonels down to regimental sergeant majors -all of them however including myself as we walk underneath -those strange stone gargoyles just down the road feel that weve become less than the sum of our parts -feel as though we have become -its a problem across the developing world and in middle income countries too in jamaica for example -a dismal depressing landscape of burnt and half abandoned buildings -and he sits down and the teacher says -ten years ago however the promise of democracy seemed to be extraordinary -george w bush stood up in his state of the union address in two thousand and three and said that democracy was the force -that would beat most of the ills of the world he said because democratic governments respect their own people and respect their neighbors freedom will bring peace -what does your father do -distinguished academics at the same time argued that democracies had this incredible range of side benefits they would bring prosperity security overcome sectarian violence ensure that states would never again harbor terrorists since then whats happened -well what weve seen is the creation in places like iraq and afghanistan -and little billy says my father plays the piano in an opium den -what we find in afghanistan is a judiciary that is weak and corrupt a very limited civil society which is largely ineffective -a media which is beginning to get onto its feet but a government thats deeply unpopular -and security that is shocking -security thats terrible -in lots of sub saharan africa -again you can see democracy and elections are compatible with corrupt governments with states that are unstable and dangerous and when i have conversations with people i remember having a conversation for example in iraq with a community that asked me -so the teacher rings up the parents and says very shocking story -whether the riot we were seeing in front of us this was a huge mob ransacking a provincial council building was a sign of the new democracy -the same i felt -was true in almost every single one of the middle and developing countries that i went to and to some extent the same is true of us -well what is the answer to this is the answer to just give up on the idea of democracy -from little billy today just heard that he claimed that you play the piano in an opium den -we were imposing anything other than a democratic system anything else would run contrary to our values it would run contrary to the wishes of the people on the ground it would run contrary to our interests -i remember in iraq for example -so in iraq in two thousand and three the decision was made lets not have elections for two years lets invest in voter education lets invest in democratization -the result was that i found stuck outside my office a huge crowd of people this is actually a photograph taken in libya but i saw the same scene in iraq of people -standing outside screaming for the elections and when i went out and said -what is wrong with the people that we have chosen -there is a sunni sheikh theres a shiite sheikh theres the seven leaders of the seven major tribes theres a christian theres a sabian there are female representatives theres every political -and the father says im very sorry yes its true -party in this council -whats wrong with the people that we chose the answer came -the problem isnt the people that you chose the problem is that you chose them -i have not met in afghanistan in even the most remote community anybody who does not want a say in who governs them -most remote community i have never met a villager who does not want a vote -i lied but how can i tell an eight year old boy -so we need to acknowledge that despite the dubious statistics despite the fact that eighty four percent of people in britain feel politics is broken -despite the fact that when i was in iraq we did an opinion poll in two thousand and three and asked people what political systems they preferred and the answer came back that -seven percent wanted the united states -five percent wanted france three percent wanted britain and nearly forty percent wanted dubai which is after all not a democratic state at all but a relatively prosperous minor monarchy democracy is a thing of value for which we should be fighting -that his father is a politician -but in order to do so we need to get away from instrumental arguments we need to get away from saying -why should we get away from those arguments because theyre very dangerous if we set about saying for example -torture is wrong -because it doesnt extract good information -or we say you need womens rights because it stimulates economic growth by doubling the size of the work force you leave yourself open to the position where the government of north korea can turn around and say well actually were having a lot of success extracting good information with our torture at the moment -the point about democracy is not instrumental its not about the things that it brings the point about democracy is not that it delivers -legitimate effective prosperous -rule of law its not that it guarantees peace with itself or with its neighbors -the point about democracy is intrinsic democracy matters because it reflects an idea of equality and an idea of liberty it reflects an idea of dignity -the dignity of the individual the idea that each individual should have an equal vote an equal say in the formation of their government -but if were really to make democracy vigorous again -after i speak to you today im going on a radio program called any questions and the thing you will have noticed about politicians on these kinds of radio programs is that they never ever say that they dont know the answer to a question it doesnt matter what it is -we need to stop that to stop pretending to be omniscient beings politicians also need to learn occasionally to say that certain things that voters want certain things that voters have been promised may be things that we cannot deliver -a snake a monkey and an iguana and through all of this i feel strongly -or perhaps that we feel we should not deliver -and the second thing we should do is understand -the genius of our societies -our societies have never been so educated have never been so energized have never been so healthy have never known so much cared so much or wanted to do so much and it is a genius of the local -one of the reasons why were moving away from banqueting halls such as the one in which we stand banqueting halls with extraordinary images on the ceiling of kings enthroned -the entire drama played out here on this space where the king of england had his head lopped off why weve moved from spaces like this thrones like that towards the town hall is were moving more and more towards the energies of our people and we need to tap that -that can mean different things in different countries in britain -it could mean looking to the french -learning from the french getting directly elected mayors in place in a french commune system -that something is going wrong four hundred years of maturing democracy -but for any of these things to work -the honesty in language the local democracy its not just a question of what politicians do its a question of what the citizens do for politicians to be honest the public needs to allow them to be honest -and the media which mediates between the politicians and the public needs to allow those politicians to be honest if local democracy is to flourish it is about the active and informed engagement of every citizen -in other words -if democracy is to be rebuilt -is to become again vigorous and vibrant -it is necessary not just -colleagues in parliament who seem to me as individuals reasonably impressive an increasingly educated energetic informed population -and yet a deep deep sense of disappointment -my colleagues in parliament include in my new intake -what you should in fact do is employ all of the worlds top male and female supermodels pay them to walk the length of the train handing out free chateau petrus for the entire duration of the -now -youll still have about three billion pounds left in change and people will ask for the trains to be slowed down -they cost very little to develop they work extraordinarily well -my first time at ted normally as an advertising man i actually speak at ted evil which is teds secret sister organization the one that pays all the bills its held every two years in burma -it actually works by giving you the impression that youve had a very good education which gives you an insane sense of unwarranted self confidence which then makes you very very successful in later life -because he realized that if you had two sources of carbohydrate wheat and potatoes you get less price volatility in bread and you get a far lower risk of famine because you actually had two crops to fall back on not one -so he tried plan b he tried the marketing solution which is he declared the potato as a royal vegetable and none but the royal family could consume it -and he planted it in a royal potato patch with guards who had instructions to guard over it night and day but with secret instructions not to guard it very well -is one pretty safe rule in life which is if something is worth guarding its worth stealing -two very fundamental things which is that actually first one all value is actually relative -actually -all value is subjective second point is that persuasion is -better than compulsion these funny signs that flash your speed at you some of the new ones on the bottom right now actually show a smiley face or a frowny face -years working in the business that what we create in advertising which is intangible value you might call it perceived value you might call it badge value subjective value intangible value of some kind gets rather a bad rap -actually there is a thing just as there are veblen goods where the value of the good depends on it being expensive and rare there are opposite kind of things -where actually the value in them depends on them being ubiquitous classless and minimalistic if you think about it shakerism was a proto environmental movement -adam smith talks about eighteenth century america where the prohibition against visible displays of wealth was so great it was almost a block in the economy in new england -because even wealthy farmers could find nothing to spend their money on without incurring the displeasure of their neighbors its perfectly possible to create these social pressures which lead to -more egalitarian societies whats also interesting if you look at products that have a high component of what you might call messaging value a high component of intangible value versus their intrinsic value they are often quite egalitarian -if you think about it if you want to live in a world in the future where there are fewer material goods you basically have two choices you can either live in a world which is poorer -in terms of dress denim is perhaps the perfect example of something which replaces material value with symbolic value coca cola a bunch of you may be a load of pinkos and you may not like the coca cola company -basically have to change our views slightly there is a basic view that real value involves making things involves labor it involves engineering it involves limited raw materials -and that what we add on top is kind of false its a fake version and there is a reason for some suspicion and uncertainly about it it patently veers toward propaganda -much fairer when i grew up this was basically the media environment of my childhood as translated into food you had a monopoly supplier on the left you have rupert murdoch or the bbc -and on your right you have a dependent public which is pathetically grateful for anything you give it -which people in general dont like or you can live in a world where actually intangible value constitutes a greater part of overall value -user is actually involved this is actually whats called in the digital world user generated content although its called agriculture in the world -this is actually called a mash up where you take content that someone else has produced and you do something new with it in the world of food we call it cooking -cornish pastie the pie the sandwich we invented the whole lot of them were not very good at food in general italians do great food but its not very portable generally -but so much communication now is contextual that the capacity for actually nudging -better information b j fogg at the university of stanford makes the point that actually the mobile phone is hes invented the phrase persuasive technologies he believes the mobile phone by being location specific contextual timely and immediate -is simply the greatest persuasive technology device ever invented now if we have all these tools at our disposal we simply have to ask the question and thaler and sunstein have of how we can use these more -actually intangible value in many ways is a very very fine substitute for using up labor or limited resources in the creation of things -you one example if you had a large red button of this kind on the wall of your home and every time you pressed it it saved fifty dollars for you put fifty dollars into your pension -you would save a lot more the reason is that the interface fundamentally determines the behavior okay now marketing has done a very very good job of creating opportunities for impulse buying yet weve never created the opportunity for impulse saving -if you did this more people would save more its simply a question of changing the interface by which people make decisions -actually fundamental opportunities to change human behavior now ive got an example here from canada -how you could relaunch shreddies he came up with this -so shreddies is actually producing a new product which is something very exciting for them -you see that when you see the diamond -a -and -debate raged there were conservative elements in canada unsurprisingly who actually resented this intrusion so eventually the manufacturers actually arrived at a compromise which was the -if you think its funny bear in mind there is an organization -except when you tell the people how expensive it is in which case they tend to enjoy the more expensive stuff more so drink your wine blind in the future -two quotations to more or less end with one of them is poetry is when you make new things familiar and familiar things new which isnt a bad definition of what -to help people appreciate what is unfamiliar but also to gain a greater appreciation and place a far higher value on those things which are already -so they actually reduce the need for actually spending great money on display and increase the kind of third party enjoyment you can get from the smallest simplest things in life which is magic the second one is the second g k chesterton quote of this session -which is we are perishing for want of wonder not for want of wonders which i think for anybody involved in technology is perfectly true and a final thing when you place a value on things like health love sex and other things -mister picky im just an ad man but it strikes me as a slightly unimaginative way of improving a train journey merely to make it shorter now what is -and learn to place a material value on what youve previously discounted for being merely intangible a thing not seen you realize youre much much wealthier than you ever imagined thank you very much -now all of you in this room in one form or another are probably customers of one or both of those organizations that merged just interested did anybody notice anything different as a result of this -so unless you happened to be a shareholder of one or the other organizations or one of the dealmakers or lawyers involved in the no doubt lucrative activity youre actually engaging in a huge piece of activity that meant absolutely bugger all to anybody -by contrast years of marketing have taught me that if you actually want people to remember you and to appreciate what you do the most potent things are actually very very small this is from virgin atlantic upper class its the cruet salt and pepper set -you who may remember me from tedglobal remember me asking a few questions which still preoccupy me one of them was why is it necessary to spend six billion pounds speeding up the eurostar train when for a about ten percent of that money you could have top supermodels male and female -quite nice in itself theyre little sort of airplane things whats really really sweet is every single person looking at these things has exactly the same mischievous thought which is -i reckon i can heist these however you pick them up and underneath actually engraved in the metal are the words stolen from -now -my guess is that the cost of installing this in the lift in the lydmar hotel in stockholm is probably five hundred to one thousand pounds max -its frankly more memorable than all those millions of hotels weve all stayed at that tell you that your room has actually been recently renovated -at a cost of five hundred thousand dollars in order to make it resemble every other hotel room youve ever stayed in in the entire course of your life -now these are trivial marketing examples i accept but i was at a ted event recently and esther duflo probably one of the leading experts in effectively the eradication of poverty in the developing world actually spoke -by not only making it a social event i think good use of behavioral economics in that if you turn up with several other mothers to have your child inoculated -your sense of confidence is much greater than if you turn up alone but secondly to incentivize that inoculation by giving a kilo of lentils to everybody who participated -its a tiny tiny thing if youre a senior person at unesco and someone says so what are you doing to eradicate world -really confident standing up there saying ive got it cracked its the lentils -our own sense of self aggrandizement feels that big important problems need to have big important and most of all expensive solutions attached to them -once you have a very very large budget you actually look for expensive things to spend it on what is completely lacking is a class of people who have immense amounts of power but no money at all -those people id quite like to create in the world going forward now heres another thing that happens which is what i call sometimes terminal five syndrome which is that big expensive things get big -highly intelligent attention and theyre great and terminal five is absolutely magnificent until you get down to the small detail the usability which is the signage -which is catastrophic you come out of arrive at the airport and you follow a big yellow sign that says trains and its in front of you so you walk for another hundred yards -you may remember me asking the question as well a very interesting observation that actually those strange little signs that actually flash thirty five at you occasionally accompanying a little smiley face or a frown according to whether youre within or outside the speed limit -its quite a good idea to have a lift with no up and down button in it if it only serves two floors it actually bloody terrifying -when the door closes and theres nothing for you to do youve actually just stepped into a hammer film -these questions what is happening in the world is the big stuff actually is done magnificently well but the small stuff what you might call the user interface -done spectacularly badly but also there seems to be a complete sort of gridlock in terms of solving these small solutions because the people who can actually solve them -actually are too powerful and too preoccupied with something they think of as strategy to actually solve them i tried this exercise recently talking about banking they said can we do an advertising campaign what can we do and encourage more online banking -is your balance ive got friends who actually never use their own bank cash machines because theres the risk that it might display their balance on the screen why would you willingly expose yourself to bad news -okay you simply wouldnt i said if you make actually tell me my balance if you make that an option rather than a default youll find -pretty rich by the standards of the world at large now interesting that no single person does that or at least can admit to being so anal as to do it -but whats interesting about that suggestion was that to implement that suggestion wouldnt cost ten million pounds it wouldnt involve large amounts of expenditure it would actually cost about fifty quid -if the board of directors convince everybody that the success of any organization is almost entirely dependent on the decisions made by the board of directors it makes the disparity in salaries -slightly more justifiable than if you actually acknowledge that quite a lot of credit for a companys success might actually lie somewhere else in small pieces of tactical activity -are actually more effective at preventing road accidents than speed cameras which come with the actual threat of real punishment -what is happening is that effectively and the invention of the spreadsheet hasnt helped this lots of things havent helped this business and government suffers from a kind of physics envy -it wants the world to be the kind of place where the input and the change are proportionate its a kind of mechanistic world that wed all love to live in where -very nicely on spreadsheets everything is numerically expressible and the amount you spend on something is proportionate to the scale of your success -thats the world people actually want in truth we do live in a world that science can understand unfortunately the science is probably closer to being climatology -in that in many cases very very small changes can have disproportionately huge effects and equally vast areas of activity enormous mergers can actually accomplish absolutely bugger all -but its very very uncomfortable for us to actually acknowledge were living in such a world but what im saying is we could just make things a little bit better for ourselves -if we looked at it in this very simple four way approach that is actually strategy and im not denying that strategy has a role -there are cases where you spend quite a lot of money and you accomplish quite a lot and id be wrong to dis that completely moving over we come of course to -i thought it was very indecent of accenture to ditch tiger woods in such a sort of hurried and hasty way i mean tiger surely was actually obeying the accenture model he developed an interesting outsourcing model for sexual services -to be a strange disproportionality at work i think in many areas of human problem solving particularly those which involve human psychology -no longer tied to a single monopoly provider in many cases sourcing things locally and of course the ability to have between one and three girls delivered at any time led for better load balancing -so what accenture suddenly found so unattractive about that im not sure then there are other things that dont cost much and achieve absolutely nothing thats called trivia -but theres a fourth thing -but which if they do work can have a success absolutely out of proportion to their expense their efforts and the disruption they -so the first thing id like is a competition to anybody watching this as a film is to come up with the name for that stuff on the bottom right -and the second thing i think is that the world needs to have people in charge of that thats why i call for the chief detail officer every corporation should have one and every government should have a ministry of detail -the people who actually have no money who have no extravagant budget but who realize that actually you might achieve greater success in uptake of a -which is the tendency of the organization or the institution is to deploy as much force as possible as much compulsion as possible -actually the tendency of the person is to be almost influenced in absolute reverse proportion to the amount of force being applied -what you also notice is that in any case our perception is leaky we cant tell the difference between the quality of the food -and the environment in which we consume it all of you will have seen this phenomenon if you have your car washed or valeted when you drive away your car feels as if it drives better -makes you feel terrible and i think one of the problems with classical economics is its absolutely preoccupied with reality and reality isnt a particularly good guide to human happiness why for example -and the reason for this unless my car valet mysteriously is changing the oil and performing work which im not paying him for and im unaware of is because perception is in any case leaky -both of them after all are in exactly the same stage of life you both have too much time on your hands and not much money -but pensioners are reportedly very very happy whereas the unemployed are extraordinarily unhappy and depressed the reason i think is that the pensioners believe theyve chosen to be pensioners whereas the young unemployed -an electric floor every now and then an electric shock is applied to the floor -which pains the dogs the only difference is one of the dogs has a small button in its half of the box and when it nuzzles the button the electric shock stops -the other dog doesnt have the button its exposed to exactly the same level of pain as the dog in the first box but it has no control over the circumstances -generally the first dog can be relatively content the second dog lapses into complete depression -the circumstances of our lives may actually matter less to our happiness than the sense of control we feel over our lives its an interesting question -we ask the question the whole debate in the western world is about the level of taxation -but i think theres another debate to be asked which is the level of control we have over our tax money -that what costs us ten pounds in one context can be a curse -what costs us ten pounds -in a different context we may actually welcome you know pay twenty thousand pounds in tax toward health and youre merely feeling a mug -pay twenty thousand pounds to endow a hospital ward and youre called a philanthropist im probably in the wrong country to talk about willingness to pay tax -because they are actually the same thing what you call them actually affects how you react to them -viscerally and morally i think psychological value is great to be absolutely honest one of my great friends a professor called nick chater whos the professor of decision sciences in london believes that we should spend far less time looking into humanitys hidden depths and spend much more time exploring the hidden shallows -which is ever since in the u k they banned smoking in public places ive never enjoyed a drinks party ever again -i think thats true actually i think impressions have an insane effect on what we think and what we do -but what we dont have is a really good model of human psychology at least pre kahneman perhaps we didnt have a really good model of human psychology to put alongside models of engineering of neoclassical economics so people who believed in psychological solutions didnt have a model we didnt have a framework -this is what warren buffetts business partner charlie munger calls a latticework on which to hang your ideas -engineers economists classical economists all had a very very robust existing latticework on which practically every idea could be hung -we merely have a collection of random individual insights without an overall model -and what that means is that -in looking at solutions weve probably given too much priority to what i call technical engineering solutions newtonian solutions and not nearly enough to the psychological ones you know my example of the eurostar -six million pounds spent to reduce the journey time between paris and london by about forty minutes for zero point zero one percent of this money you could have put wifi on the trains which wouldnt have reduced the duration of the journey but would have improved its enjoyment and its usefullness far more -for maybe ten percent of the money you could have paid all of the worlds top male and female supermodels to walk up and down the train handing out free chateau -emotionally driven psychological ideas versus the way we treat rational numerical spreadsheet driven ideas if youre a creative person i think quite rightly you have to share all your ideas for approval with people much more rational than you you have to go in and you have to -what they dont say is well the numbers all seem to add up but before i present this idea ill go and show it to some really crazy people to see if they can come up with something better and so we artificially i think prioritize what id call mechanistic ideas over psychological ideas -an example of a great psychological idea the single best improvement in passenger satisfaction on the london underground per pound spent came when they didnt add any extra trains nor change the frequency of the trains they put dot matrix display board on the platforms -because the nature of a wait is not just dependent on its numerical quality its duration but on the level of uncertainty you experience during that wait waiting seven minutes for a train with a countdown clock is less frustrating and irritating than waiting four minutes knuckle biting going whens this train going to damn well arrive -heres a beautiful example of a psychological solution deployed in korea -red traffic lights have a countdown delay its proven to reduce the accident rate in experiments why because road rage impatience and general irritation are massively reduced when you can actually see -the time you have to wait in china not really understanding the principle behind this they applied the same principle to green traffic lights -this is all im asking for really in human decision making is the consideration of these three things im not asking for the complete primacy of one over the other im merely saying that when you solve problems you should look at all three of these equally -and you should seek as far as possible to find solutions which sit in the sweet spot in the middle if you actually look at a great business youll nearly always see all of these three things coming into play really really successful businesses google is great great technological success but its also based on a very good psychological insight -sometimes you just want to stand in the corner and stare out of the window now the problem is -people believe something that only does one thing is better at that thing than something that does that thing and something else its an innate thing called goal dilution ayelet fishbach has written a paper about this -everybody else at the time of google more or less was trying to be a portal yes theres a search function but you also have weather sports scores bits of news -google understood that if youre just a search engine people assume youre a very very good search engine all of you know this actually from when you go in to buy a television and in the shabbier end of the row of flat screen tvs you can see are these rather despised things called combined tv and dvd players -and we have no knowledge whatsoever of the quality of those things but we look at a combined tv and dvd player and we go uck its probably a bit of a crap telly and a bit rubbish as a dvd player so we walk out of the shops with one of each google is as much a psychological success as it is a technological one -when you cant smoke -i propose that we can use psychology to solve problems that we didnt even realize were problems at all this is my suggestion for getting people to finish their course of antibiotics dont give them twenty four white pills give them eighteen white pills and six blue ones and tell them to take the white pills first and then take the blue ones -if you stand and stare out of the window on your own youre an antisocial friendless idiot -its called chunking the likelihood that people will get to the end is much greater when there is a milestone somewhere in the middle one of the great mistakes i think of economics is it fails to understand that what something is whether its retirement unemployment cost -is a function not only of its amount but also its meaning -this is a toll crossing in britain quite often queues -happen at the tolls sometimes you get very very severe queues you could apply the same principle actually if you like to the security lanes in airports what would happen if you could actually pay twice as much money to cross the bridge but go through a lane thats an express lane its not an unreasonable thing to do its an economically efficient thing to do -the only problem is if you introduce this economically efficient solution people hate it -because they think youre deliberately creating delays at the bridge in order to maximize your revenue and why on earth should i pay to subsidize your imcompetence on the other hand change the frame slightly and create charitable yield management so the extra money you get goes not to the bridge company it goes to charity -and the mental willingness to pay completely changes -actually my pain experienced in paying five pounds is not just proportionate to the amount but where i think that money is going -youre a fucking philosopher -there was a discipline called praxeology which is a prior discipline to the study of economics praxeology is the study of human choice action and decision making -interestingly believes economics is just a subset of psychology i think he just refers to economics as the study of human praxeology under conditions of scarcity -but von mises among many other things i think -uses an analogy which is probably the best justification and explanation for the value of marketing the value of perceived value and the fact that we should actually treat it as being absolutely equivalent to any other kind of value -we tend to all of us even those of us who work in marketing to think of value in two ways theres the real value which is when you make something in a factory and provide a service and then theres a kind of dubious value which you create by changing the way people look at things -von mises completely rejected this distinction and he used this following analogy he referred actually to strange economists called the french physiocrats -who believed that the only true value was what you extracted from the land so if youre a shepherd or a quarryman or a farmer you created true value if however you bought some wool from the shepherd and charged a premium for converting it into a hat you werent actually creating value you were exploiting the shepherd -now von mises said that modern economists make exactly the same mistake with regard to advertising and marketing he says if you run a restaurant there is no healthy distinction to be made between the value you create by cooking the food and the value you create by sweeping the floor -one of them creates perhaps the primary product the thing we think were paying for the other one creates a context within which we can enjoy and appreciate that product and the idea that one of them should actually have priority over the other is fundamentally wrong -cannot be overstated what we have is exactly the same thing the same activity but one of them makes you feel great and the other one with just a small change of posture -try this quick thought experiment imagine a restaurant that serves michelin starred food but actually where the restaurant smells of sewage and theres human feces on the floor -the best thing you can do there to create value is not actually to improve the food still further its to get rid of the smell and clean up the floor -and its vital we understand this if that seems like some strange abstruse thing in the u k the post office had a ninety eight percent success rate at delivering first class mail the next day they decided this wasnt good enough and they wanted to get it up to ninety nine -the effort to do that almost broke the organization -if at the same time youd gone and asked people what percentage of first class mail arrives the next day the average answer or the modal answer would have been fifty to sixty percent -now if your perception is much worse than your reality what on earth are you doing trying to change the reality thats like trying to improve the food in a restaurant that stinks -a bucket or a box -forty percent of the world with no adequate toilet -talk dirty -and every day probably that guy in the picture walks on by -because he sees that little boy but he doesnt see him but he should -because the problem with all that poop lying around -is that poop carries passengers fifty communicable diseases like to travel in human shit -all those things the eggs the cysts the bacteria the viruses all those can travel in one gram of human feces -a few years ago oddly enough i needed the bathroom -in what i call the flushed and plumbed world that most of us in this room are lucky to live in -the most common symptoms associated with those diseases diarrhea is now a bit of a joke its the runs the hershey squirts the squits where i come from we call it delhi belly as a legacy of empire -but if you search for a stock photo of diarrhea in a leading photo image agency this is the picture that you come up with laughter still not sure about the bikini -and heres another image of diarrhea this is marie saylee nine months old -you cant see her because shes buried under that green grass in a little village in liberia -because she died in three days from diarrhea -the hershey squirts the runs a joke -and they do every day -diarrhea is the second biggest killer of children worldwide -and youve probably been asked to care about things like hiv aids or t b or measles -its a very potent weapon of mass destruction -and the cost to the world is immense two hundred and sixty billion dollars lost every year on the losses to poor sanitation these are cholera beds in haiti youll have heard of cholera but we dont hear about diarrhea it gets a fraction of the attention and funding given to any of those other diseases -but we know -wonderful victorian engineers installed systems of sewers and wastewater treatment and the flush toilet -and disease dropped dramatically child mortality dropped by the most it had ever dropped in history the flush toilet was voted the best medical advance of the last two hundred years by the readers of the british medical journal and they were choosing over the pill anesthesia and surgery its a wonderful waste disposal device -because i cant explain otherwise when i look at the figures whats going on -we know how to solve diarrhea and sanitation but if you look at the budgets of countries developing and developed -youll think theres something wrong with the math because -and for some reason that day instead i asked myself a question and it was where does this stuff -youll expect absurdities like pakistan spending forty seven times more on its military than it does on water and sanitation even though one hundred and fifty thousand children die of diarrhea in pakistan every year -think about it that little boy whos running back into his house -he may have a nice clean fresh water supply but hes got dirty hands that hes going to contaminate his water supply with -and i think that the real waste of human waste is that we are wasting it as a resource and as an incredible trigger for development because these are a few things that toilets and poop itself can do for us -so a toilet can put a girl back in school twenty five percent of girls in india drop out of school because they have no adequate sanitation -theyve been used to sitting through lessons for years and years holding it in weve all done that but they do it every day -and when they hit puberty and they start menstruating it just gets too much -and with that question i found myself plunged into the world -in rwanda they are now getting seventy five percent of their cooking fuel in their prison system from the contents of prisoners bowels -it gives off gas and you can cook with it -and you might think its just good karma to see these guys stirring shit but its also good economic sense because theyre saving a million dollars a year theyre cutting down on deforestation and theyve found a fuel supply that is inexhaustible infinite and free at the point of production -its not just in the poor world that poop can save lives -maybe its the ick factor -thats okay because theres a team of research scientists in canada who have now created a stool sample a fake stool sample which is called repoopulate so youd be thinking by now okay the solutions simple we give everyone a toilet -and this is where it gets really interesting because its not that simple because we are not simple so -the really interesting exciting work this is the engaging bit in sanitation is that we need to understand human psychology we need to understand -so the idea is to manipulate human emotion its been done for decades the soap companies did it in the early twentieth century -they tried selling soap as healthy no one bought it they tried selling it as sexy everyone bought it in india now theres a campaign which persuades young brides not to marry into families that dont have a toilet its called no loo no i do -and she was scared she was scared of drunks hanging around she was scared of snakes she was scared of rape after three days she did an unthinkable thing she left -to go back to that toilet -and if you know anything about rural india youll know thats an unspeakably courageous thing to do but not just that she got her toilet -and now she goes around all the other villages in india persuading other women to do the same thing its what i call social contagion and its really powerful and really exciting -another version of this another village in india near where priyanka lives is this village called lakara and about a year ago it had no toilets whatsoever kids were dying of diarrhea and cholera -not only that but they were ingesting their neighbors shit thats what really made them change their behavior -so when i get despondent about the state of sanitation even though these are pretty exciting times because weve got the bill and melinda gates foundation -reinventing the toilet which is great weve got matt damon going on bathroom strike which is great for humanity very bad for his colon but there are things to worry about -its about fifty or so years off track were not going to meet targets providing people with sanitation at this rate -so when i get sad about sanitation -they have in built bidet nozzles for a lovely hands free cleaning experience and they have various other features like a heated seat and an automatic lid raising device which is known as the marriage saver -i hope that we can do that its not a difficult thing to do -all we really need to do -but it had a lockable door it had privacy it had water it had soap so i could wash my hands and i did because im a woman and we do that -as the urgent -shameful issue that it is -and dont think that its just in the poor world that things are wrong our sewers are crumbling -things are going wrong here too -the solution to all of this is pretty easy im going to make your lives easy this afternoon and just ask you to do one thing and thats to go out -protest speak about the unspeakable -and talk shit -thank you -but that day when i asked that question i learned something and that was that id grown up thinking that a toilet like that was my right when in fact its a privilege two point five billion people worldwide have no adequate toilet they dont have -this is called a plasnet -a -new chair im doing in italy -its full of prototypes and objects -its self inspirational again i mean the rare times when im there i do enjoy it -and i get lots of kids coming -this -thats a solar seed its a concept for new architecture that thing on the top is the worlds first solar powered garden lamp the first produced -on the wall is my book called supernatural which allows me to remember what ive done because i forget theres an aerated brick i did in limoges last year in concepts for new ceramics in architecture -at three oclock in the morning and i dont pay overtime -is the passion of design so join the club -twenty one st century translator of technology into products that we use every day -then im in beijing on friday you work that one out and when i see eds photographs i think why the hell am i going to china -soul in this whole -so theres a new x light system im doing in japan -shoes from north africa theres a kifwebe mask these are my sculptures a copper jelly mold -show -thank you james for your great inspiration -and relate beautifully and naturally with and we should be developing things we should be developing packaging for ideas -name is lovegrove i only know nine lovegroves two of which are my parents they are first cousins and you know what happens when you know -which elevate peoples perceptions and respect for the things that we dig out of the earth and translate into products for everyday use so -a drawing by leonardo da vinci five hundred years ago before photography it shows how observation curiosity -this is all created digitally here you see the machining the milling of a block of acrylic this is what i show to the client to say thats what i want to do at that point i dont know if thats possible at all -its a seductor but i just feel in my bones that thats possible -so we go we look at the tooling we look at how that is produced these are the invisible things that you never see in your life this is the background noise of industrial design -so theres a terribly weird freaky side to me which im fighting with all the time so to try and -that is like an anish kapoor flowing through a richard serra it is more valuable than the product in my eyes i dont have one when i do make some money ill have one machined for myself this is the final product when they -sent it to me i thought id failed it felt like nothing it has to feel like nothing it was when i put the water in that i realized that id put a skin on water itself its an icon of water itself and it elevates peoples perception -of contemporary design each bottle is different meaning the water level will give you a different shape its mass individualism from a single product -it fits the hand it fits arthritic hands it fits childrens hands it makes the product strong the tessellation its a millefiori of ideas in the future -they will look like that because we need to move away from those type of polymers and use that for medical equipment and more important things perhaps in life biopolymers these new ideas for materials will come in to play in probably -this video in cape town last year -this is the freaky side coming out -this special interest in things like this which blow my mind i dont know whether to you know drop to my knees cry i dont know what i think -but i just know that nature improves with ever greater purpose that which once existed -get through today ive kind of disciplined myself with an eighteen minute talk i was hanging on to have a pee i thought perhaps if i was hanging on long enough that would guide me through the eighteen minutes -and that strangeness is a consequence of innovative thinking when i look at these things -they look pretty normal to -but these things evolved over many years and now what were trying to do i get three weeks to design a telephone how the hell do i do a telephone in three weeks when you get these things -that take hundreds of million years to evolve how do you condense -only nature really creates how that flows through me and how that comes out is what im trying to understand this is a scan through the human forearm its then blown up through rapid -to reveal the cellular structure i have these in my office my office is a mixture of the natural history museum and a nasa space lab its a weird kind of freaky place -this is one of my specimens this is made bone is made from a mixture of inorganic minerals and polymers i studied cooking in school -for four years and in that experience which was called domestic science it was a bit of a cheap trick for me to try and get a science qualification -actually i put marijuana in everything i cooked -and i had access to all the best girls it was fabulous all the guys in the rugby team couldnt understand but anyway this is a meringue this is another sample i have a meringue is made exactly the same way in my estimation as a bone -its made from polysaccharides and proteins if you pour water on that it dissolves could we be manufacturing from food stuffs in the future -not a bad idea i dont know i need to talk to janine and a few other people about that but i believe instinctively that that meringue can become something -im also interested in growth patterns the unbridled way that nature grows things so youre not restricted by form -these interrelated forms they do inspire everything i do although i might end up making something incredibly simple -this is a detail of a chair that ive designed in magnesium it shows this interlocution of elements and the beauty of kind of engineering -i -known as captain organic and thats a philosophical position as well as an aesthetic position but today what id like to talk to you about is that love of form and how form can touch -its the worlds first chair made in magnesium it cost one point seven million dollars to develop its called go by bernhardt usa it went into time magazine -two thousand and one as the new language of the twenty one st century boy for somebody growing up in wales in a little village thats enough -it shows how you make one holistic form like the car industry and then you break up what you need this is an absolutely beautiful way of working its a godly way of working -there is its organic and its essential its an absolutely fat free design and when you look at it you see human -when that moves into polymers you can change the elasticity the fluidity of the form this is an idea for a gas injected one piece polymer chair -what nature does is it drills holes in things it liberates form it takes away anything extraneous -thats what i do i make organic things which are essential i dont and they look funky too but i dont set out to make funky things because i think thats an absolute disgrace i set out to look at natural forms if you took the idea of fractal technology further -take a membrane shrinking it down constantly like nature does that could be a seat for a chair it could be a sole for a sports shoe it could be a car blending into seats -when you see a henry moore still -amazing spiritual connect if he was a car designer phew wed all be driving one in his day he was the highest taxpayer in britain -is the power of organic design it contributes immensely to -sense of being our sense of relationships with things our sensuality and you know the sort of even -which is very important this is my artwork this is all my process these actually are sold as artwork theyre very big prints -data images i see new things im self its self inspired diatomic structures radiolaria the things that we couldnt see but we can do now these again are cored out theyre made virtually from nothing theyre made from silica -why not structures from cars like that coral all these natural forces -take away what they dont need and they deliver -maximum beauty -we need to be in that -i want to do stuff like that this is a new chair which should come on the market in september its for a company called moroso in italy its a gas injected polymer chair -not very long ago not many -those holes you see there are very filtered down watered down versions of the extremity of the diatomic structures it goes with the flow of the polymer and youll see theres an image coming up right now that shows the full thing -its great to have companies in italy who support this way of dreaming if you see the shadows that come through that theyre actually probably more important than the -but its the minimum it takes the coring out of the back lets you breathe it takes away any material you dont need and it actually garners flexure too so i was going to break into a dance -thousands of years ago we actually lived in caves and i dont think weve lost that coding system we respond so well to form -this is some current work im doing im looking at single surface structures and how they flow how they stretch and flow -its based on furniture typologies but thats not the end motivation its made from aluminum -and its grown its grown in my mind and then its grown in terms of the whole process that i go through -this is two weeks ago in ccp in coventry who build parts for bentleys and so on its being built as we speak and it will be on show in phillips next year in new york i have a big show with phillips auctioneers -when i see these animations oh jesus im blown away this is what goes on in my studio every day i walk im traveling i come back some guys got that on a computer theres this like oh my goodness -so i try to create this energy of invention every day in my studio this kind of effervescent fully charged -sense of soup that delivers ideas single surface products furnitures a good one how you grow legs out of a surface -i would love to build this one day and perhaps id like to build it also out of flour sugar -human hair i dont know id love a go at that i dont know if i just got some time thats the weird side coming out again and a lot of companies dont understand that three weeks ago i was with sony in tokyo -they said give us the dream what is our dream how do we beat apple i said well you dont copy apple thats for sure i said you get into biopolymers they looked straight through me what a waste -but im interested in creating intelligent form im not interested at all in blobism or any of that superficial rubbish that you see coming out as design these -you know i mean -three hundred its got a vacuum formed carbon nylon pan everythings holistically integrated it opens and closes like a bread bin there is no engine -a solar panel on the back and there are batteries in the wheels theyre fitted like formula one you take them off your wall you plug them in off you jolly well go a three wheeled car slow feminine -and theres a reason for that its a city car you drive along you get out you drive on to a proboscis you get out -it lifts you up it presents the solar panel to the sun and at night its a street lamp -what happens if you get inspired by the street lamp first and then do the car second these bubbles i can see these bubbles with these hydrogen packages floating around on the ground -driven by ai when i showed this in south africa everybody after was going yeah hey car on a stick like this can you -this artificially induced consumerism i think its atrocious my world is the world of people like amory lovins -if you put it next to contemporary architecture it feels totally natural to me and thats what i do with my furniture im not putting charles eames furniture in buildings any more forget that we move on im trying to build furniture that fits architecture im trying to build -im going to finish on two things this is the steriolithography of a staircase its a little bit of a dedication to james james watson -i built this thing for my studio it cost me two hundred and fifty thousand dollars to build this most people go and buy the aston martin -i built this this is the data that goes with that incredibly complex took about two years because im looking for fat free design -efficient things healthy products this is built by composites its a single element which rotates round to create a holistic element and this is a carbon fiber handrail -which is only supported in two places modern materials allow us to do modern things this is a shot in the studio this is how it looks pretty much every day -you wouldnt want to have a fear of heights coming down it there is virtually no handrail it doesnt pass any standards -yeah and it has an internal handrail which gives it its strength its this holistic integration thats my studio its subterranean its in notting hill next -janine benyus james watson im in that world but i work purely instinctively im not a scientist i could have been perhaps but i work in this world where i trust my instincts so i am -that youll see in the video its a homemade video made it myself at three oclock in the morning just to show you -how my real world is you never see that -looked up at the stars and the milky way on a summer night -was thought to be the entire universe in fact the head of harvards observatory back then gave a great debate in which he argued that the milky way galaxy was the entire universe harvard was wrong big time of course we know today -that galaxies extend far beyond our own galaxy we can see all the way out to the edge of the observable universe all the way back in time almost to the moment of the big bang itself -less than a year from now the world is going to celebrate the international year of astronomy which marks the four hundredth anniversary of -we can see across the entire spectrum of light revealing worlds that had previously been invisible -we see these magnificent star nurseries where nature has somehow arranged for just the right numbers and just the right sizes of stars to be born for life to arise -alien worlds we see -we see black holes at the heart of our galaxy in the milky way and elsewhere in the universe where time itself seems to stand still -our view of the universe has been disconnected and fragmented and i think that many of the marvelous stories that nature has to tell us have fallen through the cracks and thats changing -i want to just briefly mention three reasons why my colleagues and i in astronomy and in education are so excited about the worldwide telescope and why we think its truly -it enables you to experience the universe -galileos first glimpse of the night sky through a telescope in a few months the world is also going to celebrate -you can tour the universe -with astronomers as your guides and im not talking here about just experts who are telling you what youre seeing but -people who are passionate about the various nooks and crannies of the universe who can share their enthusiasm and can make the universe a welcoming place -and third you can create your own tours you can share them with friends you can create them with friends and thats the part that i think im most excited about because i think that at heart we are all storytellers and in telling stories -each of us is going to understand the universe in our own way -were going to have a personal universe -i think were going to see a community of storytellers evolve and emerge -when i ask people -how does the night sky make you feel they often say oh tiny i feel tiny and insignificant -well our gaze fills the universe -and thanks to the creators of the worldwide telescope -the launch of a new invention from microsoft research which i think is going to have as profound an impact on the way we view the universe as galileo did four centuries ago -we can now start to have a dialogue with the universe -i think the worldwide telescope will convince you that we may be tiny -i -so what youre seeing here is a wonderful presentation but its one of the tours and actually this tour is one that was created earlier -and the tours are all totally interactive so that if i were to go somewhere you may be watching a tour and you can pause anywhere along the way pull up other information -microsoft this is a project that worldwide telescope is dedicated to jim gray whos our colleague and a lot of his work that he did is really what makes this project possible -a free download thank you craig mundie and itll be available at the website -which is something new and so -what youve seen today is less than a fraction of one percent of what is in here and in the ted lab we have a tour that was created by a six year old named benjamin that will knock your socks off so well see you there thank you -its called the worldwide telescope -and i want to thank ted and microsoft for allowing me to bring it to your attention and i want to urge you when you get a chance to give it a closer look at the ted lab downstairs -the worldwide telescope -to produce a holistic view of the universe -its going to change the way we do astronomy its going to change the way we teach astronomy and i think most importantly its going to change the way we see ourselves in the universe -if we were having this ted meeting in our grandparents day that might not be so big a claim -you werent allowed to drink if you were a woman you werent allowed to vote -but that attitude that awareness that leads you to change the light bulb or take your reusable coffee mug that is what could change the world i really believe that we stand at a very important point in history -we have a choice weve been blessed or cursed with free will we can choose a greener future and we can get there if we all pull together take it one -well i dont know what youre thinking but im talking about the beards and no matter how long i spend on the ocean i havent yet managed to muster a decent beard and i hope that it remains that way -for a long time i didnt believe that i could have a big adventure the story that i told myself was that adventurers looked like this i didnt look the part i thought there were them and there were us and i was not one of them -and i think i knew from day one that it wasnt the right job for me but that kind of conditioning just kept me there for so many years until i reached my mid thirties and i thought you know im not getting any younger -i feel like ive got a purpose in this life and i dont know what it is but im pretty certain that management consultancy is not -fast forward a few years id gone through some changes to try and answer that question of what am i supposed to be doing with my life i sat down one day and wrote two versions of my -my name is roz savage and i row across oceans four years ago i rowed solo across the atlantic and since then ive done two out of three stages across the pacific -the one that i wanted -a life of adventure and the one that i was actually heading for which was a nice normal pleasant life but it wasnt -where i wanted to be by the end of my life i wanted to live a life that i could be proud of and i remember looking at these two versions of my obituary and thinking -boy im on totally the wrong track here if i carry on living as i am now im just not going to end up where i want to be in five years or ten years or at the end of my life -i made a few changes let loose a few trappings of my old life and through a bit of a leap of logic decided to row across the atlantic ocean -the atlantic rowing race runs from the canaries to antigua its about three thousand miles and it turned out to be the hardest thing i had ever done -and my timing was not great either two thousand and five when i did the atlantic was the year of hurricane katrina there were more -all four of my oars broke before i reached halfway across oars are not supposed to look like this -but what can you do youre in the middle of the ocean oars are your only means of propulsion so i just had to look around the boat and figure out what i was going to use to fix up these oars so that i could carry on -so i found a boat hook and my trusty duct tape and splintered the boat hook to the oars to reinforce it -then when that gave out i sawed the wheel axles off my spare rowing seat and used those and when those gave out i cannibalized one of the broken oars -just in how many ways i went beyond what i thought were my limits i suffered from tendinitis on my shoulders and saltwater sores on my -i really struggled psychologically totally overwhelmed by the scale of the challenge realizing that if i carried on -at two miles an hour three thousand miles was going to take me a very very long time there were so many times when i thought id -hit that limit but had not choice but to just carry on and try and figure out how i was going to get to the other side without driving myself crazy -and eventually after one hundred and three days at sea i arrived in antigua i dont think ive ever felt so happy in my entire life -like finishing a marathon and getting out of solitary confinement and winning an oscar all rolled into one i was euphoric and to see all the people coming out to greet me and standing along the clifftops and clapping and cheering -like a movie star it was absolutely wonderful and i really learned then that the bigger the challenge the bigger the sense of achievement when you get to the end of it -so this might by a good moment to take a quick time out to answer a few faqs about ocean rowing that might be going through your mind -number one that i get asked what do you eat a few freeze dried meals but mostly i try and eat much more unprocessed foods -so i grow my own beansprouts i eat fruits and nut bars a lot of nuts and generally arrive about thirty lbs lighter at the other end -on a good night i think my best ever was eleven miles in the right direction worst ever thirteen miles in the wrong direction thats a bad day at the office -a baseball cap rowing gloves and a smile or a frown depending on whether i went backwards overnight and lots -do i have a chase boat no i dont i am totally self supporting out there i dont see anybody for the whole time that im at sea generally and -so how do you top rowing across the atlantic well naturally you decide to row across the pacific well id thought the atlantic was big but the pacific is really really big -i think we tend to do it a little bit of a disservice in our usual maps i dont know for sure that the brits invented this particular view of the world but i suspect we might have done because there we are right in the middle -this is how the pacific looks it pretty much covers half the planet you can just see a little bit of north america up here and a sliver of australia down there -it is really big sixty five million square miles and to row in a straight line across it would be about eight thousand miles -the first attempt didnt go so well in two thousand and seven i did a rather involuntary capsize drill three times in twenty four hours a bit like being in a washing machine -got a bit dinged up so did i i blogged about it unfortunately somebody with a bit of a hero complex decided this damsel was in distress and needed saving -i knew about this was when the coast guard plane turned up over head i tried to tell them to go away we had a bt of a battle of wills i lost and got airlifted -awful really awful it was one of the worst feelings of my life as i was lifted up on that winch line into the helicopter and looked down at my trusty little boat rolling around in the twenty ft waves and wondering if i would ever see her again -this has given me a very special relationship with the ocean we have a bit of a love hate thing going on -so i had to launch a very expensive salvage operation and then wait another nine months before i could get back out onto the ocean again -but what do you do fall down nine times get up ten so the following year i set out and fortunately this time made it safely across to hawaii -but it was not without misadventure my water maker broke only the most important piece of kit that i have on the boat -panels it sucks in saltwater and turns it into freshwater but it doesnt react very well to being immersed in ocean which is what happened to it -that area in the north pacific about twice the size of texas with an estimated three point five milion tons of trash in it circulating at the center of that north pacific -so to make the point these guys had actually built their boat out of plastic trash fifteen thousand empty water bottles lashed together into two pontoons -it like i did about a very strict maths teacher that i once had at school i didnt always like her but i did respect her and she taught me a heck of a lot -they were going very slowly partly theyd had a bit of a delay theyd had to pull in at catalina island shortly after they left long beach because the lids of all the water bottles were coming undone and they were starting to sink so -had to pull in and do all the lids up but as i was approaching the end of my water reserves -and it took about a week for us to actually gradually converge i was doing a pathetically slow speed of about one point three knots and they were doing only marginally less pathetically speed of about one point four it was like two snails in a mating dance -and this is really bad news because plastic is not an inert substance it leaches out chemicals into the flesh of the poor critter that ate it -so there are very real implications for human health -and youll notice something about tarawa it is very low lying its that little green sliver on the horizon which makes them very nervous about rising oceans -today id like to share with you some of my ocean adventures and tell you a little bit about what theyve taught me and how i think we can maybe take some of those lessons and apply them to this environmental challenge that we face right now -this is big trouble for these guys theyve got no points of land more than about six feet above sea level and also as an increase in extreme weather events do to climate change theyre expecting more waves to come in -which will contaminate their fresh water supply i had a meeting with the president there who told me about his exit strategy -for his country he expects that within the next fifty years the hundred thousand people that live there will have to relocate to new zealand or australia -and that made me think about how would i feel if britain was going to disappear under the waves if the places where id been born and gone to school -very shortly ill be setting out to try and get to australia and if im successful ill be the first woman ever to row solo all the way across the pacific and i try and use this to bring awareness to these environmental issues to bring a human face to the ocean -if the atlantic was about my inner journey discovering my own capabilities maybe the pacific has been about my outer journey -and to take some of those things that ive learned out there and apply them to the situation that human kind now finds itself in i think there are probably three key points here -the first one is about the stories we tell ourselves -for so long i told myself that i couldnt have an adventure because i wasnt six foot tall and athletic and -and then that story changed i found out that people had rowed across oceans i even met one of them and she was just about my size -so even though i didnt grow any taller i didnt sprout a beard something had changed my interior dialogue had changed -the story that we collectively tell ourselves is that we need all this stuff that we need oil but about if we just change that story -we do have alternatives and we have the power of free will to choose those alternatives those sustainable ones to create a greener future -now some of you might be thinking hold on a minute she doesnt look very much like an ocean rower isnt she meant to be about this tall and -the second point is about the accumulation of tiny actions -we might think that anything that we do as an individual is just a drop in the ocean that it cant really make a difference but it does generally we havent got ourselves into this mess through big disasters yes there have been the exxon valdezs and -the chernobyls but mostly its been an accumulation of bad decisions by billions of individuals day after day and year after year -by the same token we can turn that tide we can start making better wiser more sustainable decisions and when we do that were not just one person anything that we do spreads ripples -other people will see if youre in the supermarket line and you pull out your reusable grocery bag maybe if we all start doing this we can make it socially unacceptable to say yes to plastic in the check out line -thats just one example this is a world wide community -i thought if i had the right house the right car or the right man in my life then i could be happy -about this wide and maybe look a bit more like these guys youll notice theyve all got something that i don -but when i wrote that obituary exercise i actually grew up a little bit in that moment and realized that i needed to create my own future i couldnt just wait passively for happiness to come and find me -and its very difficult to be happy on a planet thats wracked with famine and drought its very difficult to be healthy on a planet where weve poisoned the -and the sea and the air so shortly im going to be launching a new initiative called -and the idea here is that all our eco heroes will log at least one green deed every day its meant to be a bit of a game -it we just want to try and create that awareness because sure changing a light bulb isnt going to change the world -parking lot eating food out of the back of their car only the english -lord and lady rigor mortis were nibbling on the tarmac and then the gun went off and all the girlies started running and all the mummies went -i would have been inundated but all i got was a couple phone calls telling me to perk up -perk up because i didnt think of that -that you get with this disease this one comes with a package is you get a real sense of shame -because your friends go oh come on show me the lump show me the x rays and of course youve got nothing to show so youre like really disgusted with yourself because youre thinking im not being carpet bombed i dont live in a township -so you start to hear these abusive voices but you dont hear one abusive voice you hear about a thousand one hundred thousand abusive voices like if the devil had tourettes thats what it would sound like -but we all know in here you know there is no devil there are no voices in your head you know that when you have those abusive voices all those little neurons get together and in that little gap you get a real toxic i want to kill myself kind of chemical and if you have that over and over again on a loop tape you might have yourself depression -oh and thats not even the tip of the iceberg -if you get a little baby and you abuse it verbally its little brain sends out chemicals that are so destructive that the little part of its brain that can tell good from bad just doesnt grow so you might have yourself a homegrown psychotic -if a soldier sees his friend blown up his brain goes into such high alarm that he cant actually put the experience into words so he just feels the horror over and over again so heres my question my question is how come when people have mental damage its always an active imagination -how come every other organ in your body can get sick and you get sympathy except the brain -or you have an experience that bush grows you know that bush of information can you imagine every human being is carrying that equipment even paris hilton -because ill show you where there might be a few glitches in evolution okay let me just explain this to you when we were ancient man -millions of years ago and we suddenly felt threatened by a predator -when we feel in danger we still fill up with our own chemical but because we cant kill traffic wardens -the fuel just stays in our body over and over so were in a constant state of alarm a constant state and heres another thing that happened about one hundred and fifty thousand years ago when language came online -we started to put words to this constant emergency so it wasnt just oh my god theres a saber toothed tiger which could be it was suddenly oh my god i didnt send the email oh my god my thighs are too fat oh my god everybody can see im stupid -its not going to be one in four its going to be four in four who are really really going to get ill in the upstairs department and while were at it can we please stop the stigma thank you -would like to thank the makers of lamotrigine sertraline and reboxetine because without those few simple chemicals i would not be vertical today -so how did it start -my mental illness well im not even going to talk about my mental illness what am i going to talk about okay i always dreamt that when i had my final breakdown it would be because i had a deep kafkaesque existentialist revelation -or that maybe cate blanchett would play me and she would win an oscar for it laughter but thats not what happened i had my breakdown during my daughters sports day there were all the parents sitting in -not just hopefully honesty for the sake of honesty but a hope that by being more honest and candid about these experiences that we can all collectively bend that -its true so like we said the early years were really wonderful but they were also really difficult and we feel like some of that difficulty was because of this false advertisement around parenting -we subscribed to a lot of magazines did our homework but really everywhere you look around we were surrounded by images like this -it was not like that at all rg when we lowered the glossy parenting magazine that we were looking at with these beautiful images and looked at the scene in our actual living room it looked a little more like this -yes you can see where the disconnect was happening for us we really felt like what we went in expecting had nothing to do with what we were actually experiencing -and so we decided we really wanted to give it to parents straight we really wanted to let them understand what the realities of parenting were in an honest way -so today what we would love to do is share with you four parenting taboos and of course there are many more than four things you cant say about parenting -but we would like to share with you today four that are particularly relevant for us personally so the first taboo number one -so this is where our story -you cant say you didnt fall in love with your baby in the very first minute i remember vividly sitting there in the hospital we were in the process of giving birth to our first child -the dramatic moments of the birth our first son declan obviously a really profound moment and it changed our lives in many ways it also changed our lives in many unexpected ways -me the voices of friends saying the moment they put the baby in your hands you will feel a sense of love -that is an order of magnitude more powerful than anything -ever experienced in your entire life so i was bracing myself for the moment the baby was coming and i was ready for this mack truck of love to just knock me off my feet -and instead when the baby was placed in my hands it was an extraordinary moment this picture is from literally a few -after the baby was placed in my hands and i brought him over and you can see our eyes were glistening i was overwhelmed with love and affection for my wife -with deep deep gratitude that we had what appeared to be a healthy child and it was also of course surreal i mean i had to check the tags and make sure i was incredulous are you sure this is our child and this was all quite remarkable -but what i felt towards the child at that moment was deep affection but nothing like what i feel for him now five years later and so weve done something here that is heretical we have charted -this as you know is an act of heresy youre not allowed to chart love -and i think the reality is that love is a process and i think the problem with thinking of love as something thats binary is that it causes us to be -and those unexpected ways we later reflected on that eventually spawned a business idea between the two of us and a year later we launched babble a website for parents -unduly concerned that love is fraudulent or inadequate or what have you and i think im speaking obviously here to the fathers experience but i think a lot of men do -go through this sense in the early months maybe their first year that their emotional response is inadequate in some -im glad rufus is bringing this up because you can notice where he dips in the first years where i think i was doing most of the work -but we like to joke in the first few months of all of our childrens lives this is uncle rufus -a very affectionate uncle very -and i often joke with rufus when he comes home that im not sure he would actually be able to find our child in a line up amongst other babies so i actually threw a pop quiz here onto -cruel -you cant talk about how lonely having a baby can be i enjoyed being pregnant i loved it i felt incredibly connected to the community around me -i felt like everyone was participating in my pregnancy all around me tracking it down to the actual due date i felt like i was a vessel of the future of humanity -that continued into the the hospital it was really exhilarating i was shower with gifts and flowers and visitors it was a really wonderful experience but when i got home -i suddenly felt very disconnected and suddenly shut in and shut out and i was really surprised by those feelings i did expect it to be difficult -and i was really surprised that no one had talked to me that i was going to be feeling this way and i called my -im very close to and had three children and i asked her why didnt you tell me i was going to be feeling this way that i was going to have these -feeling incredibly isolated and she said ill never forget its just not something you want to say to a mother thats having a baby for the first time -and of course we think its precisely what you really should be saying to mothers who have kids for the first time and that this of course one of the themes for us is that we think that -candor and brutal honesty is critical to us collectively being great parents and its hard not to think -that part of what leads to this sense of isolation is our modern world so alisas experience is not isolated so your fifty eight percent of mothers surveyed report feelings of loneliness of those sixty seven percent -most lonely when their kids are zero to five probably really zero to two in the process of preparing this we looked at how some other cultures around the world deal with this period of time -because here in the western world less than fifty percent of us live near our family members which i think is part of why this is such a tough period so to take one example among many in southern india -a practice known as jholabihari in which the pregnant woman when shes seven or eight months pregnant moves in with her mother and goes through a series of rituals and ceremonies -so taboo number three you cant talk about your miscarriage but today ill talk about mine so after we had declan we kind of recalibrated our expectations we thought we actually -could go through this again and thought we knew what wed be up against -and we were grateful that i was able to get pregnant -soon learned that we were having a boy -as i was working through that mourning process i was amazed that i didnt want to see anybody i really wanted to crawl into a hole -and i didnt really know how i was going to work my way back into my surrounding community and i realize i think the way i was feeling that way is on a really deep gut level i was feeling a lot of shame -and just me as a woman so it was a very difficult time as i started working through it more i started climbing out of that hole and talking with other people -i was really amazed by all the stories that started flooding in people i interacted with daily worked with was friends with family members that i had known a long time had never shared with me their own stories -and i just remember feeling all these stories came out of the woodwork and i felt like i happened upon this secret society of women that i now was a part of which was reassuring and and also really concerning -and i think miscarriage is an invisible loss theres not really a lot of community support around it theres no really ceremony -which is too bad because of course its a very common and very traumatic experience fifteen to twenty percent of all pregnancies result in miscarriage and i find this astounding in a survey seventy four percent of women -dating site but you can understand the jokes that we get sex begets babies you follow instructions on nerve and you should end up on babble which we did and we might launch a geriatric site as our third -said that miscarriage they felt was partly their fault which is awful and astoundingly twenty two percent said they would hid a miscarriage from -so taboo number four you cant say that your average happiness -has declined since having a child the party line is that every single aspect of my life has just gotten dramatically better ever since i participated in the miracle that is childbirth and family -never forget i remember vividly to this day our first son declan was nine months old and i was sitting there on the couch and i was -reading daniel gilberts wonderful book stumbling on happiness and i got about two thirds of the way through and there was a chart on the right hand side on the right hand page that -drop of marital satisfaction which is closely aligned we all know with broader happiness that doesnt rise again until your first child goes to college -so im sitting here looking at the next two decades of my life this chasm of happiness that were driving our proverbial convertible straight into -so you can imagine i mean again the first few months were difficult but wed come out of it and were really shocked to see this study so we really wanted to take a deeper look at it in hopes that we would find a silver lining -and thats when its great to be running a website for parents because we got this incredible reporter to go and interview all the scientists -who conducted these four studies we said something is wrong here theres something missing from these studies it cant possibly be that -so liz mitchell did a wonderful job with this piece and she interviewed four scientists and she also interviewed -throughout life average happiness is of course inadequate because it doesnt speak to the moment by moment experience and so this is what we think it looks like when you -but for us the continuity between nerve and babble was not just the life stage thing which is of course relevant but it was really more about our desire to speak very honestly about subjects that people have difficulty speaking honestly about -moment to moment -so we all remember as children the tiniest little thing and we see it on the faces of our children the tiniest little thing can just rocket them to these heights of -adulation and then the next tiniest little thing can cause them just to plummet to the depths of despair and its just extraordinary to watch and we remember it ourselves -and then of course as you get older its almost like age is a form of lithium as you get older you become more stable and part of what happens i think in your twenties and thirties is you start to learn to -your happiness you start to realize that hey -i could go to this live music event and have an utterly transforming experience that will cover my entire body with goosebumps but its more likely that ill feel claustrophobic and i wont be able to get a beer -so im not going to go ive got a good stereo at home so im not going to go so your average happiness goes up -but you lose those transcendent moments -and then you have your first child and then you really resubmit yourself to these highs and lows -the highs being the first steps the first smile your child reading to you for the first time the lows being our house anytime from six to seven every night -but you realize you resubmit yourself to losing control in a really wonderful way which we think provides a lot of meaning to our lives and is quite gratifying -and so in effect we trade average happiness we trade the sort of security and safety of a certain level of contentment for these transcendent moments -so where does that leave the two of us with a family with our three little boys in the thick of all this theres another factor in our case we have violated yet another taboo in our own lives -and this is a bonus taboo -quick bonus taboo for you that we should not be working together especially with three children -in fact when we first went out to raise money to start babble the venture capitalists said we categorically dont invest in companies founded by -it seems to us that when people start dissembling people start lying about things thats when it gets really interesting thats a subject that we want to dive into and weve been surprised to find as young parents that there are almost more taboos around parenting than there are -sometimes pretty quick and so how about that average baseline of happiness can we move that up a little bit -and so this is what and we think that a lot of parents when you get in there like in our case anyway you pack your bags for a trip to europe and youre really excited to go get out of the airplane it turns out youre trekking in nepal -and trekking in nepal is an extraordinary experience particularly if you pack your bags properly and you know what youre in for and youre psyched so the point of all this for us today is -okay so for the last part the last few minutes what i want to do is change gears and talk about some really new breaking areas of neuroscience which is the association between mental health mental illness and sleep disruption -but its been largely ignored in the one thousand nine hundred and seventy s when people started to think about this again they said yes well of course you have sleep disruption in schizophrenia because theyre on anti psychotics its the anti psychotics causing the sleep problems ignoring the fact that for a hundred years previously -sleep disruption had been reported before anti psychotics so whats going on lots of groups several groups are studying -conditions like depression schizophrenia and bipolar and whats going on in terms of sleep disruption we have a big study which we published last year on schizophrenia and the data were quite extraordinary in those individuals with schizophrenia -much of the time they were awake during the night phase and then they were asleep during the day other groups showed no twenty four hour patterns whatsoever their sleep was absolutely smashed and some -and the really exciting news is that -mental illness and sleep are not simply associated -but they are physically linked within the brain the neural networks that predispose you to normal sleep give you normal sleep and those that give you normal mental health are overlapping -and whats the evidence for that well genes that have been shown to be very important in the generation of normal sleep -when mutated when changed also predispose individuals to mental health problems and last year we published a study which showed that a gene thats been linked to schizophrenia which when mutated also smashes the sleep so we have evidence of a genuine mechanistic overlap between these two important systems -other work flowed from these studies the first -was that sleep disruption actually precedes certain types of mental illness and weve shown that in those young individuals who are at high risk of developing bipolar disorder they already have a sleep abnormality prior to any clinical diagnosis of bipolar -the other bit of data was that -sleep disruption may actually exacerbate make worse the mental illness state my colleague dan freeman has used a range of agents which have stabilized sleep and reduced levels of paranoia in those individuals by fifty percent so what have we got weve got -in these connections some really exciting things in terms of the neuroscience by understanding the neuroscience of these two systems were really beginning to understand how both sleep and mental illness are generated and regulated within the brain -like to do today is talk about -the second area is that if we can use sleep and sleep disruption as an early warning signal then we have the chance of going in if we know that these individuals are vulnerable -early intervention then becomes possible and the third which i think is the most exciting -is that we can think of the sleep centers within the brain as a new therapeutic target stabilize sleep in those individuals who are vulnerable we can certainly make them healthier but also alleviate some of the appalling symptoms of mental illness so let me just finish what i started by saying is -take sleep seriously our attitudes toward sleep are so very different from a pre industrial age when we were almost -but if we jump forward -some sort of crystal waving nonsense this is a pragmatic response to good health if you have good sleep it increases your concentration attention decision making creativity social skills health if you get sleep it reduces your mood changes your stress -four hundred years the tone about sleep changes somewhat this is from thomas edison from the beginning of the twentieth century sleep is a criminal waste of time and a heritage from our cave days -your levels of anger your impulsivity and your tendency to drink and take drugs and we finished by saying -that an understanding of the neuroscience of sleep is really informing the way we think about some of the causes of mental illness and indeed is providing us new ways to treat these incredibly debilitating conditions -jim butcher the fantasy writer said -sleep is god go worship and i can only recommend that you do the same thank you -also jump into the one thousand nine hundred and eighty s some of you may remember that margaret thatcher was reported to have said sleep is for wimps and of course the infamous what was his name the infamous gordon gekko from wall street said money never sleeps -one of my favorite subjects and that is -what do we do in the twentieth century about sleep well of course we use thomas edisons light bulb -to invade the night and we occupied the dark and in the process of this occupation weve treated sleep as an illness almost weve treated it as an enemy at most now i suppose -we tolerate the need for sleep -the neuroscience of sleep -why is it why do we abandon sleep in our thoughts well its because you dont do anything much while youre asleep it seems you dont eat -you dont drink and you dont have sex well most of us anyway and so therefore its sorry its a complete waste of time right wrong -actually sleep is an incredibly important part of our biology and neuroscientists are beginning to explain why its so very important so lets move to the brain -this is donated by a social scientist and they said they didnt know what it was or indeed how to use it so -the other thing thats really important about sleep is that it doesnt arise from a single structure within the brain but is to some extent a network property and if we flip the brain on its back i love this little bit of spinal cord here this bit here is the hypothalamus -and right under there is a whole raft of interesting structures not least the biological clock the biological clock tells us when its good to be up when its good to be asleep and what that structure does is interact with a whole raft of other areas within the hypothalamus the lateral hypothalamus the ventrolateral preoptic nuclei all of those combine -and they send projections down to the brain stem here the brain stem then projects forward and bathes the cortex this wonderfully wrinkly bit over here with neurotransmitters that keep us awake and essentially provide us with our consciousness -so sleep arises from a whole raft of different interactions -is complicated and it takes thirty two years of our life but what i havent explained is what sleep is about so why do we sleep -and it wont surprise any of you that of course the scientists we dont have a consensus there are dozens of different ideas about why we sleep -the first is sort of the restoration idea and its -whats been shown is that within the brain a whole raft of genes have been shown to be turned on only during sleep and those genes are associated with restoration and metabolic pathways so theres good evidence for the whole restoration hypothesis -what about energy conservation again perhaps intuitive you essentially sleep to save calories now when you do the sums though it doesnt really -the single most important -behavioral experience that we have -is that if after youve tried to learn a task -and you sleep deprive individuals the ability to learn that task is smashed its really hugely attenuated so sleep and memory consolidation is also very important however its not just -the laying down of memory and recalling it whats turned out to be really exciting is that our ability to come up with novel solutions to complex problems is hugely enhanced by a night of sleep in fact its been estimated to give us a threefold advantage sleeping at night -thirty six percent of your life -i think the important thing to realize is that the details will vary and its probable we sleep for multiple different reasons but sleep is not an indulgence its not some sort of thing that we can -will be spent asleep which means that if you live to ninety -the critical thing to realize is that -if you dont sleep you dont fly essentially you never get there and whats extraordinary about much of our society these days is that we are desperately sleep deprived so lets now look at sleep deprivation -nowadays we sleep one and a half to two hours less every night so were in the six and a half hours every night league -then thirty two years -if we think about other sectors of society the aged if you are aged then your ability to sleep in a single block is somewhat disrupted and many sleep again less than five hours a night shift work shift work is extraordinary perhaps twenty percent of the working population and -the body clock does not shift to the demands of working at night its locked onto the same light dark cycle as the rest of us so when the poor old shift worker is going home to try and sleep during the day desperately tired the body clock is saying wake up this is the time to be awake so the quality -well my goodness gracious well thank you very much indeed for not falling asleep because thats what your brain is craving one of the things that the brain does is indulge in micro sleeps this involuntary falling asleep and you have essentially no control over it -now what that thirty two years is telling us is that sleep at some level is important -now micro sleeps can be sort of somewhat embarrassing but they can also be deadly its been estimated that thirty one percent of drivers will fall asleep -at the wheel at least once in their life and in the u s the statistics are pretty good one hundred thousand accidents on the freeway have been associated with tiredness loss of vigilance and falling asleep a hundred thousand a year its extraordinary at another level of terror -we dip into the tragic accidents at chernobyl and indeed the space shuttle challenger which was so tragically lost and -in the investigations that followed those disasters poor judgment as a result of extended shift work and loss of vigilance and tiredness was attributed to a big chunk of those disasters so -and yet for most of us we dont give sleep a second thought we throw it away we really just dont think about sleep and so what id like to do today is change your views change your ideas and your thoughts about sleep -when youre tired and you lack sleep you have poor memory you have -poor creativity -you have increased impulsiveness and you have -drugs stimulants caffeine represents the stimulant of choice across much of the western world much of the day is fueled by caffeine and if youre a really naughty tired brain nicotine -and of course youre fueling the waking state with these stimulants and then of course it gets to eleven oclock at night and the brain says to itself ah well actually i need to be asleep fairly shortly what do we do about that when im feeling completely wired well of course you then resort to alcohol -is that alcohol doesnt provide sleep a biological mimic for sleep it sedates you so it actually harms some of the neural proccessing thats going on during memory consolidation and memory recall so its a short term acute measure but for goodness sake dont become addicted to alcohol as a way of getting to sleep every night -another connection between loss of sleep is weight gain if you sleep around about five hours or less every night then you have a fifty percent likelihood of being obese -whats the connection here -tiredness and the metabolic predisposition for weight gain stress tired people are massively stressed -and one of the things of stress of course is loss of memory which is what i sort of just then had a little lapse of but stress is so much more so if youre acutely stressed not a great problem but its sustained stress associated with sleep loss thats the problem -so sustained stress leads to suppressed immunity and so tired people tend to have higher rates of overall infection and theres some very good studies showing that shift workers for example have higher rates of cancer -increased levels of stress throw glucose into the circulation glucose becomes a dominant part of the vasculature and essentially you become glucose intolerant therefore diabetes two -and the journey that i want to take you on we need to start by going back in time -stress increases cardiovascular disease as a result of raising blood pressure so theres a whole raft of things associated with sleep loss -so a quick show of hands who feels that theyre getting enough sleep here -ask the question well how do i know whether im getting enough sleep well its not rocket science if you need an alarm clock to get you out of bed in the morning -if you are taking a long time to get up if you need lots of stimulants if youre grumpy if youre irritable if youre told by your work colleagues that youre looking tired and irritable chances are you are sleep deprived listen to them listen to yourself what do you do -enjoy the honey heavy dew of slumber -make your bedroom a haven for sleep the first critical thing is make it as dark as you possibly can and also make it slightly cool very important actually -reduce your amount of light exposure at least half an hour before you go to bed light increases levels of alertness and will delay sleep whats the last thing that most of us do before we go to bed we stand in a massively lit bathroom looking into the mirror cleaning our teeth its the worst thing we can possibly do before we went to sleep -turn off those mobile phones turn off those computers turn off all of those things that are also going to excite the brain -try not to drink caffeine too late in the day ideally not after lunch -now weve set about reducing light exposure before you go to bed but light exposure in the morning is very good at setting the biological clock to the light dark cycle so seek out morning light basically listen to yourself -the sleep demands of the aged do not go down essentially sleep fragments and becomes less robust but sleep requirements do not go down and the fourth myth is early to bed early to rise makes a man healthy wealthy and wise well thats wrong at so many different levels -i wont go into details about what led to a decision i made but lets just say it involved alcohol cigarettes other substances and a woman -i basically decided that it was i not the camera or the network or anything that lay outside myself that was the only instrument in storytelling truly worth tuning -in my life when i tried to achieve things like success or recognition they eluded me paradoxically when i let go of these objectives and worked from a place of compassion and purpose -looking for excellence rather than the results of it everything arrived on its own including fulfillment -i invite you into three recent stories of mine which are about this way of looking if you will which i believe exemplify the tenets of what i like to call compassion in storytelling -and ive been involved in the documentary filmmaking business all over the world for the last ten years during the process of making these films i found myself taking photographs often much to the annoyance of the video cameramen -in two thousand and seven i went to liberia where a group of my friends and i did an independent self funded film still in progress -a very legendary and brutal war lord named general butt naked his real name is joshua and hes pictured here in a cell where he once used to torture and murder people including children -joshua claims to have personally killed more than ten thousand people during liberias civil war he got his name from fighting stark naked -and he is probably the most prolific mass murderer alive on earth today this woman witnessed the general murdering her brother -how do you live with yourself if you know youve committed horrific crimes today -the general is a baptized christian evangelist and hes on a mission we accompanied joshua as he walked the -visiting villages where he had once killed and raped he seeked forgiveness and he -during this expedition i expected him to be killed outright and us as well but what i saw opened my eyes to an idea of forgiveness which i never thought possible -in the midst of incredible poverty and loss people who had nothing absolved a man who had taken everything from them -he begs for forgiveness and receives it from the same woman whose brother he murdered senegalese the young man seated on the -was once a child soldier under the generals command until he disobeyed orders and the general shot off both his legs -the general in this image he risked his life as he walked up to people whose families hed murdered -i found this photography of mine almost compulsive and at the end of a shoot i would sometimes feel that i had photographs that told a better story than a sometimes sensational documentary -this image to me is almost like from a shakespearean play with a man surrounded by various influences desperate to hold on to something true within himself in a context of great suffering that he has created himself -and speaks about them from soapboxes across monrovia to an audience that often includes his victims a very unlikely spokesperson for the idea of separation of church and state -the second story im going to tell you about is about a group of very special fighting women with rather unique peace keeping skills -liberia is now home to an all woman united nations contingent of indian peacekeepers these women many from small towns in india help keep the peace far away from home and family -use negotiation and tolerance more often than an armed response -that a woman could gauge a potentially violent situation much better than men and that they were definitely capable of diffusing it non aggressively -contingent seems to be quite lucky and it has not sustained any casualties even though dozens of peacekeepers have been killed in liberia and yes all of those people killed -many of the women are married with children and they say the hardest part of their deployment was being kept away from their children i accompanied these women on their patrols and watched as they walked past men many who passed very lewd comments incessantly -and when i asked one of the women about the shock and awe response she said dont worry same thing back home we know how to deal with these fellows and ignored -i felt when i had my photographs that i was holding on to something true regardless of agendas or politics in two thousand and seven i traveled to three war zones i traveled to iraq afghanistan and -in a country ravaged by violence against women indian peacekeepers have inspired many local women to join the police force -answer more than five thousand calls in just two months and all this against incredible logistical odds like heat and traffic jams -as we neared angry crowds attacked our trucks and stoned them by hundreds of people all over the place these men were terrified as the mob attacked -but nonetheless despite the hostility firefighters left the vehicle and successfully fought the fire running the gauntlet through hostile crowds and some wearing motorbike helmets to prevent injury -some of the local people forcibly took away the hoses from the firemen to put out the fire in their homes now hundreds of homes were destroyed -but the question that lingered in my mind was what causes people to destroy fire trucks -headed to their own homes where does such rage come from and how are we responsible for this -lack even the most basic amenities and this is something that is common to all our big cities back to the dfs a huge chemical depot caught fire -thousands of drums filled with petrochemicals were blazing away and exploding all around us the heat was so intense that hoses were used to cool down firefighters fighting extremely close to the fire -and with no protective clothing in india we often love to complain about our government bodies but over here the heads of the dfs -and over there i experienced other peoples suffering up close and personal immersed myself in some rather intense and emotional stories and at times i experienced great fear for my own life -c sharman mister a k sharman lead the firefight with their men something wonderful in a country where manual labor is often looked down upon -over the years my faith in the power of storytelling has been tested and ive had very serious doubt about its efficacy and my own faith in humanity -however a film we shot still airs on the national geographic channel and when it airs i get calls from all the guys i was with and they tell me that they receive hundreds of calls congratulating them -some of the firemen told me that they were also inspired to do better because they were so pleased to get thank yous rather than brick bats -it seems that this story helped change perceptions about the dfs at least in the minds of an audience in part on televisions read magazines and whose huts arent -in the audience and also in the storyteller and thats the power of storytelling focus on whats dignified courageous and beautiful and it grows thank you -so lets go back and ill show you what you saw there was a lot there -there are two pop ups bringing you some other information and a final article with a link out to the original article lets go to this google map and ill show you how you can edit it -now in the video i mentioned adding a live feed which we can do right now so lets add a live feed from flickr -lets try something else -everything youve seen today is built with the basic building blocks of the web html css and javascript that means its completely remixable it also means theres no proprietary software all you need is a web browser -so imagine if every video that we watched on the web -worked like the web completely remixable linked to its source content and interactive for everyone who views it i think popcorn could change the way that we tell stories on the web and the way we understand the world we live in thank you -but video has been left out it arrived on the web in a small box and there it has remained completely disconnected from the data and the content all around it -in fact in over a decade on the web the only thing that has changed about video is the size of the box and the quality of the picture popcorn changes all of that -its an online tool that allows anyone to combine video with content pulled live directly from the web videos created with popcorn behave like the web itself dynamic full of links and completely remixable and finally allowed to break free from the frame -so every popcorn production begins with the video and so ive made a short twenty second clip using a newscaster template that we use in workshops so lets watch it well go back and ill show you how we made it -so its a special interest writing system -the akan of people of ghana and cote divoire developed adinkra symbols some four hundred years ago -and these are proverbs historical sayings objects animals plants and my favorite adinkra system is the first one at the top on the left its called sankofa it means return and get it -learn from the past this pictograph by the jokwe people of angola tells the story of the creation of the world at the top is god at the bottom is man mankind -fifteen years ago after a twenty year stay in the united states and africa called me back -and on the left is the sun on the right is the moon all the paths lead to and from god -these secret societies of the yoruba kongo and palo -religions in nigeria congo and angola respectively -developed this intricate writing system which is alive and well today in the new world in cuba -in the ituri society the men pound out a cloth out of a special tree and the women who are also the praise singers paint interweaving patterns that are the same in structure as the polyphonic structures that they use in their singing -a sort of a musical score if you may -in south africa ndebele women use these symbols and other geometric patterns to paint their homes in bright colors and the zulu women use the symbols in the beads that they weave into bracelets and necklaces -and i founded my countrys first graphic design and new media college and i called it the zimbabwe institute of vigital arts the idea the dream was really for a sort of bauhaus sort of school -king ibrahim njoya of the bamum kingdom of cameroon developed shu mom at the age of twenty five -africa has had a long tradition of design a well defined design sensibility but the problem in africa has been that especially today designers in africa -struggle with all forms of design because -they are more apt to look outward for influence and inspiration -the creative spirit in africa the creative tradition is as potent as it has always been if only designers could look within -this ethiopic cross illustrates what dr ron eglash has established that africa has a lot to contribute to computing and mathematics through their intuitive grasp of fractals africans of antiquity created civilization -and their monuments which still stand today are a true testimony of their greatness -most probably one of humanitys greatest achievements is the invention of the alphabet and that has been attributed to mesopotamia with their invention of cuneiform in one thousand six hundred bc followed by hieroglyphics in egypt -and that story has been cast in stone as historical fact -and these have been dated at between one thousand eight hundred and one thousand nine hundred b c centuries before mesopotamia called wadi el hol because of the place that they were discovered -these inscriptions research is still going on a few of them have been deciphered but there is consensus among scholars that this is really humanitys first alphabet -students of design in africa read the works of -titans like cheikh anta diop senegals cheikh anta diop whose seminal work on egypt is vindicated by this discovery -the last word goes to the great jamaican leader marcus mosiah garvey and the akan people of ghana with their adinkra symbol sankofa which encourages us to go to the past so as to inform our present and build on a future for us and our children -it is also time that designers in africa stop looking outside -theyve been looking outward for a long time yet what they were looking for -we offer a two year diploma -to talented students who have successfully completed their high school education and typographys a very important part of the curriculum and we encourage our students to look inward for influence -heres a poster designed by one of the students under the theme education is a right -some logos designed by my students africa has had a long tradition of writing but this is not such a well known fact and i wrote the book afrikan alphabets to address that the different types of writing in africa -first was proto writing -and some of you all might know about five years ago i was an analyst at a hedge fund and i was in boston and i was tutoring my cousins in new orleans remotely -ive seen some things youre doing in the system that have to do with motivation and feedback energy points merit badges tell me what youre thinking there -just the wording of the badging or how many points you get for doing something we see on a system wide basis like tens of thousands of fifth graders or sixth graders going one direction or another depending what badge you give them -every student work at their own pace on something like this and wed give a dashboard and they said oh this is kind of radical we have to think about it and me and the rest of the team were like theyre never going to -want to do this but literally the next day they were like can you start in two weeks -so fifth grade math -and i started putting the first youtube videos up really just as a kind of nice to have just a supplement for my cousins something that might give them a refresher or something and as soon as i put those first youtube videos up something interesting happened actually a bunch of interesting things happened the first was the feedback from my cousins -they told me that they preferred me on youtube than in person -they dont have to be embarrassed and ask their cousin they can just watch those videos if theyre bored they can go ahead they can watch it at their own time at their own pace -and probably the least appreciated aspect of this is the notion that the very first time the very first time that youre trying to get your brain around a new concept the very last thing you need is another human being saying do you understand this -and thats what was happening with the interaction with my cousins -this is actually from one of the original calculus videos -and then they smiled -and then in a response to that same comment this is on the thread you can go on youtube and look at these comments someone else wrote same thing here i actually got a natural high and a good mood for the entire day since i remember seeing all of this matrix text in class and here im all like i know kung fu -but then as the viewership kept growing and kept growing i started getting letters from people and it was starting to become clear that it was actually more than just a nice to have this is just an excerpt from one of those letters my twelve year old son has autism -and has had a terrible time with math we have tried everything viewed everything bought everything we stumbled on your video on decimals and it got through then we went on to the dreaded fractions again he got it -we could not believe it he is so excited -and so you can imagine here i was an analyst at a hedge fund it was very strange for me to do something of social value -but i didnt think it would be something that would somehow penetrate the classroom but then i started getting letters from teachers and the teachers would write saying weve used your videos to flip the classroom youve given the lectures so now what we do and this could happen in every classroom in america tomorrow -what i do is i assign the lectures for homework and what used to be homework -national assembly they create the committee of public safety which sounds like a very nice committee notice -i want to pause here for a second because theres a couple of interesting things one when those teachers are doing that -they took a fundamentally dehumanizing experience thirty kids with their fingers on their lips not allowed to interact with each other a teacher no matter how good has to give this one size fits all lecture to thirty students blank faces slightly antagonistic and now its a human experience now theyre actually interacting with each other -this is an aldehyde and its an alcohol start differentiating into effector and memory cells a galaxy hey theres another galaxy -so once the khan academy i quit my job and we turned into a real organization were a not for profit the question is how do we take this to the next level how do we take what those teachers are doing to their natural conclusion -and so what im showing you over here these are actual exercises that i started writing for my cousins the ones i started were much more primitive this is a more competent version of it -but the paradigm here is well generate as many questions as you need until you get that concept until you get ten in a row and the khan academy videos are there you get hints the actual steps for that problem if you dont know how to do it -but the paradigm here it seems like a very simple thing ten in a row you move on but its fundamentally different than whats happening in classrooms right now in a traditional classroom -you have a couple of homework homework lecture homework lecture and then you have a snapshot exam and that exam whether you get a seventy percent an eighty percent a ninety percent or a ninety five percent the class moves on to the next topic -and even that ninety five percent student what was the five percent they didnt know maybe they didnt know what happens when you raise something to the zero power and then you go build on that in the next concept thats analogous to imagine learning to ride a bicycle -and maybe i give you a lecture ahead of time and i give you that bicycle for two weeks and then i come back after two weeks -and i say well lets see youre having trouble taking left turns you cant quite stop -oh look theres another galaxy and for dollars is their thirty million plus the twenty million dollars from the american manufacturer if this does not blow your mind -and then i say heres a unicycle -but as ridiculous as that -learn math the way youd learn anything like the way you would learn a bicycle stay on that bicycle fall off that bicycle do it as long as necessary until you have mastery the traditional model it penalizes you for experimentation and failure but it does not expect mastery -we encourage you to experiment we encourage you to failure but we do expect mastery -this is just another one of the modules this is trigonometry this is shifting and reflecting functions and they all fit together we have -and the paradigm is once you get ten in a row on that it keeps forwarding you to more and more advanced modules so if you keep -and the idea is from this we can actually teach everything well everything that can be taught in this type of a framework so you can imagine and this is what we are working on is from this knowledge map you have logic you have computer programming -then you have no emotion -you have grammar you have genetics all based off of that core of if you know this and that now youre ready for this next concept -now that can work well for an individual learner and i encourage one for you to do it with your kids but i also encourage everyone in the audience to do it yourself itll change what happens at the dinner table -but what we want to do is to use the natural conclusion of the flipping of the classroom that those early teachers had emailed me about -and so what im showing you here this is actually data from a pilot in the los altos school district where they took two fifth grade classes and two seventh grade classes and completely gutted their old math curriculum these kids arent using textbooks theyre not getting one size fits all lectures theyre doing khan academy theyre doing that software for roughly half of their math class and i want to make it clear -we dont view this as the complete math education what it does is and this is whats happening in los altos -it frees up time this is the blocking and tackling making sure you know how to move through a system of equations and it frees up time for the simulations for the games for the mechanics for the robot building for the estimating how high that hill is based on its shadow -and so the paradigm is the teacher walks in every day every kid works at their own pace and this is actually a live dashboard from los altos school district -and they look at this dashboard every row is a student every column is one of those concepts green means the students already proficient blue means theyre working on it no need to worry red means theyre stuck -let me intervene on the red kids or even better let me get one of the green kids who are already proficient in that concept to be the first line of attack and actually tutor their peer -data centric reality so we dont want that teacher to even go and intervene and have to ask the kid awkward questions oh what do you not understand or what do you do understand and all of the rest -so our paradigm is to really arm the teachers with as much data as possible really data that in almost any other field is expected if youre in finance or marketing or manufacturing -and so the teachers can actually diagnose whats wrong with the students so they can make their interaction as productive as possible so now the teachers know exactly what the students have been up to how long they have been spending every day what videos have they been watching when did they pause the videos what did they stop -they watched the video right over there and then you can see eventually they were able to get ten in a row its almost like you can see them learning over those last ten problems they also got faster the height is how long it took them -so -over and over again if you go five days into it theres a group of kids whove raced ahead and theres a group of kids who are a little bit slower and in a traditional model if you did a snapshot assessment you say these are the gifted kids these are the slow kids maybe they should be tracked differently maybe we should put them in different classes -but when you let every student work at their own pace and we see it over and over and over again -you see students who took a little bit of extra time on one concept or the other but once they get through that concept they just race ahead and so the same kids that you thought were slow -six weeks ago you now would think are gifted and were seeing it over and over and over again and it makes you really wonder how much all of the labels maybe a lot of us have benefited from were really just due to a coincidence of time -our goal is to use technology to humanize not just in los altos but on a global scale whats happening in education and actually that kind of brings an interesting point a lot of the effort in humanizing the classroom is focused on student to teacher ratios -in our mind the relevant metric is student to valuable human time with the teacher ratio so in a traditional model most of the -and as valuable as that is in los altos imagine what that does to the adult learner whos embarrassed to go back and learn stuff that they should have before before going back to college imagine what it does to a street kid in calcutta -who has to help his family during the day and thats the reason why he or she cant go to school now they can spend two hours a day and remediate or get up to speed and not feel embarrassed about what they do or dont know -now imagine what happens where we talked about the peers teaching each other inside of a classroom but this is all one system -theres no reason why you cant have that peer to peer tutoring beyond that one classroom imagine what happens if -that student in calcutta all of a sudden can tutor your son or your son can tutor that kid in calcutta and i think what youll see emerging is this notion of -and thats essentially what were trying to build thank you -no how is their ignorance -any less obvious on the subject of human wellbeing -because we dont think rocks can suffer and if were more concerned about our fellow primates than we are about insects as indeed we are -so this i think is what the world needs now -it needs people like ourselves -to admit that there are right and wrong answers to questions of human flourishing and morality relates -for individuals and even for whole cultures to care about the wrong things -just admitting this will transform our discourse about morality -we live in a world in which the boundaries between nations mean less and less and they will one day mean nothing -we live in a world filled with destructive technology and this technology can not be uninvented it will always be easier to break things than to fix them -it seems to me therefore patently obvious that we can no more -respect and tolerate vast differences in notions of human wellbeing than we can respect or tolerate vast differences in the notions about how disease spreads -or in the safety standards of buildings and airplanes we simply must converge -on the answers we give to the most important questions in human life -combustible material there whether in this audience or people elsewhere in the world hearing some of this may well be doing the screaming with rage thing after as well -in the muslim world spoken with a lot of -muslim women and some of them would say something else they would say -you know this is a celebration of female specialness it helps build that and its a result of the fact that and this is arguable a sophisticated psychological view -that male lust is not to be trusted i mean can you engage in a conversation with that kind of woman without -is something that we could be right or wrong about and if we have misconstrued the relationship between biological complexity and the possibilities of experience -youre guaranteed to be treated in a certain way if you dont veil yourself and so if anyone in this room wanted to -a very funny hat or tattoo their face i think we should be free to voluntarily do whatever we want but we have to be honest -about the constraints that these women are placed under and so i think we shouldnt be so eager to always take their word for it especially when its one hundred and twenty degrees out and theyre wearing a full burqa -a a lot of people want to believe in this concept of moral progress but can you -i think once you admit that we are on the path toward understanding our minds at the level of the brain in some important detail then you have to admit that -going to understand all of the positive and negative qualities of ourselves in much greater detail so were going to understand positive social emotion like empathy and compassion -well then we could be wrong about the inner lives of insects -we are inevitably going to converge on that fact space so everything is not going to be up for grabs its not going to be like -veiling my daughter from birth is just as good as teaching her to be confident and -and there is no -well educated in the context of men who do desire women i mean i dont think we need an nsf grant to know that -interrogate them do people love their daughters just as much in these systems -and i think there are clearly right answers to that c a and if the -come out that actually they do are you prepared to shift your instinctive current judgement on some of these issues -notion no version of human morality and human values that ive ever come across that is not at some point -well yeah modulo one obvious fact that you can love someone in the context of a truly delusional belief system so you can say like because i knew my gay son was going to go to hell if -again then we have to talk about wellbeing in a larger context its all of us in this together not one man feeling ecstasy and then blowing himself up on a bus -even if you get your values from religion -even if you think that good and evil ultimately relate to conditions after death either to an eternity of happiness with god or an eternity of suffering in hell -you are still concerned about consciousness and its changes and to say that such changes can persist after death is itself a factual claim which of course may or may not be true -speak today about the relationship between science and human values -now to speak about the conditions of well being in this life for human beings we know that there is a continuum of such facts -we know that its possible to live in a failed state -where everything that can go wrong does go wrong where mothers can not feed their children -and we know that its possible to move along this continuum -that there are right and wrong answers to how to move in this space -now its generally understood that questions of morality -so that when bad things happened to them they immediately blame their neighbors probably not there are truths to be known about how human communities flourish -whether or not we understand these truths and morality relates to these truths so in talking about values we are talking about facts -now our situation in the world can be understood at many levels ranging from the level of the genome on up to the level of economic systems and political arrangements but if were going to talk about human wellbeing -we are of necessity talking about the human brain because we know that our experience of the world and of ourselves within it is realized in the brain -the suicide bomber does get seventy two virgins -in the afterlife in this life -his personality his rather unfortunate personality is the product of his brain -so the contributions of culture if culture changes us as indeed it does it changes us by changing our brains and so therefore -whatever cultural variation there is in how human beings flourish can at least in principle be understood in the context of a maturing science of the mind neuroscience psychology -so what im arguing is that value is reducable to facts to facts about the conscious -and we can therefore visualize a space of possible changes in the experience of these beings -i think of this as kind of a moral landscape with peaks and valleys that correspond to differences in the well being of conscious creatures both personal and collective -and one thing to notice is that perhaps there are states of human wellbeing that we rarely access that few people access and these await our discovery -thought that science can help us get what we value -now let me be clear about what im not saying im not saying -that science is guaranteed to map this space -we will have scientific answers to every conceivable moral question -i dont think for instance that you will one day consult a supercomputer to learn whether you should have a second child -or whether we should bomb irans nuclear facilities or whether you can deduct the full cost of ted as a business expense -if questions affect human wellbeing then they do have answers whether or not we can find them and just admitting this -there are twenty one states in our country -and consequently most people i think most people probably here think that science will never answer the most important questions in human life -raising large bruises and blisters and even breaking the skin -and hundreds of thousands of children incidentally are subjected to this every year -the locations of these enlightened districts i think will fail to surprise you -were not talking about connecticut and the rationale for this behavior is explicitly religious the creator of the universe himself has told us not to spare the rod lest we spoil the child -this is in proverbs thirteen and twenty and i believe twenty three -but we can ask the obvious question -is it a good idea generally speaking to subject children to pain and violence and public humiliation as a way of encouraging healthy emotional development and good behavior -is there -that this question has an answer and that it matters -now many of you might worry that the notion of wellbeing is truly undefined -and seemingly perpetually open to be reconstrued and so how therefore can there be an objective -questions like what is worth living for what is worth dying for what constitutes a good life -now around eighty in the developed world -notice that the fact that the concept of health is open genuinely open for revision does not make it vacuous -the distinction between a healthy person and a dead one -is about as clear and consequential as any we make in science -an objective morality -well think of how we talk about food -so im going to argue that this is an illusion that the separation between science and human values is an illusion and actually quite a dangerous one at this point in human history -i would never be tempted to argue to you -but there is nevertheless a clear distinction between food and poison -the fact that there are many right answers to the question what is food -does not tempt us to say that there are no -a principle like dont lose your queen is very good to follow -but clearly it admits of exceptions there are moments when losing your queen is a brilliant thing to do there are moments when it is the only good thing you can do -and yet chess is a domain of perfect objectivity the fact that there are exceptions here does not change that at all -the sort of moves that people are apt to make in the moral sphere -consider the great problem of womens bodies -is one thing you can do about them you can cover them up -now it is the position generally speaking of our intellectual community that -we may not like this -we might think of this as wrong in boston or palo alto -who are we to say that the proud denizens of an ancient culture are wrong to force their wives and daughters to live in cloth bags -and who are we to say even that they are wrong to beat them with lengths of steel cable or throw battery acid in their faces if they decline the privilege of being smothered in this way -who are are we not to say this -that we know so little about human wellbeing that we have to be non judgmental about a practice like this -im not talking about voluntary wearing of a veil women should be able to wear whatever they want as far as im concerned but what does voluntary mean -where when a girl gets raped -her fathers first impulse rather often -is to murder her out of shame -just let that fact detonate in your brain for a minute -daughter gets raped -and what you want to do -and facts and values seem to belong to different spheres -now to say this is not to say that we have got the perfect solution in our own society -this is what its like to go to a news stand almost anywhere in the civilized world -now granted for many men it may require a degree in philosophy to see something wrong with these images -if we are in a reflective mood we can ask -is this the perfect expression -of psychological balance with respect to variables like youth and beauty and womens bodies i mean is this the optimal environment in which to raise our children -often thought that there is no description of the way the world is -probably not okay so perhaps there is some place on the spectrum -between these two extremes that represents a place of better balance -now the irony from my perspective is that the only people who seem to generally agree with me and who think that there are right and wrong answers to moral questions are religious demagogues of one form or another -and of course they think they have right answers to moral questions because they got these answers from a voice in a whirlwind -not because they made an intelligent analysis of the causes and condition of human and animal well being -in fact the endurance of religion as a lens through which most people view moral questions has separated most moral talk from real questions of human and animal suffering -this is why we spend our time talking about things like gay marriage -and not about genocide or nuclear proliferation -the demagogues are right about one thing we need a universal conception of human values -now what stands in the way of this well one thing to notice is that we do something different when talking about morality especially secular academic scientist types -but i think this is quite clearly untrue -when talking about morality we value differences of opinion -so we appear to have a genuine difference of opinion about how to profitably use ones time -values are a certain kind of fact -most western intellectuals look at this situation and say well there is nothing for the dalai lama to be really right about really right about or for ted bundy to be really wrong about that admits of a -real argument that potentially falls within the purview of science he likes chocolate he likes vanilla there is nothing that one should be able to say to the other that should persuade the other -notice that we dont do this in science -on the left you have edward witten hes a string theorist -facts about the wellbeing of conscious creatures -if you ask the smartest physicists around who is the smartest physicist around in my experience half of them will say ed witten -the other half will tell you they dont like the question -why is it that we dont have ethical obligations toward rocks -nothing would happen because im not a physicist i dont understand string theory im the ted bundy of string theory -i wouldnt want to belong to any string theory club that would have me as a member -but this is just the point whenever we are talking about facts certain opinions must be excluded that is what it is to have a domain of expertise that is what it is for knowledge to count -how have we convinced ourselves that in the moral sphere there is no such thing as moral expertise -or moral talent -or moral genius -we feel compassion for rocks -have we convinced ourselves that every culture has a point of view on these subjects worth considering -the taliban have a point of view on physics that is worth considering -and this to me is a pretty classic manspace it has neon concert posters a bar and of course the leg lamp -i soon realized that manspaces didnt have to be only inside this guy built a bowling alley in his backyard out of landscaping timbers astroturf and he found the scoreboard in the trash -so pretty early on in my investigations i realized what i was finding was not what i expected to find which was quite frankly a lot of beer can pyramids and overstuffed couches and flat screen tvs -there were definitely hang out spots but some were for working some were for playing some were for guys to collect their things most of all i was just surprised with what i was finding take this place for example -so i am indeed going to talk about the spaces men create for themselves but first i want to tell you why im here im here for two reasons these two guys are my two sons ford and -on the outside it looks like a typical northeastern garage this is in long island new york the only thing that might tip you off is the round window on the inside its a recreation of a sixteenth century japanese tea house the man imported all the materials from japan -and he hired a japanese carpenter to build it in the traditional style it has no nails or screws all the joints are hand carved and hand scribed -and he trains in the space he trains other people and right off the garage he has his own trophy room where he can sort of bask in his accomplishments which is another sort of important part -so as i came to the end of my journey i found over fifty spaces and they were unexpected and they were surprising but they were also i was really impressed by how personalized they were and how much work went into them -and i realized thats because the guys that i met were all very passionate about what they did and they really loved their professions and they were very passionate about their collections and their hobbies and so they created these spaces -to reflect what they love to do and who they were so if you dont have a space of your own i highly recommend finding one and getting into it thank you very much -when ford was about three years old we shared a very small room together in a very small space my office was on one half of the bedroom and his -it had everything i needed it was quiet there was enough space and i had control which was very important as i was building this space i thought to myself surely im not the only guy to have to -have carved out a space for his own so i did some research and i found that there was an historic precedence hemingway had his writing space -had two or three manspaces which is pretty unique because he lived with both his wife and his mother in graceland in the popular culture superman had the fortress of solitude and there was of course the batcave -so i realized then that i wanted to go out on a journey and see what guys were creating for themselves now -you can walk a mile when it comes to understanding why that persons driving forty miles per hour in the passing lane -or your teenage son -or your neighbor who annoys you by cutting his lawn on sunday mornings whatever it is you can go so far -and then do it again and do it again and do it again and suddenly all these tiny little worlds they come together in this complex web and they build a big complex world and suddenly without realizing it youre seeing the world differently everything has changed everything in your life has changed -other lives other visions listen to other people enlighten ourselves -im not saying that i support the terrorists in iraq -but as a sociologist what i am saying is -and sophisticated technology in order to ensure that people like me would not speak out -against this relationship -and everywhere were symbols of the chinese everywhere a constant reminder -students often ask me what is sociology -and it gets really ugly and the chinese respond in a very ugly way -and before we know it they send in the tanks and then send in the troops -and lots of people are dying and its a very very difficult situation -can you imagine what you would feel -if you were in my shoes can you imagine walking out of this building and seeing a tank sitting out there or a truck full of soldiers -and i tell them its the study -if you can thats empathy thats empathy youve left your shoes and youve stood in mine -okay so thats the warm up thats the warm up now were going to have -of the way in which human beings are shaped by things that they dont see -the real radical experiment and so for the remainder of my talk what i want you to do is put yourselves in the shoes of an ordinary arab muslim living in the middle east in particular in iraq -and so to help you -perhaps youre a member of this middle class family in baghdad -and what you want is the best for your kids you want your kids to have a better life and you watch the news -you pay attention you read the newspaper you go down to the coffee shop with your friends and you read the newspapers from around the world and sometimes you even watch satellite cnn from the united states so you have a sense of what the americans are thinking but really you just want a better life for yourself thats what you want -everybody knows that people here back in the united states know its about oil its because somebody else has a design for your resource its your resource its not somebody elses its your land -its your resource somebody else has a design for it -and you know why they have a design you know why they have their eyes set on it because they have an entire -how can i understand those invisible forces and i say empathy start with empathy it all begins with empathy take yourself -and they have big cities and the cities -are all dependent on oil -something else you see that you talk about americans dont talk about this but you do theres this thing this militarization of the world and its centered right in the united states and the united states -is responsible for almost one -four percent of the worlds population and you feel it you see it every day its part of your life and you talk about it with your friends you read about it and back -when saddam hussein was in power -somehow suddenly things mattered -and what you see something else the united states -there are a lot of countries oil producing countries that arent very democratic but supported by the united states -these incursions these two wars the ten years of sanctions the eight years of occupation the insurgency thats been unleashed on your people the tens of thousands the hundreds of thousands of civilian deaths -all because of oil -you cant help but think that you talk about -it its in the forefront of your mind always -once a life of happiness and joy and suddenly pain and sorrow -everyone in your country has been touched by the violence the bloodshed the pain the horror everybody not a single person in your country has not been touched but theres something else theres something else about these -if a hundred years ago china had been the most powerful nation in the world and they came to the united states in search of coal and they found it and in fact they found lots of it right here and pretty soon they began shipping that coal -people these americans who are there theres something else about them that you see they dont see themselves and what do you see -god they have crosses they carry bibles their bibles have a little insignia that says u s army -before they send their sons and daughters off to war in your country and you know the reason before they send them off they go to a christian church and they pray to their christian god and they ask for protection and guidance from that god why -of course you do and they do wonderful things -you read about it you hear about it theyre there to build schools and help people and thats what they want to do they do wonderful things but they also do the bad things and you cant tell the difference and this guy you get a guy like lt gen william boykin i mean heres a guy who says that your god -invade subdue them take their resources if they wont submit kill them -thats what this is about and youre thinking my god these christians are coming to kill us -this is frightening you feel frightened of course you feel frightened -these christians who are these christians theyre so evil theyre so mean this is what theyre about -this is what youre thinking as an arab muslim as an iraqi of course youre going to think this and then your cousin says hey cuz check out this website youve got to see this bible boot camp these christians are nuts theyre training their little kids to be soldiers for jesus -and they take these little kids and they run them through these things till they teach them how to say sir yes sir and things like grenade toss and weapons care and maintenance and go to the website -when you see them theyre something else theyre something else thats what they are to you -we dont see it that way in the united states but you see it that way -and they got fabulously wealthy in doing so and they built beautiful cities -youre generalizing its wrong you dont understand the americans its not a christian invasion were not just there for oil were there for lots of reasons you have it wrong -youve missed it and of course most of you dont support the insurgency you dont support killing americans you dont support the terrorists of course you dont very few people do -all powered on that coal -now here comes the radical experiment so were all back home -this photo this woman man i feel her -i feel her shes my sister my wife my cousin -so its all about coal and the chinese are here in the united states -because her loved one has died in america in the coal uprising -and the soldiers are chinese and everybody else is chinese -as an american how do you feel about this picture -this is the scene here its an american american soldiers american woman who lost her loved one in the middle east in iraq or afghanistan now put yourself in the shoes go back to the shoes of an arab muslim living in iraq -what are you feeling and thinking about this photo about this -because im taking a big risk here -and so im going to invite you to take a risk with me these gentlemen here theyre insurgents they were caught by the american soldiers trying to kill americans -maybe they succeeded put yourself in the shoes of the americans who caught them -can you feel the rage can you feel that you just want to take these guys and wring their necks can you go there -i saw people struggling to get by -it shouldnt be that difficult -you just oh man now put yourself in -or patriotic defenders -not knowing what was what and what was next -ill be back later -im going out to defend your freedom your lives im going out to look out for us -and then i asked myself the question i say hows it possible that we could be so poor here in the united states because the coal is such a wealthy resource its so much money and i realized because the chinese -and walk an inch one tiny inch -in all other aspects of your life -how long its going to last and the journalist said why is there so little response out of washington why no hearings no denunciations no people getting arrested in front of -the rwandan embassy or in front of the white house whats the deal and she said she was so honest she said its a great question -all i can tell you is that in my congressional office in colorado and my office in washington were getting hundreds and hundreds of calls about the endangered ape and gorilla population in rwanda -but nobody is calling about the people -the phones just arent ringing about the people -and the reason i give you this moment is theres a deep truth in it and that truth is or was in the twentieth century -i spent the better part of a decade looking at american responses to mass atrocity and genocide and -that while we were beginning to develop endangered species movements we didnt have an endangered peoples movement -we had holocaust education in the schools most of us were groomed not only on images of nuclear catastrophe but also on images and knowledge of the holocaust -theres a museum of course on the mall in washington right next to lincoln and jefferson i mean we have owned never again culturally appropriately -and yet the politicization of never again the operationalization of never again had never occurred in the twentieth century -and thats what that moment with patricia schroeder i think shows that if -we are to bring about an end to the worlds worst atrocities we have to make it such there has to be a role there has to be -now here and this will be a relief to you at this point in the afternoon there is good news amazing news in the twenty one st century and that is that -almost out of nowhere there has come into being an anti genocide movement an anti genocide constituency and one that looks destined in fact to be permanent it grew up in response to the atrocities in -it is comprised of students there are something like three hundred anti genocide chapters on college campuses around the country its bigger than the anti apartheid movement -there are something like five hundred high school chapters devoted to stopping the genocide in darfur evangelicals have joined it -jewish groups have joined it hotel rwanda watchers have joined it it is a cacophonous movement to call it a movement as with all movements perhaps is a little misleading its diverse its got a lot of different approaches its got all the ups and the downs of movements -id like to start by sharing with you one moment that to me sums up what there is to know about american and democratic responses to mass atrocity and that moment -but it has been amazingly successful in one regard in that it has become it has congealed into this endangered peoples movement that was missing in the twentieth century it sees itself such as it is the -as something that will create the impression that there will be political cost there will be a political price to be paid for allowing genocide -for not having an heroic imagination for not being an upstander but for being in fact a bystander now -because its student driven theres some amazing things that the movement has done they have launched a divestment campaign that has now convinced i think fifty five universities in twenty two states -to divest their holdings of stocks with regard to companies doing business in sudan they have a one eight hundred genocide number this is going to sound very kitsch but for those of you who may not -be i mean may be apolitical but interested in doing something about genocide you dial one eight hundred genocide and you type in your zip code and you dont even have to know who your congressperson is it will refer you -directly to your congressperson to your us senator to your governor where divestment legislation is pending theyve lowered the transaction costs of stopping genocide -when a congress is in session is members of congress calling up these nineteen year olds or twenty four year olds and saying im just told i have a d minus on genocide what do i do to get a c i just want to get a c help me -and the students and the others who are part of this incredibly energized base are there to answer that and theres always something to do -now what this movement has done is it has extracted from the bush administration from the united states at a time of massive over stretch military financial diplomatic -the bad news however to this question of will evil prevail is that evil lives on the people in those camps are surrounded on all sides by so called janjaweed these men on horseback with spears and kalashnikovs -women who go to get firewood in order to heat the humanitarian aid in order to feed their families humanitarian aid the dirty secret of it is it has to be heated really to be edible -are themselves subjected to rape which is a tool of the genocide that is being used and the peacekeepers ive mentioned the force has been authorized -but almost no country on earth has stepped forward since the authorization to actually put its troops or its police in harms way -so we have achieved an awful lot relative to the twentieth century and yet far too little relative to the gravity of the crime that is unfolding as we sit here as we speak -why the limits to the movement why is what has been achieved or what the movement has done been necessary but not sufficient -to the crime i think there are a couple there are many reasons but a couple just to focus on briefly the first is that the movement such as it is -stops at americas borders -on april twenty one in the new york times the paper reported that somewhere between two hundred and three hundred thousand people had already been killed in the genocide it was in the paper -not on the front page it was a lot like the holocaust coverage it was buried in the paper rwanda itself was not seen as newsworthy and amazingly genocide itself was not seen as newsworthy -whats up whats going on in the us government two to three hundred thousand people have just been exterminated in the last couple of weeks in rwanda its two weeks into the genocide at that time but of course at that time you dont know -its really maneuverable you have a hand held remote so you can pretty easily control acceleration braking go in reverse if you like -also have braking -that you can carry with you anywhere -its incredible just how light this thing is i mean this is something you can pick up and carry with you anywhere you go -for every mile or kilometer that you travel than a car -which means not only is this thing fast to charge and really cheap to build -and you can run it for one thousand kilometers on about a dollar of electricity but when i say the word electric vehicle -people think about vehicles they think about cars and motorcycles and bicycles and the vehicles that you use every day but if you come about it from a different perspective you can create some more interesting more novel concepts so we built something -ive got some of the pieces in my pocket here so this is the motor -this motor has enough power to take you up the hills of san francisco at about twenty miles per hour about thirty kilometers an hour -and this battery -this battery right here has about -six miles of range or ten kilometers -which is enough to cover about half of the car trips in the u s alone -but the best part about these components is that we bought them at a toy store -these are from remote control airplanes and the performance of these things has gotten so good that if you think about vehicles a little bit differently you can really change things so today were going to show you one example of how you can use this -pay attention to not only how fun this thing is but also how the portability that comes with this can totally change the way you interact with a city like san francisco -and as i went village to village -i remember one day when i was famished and exhausted and i was almost collapsing in a scorching heat under a tree and just at that time one of the poorest men in that village -invited me into his hut -and graciously fed me only i later realized that what he fed me was food for his entire family for two days -this profound gift of generosity challenged and changed the very purpose of my life i resolved to give back -grew up in bihar indias poorest state and i remember when i was six years old i remember coming home one day to find a cart full of the most delicious sweets at our doorstep -later i joined the world bank which sought to fight such poverty by transferring aid from rich to poor countries -my initial work focused on uganda -newly built schools without textbooks or teachers new health clinics without drugs -all over again bihar represents the challenge of development abject poverty surrounded by corruption -globally one point three billion people live on less than dollar one point two five a day -five hundred founding fathers and one lonely founding mother gathered in new hampshire usa to establish the bretton woods institutions including the world bank -and that traditional approach to development had three key elements first transfer of resources from rich countries in the north to poorer countries in the south accompanied by reform prescriptions second the development institutions that channeled these transfers -and third the engagement in developing countries was with a narrow set of government elites with little interaction with the citizens who are the ultimate beneficiaries of development assistance -today each of these elements is opening up due to dramatic changes in the global environment open knowledge open aid open governance and together they represent three key shifts -the first key shift is open knowledge you know developing countries today will not simply accept solutions that -my brothers and i dug in and thats when my father came home he was livid and i still remember how we cried when that cart with our half eaten sweets was pulled away from us -they want to know how china lifted five hundred million people out of poverty in thirty years how mexicos oportunidades program improved schooling and nutrition for millions of children -this is the new ecosystem of open knowledge flows not just traveling north to south but south to south and even south to north with mexicos oportunidades today inspiring new york city -and just as these north to south transfers are opening up so too are the development institutions that channeled these transfers this is the second shift open aid -recently the world bank opened its vault of data for public use releasing eight thousand economic and social indicators for two hundred countries over fifty years -and it launched a global competition to crowdsource innovative apps using this data -development institutions today are also opening for public scrutiny the projects they finance take geomapping in this map from kenya the red dots show where all the schools financed by donors are located -and the darker the shade of green the more the number of out of school children -so this simple mashup reveals that donors have not financed any schools in the areas with the most out of school children provoking new questions is development assistance targeting those who most need our help -in this manner the world bank has now geomapped thirty thousand project activities in one hundred and forty three countries and donors are using a common platform to map all their projects -this is a tremendous leap forward in transparency and accountability of aid -and this leads me to the third and in my view the most significant shift in development open governance governments today are opening up just as citizens are demanding voice and accountability from the -but also for development accountability are governments delivering services to the citizens so for instance several governments in africa and eastern europe are opening their budgets to the public -but you know there is a big difference between a budget thats public and a budget thats accessible this is a public budget -later i understood why my father got so upset those sweets were a bribe from a contractor who was trying to get my father to award him a government contract my father -to tackle this problem governments are using new tools to visualize the budget so its more understandable to the public -tools like this help turn a shelf full of inscrutable documents into a publicly understandable visual and whats exciting is that with this openness there are today new opportunities for citizens to give feedback -and engage with government so in the philippines today -and the government is responsive so for instance when it was reported on this website that eight hundred students were at risk because school repairs had stalled due to corruption the department of education in the philippines took swift action -and you know whats exciting is that this innovation is now spreading south to south from the philippines to indonesia kenya moldova and beyond -and what is very exciting is that citizens were then able to give feedback as to which health or water points were not working aggregated in the red bubbles that you see which together -was responsible for building roads in bihar and he had developed a firm stance against corruption even though he was harassed and threatened -provides a graphic visual of the collective voices of the poor -today even bihar is turning around and opening up under a committed leadership that is making government transparent accessible and responsive to the poor -but you know in many parts of the world governments are not interested in opening up or -in serving the poor -and it is a real challenge for those who want to change the system these are the lonely warriors like my father -and many many others and a key frontier of development work is to help -it was very late at night and at age eighty he was typing a seventy page public interest litigation against corruption in a road project -though he was no lawyer he argued the case -court himself the next day he won the ruling but later that very evening he fell and he died -his was a lonely struggle because bihar was also indias most corrupt state where public officials were enriching themselves rather than serving the poor who had -he fought till the end increasingly passionate that to combat corruption -and poverty not only did government officials need to be honest but citizens needed to join together to make their voices heard these became the two bookends of his life -and the journey he traveled in between mirrored the changing development landscape -today im inspired by these changes and i -excited that at the world bank we are embracing these new directions a significant departure from my work in uganda twenty years ago -we need to radically open up development so knowledge flows in multiple directions inspiring practitioners so aid becomes transparent accountable and effective -so governments open up and citizens are engaged and empowered with reformers in government we need to accelerate these shifts -if we do we will find that the collective voices -we will find that these children too have a real chance of breaking their way out of poverty thank you -no means to express their anguish if their children had no food or no schooling and i experienced this most viscerally when i traveled to remote villages to study poverty -one of the brain regions that changes most dramatically during adolescence is called prefrontal cortex -prefrontal cortex is an interesting brain area its proportionally much bigger in humans than in any other species and its involved in a whole range of high level cognitive functions things like decision making planning planning what youre going to do tomorrow or next week or next year -inhibiting inappropriate behavior so stopping yourself saying something really rude or doing something really stupid its also involved in social interaction understanding other people and self awareness -so mri studies looking at the development of this region have shown that it really undergoes dramatic development during the period of adolescence -years ago it was widely assumed that the vast majority of brain development takes place in the first few years of life back then fifteen years ago we didnt have the ability to look inside the living human brain and track development across the lifespan -so if you look at gray matter volume for example gray matter volume across age from age four to twenty two years increases during childhood which is what you can see on this graph it peaks in early adolescence the arrows indicate peak gray matter volume in prefrontal cortex -you can see that that peak happens a couple of years later -in boys relative to girls and thats probably because boys go through puberty a couple of years later than girls on average and then during adolescence theres a significant decline in gray matter volume in prefrontal cortex now that might sound bad but actually this is a really important developmental process -and this decline in gray matter volume during prefrontal cortex -is thought to correspond to synaptic pruning the elimination of unwanted synapses this is a really important process its partly dependent on the environment that the animal or the human is in and the synapses that are being used are strengthened -and synapses that arent being used in that particular environment are pruned away you can think of it a bit like pruning a rosebush you prune away the weaker branches so that the remaining important branches -brain tissue according to the species specific environment is happening in prefrontal cortex and in other brain regions during the period of human adolescence -so a second line of inquiry that we use to track changes in the adolescent brain is using functional mri to look at changes in brain activity across age so ill just give you an example from my lab so in my -of how your social brains work -so this is a soccer game laughter michael owen has just missed a goal and hes lying on the ground and the first aspect of the social brain that this picture really nicely illustrates is how automatic and instinctive -social emotional responses are so within a split second of michael owen missing this goal everyone is doing the same thing with their arms and the same thing with their face even michael owen as he slides along the grass is doing the same thing with his arms and presumably has a similar facial expression and the only people who dont are the guys in yellow at the back -of the social brain that this picture really nicely illustrates how good we are at reading other peoples behavior their actions their gestures their facial expressions in terms of their underlying emotions and mental states -so you dont have to ask any of these guys you have a pretty good idea of what theyre feeling and thinking at this precise moment in time -that involves thinking about other people their minds their mental states their emotions and one of the findings that weve found several times now as have other labs around the world is part of the prefrontal cortex called medial prefrontal cortex which is shown in blue on the slide and its right in the middle of prefrontal cortex in the midline of your head -this region is more active in adolescents when they make these social decisions and think about other people than it is in adults and this is actually a meta analysis of nine different studies in this area from labs around the world and they all show the same thing that activity in this medial prefrontal cortex area -decreases during the period of adolescence and we think that might be because adolescents and adults use a different mental approach a different cognitive strategy to make social decisions and one way of looking at that -this is the same set of shelves from his point of view notice that there are only some objects that he can see whereas there are many more objects that you can see -now your task is to move objects around the director standing behind the set of shelves is going to direct you to move objects around but remember hes not going to ask you to move objects that he cant see -this introduces a really interesting condition whereby theres a kind of conflict between your perspective and the directors perspective so imagine he tells you to move the top truck left -there are three trucks there youre going to instinctively go for the white truck because thats the top truck -from your perspective but then you have to remember oh he cant see that truck so he must mean me to move the blue truck which is the top truck from his perspective now believe it or not normal healthy intelligent adults like you make errors about fifty percent of the time on that kind of trial they move the white truck instead of the blue truck -if youd like to take a snapshot a photograph at really high resolution of the inside of the living human brain and we can ask questions like how much gray matter does the brain contain and how does that change with age -okay so if i just show you the percentage errors in a large developmental study we did -this is in a study ranging from age seven to adulthood and what youre going to see is the percentage errors in the adult group in both conditions -the gray is the director condition and you see that our intelligent adults are making errors about fifty percent of the time whereas they make far fewer errors when theres no director present when they just have to remember that rule of ignoring the gray background -developmentally these two conditions develop in exactly the same way between late childhood and mid adolescence theres an improvement in other words a reduction of errors in both of these trials in both of these conditions but its when you compare the last two groups the mid adolescent group and the adult group where things get really interesting because there -there is no continued improvement in the no director condition in other words everything you need -to do in order to remember the rule and apply it seems to be fully developed by mid adolescence whereas in contrast if you look at the last two gray bars -so if you have a teenage son or a daughter and you sometimes think they have problems taking other peoples perspectives youre right they do and this is why so we sometimes -laugh about teenagers theyre parodied sometimes even demonized in the media -for their kind of typical teenage behavior they take risks theyre sometimes moody theyre very self conscious -i have a really nice anecdote from a friend of mine who said that -the thing he noticed most about his teenage daughters before and after puberty was their level of embarrassment in front of him so he said before puberty if my two daughters were messing around in a shop id say hey stop messing around and ill sing your favorite song and instantly theyd stop messing around and hed sing their favorite song after puberty that became the threat -theres a famous quote by shakespeare from the winters tale where he describes adolescence as follows -i would there were no age between ten and three and twenty or that youth would sleep out the rest for there is nothing in the between but getting wenches with child wronging the ancientry stealing fighting -so for example take risk taking we know that adolescents have a tendency to take risks they do they take more risks than children or adults and they are particularly prone to taking risks when theyre with their friends theres an important drive -to become independent from ones parents and to impress ones friends in adolescence but now we try to understand that in terms of the development of a part of their brain called the limbic system so im going to show you the limbic system in red in the slide behind me and also on this brain so the limbic system is right -so many labs around the world are involved in this kind of research and we now have a really rich and detailed picture of how the living human brain develops and this picture has radically changed the way we think about human brain development -and this region the regions within the limbic system have been found to be hypersensitive to the rewarding feeling of risk taking in adolescents compared with adults and -so brain research has shown that the adolescent brain undergoes really quite profound development and this has implications for education -for rehabilitation and intervention the environment including teaching can and does shape the developing adolescent brain and yet its only relatively recently that we have been routinely educating teenagers in the west all four of my grandparents for example -left school in their early adolescence they had no choice and thats still the case for many many teenagers around the world today forty percent of teenagers dont have access to secondary school -education and yet this is a period of life where the brain is particularly adaptable and malleable its a fantastic opportunity for learning and creativity -so whats sometimes seen as the problem with adolescents heightened risk taking poor impulse control self consciousness shouldnt be stigmatized it actually reflects changes in the brain that provide an excellent opportunity for education and social development thank you -by revealing that its not all over in early childhood and instead the brain continues to develop right throughout -this is who she is so even though sometimes its still -will share with you that it helps me to realize society is more tolerant -so i think maybe ted you impact peoples lives in the ways that maybe even you dont realize -for my daughters sake i thank you for your ideas worth spreading thank you -good evening my name is habbi belahal and i would like to first of all thank sarah jones for putting all of the pressure on the only arab who she brought -well my characters like the ones in my shows allow me to play with the spaces between those questions and so ive brought a couple of them with me -to be last today i am originally from jordan and i teach comparative literature at queens college -it is not harvard but i feel a bit like a fish out of water but -i am very proud of my students and i see that a few of them did make it here to the conference so you will get the extra credit i -i know that i may not look like the typical denizen as you would say i do like to make the point that -we in global society we are never as different as the appearances may suggest so if you will indulge me i will share -quickly with you a bit of verse which i memorized as a young girl at sixteen years of age so back in the ancient times -and -hold your hand i want to hold your hand i want to hold your hand and when i touch you i feel happy inside -and well theyre very excited what i should tell you -its such a feeling that my love i cant hide i cant hide i cant -because i was at the same time in my life listening to the -on the radio they were very popular so all of that is to say that i like to believe that for every -to one another there is always a lyric connecting ears and hearts across the continents in rhyme -and i pray that this is the way that we will self invent in time thats all thank you very much for the opportunity okay -i should tell you is that theyve each prepared their own little ted talks so feel free to think of this as sarah university -i -here its been a long time coming and i feel like im home and i know ive performed for some of your companies or some of you have seen me elsewhere but this is honestly one of the best audiences ive ever experienced the whole thing is amazing and so dont you all go reinventing yourselves any time soon -tell you that when i was asked to be here i thought to myself that well its ted and these tedsters are you know as innocent as that name sounds these are the -good evening everybody thank you so very much for having me here today ah thank you very much my name is loraine levine oh my theres so many of you hi sweetheart okay -anyway i am here because of a young girl sarah jones shes a very nice young black girl -well you know she calls herself black shes really more like a caramel color if you look at her but anyway -she has me here because she puts me in her show what she calls her one woman show and you know what that means of course -that means she takes the credit and then makes us come out here and do all the work but i dont mind frankly im kvelling just to be here with all the luminaries you have -there are so many celebrities running around here i saw glenn close i saw earlier i love her and she was getting a yogurt in the google cafe isnt that adorable -so many others you see theyre just wonderful its lovely to know theyre concerned you know and oh i saw -goldie hawn oh goldie hawn i love her too shes wonderful yeah you know shes only half jewish did you know that about -yeah but even so a wonderful talent and i you know when i saw her such a wonderful feeling yeah shes lovely but anyway i -by saying just how lucky i feel its such an eye opening experience to be here youre all so responsible -for this world that we live in today you know i couldnt have dreamed of such a thing as a young girl and -made these advancements happen in such a short time youre all so young you know youre parents must be very proud but -i also appreciate the diversity that you have here i noticed its very multicultural you know when youre standing up here you can see all the different people its like a rainbow its okay to say rainbow -yeah i just i cant keep up with whether you can say you know the different things what are you allowed to say or not say i just i dont want to offend anybody -but anyway you know i just think that to be here with all of you accomplished young people literally some of you the architects building our brighter future -its heartening to me even though quite frankly some of your presentations are horrifying absolutely -its true its true you know between the environmental degradation and the crashing of the world markets youre talking about and of course we know its all because of the all the -i dont know how else to say it to you so ill just say it my way the ganeyvish tetikeyt coming from the governments and the you know the bankers and the wall street you know it anyway -the point is im happy somebody has practical ideas to get us out of this mess so i salute each of you and your stellar achievements -thank you for all that you do and congratulations on being such big makhers that youve become ted meisters so happy continued success congratulations mozel -i just im sorry im just trying not to be nervous because this is a very wonderful experience for me and everything and i just you know im not used to doing public speaking and -to calm down and take a deep breath but then on top of that you know sarah jones told me we only have eighteen minutes so then im like should i be nervous you know because maybe its better and im just trying not to panic and freak out so i like -so anyway what i was trying to say is that i really love ted like i love everything about this its amazing like its i cant get over this right now -and like people would not believe seriously where im from that this even exists you know like even i mean i love like the name the ted i mean i know its a real person and everything but im just saying that -you know i think its very cool how its also an acronym you know which is like you know is like very high concept and everything like that i like that and actually -i can relate to the whole like acronym thing and everything because actually im a sophomore at college right now at my school actually i was part of co founding an organization which is like a leadership thing you know like you guys you would really like it and everything and -the organization is called da bomb and da bomb not like what you guys can build and everything its like da bomb it means like dominican its an acronym dominican american benevolent organization for mothers and babies -is -is the great unveiling and so i thought id come up here and unveil my real voice to you although many of you already know that i do speak the queens english because i am from queens new york -we try to advocate for students who show a lot of academic promise and who also happen to be mothers like me i am a working mother and i also go to school full time -and you know its like its so important to have like role models out there i mean i know sometimes our lifestyles are very different whatever but like even at my job like i just got promoted -but i think whether you own your own company or youre just starting out like me like something like this so vital for people to just continue expanding their minds and learning -and if everybody like all people really had access to that it would be a very different world out there as i know you know so i think all people we need that but especially i look at people like me you know like i mean latinos were about to be the majority -two weeks so -we deserve just as much to be part of the exchange -and i just i love you guys i love ted and if you dont mind privately now in the future im going to think of ted as an acronym for technology entertainment and dominicans thank you very much -the older lady you just met very very loosely based on a great aunt on my mothers side its a long story believe me -to united nations school where i encountered a plethora of new characters including alexandre my french teacher -you know it was beginner french that i am taking with her you know and it was madame bousson you know she was very -the theme of this session of course is invention and while i dont have any patents that im aware of -it was like you know she was there in the class you know she was kind of typically french you know she was was very chic but she was very filled with ennui you know and -yes i -german for three years and it was quite the experience because i was the only black girl in the class even in the un school -you know it was wonderful the teacher herr schtopf he never discriminated never he always always treated each of us you know equally unbearably during the class so there were the teachers -and then there were my friends classmates from everywhere many of whom are still dear friends to this day and theyve inspired many characters as well -for example a friend of mine -and i wanted to start by telling you that once sarah jones told me that we will be having the opportunity to come here to ted in california -you will be meeting a few of my inventions today and i suppose its fair to say that i am interested in the invention of self or selves -i was very pleased and frankly relieved because you know i am a human rights advocate and usually my work it takes me to washington d c -and there i must attend these meetings mingling with some tiresome politicians trying to make me feel comfortable by telling how often they are eating the curry in georgetown so you can just imagine right -but im thrilled to be joining all of you here i wish we had more time together but thats for another time -and sadly i dont think well have time for you to meet everybody i brought but -to behave myself its my first time -but i do want to introduce you to a couple of folks you may recognize if you saw bridge and tunnel -well thank you good evening my name is pauline ning and -i want to tell you that im of course i am a member of the chinese community in new york -when sarah jones asked me to please come to ted i said well you know first i dont know -that you know before two years ago you would not find me in front of an audience of people much less like this because i did not like to give speeches because i feel that as an immigrant i do not have -good english skills for speaking but then i decided just like governor arnold schwartzenegger i try anyway -all born into certain circumstances with particular physical traits unique developmental experiences geographical and historical contexts but then what -my daughter my daughter wrote that she told me always start your speech with humor but my background -i want to tell you story only briefly my husband and i we brought our son and daughter here in nineteen eighties -to have the freedom we cannot have in china at that time and we tried to teach our kids to be proud of their tradition but its very -as immigrant i would speak chinese to them and they would always answer me back in english -they love rock music pop culture american culture but when they got older -when the time comes for them to start think about getting married thats when we expect them to realize a little bit more their own culture -thats where we had some problems my son he says he is not ready to get married and he has a sweetheart -but she is american woman not chinese its not that its bad but i told him whats wrong with a chinese woman -but i think he will change his mind soon so then i decide instead i will concentrate on my daughter -the daughters marriage is very special to the mom but first she said shes not interested she only wants to spend time with her friends and then -at college its like she never came home and she doesnt want me to come and visit so i said whats wrong in this picture -so i accused my daughter to have like a secret boyfriend but she told me mom you dont have to worry about boys because i dont like them -to what extent do we self construct do we self invent how do we self identify and how mutable is that identity like what if one could be anyone at any time -and i said yes men can be difficult but all women have to get used to that she said no mom i mean i dont like boys i like girls i am -so i always teach my kids to respect american ideas but i told my daughter that this is one exception -is not gay she is just confused by this american problem -but she told me mom its not american she said she is in love in love with a nice chinese girl -so these are the words i am waiting to hear but from my son not my -i did not know what to do but then over time i have come to understand -theres this piece of wall in hiroshima that was completely burnt black by the radiation but on the front step a person who was sitting there -blocked the rays from hitting the stone the only thing left now is a permanent shadow of positive light after the a bomb specialists said it would take seventy five years for the radiation damaged soil of hiroshima city to ever grow anything again but that spring there were new buds popping up from the earth -what the rain boots are for because rain will wash away everything if you let it i want her to look at the world through the underside of a glass bottom boat to look through a microscope at the galaxies that exist on the pinpoint of a human mind because -when i meet you in that moment im no longer a part of your future i start quickly becoming part of your past but in that instant i get to share your present and you you get to share mine and that is the greatest present of all so if you tell me i can do the impossible -thats the way my mom taught me that therell be days like this therell be days like this my momma said when you open your hands to catch -and wind up with only blisters and bruises when you step out of the phone booth and try to fly and the very people you want to save are the ones standing on your cape -when your boots will fill with rain and youll be up to your knees in disappointment and those are the very days you have all the more reason to say thank you because theres nothing more beautiful than the way the ocean refuses to stop kissing the shoreline no matter how many times its sent away -you will put the wind in winsome lose some you will put the star in starting over and over and no matter how many land mines erupt in a minute be sure your mind lands on the beauty of this funny place called life and yes on a scale from one to over trusting i am -pretty damn naive but i want her to know that this world is made out of sugar it can crumble so easily but dont be afraid to stick your tongue out -and taste it baby ill tell her remember your momma is a worrier and your poppa is a warrior and you are the girl with small hands and big eyes who never stops asking for more remember that good things come in threes and -so do bad things and always apologize when youve done something wrong but dont you ever apologize for the way your eyes refuse to stop shining your voice is small -but dont ever stop singing and when they finally hand you heartache when they slip war and hatred under your door and offer you handouts on street corners of cynicism and defeat you tell them that they -really ought to meet your mother -at least she can always find her way to me -okay so here are three things i know to be true i know that -when i was a freshman in high school i was a -and shes going to learn -a baby i needed to get to know so i decided to give it a try -and mainly exaggerated but the only spoken word poetry that i had seen up until that point was mainly indignant so i thought that thats what was expected of me -the first time that i performed -the audience of teenagers hooted and hollered their sympathy and when i came off the stage i was shaking i felt this tap on my shoulder and i turned around to see this giant girl in a hoodie sweatshirt emerge from the crowd she was maybe eight feet tall and looked like she could beat me up with one hand but instead she just nodded at me and said hey -i really felt that thanks -at least a decade but somehow the poets at the bowery poetry club didnt seem bothered by the fourteen year old wandering about if fact they welcomed me -and it was here listening to these poets share their stories that i learned that spoken word poetry didnt have to be indignant it could be fun or painful or serious or silly the bowery poetry club became my classroom -and my home and the poets who performed encouraged me to share my stories as well never mind the fact that i was fourteen they told me write about being fourteen -so i did and stood amazed every week when these brilliant grown up poets laughed with me and groaned their sympathy and clapped and told me hey i really felt that too -now i can divide my spoken word journey into three steps step one was the moment i said i can i can do this and that was thanks to a girl in a hoodie step two was the moment i said i will -i will continue i love spoken word i will keep coming back week after week and step three began when i realized that i didnt have to write poems that were indignant if thats not what i was there were things that were specific to me and the more that i focused on those things -full of everywhere else that ive been when i got to university i met a fellow poet who shared my belief in the magic of spoken word poetry and actually phil kaye and i coincidentally also share the same last name -to using spoken word poetry as a way to entertain educate and inspire -we stayed full time students but in between we traveled performing and teaching nine year olds to mfa candidates from california to indiana to india to a public high school just up the street from campus and we saw over and over the way that spoken word poetry cracks open locks -but it turns out sometimes poetry can be really scary turns out sometimes you have to trick teenagers into writing poetry so i came up with lists everyone can write lists and the first list that i assign is ten things i know to be -and heres what happens and heres what you would discover too if we all started sharing our lists out loud -and most people respond really well to this exercise -but one of my students a freshman named charlotte was not convinced charlotte was very good at writing lists but she refused to write any poems miss shed say im just not interesting i dont have anything interesting to say -so i assigned her list after list and one day i assigned the list ten things i should have learned by now number three on charlottes list was i should have learned not to crush on guys three times my age -i know that the number one -rule to being cool is to seem unfazed to never admit that anything scares you or impresses you or excites you somebody once told me its like walking through life like this -you protect yourself from all the unexpected miseries or hurt that might show up but i try to walk through life like this and yes that means catching all of those miseries and hurt but it also means that when beautiful amazing things just -fall out of the sky im ready to catch them i use spoken word to help my students rediscover wonder to fight their instincts to be cool and unfazed and instead actively pursue being engaged with what goes on around them so that they can reinterpret and create something from -it its not that i think that spoken word poetry is the ideal art form im always trying to find the best way to tell each story i write musicals i make short films alongside my poems but i teach spoken word poetry because its accessible -not everyone can read music or owns a camera but everyone can communicate in some way and everyone has stories that the rest of us can learn from -plus spoken word poetry allows for immediate connections its not uncommon for people to feel like theyre alone or that nobody understands them but spoken word teaches that if you have the ability to express yourself -is step three infusing the work youre doing with the specific things that make you you even while those things are always changing because step three never ends -but you dont get to start on step three until you take step one first i can i travel a lot while im teaching and i dont always get to watch all of my students reach their step three but i was very lucky with charlotte -im trying to tell stories only i can tell like this story i spent a lot of time thinking about the best way to tell this story and i wondered if the best way was going to be a powerpoint or a short film and where exactly was the beginning or the middle or the end and i wondered whether id get to the end of this talk and finally have figured it all out -i would like to help others rediscover that wonder to want to engage with it to want to learn to want to share what theyve learned what theyve figured out to be true and what theyre still figuring out so id like to close with this poem -when they bombed hiroshima -the explosion formed a mini supernova so every living animal human or plant that received direct contact with the rays from that sun was instantly turned to ash -and what was left of the city soon followed the long lasting damage of nuclear radiation caused an entire city and its population to turn into powder -when i was born my mom says i looked around the whole hospital room with a stare that said this ive done this before she says i have old eyes when my grandpa genji died i was only five years old but i took my mom by the hand and told her dont worry hell come back as a baby and -but in hiroshima some people were wiped clean away leaving only a wristwatch or a diary page so no matter that i have inhibitions to fill all my pockets i keep trying hoping that one day ill write a poem i can be proud to let sit in a museum exhibit as the only proof i existed my parents named me sarah -which is a biblical name in the original story god told sarah she could do something impossible and she laughed because the first sarah she didnt know what to do with impossible and me -okay theres a few heartbreaks that chocolate cant fix but thats -well neither do i but i see the impossible every day impossible is trying to connect in this world trying to hold onto others while things are blowing up around you knowing that while youre speaking they arent just waiting for their turn to talk -missing for thousands of years itjtawy was ancient egypts capital for over four hundred years at a period of time called the middle kingdom about four thousand years ago the site is located in the faiyum of egypt and site is really important because in the middle kingdom there was this great renaissance for ancient egyptian art -architecture and religion egyptologists have always known the site of itjtawy was located somewhere near the pyramids of the two kings who built it indicated within the red circles here -but somewhere within this massive flood plane this area is huge its four miles by three miles in size the nile used to flow right next to the city of itjtawy and as it shifted and changed and moved over time to the east it covered over the city -i was a child growing up in maine one of my favorite things to do was to look for sand dollars on the seashores of maine because my parents told me it would bring me luck but you know these shells theyre hard to find theyre covered in sand theyre difficult to see -so how do you find a buried city in a vast landscape finding it randomly would be the equivalent -of locating a needle in a haystack blindfolded wearing baseball mitts -so what we did is we used nasa topography data to map out the landscape very subtle changes we started to be able to see where the nile used to flow but you can see in more detail and even more interesting this very slight raised area seen within the circle up here which we thought could possibly be the location -we also found work stone -these are the stones that were used so we have a dense layer of occupation dating to the middle kingdom at this site we also have evidence of an elite jewelers workshop showing that whatever was there was a very important city -so i wanted to end with my favorite quote from the middle kingdom it was probably written at the city of itjtawy four thousand years ago -however overtime i got used to looking for them i started seeing shapes and patterns that helped me to collect them -this grew into a passion for finding things a love for the past and archaeology and eventually when i started studying egyptology i realized that seeing with my naked eyes alone wasnt enough because all of the sudden in egypt -my beach had grown from a tiny beach in maine to one eight hundred miles long next to the nile -and my sand dollars had grown to the size of cities this is really what brought me to using satellite imagery for trying to map the past i knew that i had to see differently so i want to show you an example of how we see differently using the infrared -this is a site located in the eastern egyptian delta called bendix and the site visibly appears brown but when we use the infrared -and we process it all of the sudden -wholeness and thats what you are with these words thank you -totally surrender that implies a lot of trust -that implies the trusted person wont violate the trust -as the child grows it begins to discover that the person trusted -is violating the trust it doesnt know even the word violation -therefore it has to -more difficult to really resolve the wordless self blame -the child grows to become an adult -so far it has been a consumer -but the growth of a human being lies in -capacity to -cannot contribute unless one feels secure one -one feels i have enough -to be compassionate is not a joke its not that simple one has to discover -a certain bigness in oneself that bigness should be centered on oneself not in terms of money not in terms of power you -not in terms of any status that you can command in the society -but it should be centered on oneself the self you are -and for quite a long time -that self it should be centered a -wholeness otherwise compassion is just a word and a dream -you can be compassionate occasionally more moved by -these two guys fight it out each one has got -a consumer it cannot be consciously a -it can be -so far has no meaning one person -both the players have to come to the net -and shake hands -and -has to come to the net when he comes to the -you see his whole face changes -it looks as though hes wishing that -why -no -human hearted is denied of that empathy no religion can demolish that by indoctrination -no culture no nation and nationalism nothing can touch it -because it is empathy and that capacity -you reach out to people you do something that makes a difference in somebodys life even words even -it transcends nation gender -why because -in -then this occasional compassion -we are not talking about -it is helpless it doesnt know -mandate you cannot make a person -you cant say please love me -is something you discover its not an action -but in the english language it is also an action -so one has got to discover a certain wholeness -i am going to cite the possibility of being -which is within our experience everybodys experience -in spite of a very tragic life -one is happy in moments which are very few and far between and the one who is happy -slapstick joke -accepts himself and also the scheme of things in which one finds -that means the whole universe known things and unknown things -all of them are totally accepted -and the object the scheme of things fuse into -experience common to all and sundry -that experience confirms -in spite of all your limitations all your wants desires unfulfilled and -and -and finally baldness -you can be happy but the -the logic is that you dont need to fulfill your desire to be -you are the very happiness the wholeness that you want to be theres no choice in this that only -the wholeness cannot be different from you cannot be minus you -it has got to be you you cannot be a part of wholeness and still be -moment of happiness reveals that reality that realization that recognition -i am the whole maybe the swami is right maybe the swami is right you start your new life -then everything becomes meaningful -i have no more reason to blame myself -if one has to blame oneself one has a million reasons plus many but if i say in spite of my body being limited -if it is black it is not white if it is white it is not black -is limited any which way you look at it limited your knowledge is limited health is limited -is going to be limitless you cannot command compassion -are not period and there is no way of your being not limitless too -your own experience -in spite of all limitations you are the -and the wholeness is the reality of you when you relate to the world it is -relate to the world the dynamic manifestation of the wholeness is what we say -becomes compassion -if the object that you relate to -that -then that again transforms into giving into sharing you express -afford to doubt the person -you learn swimming by swimming you cannot learn swimming on a foam mattress and enter into water -you learn swimming by swimming you learn cycling by cycling you learn cooking by cooking having some sympathetic people around you to -and therefore what i say you have to fake it and make it -you -meant that -you -who tends the child it has to totally surrender -is no verb for compassion but you have -for compassion thats interesting to me you act compassionately -but then how to act compassionately if you dont have compassion that is where you fake you fake it and make it this is the mantra of the united states of -you fake it and make it -you act compassionately as though you have compassion grind your teeth take all the support system if you know how to -you do it you start it in the states because its you know concepts are very very close to american minds but you can actually bring it to europe too you can bring it to asia -you can once you have all of those different points you can make it easy for investors put all of those bonds at one place and they sit down and click -now take it to the last step once you have all of that put together theres not one reason why you couldnt actually have a market place for all of that -you can dispose of all of those bonds in a pretty quick way and in that way you organize the financing so there are no dark rooms no blind people running around to find each other thank -countries can lose stars from their flags but they can also lose press freedom -an event seen from one point of view gives one impression -as i guess americans among us can tell us more about but thats totally another and separate topic so i can go back to my story -b ninety two the only independent for that matter the only electronic media in the country and i guess we were sharing we had that -but what they really do which is very powerful and that is what governments in the late nineties started doing if they dont like independent media companies you know they threaten your advertisers -they threaten your advertisers market forces are actually you know destroyed and the advertisers do not want to come -no matter how much does it makes sense for them do not want to come and advertise and you have a problem making ends meet at that time at beginning of -seen from another point of view it gives quite a different impression -we had that problem which was you know survival below one side but what was really painful for me was -remember beginning of the nineties yugoslavia is falling apart we were sitting over there with a country in a downfall in a slow motion downfall -and we all had all of that on tapes we had the ability to understand what was going on we were actually recording history -the problem was that we had to retape that history a week later because if we did not we could not afford enough tapes -to keep archives of that history so if i gave you that picture i dont want to go too long on that in that context -i know at that time about media systems i would think media systems were organizations which means they should help -so i prepared two plans for that meeting two strategic plans the small one and the big one the small one was i just wanted him to help us get those damn tapes -so we can keep that archive for next fifty years the big plan was to ask him for a one million dollar loan because i thought -still maintain that serious and independent media companies are great business and i thought that b ninety two will survive -be a great company once milosevic is gone which turned out to be true its now probably either the biggest or the second biggest media company in the country -and i thought that the only thing that we needed at that time was one million dollar loan to take us through those hard times to make a long story short the gentleman comes into the office great suit and -i gave him what i thought was a brilliant explanation of the political situation and -its a great clip isnt it and i found that in twenty nine seconds it tells more about the power -how hard and difficult the war will be actually i underestimated the atrocities i have to admit anyway after that whole big long explanation -the only question he had for me and this is not a joke is are we paying royalties after we broadcast music -of michael jackson that was really the only question he had he left and i remember being -in your face and somebody must have thought of it somebody must have started something like that and i thought im just dumb and i cannot find it you know in my defense there was no google at that time you could not just google in ninety one -have a meeting with george soros trying for the third time to convince him that he should his foundation should invest in something that should operate like a -media bank and basically what i was saying is very simple you know forget about charity it doesnt work forget about handouts twenty thousand dollars do not help anybody -and importance of independent media than i could say in an hour so i thought that it will be good to start with -what you should do is you should treat media companies as a business its business anywhere media business or any other business it needs to be capitalized and what these guys need actually is access to capital -so third meeting arguments are pretty well exercised at the end of the meeting he says look it is not going to work -you will never see your money back but my foundations will put five hundred thousand dollars so you can test the idea see and see that it will not work he said ill give you a rope to hang yourself -i knew two things after that meeting first under no circumstances i want to hang myself and second -that i have no idea how to make it work you see at the level of a concept it was a great concept but its one thing to have a concept its a totally separate thing to actually make it work -so i had absolutely no idea how that could actually work had the wrong idea i thought that we can be a bank you see banks i dont know if there are any bankers over here i apologize in advance -the best job in the world you know you find somebody who is respectable and has a lot of money you give them more money -repay you that over a time you collect interest and do nothing in between so i thought why dont we get into that business -and also start with a little bit of statistics according to relevant researchers eighty three percent of the population of this planet lives in the societies without independent press -so here we are having our first client brilliant first independent newspaper in slovakia -its a daily newspaper with a deadline of four p m that means that they have no sports they have no latest news circulation goes -its a kind of very nice sophisticated way how to economically strangle a daily newspaper they come to us with a request for a loan they want to the only way for them to survive is to get a printing press -and we said theres thats fine lets meet youll bring us your business plan which eventually they did we start the meeting i get these two pieces of paper not like this a four format so its much bigger -a lot of numbers there a lot of numbers but however you put it you know the numbers do not make any sense and thats the best they could do -we were the best that they could do so that is how we understood what our method is its not a bank we had to actually go into these companies and earn our return by fixing -by establishing management systems by providing all that knowledge how do you run a business on one side while they all know how to run how to create content -just quickly on the results over these ten years -we do it in seventeen countries of the developing world and here is the most stunning number return rate the one that soros was so worried about ninety seven percent -from printing presses to transmitters what is most important is -think about that number eighty three percent of the population on the whole planet does not really know what is going on in their countries -we do it either in form of loans equities lease whatever is appropriate for you know supporting anybody but what is most important here is who do we finance -we believe that in the last ten years companies that weve financed are actually the best media companies in the developing world that is a who is who list and i could spend hours talking about them -working in eastern and central europe and moved to russia our first loan in russia was in chelyabinsk ill bet half of you have never heard for that place -in the south of russia theres a guy called boris nikolayevich kirshin who is running an independent newspaper there -city was closed until early nineties because of all things they were producing glass for tupolev planes -anyway hes running independent newspaper there after two years working with us he becomes the most respected newspaper in that small place -governor comes to him one day actually invites him to come to his office he goes and sees the governor the governor says boris nikolayevich -can you please give me your newspaper for next nine months because i have elections there are elections coming up in nine months i will not run but its very important for me -who is going to succeed me so give me the paper for nine months ill give it back to you i have no interest in being in media business how much would that cost -not for sale the governor says we will close you boris nikolayevich says no you cannot do it six months later the newspaper was closed -luckily we had enough time to help boris nikolayevich take all the assets out of that company and bring him into a new one to get all the subscription lists -rehire staff so what the governor got was an empty shell but that -and if you are a banker for independent media so -sounds like a great story somewhere down the road we opened a media management center we started our media lab sounds like a real great story but there is a second angle to that the second angle like in this clip if you take the camera above -not too much is it its actually just a drop in the sea because when you think about the importance some of the issues that we were talking about last night this last session we had about africa and -government accountability corruption how do you fight corruption giving voice to unheard to poor -its why independent media is in business and its why it was invented so from that perspective what we did is just really one drop in the sea of that need that we can -that is just to understand how big and important this problem is now -identify now ours is just one story im sure that in this room there are like fifteen other wonderful stories -as well as i can what the problem is and its called fundraising imagine that this third of this room -filled with people who represent different foundations imagine two thirds over here running excellent organizations -doing very important work now imagine that every second person over here is deaf does not hear and switch the lights off -now that is how difficult it is to match people from this side of the room with people of that side of the room -so we thought that some kind of a big idea is needed to reform to totally rethink -invented and we came up with this idea of issuing bonds press freedom bonds if there are investors willing to -finance us government budget deficit why wouldnt we find investors willing to finance press freedom deficit -decided to do it this fall we will issue them probably in denominations of one thousand dollars i dont want to advertise them too much thats not the point but the point is if we ever survive to actually issue them find enough investors that this can be -of you who are lucky enough to live in those societies that represent seventeen percent i think should -success theres nothing stopping the next organization to start to issue bonds next spring and those can be environmental bonds -and then two weeks later iqbal quadir can issue his electricity in bangladesh bonds and before you know it -any social cause can be actually financed in this way now we do daydreaming in eleven thirty with fifty five seconds left but lets take the idea further -headed by drew endy and tom knight and a few other very very bright individuals basically what theyre doing is looking at biology as a programmable system literally think of -proteins as subroutines that you can string together to execute a program -now this is actually becoming such an interesting idea this is a state diagram thats an extremely simple computer this one is a two bit counter so thats essentially the computational equivalent of two light switches -and this is being built by a group of students at zurich for a design competition in biology -this is a pretty interesting trend because we used to live in a world where everyones said glibly form follows function but i think ive sort of grown up in a world you listened to neil gershenfeld yesterday i was in a lab associated with his where its really a world where information defines form and function -and thats what i thought about for a long time -the secret to biology is it builds computation into the way it makes things so this little thing here polymerase is essentially a supercomputer designed for -replicating dna and the ribosome here is another little computer that helps in the translation of the proteins i thought about this in the sense that its great to build in biological materials -but can we do similar things can we get self replicating type behavior can we get complex three d structure automatically assembling -in inorganic systems because there are some advantages to inorganic systems like higher speed semiconductors etc so this is some of my work on how do you do an autonomously self replicating system -and this is sort of babbages revenge these are little mechanical computers these are five state state machines -and then from two comes three and so youve got this sort of replicating system it was work actually by lionel penrose father of roger penrose the tiles guy he did a lot of this work in the sixty s and so a lot of this logic theory lay fallow as we went down the digital -computer revolution but its now coming back so now im going to show you the hands free autonomous self replication -and now ive had a little bit of time to think about it -so why would you want to replicate bit strings well it turns out biology has this other very interesting meme that you can take a linear string which is a convenient thing to copy and you can fold that into an arbitrarily complex three d structure -so i was trying to you know take the engineers version can we build a mechanical system in inorganic materials that will do the same thing so what im showing you here is that we can make -was that you dont need digital logic to do computation and that way you can scale things much smaller than microchips so you can literally use these as the tiny components in the assembly process -so neil gershenfeld showed you this video on wednesday i believe but ill show you again this is literally the colored sequence of those tiles each different color has a different magnetic polarity and the sequence is uniquely specifying the structure that is coming out -now hopefully those of you who know anything about graph theory can look at that and that will satisfy you that that can also do arbitrary three d structure and in fact -you know i can now take a dog carve it up -and then reassemble it so its a linear string that will fold from a sequence and now i can actually define that three dimensional object as a sequence of bits -so you know its a pretty interesting world when you start looking at the world a little bit differently and the universe is now a compiler and so im thinking about you know what are the programs for programming the physical universe -and how do we think about materials and structure sort of as an information and computation problem not just where you attach a micro controller to the end point but that the structure -totally absorbed this philosophy i started looking at a lot of problems a little differently with the universe as a computer you can look at this droplet of water as having performed the computations you set a couple of boundary conditions like gravity the surface tension density etc and then you press execute and magically the universe produces you a perfect ball lens -so this actually applied to the problem of so theres a half a billion to a billion people in the world dont have access to cheap eyeglasses so -can you make a machine that could make any prescription lens -very quickly on site this is a machine where you literally define a boundary condition if its circular you make a spherical lens if its elliptical you can make an astigmatic lens you then put a membrane on that and you apply pressure so thats part of the extra program -and literally with only those two inputs so the shape of your boundary condition and the pressure -you can define an infinite number of lenses that cover the range of human refractive error from minus twelve to plus eight diopters up to four diopters of cylinder and then literally you now pour on a monomer -and -you reverse the pressure on your membrane once youve cooked it -pop it out ive seen this video but i still dont know if its going to end right -so you reverse this this is a very old movie so with the new prototypes actually both surfaces are flexible but this will show you the point -and thats in fact probably what im going to try and tell you about so this talk is going to be about how do we make things and what are the new ways that were going to make things in the future -so this sort of thinking about structure as computation and structure as information leads to other things like -this this is something that my people at squid labs are working on at the moment called electronic rope so literally you think about a rope it has very complex structure in the weave and under no load its one structure under a different load its a different structure -and you can actually exploit that by putting in a very small number of conducting fibers to actually make it a sensor so this is now a rope -that knows the load on the rope at any particular point in the rope just by thinking about the physics of the world materials as the computer you can start to do things like this -im going to segue a little here i guess im just going to casually tell you the types of things that i think about with this one thing im really interested about this right now is how -how do we make things in a very general sense and how might we share the way we make -things in a general sense the same way you share open source hardware and a lot of talks here have espoused the benefits of having lots of people look at problems share the information and work on those things together -so a convenient thing about being a human is you move in linear time and unless lisa randall changes that well continue to move in linear time so that means anything you do or anything you make you produce a sequence of steps and i think lego in the seventy s nailed this and they did it most elegantly but they can show you how to build things -in sequence so im thinking about how can we generalize the way we make all sorts of things so you end up with this sort of guy right and i think this applies across a very broad -now ted -sort of a lot of concepts you know cameron sinclair yesterday said how do i get everyone to collaborate on design globally to do housing for humanity -students at mit to work with communities in haiti and i think we have to sort of redefine and rethink how we define structure and materials and assembly things -so that we can really share the information on how you do those things in a more profound way and build on each others source code for structure i dont know exactly how to do this yet but you know its something being actively thought about -sends you a lot of spam if youre a speaker about do this do that and you fill out all these forms and you dont actually know how theyre going to describe you and it flashed across my desk that they were going to introduce me as a futurist and ive always been nervous about the term futurist because you seem doomed to failure because you cant really predict it -so you know that leads to questions like is this a compiler is this a sub routine interesting things like that maybe im getting a little too abstract but -you know this is the sort of returning to our comic characters this is sort of the universe or a different universe view that i think is going to be very prevalent in the future from biotech -to materials assembly it was great to hear bill joy theyre starting to invest in materials science but these are the new things in materials science how do we put real information and real structure into -new ideas and see the world in a different way and its not going to be binary code that defines the computers of the universe its sort of an analog computer but its definitely an interesting new worldview -in the introduction so i may have to explain that -so maybe ill do that with this short video so this is actually a three thousand -square foot kite which also happens to be a minimal energy surface so returning to the droplet again thinking about the universe in a new way this is a kite designed by a guy called dave kulp and why do you want a three thousand square foot kite so thats a kite the size of your house and so you want that to tow boats very fast -so ive been working on this a little also with a couple of other guys but you know this is another way to look at the if you abstract again -this is a structure that is defined by the physics of the universe you could just hang it as a bed sheet but again the computation of all the physics gives you the aerodynamic shape and so you can actually sort of almost double your boat speed with systems like that so thats sort of another interesting aspect of the future -wrote this seminal paper that was completely ignored in the journal of energy about how to use basically an airplane on a piece of string to generate enormous amounts of electricity -the real key observation he made is that a free flying wing can sweep through more sky and generate more power in a unit of time than a fixed wing turbine -so turbines grew and they can now span up to three hundred feet at the hub height but they cant really go a lot higher and more height is where the more wind is and more power as much as twice as much -to now we still have an energy crisis and now we have a climate crisis as well -you know so humans generate about twelve trillion watts or twelve terawatts from fossil fuels and al gore has spoken to why we need to hit one of these targets -and in reality what that means is in the next thirty to forty years we have to make ten trillion watts or more of new clean energy somehow -the majority of it is in the higher altitudes above three hundred feet where we dont have a technology as yet to get there -if youre at all like me this is what you do with the sunny summer weekends in san francisco you build experimental kite powered hydrofoils capable of more than thirty knots -so this is the dawn of the new age of kites this is our test site on maui flying across the sky im now going to show you the first autonomous generation of power -by every childs favorite plaything as you can tell you need to be a robot to fly this thing for thousands of hours it makes you a little -and here were actually generating about ten kilowatts so enough to power probably five united states households with a kite not much larger than this piano -and the real significant thing here is were developing the control systems as did the wright brothers that would enable sustained long duration flight and it doesnt hurt to do it in a location like this either -so this is the equivalent for a kite flier of peeing in the snow thats tracing your name in the sky and this is where were actually going so were beyond the twelve second steps and were working towards megawatt scale machines that fly at two thousand feet -and generate tons of clean electricity so you ask how big are those machines well this paper plane would be maybe a -so that is audacious you say i agree but audacious is what has happened many times before in history this is a refrigerator factory churning out airplanes for world -and you realize that there is incredible power in the wind and it can do amazing things and one day a vessel not unlike this will probably break the world speed record -so really this is a story about the audacious plans of young people with these dreams there are many of us i am lucky enough to work with thirty of them and i think we need to support all of the dreams of the kids out there doing these crazy things thank you -but kites arent just toys like this kites im going to give you a brief history and tell you about the magnificent future of every childs favorite plaything -so kites are more than a thousand years old and the chinese used them for military applications and even for lifting men so they knew at that stage they could carry large weights im not sure why there is a hole in this particular -these two fellows came along and they were flying kites to develop the control systems that would ultimately enable powered human flight so this is of course orville and wilbur wright and the wright flyer -and their experiments with kites led to this momentous occasion where we powered up and took off for the first ever twelve second human flight -bullies use violence in three ways they use political violence to intimidate -physical violence to terrorize -half a century of trying to help prevent wars theres one question that never leaves me how do we deal with extreme violence without using force in return -and mental or emotional violence to undermine -and only very rarely in very few cases does it work to use more violence nelson mandela -went to jail believing in violence -and twenty seven years later he and his colleagues had slowly and carefully honed the skills the incredible skills that they needed to turn one of the most vicious governments the world has known into a democracy -and they did it in a total devotion to non violence -they realized that using force against force doesnt work so what -its my response my attitude to oppression -and meditation or self inspection is one of the ways again its not the only one its one of the ways of gaining this kind of inner power -and my heroine here like satishs is aung san suu kyi in burma -she was leading a group of students on a protest in the streets of rangoon they came around a corner faced with a row of machine guns and she realized straight away that the soldiers with their fingers shaking on the triggers were more scared than the student protesters behind her -but she told the students to sit down and she walked forward with such calm and such clarity -and such total lack of fear that she could walk right up to the first gun put her hand on it -so what about our fear i have a little mantra -my fear grows fat on the energy i feed it -and if it grows very big it probably happens so we all know the -paralyzed with fear at coming to talk to you -but anger as an engine in an engine is powerful if we can put our anger inside an engine it can drive us forward it can get us through the dreadful moments and it can give us real inner power and i learned this -fight back -in my work with nuclear weapon policy makers because at the beginning i was so outraged at the dangers they were exposing us to that i just wanted to argue and blame and make them wrong -totally ineffective -and theyre doing what they think is best and thats the basis on which we have to talk with them so thats the third one anger and it brings me to the crux of whats going on or what i perceive as going on in the world today which is that -this question how do i deal with a bully without becoming a thug in return -its people joining up with people as bundy just said miles away to bring about change and peace direct spotted quite early on that local people in areas of very hot conflict -know what to do they know best what to do so peace direct gets behind them to do that -and the kind of thing theyre doing is demobilizing militias rebuilding economies resettling refugees -even liberating child soldiers and they have to risk their lives almost every day to do this -and -has been with me ever since i was a child i remember i was about thirteen glued to a grainy black and white television in my parents living room as soviet tanks rolled into budapest -and i think that the u s military is finally beginning to get this up to now their counter terrorism policy -has been to kill insurgents at almost any cost and if civilians get in the way thats written as collateral damage -so the training of the troops has to change and i think there are signs that it is beginning to change the british military have always been much better at this -in iraq actually -and suddenly people were pouring out of the houses on either side of the road screaming -yelling furiously angry and surrounded these very young troops who were completely terrified didnt know what was going on couldnt speak arabic -and chris hughes strode into the middle of the throng with his weapon above his head pointing at the ground and he said kneel -and these huge soldiers with their -that to me is wisdom in action in the moment thats what he did -and its happening everywhere now you dont believe me have you asked yourselves why and how -and kids not much older than me were throwing themselves at the tanks and getting mown down -so many dictatorships have collapsed over the last thirty years -dictatorships -and egypt and this hasnt just happened -a lot of it is due to a book written by an eighty year old man in boston gene sharp he wrote a book called from dictatorship to democracy with eighty one methodologies for non violent resistance -and its been translated into twenty six languages its flown around the world -and its being used by young -people and older people everywhere because it works -and i rushed upstairs and started packing my suitcase and my mother came up and said what on earth are you doing and i said im going to budapest -were getting practical doable methodologies to answer my question how do we deal with a bully without becoming -inner power the development of inner power through self knowledge recognizing and working with our fear using anger as a fuel cooperating with others banding together with others courage -and most importantly commitment to active non violence -we can bring to an end the bloodiest century that humanity has ever known -and we can organize to overcome oppression -by opening our hearts as well as strengthening this incredible -and she said what on earth for and i said kids are getting killed there theres something terrible happening and she said dont be so silly and i started to cry -i think one large step toward that is more requirements with all due respect to the law schools -of science technology engineering -think about how we select our judges in this country its very different than most other cultures -the caution that all of us have to have i constantly have to remind myself about just how accurate are the memories that we know are true -that we believe in -there is decades of research -examples and examples of cases like this -where individuals -really really believe none of those teenagers who identified -none of them thought they couldnt see the persons face -we all have to be very careful -all our memories are reconstructed memories -they are the product of what we originally experienced and everything thats happened afterwards -that the accuracy of our memories is not measured in how vivid they are -that was all a preliminary hearing judge had to -in the investigation that followed before the actual trial each of the other five teenagers was shown -photographs the same photo array -the reason were not sure absolutely is because of the nature of evidence preservation in our judicial system but thats another whole tedx talk for later -all six of the teenagers testified and indicated the identifications they had made in the photo array -he was convicted he was sentenced to life imprisonment -so whats wrong -straightforward fair trial full investigation -oh yes no gun was ever found -and mr carrillos alibi -january the eighteenth one thousand nine hundred and ninety one -which of those parents here in the room might not lie -concerning the whereabouts of your son or daughter -which he has consistently for twenty one years -so whats the problem -the problems actually for this kind of case -involving human memory -in a small -on the basis of later dna analysis -and you know that over three quarters of all of those cases of exoneration -bedroom community -during the trial that convicted -the other comes from an interesting aspect of human memory thats related to various brain functions but i can sum up for the sake of brevity here -bits and pieces of the entire experience in front of us -and theyre stored in different parts of the brain -so now when its important -we have an incomplete we have a partial store -the brain fills in information that was not there -not originally stored from inference from speculation -from sources of information that came to you as the observer after the observation -that was part of the instigation for a group of appeal attorneys -led by an amazing lawyer named ellen eggers -to tell his teenage son and his five friends that it was time for them to stop horsing around on the front lawn and on the sidewalk to get home -they retained me as a forensic neurophysiologist -because i had expertise in eyewitness memory identification which obviously makes sense for this case -the nature of human night vision -in this carrillo case -one of the things that suddenly strikes you is that the investigating officers said the lighting was good -but this occurred in mid january in the northern hemisphere -at seven p m -the screen right here the only lighting in that area had to come from artificial sources -and thats where i go out and i do the actual reconstruction of the scene with photometers with various measures of illumination and various other measures of color perception along with special cameras and high speed film -finish their schoolwork and prepare themselves for bed -looking at the car going by and shooting -this is looking directly across the street from where they were standing -this is looking down to the east where the shooting vehicle sped off -and as the father was administering these instructions a car drove by slowly -as you can see it is at best -no ones going to call this well lit good lighting and in fact as nice as these pictures are and the reason we take them is i knew i was going to have to testify in court and a picture is worth -more than a thousand words when youre trying to communicate numbers abstract concepts like lux the international measurement of illumination -so these are some of the pictures that in fact i used when i testified -but more importantly were to me as a scientist are those readings the photometer readings which i can -and from my readings -and that there would be only scotopic vision which means there would be very little resolution what we call boundary or edge detection and that furthermore because the eyes would have been totally dilated under this light the depth of field the distance at which you can focus and see details -would have been less than eighteen inches away -i testified to that to the court and while the judge was very attentive it had been a very very long hearing -from the front passenger window -and here i became a bit audacious -and i turned and i asked the judge i said your honor i think you should go out and look at the scene yourself now i may have used a tone which was more like a dare than a request -that he said yes i will -a shocker in american jurisprudence -so in fact we found the same identical conditions we reconstructed the entire thing again he came out with an entire brigade of sheriffs officers to protect him in this community -and the car sped off -so he stood a few feet from the curb -we had a car that came by -same identical car as described by the teenagers -this is the car thirty feet away from the judge -theres an arm sticking out of the passenger side and pointed back at you -thats thirty feet away -theres fifteen feet -at this point i became a little concerned -this judge is someone youd never want to play poker with -he turned to me and he says is there anything else you want me to look at -they considered all the usual culprits and in less than twenty four hours they had selected their suspect -and i want it to come and i want it to stop -right in front of you three to four feet away and i want -the passenger to extend his hand with a black object and point it right at you and you can look at it as long as you want -and thats what he saw -furthermore the roof of the -car is causing what we call a shadow cloud inside the car which is making it darker -francisco carrillo a seventeen year old kid -and this is three to four feet away -why did i take the risk i knew that the depth of field was eighteen inches or less -three to four feet it might as well have been -a football field away -there was a few more days of evidence that was heard at the end -and furthermore he released mr carrillo so that he could aid in the preparation of his own defense if the prosecution decided to retry -who lived about two or three blocks away from where the shooting occurred -he his girlfriend was pregnant when he went to trial -he and his son are both attending cal state long beach right now taking classes -they found photos of him -first of all theres a long history of antipathy between science and the law -in american jurisprudence -over decades of experience as a forensic expert -the opposing council always fight it and oppose it -one suggestion is that all of us become much more attuned to the necessity -might have a solution it might take a long time nobody wrote down the rules clearly who designed this -of course there might be more than one right answer many puzzles have more than one but as opposed to a couple other forms of play toys and games by toy i mean -you play with that doesnt have a particular goal you can create one out of legos you know you can do anything you want or competitive games like chess where well youre not trying to solve you can make a chess puzzle but the goal really is to -the last twenty years ive been designing puzzles and im here today to give you a little tour starting from the very first puzzle i designed -beat another player i consider that puzzles are an art form theyre very ancient it goes back as long as there is written history its a very small form like a joke a poem a magic trick or a song very compact form -at worst theyre throwaways theyre for amusement but at best they can reach for something more and create a memorable impression the progression of my career that youll see is looking for creating puzzles that have a memorable impact -so its two profiles in black or a white vase in the middle this is called a figure ground illusion the artist m c escher exploited that in some of his wonderful prints here we have day and night here is what i did with figure and ground -so here we have figure in black here we have figure in white and its all part of the same design the background to one is the other -to do the words figure and ground but i couldnt do that i realized i changed the problem its all figure -other things here is my name -and that turns into the title of my first book inversions these sorts of designs now go by the word ambigram ill show you just a couple others -here we have the numbers one through ten the digits zero through nine actually each letter here is one of these digits not strictly an ambigram in the conventional sense -i like pushing on what an ambigram can mean heres the word mirror no its not the same upside down its the same this way -and a marvelous fellow from the media lab who just got appointed head of risd is john maeda and so i did this for him its sort of a visual canon -through what im doing now ive designed puzzles for books printed things im the puzzle columnist for discover magazine ive been doing that for about ten years i have a monthly puzzle calendar i do toys the bulk of my work is in computer games i did puzzles for bejeweled -and recently in magic magazine -ive done a number of ambigrams on magicians names so here we have penn and teller same upside down this appears in my -for a while i was an interface designer and so i think a lot about interaction well lets first of all simplify the vases illusion make the thing on the right -now if you could pick up the black vase it would look like the figure on top if you could pick up the white area it would look like the figure on the bottom well -you cant do that physically but on a computer you can do it lets switch over to the p c and here it is figure ground -in the middle and you can pick it up ill just go one step further so here is here is a couple pieces move them together -tell somebody something and show them but if they do it they really learn it here is another thing you can do there is a game called rush hour this is one of the true masterpieces in puzzle design besides rubiks cube -so here we have a crowded parking lot with cars all over the place the goal is to get the red car out its a sliding block puzzle its made by the company think fun its done very well i love this -play one here so here is a very simple puzzle well thats too simple lets add another piece okay so how would you solve this one well move the blue one out of the way here lets make it a little harder still pretty easy now well make it harder a little harder -now this one is a little bit trickier you know what do you do here the first move is going to be what youre going to move the blue one up in order to get the lavender one to the right -and you can make puzzles like this one that arent solvable at all those four are locked in a pinwheel you cant get them apart i wanted to make a sequel i didnt come up with the original idea but this is another way i work as an inventor is to -i didnt invent bejeweled i cant take credit for that so very first puzzle sixth grade my teacher said -i got interested in gene sequencing and i said well how on earth can you come up with a sequence of the base pairs in dna -cut up the dna you sequence individual pieces and then you look for overlaps and you basically match them at the edges and i said this is kind of like a jigsaw puzzle -except the pieces overlap so here is what i created for discover magazine and it happens to be solvable in a magazine you know you cant cut out the pieces and move them around so -here is the nine pieces and youre supposed to put them into this grid and you have to choose pieces that overlap on the edge there is only one solution its not that hard -but it takes some persistence and when youre done it makes this design which if you squint is the word helix -oh lets see that guy he likes to make stuff ill have -so thats the form of the puzzle coming out of the content rather than the other way around here is a couple more here is a physics based puzzle -which way will these fall one of these where its fifty pounds thirty pounds and ten pounds and depending on which one weighs which amount theyll fall different directions -and here is a puzzle based on color mixing i separated this image into cyan magenta yellow black the basic printing colors and then mixed up the separations and you get these peculiar pictures which separations were mixed up to make those pictures gets you thinking about color -him cut out letters out of construction paper for the board i thought this was a great assignment and so here is what i came up with i start fiddling with it -a talk about her work so were making smart games for social media ill explain what that means were looking at three trends this is whats going on in the games industry right now first of all -you know for a long time computer games meant things like doom where youre going around shooting things very violent games very fast aimed at teenage boys right -and the main players are over thirty five and are female then recently rock band has been a big hit -and its a game you play with other people its very physical it looks nothing like a traditional game this is whats becoming the dominant form of electronic gaming -now within that there is some interesting things happening there is also a trend towards games that are good for you why well we aging boomers baby boomers -eating our healthy food were exercising what about our minds oh no our parents are getting alzheimers we better do something -and then there is social media and whats happening on the internet everybody now considers themselves a creator and not just a viewer and what does this add up to -this letter this is a letter of the alphabet thats been folded just once the question is which letter is it if i unfold it one hint its not l -game takes about a minute and twenty seconds this is your first time playing my game okay lets see how well we can do there are three images and we have twenty four seconds each -where is that ill play as fast as i can but if you can see it shout out the answer you get more -down okay yeah where is that oh yeah there okay j o and i guess thats that part we got the bow that bow helps thats his hair you get a lot of figure ground problems -yeah that one is easy okay so ahhh okay on to the next one okay so thats the lens anybody -like a black shape so where is that thats the corner of the whole thing -yeah ive played this image before but even when i make up my own puzzles and you can put your own images in here and we have people all over the world doing that now there we are -visit shufflebrain com if you want to try it yourself thank you -it could be an l of course so what else could it be -yeah a lot of you got it oh yeah so clever thing now that was my first puzzle i got hooked i -created something new i was very excited because you know id made crossword puzzles but thats sort of like filling in somebody elses matrix this was something really original -i got hooked i read martin gardners columns in scientific american went on and eventually decided to devote myself full time to that now i should pause and say what do i mean by puzzle a puzzle is a problem that is fun to solve -when that happens you provide people with multiple ways of re entering the world through different windows -and when you do that it allows them to triangulate the world that they live in and see its shape and thats why i think this is important one of many reasons but ive got to go now thank you for having -real militaristic kind of guy he just really felt bad that he wasnt able to fight in world war ii on account of his handicap -although they did let him get through the several hour long army physical exam before they got to the very last test which was for vision -so dad started racking up all of these patents and gaining a reputation as a blind genius rocket scientist inventor but to us he was just dad and our home life was pretty normal -the five senses vision is the one that i appreciate the most and its the one that i can least take for granted i think this is partially due to my father who was blind -so heres my dad hes a scientist hes an engineer and hes a military contractor so he has four kids right one grows up to become a computer scientist one grows up to join the navy -one grows up to become an engineer and then theres me -the comic book artist -the funny thing is dad had a lot of faith in me he had faith in my abilities as a cartoonist even though he had no direct evidence that i was any good whatsoever everything he saw was just a blur -now this gives a real meaning to the term blind faith which doesnt have the same negative connotation for me that it does for other people -now faith in things which cannot be seen which cannot be proved is not the sort of faith that ive ever really related to all that much i tend to like science where what we see and can ascertain are the foundation of what we know -nobody really understood what it was that he had in mind except for ada lovelace and he went to his grave trying to pursue that dream -with his memex this idea of all of human knowledge at your fingertips he had this vision -and i think a lot of people in his day probably thought he was a bit of a kook and yeah we can look back in retrospect and say yeah ha ha you know its all microfilm but thats -it was a fact that he didnt make much of a fuss about usually one time in nova scotia when we went to see a total eclipse of the sun -it was something that would only be implemented by people much later or paul barron and his vision for packet switching hardly anybody listened to him in his day -or even the people who actually pulled it off the people at bolt beranek and newman in boston who just would sketch out these structures of what would eventually become a worldwide network and sketching things on the back of napkins and on -my dads big easy chair you know so three types of vision right vision based on what one cannot see the vision of that unseen and unknowable -the vision of that which has already been proven or can be ascertained and this third kind of vision of something which can be which may be based on knowledge but is as yet unproven -same one as in the carly simon song which may or may not refer to james taylor warren beatty or mick jagger were not really sure they handed out these dark plastic viewers that allowed us to look directly at the sun without damaging our eyes -now weve seen a lot of examples of people who are pursuing that sort of vision in science but i think its also true in the arts its true in politics its even true in -watch for patterns and work like hell i think these are the four principles that go into this and its that third one especially where visions of the future begin to manifest themselves -whats interesting is that this particular way of looking at the world is i think only one of four different ways that manifest themselves in different fields of endeavor in comics i know that it results in sort of a formalist attitude towards trying to understand how it works -then theres another more classical attitude which embraces beauty and craft another one which believes in the pure transparency of content and then another -which emphasizes the authenticity of human experience and honesty and rawness these are four very different ways of looking at the world i even gave them names the classicist the animist and formalist and iconoclast interestingly it seemed to correspond more or less to jungs four subdivisions of human thought -and they reflect a dichotomy of art and delight on left and the right tradition and revolution on the top and the bottom and if you go on the diagonal you get content and form and then beauty and truth -and it probably applies just as much to music and to movies and to fine art which has nothing whatsoever to do with vision at all -or for that matter nothing to do with our conference theme of inspired by nature except to the extent of the fable of the frog who gives the ride to the scorpion on his back to get across the river because the scorpion promises not to -so -so this was my nature the thing was i saw that the route that i took to discovering this focus in my work and who i was -i saw it as just this road to discovery actually it was just me embracing my nature which means that i didnt actually fall that far from the tree after all -so what does a scientific mind do in the arts well i started making comics -the different elements of comics like pictures and words and the different symbols and everything in between that comics presents are all funneled through the single conduit of vision -so you have things like resemblance where something which resembles the physical world can be abstracted in a couple of different directions abstracted from resemblance but still retaining the complete meaning -or abstracted away from both resemblance and meaning towards the picture plan put all these three together and you have a nice little map of the entire boundary of visual iconography -and if you move to the right you also get language because thats abstracting even further from resemblance but still maintaining meaning -vision is called upon to represent sound and to understand the common properties of those two and their common heritage as well also to try to represent the texture of sound to capture its essential character through visuals -also another sense which comics vision represents and thats time sequence is a very important aspect of comics comics presents a kind of temporal map -i thought this was a little strange at the time what i didnt know at the time was that my father had actually been born with perfect eyesight -and this temporal map was something that energizes modern comics but i was wondering if perhaps it also energizes other sorts of forms and i found some in history and -you can see this same principle operating in these ancient versions of the same idea whats happening is the art form is colliding with the given technology -whether its paint on stone like the tomb of the scribe in ancient egypt or a bas relief sculpture rising up a stone column -and within one hundred years you already start to see word -when he and his sister martha were just very little their mom took them out to see a total eclipse or actually a solar eclipse and not long after that both of them started losing their eyesight -and so i kept my eyes peeled to see if the sort of changes that happened when we went from pre print comics to print comics would happen when we went beyond to post print comics -so one of the first things that were proposed was that we could mix the visuals of comics with the sound motion and interactivity of the cd romiss that were being made in those days this was even before the web -the problem was that if you go with this idea this basic idea that space equals time in comics what happens is that when you introduce -sound and motion which are temporal phenomena that can only be represented through time then they break with that continuity of presentation -the distance from abraham lincoln to a lincoln penny the penny marshall to the marshall plan to plan nine to nine lives its all the same -and but in comics in comics every aspect of the work every element of the work has a spatial relationship to every other element at all times so the question was was there any way -to preserve that spatial relationship while still taking advantage of all of the things that digital had to offer us and i found my personal answer for this in those ancient comics that i was showing you each of them has a single unbroken reading line -decades later it turned out that the source of their blindness was most likely some sort of bacterial infection as near as we can tell it had nothing whatsoever to do -whether its going zigzag across the walls or spiraling up a column or just straight left to right -or even going in a backwards zigzag across those eighty eight accordion folded pages the same thing is happening and that is that the basic idea that as you move through space you move through time is being carried out without any compromise but there were compromises when print hit -if thats true is there any way when we go beyond todays print to somehow bring that back -now the monitor is just as limited as the page technically right its a different shape but other than that its the same -basic limitation but thats only if you look at the monitor as a page but not if you look at the monitor as a window -we could do circular narratives that were literally circular we could do a turn in a story that was literally a turn parallel narratives could be literally parallel x y and also z -this was an early collage comic by a fellow named jason lex -with that solar eclipse but by then my grandmother had already gone to her grave thinking it was her fault -head into this new era we are looking for mutations that are durable that have some sort of staying power -now were taking this basic idea of presenting comics in a visual medium and then were carrying it through all the way from beginning to end thats that entire comic you just saw is up on the screen right now -adapt to its environment its a durable mutation heres another one ill show you this is by doctorew weing this is called pop contemplates the heat death of the universe -see whats going on here -as we draw these stories on an infinite canvas -is youre creating a more pure expression -of what this medium is all about -i think this is important because media -all media provide us a window back into our world now -it could be that motion pictures and eventually virtual reality or something equivalent to it some sort of immersive display is going to provide us with our most efficient escape from the world that were in thats why most people turn to storytelling is to escape -media provides us with a window back into the world that we live in and when media evolve so that -the identity of the media becomes increasingly unique because what youre looking at is youre looking at comics cubed youre looking at comics that are more comics like than theyve ever been before -you might think that thats not a surprise the air in this room is very smooth you might say well maybe things just smoothed themselves out -but the conditions near the big bang are very very different than the conditions of the air in this room in particular things were a lot denser the gravitational pull of things was a lot stronger near the big bang -what you have to think about is we have a universe with a hundred billion galaxies a hundred billion stars each at early times those hundred billion galaxies were squeezed into a region about this big literally at early times and you have to imagine doing that squeezing without any imperfections -without any little spots where there were a few more atoms than somewhere else because if there had been they would have collapsed under the gravitational pull into a huge black hole -keeping the universe very very smooth at early times is not easy its a delicate arrangement its a clue that the early universe is not chosen randomly there is something that made it that way we would like to know what -universe is really big -so part of our understanding of this was given to us by ludwig boltzmann an austrian physicist in the nineteenth century and boltzmanns contribution was that he helped us understand entropy -boltzmann gave us a formula engraved on his tombstone now that really quantifies what entropy is and its basically just saying that entropy is the number of ways we can rearrange the constituents of a system so that you dont notice -we live in a galaxy the milky way galaxy there are about a hundred billion stars in the milky way galaxy and if you take a camera and you point it at a random part of the sky and you just keep the shutter open as long as your camera is attached to the hubble space telescope it will see something like this -so that macroscopically it looks the same if you have the air in this room you dont notice each individual atom a low entropy configuration is one in which theres only a few arrangements that look that way a high entropy arrangement is one that there are many arrangements that look that way -this is a crucially important insight because it helps us explain the second law of thermodynamics the law that says that entropy increases in the universe or in some isolated bit of the universe the reason why entropy increases is simply because there are many more ways to be high entropy than to be low entropy -thats a wonderful insight but it leaves something out this insight that entropy increases by the way is whats behind what we call the arrow of time the difference between the past and the future every difference that there is -between the past and the future is because entropy is increasing -fifty years ago he gave a series of a bunch of different lectures he gave the popular lectures that became the character of physical law he gave lectures to caltech undergrads that became the feynman lectures on physics he gave lectures to caltech graduate students that became the feynman lectures on gravitation -in every one of these books every one of these sets of lectures he emphasized this puzzle why did the early universe have such a small entropy so he says im not going to do the accent -he says for some reason the universe at one time had a very low entropy for its energy content and since then the entropy has increased the arrow of time cannot be completely understood until the mystery of the beginnings of the history of the universe are reduced still further from speculation to understanding -so thats our job we want to know this is fifty years ago surely youre thinking weve figured it out by now its not true that weve figured it out by now the reason the problem has gotten worse rather than better is because in one thousand nine hundred and ninety eight we learned something crucial about the universe that we didnt know before we learned that its accelerating -the universe is not only expanding if you look at the galaxy its moving away if you come back -individual galaxies are speeding away from us faster and faster so we say the universe is accelerating -every one of these little blobs is a galaxy roughly the size of our milky way a hundred billion stars in each of those blobs there are approximately a hundred billion galaxies in the observable universe one hundred billion is the only number you need to know the age of the universe between now and the big bang is a hundred billion in dog years -unlike the low entropy of the early universe even though we dont know the answer for this we at least have a good theory that can explain it if that theory is right and thats the theory of dark energy its just the idea that empty space itself has energy in every little cubic centimeter of space whether or not theres stuff -whether or not theres particles matter radiation or whatever theres still energy even in the space itself -and this energy according to einstein exerts a push on the universe -it is a perpetual impulse that pushes galaxies apart from each other because dark energy unlike matter or radiation does not dilute away as the universe expands the amount of energy in each cubic centimeter remains the same even as the universe gets bigger and bigger -this has crucial implications for what the universe is going to do in the future for one thing the universe will expand forever back when i was your age -we didnt know what the universe was going to do some people thought that the universe would recollapse in the future einstein was fond of this idea -but if theres dark energy and the dark energy does not go away the universe is just going to keep expanding forever and ever and ever fourteen billion years in the past one hundred billion dog years but an infinite number of years into the future -meanwhile for all intents and purposes space looks finite to us space may be finite or infinite but because the universe is accelerating there are parts of it we cannot see and never will see -theres a finite region of space that we have access to surrounded by a horizon so even though time goes on forever space is limited to us -finally empty space has a temperature in the one thousand nine hundred and seventy s stephen hawking told us that a black hole even though you think its black it actually emits radiation when you take into account quantum mechanics the curvature of space time around the black hole brings to life the quantum mechanical fluctuation and the black hole radiates -a precisely similar calculation by hawking and gary gibbons showed that if you have dark energy in empty space -then the whole universe radiates -the energy of empty space brings to life quantum fluctuations and so even though the universe will last forever and ordinary matter and radiation will dilute away there will always be some radiation some thermal fluctuations even in empty space -so what this means is that the universe is like a box of gas that lasts forever well what is the implication of that that implication was studied by boltzmann back in the nineteenth century he said well -entropy increases because there are many many more ways for the universe to be high entropy rather than low entropy -but thats a probabilistic statement it will probably increase and the probability is enormously huge its not something you have to worry about the air in this room all gathering over one part of the room and suffocating us its very very unlikely -except if they locked the doors and kept us here literally forever that would happen -everything that is allowed every configuration that is allowed to be obtained by the molecules in this room would eventually be obtained so boltzmann says look you could start with a universe -that was in thermal equilibrium he didnt know about the big bang he didnt know about the expansion of the universe he thought that space and time were explained by isaac newton they were absolute they just stuck there forever so his idea of a natural universe was one in which the air molecules were just spread out evenly everywhere the everything molecules -but if youre boltzmann you know that if you wait long enough -the random fluctuations of those molecules will occasionally bring them into lower entropy configurations and then of course in the natural course of things they will expand back so its not that entropy must always increase you can get fluctuations into lower entropy more organized situations -well if thats true boltzmann then goes onto invent two very modern sounding ideas the multiverse and the anthropic principle -he says the problem with thermal equilibrium is that we cant live there remember life itself -depends on the arrow of time we would not be able to process information metabolize walk and talk if we lived in thermal equilibrium so if you imagine a very very big universe an infinitely big universe with randomly bumping into each other particles there will occasionally be small fluctuations in the lower entropy states and then they relax back -but there will also be large fluctuations occasionally you will make a planet -or a star or a galaxy or a hundred billion galaxies -so boltzmann says we will only live in the part of the multiverse in the part of this infinitely big set of fluctuating particles where life is possible thats the region where entropy is low maybe our universe is just one of those things that happens from time to time now your homework assignment -that will happen much more frequently than the random motions of atoms making you an apple orchard and some sugar and an oven and then making you an apple pie -so this scenario makes predictions and the predictions are that the fluctuations that make us are minimal -even if you imagine that this room we are in now exists and is real and here we are and we have not only our memories but our impression that outside theres something called caltech and the united states and the milky way galaxy -its much easier for all those impressions to randomly fluctuate into your brain than for them actually to randomly fluctuate into caltech the united states and the galaxy -the good news is that therefore this scenario does not work it is not right -this scenario predicts that we should be a minimal fluctuation even if you left our galaxy out you would not get a hundred billion other galaxies and feynman also understood this feynman says -from the hypothesis that the world is a fluctuation all the predictions are that if we look at a part of the world weve never seen before we will find it mixed up and not like the piece weve just looked at high entropy -if our order were due to a fluctuation we would not expect order anywhere but where we have just noticed it we therefore conclude the universe is not a fluctuation -so thats good the question is then what is the right answer if the universe is not a fluctuation why did the early universe have a low entropy and i would love to tell you the answer but im running out of time -but we would also like to understand it as a cosmologist i want to ask why is the universe like this one big clue we have is that the universe is changing with time if you looked at one of these galaxies and measured its velocity it would be moving away from you -the stars around us will use up their nuclear fuel they will stop burning they will fall into black holes we will live in a universe with nothing in it but black holes that universe will last ten to the one hundred years a lot longer than our little universe has lived the future is much longer than the past -but even black holes dont last forever they will evaporate and we will be left with nothing but empty space -that empty space lasts essentially forever -however you notice since empty space gives off radiation theres actually thermal fluctuations and it cycles around all the different possible combinations of the degrees of freedom that exist in empty space -so even though the universe lasts forever theres only a finite number of things that can possibly happen in the universe they all happen over a period of time equal to ten to the ten to the one hundred and twenty years -so heres two questions for you number one if the universe lasts for ten to the ten to the one hundred and twenty years why are we born in the first fourteen billion years of it -in the warm comfortable afterglow of the big bang why arent we in empty space you might say well theres nothing there to be living but thats not right you could be a random fluctuation out of the nothingness why arent you more homework assignment for you -so like i said i dont actually know the answer im going to give you my favorite scenario either its just like that there is no explanation this is a brute fact about the universe that you should learn to accept and stop asking questions -maybe the universe comes out of a universal chicken maybe there is something that naturally through the growth of the laws of physics gives rise to universe like ours in low entropy configurations -if thats true it would happen more than once we would be part of a much bigger multiverse thats my favorite scenario -so the organizers asked me to end with a bold speculation my bold speculation is that i will be absolutely vindicated by history -and fifty years from now all of my current wild ideas will be accepted as truths by the scientific and external communities -we will all believe that our little universe is just a small part of a much larger multiverse and even better we will understand what happened at the big bang in terms of a theory that we will be able to compare to observations this is a prediction i might be wrong but weve been thinking as a human race -things were closer together in the past the universe was more dense and it was also hotter if you squeeze things together the temperature goes up that kind of makes sense to us the thing that doesnt make sense to us as much is that the universe at early times near the big bang was also very very smooth -its all in the streams of information we consume daily we just have to know how to pull it out and once we had this we could start doing some cool stuff what if we were to look at the distribution of the sizes of attacks what would that tell us -so we started doing this and you can see here on the horizontal axis youve got the number of people killed in an attack or the size of the attack and on the vertical axis youve got the number of attacks -we plot data for sample on this you see some sort of random distribution perhaps sixty seven attacks one person was killed or forty seven attacks where seven people were killed -around the media as we see on the news from iraq afghanistan sierra leone and the conflict seems incomprehensible to us and thats certainly how it seemed to me when i started this project -we did this exact same thing for iraq and we didnt know for iraq what we were going to find it turns out what we found was pretty surprising -you take all of the conflict all of the chaos all of the noise -why should a conflict like iraq have this as its fundamental signature why should there be order in war we didnt really understand that we thought maybe there is something special about -we looked at a few more conflicts we looked at colombia we looked at afghanistan and we looked at senegal and the same pattern emerged in each conflict this wasnt supposed to happen -these are different wars with different religious factions different political factions and different socioeconomic problems and yet the fundamental patterns underlying them are the -a little -we looked around the world at all the data we could get our hands on -from peru to -we studied this same pattern again and we found that not only were the distributions these straight lines but the slope of these lines they clustered around this value of alpha equals two point five -and we could generate an equation that could predict the likelihood of an attack what were saying here -is the probability of an attack killing x number of people in a country like iraq is equal to a constant times the size of that attack raised to the power of negative alpha -this is data statistics what does it tell us about these conflicts that was a challenge we had to face as physicists how do we explain this -but as a physicist i thought well if you give me some data i could maybe understand this you know give us a go so as a naive new zealander i thought well ill go to the pentagon can you get me some information -of the group strength carrying out the attacks so we look at a process of group dynamics coalescence and fragmentation -we can run these simulations we can recreate this using a process of group dynamics -to explain the patterns that we see all around -the conflicts around the world -is going on is that -the insurgent forces they evolve over time they adapt -it turns out there is only one solution to fight a much stronger enemy and if you dont find that solution as an insurgent force -you dont exist so every insurgent force that is ongoing every conflict that is ongoing its going to look something like this -but perhaps you can sit and talk to them -so this graph here im going to show you now -stuff that weve come through -and we see the evolution of alpha through time -we see it start and we see it grow up to the stable -the wars around the world look like and it stays there through the invasion of -until the samarra bombings in the iraqi elections of six -moving out i dont know what the answer is to that but i know that we should be looking at the structure of the insurgency to answer that question thank you -so i had to think a little harder -and i was watching the news one night in oxford and i looked down at the chattering heads on my channel of choice and i saw that there was information there -so what i started thinking was perhaps there is something like open source intelligence here if we can get enough of these streams of information together -we can perhaps start to understand the -so this is exactly what i did we started bringing a team together an interdisciplinary team of scientists of economists mathematicians -that database contained the timing of attacks the location the size and the weapons used -so effective that they motivate people to engage in unsafe driving behaviors like not stopping on a red headlight because that way you have to stop and restart the engine and that would use -quite some fuel wouldnt it so despite this being a very well intended application obviously there was a side effect of that and heres another example for one of these side effects commendable -a site that allows parents to give their kids little badges for doing the things that parents want their kids to do like tying their shoes and at first that sounds very nice very benign well intended -but it turns out if you look into research on peoples mindset -that caring about outcomes caring about public recognition caring about these kinds of public tokens of recognition is not necessarily very helpful for your long term psychological well being its better if you care about learning something its better when you care about yourself than how you appear in front of other people -so that kind of motivational tool that is used actually in and of itself -so thats a second very obvious question what are the effects of what youre doing the effects that youre having with the device like less fuel -as well as the effects of the actual tools youre using to get people to do things public recognition -now is that all intention effect -well there are some technologies which obviously combine both -and i think most of us will agree well thats something well intended and also has good consequences in the words of michel foucault it is a technology of the self it is a technology that empowers the individual to determine its own life course to shape itself -but the problem is as foucault points out that every technology of the self has a technology of domination as its flip side as you see in todays modern liberal democracies -the society the state not only allows us to determine our self to shape our self it also demands it of us -it demands that we optimize ourselves that we control ourselves that we self manage continuously because thats the only way in which such a liberal society works these technologies want us to stay in the game that society has devised for us -they want us to fit in even better they want us to optimize ourselves to fit in -even something we consider as well intended and as good in its effects like stutzmans freedom comes with certain values embedded in it -im not able to tell you what is moral or immoral because were living in a pluralist society my values can be radically different from your values which means that what i consider moral or immoral based on that might not necessarily be what you consider moral or immoral -and we can question these values we can question is it a good thing that all of us continuously self optimize ourselves to fit better into that society or to give you another example what about a piece of persuasive technology that -convinces muslim women to wear their headscarves is that a good or a bad technology in its intentions or in its effects well that basically depends on the kind of values that you bring to bear to make these kinds of judgments so thats -a third question what values do you use to judge and speaking of values ive noticed that in the discussion about moral persuasion online and when im talking with people more often than not there is a weird bias -and that bias is that were asking is this or that still ethical is it still permissible -were asking things like is this oxfam donation form where the regular monthly donation is the preset default and people maybe without intending it are that way encouraged or nudged into giving a regular donation instead of a one time donation is that still permissible is it still ethical were fishing at the low end -but in fact that question is it still ethical is just one way of looking at ethics because if you look at the beginning of ethics in -and he put that in the word arete which we from the ancient greek translate as virtue but really it means excellence it means living up to your own full potential as a human being -and that is an idea that i think that paul richard buchanan nicely put in a recent essay where he said products are vivid arguments about how we should live our lives our designs are not ethical or unethical in that theyre using ethical or unethical means of persuading us -they have a moral component just in the kind of vision and the aspiration of the good life that they present to us -and if you look into the designed environment around us with that kind of lens asking what is the vision of the good life that our products our design present to us -then you often get the shivers because of how little we expect of each other of how little we actually seem to expect of our life and what the good life looks like -and speaking of design you notice that i already broadened the discussion -but i also realized that there is one thing that i could give you and that is what this guy behind me gave the world socrates it is questions what i can do and what i would like to do with you is give you like that initial question a set of questions to figure out for yourself layer by layer -i dont know whether you know the great communication researcher paul watzlawick who back in the sixty s made the argument we cannot not communicate even if we choose to be silent we chose to be silent were communicating something by choosing to be silent -and in the same way that we cannot not communicate we cannot not persuade whatever we do or refrain from doing whatever we put out there as a piece of design into the world -which is what peter paul verbeek the dutch philosopher of technology says no matter whether we as designers intend it or not we materialize morality we make certain things harder and easier to do we organize the existence of -people we put a certain vision of what good or bad or normal or usual is in front of people by everything we put out there in the world -even something as innocuous -as a set of school chairs is a persuasive technology -because it presents and materializes a certain vision of the good life the good life in which teaching and learning and listening is about one person teaching the others listening in which it is about learning is done while sitting -in which you learn for yourself in which youre not supposed to change these rules because the chairs are fixed to the ground -and even something as innocuous as a single design chair like this one by arne jacobsen is a persuasive technology because again it communicates an idea of the good life a good life a life that you say you as a designer consent to by saying in the good life goods are produced as sustainably or unsustainably as this chair -and where there is something as conspicuous consumption where it is okay and normal to spend a humungous amount of money on such a chair to signal to other people what your social status -and how does that apply not just to persuasive technology but to everything you design -why when the question of what the good life is informs everything that we design should we stop at design and not ask ourselves how does it apply to our own life why should the lamp or the house be an art object but not our life as michel foucault puts it -like peeling an onion getting at the core of what you believe is moral or immoral persuasion and id like to do that with a couple of examples of technologies where people have used game elements to get people to do things -just to give you a practical example of buster benson this is buster setting up a pull up machine at the office of his new startup habit labs where theyre trying to build up other applications like health month for people and why is he building a thing like this -well here is the set of axioms that habit labs busters startup put up for themselves on how they wanted to work together as a team when theyre building these applications -since you guys are really great maybe you can humor me and say this all together -the best way to test a hypothesis is to consider its most extreme implication philosophers know this game very well -if you believe that i am my connectome i think you must also accept the idea that death is the destruction of your connectome -i mention this because there are prophets today who claim that technology will fundamentally alter the human condition and perhaps even transform the human species -one of their most cherished dreams is to cheat death by that practice known as cryonics if you pay one hundred thousand dollars you can arrange to have your body frozen after death and stored in liquid nitrogen -in one of these tanks in an arizona warehouse awaiting a future civilization that is advanced to resurrect you should we ridicule the modern seekers of immortality calling them fools or will they some day chuckle -right all together now everybody i am -over our graves i dont know i prefer to test their beliefs scientifically i propose that we attempt to find a connectome of a frozen brain -the body but not for the mind on the other hand if the connectome is still intact we cannot ridicule the claims of cryonics so -as we evolved from our ape like ancestors on the african savanna what distinguished us was our larger brains we have used our brains to fashion ever more amazing technologies -i believe that this voyage of self discovery is not just for scientists but for all of us and im grateful for the opportunity to share this voyage with you today thank you -great you know you guys are so great you dont even know what a connectome is and youre willing to play along with me i could just go home now well so far -only one connectome is known that of this tiny worm its modest nervous system consists of just three hundred neurons -and in the nineteen seventies and eighties a team of scientists mapped all seven thousand connections between the neurons -in this diagram every node is a neuron and every line is a connection this is the connectome of the worm c elegans -your connectome is far more complex than this because your brain contains one hundred billion neurons and ten thousand times as many connections -your genome has letters thats a lot of information whats in that information -we dont know for sure but there are theories since the nineteenth century neuroscientists have speculated -live in in a remarkable time the age of genomics your genome is the entire sequence of your dna your sequence and mine are slightly different -that maybe your memories the information that makes you you maybe your memories are stored in the connections between your brains neurons -and perhaps other aspects of your personal identity maybe your personality and your intellect maybe theyre also encoded -in the connections between your neurons and so now you can see why i proposed this hypothesis i am my connectome -we need more sophisticated technologies that are automated that will speed up the process of finding connectomes -now youve probably seen pictures of neurons before you can recognize them instantly by their fantastic shapes they extend long and delicate branches and in short they look like trees -but this is just a single neuron in order to find connectomes we have to see all the neurons at the same time -so lets meet bobby kasthuri who works in the laboratory of jeff lichtman at harvard university bobby is holding fantastically thin slices of a mouse brain -and were zooming in by a factor of one hundred thousand times to obtain the resolution so that we can see the branches of neurons all at the same time -except you still may not really recognize them and thats because we have to work in three dimensions if we take many images of many slices of the brain -thats why we look different ive got brown eyes you might have blue or gray but its not just skin deep the headlines tell us that genes can give us scary diseases -and stack them up we get a three dimensional image and still you may not see the branches so we start at the top and we color in the cross section of one branch in red -and we do that for the next slice and for the next slice and we keep on doing that slice after slice -if we continue through the entire stack we can reconstruct the three dimensional shape of a small fragment of a branch of a neuron -lets zoom in on one synapse and keep your eyes on the interior of the green neuron you should see small circles these are called vesicles -they contain a molecule know as a neurotransmitter and so when the green neuron wants to communicate it wants to send a message to the red neuron -it spits out neurotransmitter at the synapse the two neurons are said to be connected like two friends talking on the telephone -so you see how to find a synapse how can we find an entire connectome well we take -this three dimensional stack of images and treat it as a gigantic three dimensional coloring book we color every neuron in in a different color -and then we look through all of the images find the synapses and note the colors of the two neurons involved in each synapse if we can do that throughout all the images we could find a connectome -now at this point youve learned the basics of neurons and synapses and so i think were ready to tackle one of the most important questions in neuroscience how are the brains of men and women different -guys brains are like waffles they keep their lives compartmentalized in boxes girls brains are like spaghetti everything in their life is connected to everything else you guys are laughing but you know -this book changed my life -maybe even shape our personality or give us mental disorders our genes seem to have -it doesnt matter whether youre a guy or -everyones brains are like spaghetti or maybe really really fine capellini with branches -just as one strand of spaghetti contacts many other strands on your plate one neuron touches many other neurons through their entangled branches -one neuron can be connected to so many other neurons because there can be synapses at these points of contact -by now you might have sort of lost perspective on how large this cube of brain tissue actually is and so lets do a series of comparisons to show you i assure you this is very tiny its just six microns on a side -so heres how it stacks up against an entire neuron and you can tell that really only the smallest fragments of branches are contained inside this cube -and a neuron well thats smaller than brain and thats just a mouse brain -is hopeless because if you look at a brain with your naked eye you dont really see how complex it is but when you use a microscope finally the hidden complexity is revealed -awesome power over our -in the seventeenth century the mathematician and philosopher blaise pascal wrote of his dread of the infinite his feeling of insignificance at contemplating -the vast reaches of outer space and as a scientist im not supposed to talk about my feelings too much information professor -but may i -i feel curiosity and i feel wonder but at times i have also felt despair -and yet i would like to think that i am more than my genes -why did i choose to study this organ that is so awesome in its complexity that it might well be infinite -its absurd how could we even dare to think that we might -and yet i persist in this quixotic endeavor and indeed these days i harbor new hopes some day -an entire human connectome is one of the greatest technological challenges of all time it will take the work of generations to succeed -at the present time my collaborators and i what were aiming for is much more modest just to find partial connectomes of tiny chunks -mouse and human brain but even that will be enough for the first tests of this hypothesis that i am my connectome -for now let me try to convince you of the plausibility of this hypothesis that its actually worth taking seriously -as you grow during childhood and age during adulthood your personal identity changes slowly -likewise every connectome changes over time what kinds of changes happen well neurons like trees can grow new branches and they can lose old ones -synapses can be created and they can be eliminated and synapses can grow larger -are you more than your genes yes -its true to some extent they are programmed by your genes but thats not the whole story -because there are signals electrical signals that travel along the branches of neurons and chemical signals that jump across from branch to branch these signals are called neural activity -and theres a lot of evidence that neural activity can cause your connections to change and if you put those two facts together it means that your experiences can change your connectome -and it might true that just the mere act of thinking can change your connectome an idea that you may find empowering -a cool and refreshing stream of water you say what else is in this picture -do not forget that groove in the earth called the stream bed without it the water would not know in which direction to flow -and with the stream i would like to propose a metaphor for the relationship between neural activity and connectivity -the pathways along which neural activity flows and so the connectome is like bed of the stream -but the metaphor is richer than that because its true that the stream bed guides the flow of the water -but over long timescales the water also reshapes the bed of the stream and as i told you just now -neural activity can change the connectome and if youll allow me to ascend to metaphorical heights -i will remind you that neural activity is the physical basis or so neuroscientists think of thoughts feelings and perceptions and so we might even speak of the stream of consciousness neural activity is its water -so lets return from the heights of metaphor and return to science suppose our technologies for finding connectomes actually work how will we go about testing the hypothesis i am my -connectome well i propose a direct test let us attempt to read out memories from connectomes -more than my -the memory of long temporal sequences of movements like a pianist playing a beethoven sonata -because if the first neurons in the chain are activated through their synapses they send messages to the second neurons which are activated and so on down the line -like a chain of falling dominoes and this sequence of neural activation is hypothesized to be the neural basis of those sequence of movements -so one way of trying to test the theory is to look for such chains inside connectomes but it wont be easy because theyre not going to look like this theyre going to be scrambled -so well have to use our computers to try to unscramble the chain and if we can do that the sequence of the neurons we recover -from that unscrambling will be a prediction of the pattern of neural activity that is replayed in the brain during memory recall and if that were successful that would be the first example of reading a memory from a connectome -what a mess -have you ever tried to wire up a system as complex as this i hope not but if you have you know its very easy to make a mistake -the branches of neurons are like the wires of the brain can anyone guess whats the total length of wires in your brain -i i am my connectome -i estimate millions of -all packed in your skull and if you appreciate that number you can easily see there is huge potential for mis wiring of the brain -and indeed the popular press loves headlines like anorexic brains are wired differently or autistic brains are wired differently -these are plausible claims but in truth we cant see the brains wiring clearly enough to tell if these are really true and so the technologies for seeing connectomes will allow us to finally read -mis wiring of the brain to see mental disorders in connectomes sometimes -its the perfect driving mechanism -weve driven in cities like in san francisco here weve driven from san francisco to los angeles on highway one weve encountered joggers -busy highways toll booths -and this is without a person in the loop the car just drives itself in fact while we drove one hundred and forty thousand miles -people didnt even notice -mountain roads day and night -and even crooked lombard street in san francisco -i loved cars when i turned eighteen i lost my best friend to a car accident -but i can do something for all the people who died do you know that driving accidents are the number one cause of death for young people -and do you realize that almost all of those are due to human error -and not machine error and can therefore be prevented by machines -do you realize that you ted users spend an average of fifty two minutes per day in traffic wasting your time on your daily commute -you could regain this time this is four billion hours wasted in this country alone -to saving one million people -every year now i havent succeeded so this is just a progress report but im here to tell you a little bit about self driving cars -i saw the concept first in the darpa grand challenges where the u s government issued a prize to build a self driving car that could navigate a desert and even though a hundred teams were there these cars went nowhere -so we decided at stanford to build a different self driving car we built the hardware and the software -we made it learn from us -and we set it free in the desert -and the unimaginable happened it became the first car -two million dollars -on building driving cars that can drive anywhere by themselves any street in california weve driven one hundred and forty thousand miles -well if you generalize this the most favorite ted talks are those that -feature topics we can connect with both easily and deeply such as happiness our own body food emotions -the more technical topics such as architecture materials and strangely enough men those are not good topics to talk about -how should you deliver your talk ted is famous for keeping a very sharp eye on the clock so theyre going to hate me for revealing this because actually you should talk as long as they will let -all ranking lists on ted com except if you want to have a talk thats beautiful inspiring or funny then you should be brief but -other than that talk until they drag you off the stage -you go on the ted website you can currently find there over a full week of ted talk videos over one point three million words of transcripts and millions of user ratings -pushing the clock theres a few rules to obey i found these rules out by comparing the statistics of four word phrases that appear more often in the most -and -now lets go to the visuals the most obvious visual thing on stage is the speaker and analysis shows if you want to be among the most favorite ted speakers you should -let your hair grow a little bit longer than average make sure you wear your glasses and be slightly more dressed up than the average ted speaker -the ratings that talks get on the website for example fascinating talks contain a statistically high amount of -im not the first one who has done this analysis but ill leave this to your good judgment so now its time to put it all together and -give you something i will not impose the ultimate or worst ted talk on you but rather give you a tool to create your own and i call this tool the ted pad and -ted pad is a matrix of one hundred specifically selected highly curated sentences that you can easily piece together to get your own ted talk -and thats a huge amount of data and it got me wondering if you took all this data and put it through statistical analysis -you only have to make one decision and that is are you going to use the white version for very good ted talks about -and have fun with it now i hope you enjoy the session i hope you enjoy designing your own ultimate and worst possible ted talks -and i hope some of you will be inspired for next year to create this which i really want to see thank you very much -also could you create the worst possible ted talk that they would still let you get away with -to find this out i looked at three things i looked at the topic that you should choose i looked at how you should deliver it and the visuals onstage -now with the topic theres a whole range of topics you can choose but you should choose wisely because your topic strongly correlates with how users will react to your talk -now to make this more concrete lets look at the list of top ten words that statistically stick out -in the most favorite ted talks -in the least favorite ted talks so if you came here to talk about how french coffee will spread happiness in our brains -go -and i also encountered a project called six word memoirs where people were asked take your whole life and please sum this up into six words such as these here found true love married someone else or living in existential vacuum it sucks i actually like that one so if a novel can be put into six words and a whole memoir can be put into six words -you dont need more than six words for a tedtalk we could have been done by lunch here -i mean and if you did this for all thousand tedtalks you would get from two point three million words -down to six thousand so i thought this was quite worthwhile so i started asking all my friends please take your favorite tedtalk and put that into six words -so here are some of the results that i received i think theyre quite nice for example dan pinks talk on motivation which was pretty good if you havent seen it drop carrot drop stick bring meaning its what hes basically talking about in those eighteen and a half minutes or some even included references to the speakers such as nathan myhrvolds speaking style or the one of tim ferriss which might be considered a bit strenuous at times -the challenge here is if i try to systematically do this i would probably end up with a lot of summaries but not with many friends in the end so i had to find a different method preferably involving total strangers and luckily theres a website for that called mechanical turk which is a website where you can post -i found out i could get a six word summary for just ten cents which i think is a pretty good price even then unfortunately its not possible to summarize -each tedtalk individually because if you do the math you have a thousand tedtalks the pay ten cents each you have to do more than one summary for each of those talks because some of them will probably be or are really bad so i would end up paying hundreds of dollars -so i thought of a different way by thinking well the talks revolve around certain themes so what if i dont let people summarize individual tedtalks to six words but give them ten tedtalks at the same time and say please do a six word summary for that one -because theres an example by statistics professor hans rosling i guess many of you have seen one or more of his talks hes got eight talks online and those talks can basically be summed up into just four words because thats all hes basically showing us our intuition is really bad -he always proves us wrong so people on the internet some didnt do so well i mean when i asked them to summarize the ten tedtalks at the same time some took the easy route out they just had some general comment -actually it sounded nice in the beginning but when you look at six hundred summaries its quite a lot its a huge list so -in the end amazingly again people were able to do it for example all the courageous tedtalks people dying or people suffering was also one with easy solutions around or the recipe for the ultimate jaw dropping tedtalk flickr photos of intergalactic classical composer i mean thats the essence of it all -even if you just try to get all of those ideas into your head by watching all those thousand ted videos it would actually currently take you over two hundred and fifty hours to do so and i did a little calculation of this the damage to the economy for each one who does this is around dollar fifteen thousand so -so i had fifty overall summaries done this time i paid twenty five cents because i thought the task was a bit harder and -unfortunately when i first received the answers and here youll see six of the answers i was a bit disappointed because i think youll agree they all summarize some aspect of ted but to me they felt a bit bland or they just had a certain aspect of ted in them so i was almost ready to give up when -one night i played around with these sentences and found out that theres actually a beautiful solution in here so -why the worry id rather wonder -having seen this danger to the economy i thought we need to find a solution to this problem -heres my approach to it all if you look at the current situation you have a thousand tedtalks each of those tedtalks has an average length of about two thousand three hundred words now take this together and you end up with two point three million words of tedtalks which is about three bibles worth of content -the obvious question here is does a tedtalk really need two thousand three hundred words isnt there something shorter i mean if you have an idea worth spreading surely you can put it into something shorter than two thousand three hundred words the only question is how short can you get -whats the minimum amount of words you would need to do a tedtalk while i was pondering this question i came across this urban legend about ernest hemingway who allegedly said that these six words here for sale baby shoes never worn -when i was fifteen years old -i did much more than that i put photography as my life i lived totally inside photography doing long term projects and i want to show you just a few pictures of again youll see -i started to have infection everywhere when i made love with my wife i had no sperm that came out of me -that you are dying -we destroyed a lot of our forest as you did here in the united states or you did in india everywhere in this planet to build our development we come to a huge contradiction that we destroy around us everything -this farm that had thousands of head of cattle had just a few hundreds -and we didnt know how to deal with these and leila came up with an incredible idea a crazy idea she said why dont you put back the rainforest that was here before you say that you were born in paradise lets build the paradise again -we started to plant hundreds of thousands of trees only local species only native species where we built an ecosystem identical to the one that was destroyed and the life started to come back in an incredible way -and we built a big environmental project to raise money everywhere here in los angeles in the bay area in san francisco it became tax deductible in the united states we raised money in spain in italy a lot in brazil we worked with a lot of companies in brazil that put money into this project the government -and the life started to come and i had a big wish to come back to photography to photograph again -i wished to photograph the other animals to photograph the landscapes to photograph us but us from the beginning the time we lived in equilibrium with nature and i went i started in the beginning of two thousand and four -factory capable to transform co two into oxygen are the forests the only machine capable to capture the carbon that we are producing -for the water system -if you take a shower it takes you -all the branches of the trees the leaves that come down create a humid area and they take months and months under the water go to the rivers and maintain our source maintain our rivers this is the most important thing when we imagine that we need water for every activity in life -i want to show you now to finish just a few pictures that for me are very important in that direction -we were starting to construct an educational center that became quite a large environmental center in brazil but you see a lot of small spots in this picture -in each point of those spots we had planted a tree there are thousands of trees now ill show you the pictures made exactly in the same point two months ago -about two point five million trees -of about two hundred different species in order -we are doing the sequestration of about one hundred thousand tons of carbon with these trees my friends its very easy to do -we here inside the room -so in some sense a lot of marketing is about convincing a ceo this is a good ad campaign so there is a little bit of slippage -how you take your insights here and actually get them integrated into working business models on the ground in indian villages for -so the scientific method i alluded to is pretty important we work closely with companies that have operational capacity or nonprofits that have operational capacity and then we say well you want to get this behavior change lets come up with a few ideas test them -see which is working go back synthesize and try to come up with a thing that works and then were able to scale with partners its kind of the model that has worked in other contexts if you have biological problems -oral rehydration salts many of you have probably used this its brilliant its a way to get sodium and glucose together so that when you add it to water the child is able to absorb it even during situations of diarrhea remarkable impact on mortality -it looks like the technological problem is solved but if you look even today there are about four hundred thousand diarrhea related deaths in india alone -whats going on here well the easy answer is we just havent gotten those salts to those people -is a biological answer maybe these are the deaths that simple rehydration alone doesnt solve thats not true either many of these deaths were completely preventable -a researcher every once in a while you encounter something a little disconcerting and this is something that changes your understanding of the world around you and teaches you that youre very wrong about something that you really believed firmly in -and this what i want to think of as the disconcerting thing what i want to call the last mile problem you see we spent a lot of energy in many domains -but a big part of the problem still remains nine hundred and ninety nine miles went well the last mile is proving incredibly stubborn now -thats for oral rehydration therapy maybe this is something unique about diarrhea well it turns out and this is where things get really disconcerting its not unique to diarrhea its not even unique to poor people in india heres an example from -a variety of contexts ive put up a bunch of examples up here ill start with insulin diabetes medication in the u s okay -massive technological advance took an incredibly deadly disease made it solvable adherence rates how many people are taking their insulin every day -on average a typical person is taking it seventy five percent of the time as a result twenty five thousand people a year go blind -hundreds of thousands lose limbs every year for something thats solvable here i have a bunch of other examples all suffer from the last mile problem its not just medicine here is another example from technology agriculture -we think there is a food problem so we create new seeds we think there is an income problem so we create new ways of farming that increase income well look at some old ways some ways that wed already cracked intercropping -this machine is really strange and one of the consequences is that people are -they do lots of inconsistent things -and these are unfortunate moments because you go to sleep that night dumber than when you woke up so thats really the goal of my talk is to a communicate the moment to you and -they do lots of inconsistent things and the inconsistencies create fundamentally this last mile problem see when we were dealing with our biology bacteria the genes the things inside here -the blood thats complex but its manageable when were dealing with people like this the mind is more complex thats not as manageable and thats what were struggling with -should you increase maintain -now diarrhea is interesting because its been around for thousands of years ever since humankind really lived side by side enough to have really polluted water -one roman strategy that was very interesting was that and it really gave them a comparitive advantage they made sure their soldiers didnt drink even remotely muddied waters because if some of your troops get diarrhea theyre not that effective on the battlefield -how do they answer this question in india thirty five to fifty percent say reduce think about what that means for a second thirty five to fifty percent of women -how is that possible well -one possibility i think thats how most people respond to this is to say thats just stupid i dont think thats stupid i think there is something very profoundly right in what these women are doing -and that is you dont put water into a leaky bucket so think of the mental model that goes behind reducing the intake -mile -this first challenge is what i refer to as the persuasion challenge convincing people to do something take oral rehydration therapy intercrop whatever it might be is not an act of information lets give them the -how much does the ball cost -so somebody out there says five a lot of you said ten lets think about ten for a second if the ball costs ten the -that produces something that is actually you got this thing wrong how is that possible lets go to something else -i know algebra can be complicated so lets dial this back thats what fifth grade fourth grade lets go back to kindergarten -a great show on american television that you have to watch its called are you smarter than a fifth grader i think weve learned the answer to that here lets move to kindergarten lets see if we can beat five year olds here is what im going to do im going to put objects on the screen -really began with some diarrhea now weve known for a long time the cause of diarrhea thats why there is a glass of water up there -black now the next ones i want you to do quickly -almost out of kindergarten what is all this telling us you see whats going on here and in the bat and ball problem is that you have some intuitive ways of interacting with the world some models that you use to understand the world -these models like the leaky bucket work well in most situations i suspect most of you i hope thats true for the rest of you actually do pretty well with addition and subtraction in the real world -i found a problem a specific problem that actually found an error with that diarrhea and many last mile problems are like that they are situations where the mental model doesnt match the reality -same thing here you had an intuitive response to this that was very quick you read blue and you wanted to say blue even though you knew your task was red now i do this stuff because its fun but -more profound than fun ill give you a good example of how it actually effects persuasion bmw is a pretty safe car -for us its a problem the people in this room for babies its deadly they lack nutrients and diarrhea dehydrates them and so as a result there is a lot of death a lot of death -and it doesnt look like a hummer so what i want you to think about for a few minutes is how would you convey safety of the bmw okay so now while youre thinking about that lets move to a second task the second task is fuel efficiency okay here is another puzzle for all of you -you have a mental model fifty versus thirty five thats a big move eleven versus nine come on turns out go home and do the math the nine to eleven is a bigger change that person has saved more gallons why because we dont care about miles per gallon we care about gallons per mile -the problem bwm faces is this car looks safe this car which is my mini doesnt look that safe -you survive or you can be safe because you avoid accidents remarkably successful campaign but notice the power of it it harnesses something you already believe now even if i persuaded you to do something its hard sometimes to actually -get action as a result -you all probably intended to wake up -six thirty seven am this is a battle we all fight every day along with trying to get to the gym now this is an example of that battle -so far ive been pretty negative ive been trying to show you the oddities of human behavior and i think maybe im being too negative maybe its the diarrhea -maybe the last mile problem really should be thought of as the last mile opportunity lets go back to diabetes this is a typical -carrying this thing around is complicated -the bottle you gotta carry the syringe its also -now you may think to yourself well if my eyes depended on it you know i would obviously use it every day but the pain the discomfort you know paying attention remembering to put it in your purse when you go on a long trip these are the day to day of life -pose problems here is an innovation a design innovation this is a pen its called an insulin pen preloaded the needle is particularly sharp you just gotta carry this thing -but the human innovation the human problem still remains and thats a great frontier that we have left -this isnt about the biology of people this is now about the brains the psychology of people and innovation needs to continue all the way through to the last mile here is another example of this -this is from a company called positive energy this is about energy efficiency were spending a lot of time on fuel cells right now -this company does is they send a letter to households that say here is your energy use here is your neighbors energy use youre doing well smiley face youre doing worse frown -now there was a big effort to solve this problem and there was actually a big solution and this solution has been called by some potentially the most important -were getting a big bang in behavior so how do we tackle the last mile so i think this tells us there is an opportunity -and i think to tackle it we need to combine psychology marketing art weve seen that but you know what we need to combine it with we need to combine this with the scientific method see whats really -we have testing we go to the lab we try it again we have refinement but you know what we do on the last mile oh this is a good idea people will like this lets put it out there -the amount of resources we put in are disparate we put billions of dollars into fuel efficient technologies how much are we putting into energy behavior change in a credible systematic testing way -this whole area is so fascinating i mean it sometimes feels listening to behavioral economists that they are kind of -which is right now in the middle of the day is going really strong with a whole wide variety of languages -finding things is tricky and so you really want intelligence and in fact the ultimate search engine would be smart it would be artificial intelligence and so thats something we work on and we even have some people who are excited enough and crazy enough to work on it now -this is a blog from iraq and its not really what im going to talk about but i just wanted to show you an example maybe sergey you can highlight this so we decided -actually the highlights right there oh thank you -you cant see it that well but we decided we should put in this feature into our adsense ads called related searches and so wed say you know did you mean search for -this in this case saddam hussein because this blog is about iraq and you know in addition to the ads and we thought this would be a great idea and so -there is this blog of a young person who was kind of depressed and he said you know im sleeping a lot he was just kind of writing about his life and -our algorithms not a person of course but our algorithms our computers read his blog and decided that the related search was i am bored and he read this and he thought a person had decided that he was boring -and it was very unfortunate and he said you know what are these you know bastards at google doing why dont they like my blog -and so then we read his blog which was getting you know sort of going from bad to worse and we said the related search was -and then you know he got even more mad and he wrote like started swearing and so on and then we produced you -and finally it ended with -now you can also see -and so basically he thought he was dealing with something smart and of course you know we just sort of wrote this program and we tried it out and it didnt quite work and we dont have this -able to make money largely through advertising and one of the benefits that i didnt expect from that was that were able to serve everyone in the world without worrying about you know places that dont have as much money -so we dont have to worry about our products being sold for example for less money in places that are poor and then they get re imported into the u s for example with the drug industry -i think were really lucky to have that kind of business model because everyone in the world has access to our search and i think thats a tremendous tremendous -the other thing i wanted to mention just briefly is that we have a tremendous ability and responsibility to provide people the right information -and we view ourselves like a newspaper or a magazine that we should provide very objective information and so in our search results we never accept payment for our search results we accept payment for advertising and we market it as such -and thats unlike many of our competitors and i think decisions were able to make like that have a tremendous impact on the world and makes me really proud to be involved with google so thank you -shake the world too much but you can also see there are places where theres not so much australia because there just arent very many people there -i want to discuss a question i know thats been pressing on many of your minds we spoke to you last several years ago and before i get started today since many of you -and -this is something that we should really work on which is africa which is just a few trickles basically in south africa and a few other urban cities but basically what weve noticed is these queries which come in at thousands per second -are available everywhere there is power -the internet and even in antarctica well at least this time of year we from time to time will see a query rising up -and if we had it plotted correctly i think the international space station -some of the challenge that we have here -you can see that its actually kind of hard to get the -this is how we have to move the bits around to actually get the people the answers to their questions you can see that theres a lot of data running around it has to go all over the world through fibers through satellites through all kinds of connections and its -pretty tricky for us to maintain the latencies as low as we try to hopefully your experience is good -can see also once again so some places are much more wired than others and you can see all the bandwidth across the u s going up over to asia europe in the other direction and so forth -now what i would like to do is just to show you what one second of this activity would look like -so this is slowed down -are wondering i just wanted to get it out of the way the -this is what one second looks like and this is what we spend a lot of our time doing is just making sure that we can keep up with this kind of traffic -each one of those queries has an interesting life and tale of its own i mean it could be somebodys health it could be somebodys career something important to them and it could potentially be -as tomato sauce -or in this case ketchup -so this is -that we had i guess its a popular band that was more popular in some parts of the world than others -that it got started right here in the u s and spain it was popular at the same time but it didnt have quite the same pickup in the u s as it did in spain -as a part of -you know part of what we want to -to grow our company is to have more searches -and what that means is we want to have more people who are healthy and educated -but partly we want to make the world a better place and so one thing that were embarking upon is the google foundation -and were in the process of setting that up we also have a program already called google grants that now serves over one hundred and fifty different charities around the world and these are some of the charities that are on there and -its something im very excited to be -a part of in fact many of the organizations that are here the acumen fund i think approtec we have running im not sure if that ones up yet -and many of the people who have presented here are running through google grants they run google ads and we just give them the ad credit so they can -one of the earlier results that we got we have a singaporean businessman who is now sponsoring a village of twenty five vietnamese girls for their -now i hope all of you feel better do you know what this might be -now does anybody know who -ha -yes somebody got it this is orkut is anybody here on orkut do we have any okay not very many people know about it ill explain it in a second -this is one of our engineers we find that they work better when theyre submerged and covered with leaves -those products out -orkut had a vision to create a social network i know all of you are thinking yet another social network but it was a dream of his and we basically when people really want to do something -we generally let them so this is what he built -we just released it in a test phase last month and its been taking off this is our vp of engineering you can see -the red hair and i dont know if you can see the nose ring there and these are all of his friends -this is how we just deployed it we just decided that people would send each other invitations to get into the service and so we just had the people in our company initially send them out and now weve grown to over one hundred thousand members -and they spread actually very quickly even outside the u s you can see even though the u s is still the majority here though by the way search wise its only about thirty percent of our traffic -but its already going to japan and the u k and europe and all the rest of the countries so its a fun little project there are a variety of demographics i wont bore you with these but its just the kind of thing that we just try out for fun and see where it goes -ok i didnt really realize what it was when i first saw it but -so one of the things both sergey and i went to a montessori school -and i think for some reason this has been incorporated in google -and sergey mentioned orkut which is something that you know orkut wanted to do in his time and we call this -this as the twenty percent time and the idea is for twenty percent of your time if youre working at google you can do what you think is the best thing to do -this is what helped me see it -and many many things at google have come out of that such as orkut and also google news and i think -many other things in the world also have come out of this mendel who was supposed to be teaching high school students actually you know discovered the laws of genetics -this is what we run at the office that actually runs real time here its slightly logged but here you can see around the world how people are using google and every one of those rising dots -a hobby basically so many many useful things come out of this and news which i just mentioned -at the news better and so he started clustering it by category and then he started using it and then his friends started using it and -looking cute -we made it a googlette which is basically a small project at google so itd be like three people or something like that and -they would try to make a product and we wouldnt really be sure if its going to work or not and in news case you know they had a couple of people working on it for a while -more and more people started using it and then we put it out on the internet and more and more people started using it and now its a real full blown project with more people -and this is how we keep our innovation running i think usually as companies get bigger they find it really hard to have small innovative projects -and we had this problem too for a while and we said oh we really need a new concept you know the googlettes thats a small project that were not quite sure if its going to work or not -but we hope it will and if we do enough of them some of them will really work and turn out such as news -then we had a problem because then we had over one hundred projects and i dont know about all of you but i have trouble keeping one hundred things in my head at once and we found that if we just wrote all of them down -and ordered them and these are kind of made up dont really pay attention to them for example the buy iceland was from a media article we would never do such a crazy thing -we found if we just basically wrote them all down and ordered them that most people would actually agree what the ordering should be and this was kind of a surprise to me -we found that as long as you keep the one hundred things in your head which you did by writing them down that you could do a pretty good job deciding what to do and where to put your resources and so -the other thing we discovered is that people like to work on things that are important and so naturally people sort of migrate to the things that are high priorities -i just wanted to highlight a couple of things that are new or you might not know about and the top thing actually is the deskbar so this is a new how many of you use the google toolbar raise your hands how many of you use the deskbar -see you guys should try it out but if you go to our site and search for deskbar youll -and the idea is instead of a toolbar its just present all the time on your screen on the bottom and you can do searches really easily and its sort of like a better version of the toolbar thank you -this is another example of a project that somebody at google was really passionate about and they just they got going and its really really a great product and really taking off -google answers is something we started which is really cool which lets you for five to one hundred dollars you can type a question in and -then theres a pool of researchers that go out and research it for you and its guaranteed and all that and you can get actually very good answers to things without spending all that time yourself -so you can see here we are in the u s and theyre all coming up red there we are in monterey hopefully i can get it right you can see that japan is busy at night -you know we try many many different things in our company we also like to innovate in our physical space -we noticed in meetings you know you have to wait a long time for projectors to turn on and off and theyre noisy so people shut them off and we didnt like that so we actually -maybe a couple of weeks we built these little enclosures that enclosed the projectors and so we can leave them on all the time and theyre completely silent -and as a result we were able to build some software that also lets us manage a meeting so when you walk into a meeting room now it lists all the meetings that are happening -you can very easily take notes and they just get emailed automatically to all the people that were present in the meeting and as we become more of a global company -we find these things really affect us you know can we work effectively with people who arent in the room and things like that and simple things like this can really make a big difference we also have a lot of engineers -in those meetings and they dont always do their laundry as much as they should -we also allow dogs and things like that and weve had i think a really fun culture at our company which helps people work and enjoy what theyre doing -this is actually our cult picture -right there we have tokyo coming in in japanese theres a lot of activity in china theres a lot of activity in india theres some in the middle east -we had this on our website for a while but we found that after we put it on our website we didnt get any job applications anymore -a lot of work happens in companies from people knowing each other and informally and i think weve done a good job encouraging that it makes it a really fun place to work -along with our logos too which i think really embody our culture when we change things in the early days we were actually advised we should never change our logo because -we should establish our brand you know because you know youd never want to change your logo you want it to be consistent and we said well that doesnt sound so much fun why dont we try changing it every day -one of the things that really excites me about what were doing now is we have this thing called adsense and this is a little bit foreshadowing this is from before dean dropped out -is like on a newspaper for example we show you relevant ads and this hard to read but this says battle for new hampshire howard dean for president -articles on howard dean and these ads are generated automatically like in this case on the washington post from the content on the site -much as we do on search so the idea is we can make advertising useful not just annoying right and -the nice thing about this we have a self serve program and many thousands of websites have signed up and this lets them really make money and i -you know thank you i dont have to do my other job now and i think this is really important for us because it makes the internet work better it makes content get better it makes searching work better when people can really make their livelihood from producing great content -so this session is supposed to be about the future so id thought id talk at least briefly about it and -the idea behind this is to do the perfect job doing search you really have to be smart because you can type you know any kind of thing into google and you expect an answer -to other people in your life how you want to connect to information should it be by just walking around looking down but that was the vision behind glass and thats why weve created this form factor -in addition to potentially socially isolating yourself when youre out and about looking at your phone its kind of -they were all wearing glass and thats how we got that footage -and also you want something that frees your eyes thats why we put the display up high out of your line of sight so it wouldnt be where youre looking and it wouldnt be where youre making eye contact with people -and also we wanted to free up the ears so the sound actually goes through conducts straight to the bones in your cranium which is a little bit freaky at first but you get used to it and ironically if you want to hear it better you actually just cover your ear -which is kind of surprising but thats how it works -my vision when we started google fifteen years ago was that eventually you wouldnt have to have a search query at all youd just have information come to you as you needed it and this is now fifteen years later sort of the first -form factor that i think can deliver that vision when youre out and about on the street talking to people and so forth -this project has lasted now been just over two years weve learned an amazing amount -its been really important to make it comfortable -so our first prototypes we built were huge it was like cell phones strapped to your head it was very heavy pretty uncomfortable we had to keep it secret from our industrial designer until she actually accepted the job and then she almost ran away screaming -but weve come a long way and the other really unexpected surprise was the camera our original prototypes didnt have cameras at all -but its been really magical to be able to capture moments spent with my family my kids i just never would have dug out a camera or a phone or something else to take that moment and lastly ive realized in experimenting with this device -and with this i know i will get certain messages if i really need them but i dont have to be checking them all the time -yeah ive really enjoyed actually exploring the world more doing more of the crazy things like you saw in the video -and so we could produce enough swine origin flu for the entire world in a few factories in a few weeks with no eggs for a fraction of the cost of current methods -so heres a comparison of several of these new vaccine technologies and aside from the radically increased production and huge cost savings for example the e coli method i just talked about look at the time saved this would be lives saved -the developing world mostly left out of the current response sees the potential of these alternate technologies and theyre leapfrogging the west -india mexico and others are already making experimental flu vaccines and they may be the first place we see these vaccines in use -because these technologies are so efficient and relatively cheap billions of people can have access to lifesaving vaccines if we can figure out how to deliver them now think of where this leads us -new infectious diseases appear or reappear every few years some day perhaps soon well have a virus that is going to threaten all of us -will we be quick enough to react before millions die luckily this years flu was relatively mild i say luckily in part because virtually no one in the developing world was vaccinated -so if we have the political and financial foresight to sustain our investments we will master these and new tools of vaccinology and with these tools we can produce enough vaccine for everyone at low cost and insure healthy productive lives -no long must flu have to kill half a million people a year no longer does aids need to kill two million a year no longer do the poor and vulnerable need to be threatened by infectious diseases or indeed anybody -the continuity of life what the world needs now are these new vaccines and we can make it happen thank you very much -are we safer today well we seem to have dodged the deadly pandemic this year that most of us feared but this threat could reappear at any time -thank you thank you so the science is changing in your mind seth i mean you must dream about this what is the kind of time scale -on lets start with hiv for a game changing vaccine thats actually out there and usable -the game change can come at any time because the problem we have now is weve shown we can get a vaccine to work in humans we just need a better one and with these types of antibodies we know humans can make them so if we can figure out -how to do that then we have the vaccine and whats interesting is there already is some evidence that were beginning to crack that -i think flu is different i think what happened with flu is weve got a bunch i just showed some of this a bunch of really cool and useful technologies that are ready to go now they look good the problem has been that what we did was we invested in traditional technologies because thats what we were comfortable with -the good news is that were at a moment in time when science technology globalization is converging to create an unprecedented possibility -you -the possibility to make history by preventing infectious diseases that still account for one fifth of all deaths and countless misery on earth -we can do this were already preventing millions of deaths with existing vaccines and if we get these to more people we can certainly save more lives -but with new or better vaccines for malaria tb hiv pneumonia diarrhea flu we could end suffering that has been on the earth since the beginning of time -so im here to trumpet vaccines for you but first i have to explain why theyre important because vaccines -you worry about what is going to kill you heart disease cancer a car accident most of us worry about things we cant control -the power of them is really like a whisper when they work they can make history but after awhile you can barely hear them -now some of us are old enough to have a small circular scar on our arms from an inoculation we received as children -but when was the last time you worried about smallpox a disease that killed half a billion people last century and no longer is with us -or polio how many of you remember the iron lung we dont see scenes like this anymore because of vaccines now -you know its interesting because there are thirty odd diseases that can be treated with vaccines now but were still threatened by things like hiv and flu -why is that well heres the dirty little secret until recently we havent had to know exactly how a vaccine worked -we knew they worked through old fashioned trial and error you took a pathogen you modified it you injected it into a person or an animal and you saw what happened -this worked well for most pathogens somewhat well for crafty bugs like flu but not at all for hiv for which humans have no natural immunity -so lets explore how vaccines work they basically create a cache of weapons for your immune system which you can -deploy when needed now when you get a viral infection what normally happens is it takes days or weeks for your body to fight back -at full strength and that might be too late when youre pre immunized what happens is you have forces in your body pre trained to recognize and defeat specific foes -so thats really how vaccines work now lets take a look at a video that were debuting at ted for the first time on how an effective hiv vaccine might work -like war terrorism the tragic earthquake that just occurred in haiti but what really threatens humanity -a vaccine trains the body in advance how to recognize and neutralize a specific invader after hiv -the bodys mucosal barriers it infects immune cells to replicate the invader draws the attention of the immune systems front line troops -these memory cells immediately deploy the exact weapons needed memory b cells turn into -which produce wave after wave of specific antibodies that latch on to hiv to prevent it from infecting cells -while squadrons of killer t cells seek out and destroy cells that are already hiv infected the virus is defeated -without a vaccine these responses would have taken more than a week by that time the battle against hiv would already have been -a few years ago professor vaclav smil tried to calculate the probability of sudden disasters large enough to change history -really cool video isnt it -the antibodies you just saw in this video in action are the ones that make most vaccines work so the real question then is how do we insure that your body makes the exact -that we need to protect against flu and hiv the principal challenge for both of these viruses is that theyre always changing -so lets take a look at the flu virus in this rendering of the flu virus these different colored spikes are what is uses to infect you -and also what the antibodies use is a handle to essentially grab and neutralize the virus when these mutate they change their shape and the antibodies dont know what theyre looking at anymore -so thats why every year you can catch a slightly different strain of flu its also why -in the spring we have to make a best guess at which three strains are going to prevail the next year put those into a single vaccine and rush those into production for the fall -even worse the most common influenza influenza a also infects animals that live in close proximity to humans -and they can recombine in those particular animals in addition wild aquatic birds carry all known strains of influenza -he called these massively fatal discontinuities meaning that they could kill up to one hundred million people in the next fifty years -so youve got this situation in two thousand and three we had an h five n one virus that jumped from birds into humans in a few isolated cases with an apparent mortality rate of seventy percent -now luckily that particular virus although very scary at the time did not transmit from person to person very easily -this years h one n one threat was actually a human avian swine mixture that arose in mexico it was easily transmitted but luckily -was pretty mild and so in a sense our luck is holding out but you know another wild bird could fly over at -now lets take a look at hiv as variable as flu is hiv makes flu look like the rock of gibraltar the virus that causes aids is the trickiest pathogen scientists have ever confronted -it mutates furiously it has decoys to evade the immune system it attacks the very cells that are trying to fight it and it quickly hides itself in your genome -heres a slide looking at the genetic variation of flu and comparing that to hiv a much wilder target -in the video a moment ago you saw fleets of new viruses launching from infected cells now realize that in a recently infected person -there are millions of these ships each one is just slightly different finding a weapon that recognizes and sinks all of them makes the job that much harder -he looked at the odds of another world war of a massive volcanic eruption even of an asteroid hitting the earth -now in the twenty seven years since hiv was identified as the cause of aids weve developed more drugs to treat hiv than all other viruses put together -these drugs arent cures but they represent a huge triumph of science because they take away the automatic death sentence from a diagnosis of hiv at least for those who can access them -the vaccine effort though is really quite different large companies moved away from it because they thought the science was so difficult -and vaccines were seen as poor business many thought that it was just impossible to make an aids vaccine but today evidence tells us otherwise -in september we had surprising but exciting findings from a clinical trial that took place in thailand for the first time we saw an aids vaccine work in humans albeit -but in the past few months researchers have also isolated several new broadly neutralizing antibodies from the blood of an hiv infected individual now what does this mean -we saw earlier that hiv is highly variable that a broad neutralizing antibody latches on and disables multiple -variations of the virus if you take these and you put them in the best of our monkey models they provide full protection from infection -in addition these researchers found a new site on hiv where the antibodies can grab onto and whats so special about this spot is that it changes very little as the virus mutates -its like as many times as the virus changes its clothes its still wearing the same socks and now our job is to make sure we get the body to really hate those socks -so what weve got is a situation the thai results tell us we can make an aids vaccine and the antibody findings tell us how we might do that -this strategy working backwards from an antibody to create a vaccine candidate has never been done before in vaccine research -its called retro vaccinology and its implications extend way beyond that of just hiv so think of it this way -weve got these new antibodies weve identified and we know that they latch on to many many variations of the virus we know that they have to latch on to a specific part so if we can figure out the precise structure of that part -present that through a vaccine what we hope is we can prompt your immune system to make these matching antibodies and that would create a universal hiv vaccine -now it sounds easier than it is because the structure actually looks more like this blue antibody diagram attached to its yellow binding site -now you might think of flu as just a really bad cold but it can be a death sentence every year thirty six thousand people in the united states die -but you know the research that has occurred from hiv now has really helped with innovation for other diseases so for instance -a biotechnology company has now found broadly neutralizing antibodies to influenza as well as a new antibody target on the flu virus -currently making a cocktail an antibody cocktail that can be used to treat severe overwhelming cases of flu now in the longer term what they can do is use these tools of retro vaccinology to make a preventive flu vaccine -now retro vaccinology is just one technique within the ambit of so called rational vaccine design let me give you another example -we talked about before the h and m spikes on the surface of the flu virus notice these other smaller protuberances these are largely hidden from the immune system now it turns out that these spots -so far animal tests indicate that such a vaccine could prevent severe disease although you might get a mild case so if this works in humans what were talking about is a universal flu vaccine -one that doesnt need to change every year and would remove the threat of death we really could think of flu then as just a bad cold -of course the best vaccine imaginable is only valuable to the extent we get it to everyone who needs it so to do that we have to combine smart vaccine design with smart production methods and of course smart delivery methods -so i want you to think back a few months ago in june the world health organization declared -seasonal flu in the developing world the data is much sketchier but the death toll is almost certainly higher -the first global flu pandemic in forty one years the u s government promised one hundred and fifty million doses of vaccine by october fifteenth for the flu peak -well we first figured out how to make flu vaccines how to produce them in the early nineteen forties it was a slow cumbersome process that depended on -chicken eggs millions of living chicken eggs viruses only grow in living things and so it turned out that -for flu chicken eggs worked really well for most strains you could get one to two doses of vaccine per egg -luckily for us we live in an era of breathtaking biomedical advances so today we get our flu vaccines from chicken eggs -hundreds of millions of chicken eggs you know almost nothing has changed you know the system is reliable but the problem is you never know how well a strain is going to grow -so heres an alarming thought what if that wild bird flies by again you could see an avian strain that would infect the poultry flocks -and then we would have no eggs for our vaccines so dan if you want billions of chicken pellets for your fish farm i know where to get them -the problem is if this virus occasionally mutates so dramatically it essentially is a new virus and then we get a pandemic -so right now the world can produce about three hundred and fifty million doses of flu vaccine for the three strains and we can up that to about -one point two billion doses if we want to target a single variant like swine flu but this assumes that our factories are humming -because in two thousand and four the u s supply was cut in half by contamination at one single plant and the process still takes more than half a year -a company im engaged with has found a specific piece of the h spike flu that sparks the immune system -if you lop this off and attach it to the tail of a different bacterium which creates a vigorous immune response theyve created a very powerful flu fighter -this vaccine is so small it can be grown in a common bacteria e coli now as you know bacteria reproduce quickly its like making yogurt -or youre flying hot air balloons i think that all this stuff applies to everybody regardless of what we do -that what we are living in is a century of idea diffusion that people who can spread ideas regardless of what those ideas are -when i talk about it i usually pick business because they make the best pictures that you can put in your presentation and because its the easiest sort of way to keep score -but i want you to forgive me when i use these examples because im talking about anything that you decide to spend your time to do at the heart of spreading ideas is tv and stuff like tv -tv and mass media made it really easy -to spread ideas in a certain way i call it the tv industrial complex the way the tv industrial complex works is you buy some ads interrupt some people -that gets you distribution you use the distribution you get to sell more products you take the profit from that -and that model of and we heard it yesterday if we could only get onto the homepage of google if we could only figure out how to get promoted there if we could only figure out how to grab that -well this tv industrial complex informed my entire childhood and probably yours i mean all of these products succeeded -is they canceled the tv industrial complex that just over the last few years what anybody who markets anything -making a whole bunch of money and having a lot of impact to how frank gehry redefined what it meant to be an architect and one of my biggest failures as a marketer in the last few years -hydrate its one hundred and eighty pages -about water right articles about water ads about water imagine -coke japan comes out with a new product every three weeks because they have no idea whats going to work and whats not -so you can see -now i had tried to imagine what could possibly be in an animated tv commercial featuring tom arnold that would get you to get in your car drive across town and buy a roast beef sandwich -now this is copernicus and he was right when he was talking to anyone who needs to hear your idea the world revolves around me -me me me me me my favorite person me -i dont want to get email from anybody i want to get -record label i started that had a cd called sauce before i can do that ive got to tell you about sliced bread and a guy named otto rohwedder now before sliced bread was invented in the nineteen -so consumers and i dont just mean people who buy stuff at the safeway i mean people at the defense department who might buy something or people at you know the new yorker who might print your article consumers -dont care about you at all they just dont care part of the reason is theyve got way more choices than they used to and -to do is just ignore stuff and my parable here is youre driving down the road -look a cow nobody -if the cow was purple isnt that a great special effect i could do that again if you -youd notice it for a while i mean if all cows were purple youd get bored with those too the thing thats going to decide what gets talked about what gets done what gets changed what gets purchased what gets built is is it remarkable -and remarkables a really cool word because we think it just means neat but it also means worth making a remark about -and that is the essence of where idea diffusion is going that two of the hottest cars in the united states is a fifty five thousand dollar giant car big enough to hold a mini in -full price for both and the only thing they have in common is that they dont have anything in common -every week the number one best selling dvd in america changes its never the godfather its never citizen kane its always some -i wonder what they said like the greatest invention since the telegraph or something but this guy named otto rohwedder invented sliced bread and he focused like most inventors did -the rest of us have to figure out how to think that way how to understand that its not about interrupting people with big full page ads or insisting on meetings with people but its a totally different sort of process -that determines which ideas spread and which ones dont this chair they sold a billion dollars worth of aeron chairs by reinventing what it meant to sell a chair they turned a chair from something the purchasing department bought to something that was a status symbol -about where you sat at work this guy lionel poilane the most famous baker in the world he died -a half months ago and he was a hero of mine and a dear friend he lived in paris last year he sold ten million dollars worth of french bread -every loaf baked in a bakery he owned by one baker at a time in a wood fired oven and when lionel started his bakery -the french pooh pooh ed it they didnt want to buy his bread it didnt look like french bread it wasnt what they expected it was neat it was remarkable -and slowly it spread from one person to another person until finally it became the official bread of three star restaurants in paris now hes in london and he ships by fedex all around the world -what marketers used to do is make average products for average people thats what mass marketing is smooth out the edges -go for the center thats the big market they would ignore the geeks and god forbid the laggards it was all about going for the center -but in a world where the tv industrial complex is broken i dont think thats a strategy we want to use any more i think the strategy we want to use is to not market to these people -theyre really good at ignoring you but market to these people -because they care these are the people who are obsessed with something and when you talk to them theyll listen because they like listening its about them -and if youre lucky theyll tell their friends on the rest of the curve and itll spread itll spread to the entire curve they have something i call -its a great japanese word it describes the desire of someone whos obsessed to say drive across tokyo to try a new ramen noodle place because thats what they do they get obsessed with -to make a product to market an idea to come up with any problem you want to solve that doesnt have a constituency with an otaku is almost impossible -instead you have to find a group that really desperately cares about what it is you have to say talk to them and make it easy for them to tell their friends theres a hot sauce otaku but -but people dont because no ones obsessed with it and thus no one tells their friends krispy kreme has figured this whole thing out krispy kreme has a strategy -and what they do is they enter a city they talk to the people with otaku and then they spread through the city to the people whove just crossed the street this yoyo right here cost one hundred and twelve dollars but it sleeps for twelve minutes not everybody wants it but they dont care -they want to talk to the people who do and maybe itll spread these guys make the loudest car stereo in the world -they go ahead and they pick this its really simple you sell to the people who are listening and maybe just maybe those people tell their friends -so when steve jobs talks to fifty thousand people at his keynote right who are all tuned in from one hundred and thirty countries watching his two hour commercial -thats the only thing keeping his company in business is that those fifty thousand people care desperately enough to watch a two hour commercial and then tell their friends pearl jam ninety -albums released in the last two years every one made a profit how they only sell them on their website -but hospitals are buying it faster than any other model hard candy nail polish doesnt appeal to everybody but to the people who love it they talk about it like crazy -can right here -the dutch boy paint company making them a fortune it costs thirty five percent more than regular paint because dutch boy made a can that people talk about because its remarkable they didnt just slap a new ad on the product they changed what it meant to build -every day two hundred and fifty thousand people go to this site run by two volunteers and i can tell you they are hard graders and -this way by advertising a lot they got this way -being remarkable sometimes a little too remarkable and -this picture frame has a cord going out the back and you plug it into the wall my father has this on his desk and he sees his grandchildren every day -changing constantly and every single person who walks into his office hears the whole story of how this thing ended up on his desk and one person at a time -that the success of sliced bread like the success of almost everything weve been talking about at this conference is not always about what -into a gem oh you like my ring its my grandmother -to do this what you have to do is figure out what people really want and give it to them a couple of quick rules to wrap up the first one is design is free when you get to scale -and the people who come up with stuff thats remarkable more often than not figure out how to put design to work for them number two -the riskiest thing you can do now is be safe proctor and gamble knows this right the whole model of being proctor and gamble is always about average -very good is boring very good is average it doesnt matter whether youre making a record album or youre an architect or you have a tract on sociology if its very good its not going to work because no ones going to notice it so my -a product that does not need to be in the refrigerated section next to the milk in the refrigerated section sales tripled why milk milk milk milk milk not milk -for the people who were there and looking at that section it was remarkable they didnt triple their sales with advertising they tripled it by doing something remarkable -patent is like or what the factory is like its about can you get your idea to spread or not and i think that the way that youre going to get what you want or cause the change that you want to change to happen -that is a remarkable piece of art you dont have to like it but a forty foot tall dog made out of bushes in the middle of new york city is remarkable -frank gehry didnt just change a museum he changed an entire citys economy by designing one building -that people from all over the world went to see now at countless meetings at you know the portland city council or who knows where -they said we need an architect can we get frank gehry because he did something that was at the fringes and my big failure i came out -record album and hopefully a whole bunch of record albums in sacd format this remarkable new format and i marketed it straight to people with twenty thousand dollar stereos people with twenty thousand dollar stereos dont like new music -so what you need to do is -figure out who does care -is a map of soap lake washington as you can see if thats nowhere its in the middle of it -but they do have a lake and people used to come from miles around to swim in the lake they dont anymore so the founding fathers said weve got some money to spend what can we build here and like most committees -they were going to build something pretty safe and then an artist came to them this is a true artists rendering he wants to build a fifty five foot tall lava lamp in the center of town -from the leading finally they commit they commit to the cause they commit to the tribe they commit to the people who are there -so id like you to do something for me and i hope youll think about it before you reject it out of hand what i want you to do only takes twenty four hours -is create a movement -something that matters start do it we need it thank you very much -and ive been studying it for a couple years and i want to share a couple stories with you today first about a guy named nathan winograd nathan was the number two person at the san francisco -and what you may not know about the history of the spca is it was founded to kill -cities gave them a charter to get rid of the stray animals on the street and destroy them in a typical year four million dogs and cats were killed most of them within twenty four hours of being scooped off of the street -nathan and his boss saw this and they could not tolerate it so they set out to make san francisco a no kill city -create an entire city where every dog and cat unless it was ill or dangerous would be adopted not killed and everyone said it was impossible -his boss went to the city council to get a change in the ordinance and people from spcas and humane shelters around the country flew to san francisco to testify against them to say it would hurt the movement and it was -they persisted and nathan went directly to the community he connected with people who cared about this nonprofessionals people with passion -and within just a couple years san francisco became the first no kill city -running no deficit completely supported by the community nathan left and went to tompkins county new york a place as different from san francisco as you can be and still be in the united states -and he did it again he went from being a glorified dog catcher to completely transforming the community and then he went to north carolina and did it again -and he went to reno and he did it again and when i think about what nathan did and when i think about what people here do i think about -there is a bunch of reasons for that and stories about it but one reason is because it indicates a change from before to after it is a moment in time -and i want to argue that we are living through and are right at the key moment of a change in the way ideas are created and spread and -we started with the factory idea that you could change the whole world if you had an efficient factory that could churn out change we then went to the tv idea that said if you had a big enough mouthpiece if you could get on tv enough times if you could buy enough ads you could win -unfortunately i couldnt go but it got me thinking about the fact that these guys at least most of them -it enables him to hire men who used to get paid fifty cents a day and pay them five dollars a day because hes got an efficient enough factory well with that sort of advantage -you can churn out a lot of cars you can make a lot of change you can get roads built you can change the fabric of an entire country that the essence of what youre doing is you need ever cheaper labor -and ever faster machines and the problem weve run into is were running out of both ever cheaper labor and ever faster machines -we shift gears for a minute and say i know television advertising push push take a good idea and push it on the world -i have a better mousetrap and if i can just get enough money to tell enough people ill sell enough and you can build an entire industry on that -know what it is that they do for a living what they do is they dress up as stuffed animals and entertain people at sporting events -one thing instead of the -this model requires you to act like the king like the person in the front of the room throwing things to the peons in the back -you are in charge and youre going to tell people what to do next the quick little diagram of it is youre up here and you are pushing it out to the world this method mass marketing requires -what weve done as spammers is tried to hypnotize everyone into buying our idea hypnotize everyone into donating to our cause -but there is good news around the corner really good news -i call it the idea -what tribes are is a very simple concept that goes back -fifty thousand years its about leading and connecting people and ideas -and its something that people have wanted forever lots of people are used to having a spiritual tribe or a church tribe having a work tribe -having a community tribe but now thanks to the internet thanks to the explosion of mass media -tribes are everywhere the internet was -got the organized armies over here youve got the disorganized rebels over here youve got people in white hats making food and people in white hats sailing boats the point is that you can find ukrainian folk dancers and connect with them -it turns out this is a legitimate non photoshopped photo people i know who are firemen told me that this is not uncommon and that what firemen do to train sometimes -is they take a house that is going to be torn down and they burn it down instead and practice putting it out but they always stop and take a picture -you know the pirate tribe is a fascinating one theyve got their own flag theyve got the eyepatches you can tell when youre running into someone in a tribe and it turns out -that its tribes not money not factories that can change our world that can change politics that can align large numbers of people not because you force them -to do something against their will but because they wanted to connect that what we do for a living now all of us i think -is find something worth changing and then assemble -tribes that assemble tribes that spread the idea and spread the idea and it becomes something far bigger than ourselves it becomes a movement -so when al gore set out to change the world again he didnt do it by himself and he didnt do it by buying a lot of ads -he did it by creating a movement thousands of people around the country who could give his presentation for him because he cant be -in one hundred or two hundred or five hundred cities in each night -you dont need everyone what kevin kelley has taught us is you just need i dont know a thousand true fans a thousand people who care enough that they will get you the next -really cool stuff with -round and the next round and the next round and that means that the idea you create the product you create the movement you create isnt for everyone its not a mass thing thats not what this is about what its about instead is finding the true believers -its easy to look at what ive said so far and say wait a minute i dont have what it takes to be that kind of leader so here are two leaders they dont have a lot in common -about the same age but thats about it -but not often and the other thing about these guys is they also -what they did though is each in their own way created a different way -of navigating your way through technology so some people will go out and get people to be on one team and some people will get people to be on the other team -it also informs the decisions you make when you make products or services you know this is one of my favorite devices but what a shame that its not organized -to help authors create movements what would happen if when youre using your kindle you could see the comments and quotes and notes -from all the other people reading the same book as you in that moment or from your book group or from your friends or from the circle you want what would happen -if authors or people with ideas could use version two which comes out on monday and use it to organize people who want to talk about something -they do for a living they make balloon animals but what do we do for a living what exactly to the people watching this do -now there is a million things i could share with you about the mechanics here but let me just try a couple the beatles did not invent teenagers they merely decided to lead them -that most movements most leadership that were doing is about finding a group thats disconnected but already has a yearning not persuading people to want something they dont have yet -the idea of caring about this issue but she helped organize people and helped turn it into a movement -did not invent the disaffected middle and lower class of venezuela he merely led them bob marley did not invent rastafarians he just stepped up and said follow -me derek sivers -all these people have in common is that they are heretics that heretics look at the status quo and say this will not stand -i cant abide this status quo i am willing to stand up and be counted and move things forward i see what the status quo is i dont like it -that instead of looking at all the little rules and following each one of them -that instead of being -what i call a sheepwalker somebody whos half asleep following instructions keeping their head down fitting in every once in a while someone stands up and says not me -every day and i want to argue that what we do is we try to change everything -says this one is important we need to organize around it and not everyone -but you dont need everyone you just need a few people -who will look at the rules -realize they make no sense and realize how much they want to be connected so tony shea does not run a shoe store -zappos isnt a shoe store zappos is the one the only the best there ever was place for people who are -to find each other to talk about their passion to connect with people who care more about customer service than making -what it requires as geraldine carter has discovered is to be able to say i cant do this by myself but if i can get other people to join my climb and ride -then together we can get something that we all want were just waiting for someone to lead us michelle kaufman -that we try to find a piece of the status quo something that bothers us something that needs to be improved something that is itching to be changed and we change it -has pioneered new ways of thinking about environmental architecture she doesnt do it by quietly building one house at a time -she does it by telling a story to people who want to hear it by connecting a tribe of people who are desperate to be connected to each other by leading a movement -making change and around and around and around it goes so three questions id offer you the first one is who exactly are you upsetting because if youre not upsetting anyone youre not changing the status quo -the second question is who are you connecting because for a lot of people thats what theyre in it for the connections that are being made one to the other and the third one is who are you leading -because focusing on that part of it not the mechanics of what youre building but the who and the leading part -where change comes so blake at toms shoes had a very simple idea what would happen -if every time someone bought a pair of these shoes i gave exactly the same pair to someone who doesnt even own a pair of shoes -this is not the story of how you get shelf space at neiman marcus its a story of a product that tells a story -and as you walk around with this remarkable pair of shoes and someone says what are those you get to tell the story on blakes behalf on behalf of the people who got the shoes -and suddenly its not one pair of shoes or one hundred pairs of shoes its tens of thousands of pairs of shoes my friend red maxwell has spent the last ten years -need the connection they need the leadership it makes a difference you dont need permission from people to lead them but in case you do -here it is theyre waiting were waiting for you to show us where to go next -so here is what leaders have in common the first thing is they challenge the status quo they challenge whats currently there the second thing is they build a culture -a secret language a seven second handshake a way of knowing that youre in or out they have curiosity curiosity about people in the tribe curiosity about outsiders theyre asking questions they connect people to one another do you know what people want more than anything -they want to be missed -they want to be missed the day they dont show up they want to be missed when theyre gone and tribe leaders can do that its fascinating because -all tribe leaders have charisma but you dont need charisma to become a leader being a leader gives you charisma if you look and study the leaders who have succeeded thats where charisma comes from -and so the crux of this presentation is going to go through four really important game dynamics really interesting things that if you use consciously you can use to influence behavior -both for good for bad for in between hopefully for good but this is sort of the important stages in which that framework will get built and so we want to all be thinking about it consciously now -has been this framework for connections and construction on that layer is over its finished -and thats okay right a lot of people are very happy with facebook i like it quite a lot theyve created this thing called the open graph and they own -all of our connections they own half a billion people and so when you want to build on the social layer the framework has been decided it is the open graph api and if youre happy with that fantastic if youre not too bad theres nothing you can do -but this next decade and thats a real thing i mean we want to build frameworks in a way that makes it acceptable and makes it you know productive down the road -so the social layer is all about these connections the game layer is all about influence its not about adding a social fabric to the web -and connecting you to other people everywhere you are and everywhere you go its actually about using dynamics using forces to influence the behavior of where you are what you do there how you do it -we do it in a way that is open that is available and that can be leveraged for good and so thats what i want to talk about for game dynamics because construction has just begun and the more consciously we can think about this the better well be able to use it for anything that we want -so like i said the way that you go through and build on the game layer is not with glass and steal and cement -and the resources that we use are not this two dimensional swath of land that we have the resources are mindshare and the tools the raw materials are these game dynamics so with that -so the first one its a very simple game dynamic its called the appointment dynamic and this is a dynamic in which to succeed players have to do something at a predefined time generally at a predefined place -and these dynamics are a little scary sometimes because you think you know other people can be using forces that will manipulate how i interact what i do where i do it when i do it -one that shows how this is already being used in the real world so you can sort of rationalize it a little bit one that shows it in what we consider a conventional game i think everything is a game this is sort of more of a -what you would think is a game played on a board or on a computer screen and then one how this can be used for good so we can see that these forces can really be very powerful so the first one the most famous appointment dynamic in the world is something called happy hour -so i just recently dropped out of princeton and actually ended up for the first time in a bar and i saw these happy hour things all over the place right -and this is simply an appointment dynamic come here at a certain time get your drinks half off to win all you have to do is show up at the right place at the right time -this game dynamic is so powerful that it doesnt just influence our behavior its influenced our entire culture thats a really scary thought that one game dynamic can change things so -and this is sort of a new concept and its really important because while the last decade was the decade of social and the decade of where the framework in which we connect with other people was built -it also exists in more conventional game forms im sure youve all heard of farmville by now if you havent i recommend playing it you wont do anything else with the rest of your day -and this is so powerful that when they tweak their stats when they say your crops wilt after eight hours or after six hours or after twenty four hours it changes the life cycle -of seventy million some people during the day they will return like clockwork at different times so if they wanted the world to end if they wanted productivity to stop they could make this a thirty minute cycle and no one could do anything else -thats a little scary but this could also be used for good this is a local company called vitality and theyve created a product to help people take their medicine on time -this is one that isnt a game yet but really should be you should get points for doing this on time you should lose points for not doing this on time they should consciously recognize that theyve built an appointment dynamic and leverage the games and then you can really achieve good in some interesting -in your wallets right now we all want that credit card on the far left because its black and you see someone at cvs or not cvs at christian dior -this next decade will be the decade where the game framework is built where the motivations that we use to actually influence behavior -or something and then i dont know i dont have a black card ive got a debit card so -and you see men they have that black card i want that because that means that theyre cooler than i am and i need that and this is used in games as well modern warfare one of the most successful selling games of all time -im only a level four but i desperately want to be a level ten because theyve got that cool red badge thing and that means that i am somehow better -and thats very powerful to me status is really good motivator its also used in more conventional settings and can be used more consciously in conventional settings school -and remember i made it through one year so i think im qualified to talk on school is a game its just not a terribly well designed game right there are levels there are c there are b there is a -there are statuses i mean what is valedictorian but a status if we called valedictorian a white knight paladin level twenty i think people would probably work a lot harder -so -school is a game and there have been lots of experimentations on how we do this properly but lets use it consciously like why have games that you can lose why go from an a to an f or a b to -level up and at princeton theyve actually experimented with this where they have quizzes where you gain experience points and you level up from b to an a and its very powerful it can be used in interesting ways -and the framework in which that is constructed is decided upon and thats really important and so i say that i want to build a game layer on top of the world but thats not quite true because -the third one i want to talk about quickly is the progression dynamic where you have to sort of make progress you have to move through different steps in a very granular fashion this is used all over the place including linkedin where -i am an un whole individual i am only eighty five percent complete on linkedin and that bothers me and this is so deep seated in our psyche -that when were presented with a progress bar and presented with easy granular steps to take to try and complete that progress bar we will do it we will find a way to move that blue line all the way to the right edge of the -this is used in conventional games as well i mean you see this is a paladin level ten and thats a paladin level twenty and if you were going to fight -you know orcs on the fields of mordor against the raz al ghul youd probably want to be the bigger one right i would and so people work very hard to level up -and here we have a game that people play they go places they do challenges they earn points and weve introduced a -and this is powerful enough that we can see that it hooks people into these dynamics pulls them back to the same local businesses creates huge loyalty creates engagement -and is able to drive meaningful revenue and fun and engagement to businesses these progression dynamics are powerful and can be used in the real world -the final one i want to talk about and its a great one to end on is this concept of communal discovery a dynamic in which everyone has to work together -to achieve something and communal discovery is powerful because it leverages the network that is society to solve problems -this is used in some sort of famous consumer web stories like digg which im sure youve all heard of digg is a communal dynamic to try to find and source the best news -and that really motivated people to find the best stories but it became so powerful that there was actually a cabal a group of people the top -on the leader board who would work together to make sure they maintained that position and they would recommend other peoples stories and the game became more powerful than the goal -there are credit card schemes and airline mile programs and coupon cards and all these loyalty schemes that actually do use game dynamics and actually are building the game layer they just suck theyre not -this next decade is the decade of games we use game dynamics to build on it we build with mindshare we can influence behavior it is very powerful it is very exciting lets all build it together lets do it well and have fun -but luckily as my favorite action hero bob the builder says we can do better we can build this better and the tools the resources that we use to build a game layer are game dynamics themselves -in fact this reminds me i dont know a couple years ago i gave a talk -at a school in palo alto -where there were about a dozen eleven year olds that had come to this talk i had been brought in to talk to these kids for an hour eleven year olds theyre all sitting in a little semi circle looking up at me with big eyes and i started there was a white board behind me and i started off by writing a one with twenty two zeroes after it and i said all right now look -and one of these kids shot up his hand and he said well actually there is a name for it its a sextra quadra hexa something or other right now that kid was wrong by four orders of magnitude -but there was no doubt about it these kids were smart okay so i stopped giving the lecture all they wanted to do was ask questions in fact my last comments to these kids at the end i said you know you kids are smarter than the people i work with now -so to me it is a privilege and when i look in the mirror the facts are that i really dont see myself what i see is the generation behind me these are some kids from the huff school fourth graders i talked there what two weeks ago something like that -i think that if you can instill some interest in science and how it works well thats a payoff beyond easy measure thank you very much -now at three oclock in the morning when youre all alone havent had much sleep that was a very romantic idea -that appealed to me so much that twenty years later i took a job at the seti institute -so it was true all right now the idea for doing this it wasnt very old at the time that i made that photo the idea dates from one thousand nine hundred and sixty when a young astronomer by the name of frank drake used this antenna in west virginia pointed it at a couple of nearby stars in the hopes of eavesdropping on e t -now frank didnt hear anything actually he did but it turned out to be the u s air force which doesnt count as extraterrestrial intelligence -but drakes idea here became very popular because it was very appealing and ill get back to that and on the basis of this experiment which didnt succeed we have been doing seti ever since not continuously but ever since we still havent heard anything we still havent heard anything in fact we dont know about any life beyond earth but -im going to suggest to you that thats going to change rather soon and part of the reason in fact the majority of the reason why i think thats going to change is that the equipments getting better this is the allen telescope array about three hundred and fifty miles from whatever seat youre in right now -this is something that were using today to search for e t and the electronics have gotten very much better too this is frank drakes electronics in one thousand nine hundred and sixty this is the allen telescope array electronics today some pundit with too much time on his hands has reckoned that the new experiments are approximately one hundred trillion times better -but something thats not appreciated by the public is in fact that the experiment continues to get better and consequently tends to get faster this is a little plot and every time you show a plot you lose ten percent of the audience i have twelve of these laughter but -what i plotted here is just some metric that shows how fast were searching in other words were looking for a needle in a haystack we know how big the haystack is its the galaxy but -were going through the haystack no longer with a teaspoon but with a skip loader because of this increase in speed in fact those of you who are still conscious and mathematically competent will note that this is a semi log plot -in other words the rate of increase is exponential its exponentially improving now exponential is an overworked word you hear it on the media all the time they dont really know what exponential means but this is -exponential in fact its doubling every eighteen months and of course every card carrying member of the digerati knows that thats moores law -so this means that over the course of the next two dozen years well be able to look at a million star systems a million star systems looking for signals that would prove somebodys out there well a million star systems is that interesting i mean -how many of those star systems have planets -and the facts are we didnt know the answer to that even as recently as fifteen years ago and in fact we really didnt know it even as recently as six months ago -but now we do recent results suggest that virtually every star has planets and more than one theyre like you know kittens you get a litter you dont get one kitten you get a bunch so in fact this is a pretty accurate estimate of the number of -planets in our galaxy just in our galaxy -now a lot of people think that this is kind of idealistic ridiculous maybe even hopeless but i just want to talk to you a little bit about why i think that the job i have is actually a privilege okay and give you a little bit of the motivation for my getting into this line of work if thats what you call it this thing whoops can we go back -of these planets are actually suitable for life we dont know the answer to that either but we will learn that answer this year thanks to nasas kepler space telescope -and in fact the smart money which is to say the people who work on this project the smart money is suggesting that the fraction of planets that might be suitable for life is maybe one in a thousand -one in a hundred something like that well even taking the pessimistic estimate that its one in a thousand that means that there are at least a billion cousins of the earth -just in our own galaxy okay now ive given you a lot of numbers here but theyre mostly big numbers okay so you know keep that in mind theres plenty of real estate plenty of real estate in the universe and if were the only bit of real estate in which theres some interesting occupants that makes you a miracle -and i know you like to think youre a miracle -but if you do science you learn rather quickly that every time you think youre a miracle youre wrong so probably not the case -habitable real estate in the cosmos i figure were going to pick up a signal within two dozen years and i feel strongly enough about that to make a bet with you either were going to find e t in the next two dozen years or ill buy you a cup of coffee -let me tell you about some aspect of this that people dont think about and that is what happens suppose that what i say is true i mean who knows but suppose it happens suppose some time in the next two dozen years we pick up a faint line that tells us we have some cosmic company -what is the effect whats the consequence -now i might be at ground zero for this i happen to know what the consequence for me would be because weve had false alarms -i kept waiting for my mom to call somebody to call the government to call nobody called nobody called i was so nervous -that i couldnt sit down i just wandered around taking photos like this one just for something to do well at nine thirty in the morning with my head down on my desk because i obviously hadnt slept all night -hello come in earth -but it probably wouldnt have been right and i think that to predict what finding e t s going to mean we cant predict that either but here are a couple things i can say to begin with -there we go all right this is the owens valley radio observatory behind the sierra nevadas and in one thousand nine hundred and sixty eight i was working there -its going to be a society thats way in advance of our own youre not going to hear from alien neanderthals theyre not building transmitters theyre going to be ahead of us maybe by a few thousand years maybe by a few millions years but substantially ahead of us and that means if you can understand anything that theyre going to say -then you might be able to short circuit history by getting information from a society thats way beyond our own now you might find that a bit hyperbolic and maybe it is but nonetheless its conceivable that this will happen and you know you could consider this like i dont know giving julius caesar english lessons and the key to the library of congress it would change his day -thats one thing another thing thats for sure going to happen -the third thing that it might tell you is somewhat vague but i think interesting and important and that is if you find a signal coming from a more advanced society because they will be -that will tell you something about our own possibilities that were not inevitably doomed to self destruction because they survived their technology we could do it too normally when you look out into the universe youre looking back in time -collecting data for my thesis now its kinda lonely its kinda tedious just collecting data so i would amuse myself by taking photos at night of the telescopes or even of myself because you know at night i would be the only hominid within about thirty miles -seti i think is important because its exploration -and its not only exploration its comprehensible exploration now i gotta tell you im always reading books about explorers i find exploration very interesting arctic exploration you know people like magellan amundsen shackleton you see franklin down there scott all these guys its really nifty -because i mean think of ants you know most ants are programmed to follow one another along in a long line but there are a couple of ants maybe one percent of those ants that are what they call pioneer ants and theyre the ones that wander off theyre the ones you find on the kitchen countertop you gotta get them with your thumb before they find the sugar or something but those ants even though most of them get wiped out -those ants are the ones that are essential to the survival of the hive so exploration is important i also think that exploration is important in terms of being able to address what i think is a critical -lack in our society and that is the lack of science literacy the lack -polls taken this poll was taken ten years ago it shows like roughly one third of the public thinks that aliens are not only out there were looking for them out there but theyre here right sailing the skies in their saucers and occasionally abducting people for experiments their parents wouldnt approve of well -that would be interesting if it was true and job security for me but i dont think the evidence is very good thats more you know sad than significant -but there are other things that people believe that are significant like the efficacy of homeopathy or that -evolution is just you know sort of a crazy idea by scientists without any legs or you know evolution all that sort of thing or global warming these sorts of ideas dont really have any validity that you cant trust the scientists -now weve got to solve that problem because thats a critically important problem and you -and thats the result of four hundred years of science right i mean in the eighteenth century in the eighteenth century you could become an expert on any field of science in an afternoon by going to a library if you could find the library right in the nineteenth century if you had a basement lab -so here are pictures of myself the observatory had just acquired a new book written by a russian cosmologist by the name of joseph shklovsky and then expanded and translated and edited by a little known cornell astronomer by the name of carl sagan -you could make major scientific discoveries in your own home right because there was all this science just lying around waiting for somebody to pick it up -i bet the answer youre going to get is well i dont know what the higgs boson is and i dont know if its important and probably most of the people wouldnt even know the value of a swiss franc -so thats one thing the other thing is its exciting science its exciting because were naturally interested in other intelligent beings and i think thats part of our hardwiring i mean were hardwired to be interested in beings that might be if you will competitors or if youre the romantic sort -possibly even mates okay i mean this is analogous to our interest in things that have big teeth -right were interested in things that have big teeth and you can see the evolutionary value of that and you can also see the practical consequences by watching animal planet you notice they make very few programs about gerbils its mostly about things that have big teeth okay so were interested in these sorts of things -and not just us its also kids this allows you to pay it forward by using this subject as a hook to science because seti involves all kinds of science obviously biology obviously astronomy but also geology also chemistry various scientific disciplines all can be -but if you give talks to kids you know one in fifty of them some light bulb goes off and they think gee id never thought of that and then they go you know read a book or a magazine or whatever they get interested in something now its my -and i remember reading that book and at three in the morning i was reading this book and it was explaining how the antennas i was using to measure the spins of galaxies could also be used to communicate to send bits of information from one star system to another -i remember when a guy came to our high school actually it was actually my junior high school i was in sixth grade -and he gave some talk all i remember from it was one word electronics it was like dustin hoffman in the graduate right when he said plastics whatever that means plastics all right so the guy said electronics i dont remember anything else in fact i dont remember anything that my sixth grade teacher said all year but i remember electronics -and so i got interested in electronics and you know i studied to get my ham license i was wiring up stuff here i am at about fifteen or something doing that sort of stuff okay that had a big effect on me so thats my point that you can have a big effect on these kids -that sometimes i think has driven us all crazy in -between africa and the rest of the world in terms of health care very interesting -just to put everything in context and to kind of give you a background to where im coming from so that a lot of the things im going to say and the things im going to do -how many people do you think are on that taxi and believe it or not that is a taxi in nigeria and the capital well what used to be the capital of nigeria lagos -thats a taxi and you have police on them so tell me how many policemen do you think are on this -and now -so when these kind of people and believe me its not just the police that use these taxis in lagos we all -ive been on one of these and i didnt have a helmet either and it just reminds me of the -of what happens when one of us on a taxi like this falls off has an accident and needs a hospital believe it or not some of us do survive -some of us do survive malaria we do survive aids and like i tell my family and my wife reminds me every time youre risking your life you know every time you go to that country and shes right -where do they go where do they go when they need help for this kind of stuff im not saying instead -im saying as well as aids tb malaria typhoid the list goes on im saying where do they go when theyre like -when i go back home and i do all kinds of things i teach i train but i catch one of these things or im chronically ill with one of those -things im going to tell you ive done you will understand exactly why and how i got motivated to be where i am -where do they go whats the economic impact when one of them dies or becomes disabled i think its quite significant this is where they go -these are not old pictures and these are not from some downtrodden this is a major hospital in fact its from a major teaching hospital in nigeria -now -is less than a year old in an operating room thats sterilizing equipment in nigeria you remember all that -im sorry if it upsets some of you but i think you need to see this -ok you can say some of this is education you can say its hygiene im not pleading poverty im saying we need more -just you know vaccination malaria aids because i want to be treated in a proper hospital if something happens to me out there in fact when i -running around saying hey boys and girls youre cardiologists in the u s can you come home with me and do a mission i want them to think well theres some hope now have a look at that thats the anesthesiology machine -and believe me these are current pictures now if something like this which has happened in the u k thats where they go this is the intensive care unit -in which i work -this is a slide from a talk i gave about intensive care units in nigeria and jokingly we -expensive scare because its scary and its expensive but we need to -so these are the problems there are no prizes for telling us what the problems are are there i think we all know and -there we go were going on a mission were going to do some open heart surgery i was the only brit on a team of about nine american -just so you know i do believe in missions i do believe in aid and i do believe in charity they have their place but where do they go -for those things we talked about earlier because its not everyone thats going to benefit from a mission health is wealth in the words of hans rosling -you get wealthier faster if you are healthy first so here we are mission big trouble -nigeria big trouble thats mike mike comes out from mississippi does he look like hes happy it took us two days just to organize the place -the medical advice the committee chairman says yes i told you you werent going to be able to you cant do this i just know it look thats the technician we had so yes you go on all right -i got him to come with me anesthesia tech come with me from the u k yes lets just go work this thing out -six and by the time i was an intern house officer i could barely afford to maintain my mothers thirteen year old car and i was a paid doctor -but we had problems with it we had severe problems there he had to get on the phone this guy was always on the phone so what we going to do now it looks like all these americans are here and yes one brit and hes not going to do anything -the reason i have this picture here this x ray its just to tell you where and how we were viewing x rays do you figure where that is -was on a window i mean whats an x ray viewing box -well nowadays everythings on pax anyway you look at your x rays on a screen and you do stuff with them you email them -but we were still using x rays but we didnt even have a viewing box and we were doing open heart surgery ok i know its not aids i know its not malaria but we still need this stuff -oh yeah echo this was just to get the children ready and the adults ready people still believe in voodoo heart disease -we had to do these for adults so we did succeed and we still do weve done three were planning another one in july in -so we certainly still do open heart but you can see the contrast between everything that was shipped in we ship everything instruments we had explosions -because the kit was designed and installed by people who werent used to it the oxygen tanks didnt quite work right but how many did we do the first one -twelve we did twelve open heart surgical patients successfully here is our very first patient out of intensive care -and just watch that chair -what i mean about appropriate technology thats what he was doing propping up the bed because the bed simply didnt work have you seen one of those before -this brings us to why a lot of us who are -no yes -doesnt matter it worked im sure youve all seen or heard this before we -have been doing so much with so little for so long we are now qualified to do anything with -thank you -so we put my hand in my pocket and say guys lets just buy stuff lets go set up a company that teaches people educates them gives them the tools they need to keep -and thats a perfect example of one usually when you buy a ventilator in a hospital you buy a different one for children you buy a different one -now as they say in diaspora now are we going to make that a permanent thing where -whats appropriately priced does the job -it will charge the batteries in there and guess what we have a little pedal charger too just in case and guess what if it all fails if you can find a car -is it dental surgery you want general surgery you want decide which instruments stock it up with -we all get trained and we leave and we dont go back perhaps not -and currently were working on oxygen oxygen delivery on site the technology -oxygen delivery is not new oxygen concentrators are very old technology what is new -and what we will have in a few months i hope is that ability to use this same renewable energy system to provide and produce oxygen on -take nitrogen out whats left -our device this is what makes it so special apart from the awards its won its portable and its certified its -the mhra and the ce mark for those who dont know is the equivalent for europe of the fda in the u s -if you compare it with whats on the market price wise size wise ease of use complexity -i should certainly hope not because that is not my vision all right -too many of us outside -and everybody just to borrow a bit from hans hans rosling hes my guy if the size of the text represents what gets the most attention its the problems -but what we really need are african solutions that are appropriate for africa looking at the culture -and lots and lots of that little bit down there sacrifice you have to do it africans have to do it in conjunction with everyone else thank you -for good measure -thats where nigeria is on the african map and just -is the delta region that im sure everybodys heard of people getting kidnapped where the oil comes from -the school was in a house -more than one hundred of us packed in one small living room -it was cozy in winter but extremely hot -from time to time the school would suddenly be canceled for a week because taliban were suspicious -we always wondered what they knew about us -i was very lucky to grow up in a family -where education was prized -and daughters were treasured -my grandfather was an extraordinary man for his time -a total maverick from a remote province of afghanistan he insisted that his daughter my mom -i remember waking up one morning to the sound of joy in my house -but my educated mother became a teacher -receive an education including his daughters -despite the taliban -despite the risks -my father was listening to bbc news on his small gray radio -there were times i would get so frustrated by our life -and always being scared and not seeing a future -i would want to quit -your money can be stolen you can be forced to leave your home during a war but the one thing that will always remain with you is what is here -and if we have to sell our blood -to pay your school fees -there was a big smile on his face which was unusual then because the news mostly depressed him -fewer than six percent of women my age have made it beyond high school -and had my family not been so committed to my education i would be one of -he not only brags about my college degree but also that i was the first woman and -and that i am the first woman to drive him through the streets of kabul -my family believes in me -the taliban are gone -thats why i cofounded sola -where its still risky for girls to go to school -the exciting thing is that i see students at my school -with ambition grabbing at opportunity -and i see their parents -and their fathers who like my own -but ahmed is the father of one of my students -less than a month ago he -and his daughter were on their way from sola to their village -that if he sent his daughter back to school -but i could see that my father was very very happy -but i will not ruin my daughters -future because of your old and backward ideas -what ive come to realize about afghanistan -and this is something that is often dismissed in the west that behind most of us who succeed -and who sees that her success is his success -its not to say that our mothers arent key -in our success in fact theyre often the initial and convincing negotiators of a bright future for their daughters -but in the context of a society like in afghanistan -we must have the support of men -under the taliban girls who went to school -numbered in the hundreds remember it was illegal -you can go to a real school now -much beyond the u s troops withdrawal -but when i am back in afghanistan -and their parents who advocate for them who encourage them -to me afghanistan is a country of hope and boundless possibilities -and every single day -to a secret school -it was the only way we both could be educated -each day we took a different route -so that no one would suspect where we were going -we would cover our books in grocery bags so it would seem we were just out shopping -for an emergency medical response service in india similar to nine hundred and eleven in usa to address this i along with four friends founded ambulance access for all to promote life support ambulance services in india -for those from the developing world there is nothing absolutely nothing new in this idea but as we envisioned it we had three key goals -the -and has transported over one hundred thousand patients and victims since inception the -in me against corruption made me to make a big career change last year becoming a full time practicing lawyer -the service responded effectively and efficiently during the unfortunate twenty six eleven mumbai terror attacks -and as you can see from the visuals the service was responding and rescuing victims from the incident locations -even before the police could cordon off the incident locations and formally confirm it as a terror strike -ended up being the first medical response team in every incident location and transported one hundred and twenty five victims saving life -in tribute and remembrance of twenty six eleven attacks over the last one -we have actually helped a pakistani ngo aman foundation to set up a self sustainable life support ambulance service in karachi facilitated by acumen fund -its a small message -my experiences over the last eighteen months as a lawyer has seeded in me a new entrepreneurial idea -from us in our own small way to the enemies of humanity -then -other social enterprises one is education access for all setting up schools in small town india and the other is -i guess we seem to be doing at least a few things right because diligent investors and venture funds -have committed over seven point five million dollars in funding with the significance being these funds have come in as a qt capital not as grant or as philanthropy -now i come back to the idea of the new social enterprise that im exploring corruption -bribes and lack of transparency you may be surprised to know that eight speakers yesterday actually mentioned these terms in their talks -common man and the demand side being mostly politicians bureaucrats and those who have discretionary power vested with them -which i believe is indeed worth spreading so i share it with all of you here today though the idea itself is getting crystallized and im still writing up -yet if you analyze the common man he or she does not wake up every day and say hmm let me see who i can pay a bribe to today or let me see who i can corrupt today -often it is the constraining or the back to the wall situation that the hapless common man finds himself or herself in that leads him to pay a bribe -in the modern day world where time is premium and battle for subsistence is unimaginably tough the hapless common man simply gives in and pays the bribe just to get on with life -now let me ask you another question imagine you are being asked to pay a bribe in your day to day life to get something done what do you do of course you can call the police but what is the use if the police department is in itself steeped in corruption -most definitely you dont want to pay the bribe but you also dont have the time resources expertise or wherewithal to fight this unfortunately -many of us in this room are supporters of capitalist policies and market forces yet the market forces around the world have not yet thrown up a service -you can call in pay a fee and fight the demand for a bribe like a bribe buster service or one eight hundred fight bribes -preventcorruption org such a service simply do not exist one image that has haunted me -from my early business days is of a grandmother seventy plus years being harrassed by the bureaucrats in the town planning office -the business plan of course it helps that fear of public failure diminishes as the number of ideas which have failed increases -all she needed was permission to build three steps to her house from ground level making it easier for her to enter and exit her house yet the officer in charge would not simply give her the permit for -even though it pricked my conscience then i could not or rather i did not tend to her or assist her because i was busy building my real estate company i dont want to be haunted by such -a group of us have been working on a pilot basis to address individual instances of demands for bribes for common services or entitlement and in all forty two cases where we have pushed back such -using existing and legitimate tools like the right to information act video audio or peer pressure we have successfully obtained whatever our clients set out to achieve without actually paying a bribe -and with the cost of these tools being substantially lower than the bribe demanded i believe that these tools that worked in these forty two pilot cases can be -and franchise physical offices for a fee to serve anyone confronted with a demand for a bribe -the target market is as tempting as it can get it can be worth up to one trillion dollars being paid in bribes every year or -indias gdp and it is an absolutely virgin market i propose to explore this idea -to examine the potential of creating a for profit fee based bpo kind of service to stop bribes and prevent corruption -i do realize that the fight for justice against corruption is never easy it never has been and it never will be in my last eighteen months as a lawyer battling small and large scale corruption -the battle against corruption exact a toll on ourselves our families our friends and even our kids yet i believe the price we pay is well worth holding on to our dignity -and making the world a fairer place what gives us the courage as my close friend replied when told during the seeding days of the ambulance project -that it is an impossible task and the founders are insane to chalk up their blue chip jobs i quote of course we can not fail in this at least in our -so let me let me give you an example somebody who had applied for the passport the officer was just sitting on it and was demanding around three thousand rupees -and he did not want to pay so we actually used the right to information act which is equal to the freedom of information act in the united states and -pushed back the officers in this particular case and in all these forty two cases when we kept pushing them back there was three kinds of reaction a set of people actually -and he will push us back so you take the next step or use the next tool available in what we are putting together and then he relents by the third time in all forty two cases we have achieved success -but if its a three thousand rupee seventy dollar bribe what fee would you have to charge and can you actually make the business work -well actually the cost that we incurred was less than two hundred rupees so it actually works -the leading real estate company in my home state kerala and then worked professionally with two of indias biggest businessmen but in -you -in two thousand and three when i stepped out of the pure play capitalistic sector to work on so called social sector -definitely did not have any grand strategy or plan to pursue and find for profit solutions -of their energy for the entire industrial world in the u k came from a source of energy that was immoral -so were bound with the laws of physics and the laws of economics and so the thought that i started with was how do you do this -to make the right moral decision we have to make it -not within twenty years or fifty years but -thank you -still within the boundary of the science we know today no time for science fair no time for playing around with things or waiting for the magic battery to show up how do you do it within the economics that we have today how do you do it from the power of the consumer up and not from the power of an edict down -on a random visit to tesla on some afternoon i actually found out that the answer comes from separating between the car ownership and the battery ownership in a sense if you want to think about it this is the classic batteries not included -now if you separate between the two you could actually answer the need for -first component is you charge the car whenever you stop ends up that cars are these strange beasts that drive for about two hours and park for about twenty two hours -so how would you run a whole country without oil -if you drive a car in the morning and drive it back in the afternoon the ratio of charge to drive is about a minute for a minute -and so the first thought that came to mind is everywhere we park -we have electric power now it sounds crazy but in some places around the world like scandinavia you already have that if you park your car and didnt plug in the heater when you come back you dont have a car it just doesnt work -now that last mile last foot in a sense is the first step of the infrastructure the second step of the infrastructure needs to take care -of the range extension see were bound by todays technology on batteries which is about one hundred and twenty miles if you want to stay within reasonable -space and weight limitations one hundred and twenty miles is a good enough range for a lot of people but you never want to get stuck so what we added as a second element to our network is a battery swap system you drive -you take your depleted battery out a full battery comes on and you drive on you dont do it as a human being you do it as a machine it looks like a car wash you come into your -we said that if you stop to swap your battery more than fifty times a year we start paying you money because its an inconvenience then we looked -never left my brain and i started playing with it more like a puzzle the original thought i had this must be ethanol so i went out and researched ethanol and found out you need the amazon in your backyard in every country -at the question of the affordability we looked at the question what happens when the battery is disconnected from the car what is the cost of that battery everybody tells us batteries are so expensive -what we found out when you move from molecules to electrons something interesting happens we can go back to the original economics of the car and look at it again -the battery is not the gas tank in a sense remember in your car you have a gas tank you have the crude oil and you have refining and delivery of that crude oil as what we call petrol or gasoline -the battery in this sense is the crude oil we have a battery bay it costs the same hundred dollars as the -but the crude oil is replaced with a battery just it doesnt burn it consumes itself step after step after step it has two thousand life cycles these days -in a sense what weve done is weve created a new consumable you today buy gasoline miles and we created electric miles and the price of electric miles ends up being a very interesting number -today two thousand and ten in volume when we come to market it is eight cents a mile -those of you who have a hard time calculating what that means in the average consumer environment were in in the u s twenty miles per gallon thats a buck fifty a buck sixty -a gallon thats cheaper than todays gasoline even in the u s in europe where taxes are in place thats the equivalent to a minus sixty dollar barrel -but e miles follow moores law they go from eight cents a mile in two thousand and ten -why because batteries life cycle improve a bit of improvement on energy density which reduces the price and these prices are actually with clean electrons we do not use any electrons that come from coal -about six months later i figured out it must be hydrogen until some scientist told me the unfortunate truth which is you actually use more clean electrons than the ones you get inside -so in a sense this is an absolute zero carbon zero fossil fuel -eighty cent gallon means if the entire pacific would convert to crude oil and wed let any oil company bring it out and refine it they still cant compete with two cents a mile -until i got to the true young global leader shimon peres president of israel and he ran a -first he let me go to the prime minister of the country who told me if you can find the money you need for this network two hundred million dollars and if you can find a car company -peres thought that was a great idea so we went out and we looked at all the car companies we sent letters to all the car companies three of them never showed up one of them asked us if we would stay with hybrids and they would give us a discount -but one of them carlos ghosn ceo of -when asked about hybrids said something very fascinating he said hybrids are like mermaids -when you want a fish you get woman and when you need a woman you get a fish -and ghosn came up and said i have the car mister peres i will build you the cars and actually true -renault has put a billion and a half dollars in building nine different types of cars that fit this kind of model that will come into the market in mass volume mass volume being the first year one hundred thousand cars -a car if you use hydrogen so that is not going to be the path to go and then sort of through a process of wandering around i got to the -its the first mass volume electric car zero emission electric car in the market i was running as chris said to be the ceo of a -you have to explain to me what is more important than saving your country and saving the world that you would go and do and i had to quit and come and do this thing called a better place we then decided to scale it up we went to other countries as i said we went to denmark -on gasoline cars and zero tax on zero emission cars -so if you want to buy a gasoline car in denmark it costs you about sixty thousand euros if you buy our car its about twenty thousand euros if you fail the iq test they ask you to leave the country -we then were sort of coined as the guys who run only in small islands i know most people dont think of israel as a small island but israel is an island its a transportation island if your car is driving outside israel its been stolen if -youre thinking about it in terms of islands we decided to go to the biggest island that we could find and that was australia -the third country we announced was australia its got three centers in brisbane in melbourne in sydney and one freeway one electric freeway that connects them -thought that actually if you could convert an entire country to electric cars in a way that is convenient and affordable you could get to a solution -the second one was the san francisco bay area where gavin newsom created a beautiful policy across all the mayors he decided that hes going to take over the state unofficially and then officially and then created this beautiful region one policy -in the san fransisco bay area not only do you have the highest concentration of priuses but you also have the perfect range extender its called the other car -as we stared scaling it up we looked at what is the problem to come up to the u s why is this a big issue -and the most fascinating thing weve learned when you have small problems on the individual level like the price of gasoline to drive every morning you dont notice it but when the aggregate comes up youre dead -so the price of oil much like lots of other curves that weve seen -goes along a depletion curve the foundation of this curve is that we keep losing the wells that are close to the ground and we keep getting wells that are farther away from the ground it becomes more and more and more expensive to dig them out -you think well its been up its been down its been up its going to keep on going up and down here is the problem at one hundred and forty seven dollars a barrel which we were in six months ago the u s spent a ton of money to get -now i started this from a point of view that it has to be something that scales en masse not how do you build one car but how do you scale this so that it can become something that is used by ninety nine percent of the population -oil then we lost our economy and we went back down to forty seven sometimes its forty sometimes its fifty -now were running a stimulus package its called the trillion dollar stimulus package were going to revive the economy hopefully it happens between now and two thousand and fifteen somewhere in that space what happens when the economy recovers -by two thousand and fifteen we would have had at least two hundred and fifty million new cars even at the pace were going at right now thats another thirty percent demand on oil that is another twenty five million barrels a day thats all the u s usage -in other words at some point when weve recovered we go up to the peak and then we do the opec stimulus package also known as two hundred dollars a barrel -its going to go up and down and the downs are going to be much longer and the ups are going to be much shorter and thats the difference between problems that are additive like co two which we go slowly up and then we tip -we actually looked at what the answer would be right remember in the campaign one million hybrid cars by two thousand and fifteen -that is zero point five percent of the u s oil consumption that is oh point oh well -that wont do much difference we looked at an mit study ten million electric cars on the global roads -ten million out of five hundred million we will add between now and then -that is the most pessimistic number you can have its also the most optimistic number because it means we will scale this industry from one hundred thousand cars is two thousand and eleven to ten million cars by two thousand and sixteen one hundred x growth -in less than five years -you have to remember that the world today is bringing in so many cars we have ten million cars by region thats an enormous amount of cars -china is adding those cars india -russia brazil we have all these regions europe has solved it they just put tax on gasoline theyll be the first in line to get off because their prices are high china solves it by an edict at some point theyll just declare that no gasoline car will come into a city and that will be it -the thought that came to mind is that it needs to be as good as any car that you would have today so one it has be more convenient than a car and two it has be more affordable -the indians dont even understand why we think of it as a problem because most people in india fill two or three gallons every time for them to get a battery that goes one hundred and twenty miles is an extension on range not a reduction -were the only ones who dont have the price set right we dont have the industry set right we dont have any incentive to go and resolve it across the -a whole new market a whole new business model the business model in which the money that is actually coming in to drive the car the minutes the miles if you want -that you are all familiar with -just like cellphones youll pay for the miles and some of it will go back to the car maker some of it will go back to your own pocket but our cars are actually going to be cheaper than gasoline cars youre looking at a world where cars are -with windmills in denmark we will drive all the cars in denmark -from windmills not from oil in israel weve asked to put a solar farm in the south of israel -we tried there isnt any we said no no but what if we prove it and they said well you can dig and we decided to dig up instead of digging down -than todays cars affordable is not a forty thousand dollar sedan alright thats not something that we can finance or buy today and convenient is not something that you drive for an hour and charge for eight -these are perfect matches to one another now -all you need is about ten percent of the electricity generated think of it as a project that spans over about ten years thats one percent -the two numbers are zero as in zero footprint or zero oil and scale it infinity -and when we go to cop fifteen at the end of this year we cant stop thinking of padding co two we have to start thinking about giving kickers to countries who are willing to go to this kind of scale -one car emits four tons and actually seven hundred and change million cars today emit two point eight billion tons of co two thats in the additive about twenty five percent of our problem cars and trucks add up to about twenty five percent of the worlds co two emissions -we have to come and attack this problem with -with an effort that actually says were going to go to zero before the world ends i actually shared that with some legislators here in the u s i shared it with -a gentleman called bobby kennedy jr who is one of my idols i told him one of the reasons that his uncle was -he actually shared with me another story which is from about two hundred years ago -two hundred years ago in parliament in great britain there was a long argument -over economy versus morality twenty five percent just like twenty five percent emissions today comes from cars twenty five percent -i said id like to be a writer -and they said choose something realistic so i said professional wrestler -and they said dont be stupid -see they asked me what i wanted to be then told me what not to be and i wasnt the only one we were being told that we somehow must become what we are not sacrificing what we are to inherit the masquerade of what we will be i was being told to accept the identity that others will give me -and i wondered what made my dreams so easy to dismiss -granted my dreams are shy -of -because theyre canadian -see my dreams got called names too -duke the dumpster droese stole my entire shtick -i was crushed -as if by a trash compactor -i thought to myself what now where do i turn -one of the first lines of poetry i can remember writing was in response to a world that demanded i hate myself from age fifteen to eighteen i hated myself for becoming the thing that i loathed -standing up for yourself -doesnt have to mean embracing violence -when i was a kid -when i was a kid i traded in homework assignments for friendship -then gave each friend a late slip for never showing up on time and in most cases not at all i gave myself a hall pass to get through each broken promise and i remember this plan born out of frustration from a kid who kept calling me yogi then pointed at my tummy and said too many picnic baskets -turns out its not that hard to trick someone and one day before class i said yeah you can copy my homework and i gave him all the wrong answers that id written down the night before he got his paper back expecting a near perfect score and couldnt believe it when he looked across the room at me and held up a zero i knew i didnt have to hold up my paper of twenty eight out of thirty -i hid my heart under the bed because my mother said if youre not careful someday someones going to break it take it from me under the bed is not a good hiding spot i know because ive been shot down so many times i get altitude sickness just from standing up for myself but thats what we were told stand up for yourself -but my satisfaction was complete when he looked at me puzzled and i thought to myself smarter than the average bear motherfucker -this is how i stand up for myself -when i was a kid i used to think that pork chops and karate chops were the same thing -i thought they were both pork chops and because my grandmother thought it was cute and because they were my favorite she let me keep doing it not really a big deal one day before i realized fat kids are not designed to climb trees i fell out of a tree and bruised the right side of my body -from there i was sent to another small room with a really nice lady who asked me all kinds of questions about my life at home -i told her whenever im sad my grandmother gives me karate chops -this led to a full scale investigation -and i was removed from the house for three days until they finally decided to ask how i got the bruises news of this silly little story quickly spread through the school and i earned my first nickname -i hate pork chops -im not the only kid who grew up this way -surrounded by people who used to say that rhyme -about sticks and stones as -so broken heartstrings bled the blues and we tried to empty ourselves so wed feel nothing dont tell me that hurt less than a broken bone that an ingrown life is something surgeons can cut away that theres no way for it to metastasize it does -she was eight years old our first day of grade three when she got called ugly -we both got moved to the back of class so we would stop getting bombarded by spitballs but the school halls were -outside wed have to rehearse running away or learn to stay still like statues giving no clues that we were there in grade five -and theyll never understand that shes raising two kids whose definition of beauty begins with the word mom because they see her heart before they see her skin because shes only ever always been amazing he -was a broken branch grafted onto a different family tree adopted -not because his parents opted for a different destiny he was three when he became a mixed drink of one part left alone and two parts tragedy started therapy in eighth grade -had a personality made up of tests and pills lived like the uphills were mountains and the downhills were cliffs four fifths suicidal a tidal wave of antidepressants and an adolescence being called popper -one part because of the pills ninety nine parts because of the cruelty -he tried to kill himself in grade ten -when a kid who could still go home to mom and dad had the audacity to tell him get over it -as if depression is something that could be remedied by any of the contents found in a first aid kit to this -we werent the only kids who grew up this way -to this day kids are still being called names -the classics were hey stupid -every school was a big top circus tent -and the pecking order went from acrobats to lion tamers from clowns to carnies all of these miles ahead of who we were we were freaks lobster claw boys and bearded ladies oddities juggling depression and loneliness playing solitaire spin the bottle trying to kiss the wounded parts of ourselves and heal but at night while the others slept -but i want to tell them that all of this is just debris left over when we finally decide to smash all the things we thought we used to be and if you cant see anything beautiful about yourself -get a better mirror -because maybe you didnt belong -we were being asked what do you want to be when you grow up i always thought that was an unfair question it presupposes that we cant be what we already are -we grew up learning to cheer on the underdog because we see ourselves in them -we stem from a root planted in the belief that we are not what we were called -we are not abandoned cars stalled out and sitting empty on some highway and if in some way we are dont worry we only got out to walk and get gas we are graduating members from the class of we made it not the faded echoes of voices crying out names will never hurt me -of course they did -but our lives will only ever always continue to be a balancing act -we were kids when i was a kid i wanted to be a man -i wanted a registered retirement savings plan that would keep me in candy long enough to make old age sweet -when i was a kid i wanted to shave -when i was eight i wanted to be a marine biologist when i was nine i saw the movie jaws and thought to myself no thank you -you get a mouth this is a person -this is a tree tree this is -a person if someone walks behind that is to follow as the old saying goes two is company three is a crowd -its burning for us the sun is the source of prosperity two suns together prosperous three together thats sparkles put the sun and the moon shining together its brightness it also means tomorrow after a day and a night -but to an outsider it seems to be as impenetrable as the great wall of china -over the past few years ive been wondering if i can break down this wall so anyone who wants to understand and appreciate the beauty of this sophisticated language could do so i started thinking about how a new fast method of learning chinese might be useful -since the age of five i started to learn how to draw every single stroke for each character in the correct sequence i learned new characters every day during the course of the next fifteen years since we only have five minutes its better that we have a fast and simpler way -he joined the taliban a year ago when he was thirteen -in -and preach to us then they take us to a madrassa and teach us things from the -he tells me that children are then given months of military training -i in my research have seen that the taliban have perfected the way in which they recruit and train children and i think its -i want you to look at children who become suicide bombers through a completely different lens in two thousand and nine there were five hundred bomb blasts across pakistan -step process step one is that the taliban prey on families that are large that are poor that live in rural areas -they separate the parents from the children by promising to provide food clothing shelter to these children then they ship them off hundreds of miles away to hard line schools that run along the taliban agenda -step two they teach the children the koran which is islams holiest book in arabic a language these children do not understand and cannot speak they rely very heavily -on teachers who i have personally seen distort the message to these children as and when it suits their purpose to -these children are explicitly forbidden from reading newspapers listening to radio reading any books -that the teachers do not prescribe them if any child is found violating these rules he is severely -so they beat these children i have seen it they feed them twice a day dried bread and water -they rarely allow them to play games they tell them that for eight hours at a time all they have to do is read the koran -the children are virtual prisoners they cannot leave they cannot go home their parents are so poor they have no resources to get them back -step four the older members of the taliban the fighters start talking to the younger boys about the glories of martyrdom -they talk to them about how when they die they will be received up with lakes of honey and milk how there will be seventy two virgins waiting for them in paradise how there will be unlimited food -and how this glory is going to propel them to become heroes in their neighborhoods effectively this is the brainwashing process that has begun -i spent the year working with children who were training to become suicide bombers and with taliban recruiters trying to understand how the taliban were converting these children into live ammunition -step five i believe the taliban have one of the most effective means of propaganda their videos that they use -intercut with photographs of men and women and children dying in iraq and afghanistan and in pakistan and the basic message is that the western powers do not care about civilian deaths so those people who live -in areas and support governments that work with western powers are fair game thats why pakistani civilians over six thousand of whom have been killed in the last -two years alone are fair game now these children are primed to become suicide bombers theyre ready to go out and fight because theyve been told -that this is effectively their only way to glorify islam i want you to watch another excerpt from the film -this boy is called zenola he blew himself up -this boy is called sadik he killed twenty two -this boy -he killed twenty -the taliban are running suicide schools preparing a generation of boys -from carrying out a -on -the -and why these children were actively signing up to their cause i want you to watch a short video from my latest documentary film children of the taliban -will -on -leave you all with this thought if you grew up in these circumstances faced with these choices would you choose to live in this -or in the glorious afterlife as one taliban recruiter told me there will always be sacrificial lambs in this war thank you -now run their own schools -target poor families and convince the parents to send their children -in return they provide free food and shelter and sometimes pay the families a monthly stipend -weve obtained a propaganda video made by the taliban young boys are taught justifications for suicide attacks and the execution of spies -i made contact with a child from swat who studied in a madrassa like this -from a poor farming family in swat -the power of example the attraction of indias culture what in other words people like to call soft power -all the infrastructural things we need to do and the software of development the human capital the need for the ordinary person in india -to be able to have a couple of square meals a day to be able to send his or her children to a decent school and to aspire to work a job that will give them -which none of us can pretend dont exist but its all taking place in an open society in a rich and diverse and plural civilization in one that is determined -to liberate and fulfill the creative energies of its people thats why india belongs at ted and thats why ted belongs in india thank you very -soft power is -probably hollywood and mtv and mcdonalds have done more for american soft power around the world than any specifically government activity -and now as a politician and a government minister ive become rather concerned about the hype were hearing about our own country all this talk about india becoming a world leader even the next superpower -so soft power is something that really emerges partly because of governments but partly despite governments and -in the information era we all live in today what we might call the ted age id say that countries are increasingly being judged by a global public thats been fed on -an incessant diet of internet news of televised images of cellphone videos of email gossip in other words all sorts of communication devices -telling us the stories of countries whether or not the countries concerned want people to hear those stories now in this age again countries with access to multiple channels of communication and information -have a particular advantage and of course they have more influence sometimes about how theyre seen india has more all news tv channels -any country in the world in fact in most of the countries in this part of the world put together but the fact still is that its not just that -soft power you have to be connected one might argue that india has become an astonishingly connected country i think youve already heard the figures weve been selling fifteen million cellphones a month -in fact those fifteen million cellphones are the most connections that any country including the u s and china has ever established in the history of telecommunications -but what perhaps some of you dont realize is how far weve come to get there you know when i grew up in india telephones were a rarity -in fact they were so rare that elected members of parliament had the right to allocate fifteen telephone lines as a favor to those they deemed worthy -there was a dial tone and you dialed a number the odds were two in three you wouldnt get the number you were intending to reach in fact the words wrong number were more popular than the word hello -if you then wanted to connect to another city lets say from calcutta you wanted to call delhi youd have to book something called a trunk call and then sit by the phone all day waiting for it to come -or you could pay eight times the going rate for something called a lightning call but lightening struck rather slowly in our country in those days so it was like about a half an hour for a lightning call to come -that the government had no obligation to provide better service and if the honorable member wasnt satisfied with his telephone could he please return it since there was an eight year long waiting list for telephones in india -now fast forward to today and this is what you see the fifteen million cellphones a month but what is most striking is who is carrying those cellphones you know if you visit friends in the suburbs of delhi on the side streets -you will find a fellow with a cart that looks like it was designed in the sixteenth century wielding a coal fired steam iron that might have been invented in the eighteenth century -the other day i was in kerala my home state at the country farm of a friend about twenty kilometers away from any place youd consider -and it was a hot day and he said hey would you like some fresh coconut water and its the best thing and the most nutritious and refreshing thing you can drink on a hot day in the tropics so i said sure and he whipped out his cellphone dialed the number and a voice said im up here and right on top of the nearest coconut tree -with a hatchet in one hand and a cellphone in the other was a local toddy tapper -who proceeded to bring down the coconuts for us to drink -indeed what worries me is the entire notion of world leadership seems to me terribly archaic its redolent of james bond movies and kipling ballads -farmers now who used to have to spend half a day of backbreaking labor to find out if the market town was open if the market was on whether the product theyd harvested could be sold what price theyd fetch -an eight year old boy all the way on this trudge to the market town to get that information and come back then theyd load the cart today theyre saving half a days labor with a two minute phone call -so this empowerment of the underclass is the real result of india being connected and that transformation is part of where india is heading today but of course thats not the only thing about india -got bollywood my attitude to bollywood is best summarized in the tale of the two goats at a bollywood garbage dump mister shekhar kapur forgive me -and theyre chewing away on cans of celluloid discarded by a bollywood studio and the first goat chewing away says you know this film is not bad and the second goat says no the book was -i usually tend to think that the book is usually better but having said that the fact is that bollywood is now taking a certain aspect of indian ness and indian culture around the globe not just in the indian diaspora in the u s and the -what constitutes a world leader if its population were on course to top the charts we will overtake china by two thousand and thirty four -shes illiterate so she cant read the french subtitles but these movies are made to be understood despite such handicaps and she has a great time in the song and the dance and the action she goes away with stars in her eyes about india as a result -and this is happening more and more afghanistan we know what a serious security problem afghanistan is for so many of us in the world india doesnt have a military mission -you what was indias biggest asset in afghanistan in the last seven years one simple fact you couldnt try to call an afghan at eight thirty in the evening -why because that was the moment when the indian television soap opera dubbed into dhurrie was telecast on todo t v and it was the most popular television show in afghan history -every afghan family wanted to watch it they had to suspend functions at eight thirty weddings were reported to be interrupted -so guests could cluster around the t v set and then turn their attention back to the bride and groom crime went up at eight thirty i have read -so this is not indian propaganda a british news agency about how robbers in the town of musarri sharif stripped a vehicle of its windshield wipers its hubcaps its sideview mirrors any moving part they could find -at eight thirty because the watchmen were busy watching the t v rather than minding the store and they scrawled on the windshield in a reference to the shows heroine tulsi zindabad long live tulsi -soft power and that is what india is developing through the e part of ted its own entertainment industry -the same is true of course we dont have time for too many more examples but its true of our music of our dance of our art yoga -even indian cuisine i mean the proliferation of indian restaurants since i first went abroad as a student in the mid seventies -and what i see today you cant go to a mid size town in europe or north america and not find an indian restaurant it may not be a very good one but today in britain for example -indian restaurants in britain employ more people than the coal mining ship building and iron and steel industries combined so the empire can strike back -but with this increasing awareness of india with you and with i and so on with tales like afghanistan comes something vital in the information era -the sense that in todays world its not the side of the bigger army that wins its the country that tells a better story -i mean again having gone to the u s as a student in the mid seventies i knew what the image of india was then if their was an image at all today people in silicon valley and elsewhere speak of the iits the indian institutes of technology -the same reverence they used to accord to mit this can sometimes have unintended consequences ok i had a friend a history major like me -who was accosted at schiphol airport in amsterdam by an anxiously perspiring european saying youre indian youre indian can you help me fix my laptop -the economy well we have now the fifth largest economy in the world in purchasing power parity terms and we continue to grow when the rest of the world took a beating last -weve gone from the image of india as land of fakirs lying on -beds of nails and snake charmers with the indian rope trick to the image of india as a land of mathematical geniuses computer wizards software gurus but that too is transforming the indian story around the world -india gave refuge to the jews fleeing the destruction first temple by the babylonians and said thereafter by the romans -in fact legend has is that when doubting thomas the apostle saint thomas landed on the shores of kerala my home state somewhere around fifty two a d he was welcomed on shore by a flute playing jewish girl -and to this day remains the only jewish diaspora in the history of the jewish people which has never encountered a single incident of anti semitism -thats the indian story islam came peacefully to the south slightly more differently complicated history in the north but all of these religions have found a place and a welcome home in india you know we just celebrated -we grew at six point seven percent but somehow none of that adds up to me to what i think india really can aim contribute in the world -but the fact is that the last elections five years ago gave the world extraordinary phenomenon of an election being won by a woman political leader -is india and of course its all the more striking because it was four years later that we all applauded the u s the oldest democracy in the modern world more than two hundred and twenty years of free and fair elections which took till last year -to elect a president or a vice president who wasnt white male or christian so maybe oh sorry he is christian i beg your pardon and he is male but he -all the others have been all those three -all his predecessors have been all those three and thats the point i was trying to make -and that it seems to me is what ultimately will make a difference in todays information era in todays ted age so india -now is no longer the nationalism of ethnicity or language or religion because we have every ethnicity known to mankind practically weve every religion know to mankind with the possible exception of shintoism -in this part of the twenty one st century and so i wondered could what the future beckons for india to be all about be a combination of these things allied to something else -that has some hindu elements somewhere we have twenty three official languages -got all of that we dont even have geography uniting us because the natural geography of the subcontinent -and its the nationalism of an idea that essentially says you can endure differences of caste creed color culture -the great success story of india a country that so many learned scholars and jounalists assumed would disintegrate in the fifties and sixties is that it managed to maintain consensus on how to survive without consensus -india that is emerging into the twenty one st century and i do want to make the point that if there is anything worth -so i did the only thing my little frantic seven year old brain could think to do to avert this tragedy and if you have children youve seen this hundreds of times before i said amy amy wait dont cry dont cry did you see how you landed -no human lands on all fours like that -and you could see how my poor manipulated sister faced conflict -as her little brain attempted to devote resources to feeling the pain and suffering and surprise she just experienced or contemplating her new found identity as a unicorn -and the latter won out instead of crying instead of ceasing our play instead of waking my parents with all the negative consequences that would have ensued for me instead a smile spread across her face and she scrambled right back up onto the bunk bed with all the grace of a baby unicorn -with one broken leg what we stumbled across -at this tender age of just five and seven we had no idea at the time was something that was going be at the vanguard of a scientific revolution occurring two decades later in the way that we look at the human brain what we had stumbled across is something called positive psychology which is the reason that im here today and the reason that i wake up every morning -when i first started talking about this research outside of academia out with companies and schools the very first thing they said to never do is to start your talk with a graph -the very first thing i want to do is start my talk with a graph this graph looks boring but this graph is the reason i get excited and wake up every morning and this graph doesnt even mean anything its fake data what we found -if i got this data back studying you here in the room i would be thrilled because theres very clearly a trend thats going on there and that means that i can get published which is all that really matters the fact that theres one weird red dot thats up above the curve theres one weirdo in the room i know who you are i saw you earlier -no problem thats no problem as most of you know because -i can just delete that dot i can delete that dot because thats clearly a measurement error and we know thats a measurement error because its messing up my data -the very first things we teach people in economics and statistics and business and psychology courses is how in a statistically valid way do we eliminate the weirdos how do we eliminate -scientists change the answer to how fast does the average child learn how to read in that classroom and then we tailor the class right towards the average now if you fall below the average on this curve then psychologists get thrilled because that means youre either depressed or you have a disorder or hopefully both -were hoping for both because our business model is if you come into a therapy session with one problem we want to make sure you leave knowing you have ten so you keep coming back over and over again well go back into your childhood if necessary but eventually what we want to do is make you normal again -but normal is merely average and what i posit and what positive psychology posits is that if we study what is merely average we will remain merely average -why is it that some of you are so high above the curve -in terms of your intellectual ability athletic ability musical ability creativity energy levels your resiliency in the face of challenge your sense of humor whatever it is instead of deleting you what i want to do is study you because maybe we can glean information not just how to move people up to the average but how we can move the entire average up -what thats doing is creating something called the medical school syndrome which if you know people whove been to medical school during the first year of medical training as you read through a list of all the symptoms and diseases that could happen suddenly you realize you have all of them -brother in law named bobo which is a whole other story -the -when i applied to harvard i applied on a dare i didnt expect to get in and my family had no money for college when i got a military scholarship two weeks later they allowed me to go suddenly something that wasnt even a possibility became a reality -when i went there i assumed everyone else would see it as a privilege as well that theyd be excited to be there even if youre in a classroom full of people smarter than you youd be happy just to be in that classroom which is what i felt but what i found there is while some people experience that when i graduated after my four years and then spent the next eight years -i was an officer of harvard to counsel students through the difficult four years and what i found in my research and my teaching is that these students no matter how happy they were with their original success of getting into the school two weeks later their brains were focused not on the privilege of being there nor on their philosophy or their physics their brain was focused on the competition the workload the hassles the stresses the complaints -when i first went in there i walked into the freshmen dining hall which is where my friends from waco texas which is where i grew up i know some of you have heard of it when theyd come to visit me theyd look around theyd say this freshman dining hall looks like something out of hogwarts from the movie harry potter which it does -what does a harvard student possibly have to be unhappy about -embedded within that question is the key to understanding the science of happiness because what that question assumes -is that our external world is predictive of our happiness levels when in reality if i know everything about your external world i can only predict ten percent of your long term happiness -ninety percent of your long term happiness is predicted not by the external world but by the way your brain processes the world and if we change it if we change our formula for happiness and success what we can do is change the way that we can then affect reality -im glad you liked but they did not like that at all silence on the phone and into the silence -i said id be happy to speak at your school but just so you know thats not a wellness week thats a sickness week what youve done is youve outlined all the negative things that can happen but not talked about the positive the absence of disease is not health heres how we get to health we need to reverse the formula for happiness and success -in the last three years ive traveled to forty five different countries working with schools and companies in the midst of an economic downturn and what i found is that most companies and schools follow a formula for success which is this if i work harder ill be more successful -and if im more successful then ill be happier -that undergirds most of our parenting styles our managing styles the way that we motivate our behavior and the problem is its scientifically broken and backwards for two reasons -first every time your brain has a success you just changed the goalpost of what success looked like you got good grades now you have to get better grades you got into a good school and after you get into a better school you got a good job now you have to get a better job you hit your sales target were going to change your sales target and if happiness is on the opposite side of success your brain never gets there -what weve done is weve pushed happiness over the cognitive horizon as a society -and thats because we think we have to be successful then well be happier but the real problem is our brains work in the opposite order if you can raise somebodys level of positivity in the present -then their brain experiences what we now call a happiness advantage which is your brain at positive -performs significantly better than it does at negative neutral or stressed your intelligence rises your creativity rises your energy levels rise in fact what weve found is that every single business outcome improves -your brain at positive is thirty one percent more productive than your brain at negative neutral or stressed youre thirty seven percent better at sales doctors are nineteen percent faster more accurate at coming up with the correct diagnosis when positive instead of negative neutral or stressed which means we can reverse the formula -if we can find a way of becoming positive in the present then our brains work even more successfully as were able to work -harder faster and more intelligently -and saw that she had landed painfully on her hands and knees on all fours on the ground i was nervous because my parents had charged me -what we need to be able to do is to reverse this formula so we can start to see what our brains are actually capable of because dopamine which floods into your system when youre positive has two functions -done for twenty one days in a row we can actually rewire your brain allowing your brain to actually work more optimistically and more successfully -journaling about one positive experience youve had over the past twenty four hours allows your brain to relive it exercise teaches your brain that your behavior matters we find that meditation allows your brain to get over the cultural adhd that weve been creating by trying to do multiple tasks at once and allows our brains to focus on the task at hand and finally -with making sure that my sister and i played -random acts of kindness are conscious acts of kindness we get people when they open up their inbox to write one positive email praising or thanking somebody in their social support network and by doing these activities and by training your brain just like we train our bodies what weve found is we can reverse the formula for happiness and success and in doing so not only create ripples of positivity but create a real revolution -as safely and as quietly as possible and seeing as how i had accidentally broken amys arm just -one week before -heroically pushing her out of the way of an oncoming imaginary sniper bullet -i was struck by going to so many one after the other -and the second thing that i was longing for was some more exquisite craftsmanship and technique so -i started thinking and listing what all it was that i thought would make a perfect biennial so i decided im going to start my own biennial im going to organize it and direct it and get it going in the world -so i thought okay i have to have some criteria of how to choose work -worked on until it can speak fluently and then my other second set of rules i hate to say rules because its art my criteria would be the three hs which is head heart and hands and great art would have head it would have -interesting intellectual ideas and concepts it would have heart in that it would have passion and heart and soul and it would have hand in that it would be greatly crafted -i grew up in the middle of nowhere on a dirt road in rural arkansas an hour from the nearest movie theater and i think it was a great place to grow up as an artist because i grew up around quirky colorful characters who were great at making with their hands -so i started thinking about how am i going to do this biennial how am i going to travel the world and find these artists and then i realized one day theres an easier solution to this -im just going to make the whole thing myself -artists im going to do an international biennial i need artists from all around the world so what i did was i invented a hundred artists from around the world i figured out their bios their passions in life and their art styles and i started making their work -i should start to talk about these guys well the range is quite a bit and im such a technician so i loved this project getting to play with all the techniques -so for example in realist paintings it ranges from this which is kind of old masters style to really realistic still life -to this type of painting where im painting with a single hair and then at the other end theres performance and short films and indoor installations like this indoor installation and this one -and outdoor installations like this one -and -this one i know i should mention im making all these things this isnt photoshopped im under the river with those fish so now let me introduce some of my fictional artists to you this is nell remmel nell is interested in agricultural processes and her work is based in these practices this piece which is called flipped earth -she was interested in taking the sky and using it to cleanse barren ground and by taking giant mirrors -and this is twenty two feet long and what i loved about her work is when i would walk around it and look down into the sky looking down to watch the sky and it unfolded in a new way and probably the best part of this piece is at dusk and dawn when the twilight wedge has fallen and the grounds dark -but theres still the light above bright above and so youre standing there and everything else is dark but theres this portal that -you want to jump in this piece was great this is in my parents backyard in arkansas and i love to dig a hole so this piece was great fun because it was two days of digging in soft dirt -the next artist is kay overstry and shes interested in ephemerality and transience and in her most recent project its called weather i made and shes making weather on her bodys scale and this piece is frost and what she did was she went out on a cold -dry night and breathed back and forth on the lawn -to leave -in tokyo and they were interested in developing a new alternative art space and they needed funding for it so they decided to come up with some interesting fundraising projects one of these is scratch off masterpieces laughter and -so what -in some way talk about luck or fate or chance those first two are portraits of mega jackpot winners years before and after their win and in this one its called drawing the short stick -this artist is gus weinmueller and hes doing a project a large project called art for the peoples and within this project hes doing a smaller project called artists in residence and what he does -is laughter he -on the other side of that though we were big readers in our house and if the tv was on we were watching a documentary and my dad is the most voracious reader i know he can read a novel or two a day but -s present he goes in and makes a little abode studio to work out of and he spends that week talking to the family about what do they think great art is he has all these discussions with their family and he digs through everything they have and he finds -materials to make work and he makes a work that answers what they think great art is for this family he made this still life painting and whatever he makes somehow references nesting and space and personal property -this next project this is by jaochim parisvega and hes interested in -he believes art is everywhere waiting that it just needs a little bit of a push to happen and he provides this push by harnessing natural forces like in his series where he used rain to make paintings -this project is called love nests what he did was to get wild birds to make his art for him so he put the material in places where the birds were going to collect them and they crafted his nests for him and this ones called lovelock -she was thinking about her friends and family who work in chaos ridden places and developing countries and she was thinking what can i make that would be of value to them in case something bad happens and they have to buy their way across the border or pay off a gunman -and she makes them so they could either be broken up into payments or they could be like these which are leaves that can be payments and so theyre valuable this is precious metals and gemstones and this one had to get broken up he had to break off a piece to get out of egypt recently -when i was little i remember he would kill flies in our house with my bb gun and what was so amazing to me about that well he would be in his recliner would holler for me -this is by a duo michael abernathy and bud holland and theyre interested in creating culture just tradition so what they do is they move into an area and try to establish a new tradition in a small geographic area so -we got a lot of attention when we did it i talked my family -this is by jason birdsong he is interested in how we see as an animal how we are interested in mimicry and camouflage you know we look down a dark alley or a jungle path -trying to make out a face or a creature we just have that natural way of seeing and he plays with this idea and this piece those arent actually leaves theyre butterfly specimens who have a natural camouflage -and he pairs these up with paintings like this is a painting of a snake in a box so you open the box and you think whoa theres a snake in there but its actually a painting so he makes these interesting conversations about realism and mimicry and our drive to be fooled by great camouflage -hazel clausen hazel clausen is an anthropologist who took a sabbatical and decided -you know i would learn a lot about culture if i created a culture that doesnt exist from scratch so thats what she did she created the swiss people named the uvulites and they have this distinctive yodeling song that they use the uvula for and also they reference how the uvula everything they say is -this is a typical angora embroidery for them this is one of their founders gert schaeffer -this is my aunt irene it was so funny having a fake person who was making fake things -and i crack -he even once traded a work of art for a block of government cheese because the person wanted it so badly next is an australian artist janeen jackson and this is from a project of hers called what an artwork does when were not watching -next is ginger cheshire this is from a short film of hers called the last person and thats my cousin and my sisters dog gabby the next this is by sam sandy -damage what it landed on so -next is by hilda singh and shes doing a whole project called social outfits next is by vera sokolova and i have to say vera kind of scares me you cant look her directly in the eyes because shes kind of scary and -its good that shes not real shed be mad that i said that -i should talk about art -but when the american parents were asked if they would -they all said no -they could not imagine -number of cases they were even clinically -these parents could not contemplate giving up the choice because to do so would have gone contrary to everything they had been taught -the way i wanted it i ordered a cup of coffee which the waiter brought over promptly -her essay the white album -joan didion writes -we interpret what we see -we live entirely by the imposition of a narrative line upon disparate images -by the ideas with which we have learned to freeze -the shifting phantasmagoria -which is our actual experience -the story upon which the american dream depends is the story of limitless choice -its a great story and its understandable why they would be reluctant to revise it -but when you take a close look -you start to see the holes -and you start to see that the story can be told in many other ways -packets of -americans have so often tried to disseminate their ideas of choice -the actual experience that we try to understand and organize through narrative -varies from place to place -failure to procure myself a cup of sweet green tea was not due to a simple misunderstanding -could benefit from incorporating new perspectives into their own narrative -that it is poetry that is lost in translation -this suggests that whatever is beautiful and moving -whatever gives us a new way to see -cannot be communicated to those who speak a different language -we have far more to gain than to lose -by engaging in the many translations of -the many versions that -this was due to a fundamental difference in our ideas about choice -and the many that have yet to be written -no matter where were from -and what your narrative is we all have a responsibility to open ourselves up to a wider array of what choice -it teaches us when -that much closer to realizing the full potential of choice -if we learn to speak to one another -we can begin to see choice -thank you -detail about your biography that we have not written in the program book but by now its evident to everyone in this room youre blind and -i guess one of the questions on everybodys mind is how does that influence your study of choosing because thats an activity that for most people is associated with visual inputs like aesthetics and color and so on -funny that you should ask that because one of the things thats interesting about being blind is you actually get a different vantage point when you observe the way sighted people make choices and as you just mentioned theres lots of choices out there that are very visual these days -yeah i as you would expect get pretty frustrated by choices like what nail polish to put on because i have to rely on what other people suggest and i cant decide -i asked these two ladies and the one lady told me well you should definitely wear ballet slippers well what does it look like -its a very elegant shade of pink -okay great the other lady tells me to wear adorable -what does it look like -the american way to quote burger king is to have it your way because as starbucks says happiness is in your choices -and so i asked them well how do i tell them apart -thing they had consensus on well if i could see them i would clearly be able to tell them apart -wondered was whether they were being affected by the name or the contents of the color so i decided to do a little -the women that could tell them apart when the labels were off they picked adorable and when the labels were on -but from the japanese perspective its their duty to protect those who dont know any better -in this case the ignorant gaijin from making -lets face it the way i wanted my tea was inappropriate according to cultural standards and they were doing their best to help me save -they think that choice as seen through the american lens -they dont even hold true at americas own borders -some of these assumptions and the problems associated with them -how they were shaped by your -if a choice affects you then you should be the one to make it -this is the only way to ensure that your preferences and interests will be most fully accounted for it is essential for success -their guns regardless of what other people want or recommend -im going to take you around the world in eighteen minutes -its called being true to yourself -but do all individuals benefit from taking such an approach to choice -and i did a series of studies in which we sought the answer to this very question -group came in and they were greeted by miss smith who showed them six big piles of anagram -the kids got to choose which pile of anagrams they would like to do and they even got to choose which marker they would write their answers with -of operations is in the u s -group of children came in they were brought to the same room shown the same -they were told that their anagrams and their and markers had been chosen by their mothers -with this procedure we were able to ensure that the kids across the three groups all did the same activity making it easier for us to compare performance -such small differences in the way we administered the activity yielded striking differences in how well they -as compared to when it was chosen for them by miss smith or their mothers -it didnt matter who did the choosing if the task was dictated by another their performance -when they were told that their -been consulted -named mary said you asked my mother -asian american children performed best when they believed their mothers had made the choice second best when they chose for themselves -named natsumi even approached miss smith as she was leaving the room and -did it just like she said -if they had a concept of being true to ones -i knew even then that i would encounter cultural differences and misunderstandings but they popped up when i least -or you could say that the -were shaped by the preferences of specific others -clearly divided from others -when in contrast two or more individuals see their choices and their outcomes as intimately connected -they may amplify one anothers success by turning choosing into a -that is exactly what the american paradigm -but it is a mistake to assume that -of choosing alone -second assumption which informs the american view of choice goes something like -my first day i went to a restaurant and i ordered a cup of green tea with sugar -with twenty seven million -match com with what is it fifteen million date possibilities now -you will surely find the -a pause the waiter said -coke diet coke sprite seven to be exact -really caught me off -oh but it doesnt matter its all just soda thats just one choice -one does not put sugar in green tea -how many choices -when i put out juice and water in addition to these seven sodas now they perceived it as only three choices juice water and -the die hard devotion of many americans not just to a particular flavor of soda but to a particular brand -you and i know that coke is the better choice -and images do you associate with choice -from warsaw said -for me it is fear -there are some dilemmas you see -i am used to no choice -bohdan from kiev said in response to how he felt about the new consumer marketplace -it is too much we do not need everything that is there -a sociologist from the warsaw survey agency explained -all around them they were never given a chance to learn how to react -and tomasz a young polish man said -i dont need twenty kinds of chewing gum i dont mean to say that i want no choice but many of these choices are quite artificial -in reality many choices are between things that are -the value of choice depends on our ability to perceive differences between the -put sugar in green tea -see how one choice is unlike another -when there are too many choices to compare and contrast -i understand i said that the japanese do not put sugar in their green tea but id like to -choice no longer offers opportunities but imposes constraints -choice can develop into the very opposite of everything it represents in -when it is thrust upon those who are insufficiently prepared for it -my studies have shown that when you give people ten or more options when theyre making a choice -brings me to the -outside chicago a young couple susan and daniel mitchell were about to have their first baby -a name for -was seven months pregnant she started to experience contractions and was rushed to the emergency room -the baby was delivered through a -but barbara suffered cerebral anoxia a loss of oxygen to the brain -the doctors gave the mitchells a choice -they could either remove barbara off the life support in which case she would die within a matter of hours or -they could keep her on life support -in which case she might still die within a matter of days if she survived she would remain in a permanent vegetative state -never able to walk -talk or interact with others -they had all suffered -the same tragedy -the doctors decided whether and when the life support would be -while in the united states the final decision rested with the -cope with the loss of their loved one -i am very sorry we do not have sugar well since i couldnt have -were more likely to express negative emotions as compared to their french -for so little time -he taught us so much he gave us a new perspective on life -another -and another parent said -i feel as if ive played a role in an execution -i used to love going to this store -how many choices you make in a typical day -and he pointed to the busloads of tourists that would show up everyday with cameras ready usually -we decided to do a little -we there put out six different flavors of jam or twenty four different flavors of jam and we looked at two things -more people stopped when there were twenty four about sixty percent -now we see the opposite effect -of the people who stopped when there were twenty four only three percent of them actually bought a jar of jam of the people who stopped when there were six -well now we saw that thirty percent of them actually bought a jar of jam -i recently did a survey with over two thousand americans -now if you do the math people were at least six times more likely to buy a jar of jam if they encountered six -but it turns out that this choice overload problem affects us even in very consequential decisions we choose not to choose even when it goes against our best self interests -all in the u s -and the average number of choices that the typical american reports making is about seventy in a typical day -when there are more choices present -even then it has negative consequences -so for those people who did choose to participate the more choices available the more likely people were to completely avoid stocks or equity funds -the more choices available the more likely they were to put all their money in pure money market -simple techniques -techniques that we have tested in one way or another in different research venues that you can easily apply in your businesses -theres a lowering of costs there is an improvement of the choosing experience -a function of both increase in sales and lowering of costs -largest retailer -now in the financial savings world i think one of the best examples that has recently -those people who actually want to choose -theyre given twenty funds not three hundred or more funds -you know often people say i dont know how to cut -and the first thing i do is i ask the employees tell me how these choices are different from one another and if your employees cant tell them apart neither can your consumers -to offer people in this audience an all expenses paid free vacation to the most beautiful road in the world -that it was more real the second time around -because the pictures made it feel more real to you -which brings me to the second technique for handling the choice overload problem which is concretization -and that the consequences need to be felt in a vivid sort of way in a very concrete -a credit card as opposed to cash because it doesnt feel like real money -only about twelve percent of the decisions did they make an hour or more of their time -the one little thing we added -by doing that simple thing -so for example -heres a study we did in a magazine aisle -the magazine aisles range anywhere from three hundred and thirty -one different kinds of magazines all the way up to six hundred and sixty -think about your own choices -versus i show you four hundred magazines and divide them up into twenty categories -you believe that i have given you more choice and a better choosing experience if i gave you the four hundred than if i gave you the six hundred -because the categories tell me how to tell them apart -do you know how many choices make it into your nine minute category versus your one hour category -car colors exterior car colors ive got fifty six choices -today i want to talk about one of the biggest modern day choosing problems that we have -they go from low choice to high choice theyre hanging in there its the same information -its the same number of choices the only thing that i have done is i have varied the order in which that information is presented if i start you off easy i learn how to choose -which is the choice overload problem -so let me recap -cut get rid of the extraneous alternatives concretize make it real -i want to talk about the problem and some potential solutions -all of these techniques that im describing to you today are designed to help you manage your choices better for you you can use them on yourself better for the people that you are serving because i believe that the key to getting the most from choice is to be choosy about choosing -now as i talk about this problem im going to have some questions for you and im going to want to know your answers -its important for us to grow organically and we continuously make the conscious decision to reach that balance in fact research has shown that the more the world is flat if i use tom friedmans analogy or global -the more and more people are wanting to be different and for us young people theyre looking to become individuals and find their differences amongst themselves -which is why i prefer the richard wilk analogy of globalizing the local and localizing the global we dont want to be all the same but we want to respect each other and understand each other -and therefore tradition becomes more important not less important -myself and my brother belong to the under thirty demographic -im a representation of that phenomenon -and i think a lot of people in this room i can see a lot of you are in the same position as myself and im sure although we cant see the people in washington they are in the same position were continuously trying to straddle different worlds different cultures and trying to meet the challenges of a different expectation from ourselves and from others -so i want to ask a question what should culture in the twenty first century look like -in a time where the world is becoming personalized when the mobile phone the burger the telephone everything has its own personal identity how should we perceive ourselves and how should we perceive others how does that impact our desert culture -which pat said makes seventy percent but according to our statistics it makes sixty percent of the regions population -im not sure of how many of you in washington are aware of the cultural developments happening in the region and the more recent museum of islamic art opened in qatar in two thousand and eight i myself am personalizing these cultural developments but i also understand that this has to be done organically -yes we do have all the resources that we need in order to develop new cultural institutions but what i think is more important is that we are very fortunate to have visionary leaders who understand that this cant happen from outside it has to come from within -i want to ask you why do you think this is -is it because its a soft option we have nothing else to do no i dont think so i think that women in this part of the world realize that culture is an important component to connect people both locally and regionally -its a natural component for bringing people together discussing ideas in the same way were doing here at ted were here were part of a community sharing out ideas and discussing them art becomes a very important part of our national identity -the existential and social and political impact -an artist has on his nations development of cultural identity is very important -for their future generations its very important to maintain our cultural identities -why else do greeks demand the return of the elgin marbles and why is there an uproar when a private collector tries to sell his collection to a foreign museum why does it take me months on end to get an export license from london or new york in order to get pieces into my country -we have been reminiscing about the latest technologies and the ipods and for me the abaya my traditional dress that im wearing today -instead she tries to engage in a very important dialogue about her culture nation and heritage she does that through important visual forms of photography and film -create an open dialogue so that we share our ideas and share yours with us -in a few days we will be opening the arab museum of modern art -we have done extensive research to ensure that arab and muslim artists and arabs who are not muslims not all arabs are muslims by the way but we make sure that they are represented in this new institution this institution is government backed and it has been the case for the past three decades -now this is not a religious garment nor is it a religious statement instead its a diverse cultural statement that we choose to wear now i remember a few years ago -we will open the museum in a few days and i welcome all of you to get on qatar airways and come and join us -now this museum is just as important to us as the west -now visual expression is just one form of culture integration -we have realized that recently more and more people are using the means of youtube and social networking to express their stories share their photos and tell their own stories through their own voices in a similar way we have created the doha film institute -now the doha film institute is an organization to teach people about film and filmmaking last year we didnt have one qatari woman filmmaker today i am proud to say we have trained and educated over sixty six qatari women filmmakers to edit tell their own stories in their own voices -if youll allow me i would love to share a one minute film -that has proven to show that a sixty sec film can be as powerful as a haiku in telling a big picture and this is one of our filmmakers products -its important for two things -first it allows us to showcase our arab filmmakers and voices to one of the most cosmopolitan cities in the world new york city -no not the soft option that we have discussed before but rather the soft power that joseph nye has spoken about before -cultures a very important tool to bring people together we should not underestimate -this is a very interesting journey i welcome you on board for us to engage and discuss new ideas of how to bring people together through cultural initiatives and discussions -her answer was quite the contrary instead she felt more free more free because she could wear whatever she wanted under the abaya she could come to work in her pajamas and nobody would care -ladies and gentlemen thank you very much -we know that modernization is happening and yes qatar wants to be a modern nation but at the same time we are reconnecting and reasserting our arab heritage -it goes into your eye and it lands on your retina on the front end cells here the photoreceptors -then what happens is the retinal circuitry the middle part goes to work on it and what it does is it performs operations on it it extracts information from it and it converts that information into a code and the code is in the form of these patterns of electrical pulses that get sent up to the brain -and so the key thing is that the image ultimately gets converted into a code and when i say code i do literally mean code like this pattern of pulses here -actually means babys face and so when the brain gets this pattern of pulses it knows that what was out there was a babys face -so you know its sort of a complicated thing you have these patterns of pulses coming out of your eye -every millisecond telling your brain what it is -what we call an encoder and a transducer and so the encoder does just what i was saying it mimics the actions of the front end circuitry so it takes images in and converts them into the retinas code and then the transducer then makes the output cells send the code on up to the brain and the result is -a retinal prosthetic that can produce normal retinal output -so a completely blind retina even one with no front end circuitry at all no photoreceptors -and i just made the pulses a little bit smaller and thinner so i could show you a long stretch of data so as you can see the firing patterns from the blind animal treated with the encoder transducer really do very closely match the normal -in the normal firing patterns because they dont have the right code how important is this whats the potential impact on a patients ability to see so im just going to show you one bottom line -and on the right is from an actual blind retina so the encoder and the transducer but the key one really is the encoder alone because we can team up the encoder with the different transducer this is just actually the first one that we tried -able to communicate with the brain in its language and the potential power of being able to do that so its different from the motor prosthetics where youre communicating from the brain to a device here we have to communicate from the outside world into the brain and be understood and be understood by the brain -or jump over damaged areas in the cortex in the motor cortex to bridge the gap produced by a stroke i just want to end with a simple message that understanding the code is really really important -and if we can understand the code the language of the brain things become possible that didnt seem obviously possible before thank you -and so for the vast majority of patients their best hope for regaining sight is through prosthetic devices the problem is that current prosthetics dont work very well theyre still very limited in the vision that they can provide and so you know for example with these devices patients can see simple things like bright lights and high contrast edges not very much more -and what i wanted to do is show you how it works okay so let me back up a little bit and show you how a normal retina works first so you can see the problem that we were trying to solve here you have a retina so you have an image a retina and a brain so when you look at something like this image of this babys face -you can see its just a really spectacular extension of the limbs exploding upward to actually just catch a dead piece of shrimp that i had offered it -now the other type of mantis shrimp is the smasher stomatopod and these guys open up -like to learn how to play the lobster we have some here and thats not a joke we really do so come up afterwards and ill show you how to play a lobster -so the smasher raptorial appendage can stab with a point at the end or it can smash with the heel and today ill talk about the smashing type -of strike and so the first question that came to mind was well how fast does this limb move because its moving pretty darn fast on that video -and i immediately came upon a problem every single high speed video system in the biology department at berkeley wasnt fast enough -to catch this movement we simply couldnt capture it on video and so this had me stymied for quite a long period of time and then a bbc crew came cruising through the biology department looking for a story -to do about new technologies in biology and so we struck up a deal i said well if you guys rent the high speed video system that could capture these movements you guys can film -that allows you to film at extremely high speeds in low light and low light is a critical issue with filming animals -so actually i started working on whats called the mantis shrimp a few years ago because they make sound this is a recording i made of a mantis shrimp thats found off the coast of california -because if its too high you fry them so this is a -mantis shrimp there are the eyes up here and theres that raptorial appendage and theres the heel and that things going to swing around and smash the snail and the snails wired to a stick so hes a little bit easier to set up the shot -snail rights activists -this was filmed at five thousand frames per second and im playing it back at fifteen and so this is slowed down three hundred and thirty three times -and as youll notice its still pretty gosh darn fast slowed down three hundred and thirty three times its an incredibly powerful movement the whole limb extends out the body flexes backwards -just a spectacular movement and so what we did is we took a look at these videos and we measured how fast the limb was moving to get back to that original question -for those of you who prefer miles per hour thats over forty five miles per hour in water and this is really darn fast in fact its so -we were able to add a new point -the extreme animal movement spectrum and mantis shrimp are officially the fastest measured feeding strike of any animal system so -so that was really cool and very unexpected so you might be wondering well how do they do it -and actually this work was done in the nineteen sixties by a famous biologist named malcolm burrows and what he showed in mantis shrimp is that they use whats called a catch mechanism or click mechanism and what this basically consists -is a large muscle that takes a good long time to contract and a latch that prevents anything from moving so the muscle contracts and nothing happens and once the muscles contracted completely everythings stored up the latch flies upward and -youve got the movement and thats basically whats called a power amplification system it takes a long time for the muscle to contract and a very short time for the limb to fly out -and so i thought that this was sort of the end of the story this was how mantis shrimps make these very fast strikes but then i took a trip to -this is serious business -what i saw on every single mantis shrimp limb whether its a spearer or a smasher is a beautiful saddle shaped structure right on the top surface of the limb -and you can see it right here it just looks like a saddle youd put on a horse its a very beautiful structure and its surrounded by membranous areas and those membranous areas suggested to me that maybe this is some kind of dynamically flexible structure -have to have a spring there needs to be some kind of spring loaded mechanism in order to generate the amount of force that we observe and the speed that we observe and the output of the system -so we thought ok this must be a spring the saddle could very well be a spring and we went back to those high speed videos again -and we could actually visualize the saddle compressing and extending and ill just do that one more time -bit hard to see its outlined in yellow the saddle is outlined in yellow you can actually see it extending over the course of the strike and actually hyperextending so weve had very solid evidence showing that that saddle shaped structure -and while thats an absolutely fascinating sound it actually turns out to be a very difficult project and while i was struggling to figure out how and why mantis shrimp or stomatopods make sound i started to think about -an anticlastic surface and this is very well known to engineers and architects because its a very strong surface in -it has curves in two directions one curve upward and opposite transverse curve down the other so any kind of perturbation spreads the forces over the surface of -this type of shape so its very well known to engineers not as well known to biologists its also known to quite a few -the most famous architects is eduardo catalano who popularized this structure and whats shown here is a saddle shaped roof -that he built thats eighty seven and a half feet spanwise its two and a half inches thick and supported at two points -and one of the reasons why he designed roofs this way is because its he found it fascinating that you could build such a strong structure thats made of so few materials and can be supported by so few points and all of these are -the same principles that apply to the saddle shaped spring in stomatopods in biological systems its important not to have a whole lot of extra material requirements for building it -so very interesting parallels between the biological and the engineering worlds and interestingly this turns out the stomatopod saddle turns out to be the first described biological hyperbolic paraboloid spring thats a bit long but it is sort of interesting -so the next and final question was well how much force does a mantis shrimp produce if theyre able to break open snails -and so i wired up whats called a load cell a load cell measures forces and this is actually a piezoelectronic load cell that has a little crystal in it and when this crystal is squeezed the electrical properties change and it which in proportion to the forces that go in -their appendages and mantis shrimp are called mantis shrimp after the praying mantises which also have a fast feeding appendage -so these animals are wonderfully aggressive and are really hungry all the time and so all i had to do was actually put a little shrimp paste on the front of the load cell and theyd smash away at it and so this is -of the animal just smashing the heck out of this -were able to get some force measurements out and again we were in for a surprise i purchased a one hundred pound load cell thinking no animal could produce more than one hundred pounds at this size of an animal -time is on the x axis and the force is on the y axis and you can see two peaks and that was what really got me puzzled -the first peak obviously is the limb hitting the load cell but theres a really large second peak half a millisecond later -and i didnt know what that was so now youd expect a second peak for other reasons but not half a millisecond later again going back to those high speed videos theres a pretty good hint of what might be going on -heres that same orientation that we saw earlier theres that raptorial appendage theres the heel and its going to swing around and hit the load cell and what id like you to do in this shot is keep your eye on this on the surface of the load cell -as the limb comes -flying through and i hope what you are able to see is actually a flash of light -and so if we just take that one frame what you can actually see there at the end of that yellow arrow is a vapor bubble and what that is is cavitation -and cavitation is an extremely potent fluid dynamic phenomenon which occurs when you have areas of water moving at extremely different speeds -when this happens it can cause areas of very low pressure which results in the water literally vaporizing -about the extreme stomatopod strike work that ive done in collaboration with wyatt korff and -and when that vapor bubble collapses it emits sound light and heat and its a very destructive process and so here it is in the -so this is a potent -in fluid systems -and just to sort of take it one step further im going to show you the mantis shrimp approaching the snail this is taken at twenty thousand frames per second -and i have to give full credit to the bbc cameraman tim green for setting this shot up because i could never have done this in a million years one of the benefits of working with professional cameramen -so really just an amazing image slowed down extremely to extremely slow speeds -so mantis shrimp come in two varieties there are spearers and smashers -and again we can see it in slightly different form there with the bubble forming and collapsing between those two surfaces in fact you might have even seen some cavitation going up the edge of the -so to solve this quandary of the two force peaks what i think was going on is that first impact is actually the limb hitting the load cell and the second impact is actually the collapse of the cavitation bubble and these animals may very well be making use of not only the force -so really fascinating double whammy so to speak from these animals -and this is a spearing mantis shrimp or stomatopod and he lives in the sand and he catches things that go by -so one question i often get after this talk so i figured id answer it now is well what happens to the animal because obviously if its breaking snails the poor limb must be disintegrating and indeed it does -is that you have to molt and every three months or so these animals molt and they build a new limb and its no problem very very convenient solution to that particular problem -like to end on sort of a wacky note -maybe this is all wacky to folks like you -so the saddles that saddle shaped spring has actually been well known to biologists for a long time not as a spring but as a visual signal -of visual signals on whats really in all species their spring and i think one explanation for this could be going back to the molting phenomenon -so a quick strike like that -so these animals go into a molting period where theyre unable to strike their bodies become very soft and theyre literally unable to strike or theyll self destruct this is -for real -and what they do is up until that time period when they cant strike they become really obnoxious and awful and they strike everything in sight it doesnt matter who or what and the second they get into that time point when they cant strike any more -just signal they wave their legs around and its one of the classic examples in animal behavior of bluffing its a well established fact of these animals that they actually bluff they cant actually strike but they pretend to -very curious about whether those colored dots in the center of the saddles are conveying some kind of information about their ability to strike or their strike force and something about the time period in the molting cycle -so sort of an interesting strange fact to find a visual structure right in the middle of their spring -so to conclude i mostly want to acknowledge my two collaborators wyatt korff and roy caldwell who worked closely with me on this -and also the miller institute for basic research in science which gave me three years of funding to just do science all the time and for that im very grateful thank you very much -and he said that these people in the cities in one flush expend as much water as you people in the rural areas dont get for two days -true i went to see a friend of mine and he made -in his apartment in malabar hill on the twentieth floor which is a really really upmarket area in mumbai and he was having a shower for twenty minutes i got bored and left and as i drove out i drove past the slums of bombay as you always do -and i saw lines and lines in the hot midday sun of women and children with buckets waiting for a tanker to come and give them water -and an idea started to develop so how does that become a story i suddenly realized that we are heading towards disaster so my next film is called paani which means water -and now out of the mythology of that im starting to create a world what kind of world do i create and where does the -to build flyovers to get from a to b faster but they effectively went from one area of relative wealth to another -and then what they did was they created a city above the flyovers and the rich people moved to the upper city and left the poorer people in the lower cities about ten to twelve percent -of the people have moved to the upper city now where does this upper city and lower city come theres a mythology in india about where they say -and ill say it in hindi right -says the rich are always sitting on the shoulders and survive on the shoulders of the poor so from that mythology the upper city and lower city come so the design has a story -and they drip feed the lower city and if theres any revolution they cut off the water and because democracy still exists -democratic way in which you say well if you well give you water so okay -but i can go on about telling you how we evolve stories and how stories effectively are who we are and how these get translated into the particular discipline that i am in which is film but ultimately what is -its a contradiction everythings a contradiction the universe is a contradiction and all of us are constantly looking for harmony -when you get up the night and day is a contradiction but you get up at four am that first blush of blue is where the night and day are trying to find harmony with -its the effect of looking for harmony in the contradiction that exists in a poets mind a contradiction that exists in a storytellers mind -in a storytellers mind is a contradiction of moralities in a poets mind is a conflict of words in the universes mind between day and night in the mind of a man and a woman -looking constantly at the contradiction between male and female were looking for harmony with each other the whole idea of contradiction but the acceptance of contradiction is the telling of a story not the resolution -the problem with a lot of the storytelling in hollywood and many films and as was saying in his that we try to resolve the contradiction harmony -not resolution harmony is the suggestion of a thing that is much larger that resolution harmony is the suggestion of something that is embracing and universal and of eternity and of the moment -is looking for harmony and infinity in moral resolutions resolving one but letting another go letting another go and creating a question that is really important thank you very much -so she was dancing so how many people who saw the film did not get that here was a woman in love that she was completely innocent and saw great joy in her life and she was youthful and -you did not get that thats the power of visual storytelling thats the power of dance thats the power of music the power of not knowing when i go out to direct a film -rid of this mind that says hey you know what youre doing you know exactly what youre doing youre a director youve done it for years -so ive got to get there and be in complete panic so its a symbolic gesture i tear up the script i go on i -panic myself i get scared im doing it right now you can watch me im getting nervous i dont know what to say i dont know what im doing i dont want to go there and as i go there of course my ad says -you know what youre going to do -and the studio executives they would say hey look at shekhar hes all prepared and -hes chaotic im allowing myself to go into chaos because out of chaos im hoping some moments of truth will come all -and if you get five great moments of great organic stuff in your storytelling in your film your film audiences will get it so im looking for those moments and im standing there and -so ultimately everybodys looking at you two hundred people at seven in the morning who got there at quarter to seven and you arrived at seven and everybodys saying hey -whats the first thing whats going to happen and you put yourself into a state of panic where you dont know and so you dont know and so because you dont know youre praying to the universe because your praying to the universe -we went around the table with the studio and the producers and the writer and they came to me and said shekhar what do you think and i said -something im going to try and access the universe the way einstein say a prayer accessed his equations the same source -im looking for the same source because creativity comes from absolutely the same source that you meditate somewhere outside yourself outside the universe youre looking for something that comes and hits you until that hits you youre not going to do the first shot -so what do you do so kate says shekhar what do you want me to do and i say kate what do you want to -great actor and i like to give to my actors why dont you show me what you -doing im trying to buy time im trying to buy time so the first thing about storytelling that i learned and i follow all the time is -panic panic is the great access of creativity because thats the only way to get rid of your mind get rid of your mind -i think shes dancing -you said that yesterday im just repeating it because thats what i follow constantly to find the shunyata somewhere the emptiness out of the emptiness comes a moment of creativity so thats what i do when i was a kid -you remember how india was there was no pollution in delhi we used to -and i could see everybody looked at me somebody said bollywood the other said how much did we hire him for and the third said -or the khota now become a bad word it means their terrace and we used to sleep out at night at school i was being just taught about physics -and i was told that if there is something that exists then it is measurable if it is not measurable it does not exist -and at night i would lie out at the unpolluted sky as delhi used to be at that time when i was a kid and i used to stare at the universe and say how far does this universe go my father was a doctor and i -go and he said son it goes on forever so i said please measure forever -because in school theyre teaching me that if i cannot measure it it does not exist i doesnt come into my frame of reference -so how far does eternity go what does forever mean and i would lie there crying at night because my imagination could not touch creativity so what did i do -at that time at the tender age of seven i created a story what was my story and i dont know why -but i remember the story there was a woodcutter whos about to pick his ax and chop a piece of wood and the whole galaxy is one atom of -and when that ax hits that piece of wood thats when everything will destroy and the big bang will happen again but all before that there was a woodcutter and then when i would run out of that story i would imagine that woodcutters universe -i thought i had better change so we had a lot of discussion on how to introduce elizabeth and i said okay maybe i am too bollywood maybe -is one atom in the ax of another woodcutter so every time i could tell my story again and again and get over this problem -and so i got over the problem how did i do it tell a story so what is a story -a story is our all of us we are the stories we tell ourselves in this universe and this existence -where we live with this duality of whether we exist or not and who are we the stories we tell ourselves are the stories that define the potentialities of our existence -we are the stories we tell ourselves so thats as wide as we look at stories a story is the relationship that you develop between -who you are or who you potentially -and the infinite world and thats our mythology we tell our stories and a person without a story does not exist so -einstein told a story and followed his stories and came up with theories and came up with theories and then came up with his equations -alexander had a story that his mother used to tell him and he went out to conquer the world we all everybody has a story that they follow we tell ourselves stories so i will go further and i say -i tell a story and therefore i exist i exist because there are stories and if there are no stories we dont exist we create stories to define our existence if we do not create the stories we -i dont know im not sure but thats what ive done all the time now a film -a film tells a story i often wonder when i make a film im thinking of making a film of the buddha and i often wonder if buddha had all the elements that are given to a director -if he had music if he had visuals if he had a video camera would we get buddhism better but that puts some kind of burden on me i have to tell a story in a much more elaborate way -and i look for stories on each level now it is not necessary that these stories agree with each other what is wonderful is at many times the stories will contradict with each other so when i work with -so -threatened by philip ii and was going to war and was going to war fell in love with walter -heres the story i was telling the -but the divine one was unjust so the gods said okay what we need to do is help the just one -and so they helped the just one and what they did was they sent walter raleigh down to physically separate her mortal self from her spirit self and the mortal self was the girl that walter -was sent and gradually he separated her so she was free to be divine and the two divine people fought -and the gods were on the side of divinity of course all the british press got really upset they said we won the armada -i said but the storm won the armada the gods sent the storm so what was i doing i was trying to find a mythic reason to make the film -of course when i asked kate blanchett i said whats the film about she said the films about a woman coming to -growing older psychological the writer said its about history plot i said its about mythology the gods so -let me show you a film a piece from that film and how a camera also so this is a scene where in my mind she was at the depths of mortality -she was discovering what mortality actually means and if she is at the depths of mortality what really happens and shes recognizing -the dangers of mortality and why she should break away from mortality remember in the film to me both her and her lady in waiting were parts of the same body -one the mortal self and one the spirit self so can we have that second -my -this is not the queen i love and -this man has seduced a ward of the queen -what am i trying to -elizabeth has realized and shes coming face to face with her own sense of jealousy her own sense of mortality -the architecture is telling a story the architecture is telling a story about how even though shes the most powerful woman in the world at that time there is the other the architecture -the stone is bigger than her because stone is inorganic itll survive her so its telling you to me stone is part of -not only that why is the camera looking down the cameras looking down at her because shes in the well shes in the absolute well of her own sense of -being mortal thats where she has to pull herself out from the depths of mortality come in release her spirit -and thats the moment where in my mind both elizabeth and bess are the same person but thats the moment shes surgically removing herself from -so the film is operating on many many levels in that scene and how we tell stories visually with music with actors and at each level its a different sense and sometimes contradictory to each other -so how do -start all this whats the process of telling a story about ten years ago i heard this little thing from a politician not a politician that was very well respected in india -he reckons the best way to get that message across is to use the enormously popular medium of music videos four shbab was set up as an alternative to existing arab music channels and they look something like this -that by the way is haifa wehbe shes a lebanese pop star and pan arab pin up girl -hello everyone because this is my first time at ted ive decided to bring along an old friend to help break the ice -in the world of four shbab its not about bump and grind but its not about fire and brimstone either its videos are intended to show a kinder gentler face of islam -for young people to deal with lifes challenges now my second example is for a slightly younger crowd and its called the ninety nine -now these are the worlds first islamic superheros they were created by a kuwaiti psychologist called nayef al mutawa and his desire is to rescue islam from images of intolerance all in a child friendly format -the ninety nine the characters are meant to embody the ninety nine attributes of allah justice wisdom mercy among others -so for example there is the character of noora she is meant to have the power to look inside people and see the good and bad in everyone -another character called jami has the ability to create fantastic inventions now the ninety nine is not just a comic book its now a theme park there is an animated series in the works -the ninety nine and four shbab are just two of many examples of this sort of islamic cross cultural hybridization were not talking here about a clash of civilizations -nor is it some sort of indistinguishable mash i like to think of it as a mesh of civilizations in which the strands of different cultures are intertwined -yes thats right this is barbie shes fifty years old and shes looking as young as ever but id also like to introduce you to what may be an unfamiliar face -we made you into nations and tribes so that you could learn from one another and to my mind those are pretty wise words no matter what your creed -this is fulla fulla is the arab worlds answer to barbie now according the proponents of the clash of civilizations -its just not going to be pretty my experience however in the islamic world is very different where i work in the arab region -i want to show you two examples the first is four shbab it means for youth and its a new arab tv channel -from across the -not -is -he was released but then a day or two later he was taken to the airport and he was deported what on earth did this man do to merit this treatment what was his terrible crime -he was infected with hiv -now the kingdom is one of about fifty countries that imposes restrictions on the entry or stay of people living with hiv -the kingdom argues that its laws allow it to detain or deport foreigners who pose a risk to the economy -or the security or the public health or the morals of the state but these laws when applied to people living with hiv are a violation of international human rights agreements to which these countries are signatories but you know what matters of principle aside -story -practically speaking these laws drive hiv underground people are less likely to come forth to be tested or treated or to disclose their condition none of which helps these individuals or the communities these laws purport to protect -today we can prevent the transmission of hiv and with treatment it is a manageable condition we are very far from the days when the only practical response to dread disease was to have banished the afflicted like this the exile of the leper -so you tell me why in our age of science we still have laws and policies which come from an age of superstition time for a quick show of hands -once upon a time -well actually less than two years ago in a kingdom not so very far away -who here has been touched by hiv -either because you yourself have the virus or you have a family member or a friend or a colleague who is living with hiv -and the laws reflect these attitudes im not just talking about laws on the books but laws as they are enforced on the streets and laws as they are decided in the courts -and im not just talking about laws as they relate to people living with hiv but people who are at greatest risk of infection -people such as those who inject drugs or sex workers or men who have sex with men or transgendered persons or migrants or prisoners and in many parts of the world that includes women and children who are especially vulnerable -now there are laws in many parts of the world which reflect the best of human nature these laws treat people touched by hiv with compassion and acceptance these laws respect universal human rights and they are grounded in evidence -there was a man who traveled many miles to come to work at the jewel in the kingdoms crown an internationally famous company lets call it island networks now this kingdom had many resources and mighty ambitions but the one thing it lacked was people -these laws ensure that people living with hiv and those at greatest risk are protected from violence and discrimination and that they get access to prevention and to treatment -unfortunately -these good laws are counter balanced by a mass of really bad law -law which is grounded in moral judgement and in fear and in misinformation -but you know what you dont have to take my word for it were going to hear from two people who are on the sharp end of the law the first is nick rhoades hes an american and he was convicted under the u s state of iowas law on hiv transmission and exposure neither of which offense he actually committed -how bad you are as a person -youre a class b felon lifetime sex offender -its not just a question of unfair or ineffective laws some countries have good laws laws which could stem the tide of hiv the problem is that these laws are flouted -because stigma gives unofficial license to treat people living with hiv or those at greatest risk unlike other citizens -and this is exactly what happened to helma and dongo from namibia -hilma and nick and our man in the kingdom are among the thirty four million people living with hiv according to recent estimates -and so it invited workers from around the world to come and help it build the nation -we actually see some reason for hope -looking globally the number of new infections of hiv is declining -and looking globally as well deaths are also starting to fall there are many reasons for these positive developments but one of the most remarkable is in the increase in the number of people around the world on anti retroviral therapy the medicines they need to keep their hiv in check -now there are still many problems only about half of the people who need treatment are currently receiving it in some parts of the world like here in the middle east and north africa new infections are rising and so are deaths -and the money the money we need for the global response to hiv that is shrinking -for the first time in three decades into this epidemic we have a real chance to come to grips with hiv but in order to do that we need to tackle an epidemic of really bad law -its for this reason that the global commission on hiv and the law of which im a member was established by the agencies of the united nations to look at the ways that legal environments are affecting people living with hiv and those at greatest risk -and to recommend what should be done to make the law an ally not an enemy of the global response to hiv -let me give you just one example of the way a legal environment can make a positive difference -people who inject drugs are one of those groups i mentioned theyre at high risk of hiv through contaminated injection equipment and other risk related behaviors in fact one in every ten new infections of hiv is among people who inject drugs -now drug use or possession is illegal in almost every country but some countries take a harder line on this than others -in thailand people who use drugs or are merely suspected of using drugs are placed in detention centers like the one you see here where they are supposed to clean up -there is absolutely no evidence to show that throwing people into detention cures their drug dependence -there is however ample evidence to show that incarcerating people increases their risk of hiv and other infections -we know how to reduce hiv transmission and other risks in people who inject drugs its called harm reduction -and it involves among other things providing clean needles and syringes -offering opioid substitution therapy and other evidence based treatments to reduce drug dependence -it involves providing information and education and condoms to reduce hiv transmission and also providing hiv testing and counseling and treatment should people become infected -where the legal environment allows for harm reduction -the results are striking -australia and switzerland were two countries which introduced harm reduction very early on in their hiv epidemics and they have a very low rate of hiv among injecting drug users -the medical personnel who took blood samples from the man never actually told him what they were testing for he wasnt offered counseling before or after the test which is best medical practice he was never informed of the results of the test -the u s and malaysia came to harm reduction a little later and they have higher rates of hiv in these populations -thailand and russia however have resisted harm reduction and have stringent laws which punish drug use -and hey surprise very high rates of hiv among people who are injecting drugs -at the global commission we have studied the evidence -now coming up with a vaccine for hiv or a cure for aids now thats rocket science but changing the law isnt and in fact a number of countries are starting to make progress on a number of points -to begin countries need to review their legislation as it touches hiv and vulnerable groups -on the back of those reviews governments should repeal laws that punish or discriminate against people living with hiv or those at greatest risk repealing a law isnt easy and its particularly difficult when it relates to touchy subjects like drugs and sex -but theres plenty you can do while that process is underway -one of the key points is to reform the police so that they have better practices on the ground so for example outreach workers who are distributing condoms to vulnerable populations are not themselves subject to police harassment or abuse or arbitrary arrest -we can also train judges so that they find flexibilities in the law and so that they rule on the side of tolerance rather than prejudice -we can retool prisons so that hiv prevention and harm reduction is available to prisoners -but awareness needs action and so we need to ensure that these people who are living with hiv or at greatest risk of hiv have access to legal services and they have equal access to the courts -and also important is talking to communities so that we change interpretations of religious or customary law which is too often used to justify punishment and fuel stigma -for many of us here hiv is not an abstract threat it hits very close to home -the law on the other hand can seem remote arcane the stuff of specialists but it isnt because for those of us who live in democracies or in aspiring democracies the law begins with us -and yet a couple of weeks later he was picked up and taken to prison where he was subjected to a medical exam including a full body search -laws that treat people living with hiv or those at greatest risk with respect start with the way that we treat them ourselves as equals if we are going to stop the spread of hiv in our lifetime -then that is the change we need to spread thank you -in full view of the others in the cell -i see some first steps -start thinking of solitude as a good thing -make room for it -find ways to demonstrate this as a value to your children -create sacred spaces at home the kitchen the dining room and reclaim them for conversation do the same thing at work at work were so busy communicating that we often dont have time to think -we dont have time to talk about the things that really matter -including to the boring bits -because its when we stumble or hesitate or lose our words -that we reveal ourselves -im optimistic -we have everything we need to start -so in my work i hear that life is hard -relationships are filled with risk -and then theres technology -online and with avatars -she sleeps with her -were drawn to virtual romance to computer games that seem like worlds to the idea that robots robots -will someday be our true companions -we spend an evening on the social network instead of -going to the pub with friends -but our fantasies of substitution have cost us -our own bodies our own communities our own politics our own planet -the technology of our dreams to make this life -but this time its not one -that will get me on the cover of wired magazine -but i believe and im here to make the case that were letting it take us places that we dont want to go -over the past fifteen years ive studied technologies of mobile communication and ive interviewed hundreds and hundreds of people young and old about their plugged in lives -they change who we are -some of the things we do now with our devices are things that only a few years ago -we would have found odd -or disturbing -but theyve quickly come to seem familiar -just how we do things so just to take some quick examples people text or do email during corporate board meetings they text and shop and go on facebook during classes during presentations actually -during all meetings people talk to me about the important new skill of making eye contact -her text said -about not having their parents full attention but then these same children deny each other their full attention this is a recent shot of my daughter -and we even text at funerals i study this -you will rock -we remove ourselves from our grief or from our revery and we go into our phones -trouble certainly in how we relate to each other -but also trouble in how we relate to ourselves -were getting used to a new way of being alone together -people want to be with each other but also elsewhere -connected to all the different places they want to be people want to customize their lives they want to go in and out of all the places they are because the thing that matters most to them -but you only want to pay attention to the bits that interest you -and some people think thats a good thing -but you can end up hiding from each other -even as were all constantly connected to each other -and so there you have it -but then he stops himself and he says you know im not telling you the truth im the one who doesnt want to be interrupted -i think i should want to -but actually id rather just do things on my blackberry -across the generations i see that people cant get enough of each other if and only if -they can have each other at a distance in amounts they can control -i embody the central -i call it the goldilocks effect -someday but certainly not now -id like to learn how to have a conversation -when i ask people whats wrong with having a conversation people say ill tell you whats wrong with having a conversation it takes place in real time -the face the voice the flesh the body -whos going to tell you that too many of them -and when we do one of the things that can happen is that we sacrifice conversation -and over time -we seem to forget this -me a profound -question a profound question -dont all those little sips of online communication -of real conversation -my answer was no -or even for saying i love you -i mean look at how i felt when i got that text from my daughter -but they dont really work for learning about each other for really coming to know and understand each other -to learn how to have conversations with ourselves -so a flight from conversation can really matter -because it can compromise our capacity for self reflection for kids growing up that skill is the bedrock of development -over and over i hear i would rather text than talk and what im seeing is that people get so used to being short changed out of real conversation -will be more like a best friend someone who will listen -when others wont -i believe this wish reflects -rebecca was five years old and she was sitting right there in the front row i had just written a book that celebrated our life on the internet and i was about to be on the cover of wired magazine -and the feeling that no one is listening to me make us want to spend time with machines that seem to care about us -were developing robots they call them sociable robots that are specifically designed to be companions to the elderly -will be there for each other -during my research i worked in nursing homes and i brought in these sociable robots -that were designed to give the elderly the feeling that they were understood -and one day i came in and a woman who had lost a child -it seemed to be looking in her eyes it seemed to be following the conversation it comforted her -and many people found this amazing -but that woman was trying to make sense -that robot put on a great show -and were vulnerable people experience pretend empathy as though it were the real thing -it doesnt know life -and as that woman took comfort in her robot companion -i didnt find it amazing -i found it one of the most wrenching complicated moments in my fifteen years of work -we expect more from technology and less from each other -and i ask myself -why have things come to this -and i believe its because technology appeals to us most -where we are most vulnerable -and we are vulnerable -in those heady days we were experimenting with chat rooms and online virtual communities we were exploring different aspects of ourselves and then we unplugged -and so from social networks to sociable robots were designing technologies that will give us the illusion of companionship without the demands of friendship we turn to technology to help us feel connected in ways we can comfortably control but were not so comfortable -that we will always be heard and three that we will never have to be alone and that third idea that we will never have to be alone is central to changing our psyches -because the moment that people are alone even for a few seconds they become anxious they panic they fidget they reach for a device just think of people at a checkout line or at a red light being alone feels like a problem -that needs to be solved and so people try to solve it by connecting -but here connection is more like a symptom than a cure it expresses but it doesnt solve an underlying problem -but more than a symptom constant connection is changing the way people think of themselves its shaping a new way of being the best way to describe it is i share therefore i am -the problem with this new regime of i share therefore i am is that if we dont have connection we dont feel like ourselves we almost dont feel ourselves so what do we do we connect -i was excited and as a psychologist what excited me most was the idea that we would use what we learned in the virtual world about ourselves about our identity to live better lives in the real world -how do you get from connection to isolation you end up isolated if you dont cultivate the capacity for solitude the ability to be separate to gather yourself -solitude is where you find yourself -when we dont have the capacity for solitude -to support our fragile sense of self we slip into thinking that always being connected is going to make us feel -if were not able to be alone -when i spoke at ted in one thousand nine hundred and ninety six reporting on my studies of the early virtual communities i said those who make the most of their lives on the screen -come to it in a spirit of self reflection -and thats what im calling for here now -reflection and more than that a conversation about where our current use of technology may be taking us what it might be costing us were smitten -with technology and were afraid like young lovers that too much talking might spoil the romance but its time to talk -we grew up with digital technology and so we see it as all grown up -but its not its early days theres plenty of time for us to reconsider how we use it how we build it im not suggesting that we turn away from our devices -just that we develop a more self aware relationship with them with each other and with ourselves -things got better and better and within three or four months -finally in about the sixteenth century a physician whose name was theophrastus bombastus auricularis von hohenheim called paracelsus a name probably familiar to some people here -i was discharged from that hospital and i joined a group of surgeons where i could work with other people -in the community not in new haven but fairly close by i stayed there for three years at the end of three years i went back to new haven had remarried by -with me actually to make sure i could get through this -the career -even better than it had been before went -right back into the university -as i said close to thirty years -i stopped doing surgery about six years ago and became a full time writer as many people know but its been very exciting its been very happy every once in a while i have to say -while i get somewhat depressed and a little obsessional so im not free of all of this -but its worked its always worked -never ever talking about this to talk about it -those of you who know -some of these books know that one is about death and dying one is about the human body and the human spirit one is about the way mystical thoughts are constantly in our minds and they have always to do -with my own personal experiences -one might think reading these books and ive gotten thousands of letters about them by people who do think this that based on my lifes history as ive portrayed in the books my early lifes history i am someone -who has overcome adversity that i am someone who has drunk drank drunk of the bitter dregs of -near disaster in childhood and emerged not just unscathed but -really have it figured out so that i can advise people about death and dying so that i can talk about mysticism and the human spirit and ive always felt guilty about -ive always felt that somehow i was an impostor because my readers dont know what i have just told you -its known by some people in new haven obviously but it is not generally known so one of the reasons that i have come here to talk about this today -good old paracelsus found that he could predict the degree of convulsion by using a measured amount of camphor -is to frankly selfishly unburden myself and let it be known -this is not an untroubled mind that has written all of these books but more importantly i think -is the fact that a very significant proportion of people in this audience are under thirty and there are many of course who are well over thirty -for people under thirty and it looks to me like almost all of you i would say all of you are either on the cusp of a magnificent and exciting career or right into a magnificent and exciting career -anything can happen to you things change accidents happen something from childhood comes back to haunt you you can be thrown off the track i hope it happens to none of you but it will probably -to a small percentage of you to those to whom it doesnt happen there will be adversities -with the bleakness of spirit with no spirit that i had in the nineteen seventies and no possibility of recovery as far as that group -very experienced psychiatrists thought if i can find my way back from this believe me anybody can find their way back from any adversity that exists in their lives -to produce the convulsion can you imagine going to your closet pulling out a mothball and chewing on it if youre feeling depressed its better than prozac but i wouldnt recommend -and for those who are older who have lived through perhaps not something as bad as this but who have lived through difficult times perhaps where they lost everything as i did and started out all over again some of these things -will seem very familiar -there is -recovery -there is -redemption and there is resurrection -there are resurrection themes in every society that has ever been studied and it is because not just only do we fantasize about the possibility of resurrection and recovery but it actually happens and it happens a lot -the most popular resurrection theme outside of specifically religious ones is the one -about the phoenix the ancient story of the phoenix who every five hundred years resurrects itself from its own ashes to go on to live a life -is even more beautiful than it was before richard thanks very much -well along comes benjamin franklin and he comes close to convulsing himself with a bolt of electricity off the end of his kite and so people begin thinking in terms of electricity to produce convulsions and then we fast forward -id like to do pretty much what i did the first time which is to choose a light hearted theme -that if they had an epileptic a series of epileptic fits a lot of them in a row the depression would very frequently lift not only would it lift but it might never return -so they got very interested in producing convulsions measured types of convulsions and they thought well weve got electricity well plug somebody into the wall -that always makes hair stand up and people shake a lot so they tried it on a few pigs and none of the pigs were killed -so they went to the police and they said we know that at the rome railroad station there are all these lost souls wandering around muttering gibberish can you bring one of them to us -someone who is as the italians say cagutis so they found this cagutis guy a thirty nine year old man who was really hopelessly schizophrenic who was known had been known for months -last time i talked about death and dying -to be literally defecating on himself talking nothing that made any sense and they brought him into the hospital -so these three psychiatrists after about two or three weeks of observation laid him down on a table connected his temples to a very small source of current they thought well -try fifty five volts two tenths of a second thats not going to do anything terrible to him so they did that well i -the following from a firsthand observer who told me this about thirty five years ago when i was thinking about these things for some research project of mine -this time im going to talk about mental illness -he said this fellow remember he wasnt even put to sleep after this major grand mal convulsion sat right up looked at these three fellas and said what the fuck are you assholes trying to do -i could only say that in -well they were happy as could be because he hadnt said a rational word in the weeks of observation -but it has to be technological so ill talk about electroshock therapy -so they plugged him in again and this time they used one hundred and ten volts for half a second and to their amazement after it was over he began speaking like he was perfectly well -but they wrote a paper about this and everybody in the western world began using electricity -to convulse people who were either schizophrenic or severely depressed it didnt work very well on the schizophrenics but it was pretty clear in the thirties and by the middle of the forties -they would anesthetize people convulse them but the real difficulty was that there was no way to paralyze muscles so people would have a real grand mal seizure -you know ever since man had any notion that some of his other people his colleagues could be different could be strange could be severely depressed or what we now recognize as schizophrenia -bones were broken especially in old fragile people you couldnt use it and then in the nineteen fifties late nineteen fifties the so called muscle relaxants were developed by pharmacologists -and it got so that you could induce a complete convulsion an electroencephalographic convulsion you could see it on the brain waves -without causing any convulsion in the body except a little bit of twitching of the toes so again it was very very popular and very very useful -well you know in the middle sixties the first antidepressants came out tofranil was the first -in the late seventies early eighties there were others and they were very effective and patients rights groups seemed to get very upset about the kinds of things -that they would witness and so the whole idea of electroconvulsive electroshock therapy -probably about ten percent of the people severe depressives do not respond regardless of what is done for -now why am i telling you this story -im telling you this story because actually ever since richard called me and asked me to talk about as he asked all of his speakers to talk about something -that would be new to this audience that we had never talked about never written about ive been planning this moment -reason really is that i am a man who almost thirty years ago had his life saved by -long courses of electroshock therapy and let me tell you this story -i was in the nineteen sixties in a marriage to use the word bad would be perhaps the understatement of the year it was dreadful -there are im sure enough divorced people in this room to know about the hostility the anger who knows what being someone who had -a very difficult childhood a very difficult adolescence it had to do with not quite poverty but close it had to do with being brought up in a family where no one spoke -he was certain that this kind of illness had to come from evil spirits getting into the body so the way of treating -things got worse as we really began to hate each other i became progressively depressed over a period of a couple of years trying to save this marriage which was inevitably not to be -my major surgical cases i was scheduling them for twelve one oclock in the afternoon because i couldnt get out of bed before about eleven oclock and anybody whos been depressed here knows what thats like -i couldnt even pull the covers off myself well youre in the university medical center where everybody knows everybody and its perfectly clear to my colleagues so my referrals began to decrease as my referrals began -to decrease i clearly became increasingly depressed until i thought my god i cant work anymore and in fact it didnt make any difference because i didnt have any patients anymore so -i had myself admitted to the acute care psychiatric unit of our university hospital -and my colleagues who had known me since medical school in that place said dont worry chap six weeks youre back in the operating room everythings going to be great well you know what bovine -these diseases in early times was to in some way or other exorcise those evil spirits and this is still going on as you know -proved to be a lot of bovine -i know some people who got tenure in that place with lies like that -i was one of their failures but it wasnt that simple because by the time i got out of that unit i was not functional at all -i could hardly see five feet in front of myself i shuffled when i walked i was bowed over i rarely bathed i sometimes didnt shave it was dreadful -and it was clear not to me because nothing was clear to me at that time anymore that i would need long term hospitalization -in that awful place called a mental hospital so i was admitted -and they tried everything they had they tried the usual psychotherapy they tried every medication available in those days and they did have tofranil and other things mellaril who knows what nothing happened except that i got jaundiced from one of these things -i was well known in connecticut they decided they had better have a meeting of the senior staff all the senior staff got together and i later found out -they put all their heads together -and they decided that there was nothing that could be done for this surgeon who had essentially separated himself from the world who by that time -had become so overwhelmed not just with depression and feelings of worthlessness and inadequacy but with obsessional thinking -all kinds of ritualistic observances just awful awful stuff remember when you were a kid and you had to step on every line well i was a grown man who had all of these rituals -and it got so there was a throbbing there was a ferocious fear in my head youve seen this painting by edvard munch the scream the -every moment was a scream it was impossible so they decided there was no therapy there was no treatment but there was one -you can imagine what it was it was pre frontal -so they decided i didnt know this again i found this out later that the only thing that could be done was for this forty three year old man to have a pre frontal -well as in all hospitals there was a resident assigned to my case he was twenty seven years old and he would meet with me two or three times a week -really extraordinary future and he dug in his heels and said no i know this man better than any of you i have met with him over and over again youve just seen him from time to time youve read reports and so forth -that would literally shake the bad spirits out so they found certain plants that could cause convulsions and the herbals the botanical books of -i really honestly believe that the basic problem here is pure depression and all of the obsessional thinking comes out of it and you know of course whatll happen if you do a pre frontal lobotomy any of the results along the spectrum -from pretty bad to terrible terrible terrible is going to happen if he does the best he can he will have no further obsessions probably no depression -will be dulled he will never go back to surgery he will never be the loving father that he was to his two children his life will be changed if he has the usual result -up like one flew over the cuckoos nest and you know about that just essentially in a stupor the rest of his life well -they just thought -so well lose a little time big deal it doesnt make any difference so they gave the course of ten and the first the usual course incidentally was six to eight and still is six to eight -plugged me into the wires put me to sleep gave me the muscle relaxant six didnt work seven didnt work eight didnt work at nine i noticed -and they agreed to do another ten again not a single one of them i think there are about seven or eight of them thought this would do any good they thought this was a temporary change but lo and behold -up to the late middle ages the renaissance are filled with prescriptions for causing convulsions to shake the evil spirits out -i had the sense i really had the sense that i could overcome this that i was now strong enough that by an act of will i could blow the obsessional thinking away i could blow the depression away -but i need a formula i need some thing to say to myself when i begin thinking obsessionally obsessively well -the gilbert and sullivan fans in this room will remember ruddy gore and they will remember mad margaret and they will remember that she was married -to a fellow named sir despard murgatroyd and she used to go nuts every five minutes or so in the play and he said to her we must have a word to bring you back to reality and the word my dear will be basingstoke -so every time she got a little nuts he would say basingstoke and she would say basingstoke it is and she -well you know im from the bronx i cant say basingstoke -but i had something better -much better than basingstoke at least for me -my god it worked every time i would begin thinking obsessionally again once more after twenty shock treatments -a great deal its the old concept the real greek concept of philanthropy in its original sense phil anthropy the love -of humankind and the only explanation i can have for some of what youve been hearing in the last four days is that it arises in fact -out of a form of love and this gives me enormous hope and hope of course is the topic that im supposed to be speaking about which id completely forgotten about until i -you know i am so bad at tech that my daughter who is now forty one when she was five was overheard by me to say to a friend of hers if it doesnt bleed when you cut it my daddy doesnt understand -and when i did i thought well id better look this word up in the dictionary so sarah and i my wife walked over to the public library which is four blocks away on pacific street -we got the oed and we looked in there and there are fourteen definitions of hope -none of which really hits you between the eyes as being the appropriate one and of course that makes sense because hope is an abstract phenomenon its an abstract idea its not a concrete word -well it reminds me a little bit of surgery if theres one operation for a disease you know it works if there are fifteen operations you know that none of them work and thats the way it is with definitions of words -if you have appendicitis they take your appendix out and youre cured if youve got reflux oesophagitis there are fifteen procedures and joe schmo does it one way and will blow does it another way and none of them work and thats the way it is with this word hope -they all come down to the idea of an expectation of something good that is due to happen and you know what i found out the indo european root of the word hope -is a stem k e u we would spell it k e u its pronounced koy and it is -the same root from which the word curve comes from but what it means in the original indo european is a change in direction going in a different way -and i find that very interesting and very provocative because what youve been hearing in the last couple of days is -the sense of going in different directions directions that are specific and unique to problems there are different paradigms youve heard that word several times in the last four days and everyones familiar with -paradigms so when we think of hope now we have to think of looking in other directions than we have been looking theres another not definition but description of hope that has always appealed to me -and it was one by vaclav havel in his perfectly spectacular book breaking the peace in which he says that hope does not consist of the expectation that things will come out exactly right -but the expectation that they will make sense regardless of how they come out i cant tell you how reassured i was -by the very last sentence in that glorious presentation by dean kamen a few days ago i wasnt sure i heard it right so i -found him in one of the inter sessions he was talking to a very large man but i didnt care i interrupted and i said -so the assignment ive been given may be -did you say this he said i think so so heres what it is ill repeat it the world will not be saved by the internet -mean anything supernatural certainly not coming from this skeptic what i mean is this ability that each of us has to be something greater than -obstacle for me but im certainly going to try what have i heard during these last four days this is my third visit to ted one was to tedmed and one as youve heard was a regular ted two years ago -an elemental level we have all felt that spirituality at the time of childbirth some of you -have felt it in laboratories some of you have felt it at the workbench we feel it at concerts ive felt it in the operating room at the bedside -it is an elevation of us beyond ourselves and i think that its going to be in time the elements of the human spirit that weve been hearing -about bit by bit by bit from so many of the speakers in the last few days and if theres anything that has permeated this room it is precisely -that im intrigued by a concept that was -brought to life in the early part of the nineteenth century actually in the second decade of the nineteenth century by a twenty seven year old poet -that he wrote some perfectly wonderful essays too and the most well remembered essay is one called -a defence of poetry now its about five six seven eight pages long and it gets kind of deep and difficult after about the third page -but somewhere on the second page he begins talking about the notion -that he calls moral imagination and heres what he says roughly translated -a man generic man a man to be greatly good must imagine clearly -he must see himself and the world through the eyes of another and of many others see -and the world not just the world but see himself what is it that is expected of us -by the billions of people who live in what laurie garrett the other day so appropriately called despair and disparity what is it that they have every right -to ask of us what is it that we have every right to ask of ourselves out of our shared humanity and out of the human spirit well you know precisely what it is -a great deal of argument about whether we as the great nation that we are should be the policeman of the world the worlds constabulary -but there should be virtually no argument about whether we should be -the worlds healer there has certainly been no argument about that in this room in the past four days -so if we are to be the worlds healer every disadvantaged person in this world including in the united states becomes our patient -it comes initially from the latin patior to endure or to suffer -so you go back to the old indo european root again and what you find the indo european stem is pronounced payen we would spell it p a e n and lo and behold mirabili dictu it is the same root -as the word compassion comes from p a e n so the lesson is very clear the lesson is that our patient the world and the disadvantaged of the world -an interlarding an intermixing of a sense of social responsibility in so many of the talks -that patient -our compassion but beyond our compassion and far greater than compassion is our moral imagination and our identification -with each individual who lives in that world not to think of them as a huge forest -but as individual trees of course in this day and age the trick is not to let each tree be obscured by that bush in washington that can get -can get in the way -so here we are we are should be morally committed to being the healer of the world and -we have had examples over and over and over again youve just heard one in the last fifteen minutes of people who have -not only had that commitment but had the charisma the brilliance and i think in this room its easy to use the word brilliant my god -the brilliance to succeed at least at the beginning of their quest and who no doubt will continue to succeed as long as more and more of us enlist ourselves -in their cause now if were talking about medicine and were talking about healing -global responsibility in fact appealing to enlightened self interest but it goes far beyond enlightened -id like to quote someone who hasnt been quoted it seems to me everybody in the worlds been quoted here pogos been quoted shakespeares been quoted backwards forwards inside out -i would like to quote one of my own household gods i suspect he never really said this because we dont know what hippocrates really said but we do know for sure that one of the great greek physicians said the following -and it has been recorded in one of the books attributed to hippocrates and the book is called precepts and ill read you what it is remember i have been talking about essentially philanthropy -the love of humankind the individual humankind and the individual humankind that can bring that kind of love translated into action translated in some cases into enlightened self interest -and here he is twenty four hundred years ago where there is love of humankind there is love of healing -we have seen that here today with the sense with the sensitivity -and in the last three days and with the power of the indomitable human spirit thank you very much -that theyre not saying well this is what we should do this is what i would like you to do its this is what i have done because im excited by it because its a wonderful thing and its done something for me and of course its accomplished -a couple of years ago i was in new york and i was pitching a deal and i was in one of those fancy new york private equity offices you can picture -and im in the meeting its about a three hour meeting and two hours in there kind of needs to be that bio break and everyone stands -he doesnt know where the womens room is in his office so i start looking around for moving boxes figuring they just moved in but i dont see any and so i said did you just move into this -and he said no weve been here -the only woman to have pitched a deal in this office in a year -and he looked at me and he said -how are we going to fix -how do we change these numbers at the top how do we make this different -so for any of us in this room today lets start out by admitting were lucky -i want to start out by saying i talk about this about keeping women in the workforce because i really think thats the answer -in the high income part of our workforce in the people who end up at the top fortune five hundred ceo jobs or the equivalent in other industries -the problem i am convinced is that women are dropping out -today i want to focus on what we can do as individuals -what are the messages we need to tell ourselves what are the messages we tell the women that work with and for us -we dont live in the world our mothers lived in our grandmothers lived in where career choices for women were so limited -i want to be very clear that this speech comes with no judgments i dont have the right answer i dont even have it for myself -i left san francisco where i live on monday and i was getting on the plane for this conference and my daughter whos three when i dropped her off at preschool did that whole hugging the leg crying mommy dont get on the plane thing this is hard -at home or whether theyre in the workforce -dont feel that sometimes so im not saying that staying in the workforce is the right thing for everyone -my talk today is about what the messages are if you do want to stay in the workforce and i think there are three -one sit at the table -two make your partner a real partner -and three -dont leave before you leave -number one sit at the table -just a couple weeks ago at facebook we hosted a very senior government official and he came in to meet with senior execs from around silicon valley and -and if youre in this room today most of us grew up in a world where we had basic civil rights and amazingly we still live in a world where some women dont have -sat at the table and then he had these two women who were traveling with him who were pretty senior in his department and i kind of said to them sit at the table come on sit at the table -it with my roommate carrie who was then a brilliant literary student and went on to be a brilliant literary scholar -and my brother smart guy but a water polo playing pre med who was a sophomore -the three of us take this class together and then carrie reads all the books in the original greek and latin goes to all the lectures i read all the books in english and go to most of the -my brother is kind of busy he reads one book of twelve and goes to a couple of lectures marches himself up to our room a couple days before the exam to get himself tutored -the three of us go to the exam together and we sit down and we sit there for three hours and our little blue notebooks yes im that old and we walk out and we look at each other and we say how did you do -and carrie says boy i feel like i didnt really draw out the main point on the hegelian dialectic -i got the top grade in -you got the top grade in -you dont know anything -the problem with these stories is that they show what the data shows -women systematically underestimate their own abilities if you test men and women and you ask them questions on totally objective criteria like gpas men get it wrong slightly high and women get it wrong slightly -but all that aside we still have a problem and its a real problem and the problem is this -if you ask men why they did a good job theyll say im awesome -it matters a lot because no one gets to the corner office -by sitting on the side not at the table -and no one gets the promotion if they dont think they deserve their success -or they dont even understand their own success -wish the answer were easy i wish i could just go tell all the young women i work with all these fabulous women believe in yourself and negotiate for yourself own your own success -women are not making it to the top of any profession anywhere in the world -i wish i could tell that to my daughter -because what the data shows above all else is one thing -which is that success and likability are positively correlated for men and negatively correlated for women -and everyones nodding because we all know this to be true theres a really good study that shows this really well theres a famous harvard business school study on a woman named heidi roizen -and shes an operator in a company in silicon valley and she uses her contacts to become a very successful venture -in two thousand and two not so long ago a professor who was then at columbia university took that case and made it howard roizen and he gave case out both of them to two groups of -he changed exactly one word -but that one word made a really -he then surveyed the students and the good news was the students both men and women thought heidi and howard were equally competent and -the bad news was that -this is the complication -we have to tell our daughters and our colleagues we have to tell ourselves to believe we got the a to reach for the promotion to sit at the table -and we have to do it in a world where for them there are sacrifices they will make for -even though for their brothers there are not -thing about all of this is that its really hard to remember this and im about to tell a story which is truly embarrassing for me but i think important i gave this talk at facebook not so long ago -a couple hours later there was a young woman who works there sitting outside my little desk -and she wanted to talk to me i said okay and she sat down and we talked and she said i learned something today -i learned that i need to keep my hand up -i thought to myself wow if its me who cares about this obviously giving this talk -during this talk i cant even notice -that the mens hands are still raised and the womens hands are still raised how good are we as managers of our companies and our organizations at seeing that the men are reaching for opportunities more than women -make your partner a real partner -data shows this very clearly -shes got three jobs or two jobs and hes got one who do you think drops out when someone needs to be home -the causes of this are really complicated and i dont have time to go into them and i dont think sunday football watching and general laziness is the -i think the cause is more complicated i think as a society we put more pressure on our boys to succeed that we do on our girls -i know men that stay home and work in the home -to support wives with careers and its hard -when i go to the mommy and me stuff and i see the father there i notice that the other mommies dont play with him -and if that wasnt good enough motivation for everyone out there they also have more how shall i say this on this stage they know each other more in the biblical sense as -dont leave before you leave -how am i going to fit this into everything else im doing -and literally from that moment -she doesnt raise her hand anymore -even in the non profit world a world we sometimes think of as being led by more women women at the top twenty percent -she doesnt look for a promotion she doesnt take on the new project she doesnt say me i want to do that she starts leaning back -the problem is that lets say she got pregnant that day that day nine months of pregnancy three months of maternity leave six months to catch your breath -fast forward two years more often and as ive seen it women start thinking about this way earlier -when they get engaged when they get married when they start thinking about trying to have a child which can take a long time one woman came to see me about this and i kind of looked at her she looked a little young and i said so -are you and your husband thinking about having a baby and she said oh no im not married she didnt even have a -about this just way too -been through this and im here to tell you once you have a child at home your job better be really good to go back because its hard to leave that -to be challenging it needs to be rewarding you need to feel like youre making a difference -and if two years ago -dont leave before you leave stay in keep your foot on the gas pedal until the very day you need to leave to take a break for a child and then make your decisions -we also have another problem which is that women face harder choices between professional success and personal fulfillment -dont make decisions too far in advance particularly ones youre not even conscious youre making -im hopeful that future generations can -i think a world that was run where half of our countries and half of our companies were run by women would be a better world and its not just -would know where the womens bathroom are even though that would be very helpful i think it would be a better world -have two children i have a five year old son and a three year old daughter -i want my son to have a choice to contribute fully in the workforce or at home -and i want my daughter to have the choice -to not just succeed but to be liked for -a recent study in the u s showed that of married senior managers two thirds of the married men had children and only one third of the married women had children -she still made the two hour trek to the schoolhouse and tried to catch every little bit of information that seeped out of the doors we wrote about her in the new york times -its an anecdote that ill leave you with and that is the story of an aid worker in darfur -here was was a woman who had worked in darfur seeing things that no human being should see -throughout her time there -and she saw something that made her break down in tears -the great fortune -to be born in a country -we not only can feed clothe and -that with that great fortune -you me -all won the lottery of life -feel happier and help save the world thank you very much -we got a flood of donations -thirteen dollar checks because new york times readers are very generous in tiny amounts -but then we got a money transfer for dollar ten thousand -really nice guy -we turned the money over to that man there the principal of the school he was delighted he thought oh i can renovate the school i can give scholarships to all the girls you know if they work hard and stay in school -so dai manju basically finished out middle school she went to high school she went to vocational school for accounting -she scouted for jobs down in guangdong province in the south she found a job she scouted for jobs for her classmates and her friends -she sent money back to her family they built a new house this time with running water electricity a bicycle no -what we saw was a natural -it is rare to get an exogenous investment in girls education and over the years as we followed dai manju we were able to see that she was able to move out of a vicious cycle -that i want to talk to you about today -and into a virtuous cycle she not only changed her own dynamic she changed her household she changed her family her village the village became -a real stand out of course most of china was flourishing at the time but they were able to get a road built to link them up to the rest of china -rarely makes the front pages it however is enormous in both scale and -and that brings me to my first major of two tenets of -in the nineteenth century it was slavery -in the twentieth century it was totalitarianism -the cause of our time is the brutality that so many people face around the world because of their gender -shes exaggerating well let me ask you this question -most of you well you know this latter group youre wrong -there are true enough in europe and the west when women and men have -in most of the rest of the world thats not the case in fact demographers have shown that there are anywhere between sixty million and one hundred million missing females in the current population -and you know it happens for several reasons for instance in the last half century more girls were discriminated to death -look you all are very well traveled this is tedglobal after all but i do hope to take you to some places youve never been to before -all the people killed on all the battlefields in the twentieth century sometimes its also because of the sonogram girls get aborted before theyre even born -when there are scarce resources this girl here for instance is in a feeding center in ethiopia the entire center was filled with girls like her -boy and girl babies basically survive at the same rate because they depend upon the breast -from one to five -girls die at a fifty percent higher mortality rate than boys in all of india -the morality of all the right and wrong of it all and just on a purely practical level -three reasons why this is the case -one of the persistent causes of poverty and you know when you educate a boy his family tends to have fewer kids but only slightly -when you educate a girl she tends to -so lets start off in china -it has to do with spending its kind of like the dirty little secret of poverty which is that not only do poor people take in very little income -also the income that they take in they dont spend it very wisely and unfortunately most of that spending is done by men so research has shown if you look at people who live under two dollars a day one metric of poverty -this photo was taken two weeks ago -two percent of that take home pay goes to this basket here in education -just take four percentage points and put it into this basket you would have a transformative effect -the last reason has to do with women being part of the solution not the problem -you need to use scarce resources its a waste of resources if you dont use someone like dai manju bill gates put it very well when he was traveling through saudi arabia -he was speaking to an audience much like yourselves however two thirds of the way there was a barrier on this side was -and then the barrier and this side was women and someone from this side of the room got up and said mister -we have here as our goal in saudi arabia to be one of the top ten countries when it comes to technology do you think well make it -so bill gates as he was staring out at the audience he said -if youre not fully utilizing half the resources in your country there is no way you will get anywhere near the top ten -so here is bill of arabia -so what would some of the specific challenges look like -i would say on the top of the agenda is sex trafficking and ill just say two things about this -the slavery at the peak of the slave trade in the seventeen -there were about eighty thousand slaves transported from africa to the new world -now modern slavery according to state department rough statistics there are about eight hundred thousand ten times the number -that are trafficked across international borders and that does not even include those that are trafficked within country borders which is a substantial portion -you can buy a girl trafficked for few hundred dollars -which means shes actually more disposable -but you know there is progress being made in places like cambodia and thailand we dont have to expect a world where girls are bought and sold or killed -the second item on the agenda is maternal mortality -in this part of the world is a wonderful event -you know its not as though we dont have the technological solution -this is in the dabian mountains in the remote part of hubei province in central china dai manju is thirteen years old at the time the story starts she lives with her parents her two brothers and her great aunt -but these women have three strikes against them -they are poor they are rural and they are female -end up with an injury and the most devastating injury is obstetric fistula -tearing during obstructed labor that leaves a woman -let me tell you about mahabuba -she lives in ethiopia she was married against her will at age thirteen she got pregnant ran to the bush to have the baby but you know her body was very immature and she ended up having obstructed labor -that meant she was incontinent -she couldnt control her wastes -she fought off the hyenas with that -and the next morning she new if she could get to a nearby village where there was a foreign missionary she would be saved -all the way thirty miles to that -her to a nearby fistula hospital -she was repaired with a three hundred and fifty dollar operation -the problem shes moved out of a vicious cycle and into a virtuous cycle -talk about some of the solutions and there are predictable solutions -she tends to have kids later on in life she tends to have fewer kids and those kids that she does have she educates them in a more enlightened fashion with economic opportunity it can be -they have a hut that has no electricity no running water no wristwatch no bicycle and they share this great splendor with a very large pig -at the time she was miserable she was beaten every single day by her husband who was unemployed he was kind of a gambler type and unemployable therefore and took his frustrations out on her well when she had her second daughter her -i think youd better get a second wife saimas not going to produce you -at the time there was a microlending group in the village -sixty five dollar loan -and she started an embroidery business -the merchants liked her embroidery it sold very well and they kept asking for more and when she couldnt produce enough she hired other women in the village pretty soon she had thirty women in the village working for her embroidery business -and then when she had to -transport all of the embroidery goods from the village to the marketplace she needed someone to help her do the transport so she hired her husband -so now theyre in it together he does the transportation and distribution and she does the production and sourcing and now they have a third daughter and -the daughters all of them are being tutored in education because saima knows whats really important which brings me to the final element which is education -larry summers when he was chief economist at the world bank once said that it may well be that the highest return on investment in the developing world is in girls education -she didnt go to school actually she had never been to school not to a lick one day -was in sixth grade when her parents said were going to pull you out of school because the thirteen dollar school fees are too much for us youre going to be spending the rest of your life in the rice paddies why would we waste this money on you -so at nine years of age beatrice started in first grade after all shed never been to a lick of school with a six year -no matter she was just delighted to be in school she rocketed to the top of her class she stayed at the top of -and then in high school she scored brilliantly on the national examinations so that she became the first person in her village ever to come to the united states on scholarship -two years ago she graduated from connecticut college -on the day of her graduation she said i am the luckiest girl alive because of a goat -so you see how transformative little bits of help can be -i want to give you a reality check look -u s aid helping people is not easy and there have been books that have criticized u s -bill easterlys book theres a book called dead aid you know the criticism is fair it isnt easy you know people say how -of all water well projects a year later failed when i was in zimbabwe we were touring a place with the village chief he wanted to raise money for a secondary school and there was some construction a few yards away and i said what -this is what happens to girls in remote areas turns out that dai manju was the -turns out that its a failed irrigation project -few yards away was a failed chicken coop one year all the chickens died and no one wanted to put the chickens in there -its true but we think that you dont through the baby out with the bathwater you actually -we also think that individuals can make a difference -and they should because individuals together -whats in it for you -research shows -best pupil in her -you have all of your material needs taken care of which most of us all of us here in this room do -research shows that there are very few things in life that can actually elevate your level of happiness -one of those things is -they have money and power those are invisible so they hire us to visualize their power and money by making monumental architecture that is our profession even historically its the same -but over two million people cut trees it just became big heavy deforestation and an environmental problem that is why they started providing aluminum pipes aluminum barracks very expensive they throw them out for money -then cutting trees again so i proposed my idea to improve the situation using these recycled paper tubes because this is so cheap -and also i found out theres many vietnamese refugees suffering and gathering at a catholic church all the building was totally destroyed so i went there and also i proposed to the priests why dont we rebuild the church out of paper tubes and he said -and also i still remember we were expecting to have a beer inside the plastic beer crate but it came empty -what is a permanent and what is a temporary building -even a building made in paper can be permanent as long as people love it even a concrete building can be very temporary if that is made to make money -and i got half a million euros from the japanese government to rebuild this temporary auditorium -there was a big earthquake but its impossible to fly over so i went to santo domingo next door country to drive six hours to get to haiti with the local students in santo domingo to build fifty units of shelter out of local paper tubes this is what happened in japan two years ago in northern japan -however some of the facility authority doesnt want us to do it because they said simply its become more difficult to control them but its really necessary to do it -he asked me to build three story housing on baseball fields i used the shipping container -and also the students helped us to make all the building furniture to make them comfortable within the budget of the government but also the area of the house is exactly the same but much more comfortable many of the people want to stay here forever i was very happy to hear that -and the most important cathedral of the city the symbol of christchurch was totally destroyed and i was asked to come to rebuild the temporary cathedral so this is under construction -and id like to keep building monuments that are beloved by people thank you very much -because each country makes a lot of pavilions but after half a year we create a lot of industrial waste so my building has to be reused or recycled after the building was recycled so that was the goal of my design then -ive been illustrating books since i was sixteen and so when i saw the ipad i saw it as a storytelling device that could connect readers all over the world it can know how were holding it it can know where we are it brings together image and text and animation and sound -storytelling is becoming more and more multi sensorial but what are we doing with it -an interactive app for the ipad -another thing thats actually really important to me is creating content that is indian and yet very contemporary -so back in the day when us indians wanted to travel wed jump into a chariot and wed zoom across the sky now we do the same with airplanes -i think a big problem has been in the last ten years is that children have been locked inside their rooms glued to their pcs they havent been able to get out but now with mobile technology we can actually take our children outside into the natural world with their technology one of the interactions in the book is that youre sent off on this quest where you need to go outside -take out your camera on the ipad and collect pictures of different natural objects -when i was a child i had multiple collections of sticks and stones and pebbles and shells and somehow kids dont do that anymore so in bringing back this childhood ritual you need to go out and in one chapter take a picture of a flower -and then tag it in another chapter you need to take a picture of a piece of bark and then tag that and what happens is that you actually create a digital collection of photographs that you can then put up online -a child in london puts up a picture of a fox and says oh i saw a fox today a child in india says i saw a monkey today and it creates this kind of social network around a collection of digital photographs that youve actually taken -back then when arjuna the great indian warrior prince when he was thirsty hed take out a bow hed shoot it into the ground and water would come out now we do the same with drills and machines -and blow them away and read the rest of the book -were moving were all moving here to a world where the forces of nature come closer together to technology and magic and technology can come closer together -and this made me really sad -i found myself becoming a little bit of a technophobe i was terrified by this idea that i would lose the ability to enjoy and appreciate the sunset without having my camera on me without tweeting it to my friends -so i felt like our cellphones and our fancy watches and our cameras had stopped us from dreaming they stopped us from being inspired and so i jumped in i jumped into this world of technology to see how i could use it to enable magic as opposed to kill it -and its surrounded by -so on one of these rides i talked my way -and went to see the -i told the warden that i wanted to start a mountain -a correction facility these -we began to talk about it and -see myself going into a state -this being israel the warden somehow -in israel -of -and my partner in this project -the world of total freedom -these everything you see here is obviously in israel as well as close encounters with all sorts of small creatures -all this splendor the beginning -small obstacle every -so we had a lot of this going on i found out that they had a very hard time dealing with frustration -not because they were physically unfit but thats one reason why -not only to be with -a -when im on my bike i feel that i -some rocky terrain -gets caught in one of these -so he crashes down and he gets slightly injured -up and then starting to jump up and down -in the air -the profound beauty of -and -and nothing in my background prepared me to -have to realize that these incidents did not happen in -and i feel that -away from the nearest road -and what you dont see in this picture is that -between these -well thats a problem because one way or another you have to get this guy moving because its getting dark soon and dangerous -took me several such incidents to figure out what i was supposed to -with this countrys history -harsh words and threats and they took me nowhere -i found out -can possibly -really want to do is go away but thats what he had all his life people walking away from him so what you have to do is -and -rest for a few minutes and then well go on -and i -he spent the last ten years of his life in two places only -the state prison where he spend the last two years before -and so -was probably -almost every adult along the way -when an adult that he learns to respect stays -a few words about vision when i started this program four years ago i had this original plan -young -was another vision supremely -more important and more readily available -on me in this project that the purpose of these rides should actually be to expose the kids to one thing only -love and respect to other fellow members in your team -most importantly love and respect to yourself -kids i also went through a remarkable transformation now i come from a cutthroat world of science and -with myself was supposed to be perfect -so right now i feel more -you can see fellow riders at the end of the picture -and one of these principles is focus before -during the ride you have to focus their attention on something because -looking at me with some concern and here is another picture of them unfortunately i cannot show their faces neither can i -is -important life coping strategies -can really -some -cannot take it anymore -ignore the immediate obstacles and -and look around and see how -upwards thats what perspective is all about -time and -youve already conquered steeper mountains before -and thats how they develop self esteem -at the beginning of february its very cold and youre standing in one of these rainy days and its drizzling and -and you look up at the sky and through the clouds you see the monastery at the top of the -you say hey alex look at this parking lot where we started its that -we talked about these special words that we teach them and at the end of -share moments in which those special words of the -and made a difference -these discussions can be extremely inspiring in one of them one of the kids once said -when we were riding on -village in ethiopia and went away together with my brother -and he goes on saying and everyone looks at him like a hero probably for the first time -and he says because i also have volunteers riding with me adults -he says and this was just the beginning of -and only now he says im beginning to -the moab mountains here in the background thats where joshua descended -spending time in a correction facility -and so -play key roles in the way i plan my -about twenty minutes -that were established by holocaust -we explore -and we discuss -five -and through this tapestry which is the history of this country -what is probably the most important value in education -picture i took last tuesday -and i ride with them tomorrow also in everyone of -fifteen years ago -these kids once a week every tuesday rain or shine -and return to my home country -morocco and russia -for the last four years and by now theyve become a very big part of my life this story began four years ago -such is the power of self study -and these are my parents -they too did not enjoy the privilege of college education they were too busy building a family and a country -and yet just like salman they were lifelong tenacious self learners and our home was stacked with thousands of books records and artwork -i remember quite vividly my father telling me -sophisticated this early awe -with the basics has only intensified -so its not surprising that about twelve years ago when noam and i were already computer science professors we were equally frustrated by the same phenomenon as computers became increasingly more complex our students were losing the forest for the trees -and indeed it is impossible to connect with the soul of the machine if you interact with a black box p c or a mac -which is shrouded by numerous layers of closed proprietary software -so noam and i had this insight that if we want our students to understand how computers work and understand it in the marrow of their bones then perhaps the best way to go about it is to have them build a complete -working general purpose useful computer hardware and software from the ground up from first principles -now we had to start somewhere and so noam and i decided to base our cathedral so to speak on the simplest possible building block which is something called nand -it is nothing more than a trivial logic gate with four input output states so we now start this journey by telling our students that god gave us nand laughter and told us to build a computer and when we asked how god said one step at a time -and then following this advice we start with this lowly humble nand gate and we walk our students through an elaborate sequence of projects in which they gradually build -the students celebrate the end of this tour de force by using jack to write all sorts of cool games like pong snake and tetris you can imagine the tremendous joy of playing with a tetris game that you wrote in jack -and then compiled into machine language in a compiler that you wrote also and then seeing the result running on a machine that you built starting with nothing more than a few thousand nand gates -the trick was to decompose the computers construction into numerous stand alone modules each of which could be individually specified built and unit tested in isolation from the rest of the project -and from day one noam and i decided to put all these building blocks freely available in open source on the web -project descriptions software tools hardware simulators cpu emulators stacks of hundreds of slides lectures we laid out everything on the web and invited the world to come over take whatever they need and do whatever they want with it and then -instead he went on to build a glittering empire of department stores -and in short order thousands of people were building our machine -and nand two tetris became one of the first massive open online courses although seven years ago we had no idea that what we were doing is called moocs -we just observed how self organized courses were kind of spontaneously spawning out of our materials for example pramode c e an engineer from kerala india has organized groups of self learners who build our computer under his good guidance -and parag shah another engineer from mumbai has unbundled our projects into smaller more manageable bites that he now serves in his pioneering do it yourself computer science program -the people who are attracted to these courses typically have a hacker mentality they want to figure out how things work and they want to do it in groups like this hackers club in washington d c that uses our materials to offer community courses -and because these materials are widely available and open source different people take them to very different and unpredictable directions for example yu fangmin from guangzhou has used fpga technology to build our computer and show others how to do the same using a video clip -and ben craddock developed a very nice computer game that unfolds inside our cpu architecture which is quite a complex three d maze that ben developed using the minecraft three d simulator engine -the minecraft community went bananas over this project and ben became an instant media celebrity -and indeed for quite a few people taking this nand two tetris pilgrimage if you will has turned into a life changing experience -for example take dan rounds who is a music and math major from east lansing michigan a few weeks ago dan posted a victorious post on our website and id like to read it to -so heres what dan said -i did the coursework because understanding computers is important to me just like literacy and numeracy and i made it through i never worked harder on anything never been challenged to this degree but given what i now feel capable of doing i would certainly do it again -to anyone considering nand two tetris its a tough journey but youll be profoundly changed so -and its quite amazing because these people cannot care less about grades they are doing it because of one motivation only they have a tremendous passion to learn and with that in mind -id like to say a few words about traditional college grading im sick of it -we are obsessed with grades because we are obsessed with data and yet grading takes away all the fun from failing and a huge part of education is about failing -courage according to churchill is the ability to go from one defeat to another without losing enthusiasm -and yet we dont tolerate mistakes and we worship grades so we collect your b pluses and your a minuses and we aggregate them into a number like three point four which is stamped on your forehead and sums up who you are -well in my opinion we went too far with this nonsense and grading became degrading so -and we do it on tablets because we believe that math like anything else should be taught hands on -so heres what we do basically we developed numerous mobile apps every one of them explaining a particular concept in math so for example lets take area -when you deal with a concept like area well we also provide a set of tools that the child is invited to experiment with in order to learn so if area is what interests us then one thing which is natural to do is to -and he paid each one of them a monthly salary so that they could write in peace -and at some point you will discover that one thing that you can do among several legitimate transformations is the following one you can cut the figure you can rearrange the parts -you can glue them and then proceed to tile just like we did before -and yet in the late thirty s salman saw whats coming -we dont replace teachers by the way we believe that teachers should be empowered not replaced moving along what about the area of a triangle so after some guided trial and error the child will discover with or without help -he fled germany together with his family leaving everything else behind his department stores confiscated he spent the rest of his life in a relentless pursuit of art and culture -now this transformation has doubled the area of the original figure and therefore we have just learned that the area of the triangle equals the area of this rectangle divided by two but we discovered it by self exploration -so in addition to learning some useful geometry the child has been exposed to some pretty sophisticated science strategies like reduction which is the art of -transforming a complex problem into a simple one or generalization which is at the heart of any scientific discipline or the fact that some properties are invariant under some transformations -and all this is something that a very young child can pick up using such mobile apps so presently -we are doing the following first of all we are decomposing the k twelve math curriculum into numerous such apps -and because we cannot do it on our own weve developed a very fancy authoring tool that any author any parent or actually anyone who has an interest in math education can use this authoring tool to develop similar apps on tablets without programming -and finally we are putting together an adaptive ecosystem that will match different learners with different apps according to their evolving learning style -the driving force behind this project is my colleague shmulik london and you see just like salman did about ninety years ago the trick is to surround yourself with brilliant people because -a few years ago i was walking in tel aviv and i saw this graffiti on a wall -the most important thing is to be a mensch -just -just open it you just twist leaves and you see a whole new world -long and you can distinguish between the good ones and the bad ones so this phenomenon of -just have a -and -just a few examples what is a pest what -going to talk about insects and spiders or mites let us call them insects those -or mites the eight legged organisms lets have a look at that here is a pest devastating pest a spider mite because it -you see the mother in between and two daughters probably on the left and right and a single egg on the right hand side and then you see -on your right hand side you can see a cucumber leaf and on the middle cotton leaf and on the left a tomato leaf with these little leaves they can literally turn from green to -the sucking piercing -parts of those spiders -but here comes nature that provides us with a good spider this is a predatory mite just as small as a spider mite by the way -when i bachelored majoring in zoology in tel aviv university -long not more than that running quickly hunting chasing the spider mites and here you can see this lady in action -just pierces such the body fluids on the -the -satiated individuals of predatory mites a mother on the left hand side a young nymph on the right hand side by the way a meal for them for twenty four hours is about five individuals of the spider mites of -or fifteen to twenty -sharply you can see -those bad ones those -all over the plants in your hibiscus in your lantana in the young fresh foliage of the spring flush so -called honeydew and this just globs the upper parts of the plant here you see a typical cucumber leaf that -from green to black because of a black fungus sooty mold which is covering it and here comes the -through this parasitic wasp here we are not talking about a predator here we are talking a parasite not a two legged parasite -this is a parasitic wasp again two millimeters long slender a -sharp flier and here you can see this parasite in action like in an acrobatic maneuver -of -she -and bites and secretes different liquids but nothing will happen in fact only the egg of the parasite will be be inserted -the body fluids of the aphid and after a few days depending upon temperature the egg will hatch and the larva of this parasitoid will eat the aphid from the inside -how can i be practical or -your -time is very short this female can live only three to four days and she needs to give rise to around four hundred hundred eggs that means she has four hundred -a whole wealth of other -the last example -plant protection plant protection -the pest the thrips by the way all these weird names i -you can see this sweet peppers this is not just an exotic ornamental sweet pepper this is a sweet pepper which is not consumable because it is suffering from a viral disease transmitted by those thrip adults -small here you can see the adult black and two young -the good ones for example in a sweet pepper -so this is a very positive situation by the way no harm to the developing fruit no harm to the fruit set everything is just fine under these -you saw them on a one to one -i came into the -actually this in -what we -the natural control -thirty five thousand sq meters of -state of the art greenhouses there we are are mass producing those predatory mites those minute pirate bugs those parasitic wasps etc etc many different parts -and a nice hot summer which is an excellent condition -those creatures and by the way mass production it is not genetic manipulation there are no gmos genetically modified organisms whatsoever -nature and the only thing that we do we give them the optimal conditions under the greenhouses or in the climate rooms in order to proliferate multiply and -use of living organisms to reduce populations of noxious plant pests so its a whole -in fact you see under a microscope -the whole bunch of predatory mites you see -this one i have one gram of those predatory mites -eighty thousand individuals -eighty thousand individuals are good enough -and we can produce from this believe you me -on an annual basis so this is what i call amplification of the phenomenon and no we do not disrupt the balance on the contrary because we -actually see what is -successful biological control by good bugs for example in israel where we -more than one thousand hectares ten thousand dunams in israeli terms of biological pest controlling sweet pepper under protection seventy five percent -eighty percent of the pesticides especially those aimed against pest mites -so the impact is -of chemicals and -but if we go for example to this place southeast -the arava area above the great rift valley where the really top notch the pearl of the israeli agriculture is located especially -or under screenhouse conditions if you drive all the way to eilat you see this just in the middle of the desert and if you zoom in you can definitely watch this -growers why -from the idea of resistance -that the pests will become resistant to the chemicals just in our case -about theyve existed in the world for thousands and thousands of years -resistance which happens in the -and thirdly -the more -growers become aware of the fact they should wherever they can and wherever possible replace the chemical control -even here there is another grower you see very interested in the bugs the bad ones and the good ones wearing this magnifier already on her head just walking safely in her -long long time but only in the last one hundred and twenty years -finally i want to get actually to my vision or in fact to my -i think its times one hundred or something like that twenty five -so there is a huge gap to bridge -more robust good and reliable biological solutions more -people started or people knew more and more how to exploit or how to use this biological control phenomenon or -or actually -create even more intensive and strict public demand to reduction of chemicals in the agricultural fresh produce and thirdly also to increase awareness by the growers to the potential of -and -so i think my last slide is -all we are saying we can actually sing it give nature a chance so im saying it on behalf of all the biocontrol petitioners and implementors in israel -and abroad really -to their own needs -we are there to take pride and insist -our atrocious government -because we are considered as artists central to the cultural political social discourse in iran -we are there to inspire -to provoke to mobilize -to bring hope -i wanted to share with you today is my challenge -art is our weapon -culture is a form of resistance -i envy sometimes the artists of the west -for their freedom of expression -for the fact that they can distance themselves from the question of politics -as an iranian artist -but also i worry about the west -and culture is beyond communication -as an iranian woman artist -my journey as an artist started from a very very personal place -i did not start to make social commentary about my country -as an iranian woman artist living in exile -i was facing my own personal dilemmas and questions i became immersed in the study of the islamic revolution -the political transformation so in a way by studying a woman you can read the structure and the ideology of the country so i made a group of work that at once faced my own personal questions in life and yet it brought my work into a larger discourse the subject -of love of god faith but violence and crime and cruelty -of the government or the ideology of the islamic revolution -and i fell into a life in exile -who are all looking for an idea of change freedom and democracy while the country of iran equally as if another character also struggled for an idea of freedom and democracy and independence from the foreign interventions -about our history as a country -by the american government by the british government -in the way we had intellectual life -and most of all in the way that we fought for democracy -these are some of the shots actually from my film -these are some of the images and the characters of the film -if youre living outside like me -what is unbelievably ironic -i then discovered why i take so much inspiration from iranian women -i stand here to say that iranian women have found a new voice -and their voice is giving me my voice -psychological and political space to distance ourselves from the reality -herself also in the position of being the voice the speaker of my people even if i have indeed no access to my own country -in the retirement area when it comes to what people do with their money after retirement -one last question how many of you feel comfortable that as youre planning for retirement you have a really solid plan when youre going to retire when youre going to claim social security benefits what lifestyle to expect -how much to spend every month so youre not going to run out of money how many of you feel you have a solid plan for the future when it comes to post retirement decisions -one two three four -less than three percent of a very sophisticated audience behavioral finance has a long way theres a lot of opportunities to make it powerful again -talk today about saving more but not today -that the people not in this room are spending more than a thousand -so where does it take us were not doing a great job managing money -behavioral finance is really a combination of psychology and economics trying to understand the money mistakes people make -and i can keep standing here for the twelve minutes and fifty three seconds that i have left -and make fun of all sorts of ways we manage money and at the end youre going to ask how can we help people and thats what i really want to focus on today how do we take an understanding of the money mistakes people make -and then turning the behavioral challenges into behavioral solutions and what im going to talk about today is save more tomorrow i want to address the issue of savings -we have on the screen a representative sample of one hundred americans and were going to look at their saving behavior -first thing to notice is half of them do not even have access to a four hundred and one k plan they cannot make savings easy they cannot have money go away from their paycheck into a four hundred and one k plan before they see it before they can touch it -how many people end up saving to a four hundred and one k plan -or save too little we think we have a problem of people saving too much lets look at that we have one person well actually were going to slice him in half because its less than one percent -what are we going to do about it thats what i really want to focus on we have to understand why people are not saving -and then we can hopefully flip the behavioral challenges into behavioral solutions -and then see how powerful it might be so let me divert for a second as were going to identify the problems the challenges the behavioral challenges that prevent people from saving im going to divert and talk about bananas and chocolate suppose we had another wonderful ted event next week -how we could really use behavioral finance now you might ask -and during the break there would be a snack and you could choose bananas or chocolate how many of you think you would like to have bananas during this hypothetical ted event next week who would go for bananas -wonderful i predict scientifically seventy four percent of you will go for bananas well thats at least what one wonderful study predicted -and then count down the days and see what people ended up eating -the same people that imagined themselves eating the bananas ended up eating chocolates a week later -what is behavioral finance -self control is not a problem in the future its only a problem now when the chocolate is next to us -what does it have to do with time and savings this issue of immediate gratification or as some economists call it present bias -we think about saving we know we should be saving we know well do it next year but today let us go and spend christmas is coming we might as well buy a lot of gifts for everyone we know -so lets think about how we manage our money lets start with mortgages its kind of a recent topic at least in the u s -let me now talk about another behavioral obstacle to saving having to do with inertia but again a little diversion to the topic of organ donation wonderful study comparing different countries were going to look at two similar countries germany and austria -and in germany if you would like to donate your organs god forbid something really bad happens to you -when you get your driving license or an i d you check the box saying i would like to donate my organs not many people like checking boxes it takes effort you need to think twelve percent do -to donate your organs or not but when you get your driving license you check the box if you do not want to donate your organ -nobody checks boxes thats kind of too much effort one percent check the box the rest do nothing doing nothing is very common not many people check boxes -what are the implications to saving lives and having organs available -in germany twelve percent check the box twelve percent are organ donors huge shortage of organs god forbid if you need one in austria again nobody checks the box therefore ninety nine percent of people are organ donors -inertia lack of action what is the default setting if people do nothing if they keep procrastinating if they dont check the boxes very powerful were going to talk about what happens if people are overwhelmed and scared to make their four hundred and one k choices -we hate losing stuff even if it doesnt mean a lot of risk you would hate to go to the atm take out one hundred dollars and notice that you lost one of those dollar twenty bills its very painful even though it doesnt mean anything those twenty dollars might have been a quick lunch -so this notion of loss aversion -now we talked about inertia and organ donations and checking the box -if people have to check a lot of boxes to join a four hundred and one k plan theyre going to keep procrastinating and not join and last we talked about loss aversion and the monkeys and the apples if people frame mentally saving for retirement as a loss -theyre not going to be saving for retirement -so weve got these challenges and what richard thaler and i were always fascinated by take behavioral finance make it behavioral finance on steroids or behavioral finance two point zero or behavioral finance in action flip the challenges into solutions -for example investing in the stock market -two years ago three years ago about four years ago markets did well -makes it easy its an autopilot once you tell me you would like to save more in the future -lets say every january youre going to be saving more automatically and its going to go away from your paycheck to the four hundred and one k plan before you see it before you touch it before you get the issue of immediate gratification -we were risk takers of course then market stocks seize and were like wow these losses they feel emotionally they feel very different from what we actually thought about it when markets were going up -because i dont want to just throw numbers in a vacuum i want really to think about the fact that saving four times more -when they save fourteen percent they might be able to maybe have nice dress shoes to walk to the car to drive this is a real difference by now -this is really the tip of the iceberg if you think about -people and mortgages and buying houses and then not being able to pay for it we need to think about that if youre thinking about -we need to think about that the average actually the record is in singapore the average household spends dollar four thousand a year on -two hundred million children between four to fourteen that should be going to school but do not -hundred million children who go to school but can not read one hundred and twenty five million who can not do basic -we also heard that two hundred and fifty billion indian rupees was dedicated for government schooling -one out of four teachers not going to school at all the entire academic year those numbers were absolutely mind boggling overwhelming -and we were constantly asked when will you start how many schools will you start how many children will you get how are you going to scale how are you going to replicate -it was very difficult not to get scared not to get daunted but we dug our heels and said were not in the number game -we want to take one child at a time and take the child right through school -you -to college and get them prepared for better living a high value job -so we started parikrma the first parikrma school started in a slum where there were seventy thousand people living below the -in all humility wanting to share with you my journey of the last six years -we started our first school was on a rooftop of a building inside the slums a second story building only second story building inside the slums -and that rooftop did not have -hundred and sixty five children indian academic year begins in june so june it rains so many a -times all of us would be huddled under the tin roof waiting for the rain to stop my god what a bonding exercise that was -and all of us that were under that roof are still here together -then came the second school the third school the fourth school and a junior college in six years now -we have four schools one junior college one thousand one hundred children coming from twenty eight slums and four orphanages -in the field of service and education and im not a trained academic neither am i -dream is -send each of these kids get them prepared to live to -but also to live peacefully contented in this conflict ridden chaotic globalized world -now when you talk global you have to talk english and so all our schools are english medium schools -but they know there is this myth that children from the slums can not speak english well no one in their family has spoken english -no one in their generation has spoken english but how wrong it is -and -the -writing -veteran social worker i was twenty six years in the corporate world trying to make organizations profitable and then in two thousand and three -i -that girl that you saw her father sells flowers on the roadside and this little boy has been coming to school for five years but isnt it strange that little boys all -the world love fast bikes he hasnt seen one he hasnt ridden one of course but he has done a lot of research through -you know when we started with our english medium schools we also decided to adopt the best -also this myth that parents from the slums are not interested in their children going to school theyd much rather -them to work thats absolute hogwash all parents all over the world want their children to lead a better life than themselves -but they need to believe that change is possible -i started parikrma humanity foundation from my kitchen table the first thing that we did was walk through the slums you know by the way there are two million people -we have eighty percent attendance for all our parents teachers meeting sometimes its even one hundred percent much more than many privileged schools -have started to attend its very interesting when we started our school the parents would give thumbprints in the attendance register -now they have started writing their signature the children have taught them its amazing how much children can teach -we have a few months ago actually late last year we had a few mothers who came to us and said you know we want to learn how to read and write can you teach us so we started -for our parents for our mothers we had twenty five mothers who came regularly after school to study we want to continue with this program and extend it to all our other schools -we have to find a job for them so that they dont regress we have about three fathers who have been trained to cook -have taught them nutrition hygiene we have helped them set up the kitchen and now they are supplying food to all our children they do a very good job because -children are eating their food but most importantly this is the first time they have got respect and they feel that they are doing something worthwhile -in bangalore who live in eight hundred slums we couldnt go to all of the slums but we tried to -more than ninety percent of our non teaching staff are all parents and extended families weve started many programs just to make sure that the child comes to school -one of the twenty eight children from all privilege schools best schools in the country -i got a lot of friends and i felt that my english has improved a lot going there and -now -of those before that -and -and i wouldnt want to go to -it -and ask me -this girl was working as a maid before she came to school and today she wants to be a -our children are doing brilliantly in sports they are really excelling there is an inter school -from one hundred and forty best schools in the city weve got the best school award for three years successively -to the parents tried to convince them about sending their children to school we played with the children -and our children are coming back home with bag full of medals with lots of admirers and friends -last year there were a couple of kids from elite schools that came to ask for admissions in our school we also have our very own dream team -why is this happening why is this confidence is it the exposure we have professors from mit berkeley stanford indian institute of science who come and teach our children -lots of scientific formulas experiments much beyond the classroom art music are considered therapy and mediums of expression -we also believe that its the content that is more important it is -not the infrastructure not the toilets not the libraries but it is what actually happens in this school that is more important -creating an environment of learning of inquiry of exploration is what is true education -and came back home really tired exhausted but with images of bright faces twinkling eyes and -when we started parikrma we had no idea which direction we were taking we didnt hire mckinsey to do a business plan -but we know for sure that what we want to do today is take one child at a time not get bogged with numbers -and actually see the child complete the circle of life and unleash his total potential -we do not believe in scale because we believe in quality and scale and numbers will automatically happen -we have corporates that have stood behind us and we are able to now open more schools but we began with the idea of one child at a time -this is five year old parusharam he was begging by a bus stop a few years ago -got picked up and is now in an orphanage has been coming to school for the last four and a half months hes in -stories in english of the thirsty crow of the crocodile and of the giraffe and if you ask him what he likes to do he -i like sleeping i like eating i like playing and if you ask him what he wants to do he will say i want to horsing now horsing is going for a horse ride so -comes to my office every day he comes for a tummy rub because he believes that will give me luck when i started parikrma i -went to sleep we were all excited to start but the numbers -ive learned so much from them love compassion imagination and such creativity -is parikrma with a simple beginning but a long way to go i promise you parusharam will speak in the ted conference a few years from now -thank -im talking about j c r lickliders human computer symbiosis perhaps better termed intelligence augmentation i a licklider was a computer science titan who had a profound effect on the development of technology and the internet -his vision was to enable man and machine to cooperate in making decisions controlling complex situations without the inflexible dependence on predetermined programs -note that word cooperate licklider encourages us not to take a toaster and make it data from star trek but to take a human and make her more capable -humans are so amazing how we think our non linear approaches our creativity iterative hypotheses all very difficult if possible at all for computers to do licklider intuitively realized this contemplating humans setting the goals formulating the hypotheses determining the criteria and performing the evaluation -to tell you about two games of chess the first happened in one thousand nine hundred and ninety seven in which garry kasparov a human lost to deep blue a machine to many this was the dawn of a new era one where man would be dominated by machine -of course in other ways humans are so limited were terrible at scale computation and volume we require high end talent management to keep the rock band together and playing licklider foresaw computers doing all the routinizable work that was required to prepare the way for insights and decision making -silently without much fanfare this approach has been compiling victories beyond chess -protein folding a topic that shares the incredible expansiveness of chess there are more ways of folding a protein than there are atoms in the universe this is a world changing problem with huge implications for our ability to understand and treat disease and for this task supercomputer field brute force simply isnt enough -foldit a game created by computer scientists illustrates the value of the approach -non technical non biologist amateurs play a video game in which they visually rearrange the structure of the protein allowing the computer to manage the atomic forces and interactions and identify structural issues this approach beat supercomputers fifty percent of the time and tied thirty percent of the time -foldit recently made a notable and major scientific discovery by deciphering the structure of the mason pfizer monkey virus a protease that had eluded determination for over ten years was solved was by three players in a matter of days perhaps the first major scientific advance to come from playing a video game -last year on the site of the twin towers the nine eleven memorial opened it displays the names of the thousands of victims using a beautiful concept called meaningful adjacency it places the names next to each other based on their relationships to one another friends families coworkers when you put it all together its quite a computational challenge -when first reported by the media full credit for such a feat was given to an algorithm from the new york city design firm local projects -the truth is a bit more nuanced while an algorithm was used to develop the underlying framework humans used that framework to design the final result -so in this case a computer had evaluated millions of possible layouts managed a complex relational system and kept track of a very large set of measurements and variables allowing the humans to focus on design and compositional choices -so the more you look around you the more you see lickliders vision everywhere whether its augmented reality in your iphone or gps in your car human computer symbiosis is making us more capable -but here we are twenty years on and the greatest change in how we relate to computers is the ipad not hal the second game was a freestyle -so if you want to improve human computer symbiosis what can you do you can start by designing the human into the process instead of thinking about what a computer will do to solve the problem design the solution around what the human will do as well -when you do this youll quickly realize that you spent all of your time on the interface between man and machine specifically on designing away the friction in the interaction -and minimizing friction turns out to be the decisive variable -or take another example big data every interaction we have in the world is recorded by an ever growing array of sensors your phone your credit card your computer the result is big data and it actually presents us with an opportunity to more deeply understand the human condition -the major emphasis of most approaches to big data focus on how do i store this data how do i search this data how do i process this data -these are necessary but insufficient questions the imperative is not to figure out how to compute but what to compute how do you impose human intuition on data at this scale -again we start by designing the human into the process -when paypal was first starting as a business their biggest challenge was not how do i send money back and forth online it was how do i do that without being defrauded by organized crime -why so challenging because while computers can learn to detect and identify fraud based on patterns they cant learn to do that based on patterns theyve never seen before and organized crime has a lot in common with this audience brilliant people relentlessly resourceful entrepreneurial spirit -theres a whole class of problems like this ones with adaptive adversaries they rarely if ever present with a repeatable pattern thats discernable to computers instead theres some inherent component of innovation or disruption and increasingly these problems are buried in big data -for example terrorism terrorists are always adapting in minor and major ways to new circumstances and despite what you might see on tv these adaptations and the detection of them are fundamentally human -computers dont detect novel patterns and new behaviors but humans do humans using technology testing hypotheses searching for insight by asking machines to do things for them -osama bin laden was not caught by artificial intelligence he was caught by dedicated resourceful brilliant people in partnerships with various technologies -as appealing as it might sound you cannot algorithmically data mine your way to the answer there is no find terrorist button -and the more data we integrate from a vast variety of sources across a wide variety of data formats from very disparate systems the less effective data mining can be instead people will have to look at data and search for insight -and as licklider foresaw long ago the key to great results here is the right type of cooperation and as kasparov realized that means minimizing friction at the interface -now this approach makes possible things like combing through all available data from very different sources identifying key relationships and putting them in one place something thats been nearly impossible to do before to some this has terrifying privacy and civil liberties implications to others it foretells of an era of greater privacy and civil liberties protections -but privacy and civil liberties are of fundamental importance that must be acknowledged and they cant be swept aside even with the best of intents so lets explore through a couple of examples the impact that technologies built to drive human computer symbiosis have had in recent time -these records were human resource forms the foreign fighters filled them out as they joined the organization it turns out that al qaeda too is not without its bureaucracy -hugely important since between two thousand and three and two thousand and seven iraq had one thousand three hundred and eighty two suicide bombings a major source of instability analyzing this data was hard the originals were sheets of paper in arabic that had to be scanned and translated the friction in the process did not allow for meaningful results in an operational time frame using humans pdfs and tenacity alone -the researchers had to lever up their human minds with technology to dive deeper to explore non obvious hypotheses and in fact insights emerged twenty percent of the foreign fighters were from libya fifty percent of those from a single town in libya hugely important since prior statistics put that figure at three percent -it also helped to hone in on a figure of rising importance in al qaeda abu yahya al libi a senior cleric in the libyan islamic fighting group in march of two thousand and seven he gave a speech after which there was a surge in participation amongst libyan foreign fighters -perhaps most clever of all though and least obvious by flipping the data on its head the researchers were able to deeply explore the coordination networks in syria that were ultimately responsible for receiving and transporting the foreign fighters to the border -these were networks of mercenaries not ideologues who were in the coordination business for profit for example they charged saudi foreign fighters substantially more than libyans money that would have otherwise gone to al qaeda -perhaps the adversary would disrupt their own network if they knew they cheating would be jihadists in january two thousand and ten a devastating seven point zero earthquake struck haiti third deadliest earthquake of all time left one million people ten percent of the population homeless -one seemingly small aspect of the overall relief effort became increasingly important as the delivery of food and water started rolling january and february are the dry months in haiti yet many of the camps had developed standing water the only institution with detailed knowledge of haitis floodplains had been leveled in the earthquake leadership inside -their ability to coach and manipulate their computers to deeply explore specific positions effectively counteracted the superior chess knowledge of the grandmasters and the superior computational power of other adversaries this is an astonishing result -so the question is which camps are at risk how many people are in these camps whats the timeline for flooding and given very limited resources and infrastructure how do we prioritize the relocation -the human goal here was to identify camps for relocation based on priority need -the computer had to integrate a vast amount of geospacial information social media data and relief organization information to answer this question -by implementing a superior process what was otherwise a task for forty people over three months became a simple job for three people in forty hours -all victories for human computer symbiosis were more than fifty years into lickliders vision for the future and the data suggests that we should be quite excited about tackling this centurys hardest problems man and machine in cooperation together thank you -average men average machines beating the best man the best machine and anyways isnt it supposed to be man versus machine instead its about cooperation and the right type of cooperation -weve been paying a lot of attention to marvin minskys vision for artificial intelligence over the last fifty years its a sexy vision for sure many have embraced it its become the dominant school of thought in computer science but as we enter the era of big data of network systems of open platforms and embedded technology -it also has to be sufficiently detailed -so we can also eliminate the ones that are very vague or very stylized -and we know from his contemporaries that leonardo was a very handsome even beautiful man so we can also eliminate the ugly ones or the -and look what happens only three candidates remain that fit the bill -yes indeed the old man is there -as is this famous pen drawing of the homo vitruvianos -and lastly the only portrait of a male that leonardo painted the musician -we go into these faces i should explain why i have some right to talk about them -ive made more than one thousand one hundred portraits myself for newspapers over the course of three hundred thirty years sorry thirty years -good morning -they have the same broad forehead the horizontal eyebrows the long nose the curved lips and the small well developed chin i couldnt believe my eyes when i first saw that there is no reason why these portraits should look alike -lets look for a minute at the greatest icon of all -all we did was look for portraits that had the characteristics of a self portrait and look they are very similar now -made in the right order the young man should be made first and as you see here from the years that they were created it is indeed the case they are made in the right order -what was the age of leonardo at the time does that fit yes it does he was thirty three thirty eight and sixty three when these were made so we have three pictures potentially of the same person of the same age as leonardo at the time -but how do we know its him and not someone else -well we need a reference and heres the only picture of leonardo thats widely accepted its a statue made by verrocchio of david for which leonardo posed as a boy of fifteen and if we now compare the face of the statue -with the face of the musician -you see the very same features again the statue is the reference and it connects the identity of leonardo to those three faces -were all familiar with his fantastic work his drawings his paintings his inventions his writings -but we do not know his face -thousands of books have been written about him but theres controversy and it remains about his looks -even this well known portrait is not accepted by many art historians so what do you think -is this the face of leonardo da vinci or isnt it -i find that hard to believe his contemporaries made faces like the ones you see here en face or three quarters -so surely a passionate drawer like leonardo must have made self portraits from time to time -so lets try to find them i think that if we were to scan all of his work -and look for self portraits we would find his face looking at us -so i looked at all of his drawings more than seven hundred -and looked for male portraits there are about one hundred and twenty you see them here -which ones of these could be self portraits well for that they have to be done as we just saw en face or three quarters so we can eliminate all the profiles -and as the shark came round it would hit the net the net would collapse on it it would often drown and suffocate or at times they would row out in their small currachs and kill it with a lance through the back of the neck and then theyd tow the sharks back to purteen harbor boil them up -use the oil they used to use the -were often all frightened of sharks thanks to jaws maybe five or six people get killed by sharks every year there was someone recently wasnt there just a couple weeks ago we kill about one hundred million sharks a year so -sharks were still killed up into the mid eighty s especially after places like dunmore east in county waterford and about two and a half three thousand sharks were killed up till eighty five many by norwegian vessels the black you cant really see this but these are norwegian basking shark hunting vessels and the black line in the crows nest signifies this is a shark vessel rather than a whaling vessel -the importance of basking sharks to the coast communities is recognized through the language now i dont pretend to have any irish but in kerry they were often known as ainmhide na seolta the monster with the sails -and another title would be liop an da lapa the unwieldy beast -theres great concern that basking sharks are depleted all throughout the world -some people say its not population decline it might be a change in the distribution of plankton and its been suggested that basking sharks would make fantastic indicators of climate change because theyre basically continuous plankton recorders swimming around with their mouth open -theyre now listed as vulnerable under the iucn theres also moves in europe to try and stop catching them theres now a ban on catching them and even landing them and even landing ones that are caught accidentally -we know very little about them -and most of what we do know is based on their habit of coming to the surface and we try to guess what theyre doing from their behavior on the surface i only found out last year at a conference on the isle of man just how unusual it is to live somewhere where basking sharks regularly frequently and predictably come to the surface to bask -so what weve been doing a couple of years but last year was a big year is we started tagging sharks so we could try to get some idea of sight fidelity and movements and things like that -so we concentrated mainly in north donegal and west kerry as the two areas where i was mainly active -with a big long pole this is a beachcaster rod with a tag on the end -so what they do is they store the data a satellite tag only works when the air is clear of the water and can send a signal to the satellite and of course sharks fish are underwater most of the time so this tag actually works out the locations of shark depending on the timing and the setting of the sun plus water temperature and depth and you have to kind of reconstruct the path -what happens is that you set the tag to detach from the shark after a fixed period in this case it was eight months and literally to the day the tag popped off drifted up said hello to the satellite and sent not all the data but enough data for us to use and this is the only way to really work out the behavior and the movements when theyre under water -and heres a couple of maps that weve done that one you can see that we tagged both off kerry and basically it spent all its time the last eight months -in irish waters christmas day it was out on the shelf edge and heres one that we havent ground truthed it yet with sea surface temperature and water depth but again the second shark kind of spent most of its time in and around the irish sea colleagues from the isle of man last year actually tagged one shark that went from the isle of man all the way out to nova scotia in about ninety days thats nine and a half thousand kilometers we never thought that happened -another colleague in the states tagged about twenty sharks off massachusetts and his tags didnt really work all he knows is where he tagged them and he knows where they popped off and his tags popped off in the caribbean -one thing that i think is a very surprising and strange thing is just how low the genetic diversity of sharks are now im not a geneticist so im not going to pretend to understand the genetics and thats why its great to have collaboration whereas im a field person i get panic attacks if i have to spend too many hours in a lab with a white coat on -take me away so we can work with geneticists who understand that -if you look at nucleotide diversity which is more genetics that are passed on through parents you can see that basking sharks if you look at the first study was an order of magnitude less diversity than other shark species and you see that this work was done in two thousand and six before two thousand and six we had no idea of the genetic variability of basking sharks we had no idea -especially the around the claddagh duff connemara region where subsistence farmers used to sail out on their hookers and open boats sometimes way off shore sometimes to a place called the sunfish bank which is about thirty miles west of achill island to kill -did they distinguish into different populations were there subpopulations and of course thats very important if you want to know what the population size is and the status of the animals -so it does seem to be that basking sharks for some reason have incredibly low diversity and its thought maybe it was a bottleneck a genetic bottleneck -or from ireland south africa they all basically seem the same but again its kind of surprising you wouldnt really expect that -i dont understand this i dont pretend to understand this and i suspect most geneticists dont understand it either but they produce the numbers so you can actually estimate the population size based on the diversity of the genetics -and using different microsatellites gave the different results but the average of all these studies came out the mean is about five thousand -theres actually a risk of extinction of this species because its population is so small in fact of those twenty thousand eight thousand were thought to be females theres only eight thousand basking shark females in the world i dont know i dont believe it -the basking sharks this is an old woodcut from the seventeen one thousand eight hundred s so they were very important and they were important for the oil out of their liver a third of the size of the basking shark is their liver and its full of oil you get gallons of oil from their liver -so where do you get -samples from for your genetic analysis -well one obvious source is dead sharks dead sharks washed up we might get two or three dead sharks washed up in ireland a year if were kind of lucky -just before christmas illegally because youre not allowed to do that under e u law and was actually sold for eight euros a kilo as shark steak they even put a recipe up on the wall until they were told this was illegal and they actually did get a fine for that so if you look at all those studies i showed you the total number of samples worldwide is eighty six at present -now when we were out tagging our sharks this is how we tagged them on the front of a rib get in there fast occasionally the sharks do react -so i was thinking that must have come from the shark now we had an interest in getting tissue samples for genetics because we knew they were very valuable and we would use conventional methods i have a crossbow you see the crossbow in my hand there which we use to sample whales and dolphins for genetic studies as well so i tried that i tried many techniques all it was doing was breaking my arrows -and that oil was used especially for lighting but also for dressing wounds and other things in fact the streetlights in one thousand seven hundred and forty two of galway dublin and waterford were linked with sunfish oil and sunfish is one of the words for basking sharks so they were incredibly important animals theyve been around a long time have been very important to coast communities probably the best -because the shark skin is just so strong there was no way we were going to get a sample from that so that wasnt going to work so when i saw the black slime on the bow of the boat i thought if you take what youre given in this world -and i said you might try that -and so he was all very excited it became known as simons shark slime -we managed to collect slime and here it is look at that lovely black shark slime and in about half an hour we got five samples five individual sharks were sampled using simons shark slime sampling system -and you always think you might have some legacy you can leave the world behind and i was thinking of humpback whales breaching and dolphins but hey sometimes these things are sent to you and you just have to take them when they come so this is possibly going to be my legacy simons shark slime so we got more money this year to carry on collecting more and more samples -and one thing that is kind of very useful is that we use a pole cameras this is my colleague joanne with a pole camera -where you can actually look underneath the shark -the back of the shark so you can quite easily tell the gender of the shark so if we can tell the gender of the shark before we sample it we can tell the geneticist this was taken from a male or a female because at the moment they actually have no way genetically of telling the difference between a male and a female which i found absolutely staggering because they dont know what primers to look for -so as a field biologist you just want to get encounters with these animals you want to learn as much as you can theyre often quite brief theyre often very seasonally constrained and you just want to learn as much as you can as soon as you can -but isnt it fantastic that you can then offer these samples and opportunities to other disciplines such as geneticists who can gain so much more from that -so as i said these things are sent to you in strange ways grab them while you can ill take that as my scientific legacy hopefully i might get something a bit more dramatic and romantic before i die but for the time being thank you for that -in my coma one of the presences i sensed was someone i felt was a protector and when i came out of my coma i recognized my family but i didnt remember my own past -full replacements of all the blood in me before theyre able to staunch the flow im put on full life support and i have a massive stroke and my brain drops into a coma -gradually i remembered the protector was my wife -she had been laid to rest in her hometown of phoenix -now in the dark years that followed i had to work out what remained for me if everything that made today special was gone -man to come by who obviously would have some difficulty i dont know what i had in my mind and he was walking around i didnt expect that person that i was going to meet to be him and then we met and we -the thing that amazed me is the painstaking -and thats my friend i mean i charge it every night and it works it works and what i would love to add because i didnt have time -this thing blinks all the time ill leave it out so you might be able to see it but this is blinking all the time its sending signals in real time and if you walk faster if i walk faster -and he was going to retire all the technology was going to be lost because not a single medical manufacturer would take it on because it was a small issue but theres millions of deaf people in the world -it works and the other thing is theyre working on artificial retinas for the blind and this this is the implantable generation because what i didnt say in my talk is this is actually exoskeletal i should clarify that because the first generation is exoskeletal its wrapped around the leg around the affected limb -from my family looking in from outside what theyre trying to figure out is a different kind of existential question -which is how far is it going to be possible to bridge from the comatose potential mind that theyre looking at to an actual mind which i define simply as the functioning of the brain that is remaining inside my head -was a time in my life when everything seemed perfect -now to put this into a broader context i want you to imagine that you are an eternal alien watching the earth from outer space and your favorite show on intergalactic satellite television is the earth channel and your favorite show is the human show -and the reason i think it would be so interesting to you is because consciousness is so interesting its so unpredictable and so fragile -and this is how we began we all began in the awash valley in ethiopia -the show began with tremendous special effects because there were catastrophic climate shifts which sort of sounds interesting as a parallel to today because of the earth tilting on its axis and those catastrophic climate shifts we had to figure out how to find better food and we had to learn theres lucy thats how we all began -everywhere i went i felt at home -we had to learn how to crack open animal bones use tools to do that to feed on the marrow to grow our brains more so we actually grew our consciousness in response to this global threat -everyone i met i felt i knew them for as long as i could remember -its a cupule that took forty to fifty thousand blows with a stone tool to create and its the first known expression of art on the planet -and the reason it connects us with consciousness today is that all of us still today the very first shape we draw as a child is a circle -and that comes down right way to the present with the dollar bill in the united states which has on it an eye of providence -so watching all of this show from outer space you think we get it we understand that the most precious resource on the blue planet is our consciousness because its the first thing we draw we surround ourselves with images of it its probably the most common image on the planet -but we dont we take our consciousness for granted while i was producing in los angeles i never thought about it for a second -is that consciousness is under threat on this planet in ways its never been under threat before these are just some examples and the reason im so honored to be here to talk today in india is because india has the sad distinction of being -how i came to that place and what ive learned since i left it this is where it began -the head injury capital of the world that statistic is so sad there is no more drastic and sudden gap created between potential and actual mind than a severe head injury each one can entail up to a decade of rehabilitation -which means that india unless something changes is accumulating a need for millennia of rehabilitation -what you find in the united states is an injury every twenty seconds thats one and a half million every year stroke every forty seconds alzheimers disease every seventy seconds somebody succumbs to that all of these represent gaps between potential mind and actual mind -and here are some of the other categories if you look at the whole planet the world health organization tells us that depression is the number one disease on earth in terms of years lived with disability we find that the number two source of disability is depression in the age group of fifteen to forty four -and it raises an existential question which is if im having this experience of complete connection and full consciousness why am i not visible in the photograph and where is this time and place this is los angeles california where i live -our children are becoming depressed at an alarming rate i discovered during my recovery the third leading cause of death amongst teenagers is suicide -were talking about a society that is retreating into depression and disassociation when we are potentially confronting the next -great catastrophic climate shift -so what youd be wondering watching the human show is are we going to confront and address the catastrophic climate shift that may be heading our way by growing our consciousness or are we going to continue to retreat and that then might lead you to watch an episode one day of cedars sinai medical center -channels of information its not my eeg at cedars its your eeg tonight and last night its the what our minds do every night to digest the day and to prepare to bridge from the potential mind when were asleep to the actual mind when we awaken the following morning -this is how i was when i returned from the hospital after nearly four months the horseshoe shape you can see on my skull is where they operated and went inside my brain to do the surgeries they needed to do to rescue my life but if you look into the eye of consciousness that single eye you can see im looking down but let me tell you how i felt at that point -i didnt feel empty i felt everything simultaneously i felt empty and full hot and cold euphoric and depressed -because the brain is the worlds first fully functional quantum computer it can occupy multiple states at the same time and with all the internal regulators of my brain damaged i felt everything simultaneously -this is a police photo thats actually my car were less than a mile from one of the largest hospitals in los angeles called cedars sinai and the situation is that a car full of paramedics on their way home from the hospital after work have run across the wreckage -but lets swivel around and look at me frontally this is now flash forward to the point in time where ive been discharged by the health system -look into those eyes im not able to focus those eyes im not able to follow a line of text in a book -but the system has moved me on because as my family started to discover there is no long term concept in the health care system -so my family as we moved forward and discovered that the health care system had moved us by had to try to find solutions and answers and during that process it took many years -one of the doctors said that my recovery my degree of advance since the amount of head injury id suffered was miraculous and that was when i started to write a book because i didnt think it was miraculous i thought there were miraculous elements but i also didnt think it was right that one should have to struggle and search for answers when this is a pandemic within our society -so from this experience of my recovery i want to share four particular aspects i call them the four cs of consciousness that helped me grow my potential mind back towards the actual mind that i work with every day the first c is cognitive training -unlike the smashed glass of my car plasticity of the brain means that there was always a possibility with treatment to train the brain so that you can regain and raise your level of awareness and consciousness plasticity means that there was always hope for our reason hope for our ability to rebuild that function -but what i discovered is its almost impossible to find anyone who provides that treatment -full scale i q is the mental processing how fast you can acquire information retain it and retrieve it that is essential for success in life today -and theyve advised the police that there were no survivors inside the car that the drivers dead -and you can see here there are three columns untestable thats when im in my coma and then i creep up to the point that i get a score of seventy nine which is just below average in the health care system if you touch average youre done thats when i was discharged from the system -what does average i q really mean -it meant that when i was given two and a half hours to take a test that anyone here would take in fifty minutes i might score -this is a very very low level in order to be kicked out of the health care system -then i underwent cognitive training and let me show you what happened to the right hand column when i did my cognitive training over a period of time this is not supposed to occur -i q is supposed to stabilize and solidify at the age of eight -now the journal of the national medical association gave my memoir a full clinical review which is very unusual im not a doctor i have no medical background whatsoever -but they felt the evidences that there was important valuable information in the book and they commented about it when they gave the full peer review to it but they asked one question they said is this repeatable -second aspect i still had crushing migraine headaches two elements that worked for me here are the first is ninety percent i learned of head and neck pain is through muscular skeletal imbalance the craniomandibular system is critical to that -up to thirty percent of the population have a disorder disease or dysfunction in the jaw that affects the entire body -i was fortunate to find a dentist who applied this entire universe of technology youre about to see to establish that if he repositioned my jaw the headaches pretty much resolved but that then my teeth werent in the right place he then held my jaw in the right position -while orthodontically he put my teeth into correct alignment so my teeth actually hold my jaw in the correct position -this affected my entire body if that sounds like a very very strange thing to say and rather a bold statement how can the jaw affect the entire body -how far would you last before you had to remove that grain of sand -that tiny misalignment bear in mind there are no nerves in the teeth -thats why the same between the before and after that this shows its hard to see the difference -is the circulation imagine the blood flowing through your body i was told at ucla medical center -as one sealed system theres a big pipe with the blood flowing through it and around that pipe are the nerves drawing their nutrient supply from the blood thats basically it if you press on a hose pipe in a sealed system it bulges someplace else if that some place else where it bulges is inside the biggest nerve in your body your brain -you get a vascular migraine this is a level of pain thats only known -to other people who suffer vascular migraines -using this technology this is mapping in three dimensions this is an mri mra mrv a volumetric mri using this technology the specialists at ucla medical center were able to identify where that compression in the hose pipe was occurring a vascular surgeon removed most of the first rib on both sides of my body -and in the following months and years i felt the neurological flow of life itself returning -communication the next c -this is critical all consciousness is about communication and here by great fortune one of my fathers clients had a husband who worked at the alfred mann foundation for scientific research -alfred mann is a brilliant physicist and innovator whos fascinated with bridging gaps in consciousness whether to restore hearing to the deaf vision to the blind or movement to the paralyzed and im just going to give you an example today of movement to the paralyzed -ive brought with me from southern california -the fm device -this is it being held in the hand -it weighs less than a gram so two of them implanted in the body would weigh less than a dime five of them would still weigh less than a rupee coin -where does it go inside the body it has been simulated and tested to endure in the body corrosion free for over eighty years -so it goes in and it stays there here are the implantation sites the concept that theyre working towards and they have working prototypes -that night i receive because of my internal bleeding forty five units of blood which means -and other fm devices implanted in fingertips on contacting a surface will send a message back to the sensory cortex of the brain so that the person feels a sense of touch -is this science fiction no because im wearing the first application of this technology i dont have the ability to control my left foot a radio device is controlling every step i take and a sensor picks up my foot for me every time i walk -doctor king believed that there are two types of laws in this world those that are made by a higher authority and those that are made by man -and not until all the laws that are made by man are consistent with the laws that are made by the higher authority will we live in a just world -it just so happened that the civil rights movement was the perfect thing to help him bring his cause to life -we followed not for him but for ourselves and by the way he gave the i have a dream speech not the i have a plan speech -because there are leaders and there are those who lead leaders hold a position of power or authority but those who lead inspire us -we follow those who lead not for them but for ourselves -and its those who start with why that have the ability to inspire those around them -or find others who inspire them thank you very much -and communicate the exact same way -and its the complete opposite -all i did was codify it -and its probably the worlds simplest idea i call it the golden circle -why how what -this little idea explains why some organizations and some leaders are able to inspire where others arent let me define the terms really quickly every single person every single organization on the planet knows what they do one hundred percent -some know how they do it whether you call it your differentiated value proposition or your proprietary process or -very very few people or organizations know why they do what they do -how do you explain when things dont go as we assume or better -and by why i dont mean to make a profit -why does your -and why should anyone care -well as a result the way we think the way we act the way we communicate is from the outside in its obvious we go from the clearest thing to the fuzziest thing -regardless of their size regardless of their industry -give you an example i use apple because theyre easy to understand and everybody gets -if apple were like everyone else -a marketing message from them might sound like this -we make great computers -and thats how most of us communicate thats how most marketing is done thats how most sales are done and thats how most of us communicate interpersonally we say what we do we say how were different or how were better and we expect some sort of a behavior a purchase a vote something like that heres our new law firm -in challenging the status quo we believe -the way we challenge the status quo is by making our products beautifully designed -all i did was reverse the order of information what it proves to us is that people dont buy what you do people buy why you do it people dont buy what you do they buy why you do it this explains why every single person in this room -but were also perfectly comfortable buying an mp three player from apple or a phone from apple or a dvr from apple -why is apple so innovative -but as i said before apples just a computer company theres nothing that distinguishes them structurally from any of their competitors their competitors are all equally qualified to make all of these products in fact they tried a few years ago gateway came out with flat screen tvs -theyre eminently qualified to make flat screen tvs theyve been making flat screen monitors for years -year after year after year after year theyre more innovative than all their competition -came out with mp three players and pdas and they make great quality products and they can make perfectly well designed products and nobody bought one -in fact talking about it now we cant even imagine buying an mp three player from dell why would you buy an mp three player from a computer company but we do it every day -who believe what you believe -heres the best part none of what im telling you is my opinion its all grounded in the tenets of biology not psychology biology -and yet theyre just a computer company theyre just like everyone else they have the same access to the same talent the same agencies the same consultants the same media -if you look at a cross section of the human brain looking from the top down what you see is the human brain is actually broken into three major components that correlate perfectly with the golden circle our newest brain our homo sapien brain -and our limbic brains are responsible for all of our feelings like trust and loyalty its also responsible for all human behavior -other body parts controlling your behavior its all happening here in you limbic brain the part of the brain that controls decision making and not language but if you dont know why you do what you do -then why is it that they seem to have something different -and people respond to why you do what you do then how you ever get people to vote for you or buy something from you or more importantly be loyal -and want to be a part of what it is that you do again the goal is not just to sell to people who need what you have the goal is to sell to people who believe what you believe -the goal is not just to hire people who need a job its to hired people who believe what you believe i always say that -you know if you hire people just because they can do a job theyll work for your money but if you hire people who believe what you believe theyll work for your you with blood and sweat and tears -and nowhere else is there a better example of this than with the wright brothers most people dont know about samuel pierpont langley and back in the early twentieth century -why is it that martin luther king led the civil rights movement -the pursuit of powered man flight was like the dot com of the day everybody was trying it and samuel pierpont langley had what we assume -to be the recipe for success i mean even now you ask people why did your product or why did your company fail and people always give you the same permutation of the same three things -under capitalized the wrong people bad market conditions its always the same three things so lets explore that samuel pierpont langley -he wasnt the only man who suffered in a pre civil rights america -he hired the best minds money could find and the market conditions were fantastic the new york times followed him around everywhere and everyone was rooting for langley -how come youve never heard of samuel pierpont langley -a few hundred miles away in dayton ohio -orville and wilbur wright they had none -of what we consider to be the recipe for success they had no money they paid for their dream with the proceeds from their bicycle shop not a single person on the wright brothers team -had a college education not even orville or wilbur and the new york times followed them around nowhere -the difference was orville and wilbur were driven by a cause by a purpose by a belief they believed that if they could figure out this flying machine itll change the course of the world -and lo and behold look what happened the people who believed in the wright brothers dream worked with them with blood and sweat and tears the others just worked for the paycheck -and why is it that the wright brothers were able to figure out control powered manned flight when there were certainly other teams who were better qualified better funded -and no one was there to even experience it we found out about it a few days later -and further proof that langley was motivated by the wrong thing the day the wright brothers took flight he quit he could have said -why is it important to attract those who believe what you believe -if you dont know the law you definitely know the terminology the first two and a half percent of our population are our innovators the next thirteen and a half percent of our population are our early adopters -we all sit at various places at various times on this scale but what the law of diffusion of innovation tells us is that if you want mass market success or mass market acceptance of an idea -you cannot have it until you achieve this tipping point between fifteen and eighteen percent market penetration and then the system tips -and i love asking businesses whats your conversion on new business and they love to tell you oh its about ten percent proudly well you can trip over ten percent of the customers we all have about ten percent who just get it thats how we describe them right thats like that gut feeling oh they just get it the problem is how do you -find the ones that get it before youre doing business with them versus the ones who dont get it so its this here this little gap that you have to close as jeffrey moore calls it crossing the chasm -and they didnt achieve -because you see the early majority will not try something until someone else has tried it first and these guys the innovators and the early adopters -powered man flight and the wright brothers beat them to it -theyre comfortable making those gut decisions theyre more comfortable making those intuitive decisions that are driven by what they believe about the world -and not just what product is available these are the people who stood on line for six hours to buy an iphone when they first came out when you could have just walked into the store the next week and bought one off the shelf -these are the people forty thousand dollars on flat screen tvs when they first came out even though the technology was substandard -proves what you believe -person bought the iphone in the first six hours stood in line for six hours -was because of what they believed about the world and how they wanted everybody to see them they were first people dont buy what you do they buy why you do it -so let me give you a famous example a famous failure and a famous success of the law of diffusion of innovation first the famous failure -its a commercial example as we said before a second ago the recipe for success is money and the right people and the right market conditions right you should have success then look at tivo -three and a half years ago -they were extremely well funded market conditions were fantastic i mean we use tivo as verb i tivo stuff on my piece of junk time warner dvr all the time -s a commercial failure theyve never made money -and when they went ipo their stock was at about thirty or forty dollars and then plummeted and its never traded above ten -in fact i dont even think its traded above six except for a couple of little spikes because you see when tivo launched their product they told us all what they had -they said we have a product that pauses live tv skips commercials rewinds live tv and memorizes your viewing habits without you even asking -who likes to have total control over every aspect of your life boy do we have a product for you -how i thought the world worked and it even profoundly changed the way in which i operate in -it pauses live tv skips commercials memorizes your viewing habits etc etc -two hundred and fifty thousand people showed up on the mall in washington to hear doctor king speak -they sent out no invitations -and there was no website to check the date -he had a gift he didnt go around telling people what needed to change in america he went around -people what he believed i believe i believe i believe he told people and people who believed what he believed -took his cause and they made it their own and they told people and some of those people created structures to get the word out to even more people -and low and behold two hundred and fifty thousand people showed up on the right day at the right time to hear him speak -how many of them showed up for him zero -its what they believed about america that got them to travel in a bus for eight hours to stand in the sun in washington in the middle of august its what they believed and it wasnt about black versus white twenty five percent of the audience was white -my one night out all week -take her to a dance school i said what happened she said she did i -she became a soloist she had a wonderful career at the royal ballet she eventually graduated from the royal ballet school and founded her own company the gillian lynne dance company -but if you ask about their education they pin you to the wall because its one of those things that goes deep with people am i right like religion and money -it comes to is this al gore spoke the other night about ecology and the revolution that was triggered by rachel carson i believe our only hope for the future -is to adopt a new conception of human ecology one in which we start to reconstitute our conception of the richness of human capacity -we have to rethink the fundamental principles on which were educating our children there was a wonderful quote by jonas salk who said if all the insects were to disappear from the earth -within fifty years all life on earth would end if all human beings disappeared from the earth within fifty years all forms of life would flourish -and hes right what ted celebrates is the gift of the human imagination we have to be careful now that we use this gift wisely -task is to educate their whole being so they can face this future by the way we may not see this future but they will and our job is to help them make something of it thank you very much -things i have a big interest in education and i think we all do we have a huge vested interest in it partly because its education thats meant to take us into this future that we cant grasp -nobody has a clue despite all the expertise thats been on parade for the past four days what the world will look like in five years time and yet were meant to be educating them for -shes exceptional but i think shes not so to speak exceptional in the whole of childhood what you have there is a person of extraordinary dedication who found a talent -and my contention is all kids have tremendous talents and we squander them pretty ruthlessly so i want to talk about education and i want to talk about creativity -my contention is that creativity now is as important in education as literacy and we should treat it with the same status -you its been great hasnt it -thank you -so fifteen minutes -well i was born no -i heard a great story recently i love telling it of a little girl who was in a drawing lesson she was six and she was at the back drawing and the teacher said this little girl hardly ever paid attention -been blown away by the whole thing in fact im leaving -and the girl said im drawing a picture of god and the teacher said but nobody knows what god looks like and the girl said they will in a minute -when my son was four in england actually he was four everywhere to be honest -nativity ii but james got the part of joseph which we were thrilled about we considered this to be one of the lead parts we had the place crammed full of agents in t shirts james robinson is joseph -didnt have to speak but you know the bit where the three kings come in they come in bearing gifts and they bring gold frankincense and myrhh this really happened we were sitting there and -tea towels on their heads and they put these boxes down and the first boy said i bring you gold and the second boy said i bring you -there have been three themes havent there running through the conference which are relevant to what i want to talk about one is the extraordinary -and the result is that we are educating people out of their creative capacities picasso once said this he said that all children are born artists the problem is to remain an artist as we grow up -i believe this passionately that we dont grow into creativity we grow out of it or rather we get educated -so why is this i lived in stratford on avon until about five years ago in fact we moved from stratford to los angeles -was -i never thought of it i mean he was seven at some point he was in somebodys english class -that -go to bed now to william shakespeare and put the pencil -its confusing everybody -we moved from stratford to los angeles and i just want to say a word about the transition actually my son didnt want to come ive got two kids hes twenty one now my daughters sixteen he didnt want to come -long time when youre sixteen anyway he was really upset on the plane and he said ill never find another girl like -the second is that its put us in a place where we have no idea whats going to happen in terms of the future no idea how this -and in pretty much every system -hierarchy within the arts art and music are normally given a higher status in schools than drama and dance there isnt an education system on the planet that teaches dance every day to children the way we teach them mathematics why -why not i think this is rather important i think math is very important but so is dance children dance all the time if theyre allowed to we all do we all have bodies -what happens is as children grow up we start to educate them progressively from the waist up -i think youd have to conclude the whole purpose of public education throughout the world is to produce university professors isnt it theyre the people who come out the top and i used to be one -so -and i like university professors but you know we shouldnt hold them up as the high water mark of all human achievement theyre just a form of life -i have an interest in education actually what i find is everybody has an interest in education dont you -another form of life but theyre rather curious and i say this out of affection for them theres something curious about professors in my experience not all of them but typically they live in their heads -they live up there and slightly to one side theyre disembodied you know in a kind of literal way they look upon their body as a form of transport for their heads -to meetings -if you want real evidence of out of body experiences by the way get yourself along to a residential conference of senior academics and pop into the discotheque on the final night -there you will see it grown men and women writhing uncontrollably -off the beat waiting until it ends so they can go home and write a paper about it -our education system is predicated on the idea of academic ability and theres a reason the whole system was invented around the world there were no public systems of education really before the nineteenth century -they all came into being to meet the needs of industrialism so the hierarchy is rooted on two ideas number one that the most useful subjects for work are at the top -and i think we cant afford to go on that way in the next thirty years according to unesco more people worldwide will be graduating through education than since the beginning of history -more people and its the combination of all the things weve talked about technology and its transformation effect on work and demography and the huge explosion in population suddenly degrees arent worth anything isnt that true -when i was a student if you had a degree you had a job if you didnt have a job its because you didnt want one -and i didnt want one -frankly but now -kids with degrees are often heading home to carry on playing video games because you need an ma where the previous job required a ba and now you need a phd for the other its a process of academic inflation and it indicates the whole structure of education is shifting beneath our feet -we need to radically rethink our view of intelligence we know three things about intelligence one its -we think about the world in all the ways that we experience it we think visually we think in sound we think kinesthetically we think in abstract terms we think in movement secondly intelligence is dynamic -if you look at the interactions of a human brain as we heard yesterday from a number of presentations intelligence -if you work in education youre not asked and -is wonderfully interactive the brain isnt divided into compartments in fact creativity which i define as the process of having original ideas that have value -more often than not comes about through the interaction of different disciplinary ways of seeing things the brain is intentionally by the way -a raft of research but i know it from my personal life if my wife is cooking a meal at home which is not often -thankfully but you know -good at some things but if shes cooking you know shes dealing with people on the phone shes talking to the kids shes painting the -never asked back curiously -if you are and you say to somebody you know they say what do you do and you say you work in education you can see the blood run from their face theyre like oh my god you know why me -and the third thing about intelligence is its distinct -some have shes a choreographer and everybody knows her work she did cats and phantom of the opera shes wonderful i used to be on the board of the royal ballet in england -as you can -couldnt concentrate she was fidgeting i think now theyd say she had adhd wouldnt you but this was the nineteen thirties and adhd hadnt been invented at this point -they could have that -at the end of it because she was disturbing people her homework was always late and so on little kid of eight in the end the -said wait here well be back we wont be very long and they went and left her but as they went out the room he turned on the radio that was sitting on his desk and when they got out the room he said to her mother -and the minute they left the room she said she was on her feet moving to the music and they watched for a few minutes and he turned to her mother and said misters lynne gillian isnt sick shes a dancer -i the heavens embroidered cloths enwrought with gold and silver light -blue and the dim and the dark cloths of night and light and the -i would spread the cloths under your feet -being poor have only my dreams -i have spread my dreams under your feet -our children spread their dreams beneath our feet and we should tread softly -but i believe theres a second climate crisis which is as severe which has the same origins and -we have to deal with with the same urgency and i mean by this and you may say by the way look im good i have one climate crisis i dont really need the second one -but this is a crisis of not natural resources though i believe thats true but a crisis of human resources -i believe fundamentally as many speakers have said during the past few days that we make very poor use of our talents -i was here four years ago and i remember at the time that the talks werent put online i think they were given to tedsters in a box a box set of dvds which they put on their shelves where they are now -dont think theyre really good at anything actually i kind of divide the world into two groups now jeremy bentham the great utilitarian philosopher -well i do -i meet all kinds of people who dont enjoy what they do they simply go through their lives getting on with it -they get no great pleasure from what they do they endure it rather than enjoy it and wait for the weekend -but i also meet people who love what they do and couldnt imagine doing anything else if you said to them dont do this anymore theyd wonder what you were talking about because it isnt what they do -its not true of enough people in fact on the contrary i think its certainly a minority of people and i think there are many -every education system in the world is being reformed at the moment and its not enough reform is no use anymore because thats simply improving a broken model -what we need and the words been used many times during the course of the past few days is not evolution but a revolution in education this has to be transformed into something else -one of the real challenges is to innovate fundamentally in education innovation is hard -the great problem for reform or transformation is the tyranny of common sense -things that people think well it cant be done any other way because thats the way its done i came across a great quote recently from abraham lincoln who i thought youd be pleased to have quoted at this point -and actually chris called me a week after id given my talk and he said were going to start putting them online can we put yours online and i said sure -we suppress it you know this is our policy so -but he said this -the dogmas of the quiet past are inadequate to the stormy present the occasion is piled high with difficulty -and we must rise with the occasion i love that not rise to it rise with it -as our case is new so we must think anew and act anew -we must disenthrall ourselves and then we shall save our country i love that word disenthrall -to meet the circumstances of this century but to cope with the circumstances of previous centuries but our minds are still hypnotized by them and we have to disenthrall ourselves of some of them -now doing this is easier said than done its very hard to know by the way what it is you take for granted and the reason is that you take it for granted -and four years later as i said its been seen by four well its been downloaded four million times -any people here under the age of twenty five great now those over twenty five could you put your hands up if youre wearing a wristwatch -now thats a great deal of us isnt it ask a room full of teenagers the same thing teenagers do not wear wristwatches i dont mean they cant or theyre not allowed to they just often choose not to -and the reason is you see that we were brought up in a pre digital culture those of us over twenty five and so for us if you want to know the time you have to wear something to tell it -kids now live in a world which is digitized and the time for them is everywhere they see no reason to do this and by the way you dont need to do it either its just that youve always done it -a single function device -is that and i -it tells the date as well it -could multiply that by twenty or something to get the number of people whove seen it and as chris says there is a hunger -you see there are things were enthralled to in education let me give you a couple of examples one of them is the idea of linearity -that it starts here and you go through a track and if you do everything right you will end up set for the rest of your life -we create our lives symbiotically as we explore our talents in relation to the circumstances they help to create for us but you know we have become obsessed with this linear narrative and probably the pinnacle for education is getting into college -maybe they go later not right away and i was up in san francisco a while ago doing a book signing there was this guy buying a book he was in his thirties and i said what do you do and he said im a -i wanted to be a fireman and he said when i got to the senior year of school my teachers didnt take it seriously this one teacher didnt take it seriously he said i was throwing my life away if thats all i chose to do with it -he said he was in a car -and i pulled him out gave him cpr and i saved his wifes life as well -you know to me human communities depend upon a diversity of talent not a singular conception of ability and at the heart of our -at the heart of the challenge is to reconstitute our sense of ability and of intelligence this linearity thing is a problem -when i arrived in l a about nine years ago i came across a policy statement very well intentioned which said college begins in kindergarten -no it -it doesnt if we had time i could go into this but we don -a friend of mine once said you know a three year old is not half a six year old -three -but as we just heard in this last session theres such competition now to get to kindergarten to get to the right kindergarten that people are being interviewed for it -at three -kids sitting in front of unimpressed panels you know with their resumes -flipping through and saying well this is it -been around for thirty six months and this is -so this whole event has been an elaborate build up -achieved nothing commit -this is something jamie oliver talked about the other day you know there are two models of quality assurance in catering one is fast food where everything -the other are things like zagat and michelin restaurants where everything is not standardized theyre customized to local circumstances and we have sold ourselves into a fast food model of education -and its impoverishing our spirit and our energies as much as fast food is depleting our physical bodies -to me doing another one for you so here -i think we have to recognize a couple of things here one is that human talent is tremendously diverse people have very different aptitudes i worked out recently that i was given -as a kid at about the same time eric clapton got his first guitar -you know it worked out for eric thats all im saying -it did not for me i could not get this thing to work -no matter how often or how hard i blew into it it just -its not only about that its about passion often people are good at things they dont really care for its about passion and what excites -our spirit and our energy and if youre doing the thing that you love to do that youre good at time takes a different course entirely -my wifes just finished writing a novel and i think its a great book but she disappears for hours on end you know this if youre doing something you love -and the reason so many people are opting out of education is because it doesnt feed their spirit it doesnt feed their energy or their passion so i think we have to change metaphors -spoke at the ted conference i spoke at four years ago and talked about the climate crisis and i referenced that at the end of my last talk so i want to pick up from there because i only had eighteen minutes frankly -we have to go from what is essentially an industrial model of education a manufacturing model which is based on linearity and conformity and batching people we have to move to a model that is based more on principles of agriculture -we have to recognize that human flourishing is not a mechanical process its an organic process -and you cannot predict the outcome of human development all you can do like a farmer is create the conditions under which they will begin to flourish -so when we look at reforming education and transforming it it isnt like cloning a system there are great ones like kipps its a great system there are many -its not about scaling a new solution its about creating a movement in education in which people develop their own solutions but with external support based on a personalized curriculum -in this room there are people who represent extraordinary resources in business in multimedia in the internet these technologies -because its vital not just to ourselves but to the future of our children but we have to change from the industrial model to -an agricultural model where each school can be flourishing tomorrow thats where children experience life or at home if thats where they choose to be educated with their families or their friends -a lot of talk about dreams over the course of this few days and i wanted to just very quickly i was very struck by natalie merchants songs last night recovering old poems -i wanted to read you a quick very short poem from w b yeats whos someone you may know he wrote this to his love -driest place in america and nothing grows there -nothing grows there because it doesnt rain -was carpeted in flowers -waiting for the right conditions to come about -and with organic systems if the conditions are right -and schools that were once bereft spring to life -great leaders know that -the real role of leadership in education and i think its true at the national level the state level at the school level -the real role of leadership is climate control -creating a climate of possibility -and if you do that people will rise to it and achieve things that you completely did not anticipate and couldnt have expected -its leaving millions of children behind now i can see thats not a very attractive name for legislation -theres a wonderful quote from benjamin franklin there are three sorts of people in the world -those who are immovable -people who dont get they dont want to get it theyre going to do anything about it there are people who are movable -and if the movement is strong enough -thats in the best sense of the word a revolution -millions of children left behind i can see -in some parts of the country sixty percent of kids drop out of high school -in the native american communities its eighty percent -one estimate is it would -create a net gain to the u s economy over ten years -of nearly a trillion dollars -from an economic point of view this is good math isnt -that we should do this it actually costs an enormous amount to mop up the damage from -the dropout crisis but the dropout crisis is just the tip of an iceberg what it doesnt count are all the kids who are in school -but being disengaged from it -i moved to america twelve years ago with my wife terry and our two kids actually truthfully we moved to los angeles -who dont enjoy it who dont get any real benefit from it and the reason is not that were not spending enough money america spends more money on education than most other countries -class sizes are smaller than in many countries -and there are hundreds of initiatives every year to try and improve education -the trouble is -its all going in the wrong direction -there are three principles on which human life flourishes -and they are contradicted -by the culture of education under which most teachers -have to labor and most students have to endure -the first is this that human beings are naturally -different and diverse -i bet you they are completely different from each other -you would never confuse them would you -is based on not diversity -one of the effects of no child left behind -has been to narrow the focus onto the so called stem disciplines theyre very important -im not here to argue against science and math on the contrary -a real education has to give equal weight to the arts the humanities to physical education an awful lot of kids -estimate in america currently is that something like ten percent of kids getting on that way are being diagnosed with various conditions under the broad title of attention deficit disorder -its a short plane ride from -i just dont believe its an epidemic -like this if you sit kids down hour after hour doing low grade clerical work -dont be surprised if they start to fidget -children are not for the most part suffering from a psychological condition theyre suffering from childhood -they will learn without any further assistance very often children are natural learners its a real achievement to put that particular ability out or to stifle it -curiosity is the engine of achievement now the reason i say this is because one of the effects of the current culture here if i can say so has been to de professionalize teachers -there is no system in the world -teachers are the lifeblood of the success of schools but teaching is a creative profession -teaching properly conceived is not a delivery system -you know youre not there just to pass on received information great teachers do that -but what great teachers also do is mentor stimulate provoke engage you see in the end education is about learning -americans dont get irony -but a wonderful guy he was wonderful -have you come across this idea -you know you can be engaged in the activity of something but not really be achieving it like -but if nobodys learning anything -she may be engaged in the task of teaching but not actually -learning thats it and part of the problem is i think that the dominant culture of education has come to focus on not teaching and learning but testing -its not true ive traveled the whole length and breadth of this country i have found no evidence that americans dont get irony -now testing is important standardized tests have a place -but they should not be the dominant culture of education they should be diagnostic -if i go for a medical examination -i want some standardized tests i do -you know i want to know what my cholesterol level is compared to everybody elses -on a standard scale i dont want to be told on some scale my doctor invented in the -your cholesterol is what i call level orange -but all that should support -which of course it often does so in place of curiosity what we have is a culture of compliance -its why we all have different resumes -its one of those cultural myths -we create our lives and we can recreate them as we go through them its the common currency of being a human being its why human culture is so interesting and diverse and dynamic i mean other animals may well have imaginations and creativity but its not so much in evidence is it as ours i mean you may have a dog -like the british are reserved -sit staring out the window with a bottle of jack daniels -now it doesnt have to be that way it really doesnt -i dont know why people think this -the thing about work in finland is this -they dont obsess about those disciplines they have a very broad approach to education which includes humanities physical education the arts -but you can compare it to a state in america -many states in america have fewer people in them than that -but what all the high performing systems in the world do -is currently what is not evident -sadly across the systems in america -they individualize teaching and learning they recognize that its students who are learning -and the system has to engage them their curiosity their individuality and their creativity thats how you get them to learn -the second is that they attribute a very high status to the teaching -to the school level for getting the job done -you see theres a big difference here -between going into a mode of command and control in education thats what happens in some systems you know central governments decide or state governments decide they know best and theyre going to tell you what to do the trouble is that -education doesnt go on in the committee rooms of our legislative buildings it happens in classrooms and schools and the people who do it are the teachers and the students and if you remove their discretion it stops working -but i have to say its happening in spite of the dominant culture of education not because of it its like people are sailing into a headwind all the time -of education its like -education is an industrial process -that can be improved just by having better data and somewhere in i think the back of the mind of some policy makers is this idea that if we fine tune it well enough if we just get it right it will all hum along perfectly into the future -but i knew that americans get irony when i came across that legislation no child left behind -it wont and it never did -the point is that education -is not a mechanical system its a human system -i was at a meeting recently in los angeles of theyre called alternative education programs these are programs designed to get kids back into education -they have certain common features -theyre very personalized -they have strong support for the teachers -close links with the community and a broad and diverse curriculum and often programs which involve students outside school as well as inside school -because whoever thought of that title gets irony -so i think we have to embrace a different metaphor we have to recognize that its a human system and there are conditions under which people thrive -and conditions under which they dont we are after all organic creatures -not far from where i live is a place called death valley -some of them were quite up there for me -for actually caring for us a lot and to make our future -much -really -i mean -design -so -i -i remember when i -know -actually really bad because -the way -so -the -i dont hear anything -and -the -we human beings we have a great mind artistic heart and skill that can change the sixteenth century technology and a legendary design to a wonderful entertainment now i know why -be here to perform but unexpectedly i learned and enjoyed much more -and use that to fold up or reconfigure -we need some energy thats going to allow that to activate allow our parts to be able to fold up from the program and we need some type of error correction redundancy to guarantee that we have successfully built what we want so im going to show you a number of projects that my colleagues and i at mit are working on to achieve this self assembling future -like to show you the future of the way we make things -and you send that sequence through the string each unit takes its message so negative one hundred and twenty it rotates to that checks if it got there and then passes it to its neighbor -so these are the brilliant scientists engineers designers that worked on this project and i think it really brings to light is this really scalable i mean thousands of dollars lots of man hours made to make this eight foot robot can we really scale this up can we really embed robotics into every part -i believe that soon our buildings and machines will be self assembling replicating and repairing themselves so im going to show you what i believe is the current state of manufacturing and then compare that to some natural systems -the next one questions that and looks at passive nature or passively trying to have reconfiguration programmability but it goes a step further and it tries to have actual computation it basically embeds the most fundamental building block of computing the digital logic gate directly into your parts -so this is a nand gate you have one tetrahedron which is the gate thats going to do your computing and you have two input tetrahedrons one of them is the input from the user as youre building your bricks the other one is from the previous brick that was placed and then it gives you an output in three d space -so what this means is that the user can start plugging in what they want the bricks to do -it computes on what it was doing before and what you said you wanted it to do and now it starts moving in three dimensional space so up or down so on the left hand side eleven input equals zero output which goes down on the right hand side zero input is a one output which goes up -and so what that really means is that our structures now contain the blueprints of what we want to build so they have all of the information embedded in them of what was constructed so that means that we can have some form of self replication in this case i call it self guided replication -because your structure contains the exact blueprints if you have errors you can replace a part all the local information is embedded to tell you how to fix it so you could have something that climbs along and reads it and can output at one to one its directly embedded theres no external instructions so the last project ill show is called biased chains -so basically you have a chain of elements each element is completely identical and theyre biased so each chain or each element wants to turn right or left so as you assemble the chain youre basically programming it youre telling each unit if it should turn right or left so when you shake the chain -it then folds up into any configuration that youve programmed in so in this case a spiral or in this case -two cubes next to each other -so in the current state of manufacturing we have skyscrapers two and a half years of assembly time five hundred thousand to a million parts fairly complex -and from that you have new possibilities for computing well have spatial computing imagine if our buildings our bridges machines all of our bricks could actually compute thats amazing parallel and distributed computing power new design possibilities so its exciting potential for this so i think these projects ive showed here are just a tiny step towards this future -if we implement these new technologies for a new self assembling world thank you -new exciting technologies in steel concrete glass we have exciting machines that can take us into space five years of assembly time two point five million parts -but on the other side if you look at the natural systems -we have proteins that have two million types can fold in ten thousand nanoseconds -or dna with three billion base pairs we can replicate in roughly an hour so theres all of this complexity in our natural systems but theyre extremely efficient far more efficient than anything we can build far more complex than anything we can build theyre far more efficient in terms of energy -they hardly ever make mistakes and they can repair themselves for longevity so theres something super interesting about natural systems and if we can translate that into our built environment then theres some exciting potential for the way that we build things and i think the key to that is self assembly -so if we want to utilize self assembly in our physical environment i think theres four key factors the first is that we need to decode all of the complexity of what we want to build so our buildings and machines and we need to decode that into simple sequences basically the dna of how our buildings work then we need programmable parts that can take that sequence -and take them out and replace them so id like to propose that we can combine those two worlds that we can combine the world of the nanoscale programmable adaptive materials and the built environment and i dont mean automated machines i dont just mean smart machines that replace humans -but i mean programmable materials that build themselves -and thats called self assembly which is a process by which disordered parts build an ordered structure through only local interaction -so what do we need if we want to do this at the human scale we need a few simple ingredients the first ingredient is materials and geometry and that needs to be tightly coupled with the energy source and you can use passive energy so heat shaking pneumatics gravity magnetics -and then you need smartly designed interactions and those interactions allow for error correction and they allow the shapes to go from one state to another state -so now im going to show you a number of projects that weve built from one dimensional two dimensional three dimensional and even four dimensional systems -this is slave labor to my own project -so in one dimensional systems this is a project called the self folding proteins and the idea is that you take the three dimensional structure of a protein in this case its the crambin protein you take the backbone so no cross linking no environmental interactions and you break that down into a series of components -and then we embed elastic and when i throw this up into the air and catch it it has the full three dimensional structure of the protein -all of the intricacies and this gives us a tangible model of the three dimensional protein and how it folds and all of the intricacies of the geometry so we can study this as a physical intuitive model -this is what the diy and maker movements really look like -and were also translating that into two dimensional systems -so flat sheets that can self fold into three dimensional structures in three dimensions we did a project last year at tedglobal with autodesk and arthur olson where we looked at autonomous parts so individual parts not pre connected that can come together on their own -and we built five hundred of these glass beakers they had different molecular structures inside and different colors that could be mixed and matched and we gave them away to all the tedsters -and so these became intuitive models to understand how molecular self assembly works at the human scale this is the polio virus you shake it hard and it breaks apart and then you shake it randomly and it starts to error correct and built the structure on its own and this is demonstrating that through random energy we can build non random shapes -we even demonstrated that we can do this at a much larger scale last year -and this is an analogy for todays construction and manufacturing world with brute force assembly techniques -at ted long beach we built an installation that builds installations the idea was could we self assemble furniture scale objects so we built a large rotating chamber -and people would come up and spin the chamber faster or slower adding energy to the system and getting an intuitive understanding of how self assembly works and how we could use this as a macroscale construction or manufacturing technique for products so remember i said four d -so today for the first time were unveiling a new project which is a collaboration with stratasys and its called four d printing -the idea behind four d printing is that you take multi material three d printing so you can deposit multiple materials -and you add a new capability which is transformation that right off the bed the parts can transform from one shape to another shape directly on their own and this is like robotics without wires or motors so you completely print this part and it can transform into something else -we also worked with autodesk on a software theyre developing called project cyborg -and this allows us to simulate this self assembly behavior and try to optimize which parts are folding when but most importantly we can use this same software for the design of nanoscale self assembly systems and human scale self assembly systems these are parts being printed with multi material properties -and this is exactly why i started studying how to program physical materials to build themselves -and we think this is the first time that a program and transformation has been embedded directly into the materials themselves and it also might just be the manufacturing technique that allows us to produce more adaptive infrastructure in the future -so i know youre probably thinking okay thats cool but how do we use any of this stuff for the built environment -so ive started a lab at mit and its called the self assembly lab and were dedicated to trying to develop programmable materials for the built environment and we think theres a few key sectors that have fairly near term applications one of those is in extreme environments -these are scenarios where its difficult to build our current construction techniques dont work its too large its too dangerous its expensive too many parts -but there is another world -and space is a great example of that were trying to design new scenarios for space that have fully reconfigurable and self assembly structures that can go from highly functional systems from one to another -lets go back to infrastructure in infrastructure were working with a company out of boston called geosyntec -today at the micro and nanoscales theres an unprecedented revolution happening -and were developing a new paradigm for piping imagine if water pipes could expand or contract to change capacity or change flow rate -or maybe even undulate like peristaltics to move the water themselves -so this isnt expensive pumps or valves this is a completely programmable and adaptive pipe on its own -so i want to remind you today of the harsh realities of assembly in our world these are complex things built with complex parts that come together in complex ways -so i would like to invite you from whatever industry youre from to join us in reinventing and reimagining the world how things come together from the nanoscale to the human scale so that we can go from a world like this to a world thats more like this -and this is the ability to program physical and biological materials to change shape change properties and even compute outside of silicon based matter -thank you -theres even a software called cadnano that allows us to design three dimensional shapes like nano robots or drug delivery systems and use dna to self assemble those functional structures -but if we look at the human scale theres massive problems that arent being addressed by those nanoscale technologies if we look at construction and manufacturing -theres major inefficiencies energy consumption and excessive labor techniques in infrastructure lets just take one example take piping -in water pipes we have fixed capacity water pipes that have fixed flow rates except for expensive pumps and valves we bury them in the ground if anything changes if the environment changes the ground moves or demand changes we have to start from scratch -thank you very much were so excited to be here its such an honor for us -thank -we call it the water canary its a fast cheap device that answers an important question is this water contaminated -it doesnt require any special training and instead of waiting for chemical reactions to take place it uses light that means theres no waiting for chemical reactions to take place no need to use reagents that can run out and no need to be an expert to get actionable information -to test water you simply insert a sample and within seconds it either displays a red light indicating contaminated water or a green light indicating the sample is safe this will make it possible for anyone to collect life saving information and to monitor water quality conditions as they unfold -were also on top of that -integrating wireless networking into an affordable device with gps and gsm what that means is that each reading can be automatically transmitted to servers to be mapped in real time -was reported in haiti for the first time in over fifty years last october -with enough users maps like this will make it possible to take preventive action containing hazards before they turn into emergencies that take years to recover from -and then instead of taking days to disseminate this information to the people who need it most it can happen automatically -weve seen how distributed networks big data and information can transform society i think its time for us to apply them to water -there was no way to predict how far it would spread through water supplies and how bad the situation would get -and not knowing where help was needed always ensured that help was in short supply in the areas that needed it most weve gotten good at predicting and preparing for storms before they take innocent lives and cause irreversible damage but we still cant do that with water -and heres why right now if you want to test water in the field you need a trained technician expensive equipment like this and you have to wait about a day for chemical reactions to take place and provide results -its too slow to get a picture of conditions on the ground before they change too expensive to implement in all the places that require testing and it ignores the fact that in the meanwhile people still need to drink water -most of the information that we collected on the cholera outbreak didnt come from testing water it came from forms like this which documented all the people we failed to help -countless lives have been saved by canaries in coalmines a simple and invaluable way for miners to know whether theyre safe -ive been inspired by that simplicity as ive been working on this problem with some of the most hardworking and brilliant people ive ever known we think theres a simpler solution to this problem one that can be used by people who face conditions like this everyday its in its early stages but this is what it looks like right now -hot sweaty mosquito net every night while my cousins they were allowed to sleep out on the terrace and have this nice cool night breeze wafting over them and i really hated the mosquitos for that -but at the same time i come from a jain family -and jainism is a religion that espouses a very extreme form of nonviolence so jains are not supposed to eat meat -why i spent five years as a journalist trying to understand why has malaria been such a horrible scourge for all of us for so very long -and i think theres three main reasons why those three reasons add up to the fourth reason which is probably the biggest reason of all -the first reason is certainly scientific this little parasite that causes malaria its probably one of the most complex and wily pathogens known to humankind it lives half its life inside the cold blooded mosquito and half its life inside the warm blooded human -these two environments are totally different but not only that theyre both utterly hostile so the insect is continually trying to fight off the parasite and so is the human body continually trying to fight it off this little creature survives under siege like that but not only does it survive -its a shape shifter for one thing just as a caterpillar turns into a butterfly the malaria parasite transforms itself like that seven times in its life cycle -and each of those life stages not only looks totally different from each other they have totally different physiology -so say you came up with some great drug that worked against one stage of the parasites life cycle it might do nothing at all to any of the other stages it can hide in our bodies undetected unbeknownst to us for days for weeks for months for years in some cases even decades -so the parasite is a very big scientific challenge to tackle but so is the mosquito that carries the parasite -only about twelve species of mosquitos carry most of the worlds malaria and we know quite a bit about the kinds of watery habitats that they specialize in so you might think then well why dont we just avoid the places where the killer mosquitos live -but say you live in the tropics and you walk outside your hut one day and you leave some footprints in the soft dirt around your home -so its not easy for us to extricate ourselves from these insects we kind of create places that they love to live just by living our own lives so theres a huge scientific challenge but theres a huge economic challenge too malaria occurs in some of the poorest and most remote places on earth and theres a reason for that -and to this day malaria takes a huge toll on our species weve got three hundred million cases a year and over half a million deaths -if youre poor youre more likely to get malaria if youre poor youre more likely to live in rudimentary housing on marginal land thats poorly drained these are places where mosquitos breed -youre less likely to have door screens or window screens youre less likely to have electricity and all the indoor activities that electricity makes possible so youre outside more youre getting bitten by mosquitos more so poverty causes malaria but what we also know now is that malaria itself causes poverty -for one thing it strikes hardest during harvest season so exactly when farmers need to be out in the fields collecting their crops theyre home sick with a fever -but it also predisposes people to death from all other causes so this has happened historically weve been able to take malaria out of a society everything else stays the same so we still have bad food bad water bad sanitation all the things that make people sick -but just if you take malaria out deaths from everything else go down -and the economist jeff sachs has actually quantified what this means for a society what it means is if you have malaria in your society your economic growth is depressed by one point three percent every year -now this really makes no sense -year after year after year just this one disease alone -so theres a huge economic challenge in taming malaria -but along with the scientific challenge and the economic challenge theres also a cultural challenge and this is probably the part about malaria that people dont like to talk about and its the paradox that the people who have the most malaria in the world tend to care about it the least -this has been the finding of medical anthropologists again and again they ask people in malarious parts of the world what do you think about malaria and they dont say its a killer disease were scared of it they say -malaria is a normal problem of life -looked at me like i told them i was writing a book about warts or something like why would you write about something so boring so ordinary you know and its simple risk perception really a child in malawi for example she might have twelve episodes of malaria before the age of two -and so this poses a huge cultural challenge in taming malaria because if people think its normal to have malaria then how do you get them to run to the doctor to get diagnosed to pick up their prescription to get it filled to take the drugs to put on the repellents to tuck in the bed nets -this is a huge cultural challenge in taming this disease -how do you get a political leader to do anything about a problem like this and the answer is historically you dont -so the main attacks on malaria have come from outside of malarious societies from people who arent constrained by these rather paralyzing politics but this i think introduces a whole host of other kinds of difficulties the first concerted attack against malaria started in the one thousand nine hundred and fifty s it was the brainchild of the u s state department -and this effort well understood the economic challenge they knew they had to focus on cheap easy to use tools and they focused on ddt they understood the cultural challenge in fact their rather patronizing view was that people at risk of malaria shouldnt be asked to do anything at all everything should be done to them and for them -but they greatly underestimated the scientific challenge they had so much faith in their tools that they stopped doing malaria research and so when those tools started to fail and public opinion started to turn against those tools they had no scientific expertise to figure out what to do -the whole campaign crashed malaria resurged back but now it was even worse than before because it was corralled into the hardest to reach places in the most difficult to control forms -the centerpiece of the current effort is the bed net its treated with insecticides this thing has been distributed across the malarious world by the millions and when you think about the bed net its sort of a surgical intervention you know it doesnt really have any value to a family with malaria except that it helps prevent malaria -and yet were asking people to use these nets every night they have to sleep under them every night thats the only way they are effective -now thats no big deal if youre fighting a killer disease i mean these are minor inconveniences but thats not how people with malaria think of malaria -the calculus must be quite different -and all you need to do is wear it every day during cold and flu season when you go to school and when you go to work -and yet to this day hundreds of thousands of people are going to die from the bite of a mosquito why is that -and even thats probably an overestimate because the same people who distributed the nets went back and asked the recipients oh did you use that net i gave you -and that might work but it takes time -so its difficult to attack malaria from inside malarious societies but its equally tricky when we try to attack it from outside of those societies -and that dont necessarily make sense in peoples lives we run the risk of making the same mistake again -thats not to say that malaria is unconquerable because i think it is but what if we attacked this disease according to the priorities of the people who lived with it -this is a question thats personally intrigued me for a long time i grew up as the daughter of indian immigrants visiting my cousins in india every summer and because i had no immunity to the local malarias i was made to sleep under this -take the example of england and the united states we had malaria in those countries for hundreds of years and we got rid of it completely not because we attacked malaria we didnt -we attacked bad roads and bad houses and bad drainage and lack of electricity and rural poverty we attacked the malarious way of life -and by doing that we slowly built malaria out -my parents were told by the khmer rouge to evacuate the city because of impending american bombing for three days and here is a picture of the khmer rouge they were young soldiers typically -i normally teach courses on how to rebuild states after war but today ive got a personal story to share with you -the khmer rouge didnt believe in money so the equivalent of the federal reserve bank in cambodia was bombed but not just that they actually -banned money i think its the only precedent in which money has ever been stopped from being used and we know money is the root of all evil but it didnt actually stop evil from happening in cambodia in fact -my family was moved from phnom penh to pursat province this is a picture of what pursat looks like its actually a very pretty area of cambodia -where rice growing takes place and in fact they were forced to work the fields so my father and mother ended up -in a sort of concentration camp labor camp and it was at that time that my mother got word from the commune chief that the vietnamese were actually asking for their citizens to go back to vietnam -and she spoke some vietnamese as a child having grown up with vietnamese friends and she decided -in a modern day caloric restriction diet i guess theyre giving porridge with a few grains of rice and at about this time actually my father got very sick -so the khmer rouge took us from a place called pursat to koh tiev which is across from the border from vietnam and there they had a detention camp where -our story more credible shed given all the boys and girls new vietnamese names but shed given the boys girls names and the girls -boys names and it wasnt until she met a vietnamese lady who told her this and then tutored her for two days intensively that she was able to go into her exam -and you know this was a moment of truth if she fails were all headed to the gallows if she passes we can leave to vietnam and she actually of course im here she passes -and we end up in hong ngu on the vietnamese side and then onwards to chau doc and this is a picture of hong ngu vietnam today a pretty -idyllic place on the mekong delta but for us it meant freedom and freedom from persecution from the khmer rouge -last year the khmer rouge tribunal which the u n is helping cambodia take on started and i decided that as a matter of record i should file a civil complaint with the tribunal about my fathers passing away and -i got word last month that the complaint was officially accepted by the khmer rouge tribunal and its for me a matter of justice for history and accountability for the future because cambodia remains a pretty -april -led by peasant born pol pot the khmer rouge evacuates people to the -in order to create a rural communist utopia much like mao tse tsungs cultural revolution in china -rouge closes the doors to the outside world but after four years the grim truth seeps -in a country of only seven million people one and a half million were murdered by -their bodies piled in the mass graves of -siberia inside the arctic circle during the last ice age temperature was at seventy a eighty a even one hundred a perhaps migrating into the americas ultimately reaching that final frontier an amazing story and it -first in africa the changes that allowed us to do that the evolution of this highly adaptable brain that we all carry around with us allowing us to create novel cultures allowing us to develop the diversity that we see on a whirlwind trip like the one ive just been on -now that story i just told you is literally a whirlwind tour of how we populated the world the great paleolithic wanderings of our species -and thats the story that i told a couple of years ago in my book the journey of man and a film that we made with the same title and as we were -i started talking to the folks at ng about this work and they got really excited about it they liked the film but they said you know we really see this as kind of the next wave in the study of human origins where we all came from -now the problem of human diversity like all big scientific questions how do you explain something like that can be broken down into sub questions and you can ferret away at those little sub questions -and i said well you know what ive sketched out here is just that it is a very coarse sketch of how we migrated around the planet and its based on a few thousand people weve sampled from -you know a handful of populations around the world studied a few genetic markers and there are lots of gaps on this map weve just connected the dots what we need to do is increase our sample size -by an order of magnitude or more hundreds of thousands of dna samples from people all over the world -the field research that were doing around the world with indigenous peoples people who have lived in the same location for a long period of time retain a connection to the place where they live that many of the rest of us have lost -so my ancestors come from all over northern europe i live in the eastern seaboard of north america when im not traveling where am i indigenous to nowhere really my genes are all jumbled up but there are people who retain that link to their ancestors -but in addition we wanted to open up this study to anybody around the world how often do you get to participate in a big scientific project the human genome project or a mars rover mission -in this case you actually can you can go onto our website nationalgeographic com genographic you can order a kit you can test your own dna -and you can actually submit those results to the database and tell us a little about your genealogical background have the data analyzed as part of the scientific effort -now this is all a nonprofit enterprise so the money that we raise after we cover the cost of doing the testing and making the kit components gets plowed back into the project the majority going to something we call the legacy fund -a charitable entity basically a grant giving entity that gives money back to indigenous groups around the world for educational cultural projects initiated by them they apply to this fund -the most amazing thing has been the interest on the part of the public two hundred and ten thousand people have ordered these participation kits since we launched two years ago -which has raised about five million dollars the majority of which at least half is going back into the legacy fund weve just awarded the first legacy grants totaling around five hundred thousand dollars -so the project is going very very well and i urge you to check out the website and watch this space thank you very much -and the second question is related but slightly different if we do spring from a common source -how did we come to occupy every corner of the globe and in the process generate all of this diversity the different ways of life the different appearances the different languages around the world -therefore probable that africa was formerly inhabited by extinct apes closely allied to the gorilla and chimpanzee and as these two species are now mans nearest allies its somewhat more probable that our early progenitors lived on the african continent than elsewhere so were done we can go home -finished the origin question well not quite -the apes that left at that time ended up in southeast asia became the gibbons and orangutans and the ones that stayed on in africa evolved into the gorillas the chimpanzees and us so yes -if youre talking about our common ancestry with apes its very clear by looking at the fossil record we started off here but thats not really the question im asking im asking about our human ancestry things that we would recognize as being like us if they were sitting here in the room -they were peering over your shoulder you wouldnt leap back like that what about our human ancestry because if we go far enough back we share a common ancestry with every living thing on earth dna ties us all together so we share ancestry with barracuda bacteria -these are a few of the languages that -and mushrooms if you go far enough back over a billion years what were asking about though is human ancestry how do we study that well historically it has been studied using the science of paeleoanthropology digging things up out of the ground -and largely on the basis of morphology the way things are shaped often skull shape saying this looks a little bit more like us than that so this must be my ancestor this must be who im directly descended from -spoken little bits of over the course of the last six weeks as ive been to seventeen countries i think im up to on this crazy tour ive been doing -the field of paeleoanthropology ill argue gives us lots of fascinating possibilities about our ancestry but it doesnt give us the probabilities that we really want -all dug up just west of here in olduvai gorge by the leakey family and theyre all dating to roughly the same time from left to right weve got homo erectus homo habilis and australopithecus now called paranthropus boisei the robust australopithecine three extinct species same place same time -that means that not all three could be my direct ancestor which one of these guys am i actually related to -well a different approach has been to look at morphology in humans using the only data that people really had at hand until quite recently again largely skull shape the first person to do this systematically -was linnaeus carl von linne a swedish botanist who in the eighteenth century took it upon himself to categorize every living organism on the planet you think youve got a tough job -and he did a pretty good job he categorized about twelve thousand species in systema naturae he actually coined the term homo sapiens it means wise man in latin -but looking around the world at the diversity of humans he said well you know we seem to come in discreet sub species or categories and he talked about africans and americans and asians and europeans and a blatantly -checking out various aspects of the project that were doing and im going to tell you a little bit about later on and visiting some pretty incredible places -racist category he termed monstrosus which basically included all the people he didnt like including imaginary folk like elves -its easy to dismiss this as the perhaps well intentioned but ultimately benighted musings of an eighteenth century scientist working in the pre darwinian era -except if you had taken physical anthropology as recently as twenty or thirty years ago in many cases you would have learned basically that same classification of humanity human races -that according to physical anthropologists of thirty forty years ago carlton coon is the best example -had been diverging from each other this was in the post darwinian era for over a million years since the time of homo erectus but based on what data -very little very little morphology and a lot of guesswork well what im going to talk about today what im going to talk about now is a new approach to this problem instead of going out and guessing about our ancestry digging things up out of the ground possible ancestors and -what we need to do is turn the problem on its head because what were really asking is a genealogical problem or a genealogical question what were trying to do is construct a family tree for everybody alive today -places like mongolia cambodia new guinea south africa tanzania twice i was here a month ago -as any genealogist will tell you anybody have a member of the family or maybe you have tried to construct a family tree -adding these ever more distant relationships but eventually no matter how good you are at digging up the church records and all that stuff you hit what the genealogists call a brick wall -a point beyond which you dont know anything else about your ancestors and you enter this dark and mysterious realm we call history that we have to feel our way through with whispered guidance who were these people who came before -we have no written record well actually we do written in our dna in our genetic code we have an historical document that takes us back in time to the very earliest days of our species and thats what we study -now a quick primer on dna i suspect that not everybody in the audience is a geneticist it is a very long linear molecule a coded version of how to make another copy of you -and the opportunity to make a whirlwind tour of the world like that is utterly amazing for lots of reasons you see some incredible stuff and you get to make these spot comparisons between people all around the globe -how long is it well its billions of these subunits in length a haploid genome we actually have two copies of all of our chromosomes a haploid genome is around three point two billion nucleotides in length -and the whole thing if you add it all together is over six billion nucleotides long if you take all the dna out of one cell in your body and stretch it end to end its around two meters long -if you take all the dna out of every cell in your body and you stretch it end to end it would reach from here to the moon and back thousands of times -book you can think of war and peace now multiply it by one hundred and imagine copying that by hand -or a c for a t same thing happens to our dna as its being passed on through the generations it doesnt happen very often we have a proofreading mechanism built in -but when it does happen and these changes get transmitted down through the generations they become markers of descent if you share a marker with someone it means you share an ancestor at some point in the past the person who first had that change in their dna -all the way back to the very first woman the y chromosome the piece of dna that makes men men traces a purely paternal line of descent -now even if these are simplified versions of the real trees theyre still kind of complicated so lets simplify them turn them on their sides combine them so that they look like a tree with the root at the bottom and the branches going up -whats the take home message well the thing that jumps out at you first is that the deepest lineages in our family trees are found within africa among africans -and the thing that you really take away from that the kind of surface thing that you take away from it -that means that africans have been accumulating this mutational diversity for longer and what that means is that we originated in africa its written in our dna every piece of dna we look at has greater diversity within -than outside of africa and at some point in the past a sub group of africans left the african continent to go out and populate the rest of the world -now how recently do we share this ancestry was it millions of years ago which we might suspect by looking at all this incredible variation around the world -no the dna tells a story thats very clear within the last two hundred thousand years we all share an ancestor a single person mitochondrial eve you might have heard about her -in africa an african woman who gave rise to all the mitochondrial diversity in the world today but whats even more amazing is that if you look at the y chromosome side the male side of the story -the y chromosome adam only lived around sixty thousand years ago thats only about two thousand human generations the blink of an eye in an evolutionary sense -is not that were all one although im going to tell you about that but rather how different we are there is so much diversity around the globe six thousand different languages -that tells us we were all still living in africa at that time this was an african man who gave rise to all the y chromosome diversity around the world -its only within the last sixty thousand years that we have started to generate this incredible diversity we see around the world such an amazing story were all effectively part of an extended african family -now that seems so recent why didnt we start to leave earlier why didnt homo erectus evolve into separate species or sub species rather human races around the world why was it that we seem to have come out of africa so recently -well thats a big question these why questions particularly in genetics and the study of history in general are always the big ones the ones that are tough to answer and so when all else fails talk about the weather -what was going on to the worlds weather around sixty thousand years ago well we were going into the worst part of the last ice age the last ice age started roughly one hundred and twenty thousand years ago it went up and down and it really started to accelerate around seventy thousand years ago lots of evidence from -now africa is the most tropical continent on the planet about eighty five percent of it lies between cancer and capricorn and there arent a lot of glaciers here except on the high mountains here in east africa so what was going on here we werent covered in ice in africa -so the whole world was drying out the sea levels were dropping and africa was turning into desert the sahara was much bigger then than it is now and the human habitat was reduced to just a few small pockets compared to what we have today -the evidence from genetic data is that the human population around this time roughly seventy thousand years ago crashed to fewer than two thousand individuals we nearly went extinct we were hanging on by our fingernails -now at the risk of offending any paleoanthropologists or physical anthropologists in the audience basically theres not a lot of change between these two stone tool groups -but then fifty sixty seventy thousand years ago somewhere in that region all hell breaks loose art makes its appearance -the stone tools become much more finely crafted the evidence is that humans begin to specialize in particular prey species at particular times of the year the population size started to expand -probably according to what many linguists believe fully modern language syntactic language subject verb object that we use to convey complex ideas like im doing now appeared around that time -we became much more social the social networks expanded this change in behavior allowed us to survive these worsening conditions in africa -well thats what im going to talk about today is how were using the tools of genetics population genetics in particular to tell us how we generated this diversity and how long it took -youre it the reason youre alive today is because of those changes in our brains that took place in africa probably somewhere in the region where were sitting right now around sixty seventy thousand years ago -allowing us not only to survive in africa but to expand out of africa and early coastal migration along the south coast of asia leaving africa around sixty thousand years ago reaching australia very rapidly by fifty thousand years ago -in killing the animals hunting the animals on those meat locker savannahs moving up following the grasslands into the middle east around forty five thousand years ago during one of the rare wet phases in the sahara -migrating eastward following the grasslands because thats what they were adapted to live on and when they reached central asia they reached what was effectively a steppe super highway -a grassland super highway the grasslands at that time this was during the last ice age stretched basically from germany all the way over to korea -well people power has been there for a while it helped gandhi kick the brits from india it helped martin luther king win a historic racial struggle -it helped local lech walesa to kick out one million soviet troops from poland and beginning the end of the soviet union as we know it so whats new in it -well first one analytic skills -ill try where it all started in the middle east and for so many years we were living with completely the wrong perception of the middle east it was looking like the frozen region -literally a refrigerator and there are only two types of meals there steak which stands for a mubarak ben ali type of military police dictatorship -and everybody was amazed when the refrigerator opened and millions of young mainly secular people step out to do the change guess what they didnt watch the demographics -what is the average age of egyptians twenty four how long was mubarak in power thirty one so this system just obsolete they expired -the rest is the year in front of us and guess what the same generation epsilon with their rules with their tools with their games and with their language which sounds a little bit strange to me i am thirty eight now and can you look at the age of the people on the streets of europe -it seems that generation epsilon is -they will say people power will work if the annual income of the country is between x and z they will say people power will work only if there is a foreign pressure they will say people power will work only if there is no oil and i mean there is a set of conditions well -the news here is that your skills that you bring in the conflict seem to be more important than the conditions -namely skills of unity planning and maintaining nonviolent discipline let me give you the example i am coming from a country called serbia -it took us ten years to unite eighteen opposition party leaders with their big egos behind one single candidate against balkan dictator slobodan milosevic guess what that was the day of his defeat -your movement now let me move to another place its selection of strategies and tactics there are certain rules in nonviolent struggle you may follow first you start small second you pick the battles you can win -its only two hundred of us in this room we wont call for the march of millions but what if we organize spraying graffiti throughout the night all over krakow city the city will know so we pick the tactics which accommodates to the event especially this thing we call the small -somebody gives you a bet you will look at a crystal ball and you will see the future the future will be accurate but you need to share it with the world okay curiosity killed the cat -christians protecting muslims who are there praying coptic wedding cheered by thousands of muslims the world has just changed the picture but somebody was thinking about this previously so there are so many things you can do instead of getting into one place shouting and showing off in front of the security forces -from the police in egypt you can tell that something is happening there and then its about humor -humor is such a powerful game changer and of course it was very big in poland and you know we were just a small group of crazy students in serbia when we made this big skit we put the big petrol barrel with a portrait picture of mr president on it in the middle of the main street there was a hole on the top -so you could literally come put a coin in get a baseball bat and pow hit his face -sounds loud -what will they do arrest us we are nowhere to be seen we are three blocks away observing it from our espresso bar -you take the bet you look at the crystal ball one hour later you are sitting in a building on the national tv in a talkshow and you tell the story before the end of two thousand and eleven -arrest the shoppers with kids doesnt make sense of course you could bet they have done the most stupid thing they arrested the barrel and now the picture of the smashed face on the barrel with the policeman dragging them to the police car that was the best day for the photographers from newspapers that they ever will have -so i mean these are the things you can do and you can always use the humor there is also one big thing about the humor it really hurts because these guys really are taking themselves too seriously when you start to mock them it hurts -now everybody is talking about his majesty the internet -and it is also a very useful skill but dont rush to label things like facebook revolution twitter revolution dont mix tools with the substance -it is true that the internet and new media are very useful in making things faster and cheaper they make it also a bit safer for the participants because they give the part of anonymity we are watching the great example of something else the internet can do -it can put the price tag of state sponsored violence over nonviolent protesters this is a famous group we are all khaled said made by wael ghonim in egypt and his friend this is the mutilated face of the guy who was beaten by the police this is how he became the public and this is what probably became the straw which broke the camels back -there are risks to be taken and there are living people who are winning the struggle -well million dollar question what will happen in the arab world and though young people from the arab world were pretty successful in bringing down three dictators shaking the region -kind of persuading clever kings from jordan and morocco doing substantial reforms it is yet to be seen what will be the outcome whether the egyptians and tunisians will make it through the transition or this will end in bloody ethnic and religious conflict -whether the syrians will maintain nonviolent discipline -faced with the brutal daily violence which kills thousands already or they will slip into violent struggle and make ugly civil war -will these revolutions be whole like through the transitions to democracy or be overtaken by military or extremists of all kinds we cannot tell -same works for the western sector where you can see all of these excited young people protesting around the world occupying this occupying that -this is the difference between two towns now what do the statistics have my friends book maria stephans book -talks a lot about violent and nonviolent struggle and there are some shocking data if you look at the last thirty five years and different social transitions from dictatorship to democracy you will see that out of sixty seven different cases in fifty of these cases it was nonviolent struggle -which was the key power -this is one more reason to look at this phenomenon this is one more reason to look at the generation epsilon enough for me to give them credit and hope -next thing you know two guys in white appear they give you the strange t shirt -take you to the nearest mental institution so i would like to speak a little bit about the phenomenon which is behind what already seems to be the very bad year for bad guys and this phenomenon is called people power -that implies a lot of trust -it begins to discover that the person trusted -is violating the trust it doesnt know even the word violation -therefore it has to blame itself a wordless blame which is -more -is -as the child grows to become an adult -one cannot contribute unless one feels secure one feels big one feels i have enough -not in terms of any status that you can command in the society -on that self it should be centered a bigness a wholeness otherwise -compassion is just a word and a dream you can be compassionate occasionally -more moved by empathy than by compassion -these two guys fight it out each one has got two games -both the players have to come to the net -it cannot be consciously a contributor -you see his whole -no human heart is denied of that empathy no religion can demolish that by indoctrination -no culture no nation and nationalism nothing can touch it because it is empathy and that capacity to empathize -you reach out to people -compassion is not defined in one form -then this occasional compassion we are not talking about -it -it -i am going to cite the possibility of being whole which is within our experience everybodys experience -in spite of a very tragic life -one -even for a slapstick joke -and -the subject me and the object the scheme of things fuse into oneness -an experience nobody can say i am denied of -an experience common to all and sundry -that experience confirms that in spite of all your limitations -all your wants desires unfulfilled and the credit cards -and finally baldness -the -be different from you cannot be minus you -the help of -it has got to be you you cannot be a part of wholeness and still be whole your moment of happiness reveals that reality that realization that recognition -maybe i am the whole maybe the swami is right maybe the swami is right you start your new life -then everything becomes meaningful i have no more reason to blame myself -if one has to blame oneself one has a million reasons plus many but if i say in spite of my body being limited if it is black it is not white -body is limited any which way you look at it limited -it -and there is no way of your being not limitless too -and the wholeness is the reality of you when you relate to the world it is love first when you relate to the world the dynamic manifestation of the wholeness -if the object that you relate -it cant afford to doubt the person who tends the child it has to totally surrender -you cannot learn swimming on a foam mattress and enter into water laughter you learn swimming by swimming you learn cycling by cycling you learn cooking by cooking having some sympathetic people around you -compassion -for compassion thats interesting to me you act compassionately -you act compassionately as though you have compassion grind your teeth take all the support system if you know how to pray pray -your life will have new meaning -five thousand -and thats an incredible deal -by now i know youre dying to know what it is and where you can get one -does amazon carry it does it have the apple logo on it -this gift came to me about five months ago it looked more like this when it was all wrapped up not quite so pretty -the gift that keeps on giving -imagine -and -in all the ways i just shared with you -so the next time -in your mind -the size of a golf -show you whats inside i will tell you its going to do incredible things for you -it will bring all of your family together -it will recalibrate whats most important in your life -it will redefine your sense of spirituality and faith -a new understanding and trust in your body -youll have unsurpassed vitality and energy youll expand your vocabulary meet new people -and get this youll have an eight week vacation of doing absolutely nothing -eat countless gourmet meals flowers will arrive by the truckload -people will say to you you look great have you had -and youll have a lifetime supply -then they give you get ready then they go outboard personnel stand up -if youre an outboard personnel now you stand up if youre an inboard personnel stand up and then you hook up and you hook up your -static line and at that point you think hey guess what im probably going to jump theres no way to get out of this at this point -you go through some additional checks and then they open the door and this was that tuesday morning in september -and it was pretty nice outside so nice air comes flowing in -the jumpmasters start to check the door -and then when its time to go a green light goes and the jumpmaster goes go the first guy goes and youre just in line and you just kind of lumber to the door -jump is a misnomer you fall -you fall outside the door -an airborne sergeant had taught me to do that -on a tuesday morning i conducted a parachute jump at fort bragg north carolina -i have no idea whether it makes any difference but he seemed to make sense and i wasnt going to test -the hypothesis that hed be wrong -and then you wait for the opening shock for your parachute to open -if you dont get an opening shock you dont get a parachute youve got a whole new problem set -but typically you do typically it opens and of course if your leg straps arent set right at that point you get another little thrill -so then you look around -you cant delay that much and you really cant decide where you hit very much because they pretend you can steer but -it was a routine training jump like many more id done since i became a paratrooper twenty seven years before -now the army teaches you to do five points of performance -the toes of your feet your calves your thighs your buttocks and your push up muscles its this elegant little -land twist and roll and thats not going to hurt -id shake my head -and id ask myself the eternal question why didnt i go into banking -and theyd have pulled out their m four carbine and theyd be picking up their equipment -theyd be doing everything that we had taught them -we went down to the airfield early because this is the army and you always go early -they would do what we had taught them and they would follow leaders and i realized that if they came out of combat it would be because we led them well -and i was hooked again on the importance of what i did -when we landed on the drop zone everything had changed -and what we thought about the possibility of those young soldiers going into combat as being theoretical -was now very very real -and leadership seemed important -but things had changed i was a forty six year old brigadier general id been successful -you do some routine refresher training and then you go to put on your parachute -but things changed so much -i was raised with traditional stories of leadership robert e lee john buford at gettysburg -and i also was raised -with personal examples of leadership -this was my father in vietnam -and i was raised to believe that soldiers were strong and wise and brave and faithful -they didnt lie cheat steal -or abandon their comrades and i still believe real leaders are like that -but in my first twenty five years of career i had a bunch of different experiences one of my first battalion commanders i worked in his battalion for eighteen months and the only conversation he ever had with lt mcchrystal was at mile eighteen of a twenty five mile road march and he chewed my ass for about forty seconds -and a buddy helps you and you put on the t ten parachute and youre very careful how you put the straps particularly the leg straps because they go between your legs and then you put on your reserve and then you put on your heavy rucksack and then a jumpmaster comes and hes an experienced nco in parachute operations he checks you out he grabs your adjusting straps and he tightens everything so that your -and im not sure that was real interaction -but then a couple of years later when i was a company commander i went out to the national training center -and we did an operation -and my company did a dawn attack you know the classic dawn attack you prepare all night move to the line of departure and i had an armored organization at that point we move forward and we get wiped out -i mean wiped out immediately the enemy didnt break a sweat doing it -and after the battle they bring this mobile theater and they do what they call an after action review to teach you what youve done wrong sort of leadership by humiliation -i walked out feeling as low as a snakes belly in a wagon rut -and i saw my battalion commander because i had let him down and i went up to apologize to him and he said stanley i thought you did great -and in one sentence he lifted me -put me back on my feet and taught me that leaders can let you fail and yet not let you be a failure -when nine eleven came forty six year old brig gen mcchrystal sees a whole new world -first the things that are obvious that youre familiar with -the environment changed the speed the scrutiny the sensitivity of everything now is so fast sometimes it evolves faster than people have time to really reflect on it -but everything we do is in a different context -more importantly the force that i led was spread over more than twenty countries and instead of being able to get all the key leaders for a decision together in a single room and look them in the eye and build their confidence and get trust from them im now leading a force thats dispersed -and ive got to use other techniques -ive got to use video teleconferences ive got to use chat ive got to use email ive got to use phone calls ive got to use everything i can -not just for communication -thousands of miles from me -has got to communicate to me with confidence i have to have trust in them and vice versa and i also have to build their faith -and thats a new kind of leadership for me we had one operation where we had to coordinate it from multiple locations an emerging opportunity came didnt have time to get everybody together -so we had to get complex intelligence together we had to line up the ability to act -it was sensitive we had to go up the chain of command convince them that this was the right thing to do and do all of this -on electronic medium -and so now what we had to do is i had to reach out to try to rebuild the trust of that force rebuild their confidence me and them and them and me and our seniors and us as a force all without the ability to put a hand on a shoulder entirely new requirement -also the people had changed -you probably think that the force that i led was all steely eyed commandos with big knuckle fists carrying exotic weapons -it was men women young old -not just from military from different organizations many of them detailed to us just from a handshake and so instead of giving orders -youre now building consensus and youre building a sense of shared purpose -probably the biggest change was understanding that the generational difference the ages had changed so much -i went down to be with a ranger platoon on an operation in afghanistan and on that operation a sergeant in the platoon had lost about half his arm throwing a taliban hand grenade back at the enemy after it had landed in his fire team -hes tightened so your voice goes up a couple octaves as well -we talked about the operation and then at the end i did what i often do with a force like that i asked where were you on nine eleven -and one young ranger in the back his hairs tousled and his face is red and windblown from being in combat in the cold afghan wind -he said sir i was in the sixth grade -and it reminded me -and shared consciousness -and yet he has different experiences in many cases a different vocabulary a completely different skill set in terms of digital media -then you sit down and you wait a little while because this is the army -and yet we need to have that shared sense -it also produced something which i call an inversion of expertise because we had so many changes at the lower levels in technology and tactics and whatnot that suddenly the things that we grew up doing wasnt what the force was doing anymore so how does a leader -stay credible and legitimate when they havent done what the people youre leading are doing -and its a brand new leadership challenge and it forced me to become a lot more transparent a lot more willing to listen -then you load the aircraft and then you stand up and you get on and you kind of lumber to the aircraft like this in a line of people and you sit down on canvas seats on either side of the aircraft and you wait a little bit longer because this is the air force teaching the army how to wait -a lot more willing to be reverse mentored from lower -and yet again youre not all in one room -you dont reset or recharge your battery every time i stood in front of a screen one night in iraq with one of my senior officers and we watched a firefight from one of our forces -and i remembered his son was in our force and i said john wheres your son and how is he and he said sir hes fine thanks for asking i said where is he now and he pointed at the screen he said hes in that firefight -think about watching your brother father daughter son wife -in a firefight in real time and you cant do anything about it -think about knowing that over time and its a new cumulative pressure on leaders and you have to watch and take care of each other -i probably learned the most about relationships -much of my career in the ranger regiment and every morning in the ranger regiment every ranger and there are more than two thousand of them says a six stanza ranger creed -you may know one line of it it says ill never leave a fallen comrade to fall into the hands of the enemy and its not a mindless mantra and its not a poem -and theyve lived up to it which gives it special power and so the organizational relationship that bonds them is just amazing -and i learned personal relationships were more important than ever -we were in a difficult operation in afghanistan in two thousand and seven and an old friend of mine that i had spent many years at various points of my career with -godfather to one of their kids -he sent me a note just in an envelope that had a quote from sherman to grant that said i knew if i ever got -in a tight spot -that you would come if alive -then you take off -and having that kind of relationship for me turned out to be critical -at many points in my career and i learned that you have to give that -in this environment because its tough -this isnt easy stuff -and its painful enough now and i think its designed this way its painful enough so you want to jump -you didnt really want to jump but you want out -so you get in the aircraft youre flying along and at twenty minutes out these jumpmasters start giving you commands they give twenty minutes thats a time warning you sit there ok then they give you ten minutes and of course youre responding with all of these and thats to boost everybodys confidence to show that youre not scared -but they had put this one right next to it -on the other hand it also taught me where superstition gets me because i really had a terrible time -however i did have -about fifteen years ago -a number of real moments of happiness in my life -you know i think what the conference brochure -refers to as moments that -take your breath away -since im a big list maker i actually -now you dont have to go through the trouble of reading them and i wont read them for you i know that its incredibly boring to hear about other peoples -i did do -is i actually looked at them -went to visit a friend in hong kong -two different possibilities theres one from a consumers point of view where i was happy while experiencing design and ill just give you one example -my brother had this great yamaha motorcycle that he was willing to borrow to me freely -at the time i was very superstitious -i remember it as a true -moment of happiness you know of course they are -this combination of at least two of them being you know design objects -and you know theres a scale of happiness when you talk about in design -the motorcycle incident would definitely be you know situated somewhere here right in there between delight and bliss -now there is the -so upon landing this was still at the old hong kong airport thats kai tak -from a designers standpoint if youre happy while actually doing it -one way to see how happy designers are when theyre designing could be to look at the -authors photos on the back of their monographs -as well as the mexicans are very happy -while somewhat the spaniards -and i think particularly -be doing all that -last november a museum opened in tokyo called the mori museum -was smack in the middle of the city i thought -in a skyscraper up on the fifty sixth floor -and i went very eagerly to see it because well also with an eye on this conference -they interestingly -exhibit off into four different -in different forms -this apple by yoko ono that of course later on was you know -if i see something good im going to have a great time here in my two weeks -made into the label for the beatles -under nirvana -a little an interesting theory about abstraction this is -actually an yves kline painting and the theory was that if you abstract an image -you really you know open -as much room for the unrepresentable and -you know are able to involve the viewer more -silk -and lastly under harmony they had this thirteenth century -from -and if i see something negative -now what i took away from the exhibit was that -maybe with the exception -most of -and i felt a little bit cheated because the visualization thats a really easy thing to do and you know my studio weve done it all the time this is you know -a book a happy dog and you take it out its an aggressive dog its a happy david byrne and an angry david -im going to be miserable indeed -or a jazz poster with a happy face and a more aggressive face you know thats not a big deal -to accomplish -gotten to the point -you know within advertising or within the movie industry happy has gotten such a bad -want to do something with the subject and still appear authentic -you almost would have to you know -do it from a cynical point of view -a couple of weeks ago designed a box set for the talking heads where the happiness -much much more difficult is -this where the designs actually can -evoke happiness and -show you three that actually did this for me -got to a full stop -done by a young artist in new york who calls himself -everybody who has ridden the new york subway system will be familiar -printed his own version of these signs met every wednesday at a subway stop with twenty of his friends they divided up the different subway lines -in front of this little billboard -now the way this works in the system is that nobody ever looks at these signs so youre youre really -in the subway and you kind of stare at something and it takes you a while until it actually you realize that this says something different than what it normally says -mean thats at least how it made me happy -to see some of the design companies in hong kong in my stay there -and also gave this -from the mta to everybody sort of like pretending that its an art project financed by the metropolitan transit authority -new york project this is at p s one -a sculpture thats basically a square room by james turrell that has a retractable -ceiling opens up -dusk and dawn every day you dont see the horizon youre just in there watching the incredible subtle changes of color in the sky -the room is -something to be seen -demeanor changes when they go -and it turned out that -and for sure i havent looked -than those three projects that im showing here -i would definitely say that observing vik muniz cloud a couple of years ago in manhattan -for sure made me happy as well -i just went to see you know what they are doing in hong kong -but my last project is again from a young designer in new york hes from korea originally and he took it upon himself to print -fifty five thousand -speech bubbles empty speech bubbles stickers large ones and small ones and he goes around new york and just puts them empty as they are on posters -people go and fill them in -this one says please let me die in peace -i think that was the most surprising to myself was that the writing was actually so good this is on a musician poster that says -i am concerned that my cd will not sell more than two hundred thousand units and that as a result my recoupable advance -from my label will be taken from me after which my contract will be cancelled and ill be back doing journey covers on bleecker street -i think the reason this works so well is because everybody involved wins jee gets to have his project the public gets -i flew back to austria packed my bags -sweeter environment and different public gets a place to express themself and the advertisers finally get somebody to look at their ads -was a question of course that was on my mind for a while -you know can i do more of the things that i like doing in design and less of the ones -that i dont like to be doing -brought me back to my list making you know just to see what i actually like about my job you know one -just working without pressure -without being frazzled or as nancy said before like -and another week later i was again on my way to hong kong -this is you know related to it getting out of the studio -then of course trying to you know work on things where the content is actually important for me -being able to enjoy the end results -i found another list in one of my diaries -just about at that time an austrian magazine called and asked -still superstitions -the whole thing just fell together so i just -one of the things -and thinking well if that winner billboard is still up -french company asked us to design five billboards for them again we could supply the content for it -me and myself -this one so its trying -im going to have a good time working here but if its gone -did one more of -this is again for a magazine dividing pages -this is having this is the same thing -its just you know photographed from the side this is from the front -then its guts again its the same thing guts is just the same room -its for with the light on -its going to be really miserable and stressful -so it turned out that not only was the billboard still up -sixty five thousand coat hangers in a street thats lined with fashion stores -worrying solves nothing -money does not make me happy appeared first as double page spreads in a magazine the printer lost the file didnt tell us -when the magazine actually when i got the subscription it was twelve following pages it said money does does make me happy and a friend of mine in austria was so -about four years ago talking about the relationship of design and happiness at the very end of it -felt so sorry for me that he talked the largest casino owner -in linz into letting us wrap his building so this is the big pedestrian zone in linz and it just says money and if you look down the side street it says does not make me happy -we had a show just came down last week in new york we steamed up the windows permanently -and every hour we had a different designer come in and write these things that theyve learned into the steam in the window everybody participated milton glaser -little spot that we filmed there thats to be displayed on the large jumbotrons in singapore -and of course one thats dear to my heart because all of these sentiments some banal some a bit more profound -all originally had come out of my -i showed a list -and i do go often into the diary and check -for a long enough time -something about it -very last one is a -under that title -this is our roof in new york the roof of the studio this is newsprint plus stencils that lie on the newsprint we let that -around in the sun as you all know newsprint yellows significantly in the sun after a week we took the stencils and the leaves off shipped -to a very sunny spot so on day one the billboard said complaining is silly either act or forget three days later it faded and a week later no more complaining anywhere -thank you so much -very few things -in addition since but -made a whole number of them into projects since these are inflatable monkeys in every city in scotland everybody always -become a drag later on -doing -changing media this is a projection that can see the viewer as the viewer walks by you cant help but actually ripping that spider web apart -i would never have the money to actually pay for the installment or pay for all the billboards or the production of these so theres always a client attached to them -be working on for the next two years so its going to be a while and of course you might think that -doing a film on happiness might not really be worthwhile then you can of course always go and see this guy -and i thought it might be helpful to basically cut off five of those retirement years and intersperse them in between those working years -thats clearly enjoyable for myself but probably even more important is that the work that comes out of -back into the company and into society at large rather than just benefiting a grandchild or two -fellow tedster who spoke two years ago jonathan haidt who -his work into three different levels and they rang very true for me i can see my work as a job i do it for money -i likely already look forward to the weekend on thursdays and i probably will need a hobby as a leveling mechanism -i run a design studio in new york every seven years i close it for one year to pursue -in a career im definitely more engaged but at the same time there will be periods when i think is all that really hard work really -my while while in the third one in the calling very much likely i would do it also if i wouldnt be financially compensated for -not a religious person myself but i did look for nature i had spent my first sabbatical in new york city looked for something different for the second one -sri lanka still had the civil war going on so bali it was its a wonderful very craft oriented society -i arrived there in september two thousand and eight and pretty much started to -coming from the area itself however the first thing that i needed was mosquito repellent typography because they were definitely around heavily -and then i needed some sort of way to be able to get back to all the wild dogs that surround my house and attacked me during my morning walks so we created this series of -some little experiments things that are always difficult to accomplish during the regular working year in that year we are not available for any of our clients -ninety nine portraits on tee shirts every single dog on one tee -as a little retaliation with a just ever so slightly menacing -message on the back of -just before i left new york i decided i could actually renovate my studio and then -just leave it all to them and i dont have to do anything so i looked for furniture and it turned out that -all the furniture that i really liked i couldnt afford and all the stuff i could afford i didnt like so one of the things that we pursued in bali was pieces of furniture -this one of course still works with the wild dogs its not quite finished yet and i think by the time this lamp came about -finally made piece with those -then there is a coffee table i also did a coffee table its called be here now it includes three hundred and thirty -and we had custom espresso cups made that hide a magnet inside and make those compasses go crazy -always centering on them then this is a fairly talkative verbose kind of chair -i also start meditating for the first time in my life in bali and at the same time im extremely aware how boring it is to hear about other peoples happinesses so i will not really go too far into it -many of you will know this tedster danny gilbert whose book actually i got it through the -i think it took me four years to finally read it while on sabbatical and i was pleased to see that he actually wrote the book while he was on sabbatical -we are totally closed and as you can imagine it is a lovely and very energetic time -and ill show you a couple of people that did well by pursuing sabbaticals this is ferran adria many people think he -right now the best chef in the world with his restaurant north of barcelona elbulli his restaurant is open seven months every year he closes it down for five months -to experiment with a full kitchen staff his latest numbers are fairly impressive he -can seat throughout the year he can seat eight thousand people and he has two point two million requests for reservations -if i look at my cycle seven years one year sabbatical its twelve point five percent of my time and if i look at companies that are actually more successful than mine -three m since the nineteen thirties is giving all their engineers fifteen percent to pursue whatever they want -there is some good successes scotch tape came out of this program as well as art fry developed sticky notes from during his personal time for three m -of course very famously gives twenty percent for their software engineers to pursue their own personal projects anybody in here has actually ever conducted a sabbatical -i originally had opened the studio in new york to combine my two loves music and design and we created videos and packaging for many musicians that you know and for even more that youve never -thats about five percent of everybody so -your neighbor putting their hand up talk to them about if it was successful or not ive found that -when i had the idea of doing one the process was i made the decision and i put it into my daily planner book -and then i told as many many people as i possibly could about it so that there was no way that i could chicken out later on -in the beginning on the first sabbatical it was rather disastrous -i had thought that i should do this without any plan that this vacuum of time somehow -little requests not work requests those i all said no to but other little requests sending mail to japanese design magazines and things like that so i became my own intern and -i very quickly -list of the things i was interested in put them in a hierarchy divided them into chunks of time -and then made a plan very much like in grade school what does it say here monday eight to nine story writing nine to ten future thinking -i really got close to design again i had fun financially seen over the long term it was actually successful because of the improved quality we could ask for higher prices -and probably most importantly basically everything weve done in the seven years following the first sabbatical came out of thinking -of that one single year and ill show you a couple of projects that came out of the seven years following that sabbatical -as i realized just like with many many things in my life that i actually love i adapt to it and i get -one of the strands of thinking i was involved in was that sameness is so incredibly overrated -this whole idea that everything needs to be exactly the same works for a very very few strand of companies and not for everybody else -asked to design an identity for casa de musica the rem koolhaas built -and even though i desired to do an identity that doesnt use the architecture i failed at that and mostly also because i realized -out of a rem koolhaas presentation to the city of porto where he talked about a conglomeration of various layers of meaning which i understood after i translated it from architecture speech in to regular english -at it deep down in the ground checked it out from all sides west north south east top and bottom -them in a very particular way by having a friend of mine write a piece of software the casa de musica logo generator thats connected to a -over time bored by them and for sure in our case our work started to look the same you see here a glass eye in a die cut of a book -scanner you put any image in there like that beethoven image and the software in a second will give you the casa de musica beethoven logo -which when you actually have to design a beethoven poster comes in handy because the visual information of the logo and -it gets its own logo or philip glass or lou reed or the chemical brothers who all performed there get their own casa de musica logo it works the same internally -the president or the musical director whose casa de musica portraits wind up on their business cards there is a full blown orchestra -living inside the building it has a more transparent identity the truck they go on tour -a smaller contemporary orchestra twelve people that remixes its own title -and one of the handy things that came about was that you could take the logo type and create advertising out of it like this donna toney poster or chopin or mozart or la monte young -you can take the shape and make typography out of it you can grow it underneath the skin you can have a poster for a family event in front of the house -or a rave underneath the house or a weekly program as well as educational services -second insight so far until that point i had been mostly involved or used the language of design for promotional purposes which was fine with me -on one hand i have nothing against selling my parents are both sales people but i did feel that -i spent so much time learning this language why do i only promote with it there must be something else and the whole series of work came out of it -some of you might have seen it i showed some of it at earlier teds before under the title things ive learned in my life so far ill just show two now -this is a whole wall of bananas at different ripenesses on the opening day in this gallery in new york it says self confidence produces fine results -this is after a week after two weeks three weeks four weeks five weeks and you see the self confidence almost comes back but not quite -and then the city of amsterdam gave us a plaza and asked us to do something we used the stone plates as a grid for our little piece -got two hundred and fifty thousand coins from the central bank at different darknesses so we got brand new ones shiny ones medium ones and very old dark ones -and with the help of one hundred volunteers over a week created this fairly floral typography -to close it down for one year also is the knowledge that right now we spend about in the first twenty five years of our lives learning -as an audience you would be in between should i really take as much money as i can or should i leave the piece intact as it is right now -while we built all this up during that week with the hundred volunteers a good number of the neighbors surrounding the plaza -came saw and they wanted to protect the artwork and they swept it all up and put it into custody at police headquarters -i think you see you see them sweeping you see them sweeping right here thats the police getting rid of it all -so after eight hours thats pretty much all that was left of the whole thing -we are also working on the start of a bigger project in bali its a movie about happiness and here we asked some nearby pigs to do the titles for us -they werent quite slick enough so we asked the goose to do it again and hoped she would do somehow a more elegant or pretty job and i think she overdid it just a bit too ornamental -and my studio is very close to the monkey forest and the monkeys in that monkey forest looked actually fairly happy so we asked those guys to do it again -did a fine job but had a couple of readability problems -of course whatever you dont really do yourself doesnt really get done properly -over the sayan valley in indonesia -in that year what i did do a lot was look at all sorts of surveys looking at a lot of data on this subject -men and women report -very very similar levels of happiness this is a very quick overview of all the studies that i looked at that climate plays no role that if you live in the best climate in san diego in the united states or in the shittiest climate in buffalo new york -if you make more than fifty thousand bucks a year in the u s any salary increase youre going to experience will have only a tiny tiny influence on your overall well being black people are just as happy as white people are -if youre old or young it doesnt really make a difference if youre ugly or if youre really really good looking it makes no difference whatsoever you will adapt to it and get used to it if you have manageable health problems -a fellow ted speaker jonathan haidt came up with this beautiful little analogy -between the conscious and the unconscious mind he says that the conscious mind is this tiny rider on this giant elephant the unconscious and the rider thinks that he can tell the elephant what to do but the elephant really has his own ideas -if i look at my own life im born in one thousand nine hundred and sixty two in austria if i would have been born a hundred years earlier -about my own happiness -the big decisions in my life would have been made for me meaning i would have stayed in the town that i was born in i would have very much likely entered the same profession that my dad did and i would have very much likely married a woman that my mom had selected -trying to see if i can actually train my mind in a particular way -let our unconscious influence those decisions in ways that we are not quite aware of if you look at the statistics and you see that the guy called george when he decides on where he wants to live is it florida or north dakota -he goes and lives in georgia and if you look at a guy called dennis when he decides what to become is it a lawyer or does he want to become a doctor or a teacher best chance is that he wants to become a dentist -and if paula decides should she marry joe or jack somehow paul sounds the most interesting -and so even if we make those very important decisions for very silly reasons it remains statistically true that there are more georges living in georgia and there are more dennises becoming dentists and there are more paulas who are married to paul than statistically viable -american data and i thought well those silly -americans they get influenced by things that -then of course i looked at my mom and my dad -so i am looking still for a stephanie ill figure something out -if i make this whole thing a little bit more personal and see what makes me happy as a designer the easiest answer of course is -overall well being -do more of the stuff that i like to do and much less of the stuff that i dont like to do for which it would be helpful to know what it is that i actually do like to do -im a big list maker so i came up with a list one of them is to think without pressure -this is a project were working on right now with a very healthy deadline its a book on culture and as you can see culture is rapidly drifting around -then this january my mother died -doing things like im doing right now traveling to cannes the example i have here is a chair that came out of the year in bali clearly influenced by local manufacturing and culture -not being stuck behind a single computer screen all day long and be here and there quite consciously design projects that need an incredible amount of various techniques just basically to fight straightforward adaptation -and pursuing a film like that just -being close to the content thats the content really is close to my heart this is a bus or vehicle for a charity for an ngo that wants to double the education budget in the united states -carefully designed so by two inches it still clears highway overpasses -working on projects that actually have visible impacts like a book for a deceased german artist whose -seemed the last thing that was interesting to me -and lately to be involved in projects where i know about fifty percent of the project technique wise and the other fifty percent would be new so in this case -so in a very typical silly designer fashion after years worth of work -its an outside projection for singapore on these giant times square like screens -and i of course knew stuff as a designer about typography -even though we worked with those animals not so successfully but i didnt quite know all that much about movement or film -keeping a diary since i was twelve -pretty much all i have to show for it are the titles for the film -leaders in other words -that people will trust -and that they will want to follow -ending civil wars is a process that is fraught with -for nearly two decades now -it often takes a generation to accomplish -but it also requires us todays generation -to take responsibility -and to learn the right lessons about leadership diplomacy and institutional design -the news has been -and the images have been haunting -in georgia after years of stalemate we saw a full scale resurgence of violence in august two thousand and eight -this quickly escalated into a five day war between russia and georgia leaving georgia -a decades long civil war -between the tamil minority and the sinhala majority led to a bloody climax in two thousand and nine -in kyrgyzstan just over the last few weeks unprecedented levels of violence occurred between ethnic kyrgyz and ethnic uzbeks -today i want to talk to you about ethnic conflict and civil war these are not normally the most cheerful of topics nor do they generally generate the kind of good news that this conference is about -hundreds have been killed -and more than one hundred thousand displaced including many ethnic -who fled to neighboring uzbekistan -in the middle east conflict between israelis and palestinians continues unabated -and it becomes ever more difficult to see how -a possible sustainable solution can be achieved -may have slipped from the news headlines but the killing and displacement there continues as well -and the sheer human misery that it creates is very hard to fathom -and in iraq finally violence is on the rise again -and the country has yet to form a government four months after its last parliamentary elections -but hang on this talk is to be about the good news so are these now the images of the past well -there is a longer term trend that does represent some good news -over the past two decades since the end of the cold war there has been an overall decline in the number of civil wars -since the high in the early nineteen nineties with about fifty such civil wars ongoing we now have thirty percent fewer such conflicts today -the number of people killed in civil wars -is much lower today than it was a decade ago -lowest number of combatant casualties occurred in two thousand and three -just twenty thousand killed -despite the up and down since then -the overall trend and this is the important -clearly points downward for the past two decades the news about civilian casualties is also less bad than it used to be -a decade later this figure stands at four thousand -not only is there at least some good news to be told about fewer such conflicts now than two decades ago but what is perhaps more important is that we also have come to a much better understanding of what can be done -but then eight hundred thousand civilians were slaughtered in a matter of just a few months -this certainly is an accomplishment that must never be surpassed -from hunger or disease for example and they also do not properly account for civilian suffering more generally -rape and ethnic cleansing have become highly effective if often non lethal weapons in civil war -to put it differently -for the civilians that suffer the consequences of ethnic conflict and civil war -there is no good war -and there is no bad peace -thus even though every civilian killed maimed raped or tortured is one too many the fact that the number of civilian casualties -is clearly lower today than it was a decade ago is good news -we have fewer conflicts today in which fewer people get killed -and the big question of course is why -in some cases there is a military victory of one side -this is a solution of sorts but rarely is it one that comes without human costs or humanitarian consequences -the defeat of the tamil tigers in sri lanka is perhaps the most recent example of this -but we have seen similar so called military solutions -they are complimented by negotiated settlements or at least cease fire agreements and peacekeepers are deployed but hardly ever do they represent a resounding success -the cease fire on tuesday night -was reached just in time for the genocide -to start on wednesday morning -but lets look at the good news again -if theres no solution on the battlefield three factors can account for the prevention of ethnic conflict and civil war or for sustainable peace -to further reduce the number of ethnic conflicts and civil wars -and institutional design -take the example of northern ireland -thousands of people killed -ninety eight saw the -was skillfully mediated by senator george mitchell -he imposed very clear conditions for the participation and negotiations -and the suffering that they inflict -central among them a commitment to exclusively peaceful means -innovative and allowed all conflict parties to see their core concerns and demands addressed -three things stand out -the agreement combines a power sharing arrangement in northern ireland -with cross border institutions that link belfast and dublin -and thus recognize the so called irish dimension of the conflict -and significantly theres also a clear focus on both -the rights of individuals and the rights of communities -the provisions in the agreement may be complex -most importantly -local leaders repeatedly rose to the challenge of compromise -not always fast and not always enthusiastically -but rise in the -who ever could have imagined ian paisley and martin mcguinness jointly governing northern ireland as first and deputy first minister -the ending of liberias long lasting civil war in two thousand and three illustrates the importance of leadership diplomacy and institutional design -as much as the successful prevention of a full scale civil war in macedonia in two thousand and one or the successful ending -the conflict in aceh in indonesia in two thousand and five -in all three cases local leaders were willing and able to make peace the international community stood ready to help them negotiate and implement an agreement -and the institutions have lived up to the promise that they held on the day they were agreed -focusing on leadership diplomacy and institutional design -also helps explain failures to achieve peace or to make it last -local leaders committed to revisiting them later on -by the second intifada the events of nine eleven and the wars in afghanistan and iraq -the comprehensive peace agreement for sudan signed in two thousand and five turned out to be less comprehensive than envisaged and its provisions may yet bear the seeds of a full scale return to war between north and south -more off than on international diplomacy -and institutional failures -account for this in almost equal measure -in the right ways that is -and generally weak state capacity across all of sudan complete a very depressing picture -the state of affairs in africas largest country -a final example kosovo -how all of us can contribute to developing and honing the skills -the failure to achieve a negotiated solution for kosovo -and the violence tension and de facto partition that resulted from it have their reasons in many many different factors -an international diplomatic -concerns of serbs and albanians alike -by the same token -and here we have some good news again -the very fact that there is a high level well resourced international presence in kosovo and the balkans region more generally -of local and global leaders -and international leaders have a choice -to make peace -and they can make a difference for the better -as good as a cold peace -but a cold peace is still better than a -good news is also about learning the right -so what then distinguishes the israeli palestinian conflict -and to make it last but lets start at the beginning civil wars have made news headlines for many decades now and ethnic conflicts in particular -from that in northern ireland -the civil war in sudan from than in liberia both -successes and failures -in the same way in which ethnic conflict and civil war are not natural but man made disasters -their prevention and settlement does not happen automatically either -leadership needs to be capable -determined and visionary in its commitment to peace leaders need to connect to each other -and to their -and they need to bring them along on what is an often and arduous journey into a peaceful future -and apply the right mix of incentives and pressures on leaders and followers it needs to help them reach an equitable compromise -and flexible and well funded implementation conflict parties need to move away from maximum demands -and towards a compromise -that recognizes each others needs and they need to think about the substance of their agreement much more than about the labels they want to attach to them -been a near constant presence as a major international security -for me personally the most critical lesson of all is this -local commitment to peace is all important -but it is often not enough to prevent or -yet no amount of diplomacy or institutional design -can make up for local failures -we must invest in developing -that have the skills -an average user said cameron marlow from facebook has about one hundred and twenty friends but he actually talks to has two way exchanges with about four to six people on a regular base depending on his gender -academic research on instant messaging also shows one hundred people on buddy lists but -my own research on cellphones and voice calls show that eighty percent of the calls are actually made to four people eighty percent and when you go to skype its down to two people -closure its a cocooning that were disengaging from the public and i would actually i would like to show you that if we actually look at who is doing it and from where theyre doing it actually there is an incredible social transformation -that there are new hidden tensions that are actually happening between people and institutions -he just wants to wish her a good day because thats the start of her day and ive heard this story a number of times a young factory worker who works night shifts -who manages to sneak away from the factory floor where there is cctv by the way and find a corner where at eleven oclock at night he can call his girlfriend -or a mother who at four oclock suddenly manages to find a corner in the toilet to check that her children are safely home then there is another -a brazilian couple theyve lived in italy for a number of years they skype with their families a few times a week but once a fortnight -actually put the computer on their dining table pull out the webcam and actually have dinner with their family in sao paulo and they have a big event of it -and i heard this story the first time a couple of years ago from a very modest family of immigrants from kosovo in switzerland they had set up a big -that are the institutions that people inhabit in their daily life schools hospitals workplaces factories offices etc -screen in their living room and every morning they had breakfast with their grandmother but danny miller who is a very good anthropologist who is working on filipina migrant -their children back in the philippines was telling me about how much parenting is going on through skype and how much -these mothers are engaged with their children through skype and then there is the third couple they are two friends they chat to each other every day -a few times a day actually and finally finally theyve managed to put instant messaging on their computers at work and now obviously they have it open whenever they have a moment they chat to -each other and this is exactly what weve been seeing with teenagers and kids doing it in school under the table and texting under the table to their friends -so none of these cases are unique i mean i could tell you hundreds of them but what is really exceptional is the setting so think of the three settings ive talked to you about factory migration -office but it could be in a school it could be an administration it could be a hospital three settings that if we just step back fifteen years if you just think back fifteen years -when you clocked in when you clocked in to an office when you clocked in to a factory there was no contact for the whole duration of the time there was no contact with your private sphere if you were -there was a public phone hanging in the corridor or somewhere if you were in management oh that was a different story maybe you had a direct line -and something that i see happening is something that i would like to call a sort of democratization of intimacy -if you were not maybe you had to go through an operator but basically when you walked into those buildings the private sphere was left behind you -and this has become such a norm of our professional lives such a norm and such an expectation and it had nothing to do with technical -and this has become such a cultural norm that we actually school our children for them to be capable to do this cleavage -if you think nursery kindergarten first years of school are just dedicated to take away the children to make them used to staying long hours away from their family -and then the school enacts perfectly well mimics perfectly all the rituals that we will start in offices rituals of entry rituals of exit the -in this country things that identify you team building activities team building that will allow you to basically -random group of kids or a random group of people that you will have to be with for a number of time and of course the major thing -and what do i mean by that i mean that what people are doing is in fact they are sort of with their communication channels they are breaking an imposed isolation -learn to pay attention to concentrate and focus your attention this only started about one hundred and fifty years ago it only started with the birth of modern bureaucracy and of industrial revolution when people basically -go somewhere else to work and carry out the work and when with modern bureaucracy there was a very rational approach where there was a clear distinction between the private sphere and the public sphere -so until then basically people were living on top of their trades they were living on top of the land they were laboring they were living on top of the workshops where they were working -and if you think its permeated our whole culture even our cities if you think of medieval cities medieval cities the boroughs all have the names of the guilds and professions that lived there -now we have sprawling residential suburbias that are well distinct from production areas and commercial areas -and actually over these one hundred and fifty years there has been a very clear class system that also has emerged so the lower the status of the job and of the person carrying out the more removed he would be from his personal sphere -good data on a regular basis on for instance in the states says that and i think that this number is conservative fifty percent of anybody with email -access at work is actually doing private email from his office i really think that the number is conservative -in my own research we saw that the peak for private email is actually eleven oclock in the morning whatever the country seventy five percent of people admit doing private conversations from work on their mobile phones one hundred percent -are using text the point is that this reappropriation of the personal sphere is not terribly successful with all institutions im always surprised -that these institutions are imposing on them how are they doing this theyre doing it in a very simple way by calling their mom from work by iming from their office to their friends by texting under the -but there are many institutions that are actually blocking this access and every day every single day i read news that makes me cringe like -behind issues of security and safety which have always been the arguments for social control in fact what is going on is that -these institutions are trying to decide who in fact has a right to self determine their attention to decide whether they should or not be isolated -and they are actually trying to block in a certain sense this movement of a greater possibility of -the pictures that youre seeing behind me are people that i visited in the last few months and i asked them to come along with the person they communicate with most -and somebody brought a boyfriend somebody a father one young woman brought her grandfather for twenty years ive been looking at how people use channels such as email -the mobile phone texting etc what were actually going to see is that fundamentally people are communicating on a regular basis with five six seven of their most intimate sphere now lets take some data -nice code that is coming from a renaissance book here we have the description of the order of nature its a nice description because its starting from left you have the stones -immediately after the stones the plants that are just able to live we have the animals that are able to live and to -and on the top of the pyramid there is the man this is not the common man the homo studiosus the studying man this is quite comforting for people like me im a professor -to be over there on the top of creation but its something completely wrong you know very well about professors but its also wrong about plants -because plants are not just able to live they are able to sense they are much more sophisticated in sensing than animals -just to give you an example every single root apex is able to detect and to monitor concurrently and continuously at least fifteen different chemical and physical parameters -go browsing a very old magazine i found this observation test about the story -and they also are able to show and to exhibit such a wonderful and complex behavior that can be described just with the term of intelligence -well but this is something this underestimation of plants is something that is always with us -some of the most beautiful movies about plant behavior now when he speaks about plants everything is -when he speaks about animals tends to remove the fact that plants exist the blue whale the biggest creature that exists on the planet that -completely wrong the blue whale its a dwarf if compared with the real biggest creature that exists on the planet that is this wonderful -this is a living organism that has a mass of at least two thousand tons now the story that plants -some low level organisms has been formalized many times ago by aristotle that in de anima that is a very influential book for western civilization wrote that -the plants are on the edge between living and not living they have just a kind of very low level soul its called the -the artist that drew this observation test did some errors had some mistakes there are more or less twelve mistakes some of them are very easy -because they lack movement and so they dont need to sense -lets see okay some of the movements of the plants are very well known this is a very fast movement this is a dionaea a venus fly trap hunting snails sorry for the snail -this has been something that has been refused for centuries despite the evidence no one could say that the plants were able to eat an animal because it was against the order of nature -but plants are also able to show a lot of movement some of them are very well known like the flowering its just a question -to use some techniques like the time lapse some of them are much more sophisticated look at this young -that is moving to catch the light every time and its really so graceful its like a dancing -they are also able to play they are really playing these are young -and what they are doing cannot be described with any other terms than playing they are training -as many young animals do to the adult life where they will be called to track the sun all the day -they are able to respond to gravity of course so the shoots are growing against the vector of gravity and the roots toward the vector of gravity but they are also able to sleep -this is one mimosa pudica so during the night they curl the leaves and reduce the movement and during the day you have the opening of the leaves there is much more movement this is interesting because -lamp and clockwork key on the ark some of them are about the animals the number -in animals and its much more easy even ethically its a kind of -they communicate with other plants they are able to distinguish kin and non kin they communicate with plants and other species -and they communicate with animals by producing chemical volatiles for example during the pollination now with the pollination its a very serious issue for plants because they move the pollen from one flower to the other -they can not move from one flower to the other so they need a vector and this vector its normally an animal -many insects have been used by plants as vectors for the transport of the pollination but not just insects even birds reptiles and mammals like bats rats -normally used for the transportation of the pollen this is a serious business we have the plants that are giving to the animals a kind of -like in the case of orchids that promise sex and nectar and give in change nothing for the transportation of the pollen -big man charles darwin publishes a wonderful astonishing book that -the title is the power of movement in plants no one was allowed to speak about movement in plants before charles darwin in his book -was the first professor of plant physiology in the world in cambridge they took into consideration every single movement for five hundred pages and in the last paragraph of -and this problem is where are the plants so now we have god that is going to -its a kind of stylistic mark because normally charles darwin stored in the last paragraph of a book -the most important message he wrote that its hardly an exaggeration to say that the tip of the -acts like the brain of one of the lower animals this is not a metaphor -so you can recognize this kind of movement the same movement that worms snakes and every animal that moving on the ground without legs is able to display -and its not an easy movement because to have this kind of movement you need to move different regions of the root and to synchronize these different regions without having a brain -so we studied the root apex and we found that there is a specific region that is here depicted -call it a transition zone and this region its a very small region its less than one -or at least for a very long period and no one is taking care of plants -and in this small region you have the highest consumption of oxygen in the plants and more important you have these kinds of signals here -the signals that you are seeing here are action potential are the same signals that the neurons of my brain of our brain use to exchange information -now we know that a root apex has just a few hundred cells that show this kind of feature -we know how big the root apex of a small plant like a plant of rye we have almost fourteen million -we have eleven and a half million root apex and a total length of six hundred or more kilometers and a very high surface area now lets -that each single root apex is working in network with all the others here were have on the left the internet and on the right the root apparatus -to take two of every kind of bird of every kind of animal of every kind of creature that moves but no mention about plants why -they work in the same way they are a network of small computing machines working in networks and why are they so similar because they evolved for the same reason -to survive predation they work in the same way so you can remove ninety percent of the root apparatus and the plants -to work you can remove ninety percent of the internet and it is to work so a suggestion for the people working with networks -plants are able to give you good suggestions about how to evolve networks and -another possibility is a technological possibility lets imagine that we can build -or the animals in producing a robot we have the animaloid the normal robots -by animals insectoid so on we have the androids that are inspired by man but why have we not -any plantoid well if you want to fly its good that you look at birds to be inspired by birds but if you want -to explore soils or if you want to colonize new territory to best thing that you can do is to be inspired by plants that are masters in doing this -in another part of the same story all the living creatures are just the living creatures that came out from the ark so birds livestock and -something thats half living and half machine its much more easy to work with plants than with animals they have computing power -they have electrical signals the connection with the machine is much more easy much more even -possible and these are three possibilities that we are working on -well thank you for your attention and before i finish i would like to reassure that no snails were harmed in making -heard -okay -i have no idea what were going to play i wont be able to tell you what it is until it happens i didnt realize there was going to be a little music before so i think im going to start with what i just heard -okay -lets welcome mr jamire williams on the drums -or the past you really are alive right here in this moment there are so many decisions being made when you walk on the bandstand we had no idea what key we were going to play -in in the middle we sort of made our way into a song called titi boom but that could have happened maybe maybe not everyones listening were responding you have no time for projected ideas so the idea of a mistake -is an opportunity in jazz so its hard to even describe what a funny note would be so for example if i played a color like we were playing on a palette that sounded like -so you see he played this note i ended up creating a melody out of it the texture changed in the drums this time it got a little bit more rhythmic a little bit more intense in response to -fellow band member to incorporate the idea and we dont allow for creativity so jazz this bandstand is absolutely amazing its a very purifying experience and i know that i speak for all of us when i tell you that we dont take it for granted we know that to be able to come on the bandstand and play music is a blessing so -how does this all relate to behavioral finance well were jazz musicians so stereotypically we dont have a great relationship to finance -it -its kind of chaotic because im bullying my ideas im telling them you come with me over this way -if i really want the music to go there the best way for me to do it is to listen this is a science of listening it has far more to do with what i can perceive than what it is that i can do so if i want the music to get to a certain level of intensity the first step for me is to be patient to listen to whats going on and pull -from something thats going on around me when you do that -a -but its also going to be something that doesnt leave any lasting effects -in other words your perfect non lethal weapon is something thats perfect for abuse what would these guys have done if theyd had access to tasers or to a manned portable version of the active denial system -a small heat ray that you can use on people and not worry about it so i think yes there may be ways that non lethal weapons are going to be great in these situations but theres also a whole heap of problems that need to be considered as well thanks very much -so they are able to do it in that sense but they arent trained in the same way that police officers are and theyre certainly not equipped in the same way police officers are and so this has raised a bunch of problems for them when dealing with these sorts of issues -one particular thing thats come up that i am especially interested in is the question of whether when were sending military personnel to do these sorts of jobs we ought to be equipping them differently and in particular whether we ought to be giving them access to some of the sorts of non lethal weapons that police have -since theyre doing some of these same jobs maybe they should have some of those things and of course theres a range of places where youd think those things would be really useful so for example when youve got military checkpoints -if people are approaching these checkpoints and the military personnel there are unsure whether this persons hostile or not say this person approaching here and they say well is this a suicide bomber or not have they got something hidden under their clothing whats going to happen they dont know whether this persons hostile or not if this person doesnt follow directions then they may end up shooting them -to you about today is some of the problems that the military of the western world australia united states u k and so on face in some of the deployments that theyre dealing with in the modern world at this time if you think about the sorts of things that weve sent australian military personnel to in recent years -and then find out afterward either yes we shot the right person or no this was just an innocent person who didnt understand what was going on -so if they had non lethal weapons then they would say well we can use them in that sort of situation if we shoot someone who wasnt hostile at least we havent killed them -another suggestion has been since were putting so many robots in the field we can see the time coming where theyre actually going to be sending robots out in the field that are autonomous theyre going to make their own decisions about who to shoot and who not to shoot without a human in the loop -and so the suggestion is well hey if were going to send robots out and allow them to do this maybe it would be a good idea again with these things if they were armed with non lethal weapons so that if the robot makes a bad decision and shoots -the wrong person again they havent actually killed them -youve got non lethal shotgun rounds that contain rubber pellets instead of the traditional metal ones and this one in the middle here the large truck is actually called the active denial system something the u s military is working on at the moment -it goes out to a really long distance compared to any of these other sorts of things and anybody who is hit with this feels this sudden burst of heat and just wants to get out of the way -as i said the military and the police are very different -yes you dont have to look very hard at this to recognize the fact that they might be very different in particular -the police and knowing because ive actually helped to train police police in particular western jurisdictions at least are trained to de escalate force to try and avoid using force wherever possible and to use lethal force only as an absolute last resort -and since weve already had so many problems with police use of non lethal weapons in various ways i thought it would be a really good idea to look at some of those things and try to relate it to the military context and i was really surprised when i started to do this to see that in fact even those people who were advocating the use of non lethal weapons by the military -so i actually started to investigate some of those issues and have a look at the way that police use non lethal weapons when theyre introduced and some of the problems that might arise out of those sorts of things when they actually do introduce them -and of course being australian i started looking at stuff in australia knowing again from my own experience about various times when non lethal weapons have been introduced in australia so one of the things i particularly looked at was the use of o c spray oleoresin capsicum spray pepper spray -by australian police and seeing when that had been introduced what had happened and -and i went and had a look at some of the figures here now when they introduced o c spray in queensland they were really explicit the police minister had a whole heap of public statements made about it they were saying this is explicitly intended to give police an option between shouting and shooting -so i went and looked at all of these police shooting figures and you cant actually find them very easily for individual australian states i could only find these ones this is from a australian institute of criminology report as you can see from the fine print if you can read it at the top police shooting deaths means not just people who have been shot by police but people who have shot themselves in the presence of police -but this is the figures across the entire country and the red arrow represents the point where queensland actually said yes this is where were going to give all police officers across the entire state access to o c spray so you can see there were six deaths sort of leading up to it every year for a number of years -so it wasnt that queensland had -in fact if you have a look at the studies that they were looking at the material they were collecting and examining you can see the suspects were only armed in about fifteen percent of cases -and so theres a bunch of problems that come up for military personnel in these situations because theyre doing things that they havent really been trained for and theyre doing things that -this was something explicitly introduced to be an alternative to firearms but its being routinely used to deal with a whole range of other sorts of problems -now one of the particular issues that comes up with military use of non lethal weapons and people when theyre actually saying well hey there might be some problems theres a couple of particular problems that get focused on -so one of the problems thats been suggested with non lethal weapons is that they might be used indiscriminately that you use them against a whole range of people because you dont have to worry so much anymore -and in fact one particular instance where i think that actually happens where you can look at it was the dubrovka theatre siege in moscow in two thousand and two which probably a lot of you unlike most of my students at adfa are actually old enough to remember so chechens had come in and taken control of the theater they were holding something like seven hundred people hostage theyd released a bunch -those who do them in their own countries are trained very differently for and equipped very differently for now theres a bunch of reasons why we actually do send military personnel rather than police to do these jobs if australia had to send a thousand people tomorrow to west papua for example -and its no surprise that people died because you dont know how much of this gas each person is going to inhale what position theyre going to fall in when they become unconscious and so on there were in fact only a couple of people who got shot in this episode -so this was one particular problem they talked about that it might be used indiscriminately second problem that people sometimes talk about with military use of non lethal weapons and its actually the reason why in the chemical weapons convention its very clear that you cant use riot control agents as a weapon of warfare -the problem with that is that its seen that sometimes non lethal weapons might actually be used not as an alternative -another problem that i just want to quickly mention is that theres a whole heap of problems with the way that people actually get taught to use non lethal weapons and get trained about them and then get tested and so on because they get tested in nice safe environments and people get taught to use them in nice safe environments like this -i confess this particular case was actually -we dont have a thousand police officers hanging around that could just go tomorrow and we do have a thousand soldiers that could go -and its all captured by the video camera running in the -so when we have to send someone we send the military because theyre there theyre available and heck theyre used to going off and doing these things and living by themselves and not having all this extra support -united states it happened in canada as well and a colleague of mine sent me this one from london but my personal favorite of these ones i have to confess does actually come from the united -the last thing that i would just like to say when im talking to the police about what a perfect non lethal weapon would look like they almost inevitably say the same thing they say well its got to be something thats nasty enough that people dont want to be hit with this weapon so if you threaten to use it people are going to comply with it -first there were the laws like maxwells equations and general relativity that determined the evolution of the universe given its state over all of space at one time -and second there was no question of the initial state of the universe -we have made good progress on the first part and now have the knowledge of the laws of evolution in all but the most extreme conditions -but until recently we have had little idea about the initial conditions for the universe -however this division into laws of evolution and initial conditions -there is nothing bigger or older than the universe -under extreme conditions general relativity and quantum theory allow time to behave like another dimension of space -the universe can spontaneously create itself out of nothing -created in different states -these predictions are -agreement with observations by the wmap satellite of the cosmic microwave background which is an imprint of the very early universe -we think we have solved the mystery of creation -maybe we should patent the universe and charge everyone royalties for their existence -i now turn to the second big question are we alone or is there other life in the universe -we believe that life arose spontaneously on the earth so it must be possible for life to appear on other suitable planets of which there seem to be a large number in the galaxy -but we dont know how life first appeared -we have two pieces of observational evidence on the probability of life appearing -the first is that we have fossils of algae from three point five billion years ago -the earth was formed four point six billion years ago and was probably too hot for about the first half billion years -where did we come from -so life appeared on earth within half a billion years of it being possible which is short compared to the ten billion year lifetime of a planet of earth type -this suggests that a probability of life appearing -if it was very low one would have expected it to take most of the ten billion years available -on the other hand we dont seem to have -how did the universe come into being -been visited by aliens -i am discounting the reports of -why would they appear only to cranks and weirdos -there is a government conspiracy to suppress the reports and keep for itself the scientific knowledge the aliens bring it seems to have been a singularly ineffective policy so far -are we alone in the universe -this probably indicates that there are no alien civilizations at our stage of development within a radius of a few hundred light years -this brings me to the last of the big questions the future of the human race -if we are the only intelligent beings in the galaxy we should make sure we survive and continue -is there alien life out there -but we are entering an increasingly dangerous period of our history -our population and our use of the finite resources of planet earth are growing exponentially along with our technical ability to change the environment for good or ill -what is the future of the human race -our genetic code still carries the selfish and aggressive instincts that were of survival advantage in -it will be difficult enough to avoid disaster in the next hundred years let alone the next thousand or -our only chance of long term survival is not to remain lurking on planet earth but to spread out into space -up until the nineteen twenties everyone thought the universe was essentially static and unchanging in time -the answers to these big questions show that we have made remarkable progress in the last hundred years -but if we want to continue beyond the next hundred years our future is in space -that is why i am in favor of manned or should i say personed space flight -been very lucky that my disability has not been a serious handicap -indeed it has probably given me more time than most people to pursue the quest for knowledge -the ultimate goal is a complete theory of the universe and we are making good progress -professor if you had to guess either way do you now believe that it is more likely than not -in the milky way as a civilization of our level of intelligence -then it was discovered that the universe was expanding -this answer took seven minutes -and really gave me an insight into the incredible -think it quite likely that we are the only civilization within several hundred light years -otherwise we would have heard radio waves -this meant they must have been closer together -if we extrapolate back -we find we must have all been on top of each other about fifteen billion years ago -this was the big bang the beginning of the universe -was there anything before the big bang -if not what created the universe -why did the universe emerge from the big bang the way it did -we used to think that the theory of the universe could be divided into two parts -tag it attribute it metadata get the community to add local depth -global perspective local knowledge -so when you think about this problem -talk to you about today is -this process is -you know its an engineering problem a mechanical problem a logistical problem an operational -here is an example of our aerial camera this is panchromatic its actually four color cones in addition its multi spectral we collect -four gigabits per second of data if you can imagine that kind of data stream coming down thats equivalent to a constellation of twelve satellites at highest res capacity -we fly these airplanes at five thousand feet in the air you can see the camera on the front we collect multiple view points vantage points angles textures we bring all that data back in -we sit here you know the thing about the ground vehicles the human scale what do you see in person we need to capture that up close to establish that what its like type experience -kind of poking at the pc for of course their brilliance and simplicity -so a little unknown secret is did you see the one with the -guy hes got the web cam the poor pc guy theyre duct taping his head theyre just wrapping it on him well a little unknown secret is his brother -theyve got a little bit of a sibling rivalry thing going on here but let me tell you it doesnt affect his day job -we think a lot of good can come from this technology this was after katrina we were the first commercial fleet of airplanes to be cleared into the disaster impact zone -we flew the area we imaged it we sent in people we took pictures of interiors disaster areas we helped with the first responders the search and rescue often the first time anyone saw what happened to their house -was on virtual earth we made it all freely available on the web just to you know it was obviously our chance of helping out with the cause when we think about you know how all this -comes together its all about software algorithms and math you know we capture this imagery but to build the three d models -we need to do geo positioning we need to do geo registering of the images we have to bundle adjust them find tie points extract geometry from the images -what it means is the web is going to become an exciting place again its going to become super exciting as we transform to this highly immersive and interactive world -this process is a very calculated process in fact it was always done manual hollywood would spend millions of dollars to do a small urban corridor for a movie because theyd have to do it manually -drive the streets with lasers called lidar theyd collected information with photos theyd manually build each building we do this all through software algorithms and math a highly automated pipeline creating these cities -we took a decimal point off what it cost to build these cities and thats how were going to be able to scale this out and make this reality a dream -we think about the user interface what does it mean to look at it from multiple perspectives an ortho view a nadir view how do you keep the precision of the fidelity of the imagery while maintaining the fluidity of the model -up by showing you the this is a brand new peek i havent really shown into the lab area of virtual earth what were doing is people like this -a lot this birds eye imagery we work with its this high resolution data but what weve found is they like the fluidity of the three d model -a child can navigate with an xbox controller or a game controller so here what were trying to do is we bring the picture and project it into the three d model space you can see all types of resolution from here i can slowly pan the image -over i can get the next image i can blend and transition by doing this i dont lose the original detail in fact i might be recording history the freshness the capacity i can turn this image i can look at it from multiple viewpoints and angles -what were trying to do is build a virtual world -we hope that we can make computing a user model youre familiar with -and really derive insights from you from all different directions i thank you very much -with graphics computing power low latencies these types of applications and possibilities are going to stream rich data into your lives -so the virtual earth initiative and other -of these initiatives are all about extending you know our current search metaphor -when you think about it were so constrained by browsing the web remembering urls saving favorites -as we move to search we rely on the relevance rankings the web matching the index crawling but we want to use our brain we want to navigate explore -so what better way to put you back in the drivers seat than to put you in the real world that you interact in every day why not leverage the learnings -that youve been learning your entire life -so virtual earth is about you know starting off creating the first digital representation comprehensive of the entire world what we want to do is mix in all types of data -that pollution was money to that community and those people dealt with the pollution and absorbed it into their skin and into their bodies -because they needed the money we made the ocean unhappy we made people very unhappy and we made them unhealthy -the connection between ocean health and human health is actually based upon another couple simple adages and i want to call that pinch a minnow hurt a whale the pyramid of ocean life now when an ecologist looks at the ocean i have to tell you -we look at the ocean in a very different way and we see different things than when a regular person looks at the ocean because when an ecologist looks at the ocean we see all those interconnections we see the base of the food chain the plankton the small things and we see how those -a very complicated thing the ocean and it can be a very complicated thing what human health is and bringing those two together might seem a very daunting task -why does that matter for human health because when we jam things in the bottom of that pyramid that shouldnt be there some very frightening things happen -and they drift up theyre passed up that way on to predators and on to the top predators and in so doing they accumulate -now to bring that home i thought id invent a little game we dont really have to play it we can just think about it here its the styrofoam and chocolate game imagine that when we got on this boat we were all given two styrofoam peanuts -whatll happen is that the styrofoam peanuts will start moving through our society here and they will accumulate in the drunkest stingiest people -no mechanism in this game for them to go anywhere but into a bigger and bigger pile of -but what im going to try to say is that even in that complexity theres some simple themes that i think if we understand -and we had those instead well some of us would be eating those chocolates instead of passing them around and instead of accumulating they will just pass into our group here and not -in north carolina they get into the food chain the dolphins eat the fish that have pcbs from the plankton and those pcbs being -fat soluble accumulate in these dolphins now a dolphin mother dolphin any dolphin theres only one way that a pcb can get out of a dolphin -and whats that in mothers milk heres a diagram of the pcb load of dolphins in sarasota bay adult males a huge load juveniles a huge load -females after their first calf is already weaned a lower load those females theyre not trying to those females are passing the pcbs in the fat of their own mothers milk into their offspring -these mothers pump their first offspring full of this pollutant and most of them -now the mother then can go and reproduce but what a terrible price to pay for the accumulation of this pollutant in these animals the death of the first born calf -theres another top predator in the ocean it turns out that top predator of course is us and we also are eating meat -that comes from some of these same places this is whale meat that i photographed in a grocery store in tokyo or is it -in fact what we did a few years ago was learn how to smuggle a molecular biology lab into tokyo and use it to genetically test the dna out of whale meat samples -and identify what they really were and some of those whale meat samples were whale meat some of them were illegal whale meat by the way thats another story -but some of them were not whale meat at all even though they were labeled whale meat they were dolphin meat some of them were dolphin liver some of them were dolphin blubber and those -dolphin parts had a huge load of pcbs dioxins and heavy metals and that huge load was passing into the people that ate this meat -it turns out that a lot of dolphins are being sold as meat in the whale meat market around the world thats a tragedy for those populations but its also a tragedy for the people eating them because they dont know that thats toxic meat -momma aint happy aint nobody happy we know that right weve experienced that -we had these data a few years ago i remember sitting at my desk being about the only person in the world who knew that -whale meat being sold in these markets was really dolphin meat and it was toxic it had two to three to four hundred times the toxic loads ever allowed -by the epa and i remember there sitting at my desk thinking well i know this this is a great scientific discovery but it was so -and for the very first time in my scientific career i broke scientific protocol which is that you take the data and publish them in scientific journals and then begin to talk about them -we sent a very polite letter to the minister of health in japan and simply pointed out that -this is an intolerable situation not for us but for the people of japan because mothers who may be breastfeeding who may have young children would be buying something that they thought was healthy but it was really toxic -and if we just take that and we build from there then we can go to the next step which is that if the ocean aint happy -that led to a whole series of other campaigns in japan and im really proud to say that at this point its very difficult to buy anything in japan thats labeled incorrectly -even though theyre still selling whale meat which i believe they shouldnt but at least its labeled correctly and youre no longer going to be buying toxic dolphin meat instead -it isnt just there that this happens but in a natural diet of some communities in the canadian arctic and in the united states and in the european arctic a natural diet of seals -and whales leads to an accumulation of pcbs that have gathered up from all parts of the world and ended up in these women these women have toxic breast milk -they cannot feed their offspring their children their breast milk because of the accumulation of these toxins in their food chain in their part of the worlds ocean pyramid -that means their immune systems are compromised it means that their childrens development can be compromised and the worlds attention on this over the last decade has reduced the problem for these women -not by changing the pyramid but by changing what they particularly eat out of it weve taken them out of their natural pyramid in order to solve this problem -nobody happy thats the theme of my talk and were making the ocean pretty unhappy in a lot of different ways this is a shot -the pyramid if we jam things in the bottom can get backed up like a sewer line thats clogged and if we jam nutrients sewage fertilizer in the base of that pyramid -it can back up all through it and we end up with things weve heard about before red tides for example which are blooms of toxic algae -why does that happen it happens because we have jammed so much into the base of the natural ocean pyramid that these bacteria clog it up and overfill onto our beaches often what jams us up is sewage -now how many of you have ever gone to a state park or a national park where you had a big sign at the front saying closed because human sewage is so far over this park -that you cant use it not very often we wouldnt tolerate that we wouldnt tolerate our parks being -swamped by human sewage but beaches are closed a lot in our country theyre closed more and more and more all around the world for the same reason and i believe we shouldnt tolerate that either -its not just a question of cleanliness its also a question of how those organisms then turn into human disease these vibrios these bacteria can actually infect people -they can go into your skin and create skin infections this is a graph from noaas ocean and human health initiative showing the rise of the infections by -in people over the last few years surfers for example know this incredibly and if you can see on some surfing sites -in fact not only do you see what the waves are like or what the weathers like but on some surf rider sites you see a little flashing -that means that the beach might have great waves but its a dangerous place for surfers to be because they can carry with them even after a great day of surfing -this legacy of an infection that might take a very long time to solve some of these infections are actually carrying antibiotic resistance genes now and that makes them even more difficult -these same infections create harmful algal blooms those blooms are generating other kinds of chemicals this is just a simple list of some of the types of poisons that -of these harmful algal blooms shellfish poisoning fish ciguatera diarrhetic shellfish poisoning you dont want to know about that neurotoxic shellfish poisoning paralytic shellfish poisoning these are things -that are getting into our food chain because of these blooms rita calwell very famously traced a very interesting story of cholera -that then leads to human disease that has sparked cholera epidemics in ports along the world and has led to increased -into the air and into the water rolf bolin who was a professor at the hopkins marine station where i work wrote in the nineteen forties that the fumes from the scum floating on the inlets of the -we have major problems in disrupted ecosystem flow that the pyramid may not be working so well that the flow from the base up into it -is being blocked and clogged what do you do when you have this sort of disrupted flow well theres a bunch of things you could do -you could call joe the plumber for example and he could come in and fix the flow but in fact if you look around the world -not only are there hope spots for where we may be able to fix problems there have been places where problems have been fixed where people have come to grips with these issues and begun to turn them around -the canneries are gone the pollution has abated but theres a greater sense here that what the individual communities need is working ecosystems they need a functioning pyramid from the base all the way to the top and -that pyramid in monterey right now because of the efforts of a lot of different people is functioning better than its ever functioned for the last one hundred -fifty years it didnt happen accidentally it happened because many people put their time and effort and their pioneering spirit into this -on the left there julia platt the mayor of my little home town in pacific grove at seventy four years old became mayor because something had to be done -right next to the the biggest polluting cannery because julia knew that when the canneries eventually were gone the ocean needed a place to grow from -so bad they turned lead based paints black people working in these canneries could barely stay there all day because of the smell but you know what they came out saying they say you know what you smell you smell money -that the ocean needed a place to spark a seed and she wanted to provide that seed other people david packard and julie packard -who were instrumental in producing the monterey bay aquarium to lock into peoples notion that the ocean and the -health of the ocean ecosystem were just as important to the economy of this area as eating the ecosystem would be that change in thinking has led to a dramatic shift -the fortunes of monterey bay but other places around the world well i want to leave you with the thought that what were really trying to do here is protect this ocean pyramid -and that ocean pyramid connects to our own pyramid of life its an ocean planet and we think of -its only through having the ocean being healthy that we can remain healthy ourselves thank you very much -so what can we do about this -oh by the way were overdue -thousand years since this happened so it should have happened about four hundred and eighty thousand years ago oh and heres one other thing scientists think now our magnetic field may be -maybe were in the throes of it one of the problems of trying to figure out how healthy the earth is is that we have you know we dont have good weather data from sixty years ago much less data -things like the ozone layer so -theres a fairly simple solution to this theres gonna be a lot of cheap rocketry thats gonna come online in about six or seven years -gets us into the low atmosphere very cheaply you know we can make ozone from car tailpipes its not hard its just three oxygen atoms -brought the entire ozone layer down to the surface of the earth it would be the thickness of two pennies at fourteen pounds per square inch you dont need that much up there we need to learn how to repair and replenish the earths ozone layer -well protecting us from this occasionally we get a flare from the sun that causes havoc with communications and so forth and electricity -but the alarming thing is that astronomers recently have been studying stars that are similar to our sun and theyve found that a number of them when theyre about the age of our sun -not after this and that got me into a discussion with some other people other scientists about maybe some other subjects and one of the guys i talked to who was a neuroscientist said you know -by a factor of as much as twenty doesnt last for very long and they think these are superflares millions of times more -flares weve had from our sun so -theres a flip side to it in studying stars like our sun weve found that -they go through periods of diminishment when -total amount of energy thats expelled from them goes down by maybe one percent one percent doesnt sound like a lot but it would cause one hell of an ice age here so what can we do about this -ninety three this is rocket science but its not hard rocket science everything that we need to make an atmosphere on mars and -to make a livable planet on mars is probably there and you just literally have to -send little nuclear factories up there that gobble up the iron oxide on the surface of mars and spit out the oxygen -the problem is it takes three hundred years to terraform mars minimum really more like five hundred years to do it right theres no reason why -a new global epidemic people have been at war with germs ever since there have been people and from time to time the germs sure get the upper hand in -the advances that have taken place in astronomy cosmology -we had a flu epidemic in the united states that killed twenty million people that was back when the population was around one hundred million people the bubonic plague in europe in the middle ages killed one -europeans aids is coming back ebola seems to be rearing its head with much too much frequency and old diseases like cholera are becoming -all learned what the kind of panic that can occur when an old disease rears its head like anthrax -the worst possibility is that a very simple germ like staph -for which we have one antibiotic that still works -mutates and we know staph can do amazing things a staph cell can be next to a muscle cell in your body and borrow genes -when antibiotics come and change and mutate the danger is that some germ like staph will be will mutate into something thats really -very contagious and will sweep through populations before we can do anything about it thats happened before about twelve thousand years ago -there was a massive wave of mammal extinctions in the americas and that is thought to have been a virulent disease so what can we do about it it is nuts we -reminds me of michaels talk yesterday and his mother saying you cant have a solution -every -for you its all farmed you know you gotta ask when you go to a restaurant if its a wild fish -disease in the united states we are not prepared to cope with it now there is money -in the federal budget next year to build up the public health service but i dont think to any extent that it really needs to be done number two my favorite -so we went out looking for solutions to ways that the world might end tomorrow and lo and behold we found -and these stars have compressed down to maybe something like twelve fifteen miles wide and they are black holes and they are gobbling up everything around them including light which is why we cant see them -most of them should be in orbit around something but galaxies are very violent -places and things can be spun out of orbit also space is incredibly vast so even if you flung a million of these things -the chances that one would actually hit us is fairly remote but it only has to get close about a billion miles away -about a billion miles away heres what happens to earths orbit it becomes elliptical instead of circular and for three months out of the year -the surface temperatures go up to one hundred and fifty to one hundred and eighty for three months -again we gotta think about being a colonizing race -which leads me to a videotape -and finally number one -a really big asteroid heads for -piece of a comet exploded over siberia and flattened forests for maybe one hundred miles it had the effect of -four hundred thousand miles away from earth nothing to worry about right it passed directly through earths orbit we were in that that spot six hours -a small asteroid say a half mile wide would touch off firestorms followed by severe global cooling from the -thing an asteroid five miles wide causes major extinctions we think the one that got the dinosaurs was about five miles wide where are they theres something called the kuiper belt which some people think plutos not a planet -balls of ice and rock comets really out there that are fifty miles in diameter or more and they regularly -take a little spin in towards the sun and pass reasonably close to us of more concern i think is the asteroids that exist between mars and jupiter -the folks at the sloan digital sky survey told us last fall theyre making the first map of the universe three dimensional map of the universe -so you say yeah well what are really the chances of this -this is a chart that doctor clark chapman at the southwestern research institute presented to congress a few years ago youll -the chance of an asteroid slash comet impact killing you is about one in twenty thousand according to the work theyve done now look at the one right below that -passenger aircraft crash one in twenty thousand we spend an awful lot of money trying to be -and were not spending hardly anything on this -and yet this is completely preventable we finally have just in the last year the technology to stop this cold could we have the solutions -spending three million dollars a year three million bucks that is like pocket change to search for asteroids because we can actually figure out every asteroid thats out there -it might hit earth and when it might hit earth and theyre trying to do that but its gonna take them ten years at spending three million dollars a year and even then they claim theyll only have about eighty percent of -but we would have lots of time if we see it coming we really need a dedicated observatory youll notice that a lot of comets are named after -amateur astronomers thats because nobodys looking for them except amateurs we need a dedicated observatory that looks for comets part two of the solutions -we need to figure out how to blow up an asteroid or alter its trajectory now a year ago we did an amazing thing we sent a probe out to this asteroid belt called near near earth asteroid rendezvous -and these guys orbited a thirty or no about a twenty two mile long asteroid called -two trillion dollar federal budget which will land us back into deficit spending real fast but terrorists arent the only threat we face there are -but we can learn to land on these asteroids that have our name on them and put something like a small ion propulsion -motor on it which would gently slowly after a period of time push it into a different trajectory which if weve done our math right would keep it from hitting earth this is just a matter of finding em going -and doing something about it i know your head is spinning from all this stuff -so -i think to remember is september eleventh we dont wanna get -caught flat footed again we know about this stuff science has the power to predict the future in many cases now knowledge is power the worst thing we can do -say jeez i got enough to worry about without worrying about an -really serious calamities staring us in the eye that were in the same kind of denial about that we were about terrorism and what couldve happened on september eleventh i would propose therefore -that if we took ten billion dollars from that two point one three trillion dollar budget which is one or is two one hundred ths of that -and biology in the last ten years are really extraordinary to the point where we know more about our universe and how it works than many of you -and we doled out a billion dollars to each one of these problems im going to talk to you about the -to me these are richard -but i -because i think the people in this room can literally change the world i hope you take some of this stuff away with you and when you have an opportunity to -try to get some -on some of these ideas so lets start number ten we lose the will -we live in an incredible age of modern medicine we are all much healthier than we were -people around the world are getting better medicine but mentally were falling apart the world health -now estimates that one out of five people on the planet is clinically depressed and -the world health organization also says that depression is the biggest epidemic that humankind -soon genetic breakthroughs and even better medicine are going to allow us to think of one hundred -as a normal life span a female child born tomorrow on average median will live to age eighty three our life -something like ninety eight percent of all people with depression and i mean really severe -this is a curable disease with present medicine and present technology but it is often a combination -talk therapy and pills pills alone dont do it especially in clinically depressed people you ought to be able to go to a -or a psychologist and put down your ten dollar co pay and get treated just like you do when you got a cut on your arm its ridiculous secondly -drug companies are not going to develop really sophisticated psychoactive drugs we know that most -mental illnesses have a biological component that can be dealt with and we know just an amazing amount more about the brain now than we did ten years ago -we need a pump push from the federal government through nih and national science nsf and places like that to start helping the drug companies develop some advanced psychoactive drugs -all of the ones weve found by the way are in this little teeny tiny corner where we live in the milky way -there must be millions of planets in the milky way and as carl sagan insisted for many years and was laughed at for it there must be billions and billions in the universe -in a few years nasa is gonna launch four or five telescopes out to jupiter where theres less dust and start looking for earth like planets which we cannot see -really is a black hole at the center of every galaxy the science writers and editors i shouldnt say science writers i should say people who -and probably fairly close to us is a fairly remote idea and the chance that some of it isnt more intelligent than ours is also -a great likelihood i really believe this and i dont believe in aliens but and i -a likelihood that we will confront a civilization that is more intelligent than our own now what will -what if they come to you know suck up our oceans for the hydrogen and swat us away like flies the way we -advanced western civilization has had a destructive effect on all primitive civilizations it has come in contact with even in those cases where every attempt was made -to protect and guard the -it may seem ridiculous but we have a really lousy history of anticipating things like this and actually being prepared for them how much energy and money does it take to actually have a plan -and editors would sit down over a couple of beers after a hard day of work and start talking about some of these incredible perceptions about how the universe works and -to negotiate with an -last forever our sun doesnt last forever if we want humanity to last forever we have to colonize the milky way -a lot if we meet an advanced civilization along the way if were trying to be an advanced civilization number -they said weve been looking at the oceans for a long time now and we wanna tell you theyre not in trouble theyre near collapse -many other ecosystems on earth are in real real danger were living in a time of mass extinctions that exceeds the fossil record by a factor of ten thousand -we have lost twenty five percent of the unique species in hawaii in the last twenty years california is expected to -the rain forest collapses as an ecosystem theres really a tree like that out there thats really what it comes to and when that ecosystem collapses -a major ecosystem with it like our atmosphere so what do we do about this what are the solutions -they would inevitably end up in what i thought was a very bizarre place which is ways the world could end very suddenly and thats what i -there is some modeling of ecosystems going on now the problem with ecosystems is that we understand them so poorly that -we dont know theyre really in trouble until its almost too late we need to know earlier that theyre getting in trouble and we need to -be able to pump possible solutions into models and with the kind of computing power we have now there is as i say some of this going on but it needs money national science foundation needs to say you know -almost all the money thats spent on science in this country comes from the federal government one way or another and they get to prioritize you know there are people at the national science -this is the most important thing this is one of the things they ought to be thinking more about secondly we need to create huge biodiversity reserves on the planet and start moving them around -theres been an experiment for the last four or five years on the georges bank or the grand banks off of newfoundland its a no take fishing zone they cant fish there for a radius of two hundred miles and an amazing thing -you all remember ted kaczynski the unabomber one of the things he raved about was that a particle accelerator experiment could go haywire -and set off a chain reaction that would destroy the world a lot of very sober minded physicists believe it or not have had exactly the same thought this spring theres a collider at -right -other collider experiments theres one thats gonna take place next summer at cern -have the possibility of creating something called strangelets which are kind of like antimatter whenever they hit other matter they destroy it and -we need the advice of particle physicists to talk about particle physics -but we need some outside thinking and watchdogging of whats going on with these experiments -secondly we have a natural laboratory surrounding the earth we have an electromagnetic field around the earth and its constantly bombarded by high energy particles like protons -and we dont in my opinion we dont spend enough time looking at that natural laboratory and figuring out first -that creates its own pesticide to kill a corn borer you may of heard of it heard it called starling -they found bt corn genes in wild corn plants now corn originated we think in mexico -this is the genetic biodiversity storehouse of corn this brings back a -gone away recently that superweeds and superpests could spread around the world from biotechnology that literally could destroy the worlds food -so -all seemed a little fantastical to me but -the starling disaster happened there was a battle between the epa and the fda over who really had authority and over what parts -it straightened out for months thats kind of crazy number five -one of my favorites reversal of the earths magnetic field believe it or not this happens every few hundred thousand years and has happened many times in our history north pole goes to the south south pole goes to the north and vice versa -come streaming at us from the sun that this field protects us from are well basically -were -most are homeless and many are in foster care almost all of my kids live below poverty but with those seeds from day one we are growing in my classroom and this is what it looks like in my classroom and you see how attentive these kids are to these seeds and then you notice that those seeds become farms across the bronx that look like this -so i wanted to figure out how i could get this kind of success into something small like this and bring it into my classroom so that handicapped kids could do it kids who didnt want to be outside could do it and everyone could have access so i called george irwin and what do you know he came to my class and we built an indoor edible wall -and what we do is we partner it with authentic learning experiences private based learning -and lo and behold we gave birth -i am not a farmer -to the first edible wall in new york city so if youre hungry get up and eat you can do it right now my kids play cow all the time -and my kids from the poorest congressional district in america became -real led stuff twenty first century technology and what do you know we made twenty first century money and that was -that with sedum that looks like this this is the new green graffiti so you may wonder -really had the skills he needed to build affordable housing for new yorkers right in their own neighborhood and this is what my kids are doing making living wage now if youre like me you live in a building there are seven guys out of work looking to manage a million dollars i dont -with interiors like this wow people noticed and notice they did so cnn called and we were delighted to have them come to our farmers market and then when rockefeller center said nbc could you put this thing up on the walls we were delighted but this i show you when kids from the poorest congressional district in america -not the jailhouse making them feel a part of -well we met this woman avis richards with the ground up campaign unbelievable through her my kids the most disenfranchised and marginalized were able to roll out one hundred gardens to new york city public schools -thats triple bottom line okay a year ago today i was invited to the new york academy of medicine i thought this concept of designing a strong and healthy new york made sense especially when the resources were free so thank you all and i love them -kids should not have to grow up and look at things like this and as jobs continue to leave my community and energy continues to come in be exported in its no wonder that really some people refer to the south bronx as a desert but im -and thats when i realized that the greening of america starts first with the pockets then with the heart and then with the mind so we were onto something and were still onto something -and thank god trinity wall street noticed because they gave us the birth of green bronx machine were three thousand strong right now and what does it really do it teaches kids to re vision their communities so when they grow up in places like this they can imagine it like this -and again brook park feeds hundreds of people without a food stamp or a fingerprint the poorest congressional district in america the most migratory community -and most importantly when you put big kids together with little kids -the oldest sixth grader youll ever meet so i get up every day with this tremendous amount of enthusiasm that im hoping to share with you all today -or more importantly to local shelters where most of our kids are getting one to two meals a day and were stepping it up no air jordans were ever ruined on my farm -black field brown field toxic waste field battlefield were proving in the bronx that you can grow anywhere on cement -and we take orders for flowers im putting the bake sale to shame we take orders now im booking for the spring and these were all grown from seeds were learning everything and again when you can take kids from backgrounds as diverse as this to do something as special as this were really creating a moment now you may ask about these kids -and with that note i come to you with this belief that kids should not have to leave their communities to live learn and earn in a better one so im here to tell you a story about me and this wall that i met outside which im now bringing inside and it starts -forty percent attendance to ninety three percent attendance all start -martin luther king said that people need to be uplifted with dignity so here in new york i urge you my fellow americans to help us make america great again its simple share your passion its real easy go see these two videos please one got us invited to the white house ones a recent incarnation -and most importantly get the biggest bully out of schools this has got to go tomorrow -people you can all do -that keep kids out of stores that look like this -great lunch today let them do culinary things but most importantly just love them nothing works like unconditional love so my good friend kermit said its not easy being green its not i come from a place where kids can buy thirty five flavors of blunt wrap at any day of the moment where ice cream freezers are filled with slushy malt liquor -okay my dear friend majora carter once told me we have everything to gain and nothing to lose so here -and im here today hoping that my reach will exceed my grasp and thats really what this is all about and it starts with incredible kids like this who come early and stay late all of my kids are either iep or ell learners most come with a lot of handicaps -to see if within this decade we can finally hold in our hands the rule for our universe -and know where our universe lies in the space of all possible universes and be able to type into wolfram alpha the theory of the universe and have it tell us -from the foundations of science to the limits of technology to the very definition of the human condition i think computation is destined to be the defining idea of our future thank you -are you able to say in a sentence or two how this type of thinking -could integrate at some point to things like string theory or the kind of things that people think of as the fundamental explanations of the universe -well the parts of physics that we kind of know to be true things like the standard model of physics what im trying to do better reproduce the standard model of physics or its simply wrong -the things that people have tried to do in the last twenty five years or so with string theory and so on have been an interesting exploration that has tried to get back to the standard model but hasnt quite -my guess is that some great simplifications of what im doing may actually have considerable resonance with whats been done in string theory but thats a complicated math thing that i dont yet know how its going to work out -is in the audience he has also shown how complexity can arise from a simple start does your work relate to his -i think so i view benoit mandlebrots work as kind of one of the founding contributions to this kind of area -so if we run this program -has been particularly interested in nested patterns in fractals and so on where the structure is something thats kind of tree like and where theres sort of a big branch that makes little branches and even smaller branches and so on thats kind of -this is what we get very simple -one of the ways that you get towards true complexity i think things like the rule thirty cellular automaton get us to a different level -in fact in a very precise way they get us to a different level because they seem to be things that are capable of -so lets try changing the rule for this program a little bit now we get another result -try changing it again you get something a little bit more complicated but if we keep running this for awhile we find out that although the pattern we get is very intricate it has a very regular structure -so the question is can anything else happen -well we can do a little experiment lets just do a little mathematical experiment try and find out lets just run all possible programs of the particular type that were looking at theyre called cellular automata -you can see a lot of diversity in the behavior here most of them do very simple things but if you look along all these different pictures at rule number thirty you start to see something interesting going on so lets take a closer look at rule number thirty -so i want to talk today about an idea its a big idea actually i think itll eventually be seen as probably the single biggest idea thats emerged in -so here it is were just following this very simple rule at the bottom here but were getting all this amazing stuff -its not at all what were used to and i must say that when i first saw this it came as a huge shock to my intuition and in fact to understand it i eventually had to create a whole new kind of science -this science is different more general than the mathematics based science that weve had for the past three hundred or so years -you know its always seemed like a big mystery how nature seemingly so effortlessly manages to produce so much that seems to us so complex -well i think weve found its secret its just sampling whats out there in the computational universe and quite often getting things like rule thirty or like this -and knowing that starts to explain a lot of long standing mysteries in science -it also brings up new issues though like computational irreducibility i mean were used to having science let us predict things -but something like this is fundamentally irreducible the only way to find its outcome is effectively just to watch it -its the idea of computation now of course that idea has brought us all of the computer technology we have today and so on -things with rules as simple as these can do it -this has deep implications about the limits of science about predictability and controllability of things like biological processes or economies -you know working on this science for many years i kept wondering what will be its first killer app -i got to thinking this scientific paradigm of mine suggests something different -and by the way ive now got huge computation capabilities in mathematica and im a ceo with some worldly resources to do large seemingly crazy projects -so i decided to just try to see how much of the systematic knowledge thats out there in the world we can make computable so its been a big very complex project which i was not sure was going to work at all -so lets give it a try lets start off with something really easy -very good okay so far so good -lets try something a little bit harder -we could ask it something about the real world lets say i dont know whats the gdp of spain and it should be able to tell us that -now we could compute something related to this lets say the gdp of spain divided by i dont know the hmmm lets say the revenue of microsoft -the idea is that we can sort of just type this in this kind of question in however we think of it so lets try asking a question like a health related question -well i myself have spent the past thirty years of my life working on three large projects that really try to take the idea of computation seriously -so lets type that in and now wolfram alpha will go and use available public health data and try to figure out what part of the population that corresponds to and so on -lets try asking about i dont know the international space station -and whats happening here is that wolfram alpha is not just looking up something its computing in real time where the international space station is right now at this moment how fast its going and so on -so wolfram alpha knows about lots and lots of kinds of things its got by now pretty good coverage of everything you might find in a standard reference library and so on -but the goal is to go much further and very broadly to democratize all of this kind of knowledge -and to try and be an authoritative source in all areas to be able to compute answers to specific questions that people have not -by searching what other people may have written down before but by using built in knowledge to compute fresh new answers to specific -now of course wolfram alpha is a monumentally huge long term project with lots and lots of challenges -one has to curate a zillion different sources of facts and data and we built quite a pipeline of mathematica automation and human domain experts for doing this -but thats just the beginning given raw facts or data to actually answer questions one has to compute one has to implement all those methods and models and algorithms -so i started off at a young age as a physicist using computers as tools then i started sort of drilling down thinking about the computations i might want to do trying to figure out what primitives they could be built up from -so far there are about eight million lines of mathematica code in wolfram alpha built by experts from many many different fields -well a crucial idea of wolfram alpha is that you can just ask it questions using ordinary human language -and i must say that i thought that step might just be plain impossible -two big things happened -first a bunch of new ideas about linguistics that came from studying the computational universe -second the realization that having actual computable knowledge completely changes how one can set about understanding language -and of course now with wolfram alpha actually out in the wild we can learn from its actual usage and in fact theres been an interesting coevolution thats been going on between wolfram alpha and its human -and its really encouraging right now if we look at web queries more than eighty percent of them get handled successfully the first time and if you look at things like the iphone app the fraction is considerably larger -so im pretty pleased with it all but in many ways were still at the very beginning with wolfram alpha i mean everything is scaling up very nicely were getting -more confident you can expect to see wolfram alpha technology showing up in more and more places working both with this kind of public data like on the website and with private knowledge for people and companies and so on -you know ive realized that wolfram alpha actually gives one a sort of whole new kind of computing that one can call knowledge based computing in which ones starting not just from raw computation -but from a vast amount of built in knowledge and when one does that one really changes the economics of delivering computational things whether its on the web or elsewhere -and how they could be automated as much as possible eventually i created a whole structure based on symbolic programming and so on that let me build mathematica -we have a fairly interesting situation right now on the one hand we have mathematica with its sort of precise formal language -and a huge network of carefully designed capabilities able to get a lot done in just a few lines let me show you a -couple of examples here so heres a trivial piece of mathematica programming heres something where were sort of integrating a bunch of different capabilities here -here well just create in this line a little user interface that allows us to do something -you go on thats a slightly more complicated program thats now doing all sorts of algorithmic things and creating user interface and so on but its something thats very precise stuff its a precise specification with a precise formal language that causes -mathematica to know what to do here well then on the other hand we have wolfram alpha with all the sort of messiness of the world and human language and so on built into it -so what happens when you put these things together -i think its actually rather wonderful with wolfram alpha inside mathematica you can for example make precise programs that call on real world data heres a really simple example -you can also just sort of give vague input and then try and have wolfram alpha figure out what youre talking -but actually i think sort of the most exciting thing about this is that it really gives one the chance to democratize programming i mean anyone will be able to just sort of say what they want in plain language -then the idea is that wolfram alpha will be able to figure out what precise pieces of code can do what theyre asking for and then show them examples that will let them pick what they need to build up bigger and bigger precise programs -so sometimes wolfram alpha will be able to do the whole thing immediately and just give back a whole big program that you can then compute with so heres a -big website where weve been collecting lots of educational and other demonstrations about lots of kinds of things so i dont know ill show you one example maybe here -this is just an example of one of these computable documents this is probably a fairly small piece of mathematica code thats able to be -okay lets zoom out again so given our new kind of science is there a general way to use it to make technology -so with physical materials were used to kind of going around the world and discovering that particular materials are useful for particular technological purposes and so on -well it turns out we can do very much the same kind of thing in the computational universe theres an inexhaustible supply of programs out there the challenge is to see how to harness them for human purposes -and for example wolfram alpha and mathematica are actually now full of algorithms that we discovered by searching the computational universe and for example this -this has become surprisingly popular among composers finding musical forms by searching the computational universe in a sense we can use the computational universe to get mass customized creativity -im hoping we can for example use that even to get wolfram alpha to routinely sort of do invention and discovery on the fly and to find all sorts of wonderful stuff that no engineer and no process of incremental evolution would ever come up with -well i have to admit actually that i also had a very selfish reason for building mathematica i wanted to use it myself a bit like galileo got to use his telescope four hundred years ago -well so that leads to sort of an ultimate question could it be that someplace out there in the computational universe we might find our physical universe -theres even some quite simple rule some simple program for our universe -well the history of physics would have us believe that the rule for the universe must be pretty complicated -if the rules for the universe are simple its kind of inevitable that they have to be very abstract and very low level operating for example far below the level of space or time -well then the universe has to evolve by applying little rules that progressively update this network and each possible rule in a sense corresponds to a candidate universe -actually i havent shown these before but here are a few of the candidate universes that ive looked at -some of these are hopeless universes completely sterile with other kinds of pathologies like no notion of space no notion of time no matter other problems like that -the exciting thing that ive found in the last few years is that you actually dont have to go very far in the computational universe before you start finding candidate universes that arent obviously not our universe -heres the problem any serious candidate for our universe is inevitably full of computational irreducibility -but i wanted to look not at the astronomical universe but at the computational universe so we normally think of programs as being complicated things that we build for very specific purposes -a few years ago i was pretty excited to discover that there are candidate universes with incredibly simple rules that successfully reproduce special relativity and even general relativity and gravitation and at least give hints of quantum mechanics -so will we find the whole of physics i dont know for sure but i think at this point its sort of almost embarrassing not to at least try -not an easy project one has got to build a lot of technology ones got to build a structure thats probably at least as deep as existing physics -and im not sure what the best way to organize the whole thing is build a team open it up offer prizes and so on but ill tell you here today that im committed to seeing this project -just explode before your eyes or come down supersonic -and -a burning metal hunk coming back these things would drop down from above all through the weekend of rocket launch after rocket launch after rocket launch its a cadence you cant quite imagine -the really big stuff to go to the middle of nowhere black rock desert where dangerous things happen and the boys get bigger and the rockets get bigger and they use motors they literally use on cruise missile boosters they rumble the belly and leave even photographers in awe of watching the spectacle -we need a drastic change in the way we think and behave -but we dont need -what we need is a players uprising -what we need is a players uprising what we need is a players uprising seriously we need to band together today is the start of the uprising but what you need to do is fan the flames of the revolution you need to go and share your ideas and your success stories of what worked -about reinvigorating our lives our schools and our work with play -last business -about how play promotes a sense of promise and self fulfillment of how play promotes innovation and productivity and ultimately how play creates meaning -because we cant do it alone we have to do it together and together if we do this and share these ideas on play we can transform bulgaria for the better -why as a result what happens the lowest percentage of entrepreneurs starting businesses -and this is despite the fact that everybody knows that small business is the engine of economies we hire the most people we create the most taxes -so if our engines broken guess what -last in europe gdp per capita -and these are facts guys this isnt story tale its not make believe -its not its not a conspiracy i have got against bulgaria these are facts so i think it should be really really clear that our system is broken the way we think the way we behave our operating system of behaving is broken we need a drastic change in the way we think and behave to transform bulgaria for the better for ourselves for our friends -because and this is going to be drastic to some of you because we are handicapping ourselves were holding ourselves back because we dont value play -i said play all right in case some of you forgot what play is this is what play looks like babies play kids play adults play we dont value play in fact we devalue play -and we devalue it in three areas lets go back to the same three areas social forty five years of what of communism -now before you get up in arms -and instead what do we value because its shown the way we apply generate and use knowledge -is affected by our social and institutional context which told us what in communism to be serious to be really really serious -or you pick a favorite color i want to define what i mean by revolution -water that will kill them i have been told by babas and dyados that we shouldnt let our kids play so much because life is serious and we need to train them for the seriousness of life -we have a serious meme running through its a social gene running through us its a serious gene its forty five years of it thats created what i call the baba factor -and heres how it works step one woman says i want to have a baby iskam baby step two we get the baby woohoo but then what happens in step three i want to go back to work because i need to further my career or i just want to go have coffees im going to give bebko to baba -but we need to remember that babas been infected by the serious meme for forty five years so what happens she passes that virus on to baby and it takes a really really really long time as the redwood trees for that serious meme to get out of our operating system -play its a crap system -we went to this prestigious little school and they say theyre going to study math ten times a week and science eight times a week and reading five times a day and all this stuff and we said well what about play and recess and they said ha there wont be a single moment in the schedule -to put bolts in pre drilled holes but im sorry the problems of today are not the problems of the industrial revolution we need adaptability the ability to learn how to be creative and innovative -we dont need mechanized workers but no now our meme goes into work where we dont value play we create robotic workers that we treat like assets to lever and just throw away what are qualities of a bulgarian work autocratic -do what i say because im the chef im the boss and i know better than you untrusting youre obviously a criminal so im going to install cameras -now why steve why do we need a revolution -thats somehow unprofessional and bad and at the end of the day its unfulfilling because youre controlled youre restricted youre not valued and youre not having any fun -in social in education and in our business dont value play and thats why were last because we dont value play -and you can say thats ridiculous steve what a dumb idea it cant be because of play -we need a revolution because things arent working -just play thats a stupid thing we have the serious meme in us -well im going to say no and i will prove it to you -in the next part of the speech that play is the catalyst it is the revolution that we can use to transform bulgaria for the better -play our brains -are hardwired for play evolution has selected over millions and billions of years for play in animals and in humans and you know what -evolution does a really really good job of deselecting traits that arent advantageous to us and selecting traits for competitive advantage nature isnt stupid and it selected for play throughout the animal kingdom for example ants -and they learn tasks better skills -kittens play we all know kittens play but what you may not know is that kittens deprived of play are unable to interact socially they can still hunt but they cant be social -bears play -but what you may not know is that bears that play more survive longer its not the bears that learn how to fish better its the ones that play more -and a final really interesting study -the more you play the bigger the brains there are -dolphins pretty big brains play a lot -but who do you think -with the biggest brains are the biggest players -yours truly humans kids play we play of every nationality of every race of every color of every religion its a universal thing we play -and its not just kids its adults too really cool term neoteny the retention of play and juvenile traits in adults and who are the biggest neotenists humans we play sports we do it for fun or as olympians or as professionals we play musical instruments we dance we kiss we sing we just goof around -were designed by nature to play from birth to old age were designed to do that -continuously to play and play a lot and not stop playing it is a huge benefit -just like theres benefits to animals theres benefits to humans -for example its been shown -to stimulate neural growth in the amygdala in the area where it controls emotions its been shown to promote pre frontal cortex development where a lot of cognition is happening as a result what happens we develop more emotional maturity if we play more -and we are last place in so many things for example -we develop better decision making ability if we play more -little exercise just for a second close your eyes -and try to imagine a world without play -social factors were last place in europe in innovation there we are right at the end right at the bottom last place as a culture that doesnt value innovation were last place in health care and thats important for a sense of well being and there we are not just last in the e u were last in europe at the very bottom -what does this world look like -is it fun is it playful or maybe the workplace of your friends here were forward thinking is it fun is it playful -or is it crap is it autocratic controlling restrictive and untrusting and unfulfilling -we have this concept that the opposite of play is work -we even feel guilty if were seen playing at work oh my colleagues see me laughing i must not have enough work or oh ive got to hide because my boss might see me -but i have news for you our thinking is backwards the opposite of play is not work the opposite of play is depression -it increases our openness to change it improves our ability to learn it provides a sense of purpose and mastery two key motivational things that increase productivity -you know the professional athlete that loves skiing hes serious about it but he loves it hes having fun hes in the groove hes in the flow -our thinking is backwards we shouldnt be feeling guilty we should be celebrating play -quick example from the corporate world fedex easy motto people service profit if you treat your people like people if you treat them great theyre happier theyre fulfilled they have a sense of mastery and purpose what happens they give better service -not worse but better and when customers call for service and theyre dealing with happy people that can make decisions and are fulfilled how do the customers feel they feel great -people service profit play increases productivity not decreases and youre going to say -gee that can work for fedex out there in the united states but it cant work in bulgaria -it does work in bulgaria you guys two reasons one play is universal theres nothing weird about bulgarians that we cant play besides the serious meme that we have to kick out two ive tried it ive tried at sciant when i got there we had zero happy customers not one customer would refer us -through some basic change change like improving transparency -change like promoting self direction and collaboration encouraging collaboration not autocracy the things like having a results focus i dont care when you get in in the morning i dont care when you leave i care that your customer and your team is happy and youre organized with that why do i care if you get in at nine oclock -and worst of all it just came out three weeks ago many of you have seen it the economist were the saddest place on earth relative to gdp per capita -basically promoting fun through promoting fun and a great environment we were able to transform sciant and in just three short years sounds like a long time but change is slow every customer from zero to every customer referring us -above average profits for the industry and happy stakeholders -it does and it can work in bulgaria theres nothing holding us back except our own mentality about play -so some steps that we can take to finish up -how to make this revolution through play first of all you have to believe me -if you dont believe me well just go home and think about it some more or something second of all if you dont have the feeling of play in you you need to rediscover play whatever it was that as a kid you used to enjoy that you enjoyed only six months ago but now that youve got that promotion you cant enjoy because you feel like you have to be serious rediscover it -the saddest place on earth -im going to encourage constructive criticism -im going to let you challenge authority because its by challenging the way things are always done is that we are able to break out of the rut that were in and create innovative solutions to problems of today -were not always right as leaders were going to eradicate fear fear is the enemy of play -thats social lets look at education where do we rank three weeks ago in another report by the oecd last in reading math and science -you know what let them use their mobile phone for personal calls -heaven forbid let them be on the internet -let them be on instant messengers -to do this theres only two simple steps to follow first you find and label a memory in the brain and then you activate it with a switch as simple as that -so turns out finding a memory in the brain isnt -all that easy xl indeed this is way more difficult than lets say finding a needle in a haystack -because at least you know the needle is still something you can physically put your fingers on but memory is not and also theres way more cells in your brain than the number of straws in a typical haystack -so yeah this task does seem to be daunting but luckily we got help from the brain itself -it turned out that all we need to do is basically to let the brain form a memory and then the brain will tell us which cells are involved in that particular memory -now one brain region that would be robustly active in particular is called the hippocampus which for decades has been implicated in processing the kinds of memories that we hold near and dear which also makes it an ideal target to go into and to try and find and maybe reactivate a memory -but we are able to find which cells are involved in a particular memory because whenever a cell is active like when its forming a memory it will also leave a footprint that will later allow us to know these cells are recently active sr so -the same way that building lights at night let you know that somebodys probably working there at any given moment in a very real sense there are biological sensors within a cell that are turned on only when that cell was just working theyre sort of biological windows that light up to let us know that that cell was just active -so here is what the hippocampus looks like after forming a fear memory for example the sea of blue that you see here are densely packed brain cells but the green brain cells the green brain cells are the ones that are holding on to a specific fear memory -for the longest time all i would do is recall the memory of this person over and over again wishing that i could get rid of that gut wrenching visceral blah feeling -so you are looking at the crystallization of the fleeting formation of fear youre actually looking at the cross section of a memory right now -now as it turns out im a neuroscientist so i knew that the memory of that person and the awful emotional undertones that color in that memory are largely mediated by separate brain systems -so whenever a memory is being formed any active cell for that particular memory will also have this light sensitive switch installed in it so that we can control these cells by the flipping of a laser just like this one you see -now with our system the cells that are active in the hippocampus in the making of this memory only those cells will now contain channelrhodopsin -whenever a mouse is in fear it will show this very typical behavior by staying at one corner of the box trying to not move any part of its body and this posture is called freezing -so if a mouse remembers that something bad happened in this box and when we put them back into the same box it will basically show freezing because it doesnt want to be detected by any potential threats in this box -and now those terrifying two seconds where you start thinking what do i do do i say hi do i shake their hand do i turn around and run away do i sit here and pretend like i dont exist -and so i thought what if we could go into the brain and edit out that nauseating feeling but while keeping the memory of that person intact -those kinds of fleeting thoughts that physically incapacitate you that temporarily give you that deer in headlights look -but what if we put the mouse in this new box but at the same time we activate the fear memory using lasers just like we did before are we going to bring back the fear memory for the first box into this completely new environment -so indeed it looks like we are able to bring back the fear memory for the first box in this completely new environment while watching this steve and i are as shocked as the mouse itself -and then we published our findings in the journal nature ever since the publication of our work weve been receiving numerous comments from all over the internet maybe we can take a look at some of those -this also reminds us that although we are still working with mice its probably a good idea to start thinking and discussing about the possible ethical ramifications of memory control -false memory xl so all memory is sophisticated and dynamic but if just for simplicity lets imagine memory as a movie clip -so far what weve told you is basically we can control this play button of the clip so that we can play this video clip any time anywhere but is there a possibility that we can actually get inside the brain and edit this movie clip so that we can make it different from the original yes we can -if we present new information and allow this new information to incorporate into this old memory this will change the memory its sort of like making a remix tape -now the next day we can take our animals and place them in a red box that theyve never experienced before we can shoot light into the brain to reactivate the memory of the blue box -so what would happen here if while the animal is recalling the memory of the blue box we gave it a couple of mild foot shocks -so here were trying to artificially make an association between the memory of the blue box and the foot shocks themselves were just trying to connect the two so to test if we had done so we can take our animals once again and place them back in the blue box again we had just reactivated the memory of the blue box while the animal got a couple of mild foot shocks -and now the animal suddenly freezes its as though its recalling being mildly shocked in this environment even though that never actually happened -so it formed a false memory because its falsely fearing an environment where technically speaking nothing bad actually happened to it -these ideas probably remind you of total recall eternal sunshine of the spotless mind or of inception but the movie stars that we work with are the celebrities of the lab -so everything weve been talking about today is based on this philosophically charged principle of neuroscience that the mind with its seemingly mysterious properties is actually made of physical stuff that we can tinker with -as neuroscientists we work in the lab with mice trying to understand how memory works and today we hope to convince you that now we are actually able to activate a memory in the brain at the speed of light -my favorite and a real hero of mine is yakima canutt yakima canutt really formed the -he worked with john wayne and most of those old punch ups you see in the westerns yakima was either there or he stunt coordinated this is a screen capture from stagecoach -highly dangerous but also youll notice it doesnt look as though im wearing anything underneath the suit the firesuits of old the bulky suits the thick woolen suits have been replaced with modern materials -like nomex or more recently carbonex fantastic materials that enable us as stunt professionals to burn for longer look more spectacular and in pure safety -excited to be given the opportunity to come and speak to you today about what i consider to be the biggest stunt on earth or perhaps not quite on earth a parachute jump from the very edge of -now weve got technology this thing is called an air ram its a frightening piece of equipment for the novice stunt performer because it will break your legs very very quickly if you land on it wrong -said that it works with compressed nitrogen and thats in the up position when you step on it either by remote control or with the pressure of your foot it will fire you -not today car stunts is another area where technology and engineering advances have made life easier for us and safer we can do bigger car stunts than ever before now -like this not to hurt ourselves too much the picture in the bottom right hand corner there is of some crash test dummy work that i was doing showing how stunts work in different areas really -and testing breakaway signpost pillars a company makes a lattix pillar which is a network a lattice type pillar that collapses when its hit the car on the left drove into the steel pillar -you can just see underneath the car there is a black rod on the floor by the wheel of the other car thats the piston that was fired out of the floor we can flip lorries coaches -buses anything over with a nitrogen cannon with enough power its a great job really -more about that a bit later on what id like to do first is take you through a very brief helicopter ride of stunts and the stunts industry in the movies and in television -i sort of forget how bizarre some of those conversations are the next thing that id like to show you is something that dunlop asked me to do earlier this year with our channel fives fifth gear show a loop the loop biggest in the world only one person had ever done it before -now the stuntman solution to this in the old days would be lets hit this as fast as possible sixty miles an hour lets just go for it foot flat to the floor well youd die if you did that -we went to cambridge university the other university and spoke to a doctor of mechanical engineering there a physicist who taught us that it had to be thirty seven miles an hour even then i caught seven g -and lost a bit of consciousness on the way in thats a long way to fall if you get it wrong that was just about right so again science helps us and with the engineering too the modifications to the car and the wheel -old fashioned stunts whats interesting about high falls is that although we use airbags and some airbags -so you dont slip off the side like you used to if you land a bit wrong so theyre a much safer proposition just basically though it is a basic piece of equipment -its a bouncy castle with slats in the side to allow the air to escape thats all it is a bouncy castle thats the only reason we do it see its all fun this -and on the other side of the fence that physical art the physical performance of the stuntman has interfaced with the very -technology in i t and in software not the cardboard box but the green screen -this is a shot of terminator the movie two stunt guys doing what i consider to be a rather benign stunt its thirty feet its water its very simple -and show you how technology has started to interface with the physical skills of the stunt performer in a way that makes the stunts bigger and actually makes them safer than theyve ever been before -with the green screen we can put any background in the world on it moving or still and i assure you nowadays you cant see the joint -this is a parachutist with another parachutist doing exactly the same thing completely in the safety of a studio and yet with the green screen we can have some moving image that a skydiver took and put in the sky moving and the clouds whizzing by -and this is a guinness world record attempt they asked me open their fiftieth anniversary show in two thousand and four and again technology meant that i could do the fastest abseil over one hundred meters and stop within a couple of feet of the ground -so thats the balloon big gas balloon its that shape because the helium has to expand my balloon will expand to five hundred times and look like a big -the top these are the dummies being dropped from one hundred thousand feet and there is the camera thats strapped to them you can clearly see the curvature of the earth at that -ive been a professional stunt man for thirteen years im a stunt coordinator and as well as perform stunts i often design them -i spoke with him on the phone a few months ago hes a very humble and wonderful human being he sent me an email saying if you get this thing off the ground -i wish you all the best and he signed it happy landings which i thought was quite lovely hes in his eighties and he lives in florida hes a tremendous guy -this is him in a pressure suit now one of the challenges of going up to altitude is when you get to thirty thousand feet its great isnt it when you get to thirty thousand feet -you can really only use oxygen above thirty thousand feet up to nearly fifty thousand feet you need pressure breathing which is where youre wearing a g suit this is him in his old rock and roll jeans there -pushing him in those turned up jeans you need a pressure suit you need a pressure breathing system with a g suit that squeezes you that helps you to breathe in and helps you to -above fifty thousand feet you need a space suit a pressure suit certainly at one hundred thousand feet no aircraft will fly -during that time health and safety has become everything about my job its critical now that when a car crash happens it isnt just the stunt person we make safe its the crew we cant be killing camera men we cant be killing stunt men we cant be killing anybody -a jet engine it needs to be rocket powered or one of these things a great big gas balloon it took me a while it took me years to find the right balloon team to build the balloon that would do this job i found that team in america now -this is the step off hes written on that thing the highest step in the world and what must that feel like im excited and im scared both at the same time in equal measures and this is the camera that he had on him as he tumbled -the little black dots are people its hundreds of feet high its enormous thats in new mexico thats the u s air force museum -this is morocco last year in the atlas mountains training in preparation for some high altitude jumps this is what the view is going to be like at ninety thousand feet for me -now you may think this is just a thrill seeking trip a pleasure ride just the worlds biggest stunt well theres a bit more to it than that -trying to find a space suit to do this has lead me to an area of technology that i never really expected when i set about doing this -a company in the states who make suits for nasa thats a current suit this was me last year with their chief engineer that suit would cost me about a million and a half dollars -and it weighs three hundred pounds and you cant skydive in it so ive been stuck for the past fifteen years ive been trying to find a space suit that would do this job or someone that will make one something revolutionary happened a little while ago -at the same facility thats the prototype of the parachute ive now had them custom make one the only one of its kind in the world and thats the only suit of its kind in the world it was made by a russian thats designed most of the suits of the past -eighteen years for the soviets he left the company because he saw as some other people in the space suit industry an emerging market for space suits for space tourists you know if you are in an aircraft at thirty thousand feet -or any passerby so safety is everything but it wasnt always that way in the old days of the silent movies -and so we expect its not much fun we expect and others expect that perhaps the faa the caa might say you need to put someone in a suit thats not inflated -i would like to bring costa on if hes here to show you the only one of its kind in the world i was going to wear it but i thought id get costa to do it my lovely assistant -thank you hes very hot thank you -the communication headset youll see on lots of space suits its a two layer suit nasa suits -this is a very lightweight suit it weighs about fifteen pounds its next to nothing especially designed for me its a working prototype i will use it for all the jumps would you just give us a little twirl please costa thank you very much -and it doesnt look far different when its inflated as you can see from the picture down there ive even skydived in it in a wind tunnel which means that i can practice everything i need to practice in safety before i ever jump out of anything thanks very much -lloyd here hanging famously from the clock hands a lot of these guys did their own stunts they were quite remarkable they had no safety no real technology what safety they had was very scant -just about it from me the status of my mission at the moment is it still needs a major sponsor im confident that well find one -i think its a great challenge and i hope that you will agree with me it is the greatest stunt on earth thank you very much -this is the first stunt woman rosie venger an amazing woman you can see from the slide very very strong she really paved the way at a time when nobody was doing stunts let alone women -and reflect on our times -and how we change from year to year and not just physically but in every way -because while we take the same photo our perspectives change -and she reaches new milestones -and i get to see life through her eyes and how she interacts with and sees everything -this very focused time we get to spend together is something we cherish and anticipate the entire year -my passion ever since i was old enough to pick up a camera -recently on one trip we were walking -and she stops dead in her tracks and she points to a red awning of the doll store that she loved when she was little -on our earlier trips -and she describes to me the feeling she felt -as a five year old standing in that exact spot -she said she remembers her heart bursting out of her chest when she saw that place for the very first time nine years earlier -but today i want to share with you -and now what shes looking at in new york are colleges -because shes determined to go to school in new york -i dont know about you but aside from these fifteen shots im not in many of the family photos im always the one taking the picture -the fifteen most treasured photos of mine and i didnt take any of them there were no art directors no stylists no chance for reshoots not even any regard for lighting -so i want to encourage everyone today -to get in the shot -and dont hesitate to go up to someone and ask will you take our picture -in fact most of them were taken by random tourists -my story begins -when i was in new york city for a speaking engagement and my wife took this picture of me holding my daughter on her first birthday -this is when we started asking passing tourists to take the picture you know its remarkable how universal the gesture is of handing your camera to a total stranger -no ones ever refused and luckily no ones ever run off with our camera -back then we had no idea how much this trip would change our lives its really become sacred to us this one was taken just weeks after nine eleven -and i found myself trying to explain what had happened that day in ways a five year old could understand -so these photos are far more than proxies for a single moment or even a specific trip -its really from knowledge -if you look fifty years into the future the way we probably will be making energy is probably one of these three with some wind with some other things but these are going to be the base load energy -solar can do it and we certainly have to develop solar but we have a lot of knowledge to gain before we can make solar the base load energy supply for the world -put in six new nuclear power stations and probably more after that china is building nuclear power stations everybody is because they know that that is one sure way to do carbon free energy -is when are we going to get fusion its really -but if you wanted to know what the perfect energy source is the perfect energy source is one that doesnt take up much space has a virtually inexhaustible supply -is safe doesnt put any carbon into the atmosphere doesnt leave any long lived radioactive waste its fusion -but there is a catch of course there is always a catch in these cases fusion is very hard to do weve been trying for fifty years -okay what is fusion here comes the nuclear physics and sorry about that but this is what turns me on -i was a strange child -and you can get energy out this way and indeed thats exactly what stars do in the middle of stars youre joining hydrogen together to make helium and then helium together to make carbon to make oxygen all the things that youre made of are made in the middle of stars -but its a hard process to do because as you know the middle of a star is quite hot almost by definition -and there is one reaction thats probably the easiest fusion reaction to do -its between two isotopes of hydrogen two kinds of hydrogen deuterium which is heavy hydrogen which you can get from seawater and tritium which is super heavy hydrogen -these two nuclei when theyre far apart are charged and you push them together and they repel but when you get them close enough something called the strong force starts to act and pulls them together -so most of the time they repel you get them closer and closer and closer and then at some point the strong force grips them together -that thats why the sun shines ive always been very worried about resource i dont know about you but when my mother gave me food -if you can get something to about one hundred and fifty million degrees things will be rattling around so fast that every time they collide in just the right configuration -this will happen and it will release energy and that energy is what powers fusion and its this reaction that we want to do there is one -else and you make if from lithium that reaction at the bottom thats lithium six plus a neutron will give you more helium -plus tritium and thats the way you make your tritium but fortunately if you can do this fusion reaction youve got a neutron so you can make that happen -now why the hell would we bother to do this this is basically why we would bother to do it if you just plot how much -fuel weve got left in units of present world consumption and as you go across there you see a few tens of years of oil the blue line by the way is the lowest estimate -i always sorted the ones i disliked from the ones i liked and i ate the disliked ones first because the ones you like you want to -tens of years and perhaps one hundred years of fossil fuels left and god knows we dont really want to burn all of it because it will make an awful lot of carbon -and then we get to uranium and with current reactor technology we really dont have very much -this is a bit shocking because in fact our government is relying on that for us to meet kyoto and do all those kind of things to go any further you would have to have breeder technology and breeder technology -is fast breeders and thats pretty dangerous the big thing on the right is the lithium we have in the world -and lithium is in sea water thats the yellow line and we have thirty million years worth of fusion fuel in sea water everybody can get it thats why we want to do fusion is it cost competitive -we make estimates of what we think it would cost to actually make a fusion power plant and we get within about the same price -as current electricity so how would we make it we have to hold something at one hundred and fifty million degrees and in fact -weve done this we hold it with a magnetic field and inside it right in the middle of this toroidal shape doughnut shape right in the middle is one hundred and fifty million degrees -it boils away in the middle at one hundred and fifty million degrees and in fact we can make fusion happen and just down the road -this is jet its the only machine in the world thats actually done fusion when people say fusion is thirty years away and always will be i say yeah but weve actually done it -but thats not really fusion power thats just making some fusion happen weve got to take that weve got to make that into a fusion reactor because we want thirty million years worth of fusion power for the earth -as a child youre always worried about resource and once it was sort of explained to me how fast we were using up the worlds resources -this is the device were building now it gets very expensive to do this research it turns out you cant do fusion an a table top despite all that cold fusion nonsense right you -you have to do it in a very big device more than half the worlds population is involved in building this device in southern france which is a nice place to put an experiment seven nations are involved in building this its going to cost us ten billion and well produce half a gigawatt -fusion power but thats not electricity yet we have to get to this -we have to get to a power plant we have to start putting electricity on the grid in this very complex technology and id really like it to happen a lot faster than it is but at the moment -i got very upset about as upset as i did when i realized that the earth will only last about five billion years before its swallowed by -big events in my life a strange child -country oil gas -sorry gas im probably the only person who really enjoys it when mister putin turns off the gas tap because my budget goes up were really -i want to take you back basically to my home town and to a picture of my home town of the week that emergence came out -and so i started to think well you know density density im not sure if you know this was the right call and i kind of ruminated on that for a couple of days and then about two days later the -the bed bath and beyond which was located about twenty blocks away north and so i went out and obviously im physically a very strong person as you can tell so -about carrying this thing twenty blocks and i walked out and this really miraculous thing happened to me as i was walking north to buy this air filter -which was that the streets were completely alive with people there was an incredible it was you know a beautiful day as it was for about a week after -and the west village had never seemed more lively i walked up along hudson street where jane jacobs had lived and written her great book that so influenced what i was writing in emergence -past the white horse tavern that great old bar where dylan thomas drank himself to death and the bleecker street playground was filled with kids and all the people who lived in the neighborhood -and its a picture weve seen several times -who owned restaurants and bars in the neighborhood were all out there had them all open people were out there were no cars -seemed even better in some ways and it was a beautiful urban day and the incredible thing about it was that the city was working -there on those streets and i thought well this is the power of a city i mean the power of the city we talked about cities as being centralized in space but what makes them so strong most of the time is theyre decentralized in function -they dont have a center executive branch that you can take out and cause the whole thing to fail if they did it probably was right there at ground zero i mean you know the emergency bunker was right there was destroyed by the -attacks and obviously the damage done to the building and the lives but nonetheless just twenty blocks north two days later the city had never looked more -was thriving so i took heart in seeing that so -basically emergence was published on nine eleven i live right there -i wanted to talk a little bit about the reasons why that works so well and how some of those reasons kind of map on to where the web is going right now the question that i found myself asking to people when i was talking about the book afterwards is -when youve talked about emergent behavior when youve talked about kind of collective intelligence the best way to get people to kind of wrap their heads around that is to ask who builds a neighborhood -who decides that soho should have this personality and that the latin quarter should have this personality well there are some kind of executive decisions but mostly the answer is everybody and nobody everybody contributes a little bit -no single person is really the ultimate kind of actor behind the personality of a neighborhood same thing to the question of who was keeping the streets alive -post nine eleven in my neighborhood well it was the whole city the whole system kind of working on it and everybody contributing a small little part -and this is increasingly what were starting to see on the web in a bunch of interesting ways most of which werent around actually except in very experimental things when i was writing emergence and when the book came out so its been a very -in the west village so the plume was luckily blowing west away from us we had a two and a half day old baby in the house that was ours we hadnt taken -looked like this this is not the future -king of england although it looks like it its some guy its a geocities homepage of some guy that i found online whos interested if you look at the bottom in soccer and jesus and garth brooks and clint beckham my hometown those are his links -is you know theres no sentence that kind of conjures up that period better than that i think which is that you suddenly have the power to put up a picture of your dog and link to it and somebody reading the page has the power to click on that link or not click on that link -and you know i dont want to belittle that that in a sense to reference you know what jeff was talking about yesterday that was in a sense the kind of interface electricity that powered a lot of the explosion of interest in the web that you could put up a link and somebody could click on it and it could take you anywhere you wanted to go -but its still a very one to one kind of relationship theres one person putting up the link and theres one another person on the other end trying to decide whether to click on it or not -the new model is much more like this and weve already seen a couple of references to this this is what happens when you search on steven johnson on google about two months ago -i had the great breakthrough one of my great you know kind of shining achievements which is that my website finally became a top result for steven johnson -some theoretical physicist at mit named steven johnson who has dropped -im happy to say and you know i mean ill look at a couple of things like this but google is obviously the greatest technology ever invented for navel gazing -its just that theres so many other people in your navel when you gaze because effectively whats happening here whats creating this page obviously and we all know this but its worth just thinking about it is not some -person deciding that i am the number one answer for steven johnson but rather somehow the entire web of people putting up pages and deciding to link to my page or not link to it and google just sitting there and running the numbers -so theres this collective decision making thats going on this page is effectively collectively authored by the web and google is just helping us kind of to put the authorship in one kind of coherent place now theyre more -looking in the blog world and the world of weblogs hes analyzed basically all the weblogs out there that hes tracking and hes tracking how many other weblogs linked to those weblogs -and so you a have kind of an authority a weblog that has a lot of links to it is more authoritative than a weblog that has few links to it -and -so when i was talking in emergence i talked about the limitations of the one way linking architecture that basically you could link to somebody else but they wouldnt necessarily know that you were pointing to them -one of the thoughts that i had dealing with these two separate emergences of a book and a baby -the right hand side of my page and they would change as the overall ecology of the web changes that little list there would change i wouldnt really be directly in control of it so its much closer in a way to a data fungus in a sense wrapped around that page than -it is to a deliberate link that ive placed there now -what youre having here is basically a global brain that youre able to do lots of kind of experiments on to see what its thinking and there are all these interesting tools google does the -and having this event happen so close that my first thought when i was still kind of in the apartment looking out at it all or walking out on the street and looking out on it just in front of our building was -google zeitgeist which looks at search requests to test whats going on what people are interested in and they publish it with lots of -know already so the key thing in terms of these new tools that are kind of plumbing the depths of the global brain that are sending kind of trace dyes through that whole bloodstream the question is are you finding out something new -and one of the things that i experimented with is this thing called google share which is basically you take an abstract term and you search google for that term and then you search the results that you get back for somebodys name -so basically the number of pages that mention this term that also mention this page the percentage of those pages is that persons google share of that term -so you can do kind of interesting contests like for instance this is a google share of the ted conference so -but the interesting thing is you can broaden the search a little bit and it turns out actually that forty two percent is the mola mola fish i had no idea -i made that up because i just wanted to put up a slide of the mola mola fish i also did and i dont want to start a little fight in the next panel but i did a google share analysis of evolution and natural selection -that id made a terrible miscalculation in the book that id just written because so much of that book was a celebration of the power and -gary bauer is not too far behind has slightly different theories about evolution and natural selection and right behind him is l ron hubbard so -you can see were in the ascot which is always good and by the way chris that wouldve been a really good panel -so these are words that suddenly start to appear out of nowhere so theyre kind of you know memes that start taking off that didnt have a lot of historical precedent before so the first one is these are the bursty words around eighteen sixties slaves emancipation slavery rebellion kansas -eighty five right at the center of the reagan years -one way to interpret this which is to say that -of the country and shifting to a much more intimate much more folksy much more telegenic contracting all those verbs you know twenty years before it was still ask not what you can do but with reagan its thats where theres nancy and i that kind of language -this is basically the distribution of links on the web to all these various different blogs it follows a power law so that there are a few extremely well linked to popular blogs -share ideas and share physical space together and it seemed to me looking at that that tower burning and then falling those towers burning and falling that in fact one of the lessons here was that density -this was the ultimate kind of one man one modem democracy where anybody can get out there and get their voice heard and so the question is why is this happening -that people are working on within seconds of clay publishing this piece people started working on changing the underlying rules of the system so that a different shape would start appearing and basically -the shape appears largely because of a kind of a first mover advantage if youre the first site there everybody links to you if youre the second site there most people link to you -after he published his piece was something that basically just gave a new kind of priority to newcomers and he started looking at interesting newcomers that dont have a lot of links that suddenly get -a bunch of links in the last twenty four hours so in a sense bursty weblogs coming from new voices so hes working on a tool right there that can actually -change the overall system and it creates a kind of planned emergence youre not totally in control but youre changing the underlying rules in interesting ways because you have an end result which is maybe a more democratic spread of -kills and that of all the technologies that were exploited to make that carnage come into being -so the most amazing thing about this and ill end on this note is most emergent systems most self organizing systems are not made up of component parts that are capable of looking at the overall pattern and changing their behavior based on whether they like the pattern or not -so the most wonderful thing i think about this whole debate about power laws and software that could change it is the fact that were having the conversation i hope it continues here thanks a lot -the buckets down there and hope that it would somehow go away and of course it never really would go away and -all of this stuff basically had accumulated to the point where the city was incredibly offensive to just walk around in it was an amazingly smelly city -if you havent ordered yet i generally find the rigatoni with the spicy tomato sauce goes best with -not just because of the cesspools but also the sheer number of livestock in the city would shock people not just the horses but people had cows in their attics that they would use for milk that they would kind of hoist up there -and keep them in the attic until literally their milk ran out and they died and then they would kind of drag them off to the bone boilers down the street -so you would just walk around in london at this point and just be overwhelmed with this stench and what ended up happening is that an entire -emerging public health system became convinced that it was the smell that was killing everybody that was creating these diseases that would kind of -and every four or five years another epidemic would take ten thousand twenty thousand people in london and throughout the uk -of early you know kind of founding public health interventions in the system of the city one of which was called the nuisances act which they got everybody as far as they could to empty out their cesspools -and just pour all that waste into the river because if we get it out of the streets itll smell much better and oh right we drink from the river -diseases of the small intestine so sorry it just feels like i should be doing stand up up here because of the setting no what i want to do is take you back -so what ended up happening actually is they ended up increasing the outbreaks of cholera because as we now know cholera is actually in the water its a water borne disease not something thats in the air its not something you smell or inhale its something you ingest -and so one of the founding moments of kind of public health in the nineteenth century effectively poisoned the water supply of london much more effectively than any modern day bioterrorist could have ever dreamed of doing so -of carnage and -offensive conditions and in the midst of all this kind of scientific confusion about what was actually killing people it was a very -who had been arguing for about four or five years that cholera was in fact a waterborne disease and had basically convinced nobody of this the public health authorities had largely ignored what he had to say -hed made the case in a number of papers and done a number of studies but nothing had really kind of stuck and part of whats so interesting about this story to me is that in some ways its a great case study -how cultural change happens how a good idea eventually comes to win out over much worse ideas and snow labored for a long time with this great insight that everybody kind of ignored and then on one day -somehow contracted cholera came down with cholera at forty broad street you cant really see it in this map but this is the map that -and it turns out that the cesspool that they still continue to have despite the nuisances act -bordered on an extremely popular water pump local watering hole that was well known for the best water in all of soho that all the residents from soho and the surrounding neighborhoods would go to -and so this little girl inadvertently ended up contaminating the water in this popular pump and one of the most terrifying outbreaks in the history of -england erupted about two or three days later literally ten percent of the neighborhood died in seven days and much more would have died if people hadnt fled after the initial kind of outbreak kind of kicked -and tell the story in brief of this outbreak which in many ways i think helped create the world that we live in today and particularly the kind of city that we live in today -beast because he thought an outbreak that concentrated could actually potentially end up convincing people that in fact -the real menace of cholera was in the water supply and not in the air he suspected an outbreak that concentrated would probably -infections that you might expect and so he went right in there and started interviewing people he eventually enlisted the -help of this amazing other figure whos kind of the other protagonist of the book this guy henry whitehead who was a local minister -who was not at all a man of science but was incredibly socially connected he knew everybody in the neighborhood and he managed to track down whitehead did many of the cases of people who had drunk water from the pump or who hadnt drunk water from the pump -and eventually snow made a map of the outbreak he found increasingly that people who drank from the pump were getting sick people who hadnt drunk from the pump were not getting sick -and he thought about kind of representing that as a kind of a table of statistics of people living in different neighborhoods people who hadnt you know percentages of people -and you can see in this map the pump right at the center of it and you can see that one of the residence down the way had about fifteen people dead and the map is actually a little bit bigger as you get further and further away from the pump the deaths begin to -grow less and less frequent and so you can see this kind of something poisonous kind of emanating out of this pump that you could see in a glance -and so with the help of this map and with the help of kind of more kind of evangelizing that he did over the next few years and that whitehead did -when the next big cholera outbreak came to london the authorities had been convinced in part because of this story in part because of this map -that in fact the water was the problem and they had already started building the sewers in london and they immediately went to this outbreak and they told everybody to start boiling their water -and that was the last time that london has seen a cholera outbreak since so part of this story i think well its a terrifying story its a very dark story and its a story that continues on in many of the developing cities of the world -its also a story really that is fundamentally optimistic which is to say that its possible to solve these problems if we listen to reason if we listen to -in these kinds of situations and what it ended up doing is making the idea of large scale metropolitan living a sustainable one -when people were looking at ten percent of their neighborhoods dying in the space of seven days there was a widespread consensus that this couldnt go on that people werent meant to live in cities of two point five million people -but because of what snow did because of this map because of the whole series of kind of reforms that happened in the wake of this map we now take for granted -london was this city of two point five million people and it was the largest city -that cities have ten million people cities like this one are in fact sustainable things we dont worry that new york city is going to collapse in on itself quite the way that you know rome did and be ten percent of its size in one hundred years or two hundred years -and so that in a way is the ultimate legacy of this map its a map of deaths that ended up creating a whole new way of life the life that were enjoying here today thank you very much -on the face of the planet at that point but it was also the largest city that had ever been built and so the victorians were trying to kind of live through and simultaneously invent -a whole new scale of living this scale of living that we you know now call metropolitan living -it was in many ways at this point in the mid eighteen fifties a complete disaster -they were basically a city living with a modern kind of industrial metropolis with an elizabethan public infrastructure -so people for instance just to gross you out for a second -had cesspools of human waste in their basement like a foot to two feet deep and they would just kind of -one of you if not more has used said device and said satellite system to locate a nearby coffeehouse somewhere in the last in the last day or last week right -think is a great case study a great lesson in the power the marvelous kind of unplanned emergent unpredictable power -of open innovative systems when you build them right they will be led to completely new directions that the creators never even dreamed of i mean here you have these guys -who basically thought they were just following this hunch this little passion that had developed then they thought they were fighting the cold war and then it turns out -theyre just helping somebody find a soy latte that is how innovation happens chance favors the connected mind thank you very much -its not an accident that a great flowering of innovation happened as england switched to tea and coffee but the other thing that makes -is the architecture of the space it was a space where people would get together from different backgrounds different fields of expertise -and share it was a space as matt ridley talked about where ideas could have sex this was their conjugal bed in a sense ideas would get together there and an astonishing number of innovations from this period have a coffeehouse somewhere in their story -ive been spending a lot of time thinking about coffeehouses for the last five years because ive been kind of on this quest to investigate this question of where good ideas come from what are the -what ive done is ive looked at both environments like the coffeehouse ive looked at media environments like the world wide web that have been extraordinarily innovative -gone back to the history of the first cities ive even gone to biological environments like coral reefs and rainforests that involve unusual levels of biological innovation -i took this picture about ten blocks from here this is the grand cafe here in oxford -recurring patterns that we can learn from that we can take and kind of apply to our own lives or our own organizations or our own environments to make them more creative and innovative and i think ive found a few but what you have to do -to make sense of this and to really understand these principles is you have to do away with a lot of the way in which our conventional metaphors and language steers us towards certain concepts of idea creation we have this very -rich vocabulary to describe moments of inspiration we have the kind of the flash of insight the stroke of insight we have -we have eureka moments we have the lightbulb moments right all of these concepts as kind of rhetorically florid as they are -share this basic assumption which is that an idea is a single thing its something that happens often in a wonderful -i mean this is what is happening inside your brain an idea a new idea is a new network of neurons firing in sync with each other inside your brain its a new configuration that has never formed before -and the question is how do you get your brain into environments where these new networks are going to be more likely to form and it turns out that in fact the kind of network patterns of the outside world mimic a lot of the network patterns of the internal world of the human brain -so the metaphor id like the use i can take from a story of a great idea thats quite recent a lot more recent than the sixteen fifties -a wonderful guy named timothy prestero who has a company called an organization called design that matters -they decided to tackle this really pressing problem of you know the terrible problems we have with infant mortality rates in the developing world one of the things thats very frustrating about this is that we know by getting modern neonatal incubators -into any context if we can keep premature babies warm basically its very simple we can halve infant mortality rates in those -claim to fame and i wanted to show it to you not because i want to give you the kind of starbucks tour of historic england -and you send it off to a mid sized village in africa it will work great for a year or two years and then something will go wrong and it will break and it will remain broken forever -they dont have a lot of dvrs they dont have a lot of microwaves but they seem to do a pretty good job of keeping their cars on the road theres a toyota forerunner on the street in all these places they seem to have the expertise -to keep cars working so they started to think could we build a neonatal incubator thats built entirely out of automobile parts -but rather because the english coffeehouse was crucial to the development and spread of one of the great intellectual flowerings of the last five hundred years what we now call the enlightenment -in fact the spaces that have historically led to innovation tend to look like this right this is hogarths famous painting of a kind of political dinner at a tavern but this is what the coffee shops looked like back then -look a little bit more like this this is what your office should look like is part of my message here and one of the problems with this is that people are actually when you research this field -and basically do the big brother approach to figuring out where good ideas come from he went to a bunch of science labs around the world and videotaped everyone -we think about the classic image of the scientist in the lab we have this image you know theyre pouring over the microscope and they see something in the tissue sample and oh eureka theyve got the idea -and the coffeehouse played such a big role in the birth of the enlightenment in part because of what people were drinking there because before the -what happened actually when dunbar kind of looked at the tape -at the weekly lab meeting when everybody got together and shared their kind of latest data and findings oftentimes when people shared the mistakes they were having the error the noise in the signal they were discovering -and something about that environment and ive started calling it the liquid network where you have lots of different ideas that are together -the other problem that people have is they like to condense their stories of innovation down to kind of shorter time frames so they want to tell the story of the eureka moment they want to say there i was i was standing there and i had it all suddenly clear in my head -but in fact if you go back and look at the historical record it turns out that a lot of important ideas have very long incubation periods i call this the slow hunch -heard a lot recently about hunch and instinct and blink like sudden moments of clarity -but in fact a lot of great ideas linger on sometimes for decades in the back of peoples minds they have a feeling that theres an interesting problem but they dont quite have the tools yet to discover them -they spend all this time working on certain problems but theres another thing lingering there that theyre interested in but they cant quite solve darwin is a great example of this -at last i had a theory with which to work thats in his autobiography about a decade or two ago a wonderful scholar named howard gruber went back and looked at -darwins notebooks from this period and darwin kept these copious notebooks where he wrote down every little idea he had every little hunch -what gruber found was that darwin had the full theory of natural selection for months and months and months before he had his -from the period before he has this epiphany and so what you realize is that darwin in a sense had the idea he had the concept but was unable of fully thinking it yet -day in and day out from dawn until dusk was alcohol alcohol was the daytime beverage of choice you would drink a little beer with breakfast and have a little wine at lunch a little gin -and that is actually how great ideas often happen they fade into view over long periods of time now the challenge for all of us is -could you just give me some time to do that now a couple of companies like google they have innovation time off twenty percent time where in a sense those are hunch cultivating -they turn into something larger than the sum of their parts so in a sense we often talk about the value of protecting intellectual property you know building barricades having secretive r d labs -patenting everything that we have so that those ideas will remain valuable and people will be incentivized to come up with more ideas and the culture will be more innovative -but i think theres a case to be made that we should spend at least as much time if not more valuing the premise of connecting ideas and not just protecting them -and ill leave you with this story which i think captures a lot of these values and its just wonderful -in laurel maryland at the applied physics lab associated with johns hopkins university -and its monday morning and the news has just broken about this satellite thats -now orbiting the planet and of course this is nerd heaven right there are all these physics geeks who are there thinking oh my gosh this is incredible i cant believe this has happened -and two of them two twenty something researchers at the apl are there at the cafeteria table having an informal conversation with a bunch of their colleagues and these two guys are named guier and weiffenbach -and they start talking and one of them says hey has anybody tried to listen for this thing theres this you know man made satellite up there in outer space thats obviously broadcasting some kind of signal we -if we tune in and so they ask around to a couple of their colleagues and everybodys like no i hadnt thought of doing that thats an interesting idea and it turns out weiffenbach is kind of an expert in microwave -and hes got a little antennae set up with an amplifier in his office and so guier and weiffenbach go back to weiffenbachs office and they start kind of noodling around hacking as we might call it now and after a couple of hours they actually start picking up the signal because the soviets made -sputnik very easy to track it was right at twenty mhz so you could pick it up really easily because they were afraid that people would think it was a hoax basically so they made it really easy to find -so these two guys are sitting there listening to this signal and people start kind of coming into the office and saying wow thats pretty cool -so effectively until the rise of the coffeehouse you had an entire population that was effectively drunk all day and you can imagine what that would be like right in your own life and i know this is true of some of you if you were drinking all day and -and they they start thinking well gosh you know were noticing small little frequency variations here we could probably -and then they played around with it a little bit more and they talked to a couple of their colleagues who had other kind of specialties -to figure out the points at which the satellite is closest to our antennae and the points at which its farthest away thats pretty cool and eventually they get permission this is all a little side project that hadnt been officially part of their job description -they get permission to use the new you know univac computer that takes up an entire room that theyd just gotten at the apl they run some more of the numbers and at the end of about three or four weeks turns out they have mapped the exact trajectory of this satellite -figured out an unknown location of a satellite orbiting the planet from a known location on the ground -could you go the other way could you figure out an unknown location on the ground if you knew the location of the satellite -and he said oh thats great because see i have these new nuclear submarines that im building -its really hard to figure out how to get your missile so that it will land right on top of moscow if you dont know where the submarine is in the middle of the pacific ocean so were thinking we could throw up a bunch of satellites -use it to track our submarines and figure out their location in the middle of the ocean could you work on that problem -and thats how gps was born -thirty years later ronald reagan actually opened it up and made it an open platform that anybody could kind of build upon and anybody could come along and build new technology -that would create and innovate on top of this open platform left it open for anyone to do pretty much anything they wanted with -then you switched from a depressant to a stimulant in your life you would have better ideas you would be sharper and more alert and so -now i guarantee you certainly half of this room if not more has a device sitting in their pocket right now that is talking to one of these satellites in outer space and i bet you -a lawyer at a law firm a first year lawyer is wiling to start at the bottom work eighty hour weeks for not that much money because they think theyre going to make partner but what happened was -the rules changed and they never got to make partner indeed the same people who were running all of the major gangs in the late nineteen eighties are still running the major gangs in chicago today -they never passed on any of the wealth so everybody got stuck at that three fifty an hour job and it turned out to be a disaster -the other thing the gang was very very good at was marketing and trickery and so for instance one thing the gang would do is you know the gang leaders would have big entourages and theyd drive fancy cars -and have fancy jewelry so what sudhir eventually realized as he hung out with them more is that really they didnt own those cars they just leased them -which is that this presentation has been rated r by the motion picture association of america it contains adult themes adult language -and really they did all sorts of things to trick the young people into thinking what a great deal the gang was going to be so for instance they would give a fourteen year old kid -give him a whole you know roll of bills to hold that fourteen year old kid would say oh well you know he would say to his friends hey look at all the money i got in the gang it wasnt his money -until he spent it and then essentially he was in debt to the gang and was sort of an indentured servant for a while so i have a couple minutes let me do -i hadnt thought id have time to do -which is to talk about what we learned more generally about economics from the study of -so economists tend to talk in technical words often our theories fail quite miserably when we go to the data but actually whats kind of interesting is that in this setting it turned out that some of the economic theories that worked -one which is more unpleasant than the other thats what you call a compensating differential its why we think garbage men might be paid more than people who work in parks ok so in the words of one of the members of the gang i think -game has a nash equilibrium heres the translation you get from the gang member theyre talking about the decision of why they dont go shoot -to know that -if we start shooting around there in the other gangs territory nobody and i mean you dig it nobody going to step on their turf but we gotta be careful because they can shoot around here too and then we all -always got paid ok no matter how bad it was economically he always got himself -so we had some theories related to cash flow and lack of access to capital markets and things like that but then we asked the gang member well why is it you always get paid and your workers dont always get paid his -often pay themselves million dollar bonuses even when companies are losing a lot of money -so let me start by talking about crack cocaine and how it transformed the gang and to do that you have to actually go back to a time before crack cocaine in the early eighties and look at -a lot of power and you got to beat people up you got a lot of -respect but there was no money in it ok the gang had no way to make money and they couldnt charge dues to the people in the gang because the people in the gang didnt have any money -great product powdered cocaine but youve got to know rich white people and most of the inner city gang members didnt know any rich white people they couldnt sell to that market you couldnt really do petty crime either it turns out petty crimes a terrible way to make a living so as a result -a gang leader you had you know power its a pretty good life but the thing was in the end you were living at home with your mother and so -and in the words of malcolm gladwell -crack cocaine was the extra chunky version of -the -have time to talk about it today but if you think about it -i would say that in the last twenty five years of every invention or innovation thats occurred in this country the biggest one in terms of impact on the well being -of people who live in the inner city was crack cocaine and for the worse not for the better but for the worse it had a huge impact on life so what was it about crack cocaine it was a brilliant way of getting the brain high -so if you -and it turned out there was this audience -didnt know it wanted crack cocaine but when it came it really did and it was a perfect drug you could sell for -the cocaine that went into it for a dollar sell it for five dollars highly addictive the high was very short so for fifteen minutes you get this great high and then when you come down all you want to do -get high again it created a wonderful market and for the people who were there running the gang it was a great way seemingly to make a lot of money at least for the people -this is where we enter the picture not really me im really a bit player in all this my co author sudhir venkatesh is the main character so -was a -drug dealer in the height of the crack cocaine -he had spent following the grateful dead and in his own words he looked like a freak hes a south asian very dark skinned south asian big man and he had hair in his words down to his ass -defied all kinds of boundaries was he black or white was he man or woman he was really a curious sight to be seen so he showed up at the university of chicago and the famous sociologist william julius wilson -and he took one look at sudhir who was going to go do some surveys for him and decided he knew exactly the place to send him which was to one of the -but they did say well ok lets hear your questions -so i kid you not the first question on the survey that he was sent to ask was how do you -women you know you name it jewelry bling bling it had it all -makes you wonder about academics ok so the choice of -found out is in fact that the real answer was the following -the survey was not in the end going to be what got sudhir off the hook he was held hostage overnight -home -and you and i probably faced with the situation -well i guess im going to write my dissertation on the grateful dead -hey guys i had so much fun hanging out with you last night i wonder if i could do it again tonight and that was the beginning of what turned out to be a beautiful relationship -that involved sudhir living in the housing project on and off for ten years hanging out in crack houses going to jail -ten years of research -but ultimately the story has a happy ending for sudhir who became one of the most respected sociologists in the country and especially for me as i sat in my office with my excel spreadsheet open waiting for sudhir to come and deliver to me the latest load -a unique opportunity to go inside a gang to see the actual books the financial records of the gang that the answer turns out not to be that being in the gang -would get -one of the most unequal co authoring relationships ever -but i was glad to be the beneficiary of it so what do we find -what do we find in the gang well let me say one thing we really got access to everybody in the gang we got an inside look at the gang from the very bottom up to the very top they trusted sudhir -in ways that really no academic has ever or really anybody any outsider has ever earned the trust of these gangs -to the point where they actually opened up what was most interesting for me their books their financial records that they kept and they made them available to us and we not only could study them but we could ask them questions about what was in them so if i have to kind of summarize very quickly in the short time i have -what sort of the bottom line of what i take away from the gang is is that if i had to draw a parallel between the gang and any other organization -would be that the gang is just like mcdonalds -in a lot of different respects the restaurant mcdonalds so first in one way which isnt maybe the most interesting way but its a good way to start is in the way its organized the hierarchy of the gang the way it looks so heres what the org chart of the gang looks like -and sudhir says its not like these guys had a very sophisticated kind of view of -like what happened in american corporate life but they had seen movies like wall street and they kind of had learned a little bit about what it was like to be in the real world -now below that board of directors youve got essentially what are regional vps people who control say the south side of chicago or the west side of chicago now -sudhir got to know very well the guy who had the unfortunate assignment of trying to take the iowa franchise which it turned out for this black gang was not one of the more brilliant financial endeavors that -that really makes the gang seem like mcdonalds is its franchisees that the guys who are running you know the local -gangs the four square block by four square block areas theyre just like the guys in some sense who are running the mcdonalds they are the entrepreneurs they get -the exclusive property rights to control the drug selling they get the name of the gang behind them for merchandising and marketing -these are the teenagers typically whod be standing out on the street corner selling the drugs extremely dangerous work -important to note that almost all of the weight all of the people in this organization are at the bottom ok just like mcdonalds so in some sense the foot soldiers are a lot like the people who -are taking your order at mcdonalds and indeed its not just by chance that theyre like them in fact in these neighborhoods theyd be the same people so the same kids who are working in the gang were actually at the very same time -they would typically be working part time at a place like mcdonalds which already i think foreshadows the main result that ive talked about about what a crappy job -it was being in the gang because obviously if being in the gang were such a wonderful lucrative job why in the world would these guys moonlight -three things i want to do first i want to explain how and why -so what do the wages look like so you might be surprised but based on the actual you know being able to talk to them and to see their records this is what it looks like in terms of the -fiction its fact there was very little money in the gang especially at the bottom now if you managed to rise up say and be that local leader the guy whos the equivalent of the mcdonalds franchisee -hundred thousand dollars a year and that in some ways was the best job you could hope to get if you were growing up in one of these neighborhoods -as a young black male if you managed to rise to the very top two hundred thousand or four hundred thousand dollars a year is what youd hope to make truly you would be a great success story -crack cocaine had such a profound influence -parts of this is that indeed among the many other ramifications of crack cocaine is that the most talented individuals -in these communities this is what they were striving for they werent trying to make it in legitimate ways because there were no legitimate channels out this was the best way out and it actually was the right choice probably to try to make it out -inner city gangs -why is it such a bad job well the reason its such a bad job is that theres somebody shooting at you a lot of the time so -the death rates we found in our gang and admittedly this was not really sort of a standard situation this was a -time of intense violence of a lot of gang wars as this gang actually became quite successful but there were costs and so the death rate -not to mention the rate of being arrested sent to prison being wounded the death rate in our sample was seven percent per person per year -in the gang for four years you expect to die with about a twenty five percent likelihood that is about as high as you can get so for comparisons purposes -think about some other walk of life where you may expect might be extremely risky like lets say that you were a -you were convicted of murder and youre sent to death row -turns out the death rates on death row from all causes including execution two percent a -somebody like me came to be able to see the inner workings of a gang its an interesting story i think -those of you who believe that a death penaltys going to have an enormous deterrent effect on crime now -to give you a sense of just how bad the inner city was during crack and im not really focusing on the negatives but really theres another story to tell you there -if you look at the death rates just of random young black males growing up in the inner city in the united states the death rates -during crack were about one percent thats extremely high and this is violent death its unbelievable in some sense to put it into perspective if you compare this -to the soldiers in iraq for instance right now fighting the war zero point five percent so in some very literal way -the young black men who were growing up in this country were living in a war zone very much in the sense of the way that the soldiers over in iraq are fighting in a war -out on a street corner -i think there are a couple answers -i want to tell you in a very superficial way about some of the things we found when we actually got to look at the financial records the books of the gang so before i do that -used to be the gang was a rite of passage -that the young people controlled the gang that as you got older you dropped out of the gang -so what happened was the people who happened to be in the right place at the right time the people who happened to be leading the gang -in the mid to late eighties -became very very -and so the logical thing to think was that well the next generation so theyre going to age out of the gang like everybody else has and the next generation is going to take over and get the -so there are striking similarities i think to the internet boom right the first set of people in silicon valley got very very rich and then all of my friends -said maybe i should go do that too and they were willing to work very cheap -for stock options that never came in some sense thats what happened exactly to the set of people we were looking at is that they were willing to start at the bottom just like say -and it turned out that never in all the times my dad gave out this pill the really tiny pill did anyone ever come back still complaining of sickness so my dad always took that as evidence that this -little teeny powerful pill had the ultimate placebo effect and in some sense if thats the right story i think integrated car seats you will see very quickly becoming something that everyone has -the other possible conclusion is well maybe after coming to my father three times getting sent home with placebos he still felt sick he went and found another doctor and thats completely possible and if thats the case then i think were stuck with conventional car seats for a long time to come thank you very much -ask you when we wear seatbelts we dont necessarily wear them just to prevent loss of life its also to prevent lots of serious injury -your data looks at fatalities it doesnt look at serious injury is there any data to show that child seats are actually less effective or just as effective as seatbelts for serious injury because that would prove your case -and she thought to herself my child just turned two and until the child turned two i had always used -thats a great question in my data and in another data set ive looked at for new jersey crashes i find very small differences in injury -so in this data its a statistically insignificant difference in injury between car seats and lap and shoulder belts in the new jersey data which is different because its not just -all crashes in new jersey that are reported it turns out that there is a ten percent difference in injuries but generally theyre minor injuries now whats interesting i should say this as a disclaimer there is medical literature -that is very difficult to resolve with this other data which suggests that car seats are dramatically better and they use a completely different methodology -and i really cant resolve yet and id like to work with these medical researchers to try to understand how there can be these differences which are -this complicated expensive cure you know this treatment and then the child turned two and i started using the cheap and easy treatment -a time there was a dread disease that afflicted children and in fact among all the diseases that existed in this land it was the worst it killed the most children -and i wonder and she wondered like all parents who lose children wonder if there isnt something that i could have done like keep on using that complicated expensive cure -and she told all the other people and she said how could it possibly be that something thats cheap and simple works as well as something thats complicated -expensive and the people thought you know youre right it probably is the wrong thing to do to switch and use the cheap and simple solution and the government -they heard her story and the other people and they said yeah youre right we should make a law we should outlaw this cheap and simple treatment and not let anybody use this on their children and the people were happy they were satisfied for many years this went along and everything was fine -but then along came a lowly economist who had children himself and he used the expensive and complicated treatment -but he knew about the cheap and simple one and he thought about it and the expensive one didnt seem that great to him so he thought i dont know anything about science but i do know something about data -so maybe i should go and look at the data and see whether this expensive and complicated treatment actually works any better than the cheap and simple one -and lo and behold when he went through the data he found that it didnt look like the expensive complicated solution was any better than the cheap one at least for the children who were two and older the cheap one still didnt work on the kids who were younger and so he went forth to the people -and he said ive made this wonderful finding it looks as if we could just use the cheap and simple solution -and by doing so we could save ourselves three hundred million dollars a year and we could spend that on our children in other ways and the parents were very unhappy -and they said this is a terrible thing because how can the cheap and easy thing be as good as the hard thing and the government was very upset and in particular the people who made this expensive solution were very upset -because they thought how can we hope to compete with something thats essentially free we would lose all of our market and people were very angry and they called him horrible names and he decided that maybe he should -and along came a brilliant inventor a scientist who came up with a partial cure for that disease and it wasnt perfect many children still died -leave the country for a few days and seek out some more intelligent open minded people in a place called oxford and come and try and tell the story at that place and so anyway here i am -its not a fairy tale its a true story about the united states today and the disease im referring to is actually motor vehicle accidents for children and the free cure is adult seatbelts -and the expensive cure the three hundred million dollar a year cure is child car seats and what id like to talk to you about today is some of the evidence -why i believe this to be true that for children two years old and up there really is no real benefit proven benefit of car seats in spite of the -into seatbelts and then talk about why what is it that makes that true and then finally talk a little bit about a third way about another technology which is probably better than anything we have -ok so many times when you try to do research on data it records complicated stories its hard to find in the data -but it was certainly better than what they had before and one of the good things about this cure was that -they have information on all of the people so if you look at that data its right up on the national highway transportation safety administrations website -you can just look at the raw data and begin to get a sense of the limited amount of evidence thats in favor of car seats for children aged two and up -so here is the data here i have among two to six year olds anyone above six basically no one uses car seats so you cant compare twenty nine point three percent of the children -who are unrestrained in a crash in which at least one person dies themselves die if you put a child in a car seat -eighteen point two percent of the children die if theyre wearing a lap and shoulder belt in this raw data nineteen point four percent die and interestingly wearing a lap only seatbelt -sixteen point seven percent die and actually the theory tells you that the lap only seatbelts got to be worse than the lap and shoulder belt and that just reminds you that when you deal with raw data there are hundreds of confounding variables that may -be getting in the way so what we do in the study is and this is just presenting the same information but turned into a -ok so the highest bar is what youre striving to beat so you can control for the basic things like how hard the crash was what seat the child was sitting in et cetera the age of the child -it was free virtually free and was very easy to use but the worst thing about it was that you couldnt use it on the youngest children on infants and on one year olds -which are really controlling for everything you could possibly imagine about the crash fifty seventy five one hundred different characteristics of the crash -what you find is that the car seats and the lap and shoulder belts when it comes to saving lives fatalities look exactly identical and the standard error bands are relatively small around these estimates as well -and its not just overall its very robust to anything you want to look at one thing thats interesting if you look at frontal impact crashes when the car crashes the front hits into something indeed what you see is that the car seats look a little bit better -and i think this isnt just chance in order to have the car seat approved you need to pass certain federal standards all of which involve slamming your car into a direct frontal crash but when you look at other types of crashes like rear impact crashes -indeed the car seats dont perform as well and i think thats because theyve been optimized to pass as we always expect people to do to optimize relative to bright line rules -about how effected the car will be and the other thing you might argue is well car seats have got a lot better over time and so if we look at recent crashes -the whole data sets almost thirty years worth of data you wont see it in the recent crashes the new car seats are far far better but indeed in recent crashes the lap and shoulder seatbelts actually are doing even better than -and so as a consequence a few years later another scientist perhaps maybe this scientist not quite as brilliant as the one who had preceded him but building on the invention of the first one -latches how could they possibly not work better than seatbelts because they are so expensive and complicated its kind of an interesting logic i think that people use -other logic they say well the government wouldnt have told us we cant use them if they were much better but whats interesting is the government telling us to use them is not -you can only get so far i think in telling your story by using these abstract statistics and so i had some friends over to dinner and i was asking we had a cookout i was asking them what advice they might have for me about -none of them wanted to do our crash test because they said some explicitly some not so explicitly all of our business comes from car seat manufacturers we cant risk alienating them by testing seatbelts relative to car seats now eventually -under the conditions of anonymity they said they would be happy to do this test for us so anonymity and one thousand five hundred dollars per seat that we crashed -and so we went to buffalo new york and here is the precursor to it these are the crash test dummies waiting for their chance to take the center stage -and then heres how the crash test works here they dont actually crash the entire car you know its not worth ruining a whole car to do it so they just have these bench seats -came up with a second cure and the beauty of the second cure for this disease was that it could be used on infants and -so here this is the car seat now watch two things watch how the head goes forward and basically hits the knees and this is in the car seat and watch how the car seat flies around -in the rebound up in the air the car seats moving all over the place bear in mind therere two things about this this is a car seat that was -to be an approved car seat on this crash in some metric of units which are not important and this crash would have been about a four hundred and fifty so this car seat was actually an above average car seat -from consumer reports and did quite well so the next one now this is the kid same crash whos in the seatbelt -he hardly moves at all actually relative to the other child the funny thing is the cam work is terrible because theyve only set it up to do the car seats and so they actually dont even have a way to move the camera so you can see the kid thats on the -anyway it turns out that those two crashes that actually the three year old did slightly worse so he gets about a five hundred -and the problem with this cure was it was very expensive and it was very complicated to use and although parents tried as hard as they could to use it properly almost all of them ended up using it wrong in the end -out of you know on this range relative to a four hundred and something but still if you just took that data from that crash to the federal government and said i have invented a new car seat i would like you to approve it for selling -then they would say this is a fantastic new car seat it works great it only got a five hundred it could have gotten as high up as a one thousand and this seatbelt would have passed with flying -you can see that it takes much longer with the car seat at rebound it takes a lot longer but theres just a lot less movement for child whos in the seatbelt so ill show you the six year old crashes as well the six year olds in a car seat and -turns out that looks terrible but thats great thats like a four hundred ok so that kid would do fine in the crash nothing about that would have been problematic to the child at all and then heres the six -in the seatbelt and in fact they get exactly within you know within one or two points of the same so really for the six year old the car seat did absolutely nothing -a very imperfect science of looking at the dummies than actually thirty years of data of what weve seen with children and with car seats -and so i think the answer to this puzzle is that theres a much better solution out there thats gotten nobody excited -but what they did of course since it was so complicated and expensive they only used it on the zero year olds and the one year olds and they kept on using the existing cure that they had on the two year olds and -say i just want to protect kids in the back seat i dont theres anyone in this room whod say well the right way to start would be lets make a great seat belt for adults and then lets make this really big contraption that you have to rig up to it -in this daisy chain i mean why not start whos sitting in the back seat anyway except for kids but essentially do something like this which i dont know exactly how much it would cost to do but theres no reason i could see why this should be much more expensive than a regular car seat -expensive solution and its got to work better than what we already have so the question is is there any hope for adoption of something like this which would presumably save a lot of lives -and i think the answer perhaps lies in a story the answer both to why has a car seat been so successful -and why this may someday be adopted or not lies in a story that my dad told me relating to when he was a doctor in the u s air force in england and this is a long time ago you were allowed to do things then you cant do today so my father would -have patients come in who he thought were not really sick and he had a big jar full of placebo pills -would give them and hed say come back in a week if you still feel lousy ok and most of them would not come back but some of them would come back and when they came back -he still convinced they were not sick had another jar of pills -in this jar were huge horse pills they were almost impossible to swallow and these to me are the analogy for the car seats people would look at these -this went on for quite some time people were happy they had their two cures until a particular mother whose child had just turned two died of this disease -this thing is so big and so hard to swallow if this doesnt make me feel better you know what possibly could and it turned out that most people wouldnt come back because it worked -but every once in a while there was still a patient convinced that he -was sick and hed come back and my dad had a third jar of pills and the jar of pills he had he said were the tiniest little pills he could find so small you could barely see them -and he would say listen i know i gave you that huge pill that complicated hard to swallow pill before but now ive got one thats so potent that is really tiny and small and almost invisible its almost like this thing here which you cant even see -so -things like the ozone layer so -you know we can make ozone from car tailpipes its not hard its just three oxygen atoms if you brought the entire ozone layer down to the surface of the earth it would be the thickness of two pennies at fourteen pounds per square inch -you dont need that much up there we need to learn how to repair and replenish the earths ozone layer -our magnetic field has done pretty well protecting us from this occasionally we get a flare from the sun that causes havoc with communications and so forth and electricity -but the alarming thing is that astronomers recently have been studying stars that are similar to our sun and theyve found that a number of them when theyre about the age of our sun brighten by a factor of as much as twenty doesnt last -powerful than any flares weve had from our sun so far -they go through periods of diminishment when their -not after this -on mars and to make a livable planet on mars is probably there and you just literally have to -aids is coming back ebola seems to be rearing its head with much too much frequency -and old diseases like cholera are becoming resistant to antibiotics -weve all learned what the kind of panic that can occur when an old disease rears its head like anthrax -the worst possibility is that -a very simple germ like staph -for which we have one antibiotic that still works -the danger is that some germ like staph will be will mutate into something thats really virulent very contagious and will sweep -through populations before we can do anything about it thats happened before about twelve thousand years ago there was a massive wave of mammal extinctions in the americas and that is thought to have been a virulent disease so what can we do about -something like twelve fifteen miles wide and they are black holes and they are gobbling up everything -around them including light which is why we cant see them -most of them should be in orbit around something but galaxies are very violent places and things -about a billion miles away heres what happens to earths orbit it becomes elliptical instead of circular and for three months out of the year the surface temperatures go up to one hundred and fifty to one hundred and eighty for three months out of the year they go to fifty below zero that wont work too well what can we do about this and this is my scariest -and finally number one -which leads me to a videotape of a president bush -exploded over siberia and flattened forests for maybe one hundred miles it had the effect of about one thousand hiroshima bombs astronomers estimate that little asteroids -miles wide causes major extinctions we think the one that got the dinosaurs was about five miles wide where are they theres something called the kuiper belt which some people think plutos not a planet thats where pluto is its in the kuiper belt theres also something a little farther out called the oort cloud -there are about one hundred thousand balls of ice and rock comets really out there that are fifty miles in diameter or more and they regularly take a little spin in towards -the asteroids that exist between mars and jupiter the folks at the sloan digital sky survey told us last fall theyre making the first map of the universe three dimensional map of the universe that there are probably seven hundred thousand asteroids between mars and jupiter -youll notice that the chance of an asteroid slash comet impact killing you is about one in twenty thousand according to the work theyve done now look at the one right below that passenger aircraft crash one in twenty thousand we spend an awful lot of money trying to be sure that we -nasas spending three million dollars a year three million bucks that is like pocket change -to search for asteroids because we can actually figure out every asteroid thats out there and if it might hit earth -and when it might hit earth and theyre trying to do that but its going to take them ten years at spending three million dollars a year and even then they claim theyll only have about eighty percent of -we really need a dedicated observatory youll notice that a lot of comets are named after people you -we need a dedicated observatory that looks for comets part two of the solutions we need to figure out how to blow up an asteroid or -alter its trajectory now -a year ago we did an amazing thing we sent a probe out to this asteroid belt called near near earth asteroid rendezvous and these guys orbited a thirty or no about a twenty two mile long asteroid -but we can learn to land on these asteroids that have our name on them and -put something like a small ion propulsion motor on it which would gently slowly -in the last ten years are really extraordinary to the point where we know more about our universe and -number ten we lose the will -we live in an incredible age of modern medicine we are all much healthier than we were twenty years ago people around the world are getting better medicine but mentally were falling apart the world health organization now estimates -and the world health organization also says that depression is the biggest epidemic that humankind has ever faced soon genetic breakthroughs and even better medicine are going to -allow us to think of one hundred as a normal lifespan a female child born tomorrow on average median -will live to age eighty three our life -longevity is going up almost a year for every year that passes now the problem with all of this getting older -people over sixty five are the most likely people to commit suicide -so what are the solutions -we dont really have mental health insurance -we need a pump push from the federal government through nih and national science nsf -and places like that to start helping the drug companies develop some advanced psychoactive drugs -moving on number nine -there must be millions of planets in the milky way and as carl sagan insisted for many years and was laughed at for it there must be billions and billions in the universe -its becoming obvious that the chance that -life does not exist elsewhere -in the universe and probably fairly close to us is a fairly remote idea and the chance that some of it isnt more intelligent than ours is also -and swat us away like flies the way we swat away flies -even in those cases where every attempt was made -to protect and guard the -prepared for them how much energy and money does it take to actually have a plan -to negotiate with an advanced -secondly and youre going to hear more from me about this we have to become an outward looking space faring nation we have got to develop the idea that the earth doesnt last forever -our sun doesnt last forever if we want humanity to last forever we have to colonize the milky way -and that is not something that is beyond comprehension at this point -after a hard day of work and start talking about some of these incredible perceptions about how the universe works and they would inevitably end up in what i thought was a very bizarre place which is ways the world could end very suddenly and thats what i want to talk about -many other ecosystems on earth are in real real danger were living in a time of mass extinctions that exceeds the fossil record by a factor of ten thousand -we have lost twenty five percent of the unique species in hawaii in the last twenty years california is expected to lose twenty five percent of its species in the next forty years somewhere in the amazon forest is the marginal tree -and when that ecosystem collapses -like -so what do we do about this what are the solutions -be able to pump possible solutions into models and with the kind of computing power we have now there is as i say some of this going on but it needs money national science foundation needs to say -you know almost all the money thats spent on science in this country comes from the federal government one way or another -and they get to prioritize you know there are people at the national science foundation who get to say this is the most important thing this is one of the things they ought to be thinking more about secondly we need to create huge biodiversity reserves on the planet and start moving them around theres been an experiment for the last four or five years on the georges bank or the grand banks off of newfoundland -its a no take fishing zone they cant fish there for a radius of two hundred miles and an amazing thing has happened almost all the fish have come back and theyre reproducing like crazy were going to have to start doing -you all remember ted kaczynski the unabomber one of the things he raved about was that a particle accelerator experiment could go haywire and set off a chain reaction that would destroy the world -a lot of very sober minded physicists believe it or not have had exactly the same thought this spring theres a collider at -and obliterate it most physicists say that the accelerators we have now are not really powerful enough to create black holes and strangelets that we need to worry about and theyre probably right but all around the world -we need the advice of particle physicists to talk about particle physics -looking at that natural laboratory and figuring out first whats safe to do on earth -they found bt corn genes in wild corn plants now corn originated we think in mexico this is the genetic biodiversity storehouse of corn -we treat biotechnology with the same scrutiny we apply to nuclear power plants its that simple this is an amazingly unregulated field when the starlink disaster happened there was a battle between the epa and the fda over who really had authority and over what parts of this -one of my favorites reversal of the earths magnetic field -believe it or not this happens every few hundred thousand years and has happened many times -field protects us from -are well basically -insight into the human condition -and here is an example of one of her analyses the move from a structuralist account in which capital is understood to structure social relations in relatively homologous ways -to a view of hegemony in which power relations are subject to repetition convergence -the question of temporality into the thinking of structure and marked a shift from the form of althusserian theory that takes structural totalities as theoretical objects -well you get the idea by the way this is one sentence you can actually parse it -well the argument in the blank slate was that elite art and criticism in the twentieth century although not the arts in general -have disdained beauty pleasure clarity insight and style people are staying away from elite art and criticism -there are also i think increasing results from the scientific study of humans that indeed were not born blank slates -a puzzle i wonder why well this turned out to be probably the most controversial claim in the book someone asked me whether i stuck it in in order to deflect -from discussions of gender and nazism and race and so on i wont comment on that but it certainly -inspired an energetic reaction from many university professors well the other hot button is parenting and the starting point is the for that discussion was the fact that we -all been subject to the advice of the parenting industrial complex now here is here is a representative quote from a besieged mother -and there are all kinds of play clay for finger dexterity word games for reading success large motor play small motor play -i feel like i could devote my life to figuring out what to play with my kids i think anyone whos recently been a parent can sympathize with this mother well heres some sobering facts about parenting -one of them from anthropology is the study of human universals if youve ever taken anthropology you know that its a kind of an occupational -most studies of parenting on which this advice is based are useless theyre useless because they dont control for heritability -they measure some correlation between what the parents do how the children turn out and assume a causal relation that the parenting shaped the child -very few of them control for the possibility that parents pass on genes for that increase the chances a child will be articulate or violent and so on -until the studies are redone with adoptive children who provide an environment but not genes to their kids we have no way of knowing whether these conclusions are valid -the genetically controlled studies have some sobering results remember the mallifert twins separated at birth then they meet in the patent office remarkably similar -well what would have happened if the mallifert twins had grown up together you might think well then theyd be even more similar because not only would they share their genes but they would also share their environment that would make them super similar right -wrong identical twins or any siblings who are separated at birth are no less similar than if they had grown up together -a complementary finding from a completely different methodology is that adopted siblings reared together the mirror image of identical twins reared apart -they share their parents their home their neighborhood dont share their genes end up not similar at all ok two different -pleasure of anthropologists to show how exotic other cultures can be and that there are places out there where supposedly everything is the opposite to the way it is here but if you -the culture of the country at large and the childrens own culture namely their peer group as we heard from jill sobule earlier today thats what kids care about -and to a very large extent larger than most people are prepared to acknowledge by chance chance events in the wiring of the brain in utero chance events as you live your life -so let me conclude with a just a remark to bring it back to the theme of choices i think that the sciences of human nature behavioral genetics evolutionary psychology neuroscience cognitive science -are going to increasingly in the years to come upset various dogmas careers and deeply held political belief systems and that presents us with a choice the choice is whether -answer to that question which comes from a great artist of the nineteenth century anton chekhov who said -instead look at what is common to the worlds cultures you find that there is an enormously rich set of -the anthropologist donald brown has tried to list them all and they range from aesthetics affection and age statuses -all the way down to weaning weapons weather attempts to control the color white and a -a year ago i spoke to you about a book that i was just in the process of completing that has come out in the interim and i would like to talk to you today about some of the controversies that that -also genetics and neuroscience are increasingly showing that the brain is intricately structured this is a recent study by the neurobiologist paul thompson and his colleagues in which they using -measured the distribution of gray matter that is the outer layer of the cortex in a large sample -of pairs of people they coded correlations in the thickness of gray matter in different parts of the brain using a false color scheme in which -two people picked at random cant have correlations in the distribution of gray matter in the cortex this is what happens -people who share half of their dna fraternal twins as you can see large amounts of the brain are not purple showing that if one person has a thicker -bit of cortex in that region so does his fraternal twin and heres what happens if you get a pair of people who share all their dna namely clones or identical twins -and you can see huge areas of cortex where there are massive correlations in the distribution of gray matter now these arent just -room of a patent attorney now the cartoon is not -such an exaggeration because studies of identical twins who were separated at birth and then tested in adulthood show that they have astonishing similarities -book inspired the book is called the blank slate based on the -and this happens in every pair of identical twins separated at birth ever studied but much less so with fraternal twins separated at birth my favorite example is -a pair of twins one of whom was brought up as a catholic in a nazi family in germany the other brought up in a jewish family in -both of them liked to dip buttered toast in coffee both of them kept rubber bands around their wrists both of them flushed the toilet before using it as well as after -and both of them liked to surprise people by sneezing in crowded elevators to watch them jump -the story might seem to good to be true but when you -now given both the common sense and scientific data calling the doctrine of the blank slate into question why should it have been such an appealing notion -well there are a number of political reasons why people have found it congenial the foremost is that if were blank slates then by definition we are equal because zero equals zero equals zero -but if something is written on the slate then some people could have more of it than others and according to this line of thinking that would justify discrimination and inequality -all of its structure comes from socialization culture parenting experience the blank slate was an influential idea in the twentieth century here are a few -another political fear of human nature is that if we are blank slates we can perfect mankind the age old dream of the perfectibility of our species -just to make a long story short first of all the concept of fairness is not the same as the concept of sameness -he did not mean we hold these truths to be self evident that all men are clones rather that all men are equal in terms of their rights and that every -person ought to be treated as an individual and not prejudged by the statistics of particular groups that they may belong to -also even if we were born with certain ignoble motives they dont automatically lead to ignoble behavior that is because the human mind is a complex system with many parts and some of them can -others for example theres excellent reason to believe that virtually all humans are born with a moral sense and that we have cognitive abilities that allow us to -profit from the lessons of history so even if people did have impulses towards selfishness or greed thats not the only thing in the skull and there are other parts of the mind that can counteract them -in the book i go over controversies such as this one and a number of other hot buttons hot zones chernobyls third rails and so on -including the arts cloning crime free will education evolution gender differences god homosexuality infanticide inequality marxism morality nazism parenting politics race religion -when i wrote a first draft of the book i circulated it to a number of colleagues for comments and here are some of the reactions that i got better get a security camera for your house -do you have tenure -well the book came out in october -and nothing terrible has happened i i like there was indeed reason to be nervous and there were moments in which i did feel nervous knowing the history -what has happened to people whove taken controversial stands or discovered disquieting findings in the behavioral sciences there are many cases some of which i talk about in the book of people who have been -slandered called nazis physically assaulted threatened with criminal prosecution for stumbling across or arguing -about controversial findings and you never know when youre going to come across one of these booby traps my favorite example is a pair of psychologists who did research on -the human brain is capable of a full range of behaviors and predisposed to none from the late scientist stephen jay gould there are a number of reasons to doubt that the human mind is a blank slate -left handers and published some data showing that left handers are on average more susceptible to disease more prone to accidents and have a shorter lifespan its not clear by the way since then whether that is an accurate -but the data at the time seemed to support that well pretty soon they were barraged with enraged letters -ban on the topic in a number of scientific journals coming from irate left handers and their advocates and they were literally afraid to open their mail because of the -venom and vituperation that they had inadvertently inspired -well the night is young but the book has been out for half a year and nothing terrible has happened none of the dire professional consequences has taken place i -exiled from the city of cambridge but what i wanted to talk about are two of these hot buttons that -aroused the strongest response in the eighty odd reviews that the blank slate has received ill just put that -few seconds and see if you can guess which two i would estimate that probably two of these topics inspired probably ninety percent of the reaction -the various reviews and radio interviews its not violence and war its not race its not gender its not marxism its not -they are the arts -so let me tell you what aroused such irate responses and ill let you decide if whether they the claims are really that outrageous let me start with the -i note that among the long list of human universals that i presented a few slides ago are -and some of them just come from common sense as many people have told me over the years anyone whos had more than one child knows that kids come into the world with certain temperaments and talents it doesnt all come from the outside -art there is no society ever discovered in the remotest corner of the world that has not had something that we -music dance poetry found in all cultures and many of the motifs and themes that -give us pleasure in the arts can be found in all human societies a preference for symmetrical forms the use of repetition and variation -even things as specific as the fact that in poetry all over the world you have lines that are -now on the other hand in the second half of the twentieth century the arts are frequently said to be in decline and i have a collection -in our time ill give you a couple of representative quotes we can assert with some confidence that our own period is one of decline that the standards of culture are lower than they were fifty years ago -that the evidences of this decline are visible in every department of human activity thats a quote from t s eliot little more than fifty years ago and a more recent one -the possibility of sustaining high culture in our time is becoming increasing problematical serious book stores are losing their franchise nonprofit theaters are surviving primarily by commercializing their repertory -in the new republic about five years ago well in fact the arts are not in decline i dont think this will as a surprise to anyone in this room -but by any standard they have never been flourishing to a greater extent there are -of course entirely new art forms and new media many of which youve heard over these few days by any -by the number of books sold by the number of books published the number of musical titles released the number of new albums and so on -oh and anyone who has both a child and a house pet has surely noticed that the child exposed to speech will acquire a human language whereas the house pet wont presumably because of some innate different between them -the only grain of truth to this complaint that the arts are in decline come from three spheres -works shown in major galleries and prestigious museums in literary criticism and analysis -they can get and i would like to suggest that its not a coincidence that this supposed decline in the elite arts and criticism occurred in the same point in history in which there was a widespread denial of human nature -a famous quotation can be found if you look on the web you can find it in literally scores of english core syllabuses -some debate as to what she actually meant by that but its very clear looking at these syllabuses that the its used now as a way of saying that all of the -forms of appreciation of art that were in place for centuries or millennia -the twentieth century were discarded the beauty and pleasure in art probably a human universal were began to be considered -or kitsch or commercial barnett newman had a famous quote that the impulse of modern art is the desire to -beauty which was considered bourgeois or tacky and heres just one example i mean this is -and anyone whos been in a heterosexual relationship knows that the minds of men and the minds of women are not indistinguishable -indeed in movements of modernism and post modernism there was visual art without beauty -namely that the vagueness of language far from being a bug or an imperfection actually might be a feature of language one that we use to our advantage in social interactions -so to sum up language is a collective human creation reflecting human nature how we conceptualize reality how we relate to one another and by -so language is not so much a creator or shaper of human nature so much as a window into human nature -in a book that im currently working on i hope to use language to shed light on a number of aspects of human nature including the cognitive machinery with which humans conceptualize the world -this is a picture of maurice doctoruon the honorary perpetual secretary of lacademie francaise the french academy -indulge me in my passion for verbs and how theyre used the problem is which verbs go in which constructions -the verb is the chassis of the sentence its the framework onto which the other parts are bolted -give you a quick reminder of something that youve long forgotten an intransitive verb such as dine for example cant take a direct object you have to say sam dined not sam dined the pizza a transitive verb -in explaining how children learn language a problem in teaching language to adults so that they dont make grammatical errors and a problem in programming computers to use language is which verbs go in which constructions -for example the dative construction in english you can say give a muffin to a mouse the prepositional dative or give a mouse a muffin the double object dative promise anything to her promise her anything and so on hundreds of verbs can go both ways -he is splendidly attired in his sixty eight thousand dollar uniform befitting the role of the french academy as legislating -the sentences that youve heard youve got to extract generalizations so you can produce and understand new sentences this would be an example of how to do that -biff drove chicago the car you can say sal gave jason a headache but its a bit odd to say sal gave a headache to jason -the solution is that these constructions despite initial appearance are not synonymous that when you crank up the microscope on human cognition you see that theres a subtle difference in meaning between them -so give the x to the y that construction corresponds to the thought cause x to go to y whereas give the y the x corresponds to the thought cause y to have -now many events can be subject to either construal kind of like the classic figure ground reversal illusions in which you can -either pay attention to a particular object in which case the space around it recedes from attention or you can see the faces in the empty space in which case the object recedes out of consciousness -how are these construals reflected in language well in both cases the thing that is construed as being affected is expressed as the direct object the noun after the verb -the correct usage in french and perpetuating the language the french academy has two main tasks -so when you think of the event as causing the muffin to go somewhere where youre doing something to the muffin you say give the muffin to the mouse -when you construe it as cause the mouse to have something youre doing something to the mouse and therefore you express it as give the mouse the muffin -so which verbs go in which construction the original problem with which i began depends on whether the verb specifies a kind of motion or a kind of possession change -to give something involves both causing something to go and causing someone to have to drive the car only causes something to go because chicagos not the kind of thing that can possess something only humans can possess things -and to give someone a headache causes them to have the headache but its not as if youre taking the headache out of your head and causing it to go to the other person and then plan to get it in their head you may just be loud or obnoxious or in some other way causing them to have the headache -so thats an example of the kind of thing that i do in my day job so why should anyone care well there are a number of interesting conclusions i think from this -and from many similar kinds of analyses of hundreds of english verbs first theres a level of fine grained conceptual structure which we automatically -and unconsciously compute every time we produce or utter a sentence that governs our use of language you can think of this as the language of thought -it seems to be based on a fixed set of concepts which govern dozens of constructions and thousands of verbs not only in english but in all other languages -argued are the basic framework for human thought and its interesting that our unconscious use of language seems to reflect these kantian categories doesnt care about -the container metaphor of communication in which we conceive of ideas as objects sentences as containers and communication as a kind of sending -we say we gather our ideas to put them into words and if our words arent empty or hollow we might get these ideas across to a listener who can unpack our words to extract that content -this kind of verbiage is not the exception but the rule its very hard to find any example of abstract language that is not based on some concrete metaphor for example you can use the verb -go and the prepositions to and from in a literal spatial sense the messenger went from paris to istanbul you can also say biff went from sick to well -they also legislate on correct usage such as the proper term for what the french call email which ought to be courriel the world wide web the french are told ought to be referred to as -go anywhere he could have been in bed the whole time but its as if his health is a point in state space that you conceptualize as moving -the meeting went from three to four in which we conceive of time as stretched along a line likewise we use force to indicate -not only physical force as in rose forced the door to open but also interpersonal force as in rose forced sadie to go not necessarily by -manhandling her but by issuing a threat or rose forced herself to go as if there were two entities inside roses head engaged in a tug of a war -second conclusion is that the ability to conceive of a given event in two different ways such as cause something to go to someone and causing someone to have something i think is a fundamental -feature of human thought and its the basis for much human argumentation in which people dont differ so much on the facts -on how they ought to be construed just to give you a few examples ending a pregnancy versus killing a fetus a ball of cells versus an unborn child -invading iraq versus liberating iraq redistributing wealth versus confiscating earnings and i think the biggest picture of all would -take seriously the fact that so much of our verbiage about abstract events is based on a concrete metaphor it would see human intelligence itself -as consisting of a repertoire of concepts such as objects space time causation and intention which are useful in a social knowledge intensive species whose evolution you can well -imagine and a process of metaphorical abstraction that allows us to bleach these concepts of their original conceptual content -space time and force and apply them to new abstract domains therefore -allowing a species that evolved to deal with rocks and tools and animals to conceptualize mathematics physics law and other abstract domains -ill start out with a puzzle the puzzle of indirect speech acts now im sure most of you have seen the movie fargo and you might remember the scene in which the -the global spider web recommendations that the french gaily ignore now this is one model of how language comes to be namely that its legislated by -for example in polite requests if someone says if you could pass the guacamole that would be awesome we know exactly what he means even though that thats a rather bizarre concept being expressed -and likewise if someone says nice store youve got there it would be a real shame if something happened to it we understand that as a veiled threat rather than a musing of hypothetical possibilities so the puzzle is why are -bribes polite requests solicitations and threats so often veiled no ones fooled both parties know exactly what the speaker means and -the speaker knows the listener knows that the speaker knows that the listener knows et cetera et cetera so whats going on -the key idea is that language is a way of negotiating relationships and human relationships fall into a number of types theres an influential taxonomy by the anthropologist alan fiske in which -now relationships types can be negotiated even though there are default situations in which one of these mindsets can be applied -they can be stretched and extended for example communality applies most naturally within family or friends but it can be used to try to transfer the -but anyone who looks at language realizes that this is a rather silly conceit that language rather emerges from human minds interacting from one another -mismatches when one person assumes one relationship type and another assumes a different one can be awkward if you went over and you helped yourself -to a shrimp off your boss plate for example that would be an awkward situation or if a dinner guest after the meal pulled out his wallet and offered to pay you for the meal that would be rather awkward as well -in less blatant cases theres still a kind of negotiation that often goes on -the workplace for example theres often a tension over whether an employee can socialize with the boss or refer to him or her on a first name basis -if two friends have a reciprocal transaction like selling a car its well known that this can be a source of tension or awkwardness -in dating the transition from friendship to sex can lead to notoriously to various forms of awkwardness and as can sex in the workplace in which we call the conflict between -a dominant and a sexual relationship sexual harassment well what does this have to do with language well language as a social interaction has to satisfy two conditions -you have to convey the actual content here we get back to the container metaphor you want to express the bribe the command the promise the -the solution i think is that we use language at two levels the literal form signals the safest relationship with the listener whereas the implicated content the reading between the lines that we count on the listener to perform -allows the listener to derive the interpretation which is most relevant in context which possibly initiates a changed relationship the simplest example of this is in the polite request -and this is visible in the unstoppable change in language in the fact that by the time the academy finishes their dictionary it will already be well out of date we see it in the constant -if you express your request as a conditional if you could open the window that would be great even though the content is an imperative the fact that youre not using the imperative voice means that youre not -acting as if youre in a relationship of dominance where you could presuppose the compliance of the other person on the other hand you want the damn guacamole -by expressing it as an if then statement you can get the message across without appearing to boss another person around and in a more subtle way i think this works for all of the -veiled speech acts involving plausible deniability the bribes threats propositions solicitations and so on one way of thinking about it is to imagine what it would be like if language where it could only be used literally and you can think of it in terms of a -high stakes in the two possibilities of having a dishonest officer or an honest officer -if you dont bribe the officer then you will get a traffic ticket or as is the case of fargo worse whether the honest -officer is honest or dishonest nothing ventured nothing gained in that case the consequences are rather severe on the other hand if you extend the bribe if the -on the other hand with indirect language if you issue a veiled bribe then the dishonest officer could interpret it as a bribe in which case you get the payoff of going free the honest officer cant -to it as being a bribe and therefore you get the nuisance of the traffic ticket so you get the best of both worlds and a similar analysis i think can apply to the -the logic of the golden rule the more you think about and interact with other people the more you realize that it is untenable to privilege your -over theirs at least not if you want them to listen to you you cant say that my interests are special compared to yours anymore than you can say -that the particular spot that im standing on is a unique part of the universe because i happen to be standing on it that -it may also be powered by cosmopolitanism by histories and journalism and memoirs and realistic fiction and travel and literacy -which allows you to project yourself into the lives of other people that formerly you may have treated as sub human and also to realize the -whatever its causes the decline of violence has profound implications it -should force us to ask not just why is there war but also why is there peace not just what are we doing wrong but also -what have we been doing right because we have been doing something right and it sure would be good to find out what it is thank you very much -i loved that talk i think a lot of people here in the room would say that that expansion of -that you were talking about that peter singer talks about is also driven by just by technology by greater visibility of the other and the sense that the world is therefore getting smaller i mean is that also a grain of truth -in wrights theory that it allows us to enjoy the benefits of cooperation over larger and larger circles but also i think it helps us -that today we are probably living in the most peaceful time in our species existence now in the decade of darfur and iraq a statement like that might seem -imagine what its like to be someone else i think when you read these horrific tortures that were common in the middle ages you think how could they possibly have done it how could they have not have empathized with the person that theyre disemboweling but clearly -would love every news media owner to hear that talk at some point in the next year i think its really important thank you so much -images like this from the auschwitz concentration camp -the decline of violence is a fractal phenomenon you can see it over millennia over centuries over decades and over years although there seems to have been a tipping point at the onset of the age of reason in the sixteenth century -one sees it all over the world although not homogeneously its especially evident in the west beginning with england and holland around the time of the enlightenment -let me take you on a journey of several powers of ten from the millennium scale to the year scale to try to persuade you of this -been seared into our consciousness during the twentieth century and have given us a new -here is a graph that he put together showing the percentage of male deaths due to warfare in a number of -foraging or hunting and gathering societies the red bars correspond to the likelihood that a man will -die at the hands of another man as opposed to passing away of natural causes in a variety of foraging societies in the new guinea highlands and the amazon rainforest -and they range from a rate of almost a sixty percent chance that a man will die at the hands of another man to in the case of the gebusi only a fifteen percent chance -the tiny little blue bar in the lower left hand corner plots the corresponding statistic from united states and europe in the twentieth century and includes all the deaths of both world wars -if the death rate in tribal warfare had prevailed during the twentieth century there would have been two billion deaths rather than one hundred million -also at the millennium scale we can look at the way of life of early civilizations such as the ones described in the bible and in this -supposed source of our moral values one can read descriptions of what was expected in warfare such as the following from numbers thirty one -and they warred against the midianites as the lord commanded moses and they slew all the males and moses said unto them have you saved all the women alive -now therefore kill every male among the little ones and kill every woman that hath known man by lying with him but all the women children that have not know a man by lying with him keep alive for yourselves in other words kill the men kill the -during the twentieth century we witnessed the atrocities of stalin hitler mao pol pot rwanda and other genocides -well lets click the zoom lens down one order of magnitude and look at the century scale although we dont have statistics for -social history will reveal that mutilation and torture were routine forms of criminal punishment the kind of infraction today that would give you -in those days would result in your tongue being cut out your ears being cut off you being blinded a hand being chopped off and so on -there were numerous ingenious forms of sadistic capital punishment burning at the stake disemboweling breaking on the wheel being pulled apart by horses and so on -the death penalty was a sanction for a long list of non violent crimes criticizing the king stealing a loaf of bread slavery of course was the preferred -labor saving device and cruelty was a popular form of entertainment perhaps the most vivid example was the practice of cat burning -in which a cat was hoisted on a stage and lowered in a sling into a fire and the spectators shrieked in laughter as -howling in pain was burned to death -what about one on one murder well there there are good statistics because many municipalities recorded the cause of death the -rates in any village hamlet town county that he could find and he supplemented them with national data when nations started keeping statistics -he plotted on a logarithmic scale going from one hundred deaths per one hundred thousand -people per year which was approximately the rate of homicide in the middle ages and the figure plummets down to less than one homicide per one hundred thousand people per year -seven or eight european countries then there is a slight uptick in the nineteen sixties the people who said that rock n roll would lead to the decline of moral values actually had a grain of truth to that -but there was a decline from at least two orders of magnitude in homicide from the middle ages to the present and the elbow occurred in the early sixteenth century -in interstate wars in deadly ethnic riots or pogroms and in military coups even in south america worldwide theres been a steep decline in deaths in -this has led to a common understanding of our situation namely that modernity has brought us terrible violence and perhaps that native peoples lived in a state of harmony that we have departed from to our peril -in this decade as horrific as it is even in the year scale one can see a decline of violence since the end of the cold war there have been fewer civil wars -fewer genocides indeed a ninety percent reduction since post world war ii highs and even a reversal of the nineteen sixties uptick in homicide and violent crime this is from the fbi uniform -crime statistics you can see that there is a fairly low rate of violence in the fifties and the sixties then it soared upward for several decades and began a precipitous decline starting in the nineteen nineties so that it went back almost -so the question is why are so many people so wrong about something so important -i think there are a number of reasons one of them is we have better reporting the associated press is a better chronicler of wars over the surface of the earth than sixteenth century monks were -theres a cognitive illusion we cognitive psychologists know that the easier it is to recall specific instances of something -the higher the probability that you assign to it things that we read about in the paper with gory footage -burn into memory more than reports of a lot more people dying in their beds of old age -there are dynamics in the opinion and advocacy markets no one ever attracted observers advocates and donors by saying things just seem to be getting better and better -theres guilt about our treatment of native peoples in modern intellectual life and an unwillingness to acknowledge there could be anything good about western culture -and of course our change in standards can outpace the change in behavior one of the reasons violence went down -is that people got sick of the carnage and cruelty in their time thats a process that seems to be continuing but if it outstrips behavior -here is an example from an op ed on thanksgiving in the boston globe a couple of years ago where the writer wrote the indian life was a difficult one -by the standards of the day things always look more barbaric than they would have been by historic standards so today we get exercised and rightly so if a handful of murderers get -they may have been burned at the stake for criticizing the king after a trial that lasted ten minutes and indeed that that would have been repeated over and over -today we look at capital punishment as evidence of how low our behavior can sink rather than how high our standards have risen -well why has violence declined -no one really knows but i have read four explanations all of which i think have some grain of -the first is maybe thomas hobbes got it right he was the one who said that life in a state of nature was solitary poor nasty brutish and short -not because he argued humans have some primordial thirst for blood or aggressive instinct or territorial imperative but because of the logic of anarchy -in a state of anarchy theres a constant temptation to invade your neighbors preemptively before they invade you more recently thomas schelling gives the analogy of a homeowner who hears a rustling in the basement -being a good american he has a pistol in the nightstand pulls out his gun and walks down the stairs and what does he see but a burglar with a gun in his hand -but there were no employment problems community harmony was strong substance abuse unknown crime nearly non existent what warfare there was between tribes was largely ritualistic -each of them is thinking i dont really want to kill that guy but hes about to kill me maybe i had better shoot him before he shoots me -hunter gatherer peoples explicitly go through this train of thought and will often raid their neighbors out of fear of being raided first -now one way of dealing with this problem is by deterrence you dont strike first but you have a -having its bluff called and therefore can only work if its credible to make it credible you must avenge all insults and settle all scores -which leads to cycles of bloody vendetta life becomes an episode of the sopranos -hobbes solution the leviathan was that if authority for the legitimate use of violence was vested in a single democratic agency a leviathan -then such a state can reduce the temptation of attack because any kind of aggression will be punished leaving its profitability -as zero that would remove the temptation to invade preemptively out of fear of them attacking you first -it removes the need for a hair trigger for retaliation to make your deterrent threat credible and therefore it would lead to a state of peace -and seldom resulted in indiscriminate or wholesale slaughter now youre all familiar with this treacle we teach it to our children we hear it on television and in story books now -the man who plotted the homicide rates that you failed to see in the earlier slide argued that the timing of the decline of homicide in europe -also supporting it is the fact that we today see eruptions of violence in zones of anarchy in failed states collapsed empires frontier regions mafias street gangs and so on -the second explanation is that in many times and places there is a widespread -sentiment that life is cheap -in earlier times when suffering and early death were common in ones own life one has fewer compunctions about inflicting them on others -as technology and economic efficiency make life longer and more pleasant one puts a higher value on life in general this was an argument from the political scientist james payne -a third explanation invokes the concept of a non zero sum game and was worked out in the book non zero by the journalist robert wright -or when two parties lay down their arms and split the so called peace dividend that results in them not having to fight the whole time -wright argues that technology has increased the number of positive sum games that humans tend to be embroiled in by allowing the trade of goods services and ideas over longer distances and among larger groups of people -the result is that other people become more valuable alive than dead and violence declines for selfish reasons as wright put it among the many reasons that i think that we should not bomb the japanese is that they built my mini van -the fourth explanation is captured in the title of a book called the expanding circle by the philosopher peter singer who argues that evolution bequeathed humans with a sense of empathy -the original title of this session was everything you know is wrong and im going to present evidence that this particular part of our common understanding is wrong -an ability to treat other peoples interests as comparable to ones own unfortunately by default we apply it only to a very narrow circle of friends and family -one can see in historical record it expanding from the village to the clan to the tribe to the nation to other races to both sexes and in singers own arguments something that we should extend to other sentient species -the question is if this has happened what has powered that expansion and there are a number of possibilities increasing circles of reciprocity in the sense that robert wright argues for -and taking instruments and watching it on a tv screen so lets see what it looks like -so this is gallbladder surgery we perform a million of these a year in the united states alone this is the real thing theres no blood and you can see how focused the surgeons are how much concentration it takes you can see it in their faces its hard to teach and its not all that easy to learn -we do about five million of these in the united states and maybe twenty million of these worldwide -all right youve all heard the term hes a born surgeon let me tell you surgeons are not born surgeons are not made either -one step at a time it starts with a foundation basic skills we build on that and we take people hopefully to the operating room where they learn to be an assistant then we teach them to be a surgeon in training -i want to talk to you about two things tonight -and when they do all of that for about five years they get the coveted board certification if you need surgery you want to be operated on by a board certified surgeon you get your board certificate and you can go out into practice and eventually if youre lucky you achieve mastery -number one teaching surgery and doing surgery is really hard -now that foundation is so important that -a number of us from the largest general surgery society in the united states sages started in the late one thousand nine hundred and ninety s a training program that would assure that every surgeon who practices minimally invasive surgery would have a strong foundation of knowledge and skills necessary to go on and do procedures -so we have a problem and one of the problems is distance we cant travel everywhere we need to make the world a smaller place -and second that language is one of the most profound things that separate us all over the world and in my little corner of the world these two things are actually related and i want to tell you how tonight -so i was inspired by a friend this is allan okrainec from toronto and he proved -that you could actually teach people to do surgery using video conferencing so heres allan teaching an english speaking surgeon in africa these basic fundamental skills necessary to do minimally invasive surgery very inspiring -but for this examination which is really hard -we have a problem even people who say they speak english only fourteen percent pass because for them its not a surgery test its an english test -and we spend millions of dollars just in our little hospital its a big labor intensive effort if you think about the worldwide burden -of trying to talk to your patients not just teaching surgeons just trying to talk to your patients there arent enough translators in the world -we need to employ technology to assist us in this quest at our hospital we see everybody from harvard professors to people who just got here last week and you have no idea how hard it is to talk to somebody or take care of somebody you cant talk to and there isnt always a translator available -so we need tools we need a universal translator -one of the things that i want to leave you with as you think about this talk is that this talk is not just about us preaching to the world -its really about setting up a dialogue we have a lot to learn here in the united states we spend more money per person for outcomes that are not better than many countries in the world maybe we have something to learn as well -now nobody wants an operation who here has had surgery -so im passionate about teaching these fls skills all over the world this past year ive been in latin america ive been in china talking about the fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery and everywhere i go the barrier is we want this -but we need it in our language -so heres what we think we want to do imagine giving a lecture and being able to talk to people in their own native language simultaneously i want to talk to the people in asia latin america africa europe seamlessly -accurately and in a cost effective fashion using technology and it has to be bi directional they have to be able to teach us something as well its a big task -so we looked for a universal translator i thought there would be one out there your webpage has translation your cellphone has translation but nothing thats good enough -did you want it keep your hands up if you wanted an operation nobody wants an operation in particular nobody wants an operation with tools like these through large incisions -to teach surgery because we need a lexicon what is a lexicon a lexicon is a body of words that describes a domain i need to have a health care lexicon and in that i need a surgery -the translation we get the words up in a window and then apply the magic we work with a fourth technology -and we currently have access to eleven language pairs more to come as we think about trying to make the world a smaller place and id like to show you our prototype of stringing all of these technologies that dont necessarily always talk to each other to become something useful -and out it comes in real time in spanish but if you happen to be sitting in beijing at the same time by using technology in a constructive fashion you could get it in mandarin or you could get it in russian on and on and on simultaneously without the use of human translators -but thats the lectures if you remember what i told you about fls at the beginning its knowledge and skills the difference in an operation between doing something successfully -and not may be moving your hand this much so were going to take it one step further weve brought my friend allan back -that cause a lot of pain that cause a lot of time out of work or out of school that leave a big scar -its important to be accurate -aim for the black dots -orient your loop this way -as we think about intersecting technologies everybody has a cell phone with a camera we could use this everywhere whether it be health care patient care engineering law conferencing translating videos this is a ubiquitous tool -in order to break down our barriers we have to learn to talk to people to demand that people work on translation -we need it for our everyday life in order to make the world a smaller place thank you very much -but if you have to have an operation what you really want is a minimally invasive operation thats what i want to talk to you about tonight how doing and teaching this type of surgery led us on a search for a better universal translator -now this type of surgery is hard and it starts by putting people to sleep -putting carbon dioxide in their abdomen blowing them up like a balloon sticking one of these sharp pointy things into their abdomen its dangerous stuff -right so you had to deliberately push your feet out sideways -think of the bridge -as being like this platform -think of the people as being like metronomes -now you might not be used to thinking of yourself as a metronome but after all we do -walk like i mean we oscillate back and forth as we walk and especially if we start to walk like those people did right they all showed this strange -sort of skating gait that they adopted once the bridge started to move and so let me show you now the footage of the bridge but also after you see the bridge on opening day youll see an interesting clip of work done by -do you need for instance to be as smart as you are -a bridge engineer at cambridge named allan mcrobie -who figured out what happened on the bridge and who built a bridge simulator to explain exactly what the problem was it was a kind of unintended positive feedback loop between the way the people walked and the way the bridge began to move that engineers knew nothing about actually i think the first person youll see is the young engineer who was put in charge of this project -do you even need a brain at all -but how could the crowd become synchronized -this was to be the focus of the investigation -allan mcrobie is a bridge engineer from cambridge who wrote to me suggesting that a bridge simulator ought to wobble in the same way as the real bridge provided we hung it on pendulums of exactly the right length -so already the simulator is making me walk in exactly the same way as our witnesses walked on the real bridge am ice skating gait there isnt all this sort of snake way of walking interviewer for a more convincing experiment i wanted my own opening day crowd the sound check team their instructions just walk normally -i mean thats a spooky thought right inanimate objects that might spontaneously synchronize themselves -its really intriguing because -none of these people is trying to drive it -theyre all having some difficulty walking -and the only way you can walk comfortably is by getting in step but then of course everyone is driving the bridge -you cant help it youre actually forced by the movement of the bridge to get into step and therefore to drive it to move -its real in fact ill try to explain today that sync is maybe one of if not one of the most perhaps the most pervasive drive in all of nature it extends from the subatomic scale -to the farthest reaches of the cosmos -its a deep tendency toward order in nature that opposes what weve all been taught about entropy i mean im not saying the law of entropy is wrong its not but there is a countervailing force in the universe the tendency towards spontaneous order and so thats our theme now to get into that -trying to think how is sync connected to happiness and it occurred to me -birds that flock together or fish swimming in organized schools so -these are not particularly intelligent creatures and yet as well see they exhibit beautiful ballets -were so used to choreography giving rise to synchrony these creatures are not choreographed theyre choreographing themselves -and only today is science starting to figure out how it works -we like to dance together we like singing together and so if youll put up with this i would like to -that shows how swarms work there are just three simple rules first all the individuals are only aware of their nearest neighbors -second all the individuals have a tendency to line up and third theyre all attracted to each other -but they try to keep a small distance apart and when you build those three rules in automatically you start to see swarms that look very much like fish schools or bird flocks -now fish like to stay close together about a body length apart -birds try to stay about three or four body lengths apart but except for that difference -the rules are the same for both -now all this changes when a predator enters the scene -the prey move out in random directions and then the rule of attraction brings them back together again -so theres this constant splitting and reforming -and you see that in nature -keep in mind that although it looks as if -each individual is acting to cooperate whats really going on is a kind of selfish darwinian behavior -each is scattering away at random to try to save its scales or feathers -that is out of the desire to save itself each creature is following these rules and that leads to something thats safe for all of them even though it looks like theyre thinking as a group -and i notice by the way that when you applauded that you did it in a typical north american way that is you were raucous and incoherent -as i say if youre in a swarm your odds of being the unlucky one are reduced -as compared to a small -there are many eyes to spot danger -sending messages over great distances youll see -from that computer model whats going on as i say its just those three simple rules plus the one about watch out for predators there doesnt seem to be anything mystical about this we dont however really understand at a mathematical level im a mathematician we would like to be able to understand better -you were not organized it didnt even occur to you to clap in unison -i mean i showed you a computer model but a computer is not understanding a computer is in a way just another experiment we would really like to have a deeper insight into how this works and to understand -you know exactly where this organization comes from how do the rules give rise to the patterns there is one case that we have begun to understand better and its the case of fireflies -if you see fireflies in north america like so many north american sorts of things they tend to be independent operators they ignore each other they each do their own thing flashing on and off paying no attention to their neighbors but in southeast asia places like thailand or malaysia or borneo -theres a beautiful cooperative behavior that occurs among male fireflies you can see it every night along the river banks the trees mangrove trees are filled with fireflies communicating with light -do you think you could do it i would like to see if this audience would no you havent practiced as far as i know -specifically its male fireflies who are all flashing in perfect time together -the combined light from these beetles these are actually tiny beetles is so bright that fishermen out -can you get it together to clap in sync -its stunning for a long time it was not believed when the first western travelers like sir francis drake went to thailand and came back with tales of this unbelievable spectacle -no one believed them we dont see anything like this in europe or in the west and for a long time even after it was documented it was thought to be some kind of optical illusion scientific papers were published saying it was twitching eyelids that explained it -to see this kind of spontaneous order and ive already hinted that the answer is no -well you dont have to be a whole creature you can even be just a single cell like take for instance your pacemaker cells in your heart right now theyre keeping you alive every beat of your heart depends on this crucial region the sinoatrial node which has about ten thousand independent cells that would each beep -have an electrical rhythm a voltage up and down to send a signal to the ventricles to pump now your pacemaker is not a single cell its this democracy of ten thousand cells that all have to fire in unison for the pacemaker to work correctly -there is an instance of billions of brain cells or at least millions discharging in pathological concert -so this tendency towards order is not always a good thing -you dont have to be alive you dont have to be even a single cell if you look for instance at how lasers work that would be a case of atomic synchrony in a laser what makes laser light so different from the light above my head here is that this light is incoherent many different colors -and different frequencies -sort of like the way you clapped initially -but if you were a laser -it would be rhythmic applause it would be all atoms pulsating in unison emitting light of one color one frequency -now comes the very risky part of my talk -which is to demonstrate that inanimate things can synchronize -hold your breath for me -what i have here are two empty water bottles -this is not keith barry doing a magic trick this is a klutz -just playing with some water bottles i have some metronomes here -well i shouldnt advertise anyway so this is the worlds smallest metronome ive set it on the fastest setting and im going to now take another one set to the same setting -we can try this first if i just put them on the table together -theres no reason for them to synchronize and they probably wont -maybe youd better listen to them ill stand -right they did they were in sync for a while but then they drifted apart -and the reason is that theyre not able to communicate now you might think thats a bizarre idea how can metronomes communicate -well they can communicate through mechanical forces -so im going to give them a chance to do that i also want to wind this one up a bit -how can they communicate im going to put them on a movable platform -okay so -here it is lets see if we can get this to work -my wife pointed out to me that it will -work better if i put both on at the same time because otherwise the whole thing will tip over -right so before any one goes out of sync ill just put those right -this pervasiveness of this tendency towards spontaneous order -so what do we make of that first of all we know that youre all brilliant -sometimes has unexpected consequences and a clear case of that was something that happened in london in the year two thousand the millennium bridge was supposed to be the pride of london a beautiful new footbridge erected across the thames first river crossing in over one hundred years in london -there was a big competition for the design of this bridge and the winning proposal was submitted by an unusual team in the ted spirit actually of an architect -and an engineering firm -this is a room full of intelligent people highly sensitive -making a blade of light and then scamper across on this blade of light he said thats the vision i want to give to london i want a blade of light across the thames -so they built the blade of light -and its a very thin ribbon of steel -the worlds probably the flattest and thinnest suspension bridge there is -some trained musicians out there -everyone was very excited to try it out on opening day thousands of londoners came out and something happened -and within two days the bridge was closed to the public -so i want to first show you some interviews -with people who were on the bridge on opening day who will describe what happened -is that what enabled you to synchronize so to put the question a little more seriously lets ask ourselves what are the minimum requirements for what you just did for spontaneous synchronization -just sideways about how much was it moving -is that what enabled you to synchronize so to put the question a little more seriously lets ask ourselves what are the minimum requirements for what you just did for spontaneous synchronization -was at least six -so at least this much -and then show me what it was like when the bridge started to -right so you had to deliberately push your feet out sideways -they deliberately walking in step or anything like that no they just had to conform to the -all right so that really gives you a hint of what happened -think of the bridge -as being like this platform -think of the people as being like metronomes -now you might not be used to thinking of yourself as a metronome but after all we do -walk like i mean we oscillate back and forth as we walk and especially if we start to walk like those people did right they all showed this strange -sort of skating gait that they adopted once the bridge started to move and so let me show you now the footage of the bridge but also after you see the bridge on opening day youll see an interesting clip of work done by -a bridge engineer at cambridge named allan mcrobie -who figured out what happened on the bridge and who built a bridge simulator to explain exactly what the problem was it was a kind of unintended -do you need for instance to be as smart as you are -right so it was quite small -the most dramatic and shocking footage shows -hundreds of people apparently rocking from side to side in unison -this synchronized movement seemed to be driving the bridge -the crowd become synchronized -do you even need a brain at all -the simulated bridge is finished -and i can make it wobble -this yes this simulated bridge and this you reckon mimics the action of the real bridge -allan mcrobie is a bridge engineer from cambridge who wrote to me suggesting that a bridge simulator ought to wobble in the same way as the real bridge provided we hung it on pendulums of exactly the right length -walk you have to be careful where you put your feet down dont you because -if you get it wrong it just throws you off your feet -do you need to be alive -so already the simulator is making me walk in exactly the same way as our witnesses walked on the real bridge -for a more convincing experiment i wanted my own opening day crowd the sound check team their instructions just walk normally -its really intriguing because -theyre all having some difficulty walking -thats a spooky thought right inanimate objects that might spontaneously synchronize themselves -actually forced by the movement of the bridge to get into step and therefore to drive it to move -all right well with that from the ministry of silly walks maybe id better end i see ive gone over but i hope that youll go outside and see the world in a new way to see all the amazing synchrony around us thank you -its real in fact ill try to explain today that sync is maybe one of if not -one of the most perhaps the most pervasive drive in all of nature it extends from the subatomic scale -to the farthest reaches of the cosmos -its a deep tendency toward order in nature that opposes what weve all been taught about entropy i mean im not saying the law of entropy is wrong its not -but there is a countervailing force in the universe the tendency towards spontaneous order and so thats our theme now to get into that -let me begin with what might have occurred to you immediately when you hear that were talking about synchrony in nature which is the glorious example -birds that flock together or fish swimming in organized schools so -these are not particularly intelligent creatures and yet as well see they exhibit beautiful ballets -was trying to think how is sync connected to happiness and it occurred to me -to -were so used to choreography giving rise to synchrony these creatures are not choreographed theyre choreographing themselves -for some reason we take pleasure in synchronizing -you -a computer model made by ian kuzan a researcher at oxford -that shows how swarms work there are just three simple rules first -second all the individuals have a tendency to line up and third theyre all attracted to each other -we like to dance together we like singing together and so if youll put up with this i would like to -now fish like to stay close together about a body length apart -birds try to stay about three or four body lengths apart but except for that -the rules are the same for both -all this changes when a predator enters the scene -prey move out in random directions and then the rule of attraction brings them back together again -so theres this constant splitting and reforming -and you see that in nature -keep in mind that although it looks as if -each individual is acting to cooperate whats really going on is a kind of selfish darwinian behavior -each is scattering away at random to try to save its scales or feathers -that is out of the desire to save itself each creature is following these rules and that leads to something thats safe for all of them even though it looks like theyre thinking as a group -you might wonder what exactly is the advantage to being in a swarm so you can think of several -as i say if youre in a swarm your odds of being the unlucky one are reduced -as compared to a small -there are many eyes to spot danger and youll see in -notice by the way that when you applauded that you did it in a typical north american way that is you were raucous and incoherent -the example with the starlings with the birds when this peregrine hawk is about to attack them that actually waves of panic can propagate -sending messages over great distances youll see -can be sent over half a kilometer away in a very short time through this mechanism -beautiful the birds are we sort of understand we think -from that computer model whats going on as i say its just those three simple rules plus the one about watch out for predators there doesnt seem to be anything mystical about this -we dont however really understand at a mathematical level im a mathematician we would like to be able to understand better -i mean i showed you a computer model but a computer is not understanding a computer is in a way just another experiment we would really like to have a deeper insight into how this works and to understand -you know exactly where this organization comes from how do the rules give rise to the patterns there is one case that we have begun to understand better and its the case of fireflies -if you see fireflies in north america like so many north american sorts of things they tend to be independent operators they ignore each other -they each do their own thing flashing on and off paying no attention to their neighbors but in southeast asia places like thailand or malaysia or borneo -theres a beautiful cooperative behavior that occurs among male fireflies you can see it every night along the river banks the trees mangrove trees are filled with fireflies communicating with light -to reinforce a message to the females -you think you could do it i would like to see if this audience would no you havent practiced as far as i know -to show you a slow motion of a single firefly so that you can get a sense this is a single frame -second there and then watch this whole river bank and watch how precise the synchrony is -on more -can use them as navigating beacons to find their way back to their home rivers -you know a human beings tendency to see patterns where there are none but i hope youve convinced yourself now with this nighttime video that they really were very well synchronized okay well the issue then is do we need to be alive -to see this kind of spontaneous order and ive already hinted that the answer is no -well you dont have to be a whole creature you can even be just a single cell like take for instance your pacemaker cells in your heart right now theyre keeping you alive every beat of your heart -depends on this crucial region the sinoatrial node which has about ten thousand independent cells that would each beep -have an electrical rhythm a voltage up and down to send a signal to the ventricles to pump now your pacemaker is not a single cell its this democracy of ten thousand cells that all have to fire in unison for the pacemaker to work correctly -i dont want to give you the idea that synchrony is always a good idea if you have epilepsy -there is an instance of billions of brain cells or at least millions discharging in pathological concert -so this tendency towards order is not always a good thing -you dont have to be alive you dont have to be even a single cell if you look for instance at how lasers work that would be a case of atomic synchrony -in a laser what makes laser light so different from the light above my head here is that this light is incoherent many different colors -and different frequencies sort of like the way you clapped initially -but if you were a laser -it would be rhythmic applause it would be all atoms pulsating in unison emitting light of one color one frequency -now comes the very risky part of my talk -which is to demonstrate that inanimate things can synchronize -what i have here are two empty water bottles -all right so ive got a metronome and its the worlds smallest metronome the -well i shouldnt advertise anyway so this is the worlds smallest metronome ive set it on the fastest setting and im going to now take another one set to the same setting -now thats what we call emergent behavior -we can try this first if i just put them on the table together -what im hoping is that they might just drift apart because their frequencies arent perfectly the same -so i didnt expect that but i mean i expected you could synchronize it didnt occur to me youd increase your frequency its interesting -right they did they were in sync for a while but then they drifted apart -well they can communicate through mechanical forces -so im going to give them a chance to do that i also want to wind this one up -how can they communicate im going to put them on a movable platform -which is the guide to graduate study at cornell -okay so -s see if we can get this to work -my wife pointed out to me that it will work better if i put both on at the same time because otherwise the whole thing will tip over -right so there we go -im not trying to cheat let me start them out of sync no hard to even do that -right so before any one goes out of sync ill just put those -now that might seem a bit -whimsical but -this pervasiveness of this tendency towards spontaneous order -the millennium bridge was supposed to be the pride of london a beautiful new footbridge erected across the thames first river crossing in over one hundred years in london -so what do we make of that first of all we know that youre all brilliant -and an engineering firm -and together they submitted a design based on lord fosters vision which was he remembered as a kid reading flash gordon comic books -and he said that when flash gordon would come to an abyss he would shoot what today would be a kind of a light saber he would shoot his light saber across the abyss -making a blade of light and then scamper across on this blade of light he said thats the vision i want to give to london i want a blade of light across the thames -so they built the blade of light -and its a very thin ribbon of steel -this is a room full of intelligent people highly sensitive -the worlds probably the flattest and thinnest suspension bridge there is -that are out on the side youre used to suspension bridges with big droopy cables on the top these cables were on the side of the bridge like if you took a rubber band and stretched it taut across the thames -and within two days the bridge was closed to the public -so i want to first show you some interviews -with people who were on the bridge on opening day who will describe what happened -yeah it felt unstable and it was very windy -some trained musicians out there -we make postmodern art a a with bacon grease a a and -when -now are students a a of gay sensibility a a we wear ironic t shirts a a drenched in -we get baptized in walden pond a a amongst a searing mob a a because -jesus a a could not -chinese guys can jump real high a a and germans cook soul food a a white boys -its marsalisly clean a a and now -everyones a sex machine a a so -what else can we -the luxury of your opinion a a shows that you are -i have poems about sunsets a a flowers and the rain a a ive read -but it was all -and -we dont resemble in the -are you -its a winter wonderland a a in the belly of -and -we make postmodern art with bacon grease -when black men ski -we get baptized in walden pond amongst a searing mob because -are you -black men send back sushi with a scorned yakuza -we realized that we had to name this thing that alexander discovered how about zanders crevice no -its presently in london -so we finally decided on alexanders siq zanders siq is named after some of you have been to petra theres this wonderful -slot canyon that leads into petra called the siq and so this is the siq and it really is hidden i cant find it in this image and im not sure you can only when you get fresh snow can you see just along the rim there and that brings it out -and is ticking away very deliberately at the science museum there -now danny and i were up at this same area one day and danny looked over to the right and noticed something halfway up the cliffs -a cliff shelf with bristlecones on it and supposed that people going up to the clock inside the mountain could come out onto that shelf and look down at the view -and the people toiling up the mountain could see them these tiny little people up there incredibly halfway up the cliff how did they get there do i have to do that -and so that maybe becomes part of the draw and part of the labyrinth you can get another angle on dannys porch by going around to the south -so the design problem for today -and looking north -you need to know that dannys clock is -be kept accurate by a ray of sunshine that perfect noon hitting it every sunny day -and the pulse of heat from that sets off a solar trigger which resets the clock to make it perfectly accurate so even with the slowing of the rotation of the earth and so on the clock will keep perfectly good time -so here were looking from the south look north this is all forest service land if you go up on top of those cliffs thats some of the long now land in those trees -is going to be how do you house an eventual monumental clock like this so it can really tick save time beautifully for one hundred centuries well this was the first solution -and if you go up there and look back -from the top of the mountain thats the long view -thats eighty miles to the horizon and thats also timberline and those bristlecones really are shrubs -a different place to be its eleven thousand four hundred feet and -you go over to the right from this image to -at the edge of the cliffs its six hundred foot just about a yard to the left of kurt bollackers foot there is a six hundred foot drop hes ambling on over to zanders siq thats what it looks like looking down -thats not snow thats what the white limestone looks like you also see there a bighorn sheep their herd was reintroduced from wyoming -and theyre doing pretty well but theyve got a bit of trouble -this is danny hillis and hes figuring out a design problem hes trying to determine if where he is on a bit of long now land -would appear from down in the valley -to be the actual peak of the mountain because the real peak is hidden around the corner this is what in the infantry we used to call the military crest -and as it turned out the answer is yes that is from down below in the valley it does look like the peak and that might be conjured with we gradually realized we have three serious design domains to work on with this -another is the experience in the mountain and the third is the experience from the mountain -which is really dominated by the view shed of the spring valley there behind danny and if you look off to the right out there fifteen miles across to the schell creek range -in the front there are ten ranches strung right along the base of the mountains using the water from the mountains in fact there are artesian wells where water springs right into the air -one of the ranches is called the kirkeby ranch and ill take you there for a minute its a very nice ranch alfalfa and cattle run by paul and ronnie brenham -also hard -line of trees -see what the valley used to look like -rocky mountain junipers that have been there for thousands of years -a scheme emerged that long now is looking to see if it might be possible to buy up the whole valley -because those ten ranches with their seventeen thousand acres dominate a five hundred square mile valley with their grazing allotments and so on -and it looked like a way to go until you start thinking about what does deep time -and theres a possibility that you could get the whole thing for five million dollars -and gradually restore it to its wild condition and somewhere in the process turn it back over to the national park -and it would double the size of great basin national park that would be swell -lets take one more look at the mountain itself -the clock experience should be profound but from the outside it should be invisible now at the base of the high cliffs -could have an entrance which was very rough and narrow as you first went in that gradually becomes more refined and then actually quite exquisite and this stone takes a perfect polish -do to a building well this is what deep time does to a building this is the parthenon its only two thousand four hundred and fifty years old and look what happened to it heres a beautiful project they really knew itd last forever because theyd build it out of absolutely huge stones -have a polished set of passages and chambers in there eventually leading to the ten thousand year clock -and its not a mine this would be a nuanced evocation of the basic structure of the mountain and you would be appreciating it as much from inside as you do from outside this is architecture not made by building -but by what you very carefully take away -so thats what the mountain taught us -most of the amazingness of the clock -we can borrow from the amazingness of the mountain -all we have to do is highlight its spectacular features and blend in with them -now the tewa indians in the southwest have a saying for what you need to do when you want to think long term -and now its a pathetic ruin and no one even knows what it was used for -thats what happens to buildings theyre vulnerable even the most durable and intactable buildings like the -are in bad shape when you look up close theyve been looted inside and out -and theyre built to protect things but they dont protect things -so we got to thinking if you cant put things safely in a building where can you safely put them we thought ok underground how about underground with a view underground in a place thats really solid so the obvious answer was -we need a mountain you dont want just any mountain you need absolutely the right mountain if youre going to have a clock for ten thousand years -so heres an image of the long view of the search problem -and we got to thinking for various reasons it ought to be a desert mountain so we got looking in the dry areas of the southwest we looked at mesas in new mexico -right on the eastern border of -its the highest range in the state over thirteen thousand feet -this place is remote -and its the only thing that goes by is whats called americas loneliest highway us fifty -now inside the yellow line here on the right is thats all national park inside the green line -is national forest and then over to the left is bureau of land management land and some private land now as it happened that two mile long strip right in the middle this vertical was available -and thanks to jay walker who was here and mitch kapor who was here who started the process -long now was able to get that two mile long strip of land -now lets look at the grand truth of whats there -pole canyon looking west -up the western escarpment of mount washington -which is eleven thousand six hundred feet on top -be a pilgrimage to get to it it would be a serious hike to get up to where the clock -so last june the long now board -staff and some donors and advisors made a two week expedition to the mountain to -it starts with the image -the image is a picture you have in your mind of the goal at the end of the journey in this case it might well be an image of the clock -then theres the point of embarkation that is the point of transition from ordinary life to being a pilgrim on a quest -now brian eno whos been in the thick of the long now process spent two years making a cd -based on parts of it are based on an algorithm that danny hillis developed so that a peal of ten bells makes a different peal every day for ten thousand years the hillis algorithm ten factorial gives you that number -and in fact pretty soon well hear the sound -would be helpful if humanity got into the habit -have a secret payoff something you didnt expect that caps what you did expect then theres the return youve got to have a gradual return to the ordinary world so you have time to assimilate -and then -about a memento number seven at the end of it theres something physical a kind of reward that you take away it might be a piece of a core drill of the mountain something thats just yours -of thinking of the now not just as next week or next quarter -how do you study -ideas and decisions -other elements were -weather approaches and elevation -turns out that mount washington -the worlds oldest living thing people think theyre just the size of shrubs but thats not actually true there are trees on that mountain that are five thousand years old and still living -next ten thousand years -studies of trunks that are on the mountain some of them go back ten thousand years the stone itself is absolutely beautiful sculpted by millennia -youll find out why its called -pine forest on long now land i should say that the age of bristlecones -was discovered led by a theory edmund schulman in the nineteen fifties had been studying trees under great stress at timberline -and came to the realization that he put in an article in science magazine called longevity under adversity in conifers -we have the long now foundation in san francisco its an incubator for about a dozen projects all having to do with continuity over the long term -was one billion dollars for one hundred and eighty acres and a couple -the owner said theres one billion dollars of beryllium in that mountain -and we said wow thats great listen well counter how about zero -the whole property for one hundred and forty thousand dollars this is one of the mines it doesnt have any beryllium in it its called the pole adit -core project -is a rather ambitious -shale would like some shoring and so parts of it are caved in in there thats ben roberts from hes the bat specialist from the national park but there are many wonders back in there like this weird fungus on some of the collapsed timbers -was a very productive silver mine -in fact it was the highest operating mine in nevada and it ran year round you can imagine what it was like in the winter at ten thousand feet -you may recognize a couple of the miners there theres jeff bezos on the right and paul -i suppose a mythic undertaking to build a ten thousand year clock -looking for galena which is the lead silver thing they didnt find any they both kept their day jobs -mine its called the bonanza adit its down in a canyon and alexander rose on the left there worked with a bunch of people from the national park to survey -the whole mine its a mile deep and they also found four species of bats in there now almost all those mines by the way meet underneath the mountain -mountains specialize in interesting weather -way more interesting than monterey even today -that was a great time to go up and visit our weather station which again thanks to mitch kapor were building up there and its a pretty interesting scene -really keep good time for that long a period -this is on the left there the joyful lady is pat irwin whos the regional head of the national forest service and they gave us the -the weather stations pretty interesting kurt bollacker and alexander rose designed a radically wireless station it runs on solar and it sends a signalwith that antenna and bounces it off of -trails in the atmosphere to a place in bozeman montana where the data is taken down and then sent through landlines to san francisco -the design problems -where we put the data in real time up on our website -as it happens there are no trails anywhere on mount washington just a few old mining roads like this so you have to bushwhack everywhere but theres no bears -of a project like that are just absolutely delicious go to the clock -this place has been empty for a long time you can hike for days and not encounter anybody well heres a potential approach you need to come up the lincoln canyon -its this beautiful world all of its own surrounded by cliffs and its an easy hike to stroll up the canyon bottom until you get to this barrier and -it actually presents a problem -scratch lincoln canyon as an approach -see why we sometimes -through meadows and steepening forest to the high base of the cliffs at ten thousand five hundred feet where theres a bit of a problem now jeff -the end of the expedition -make the clock inaccessible -the harder it is to get to the more people will value it -check those are six hundred foot vertical walls there so alexander rose wanted to explore this route and he started over here on the left -and what we have here is something many of you saw here three years ago its the first working prototype of the clock its about nine feet high designed by danny hillis and alexander rose -from his pickup truck at eight thousand nine hundred feet and headed up the mountain now as you gain elevation your iq goes down -but your emotional affect goes up -which is great for having a mythic experience whether you want to or not in fact danny hillis can estimate altitude by how much math he cant do -now i happened to be on the radio with alexander when he got to this point at the base of the cliffs and he said quote theres a hidden notch i think i can get up a ways -now hes a rock climber but you know hes our executive director i dont want him killed i know hes going to love cliffs im saying be careful be careful be careful then he starts going up and the next thing i hear is -like climbing stairs im going up sixty degrees its a secret passage its like something from tolkien and im going careful careful please be careful -in fact there he is thats alexander rose first ascent of the western face to mount washington and a solo ascent at that -this discovery changed everything -about our sense of these cliffs and what to do with them -one sixth of humanity is there its soon going to be more than that -so heres the first punch line cities have defused the population bomb -heres the second -thats the news from downtown here it is in perspective -thank you -what we have now is the end of the rise of the west thats over the aggregate numbers are overwhelming so whats really going on well villages of the world are emptying out -the question is why -heres the unromantic truth -and the city air makes you free they said in renaissance germany so some people go to places like shanghai but most go to the squatter cities where aesthetics rule -and these are not really a people oppressed by poverty theyre people getting out of poverty as fast as they can theyre the dominant builders and to a large extent the dominant designers they have home brewed infrastructure and vibrant urban life one sixth of the gdp in india is coming out of mumbai -ago this is what the world looked like well we now have a distribution of urban power similar to what we had one thousand years ago in other words the rise of the west dramatic as it was is over -the aggregate numbers are absolutely overwhelming one point three million people a week coming to town decade after decade whats really going on -whats going on is the villages of the world are emptying out subsistence farming is drying up basically people are -because in town this is the bustling squatter city of kibera near nairobi -they see action they see opportunity they see a cash economy that they were not able to participate in back in the subsistence farm -as you go around these places theres plenty of aesthetics there is plenty going on they are poor but they are intensely urban and they are intensely creative the aggregate numbers now are that basically squatters -im about to say i really should establish my green credentials when i was a small boy i took my pledge as an american to save and faithfully defend from waste the natural resources of my country its air soil and minerals its forests waters and wildlife and ive stuck to that -one billion of them are building the urban world which means theyre building the world personally one by one family by family clan by clan neighborhood by neighborhood -their own infrastructure at first cable tv water the whole gamut all gets stolen and then gradually gentrifies -it is not the case that slums undermine prosperity not the working slums they help create prosperity so in a town like mumbai which is half slums its one sixth of the gdp of india -a lot of people who think about all these poor people oh theres terrible things weve got to fix their housing it used to be oh weve got to get them phone service now theyre showing us how they do their phone service famine mostly is a rural -there are things they care about and this is where we can help and the nations theyre in can help and they are helping each other solve these issues and you go to a nice dense place like this slum in mumbai -you look at that lane on the right and you can ask okay whats going on there the answer is everything this is better than a mall its much denser its much more interactive and the scale is terrific -the main event is these are not people crushed by poverty these are people busy getting out of poverty just as fast as they can theyre helping each other -theyre doing it through an outlaw thing the informal economy the informal economy its sort of like dark energy in astrophysics its not supposed to be there but its huge we dont understand how it works yet -but we have to furthermore people in the informal economy the gray economy as time goes by crime is happening around them and they can join the criminal world -or they can join the legitimate world we should be able to make that choice easier for them to get toward the legitimate world because if we -they will go toward the criminal world theres all kinds of activity -money to hire some local teachers to a private tiny unofficial school education is more possible in the cities and that changes the world -see some interesting typical urban things so one thing slammed up against another such as in sao paulo here thats what cities do thats how they create value is by slamming things together in this case supply right next to demand -so the maids and the gardeners and the guards that live in this lively part of town on the left walk to work in the boring rich neighborhood -and head to town and when theyre gone the natural environment starts to come back very rapidly and those who remain in the village can shift over to cash crops -to send food to the new growing markets in town so if you want to save a village you do it with a good road or with a good cellphone connection and ideally some grid electrical power -so the event is were a city planet that just happened more than half the numbers are considerable a billion live in the squatter cities now another billion is expected -the brown administration and a bunch of my friends basically leveled the energy efficiency of california so its the same now thirty years later even though our economy has gone up eighty percent per capita -people get into town the immediately have fewer children they dont even have to get rich yet just the opportunity of coming up in the world means they will have fewer higher quality kids and the birthrate goes down radically -very interesting side effect here heres a slide from phillip longman shows what is happening as we have more and more old people like me and fewer and fewer babies and they are regionally separated what youre getting is a world which is -old folks and old cities going around doing things the old way in the north and young people in brand new cities theyre inventing -doing new things in the south where do you think the action is going to be shift of subject quickly drop by climate -the climate news im sorry to say is going to keep getting worse than we think faster than we think climate is a profoundly complex nonlinear system -full of runaway positive feedbacks hidden thresholds and irrevocable tipping points heres just a few samples -were going to keep being surprised and almost all the surprises are going to be bad ones from your standpoint this means great increase in climate refugees -over the coming decades and what goes along with that which is resource wars and chaos wars as were seeing -thats what drought does it brings carrying capacity down and theres not enough carrying capacity to support the people and then youre in trouble shift to the power situation -electricity coal some gas nuclear and hydro -and we are putting out less greenhouse gasses than any other state california is basically the equivalent of europe in this this year whole earth catalog has a supplement that ill preview today called whole earth discipline -of those only nuclear and hydro are green coal is what is causing the climate problems and everyone will keep burning it -so with hydro maxed out coal and lose the climate or nuclear which is the current operating low carbon source and maybe save the climate and if we can eventually get good solar -in space that also could help because remember this is what drives the prosperity in the developing world in the villages and in the cities so between coal and nuclear compare their waste products -if all of the electricity you used in your lifetime was nuclear the amount of waste that would be added up would fit in a coke can -a coal burning plant a normal one gigawatt coal plant burns eighty rail cars of coal a day each car having one hundred tons and it puts eighteen thousand tons of -with hydro and wind and ahead of solar and does nuclear really compete with coal just ask the coal miners in australia thats where you see some of the source not from my fellow environmentalists but from people who feel threatened by nuclear power -well the good news is that the developing world but frankly the whole world is busy building and starting to build nuclear reactors this is good for the atmosphere its good for their prosperity -i want to point out one interesting thing which is that environmentalists like the thing we call micropower its supposed to be i dont know local solar and wind and cogeneration and good things like that but frankly micro reactors which are just now coming -which is one point two one point six billion watts these things are way smaller theyre much more adaptable heres an american design from lawrence livermore lab -the dominant demographic event of our time is this screamingly rapid urbanization that we have going on -heres another american design that came out of los alamos and is now commercial almost all of these are not only small they are proliferation proof theyre typically buried in the ground -why ten percent of the electricity in this room twenty percent of electricity in this room is probably nuclear half of that is coming from dismantled -one more subject genetically engineered food crops in my view as a biologist have no reason to be controversial my fellow environmentalists on this subject have been irrational anti scientific and very -despite their best efforts genetically engineered crops are the most rapidly successful agricultural innovation in history -good for the environment because they enable no till farming which leaves the soil in place getting healthier from year to year also keeps less carbon dioxide going from the soil into the atmosphere -they reduce pesticide use and they increase yield which allows you to have your agricultural area be smaller and therefore more wild area is freed up -by the way this map from two thousand and six is out of date because it shows africa still under the thumb of greenpeace and friends of the earth from europe -and theyre finally getting out from under that and biotech is moving rapidly in africa at last this is a moral issue -the nuffield council on bioethics met on this issue twice in great detail and said it is a moral imperative to make genetically engineered crops readily available -speaking of imperatives geoengineering is taboo now especially in government circles though i think there was a darpa meeting on it a couple of weeks ago -but it will be on your plate not this year but pretty soon because some harsh realizations are coming along this is a list of -happened a while back like cyclones coming up toward bangladesh like wars over water -such as in the indus and as those events keep happening were going to say okay what can we do about that really but theres this little problem with geoengineering -its interesting because history is driven to a large degree by the size of cities the developing world now has all of the biggest cities and they are developing three times faster than the developed countries -what body is going to decide -who gets to engineer how much they do where they do it because everybody is downstream downwind of whatever is done and if we just taboo it completely we could lose civilization -but if we just say ok china youre worried you go ahead you geoengineer your way well geoengineer our way that would be considered and act of war by both nations -so this is very interesting diplomacy coming along i should say it is more practical than people think here is an example that climatologists like a lot -thats nothing compared to all of the the other things we may be trying to do about energy -a nice one because it can happen lots of little ways in lots of little places is by copying the ancient amazon indians who made good agricultural soil by -smoldering plant waste and biochar fixes large quantities of carbon while its improving the soil so here is where we are -nobel prize winning climatologist paul crutzen calls our geological era the anthropocene the human dominated era we are -and nine times bigger its qualitatively different they are the drivers of history as we see by looking at history one thousand years -this made people realize that the same thing was about to happen to the american bison and so these birds -but some species that we killed -to a world that misses them -unintended consequences youre going to uncork some sort of pandoras box of who knows what -saved the buffalos -now theres the shifting baseline problem which is so when these things come back -this is a long slow process one of the things i like about it its multi generation we will get woolly mammoths back -another keystone species is a famous animal called the european aurochs there was sort of a movie made about it recently and the aurochs was like the bison this was an animal that basically kept the forest mixed with grasslands across the entire europe and asian continent from spain to korea -the documentation of this animal goes back to the lascaux cave paintings -the extinctions still go on theres an ibex in spain called the bucardo it went extinct in two thousand -it was hunted until there were just a few left to die in zoos a little bit of film was shot -sorrow anger -george church one of the leading genetic engineers who turned out to be also obsessed with passenger pigeons and a lot of confidence that methodologies he was working on might actually do the deed -and fortunately passenger pigeon dna had already been sequenced -all she needed from those specimens at the smithsonian was a little bit of toe pad tissue because down in there is what is called ancient dna its dna which is pretty badly fragmented but with good techniques now you can basically reassemble the whole genome then the question is -can you reassemble with that genome the whole bird -george church thinks you can -so in his book regenesis which i recommend he has a chapter on the science of bringing back extinct species and he has a machine -died at the cincinnati zoo -and the ones that win that you can then put into a living organism itll work -the precision of this one of georges famous unreadable slides nevertheless -this had been the most abundant bird in the world thatd been in north america for six million years suddenly it wasnt here at all -so this is a form of synthetic hybridization of the genome of an extinct species with the genome of its closest living relative -his technology the technology of synthetic biology is currently accelerating at four times the rate of moores law -its been doing that since two thousand and five and its likely to continue -okay the closest living relative of the passenger pigeon is the band tailed pigeon theyre abundant theres some around here -if you replace those bits with passenger pigeon bits youve got the extinct bird back cooing -so this meeting in boston led to three things first off ryan and i decided to create a nonprofit called revive and restore that would push de extinction generally and try to have it go in a responsible way -and we would push ahead with the passenger pigeon -another direct result was a young grad student named ben novak who had been obsessed with passenger pigeons since he was fourteen and had also learned how to work with ancient dna himself sequenced the passenger pigeon -flocks that were a mile wide and four hundred miles long used to darken the sun -using money from his family and friends we hired him full time -last year at the smithsonian hes looking down at martha -the last passenger pigeon alive -the third result of the boston meeting was the realization that there are scientists all over the world working on various forms of de extinction but theyd never met each other -and so basically its genome is alive its just unevenly distributed -so what theyre doing is working with seven breeds of primitive hardy looking cattle like that maremmana primitivo on the top there -another amazing story -came from alberto fernandez arias -who was still alive -but then they captured her they got a little bit of tissue from her ear they cryopreserved it in liquid nitrogen -and indeed it was a keystone species that enriched the entire eastern deciduous forest -released her back into the wild but a few months later she was found dead under a fallen tree -they took the dna from that ear -they planted it as a cloned egg in a goat -the pregnancy came to term -and a live baby bucardo was born it was the first de extinction in history -respiration problems this one had a malformed lung and died after ten minutes but alberto was confident that cloning has moved along well since then and this will move ahead and eventually there will be a population of bucardos back in the mountains in northern spain -cryopreservation pioneer of great depth is oliver ryder at the san diego zoo his frozen zoo has collected the tissues from over one thousand species over the last thirty five years -so now we go to mike mcgrew who is a scientist at roslin institute in scotland and mikes doing miracles with birds so hell take say falcon skin cells fibroblast turn it into induced pluripotent stem cells since its so pluripotent it can become germ plasm -he then has a way to put the germ plasm into the embryo of a chicken egg so that that -ben novak was the youngest scientist at the meeting he showed how all of this can be put together -the sequence of events hell put together the genomes of the band tailed pigeon and the passenger pigeon hell take the techniques of george church -and get passenger pigeon dna the techniques of robert lanza and michael mcgrew get that dna into chicken gonads and out of the chicken gonads get passenger pigeon eggs squabs and now youre getting a population of passenger pigeons it does raise the question -well commercial hunting happened -these birds were hunted for meat -and feeding grounds -there were some conservationists really famous conservationists like stanley temple who is one of the founders of conservation biology and kate jones from the iucn which does the red list theyre excited about all this but theyre also concerned that it might be competitive -with the extremely important efforts to protect endangered species that are still alive that havent gone extinct yet -and it was easy to do because when those big flocks came down to the ground they were so dense that hundreds of hunters and netters could show up and slaughter them by the tens of thousands it was the cheapest source of protein in america -species that were endangered like the bald eagle but theyre much better off now thanks to everybodys good work -and protected areas around the world that are very very well managed so basically theyre learning how to build on good news -that technology will be used on de extincted animals another success story is the mountain gorilla in central africa -thats how comfortable these wild gorillas are with visitors -another interesting project though its going to need some help is the northern white rhinoceros theres no breeding pairs left but this is the kind of thing that a wide variety of dna for this animal is available in the frozen zoo a bit of cloning you can get them back -these have been private meetings so far i think its time for the subject to go public -what do people think about it you know do you want extinct species back do you want extinct species back -by the end of the century there was nothing left but these beautiful skins in museum specimen drawers -were also going to push ahead with the passenger pigeon so ben novak even as we speak is joining the group that -maybe for the next six million years you can do the same thing as the costs come down for the carolina parakeet -for the great auk for the heath hen for the ivory billed woodpecker for the eskimo curlew for the caribbean monk seal for the woolly -theres an upside to the story -we have the ability now -and maybe the moral obligation to repair some of the damage -expanding and protecting wildlands by expanding and protecting -the populations of endangered species -summers were hard hard work -in the heat of tennessee summers he had the expectations of his senatorial father and washington d c and although -i think as he now is -by paying attention to what is his own passion and his own inner drive which i think has its basis in all of us in our play history -into how that connects with your life now -and youll find you may change jobs which has happened to a number people when ive had them do this in order to be more empowered through their play -or youll be able to enrich your life by prioritizing it and paying attention to it most of us work with groups and i -put this up because the d school the design school at stanford thanks to david kelley and a lot of others who have been visionary about its establishment -and from out of stage left comes this wild male polar bear with a predatory gaze -this is our maiden voyage in this were about two and a half three months into it and its really been fun there is our star -nobel prize stuart thompson in neuroscience so weve had brendan whos from ideo and the rest of us sitting aside -and watching these students as they put play principles into practice in the classroom -and one of their projects was to -see what makes meetings boring -and to try and do something about it -of you whove been to africa or had a junkyard dog come after you there is a fixed kind of predatory gaze that you know youre in trouble -so what will follow is a student made film about just that -flow is the mental state of apparition in which the person is fully immersed in what he or she is doing characterized by a feeling of energized focus full involvement and success in the process of the activity -an important key insight that we learned about meetings is that people pack them in one after another disruptive to -but on the other side of that predatory gaze is a female husky -take the meeting off and have peace of mind that you can come back to me because when you need it again -the meeting is literally hanging in your -the wearable meeting because when you put it on you immediately get everything you need to have a fun and productive and useful meeting but when you take it off thats when the real action happens -in a play bow wagging her tale and something very unusual happens that fixed behavior -set aside time to play but where your life becomes infused minute by minute hour by hour with body -object social fantasy transformational kinds of play and i think youll have a better and more empowered life thank you -it sounds to me like what youre saying is that there may be some temptation on the part of people to look at your work and go i think ive heard this in my kind of pop psychological understanding of play -yeah i dont think thats accurate and i think probably because animals have taught us that if you stop a cat from playing which you can do and weve all seen how cats -which is rigged and stereotyped and ends up with a meal changes and this polar bear stands over the husky -around stuff theyre just as good predators as they would be if they hadnt played and if you imagine a kid pretending to be -or a race car driver or a fireman they dont all become race car drivers -you know so theres a disconnect between preparation for the future which is what most people are comfortable in thinking about play as and thinking of it as a separate -biological entity and this is where my chasing animals for four five years really changed my perspective from a clinician to what i am now -which is that play has a biological place -dream and they rehearse and they do some other things that help memory and that are a very important part of sleep and dreaming the next step of evolution in mammals and creatures with divinely superfluous neurons will -and the fact that the polar bear and husky or magpie and a bear or you and i and our dogs can crossover and have that -how do you keep and i know youre part of the scientific research community and you have to justify with grants and proposals like everyone else how do you prevent and some of the data that youve produced the good science that -is hot to handle how do you prevent either the medias interpretation of your work or the scientific -no claws extended no fangs taking a look -that play enhances your intelligence well lets round these kids up put them in pens and make them play for months at a time -the only way i know to do it is to have accumulated the advisers that i have who go from practitioners who can establish through improvisational play or clowning or whatever a state of play -so people know that its there and then you get an fmri specialist and you get frank wilson and you get other kinds of hard scientists including neuroendocrinologists and you get them into a -group together focused on play -pretty hard not to take it seriously -long term as learning some of the basic things about public health -this is in nature it overrides a carnivorous nature and what otherwise would have been a short fight to the death -go a flyby of play -if youll begin to look closely at the husky thats bearing her throat to the polar bear -and look a little more closely theyre in an altered -state theyre in a state of play -and its that state -that allows these -two creatures to explore the possible they are beginning to do something that neither would have done without the play signals -and it is a marvelous example of how a differential in power can be overridden -its got to be serious if the new york times puts a cover story of their february seventeenth sunday magazine about play -by a process of nature thats within all of us now how did i get involved in this john mentioned that ive done some -with murderers and i have the texas tower murderer opened my eyes -in retrospect when we studied his tragic mass murder -to the importance of play in that this individual by deep study was found to have severe play deprivation charles whitman was his name -and our committee which consisted of a lot of hard scientists did feel at the end of that study that the absence of play and a progressive suppression of developmentally normal play -led him to be more vulnerable to the tragedy that he perpetrated and that finding has stood the test of time unfortunately even into more recent times at virginia tech -and other studies of populations at risk sensitized me to the importance of play -but i didnt really understand what it was and it was many years in taking play histories of individuals before i really began to recognize that -i didnt really have a full understanding of it and i dont think any of us has a full understanding of it by any means but -there are ways of looking at it that i think can give you give us all a taxonomy a way of thinking about it and this image is for humans the beginning point of play -when that mother and infant lock eyes and the infants old enough to have a social smile what happens -at the bottom of this it says its deeper than gender seriously but dangerously fun -brain of each of them -becomes attuned so that the joyful emergence of this earliest of play scenes and the physiology of that is something were beginning to get a handle on -and id like you to think that every bit of more complex play builds on this base -for us humans and so now im going to take you through sort of a way of looking at play but its never just -one thing were going to look at body play -which is a spontaneous desire to get ourselves out of gravity this is a -if youre having a bad day try this jump up and down wiggle around youre going to feel better and you may feel like this character who is also just -for its own sake it doesnt have a particular purpose and thats whats great about play if its purpose is more important than the act of doing it its probably not play and theres a whole other type of play which is object play -and they dont throw it at each other but this is a fundamental part of being playful the human hand in manipulation of objects -is the hand in search of a brain the brain is in search of a hand and play is the medium by which those two are linked in the best way -a sandbox for new ideas about evolution -we heard this morning jpl is an incredible place they have located two consultants -tried to figure out why and he came to the conclusion quite on his own that the students who could no longer solve problems such as fixing cars hadnt worked with their hands -not bad except if you look at that cover whats missing -before they will hire a research and development problem solver even if theyre summa cum laude from harvard or cal tech if they havent fixed cars havent done stuff with their hands early in life -with their hands they cant problem solve as well so play is practical and its very important now one of the things about play -has to be safe exploration this happens to be ok hes an anatomically interested little boy and thats his mom other situations wouldnt be quite so -good but curiosity exploration are part of the play scene if you want to belong you need social play and social play is part of what were about here today -you see any adults -and is a byproduct of the play scene rough and tumble play these lionesses seen from a distance looked like they were fighting -open mouth with no fangs balletic movements curvilinear movements all specific to play and rough and tumble play -a great learning medium for all of us preschool kids for example should be allowed to dive hit whistle scream be chaotic -well lets go back to the fifteenth century -and develop through that a lot of emotional regulation and a lot of the other social byproducts cognitive emotional and physical that come as a part of rough and tumble play -rare where the red sox won the world series but take a look at the face and the body language of everybody in this fuzzy picture and you can get a sense that theyre all at play imaginative play -this is a courtyard in europe -really important part of being a player is imaginative solo play -and i love this one because its also what were about we all have an internal narrative thats our own inner story the unit of intelligibility of most of our brains is the story -and a mixture of one hundred and twenty four different kinds of play -im telling you a story today about play -well this bushman i think is talking about the fish that got away that was that long but its a fundamental part of the play scene -so what does play do for the brain -well a lot -we dont know a whole lot about what it -does for the human brain because funding has not been exactly -heavy for research on play i walked into the carnegie asking for a grant theyd given me a large grant when i was an academician -for the study of felony drunken drivers and i thought i had a pretty good track record and by the time i had spent half an hour talking about play it was obvious that they were not -all ages solo play body play -is some good science nothing lights up the brain like play three dimensional play fires up the cerebellum -a lot of impulses into the frontal lobe the executive portion helps contextual memory be developed -and and and and so its for me its been an extremely nourishing scholarly adventure -to look at the neuroscience thats associated with play and to bring together people who in their individual disciplines hadnt really thought of it that way and thats part of what the national -games taunting and there it is and i think this is a typical picture of what it was like in a courtyard then -im sorry i dont have a playful looking subject but it allows mobility which has limited the actual study of play -and weve got a mother infant play scenario that were hoping to complete underway at the moment the reason i put this here is also to queue up my thoughts about objectifying what play does -to play at a certain period of their juvenile years -and you suppress play they squeak they wrestle they pin each other thats part of their play if you stop that behavior -on one group that youre experimenting with and you allow it in another group that youre experimenting with and then you present those rats -with a cat odor saturated collar -theyre hardwired to flee and -they both hide out -the non players never come out -they die the players -slowly explore the environment and begin again to test things out -that says to me at least in rats and i think they have the same neurotransmitters that we do and a similar cortical architecture that -play may be pretty important for our survival and and and there are a lot more animal studies that i could talk about now -this is a -i think we may have lost something in our culture -in domestic animals and others when theyre play deprived they and rats also they dont develop a brain that is normal -now the program says that the opposite of play is not work -and i think if you think about life without play -no humor no flirtation no movies no games no fantasy -so im gonna take you through -and and and try and imagine -a culture or a life adult or otherwise -and the thing thats so unique about our species is that were really designed to play through our whole lifetime -and we all have capacity to play signal nobody misses that dog i took a picture of on a carmel beach a couple of weeks ago whats going to follow from that behavior -is play and you can trust it the basis of human trust is established through play signals and we begin to lose those signals culturally and otherwise as -thats a shame i think weve got a lot of learning to do now jane goodall has here a play face along with one of her favorite chimps so part of the signaling system of play -has to do with vocal facial body gestural you know you can tell and i think when were getting into collective play its really important for -groups to gain a sense of safety through their own sharing of play signals you may not know this word -it should be your biological first name and last name because neoteny means the retention of immature qualities into adulthood and we are by physical anthropologists -by many many studies the most neotenous the most youthful the most flexible the most plastic of all creatures and therefore the most playful and this gives us a leg up on adaptability -now there is a way of looking at play that i also want to emphasize here -which is the play history your own personal play history is unique and often is not something we think about particularly this is a book written by a consummate player by the name of kevin carroll -kevin carroll came from extremely deprived circumstances alcoholic mother absent father inner city philadelphia black had to take care of a younger brother -found that when he looked at a -out of a window into which he had been confined -he felt something different and so he followed up on -the transformation of his life from the deprivation and what one would expect potentially prison or death -become a linguist a trainer for the seventy six ers and now is a motivational speaker and he gives play as -force over his entire life now theres another play history that i think is a work in progress -those of you who remember al gore during the -first term and then during his successful but unelected run for the presidency -and looking at his history which is common in the press it seems to me at least looking at it from a shrinks point of view that a lot of his life was -and thats meant as a warning -so we always will get what we screen for and part of what we screen for is in our testing methods well we hear a lot about testing and evaluation and we have to think carefully when were testing whether were evaluating or whether were weeding whether were weeding people out whether were making some cut -we do this by studying the sense of smell the sense of olfaction and in the laboratory its a great pleasure and fascinating work and exciting to work with graduate students and post docs and think up cool experiments to understand how this sense of smell works and how the brain might be working and well frankly its kind of exhilarating -evaluation is one thing you hear a lot about evaluation in the literature these days in the educational literature but evaluation really amounts to feedback and it amounts to an opportunity for trial and error it amounts to a chance to work over a longer period of time with this kind of feedback -thats different than weeding and usually i have to tell you when people talk about evaluation evaluating students evaluating teachers evaluating schools evaluating programs that theyre really talking about weeding and thats a bad thing because then you will get what you select for -which is what weve gotten so far so id say what we need is a test that says what is x and the answers are i dont know because no one does or whats the question even better or you know what ill look it up ill ask someone ill phone someone ill find out -because thats what we want people to do and thats how you evaluate them and maybe for the advanced placement classes it could be heres the answer whats the next question thats the one i like in particular so let me end with a quote from william butler yeats who said education is not about filling buckets it is lighting fires so id say -but at the same time its my responsibility to teach a large course to undergraduates on the brain and thats a big subject and it takes quite a while to organize that -and its quite challenging and its quite interesting but i have to say its not so exhilarating so what was the difference well the course i was and am teaching is called cellular and molecular neuroscience -its twenty five lectures full of all sorts of facts it uses this giant book called principles of neural science by three famous neuroscientists this book comes in at one thousand four hundred and fourteen pages -it weighs a hefty seven and a half pounds just to put that in some perspective thats the weight of two normal human brains -and thats not really the case either when i go to a meeting after the meeting day is over and we collect in the bar over a couple of beers with my colleagues we never talk about what we know -we talk about what we dont know we talk about what still has to get done whats so critical to get done in the lab indeed this was i think best said by marie curie who said that one never notices what has been done but only what remains to be done this was in a letter to her brother after obtaining her second graduate degree i should say -i find this a particularly apt description of science and how science works -nonetheless this is what i think we were leaving out -of our courses and leaving out of the interaction that we have with the public as scientists the what remains to be done this is the stuff thats exhilarating and interesting it is if you will the ignorance thats what was missing so i thought well maybe i should teach a course on ignorance -something i can finally excel at perhaps for example so i did start teaching this course on ignorance and its been quite interesting and id like to tell you to go to the website you can find all sorts of information there -its wide open and its been really quite an interesting time for me to meet up with other scientists who come in and talk about what it is they dont know now i use this word ignorance of course to be at least in part intentionally provocative -bumbling around in a dark room bumping into things -because ignorance has a lot of bad connotations and i clearly dont mean any of those so i dont mean stupidity i dont mean a callow indifference to fact or reason or data the ignorant are clearly unenlightened unaware uninformed and present company today excepted often occupy elected offices it seems to me -trying to figure out what shape this might be what that might be there are reports of a cat somewhere around they may not be reliable they may be and so forth and so on now i know this is different than the way most people think about science -the kind of ignorance thats maybe best summed up in a statement by james clerk maxwell perhaps the greatest physicist between newton and einstein who said thoroughly conscious ignorance is the prelude to every real advance in science -so thats the kind of ignorance that i want to talk about today but of course the first thing we have to clear up is what are we going to do with all those facts so it is true that science piles up at an alarming rate -we all have this sense that science is this mountain of facts this accumulation model of science as many have called it and it seems impregnable it seems impossible how can you ever know all of this and indeed the scientific literature grows at an alarming rate in two thousand and six there were one point three million papers published -theres about a two and a half percent yearly growth rate and so last year we saw over one and a half million papers being published divide that by the number of minutes in a year and you wind up with three new papers per minute so ive been up here a little over ten minutes ive already lost three papers i have to get out of here actually i have to go read -so what do we do about this well the fact is -that what scientists do about it is a kind of a controlled -neglect if you will we just dont worry about it in a way the facts are important you have to know a lot of stuff to be a scientist thats true but knowing a lot of stuff doesnt make you a scientist -you need to know a lot of stuff to be a lawyer or an accountant or an electrician or a carpenter but in science knowing a lot of stuff is not the point knowing a lot of stuff is there to help you get -to more ignorance so knowledge is a big subject but i would say ignorance -is a bigger one so this leads us to maybe think about a little bit about some of the models of science that we tend to use and id like to disabuse you of some of them so one of them -a popular one is that scientists are patiently putting the pieces of a puzzle together to reveal some grand scheme or another this is clearly not true for one with puzzles the manufacturer has guaranteed that theres a solution -science we generally are told is a very well ordered mechanism for understanding the world for gaining facts for gaining data -we dont have any such guarantee indeed there are many of us who arent so sure about the manufacturer -another one a kind of popular one is the iceberg idea that we only see the tip of the iceberg but underneath is where most of the iceberg is hidden but all of these models are based on the idea of a large body of facts that we can somehow or another get completed we can chip away at this iceberg and figure out what it is or we could just wait for it to melt i suppose these days but -one way or another we could get to the whole iceberg right -or make it manageable but i dont think thats the case i think what really happens in science is a model more like the magic well where no matter how many buckets you take out theres always another bucket of water to be had or my particularly favorite one with the effect and everything the ripples on a pond so if you think of knowledge being this ever expanding ripple on a pond -the important thing to realize is that our ignorance the circumference of this knowledge also grows with knowledge -so the knowledge generates ignorance this is really well said i thought by george bernard shaw this is actually part of a toast -that he delivered to celebrate einstein at a dinner celebrating einsteins work in which he claims that science i find that kind of glorious and i think hes precisely right plus its a kind of job security -as it turns out he kind of cribbed that from the philosopher immanuel kant who a hundred years earlier had come up with this idea of question propagation that every answer begets more questions i love that term question propagation this idea of questions propagating out there -so id say the model we want to take is not that we start out kind of ignorant and we get some facts together and then we gain knowledge its rather kind of the other way around really what do we use this knowledge for what are we using this collection of facts for were using it -to make better ignorance to come up with if you will higher quality ignorance because you know theres low quality ignorance -this graph asks the relationship between what you know and how much you know about it so what you know you can know anywhere from nothing to everything of course and how much you know about it can be anywhere from a little to a lot -so lets put a point on the graph theres an undergraduate -doesnt know much but they have a lot of interest theyre interested in almost everything now you look at a masters student a little further along in their education and you see they know a bit more but its been narrowed somewhat and finally you get your ph d where it turns out you know a tremendous amount about almost nothing -so the important thing here is that this can all be changed this whole view can be changed by just changing the label on the x axis so instead of how much you know about it we could say what can you ask about it so yes you do need to know a lot of stuff as a scientist but the purpose of knowing a lot of stuff -id like to tell you thats not the case so theres the scientific method but whats really going on -thoughtful interesting questions because thats where the real work is let me give you a quick idea of a couple of these sorts of questions im a neuroscientist so how would we come up with a question in neuroscience because its not always quite so straightforward so for example we could say well what is it that the brain does well one thing the brain does it moves us around we walk around on two legs -that seems kind of simple somehow or another i mean virtually everybody over ten months of age walks around on two legs right so that maybe is not that interesting so instead maybe we want to choose something a little more complicated to look at how about the visual system -there it is the visual system i mean we love our visual systems we do all kinds of cool stuff indeed there are over twelve thousand neuroscientists who work on the visual system from the retina to the visual cortex in an attempt to understand not just the visual system but to also understand how general principles of how the brain might work -but now heres the thing our technology has actually been pretty good at replicating what the visual system does we have tv we have movies we have animation we have photography -we have pattern recognition all of these sorts of things they work differently than our visual systems in some cases but nonetheless weve been pretty good at making a technology work like our visual system -somehow or another a hundred years of robotics you never saw a robot walk on two legs because robots dont walk on two legs because its not such an easy thing to do -plain old molecules but if you sniff those molecules up these -even if theres no rose there youll have the memory of a molecule how do we turn molecules into perceptions whats the process by which that could happen heres another example two very simple molecules again in this kind of chemical notation -it might be easier to visualize them this way so the gray circles are carbon atoms the white ones are hydrogen atoms and the red ones are oxygen atoms now these two molecules differ by only one carbon atom and two little hydrogen atoms that ride along with it -and yet one of them heptyl acetate has the distinct odor of a pear and hexyl acetate is unmistakably banana -so there are two really interesting questions here it seems to me one is how can a simple little molecule like that create a perception in your brain thats so clear as a pear or a banana and secondly -how the hell can we tell the difference between two molecules that differ by a single carbon atom -i mean thats remarkable to me clearly the best chemical detector on the face of the planet and you dont even think about it do you -so this is a favorite quote of mine that takes us back to the ignorance and the idea of questions i like to quote because i think dead people shouldnt be excluded from the conversation -and i also think its important to realize that the conversations been going on for a while by the way so erwin schrodinger a great quantum physicist and i think philosopher points out how you have to abide by ignorance for an indefinite period of time and its this abiding by ignorance that i think we have to learn how to do this is a tricky thing this is not such an easy business -i guess it comes down to our education system so im going to talk a little bit about ignorance and education because i think thats where it really has to play out so for one lets face it -so this difference first came to me in some ways in my dual role at columbia university where im both a professor and run a laboratory in neuroscience where we try to figure out how the brain works -in the age of google and wikipedia the business model of the university and probably secondary schools is simply going to have to change we just cant sell facts for a living anymore theyre available with a click of the mouse or if you want to you could probably just ask the wall one of these days wherever theyre going to hide the things that tell us all this stuff -so what do we have to do we have to give our students a taste for the boundaries for whats outside that circumference for whats outside the facts whats just beyond the facts -how do we do that -well one of the problems of course turns out to be testing we currently have an educational system -which is very efficient but is very efficient at a rather bad thing so in second grade all the kids are interested in science the girls and the boys they like to take stuff apart they have great curiosity they like to investigate things they go to science museums they like to play around -theyre interested -but by eleventh or twelfth grade fewer than ten percent of them -have any interest in science whatsoever let alone a desire to go into science as a career so we have this remarkably efficient system for beating any interest in science out of everybodys head -is this what we want i think this comes from what a teacher colleague of mine calls the bulimic method of education you know you can imagine what it is we just jam a whole bunch of facts down their throats over here and then they puke it up on an exam over here and everybody goes home with no added intellectual heft whatsoever -this cant possibly continue to go on so what do we do well the geneticists i have to say have an interesting maxim they live by geneticists always say you always get what you screen for -as a result i knew i needed to make my own stories about this experience new narratives to reclaim my identity -to be here to talk about my journey to talk about the wheelchair and the freedom it has bought -by creating unexpected images -when i literally started leaving traces of my joy and freedom it was exciting to see the interested and surprised responses from people -it seemed to open up new perspectives -so when i began to dive in two thousand and five i realized scuba gear extends your range of activity in just the same way as a wheelchair does -i started using a wheelchair sixteen years ago when an extended illness changed the way i could access the world -and the underwater wheelchair -that has resulted has taken me on the most amazing journey over the last seven years -so to give you an idea of what thats like id like to share with you one of the outcomes from creating this spectacle and show you what an amazing journey its taken me on -when i started using the wheelchair it was a tremendous new freedom id seen my life slip away and become restricted it was like having an enormous new toy i could whiz around and feel the wind in my face again just being out on the street was exhilarating -the -amazing experience beyond most other things ive experienced in life i literally have -and the incredibly unexpected thing is that other people seem to see and feel that too their eyes literally light up and they say things like -they have to think in a completely -and i think that moment of completely new thought perhaps creates a freedom that spreads to the rest of other peoples lives -the joy it brings when instead of focusing on loss or limitation -we see and discover the power and joy of seeing the world from exciting new perspectives for me the wheelchair becomes a vehicle for transformation -pushed me through into a new way of being into new dimensions and into a new level of consciousness and the other thing is that because nobodys seen or heard of an underwater wheelchair before and creating this spectacle is about creating new ways of seeing being and knowing -now you have this concept in your mind -to be in a wheelchair -they used words like limitation fear pity and restriction -and all of them also will clear a test given on that subject so they are learning as much by watching as they learn by doing -intuitive to adult learning but remember eight year olds live in a society where most of the time they are told dont do this -dont touch the whiskey bottle so what does the eight year old do observes very carefully how a whiskey bottle should be touched -and if you tested him he would answer every question correctly on that topic so they seem to be able to acquire very quickly -so what was the conclusion over the six years of work it was that primary education can happen on its own or parts of it can happen on its own -it does not have to be imposed from the top downwards it could perhaps be a self organizing system -so that was and the second bit that i wanted to tell you that children can self organize and attain an educational objective -from the rest of the city so its us and them what happens to education in that context so keep both of those ideas of remoteness -the third piece was on values and again to put it very briefly i conducted a test over five hundred children spread across all over india -and asked them i gave them about sixty eight different values oriented questions and simply asked them -got all sorts of opinions yes no or i dont know i simply took those questions where i got fifty percent yesses and fifty percent -so i was able to get a collection of sixteen such statements these were areas where the children were clearly confused because -a typical example being sometimes it is necessary to tell lies they dont have a way to determine which way to answer this question perhaps none of us -but at this point in time as far as science goes its self organization but other examples are traffic jams stock market society and disaster recovery terrorism and insurgency -and you know about the internet based self organizing systems so here are my four sentences then remoteness affects the quality of education -acquired doctrine and dogma are imposed the two opposing mechanisms and learning is most likely a self organizing system -put all the four together then it gives according to me it gives us a goal a vision for educational technology -we made a guess the guess was that schools in remote areas do not have good enough teachers if they do have they cannot retain those teachers they do not have a good enough infrastructure and if they had -and educational technology and pedagogy that is digital automatic fault tolerant minimally invasive connected and self organized -as educationists we have never asked for technology we keep borrowing it powerpoint is supposed to be considered a great educational technology but it was -not meant for education it was meant for making board room presentations we borrowed it video conferencing the personal computer itself i think its time that the educationists made their own specs -and i have such a set of specs this is a brief look at that and such a set of specs should produce the technology -to address remoteness values and violence so i thought id give it a name why dont we call it out doctrination -and could this be a goal for educational technology in the future so i want to leave that as a thought with you thank -some infrastructure they have difficulty maintaining it but i wanted to check if this is true so what i did last year was we hired a car looked -into northern india from new delhi which you know which did not cross any big cities or any big metropolitan centers -about three hundred kilometers and wherever we found a school administered a set of standard tests and then took those test results and plotted it on -i have a tough job to do you know when i looked at the profile of -was interesting although you need to consider it carefully i mean this is a very small sample you should not generalize from it but it was quite obvious -a little damning and i tried to correlate it with things like infrastructure or with the availability of electricity and things like that -to my surprise it did not correlate it did not correlate with the size of classrooms it did not correlate with -the quality of the infrastructure it did not correlate with the poverty levels it did not -but what happened was that when i administered a questionnaire to each of these schools with one single question for the teachers which was would you like to move -the audience here with their connotations and design in all its forms and -just a little bit out of delhi and they say no when you hit the rich suburbs of delhi because you know those are relatively better off -and then from two hundred kilometers out of delhi the answer is consistently yes i would imagine that a teacher who comes or walks into class every day thinking that i wish i was in some other school -probably has a deep impact on what happens to the results so it looked as though teacher motivation and teacher migration -was a powerfully correlated thing with what was happening in primary schools as opposed to whether the children have enough to eat and whether they are packed tightly into classrooms and -its always piloted first in the best schools the best urban schools and according to me bias is -but its too expensive for what it does because its being piloted in a school where the students are already getting lets say eighty percent of whatever they could do -you put in this new super duper technology and now they get eighty three percent so the principal looks at it and says three percent for three hundred thousand dollars forget it -so much and so many people working on collaborative and networks and so on that i wanted to tell you i wanted to build an argument -top but we seem to be doing it the other way about so i came to this conclusion that et should reach the -the other way about and finally came the question of how do tackle teacher perception whenever you go to a teacher and show them some technology the teachers first reaction is you cannot replace a teacher with a machine -i dont know why its impossible but even for a moment if you did assume that its impossible i have a quotation from -the science fiction writer whom i met in colombo and he said something which completely solves this problem he said a teacher than can be replaced by a machine should -puts the teacher into a tough bind you have to think anyway so im proposing that an alternative primary education whatever alternative you want -schools dont exist where schools are not good enough where teachers are not available or where teachers are not good enough -for whatever reason if you happen to live in a part of the world where none of this applies then you dont need an alternative education -so far i havent come across such an area except for one case i wont name the area but somewhere in the world people said we dont have this problem because -for primary education in a very specific context in order to do that in twenty minutes i have to bring out four ideas its like four pieces of a puzzle -we have perfect teachers and perfect schools there are such areas but anyway id never heard that -im going to talk about children and self organization and a set of experiments which sort of led to this idea of what might an alternative education be like -and put a pretty powerful pc into that hole sort of embedded into the wall so that its monitor was sticking out at the other end -a touchpad similarly embedded into the wall put it on high speed internet put the internet explorer there put it on altavista com in those days and just left it there and this is what -so that was my office in it heres the hole in the wall about -eight hours later we found this kid to the right is this eight year old child who -and if i succeed in doing that maybe you would go back with the thought that you could build on and -and to his left is a six year old girl who is not very tall and what he was doing was he was teaching her -so it sort of raised more questions than it answered is this real does the language matter because hes not supposed to know english will the computer last or will they break it and steal it and did anyone -the last question is what everybody said but you know i mean they must have poked their head over the wall and asked the people in your office can you show me how to do it and then somebody taught him so i took the experiment out of delhi and repeated it -this time in a city called chifpuri in the center of india where i was assured that nobody had ever taught anybody -a warm day and the hole in the wall was on that decrepit old building this is the first -a thirteen year old school dropout he came there and he started to fiddle around with the -so he figured that out it took him over two minutes to figure out that he was doing things to the television and then as he was doing that he made an accidental click by hitting the touchpad youll see him do that -that and the internet explorer changed page eight minutes later he looked from his hand to the screen -and he was browsing he was going back and forth when that happened he started calling all the neighborhood children like children would come and see whats happening over here -and by the evening of that day seventy children were all browsing so eight minutes and an embedded computer seemed to be all that we needed -so we thought that this is what was happening that children in groups can self instruct themselves to use a computer and the internet -the first piece of the puzzle is remoteness and the quality of education now by remoteness i mean -but under what circumstances at this time there was a the main question was about english people said you know you really ought to have this in -indian languages so i said have what shall i translate the internet into some indian language thats not possible so it has to be the other way about but lets see how do the children tackle the -and i built a similar hole in the wall one big difference in the villages as opposed to the urban slums there were more girls than boys who came to the kiosk in the urban slums -i left the computer there with lots of cds i didnt have any internet and came back three months later -so when i came back there i found these two kids eight and twelve year olds who were playing a game -on the computer and as soon as they saw me they said we need -two or three different kinds of things of course remoteness in its normal sense which means that as you go further and further away from an urban center -so they said well youve left this machine which talks only in english so we had to learn english so then i measured and they were using two hundred english words with each other mispronounced but -words like exit stop find save that kind of thing not only to do with the computer but in their day to day conversations -so madantusi seemed to show that language is not a barrier in fact they may be able to teach themselves the language if they really wanted -finally i got some funding to try this experiment out to see if these results are replicable if they happen everywhere else india is a good place to do such an experiment in because we have all the ethnic diversities all the -you know the genetic diversity all the racial diversities and also all the socio economic diversities so i could actually choose samples to cover a cross section that would cover practically the whole world -so i did this for almost five years and this experiment really took us all the way across the length and breadth of india this is the himalayas -up in the north very cold i also had to check or invent an engineering design which would survive outdoors and i was using regular normal pcs -so i needed different climates for which india is also great because we have very cold very hot and so on this is the desert to the west -you get to remoter areas what happens to education the second or a different kind of remoteness is that within the large metropolitan areas all over the world -of one of these villages the first thing that these children did was to find a website to teach themselves the english alphabet -to central india very warm moist fishing villages where humidity is a very big killer of electronics so we had to solve -all the problems we had without air conditioning and with very poor power so most of the solutions that came out used little blasts of air put at the right places to keep the machines running -this short we did this over and over again this sequence is also nice this is a -a six year old telling his eldest sister what to do and this happens very often with these computers that the younger children are found teaching -what did we find we found that six to thirteen year olds can self instruct in a connected environment irrespective of anything that we could measure -so if they have access to the computer they will teach themselves including intelligence i couldnt find a single correlation -but it had to be in groups and that may be of great you know interest to this group because all of you are talking about groups so here was the power of what -a group of children can do if you lift the adult intervention just a quick idea of the measurements -we took standard statistical techniques so im going to not talk about that but we got a clean learning curve almost exactly the same as what you would get in a school -leave it at that because i mean it sort of says it all doesnt it what could they learn to do basic windows functions browsing painting chatting and email -games and educational material music downloads playing video in short what all of us does and over three hundred children will become computer literate and be able to do all of these things in six months with one -you have pockets like slums or shanty towns or poorer areas which are socially and economically remote -so how do they do that if you calculated the actual time of access it would work out to minutes per day so thats not how its happening what you have actually is -there is one child operating the computer and surrounding him are usually three other children who are advising him on what they should do if you test them all four will get the same scores in whatever you -around these four are usually a group of about sixteen children who are also advising usually wrongly about everything thats going on on the computer -children will learn to do what they want to learn to do this is the first experiment that we did eight year old boy on your right -one billion children we need one hundred million mediators there are many more than that on the planet ten millions soles one hundred and eighty billion dollars and ten years we could change everything thanks -teaching his student a six year old girl and he was teaching her how to browse this boy here in the middle of -village where the children recorded their own music and then played it back to each other -and in the process theyve enjoyed themselves thoroughly they did all of this in four hours after seeing the computer for the first time in another south indian village -these boys here had assembled a video camera and were trying to take the photograph of a bumble bee they downloaded it from disney com or one of these websites fourteen days after putting the computer -learn to use computers and the internet on their own irrespective of who or where they were at that point i became a little more ambitious -kind of an obvious statement up there i started with that sentence about twelve years ago -and decided to see what else could children do with a computer we started off with an experiment in hyderabad india -i gave a group of children they spoke english with a very strong telugu accent i gave them a computer with a speech to text interface which you now get free with windows -and asked them to speak into it so when they spoke into it the computer typed out gibberish so they said well it doesnt understand anything of what we are saying so i said yeah ill leave it here for two months make yourself understood to the computer -so the children said how do we do that and i said i dont know actually -and i -two months later and this is now documented in the information technology for international development journal that accents had changed -i started in the context of developing countries but youre sitting here from every corner of the world so if you think of a map of your country -so they could do that on their own after that i started to experiment with various other things that they might learn to do on their own -i got an interesting phone call once from columbo from the late arthur c clarke who said i want to see whats going on -and he couldnt travel so i went over there he said two interesting things a teacher that can be replaced by a machine should be -the second thing he said was that if children have interest then education happens -and i was doing that in the field so every time i would watch it and -i took the experiment to south africa this is a fifteen year old boy -i -and i asked him do you send emails and he said yes and they hop across the ocean -in cambodia rural cambodia a fairly silly arithmetic -would play inside the classroom or at home they would you know throw it back at you theyd say this is very boring if you leave it on the pavement -the adults -and all over india -i think youll realize that for every country on earth you could draw little circles to say these are places where -at the end of about two years children were beginning to google their homework as a result the teachers reported -tremendous improvements in their english rapid improvement and all sorts of things they said they have become really deep thinkers and so on -and so forth and indeed they had i mean if theres stuff on google why would you need to stuff -so at the end of the next four years i decided that groups of children can navigate the internet to achieve educational objectives on their own at that time a large amount of money had come into newcastle university -to improve schooling in india so newcastle gave me a call i said ill do it from delhi they said theres no way youre going to handle a million pounds worth of university money -sitting in delhi so in two thousand and six i bought myself a heavy overcoat and moved to -i wanted to test the limits of the system the first experiment i did out of newcastle was actually done in india and i set myself and impossible -can tamil speaking twelve year old children in a south indian village teach themselves biotechnology in english on their own -and i thought ill test them theyll get a zero ill give the materials ill come back and test them they get another zero ill go back and say yes we need teachers for certain things i -on top of that those are the places from where trouble comes so we have an ironic problem good teachers dont want to go to just those places where theyre needed the most -in twenty six children they all came in there and i told them that theres some really difficult stuff on this computer i wouldnt be surprised if you didnt understand anything its all in english and im going -them with it i came back after two months and the twenty six children marched in looking very very quiet i said -did you look at any of the stuff they said yes we did did you understand anything no nothing so i said well -how long did you practice on it before you decided you understood nothing they said we look at it every day so i said for two months you were looking at stuff you didnt understand so a twelve year old girl raises her hand and says -apart from the fact that improper replication of the dna molecule causes genetic disease weve understood nothing -which was not very nice well one of the girls had taught herself to become the teacher -and then thats her over there -english -the last bit when i asked where is the neuron and she says the neuron the neuron and then she looked and did this whatever the expression -so their scores had gone up from zero to thirty percent which is an educational impossibility under the circumstances -but thirty percent is not a pass so i found that they had a friend a local accountant a young girl and they played football with -i asked that girl would you teach them enough biotechnology to pass and she said how would i do that i dont know the subject i said no use the method of the grandmother -she said whats that i said well what youve got to do is stand behind them and admire them all the time -say to them thats cool thats fantastic what is that can you do that again can you show me some more she did that for two months the scores went up to fifty which is what the posh schools of new delhi with a trained -there was something happening here that definitely was getting very serious so -all sorts of remote places i came to the most remote place that i could think of -five thousand miles from delhi is the little town of gateshead in gateshead i took thirty two children -and i started to fine tune the method i made them into groups of four i said you make your own groups of four each group of four can use one computer and not four computers remember from the hole in the wall -i basically embedded a computer into a wall of -you can exchange groups you can walk across to another group if you dont like your group etc you can go to another group peer over their shoulders see what theyre doing -the children enthusiastically got after me and said now what do you want us to do i gave them six gcse questions the first group the best one solved everything in twenty minutes -the worst in forty five they used everything that they knew news groups google wikipedia ask jeeves etc -the teachers said is this deep learning i said well lets try it ill come back after two months well give them a paper test no computers no talking to each other etc -the average score when id done it with the computers and the groups was seventy six percent when i did the experiment when i did the -after two months the score was seventy six percent there was photographic -in new delhi the children barely went to school they didnt know any english theyd never seen a computer before -recall inside the children i suspect because theyre discussing with each other a single child in front of a single computer will not do that -i have further results which are almost unbelievable of scores which go up with time because their teachers say that after the session is over the children continue to google further -in britain i put out a call for british grandmothers after my kuppam experiment well you know theyre very vigorous people british grandmothers two hundred of them volunteered -the deal was that they would give me one hour of broadband time sitting in their homes -one day in a week so they did that and over the last two years over six hundred hours of instruction has happened over skype using what my students call the granny cloud -and they didnt know what the internet was i connected high speed internet to it its about three feet off the ground turned it on and left it there after this we noticed a couple of interesting things which -you -back at gateshead a ten year old girl gets into the heart of hinduism in fifteen minutes you know stuff which i dont know anything about -two children watch a tedtalk they wanted to be footballers before after watching eight tedtalks he wants to become -its pretty simple stuff this is what im building now theyre called soles self organized learning environments the furniture is designed so that children can sit in front of big powerful screens big broadband connections -but in groups if they want they can call the granny cloud this is a sole in newcastle the mediator is from india so how far can we go one last little bit and ill stop i went to turin -in may i sent all the teachers away from my group of ten year old students i speak only english they speak -so we had no way to communicate i started writing english questions on the blackboard the children looked at it and said what i said well do it -next question where is calcutta this one -i tried a really hard one then who was pythagoras and what did he do -but i repeated this all over india and then through a large part of the world and noticed that -was silence for a while then they said youve spelled it wrong its -the -so you know whats happened i think weve just stumbled across a self organizing system a self organizing system is one where a structure appears without explicit intervention from the outside -self organizing systems also always show emergence which is that the system starts to do things which it was never designed for which is why you react the way you do because it looks impossible -i think i can make a guess now education is self organizing system where learning is an emergent phenomenon itll take a few years to prove it experimentally but im going to try but in the meanwhile there is a method available -the teacher sets the process in motion -and then she stands back in awe and watches as learning happens i think thats what all this is pointing at -they made another machine -but how will we know how will we come to know -they are basically broadband collaboration and encouragement put together ive tried this in many many schools its been tried all over the world and teachers sort of stand back and say it just happens by itself and i said yeah it happens by itself how did you know that i said -to produce those people -you wont believe the children who told me and where theyre from -the school the schools would produce the people -they built the first curriculum but weve lost sight of those wondrous questions weve brought it down to -who would then become parts of the bureaucratic administrative machine -the way you would put it to a nine year old is to say if a meteorite was coming to hit the earth -how would you figure out if it was going to or not -and if he says well what how you say theres a magic word its called the tangent of an angle and leave him alone hell figure it out -so here are a couple of images from soles -ive tried incredible incredible questions -when did the world begin how will it end -to nine year olds this one is about what happens to the air we breathe -this is done by children without the help of any teacher the teacher only raises the question and then stands back and admires the answer -they must be -we dont want to be spare parts for a great human computer do we -so we need to design -a future for learning -and ive got to hang on ive got to get this wording exactly right -because you know its very important my wish is to help design a future of learning by supporting children all over the world to tap into their wonder and their ability to work together help me build this school it will be called the school in the cloud -identical to each other -the way i want to do this -is to build a facility where i can study this -its a facility which is practically unmanned theres only one granny -who manages health and safety the rest of its from the cloud the lights are turned on and off by the cloud etc etc everythings done from the cloud -across all five continents and send me the data then ill put it all together move it into the school of clouds -and create the future of learning -they must be able to read -and i said to her you know i want to give a computer to everybody every child i dont know what should i do -and they must be able to do multiplication division addition and subtraction in their head -they must be so identical that you could pick one up from new zealand -and ship them to canada and he would be instantly functional -the victorians were great engineers -they engineered a system that was so robust -that its still with us today -continuously producing identical people -for a machine that no longer exists -with that design that produces these identical people -the future of learning -its wonderfully constructed -its just that we dont need it anymore -its outdated -what are the kind of jobs that we have today well the clerks are the computers theyre there in thousands in every office -and you have people who guide those computers to do their clerical jobs -those people dont need to be able to write beautifully by hand -they do need to be able to read -in fact they need to be able to read discerningly -we know that people will work from wherever they want whenever they want in whatever way they want -i used to teach people how to write computer programs in new delhi fourteen years ago -at the same time we also had lots of parents rich people who had computers -i need to tell you a little story -i made a hole in the boundary wall of the slum next to my office -which kind of sets the stage -they said why have you put it there i said just like that and they said -i tried to look at where did the kind of learning we do in schools where did it come from -about eight hours later we found them browsing -and teaching each other how to browse so i said well thats impossible -because how is it possible they dont know anything my colleagues said no its a simple solution -one of your students must have been passing by showed them how to use the mouse -so i said yeah thats possible so i repeated the experiment i went three hundred miles out of delhi into a really remote village where the chances of a passing software development engineer -a couple of months found kids playing games on it when they saw me they said we want a faster processor and a better mouse -in an irritated voice they said youve given us a machine that works only in english so we had to teach ourselves english in order to use it -teach ourselves said so casually -to his left is his student shes six -and hes teaching her how to browse -then onto other parts of the country i repeated this over and over again -and finally a girl -explaining in marathi -what it is and said theres a processor inside -so i started publishing -i published everywhere i wrote down and measured everything and i said in nine months a group of children left alone with a computer in any language will reach the same standard as an office secretary in the west id seen it happen over and over and over again -but i was curious to know what else would they do if they could do this much i started experimenting with other subjects -among them for example pronunciation -and they needed good pronunciation because that would improve their jobs -i gave them a speech to text engine in a computer and i said keep talking into it until it types what you say -in a very clear english accent -so then people said well how far will it go where does it stop i decided i would destroy my own argument -by creating an absurd proposition -and i said ill measure them theyll get a zero -ill spend a couple of months ill leave it for a couple of months ill go back theyll get another zero -and the biggest of the empires on this planet -the children came rushing said whats all this so i said its very topical very important -trying to run the entire planet -so i said well what did i expect so i said okay but -so they said we havent given up -so a little girl who you see just now she raised her hand and she says to me in broken tamil and english she said well apart from the fact that improper replication -without computers -without telephones -absurd but -with data handwritten on pieces of paper and traveling by ships -a twenty two year old girl who was an accountant -and she played with them all the time so i asked this girl can you help them -so she says absolutely not -i didnt have science in school i have no idea what theyre doing under that tree all day long -i said ill tell you what use the method of the grandmother -so she says whats that i said stand behind them whenever they do anything you just say -well wow i mean how did you do that -she did that for two more months the scores jumped to fifty percent -kallikuppam had caught up with my control school in new delhi a rich private school with a trained biotechnology teacher -when i saw that graph i knew -there is a way to level the playing field -i got the camera angle wrong that one is just amateur stuff but what she was saying as you could make out was about neurons with her hands were like that and she was saying neurons communicate -but the victorians actually did it -what they did was -well we know what theyre like today -whats learning going to be like we know what its like today children pouring over with their mobile phones on the one hand -and then reluctantly going to school to pick up their books with their other hand -what will it be tomorrow -could it be that at the point in time when you need to know something you can find out in two minutes -amazing they created a global computer -knowing thats what distinguishes us from the apes -and become homo sapiens -it took us only ten thousand -to make knowing obsolete -what an achievement that is but we have to integrate that into our own future -encouragement seems to be the key -if you look at kuppam if you look at all of the experiments that i did -it was simply -saluting learning -made up of people -there is evidence from neuroscience -the reptilian part of our brain which sits in the center of our brain when its threatened it shuts down everything else it shuts down the prefrontal cortex the parts which learn -it shuts all of that down -punishment and examinations are seen as threats we take our children we make them shut their brains down and then we say perform -its still with us today its called the bureaucratic administrative machine -why did they create a system like that -because it was needed there was an age in the age of empires when you needed those people -who can survive under threat when youre standing in a trench all alone -but the age of empires is gone what happens to creativity in our age -we need to shift that balance back -looking for british grandmothers -i put out notices and papers saying if you are a british grandmother if you have broadband and a web camera can you give me one hour of your time per week for free -i got two hundred in the first two weeks i know more british grandmothers than anyone in the universe -the granny cloud sits on the internet if theres a child in trouble we beam a gran -in order to have that machine running -she goes on over skype and she sorts things out -ive seen them do it from a village called diggles -in northwestern england deep inside a village in tamil nadu india -six thousand miles away -she does it with only one age old gesture -you need lots and lots of people -i think what we need to look at is we need to look at learning -as the product of educational self organization if you allow the educational process to self organize then learning emerges its not about making learning happen its about letting it happen -i understand ive been wrong -that means is prepping my outfit prepping options trying to figure out what im coming behind and going -but im going to need you to just sit for like ten minutes and hold a woman who is not here hold her now -with you -this is break clustered all holy history banned unwritten books predicted -the future projected the past but my head unwraps around what appears limitless mans creative violence -whose son shall it be -which male child will perish a new day our boys deaths galvanize we cherish corpses -we mourn women complicated bitches get beat daily profits made prophets ignored -i live cycles of light and darkness rhythm is half silence i see now i never was one and not the other -i will not lend my soul nor my bones to your war drum i will not dance to that beating -sickness health tender violence i think now i never was pure before form i was storm -blind ignant still am human contracted itself blind malignant i never -was pure girl spoiled before ripened language cant math me i experience exponentially -everything is everything one woman loses fifteen maybe twenty members of her family one woman loses six one woman loses her head one woman searches rubble -one woman feeds on trash one woman shoots her face one woman shoots her husband one woman straps herself one woman gives birth to a baby one woman gives birth to borders one woman no longer believes love will ever find her one woman never did where do refugee hearts go -i know that beat it is lifeless -broken dissed placed where theyre not from dont want to be missed faced with absence we mourn each one or we mean nothing at all -my spine curves spiral precipice running to and running from human beings cluster bombs left behind -de facto landmines a smoldering grief harvest contaminated tobacco -palms smoke harvest witness smoke resolutions smoke salvation smoke redemption smoke -i know intimately that skin you are hitting it was alive -breathe -not fear what has -blown up if you must fear the unexploded -thank you -hunted stolen stretched -i will not dance to your drummed up war i will not pop spin break for you i will not hate for you or even hate -you i will not kill for you especially i will not die for you -i will not mourn the dead with murder nor suicide i will not side with you or dance to bombs because everyone is dancing -everyone can be wrong life is a right not collateral or casual i will not forget where i come from -i will craft my own drum gather my beloved near and our chanting will be dancing our humming will be drumming i will not be played i will not lend my name nor my rhythm to your beat i will dance -and resist and dance and persist and dance this heartbeat is louder than death -your war drum aint louder than this -up ted people -who she is all that we know that hundreds of men had used her brutally anjalis father a drunkard sold his child -thousands of children as young as three as young as four are sold into sexual slavery but thats not the only purpose that human beings are sold -i work on the issue of commercial sexual exploitation and i tell you stories from there my own journey to work with these children -i dont remember the rape part of it so much as -huge outrageous anger two years i was ostracized i was stigmatized -victim and thats what we do to all traffic survivors we as a society we have phds in victimizing a victim -i started looking around me i started seeing hundreds and thousands of women and children who are left in sexual slavery like practices -allow them to come in where does their journey begin most -you have even the middle class sometimes getting trafficked i had this i s officers daughter who is fourteen years old -a ten billion dollar industry im talking to you about -from home because she wanted to become a heroine who was trafficked i -thousands of stories of very very well to do families and children from well to do families who are getting trafficked -these people -into it -through everyday torture because the men who come to them are not men who want to make you -to have a family with you these are men who buy you for an hour for a day and use you throw you -that i have rescued i have rescued more than three thousand two hundred girls each of them tell me one -one man -taking a cigarette and burning her one man whipping her we are living among those men theyre our brothers fathers -to tell you the story of these three children -to do what shes doing but the extra bonuses that she gets is various infections sexually transmitted infections hiv aids syphilis gonorrhea you name it -and therefore she starts normalizing this exploitation she believes yes this is it this is what my destiny is about -to get raped by one hundred men a day and its abnormal to live in a shelter its abnormal to -its in that context that i work its in that context that i rescue children ive rescued children as young as three years and -when i rescued them one of the biggest challenges i had was where do i begin because -i had lots of them who were already hiv infected one third of the people i rescue are hiv positive -mother was a woman in prostitution a prostituted person she got infected with hiv -and -my -for me i was my greatest experience understanding my own self understanding my own pain my own isolation was my greatest teacher -a very big company a workshop in hyderabad making furnitures she earns around twelve thousand rupees she is an illiterate girl trained skilled as -and why not computers -we -one of the things that these -crossed the barrier of it and therefore they could fight in a male dominated world very easily and not feel very shy about it -we have trained girls as carpenters as masons as security guards as cab drivers and each one of them -and towards the end of her life when she was in the final stages of aids she could not prostitute so she sold four year old pranitha to a -in their chosen field gaining -what has been my challenge my -has not been the traffickers who beat me -been beaten up more than fourteen times in my life i cant hear from my right ear ive lost a staff of mine who was murdered while on a rescue -my biggest challenge is society its you and me -accept these victims as our own -friend of mine -its very fashionable to talk about human trafficking in this fantastic a c hall its very nice for discussion discourse making films and everything but it is not nice -to bring them to our homes its not nice to give them employment in our factories our companies its not -not only as sunitha krishnan im here as a voice of the victims and survivors of human trafficking -they need your compassion they need your empathy they need much more than anything else your acceptance -one way that you can respond to the problem and thats what im here for asking for your support demanding for your support requesting for your support -can you break your culture of silence can you speak to at least two persons about this story tell them this story -to tell the story to another two persons im not asking you all to become -these people too because they are also a part of us they are also part of this -asking you for these children whose faces you see theyre no more they died of aids last year im asking you to -who deserve all our support im asking you this because no child no human being deserves what these children have gone through thank you -by many many men i dont know many but the indications of that on her body was that her intestine was outside her body -and unfortunately the press tends to reinforce this norm when theyre reporting on a doodling scene of an important person at a confirmation hearing and the like they typically use words like discovered or caught or found out as if theres some sort of criminal act being committed -i just want to tell you my story i spend a lot of time teaching adults how to use visual language and doodling in the workplace -and additionally there is a psychological aversion to doodling thank you freud in the one thousand nine hundred and thirty s freud told us all that you could analyze peoples psyches based on their doodles this is not accurate but it did happen to tony blair at the davos forum in two thousand and five when his doodles were of course discovered and -he was labeled the following things now -and im not comfortable with that and so because of that belief that i think needs to be burst im here to send us all hurtling back to the truth and heres the truth doodling is an incredibly powerful tool -and it is a tool that we need to remember and to re learn -so heres a new definition for doodling and i hope theres someone in here from the oxford english dictionary because i want to talk to you later heres the real definition doodling is really to make spontaneous marks to help yourself think that is why millions of people doodle -heres another interesting truth about the doodle people who doodle when theyre exposed to verbal information retain more of that information than their non doodling counterparts we think doodling is something you do when you lose focus but in reality it is a preemptive measure to stop you from losing focus -and naturally i encounter a lot of resistance because its considered to be anti intellectual and counter to serious learning -additionally it has a profound effect on creative problem solving and deep information processing there are four ways that learners intake information so that they can make decisions they are visual -the incredible contribution of the doodle is that it engages all four learning modalities simultaneously with the possibility of an emotional experience that is a pretty solid contribution for a behavior equated with doing nothing this is so nerdy but this made me cry when i discovered this -so they did anthropological research into the unfolding of artistic activity in children -and they found that across space and time all children exhibit the same evolution in visual logic as they grow in other words they have a shared and growing complexity in visual language that happens in a predictable order and i think that is incredible i think that means doodling is native to us and we simply are denying ourselves that instinct -but i have a problem with that belief because i know that doodling has a profound impact on the way that we can process information and the way that we can solve problems so i was curious about why there was a disconnect between the way our society perceives doodling -and finally a lot a people arent privy to this but the doodle is a precursor to some of our greatest cultural assets -this is but one this is frank gehry the architects precursor to the guggenheim in abu dhabi -so here is my point under no circumstances should doodling be eradicated from a classroom or a boardroom or even the war room on the contrary doodling should be leveraged in precisely those situations where information density is very high -and the need for processing that information is very high and i will go you one further because doodling is so universally accessible and it is not intimidating as an art form it can be leveraged as a portal through which we move people into higher levels of visual literacy -my friends the doodle has never been the nemesis of intellectual thought in reality it is one of its greatest allies -in the eighteenth century it became a verb and it meant to swindle or ridicule or to make fun of someone -in the nineteenth century it was a corrupt politician and today we have what is perhaps our most offensive definition at least to me which is the following -to doodle officially means to dawdle to dilly dally to monkey around to make meaningless marks to do something of little value substance or import and my personal favorite to do nothing no wonder people are averse to doodling at work -doing nothing at work is akin to masturbating at work its totally inappropriate -it be that this experiment in imitation this experiment in a second replicator is dangerous enough to kill people off -well we did pull through and we -but now were hitting as ive just described were hitting the third replicator point -and this is even more -its dangerous again -why because the temes are selfish replicators and they dont care about us or our planet or anything else theyre just information why would -and yet it explains all design in the universe -dont think oh we created the internet for our own benefit thats how it seems to us think temes spreading because they must -we are the old machines -one that is obviously happening all around us now is that the temes turn us into teme machines -why would they do that because we are self replicating we have babies we make new ones and so its convenient to piggyback on us -i would say not just biological design but all of the design that we think of as human design its all just the same thing happening what did darwin say -because were not yet at the stage on this planet -the other option is viable -if the planets climate was utterly destabilized and it was no longer possible for humans to live here because those teme machines they wouldnt need theyre not squishy wet oxygen breathing warmth requiring creatures they could carry on without -so those are the two possibilities -the damage that is already being done to the planet -is showing us how dangerous the third point is that third danger point getting a third replicator -i have no idea -was an incredible talk sb thank you i scared myself -there is a struggle for life such that nearly all of these creatures die -if the very few that survive pass onto their offspring whatever it was that helped them survive then those offspring must be better adapted to the circumstances in which all this happened than their parents -you see the idea if if if -had no concept of the idea of an algorithm but thats what he described in that book and this is what we now know as the evolutionary algorithm the principle is -by the time you realize whats happening the child is a toddler up and causing havoc and its too late to put it back -as dan dennett puts it if you have those then you must get evolution or design out of chaos without the aid of mind -must at must -must must -this is what makes it so amazing you dont need a designer or a plan or foresight or anything else if theres something that is copied with variation and its selected then you must get design appearing out -must is my favorite word -to do with memes well the principle here -applies to anything that is copied with variation and selection were so used to thinking in terms of biology we think about genes this way -we humans are earths pandoran species were the ones who let the second replicator out of its box and we cant push it back in -the information that is copied he called the replicator -it selfishly copies not meaning it kind of sits around inside cells going i want to get copied but that -it will get copied if it can regardless of the consequences it doesnt care about the consequences because it cant because its just information being -and he wanted to get away from everybody thinking all the time about genes and so he said is there another replicator out there on the planet ah yes there is look around you -here will do in this room all around us still clumsily drifting about in its primeval soup of culture is another -by language by talking by telling stories by wearing clothes by doing things -remember that thats the core definition that which is imitated and abbreviated it to meme just because it sounds good and made a good meme an effective spreading meme -so thats how the idea came about -its important to stick with that definition -the whole science of memetics is much maligned much misunderstood much feared but a lot of these problems can be avoided by remembering the definition -a meme is not equivalent to an idea its not an idea its not equivalent to anything else really stick with the definition its that which is imitated or information which is copied from person to person -lets see some memes well you sir youve got those glasses hung around your neck in that particularly fetching way i wonder whether you invented that idea for yourself or copied it from someone else -the consequences all around us -oh well your earrings i dont suppose you invented the idea of earrings you probably went out and bought them there are plenty more in the shops thats something thats passed on from person to person all the stories that were telling well of course -ted is a great memefest masses of memes -the way to think about memes though is to think why do they spread -theyre selfish information they will get copied if they can but some of them will be copied because theyre good or true or useful or beautiful some of them will be copied even though theyre not -some its quite hard to tell why theres one particular curious meme which i rather enjoy and im glad to say as i expected i found it when i came here and im sure all of you found it -that i suggest is the view that comes out of taking memetics seriously -you go to your nice posh international hotel somewhere and you come in and you put down your clothes and you go to the bathroom and what do you see -these are all memes theyre all memes but theyre sort of useful ones and then theres this one -what is this one doing -this has spread all over the world its not surprising that you all found it when you arrived in your bathrooms here but i took this photograph in a toilet at the back of a tent in the eco camp in the jungle in -some people get carried away -other people are just lazy and make mistakes -some hotels exploit the opportunity to put even more memes with a little sticker -what is this all -so think of it this way -imagine a world full of brains and far more memes than can possibly find homes the memes are all trying to get copied trying in inverted commas i e thats the shorthand for if they can get copied they will -using you and me -propagating copying machinery and we are the meme machines -now why is this important why is this useful or what does it tell us -it gives us a completely new view of human origins and what it means to be human all conventional theories of cultural evolution of the origin of humans and what makes us so different from other species -so first of all id like to say something about memetics and the theory of memes and secondly how this might answer questions about whos out there -must have been useful for the genes tool use must have enhanced our survival mating and so on it always comes back as richard dawkins complained all that long time ago it always comes back to genes -the point of memetics is to say oh no it doesnt there are two replicators now on this planet from the moment that our ancestors perhaps two and a half million years ago or so began imitating -with variation and selection a new replicator was -and it could never be right from the start it could never be that human beings who let loose this new creature could just copy the useful beautiful true things and not copy the other things while their brains -having an advantage from being able to copy lighting fires keeping fires going new techniques of hunting these kinds of things inevitably they were also copying putting feathers in their hair or wearing strange clothes or painting their faces or whatever -so you get an arms race between the genes which are trying to get the humans to have small economical brains and not waste their time copying all this stuff -and the memes themselves like the sounds that people made and copied in other words -if indeed anyone -what turned out to be language competing to get the brains to get bigger and bigger so the big brain on this theory is driven by the memes this is why in the meme machine i called it memetic drive -as the memes evolve as they inevitably must they drive a bigger brain that is better at copying the memes that -this is why weve ended up with such peculiar brains that we like religion and music and art language is a parasite that weve adapted to not something that was there originally for our genes on this view -so memetics -so this is a view of what humans are -we have new kind of memes now -i do honestly think now we need a new word for technological memes lets call them technomemes or -because the processes are getting different -began perhaps five thousand years ago with writing we put the storage of memes out there on a clay tablet -but in order to get true temes and true teme machines you need to get the variation the selection and the copying all done outside of humans -and were getting there were at this extraordinary point where were nearly there that there are machines like that and indeed in the short time ive already been at ted i see were even closer than i thought we were before so -indeed some people say its the best idea anybody -actually now the temes are forcing our brains to become more like teme machines our children are growing up -so were at this cusp now of having a third replicator on -but i think he concentrated on the wrong things its been very productive that equation he wanted to estimate n the number of communicative civilizations out -a wonderful thought that there could be such a thing as a best idea anybody ever had do you think there could -in our galaxy and he included in there the rate of star formation the rate of planets but crucially intelligence -i think thats the wrong way to think about it -so i would suggest that we dont think intelligence we think replicators -and on that basis ive suggested a different kind of equation a very simple equation n the same thing the number of -ok so if we take that equation -because every step -is dangerous -getting a new replicator -is dangerous you can pull through we have pulled through but its dangerous take the first step as soon as life appeared on this -we may take the gaian view i loved peter wards talk yesterday its not gaian all the time actually life forms produce things that kill themselves well we did pull through on this planet -a long time later billions of years later we got the second replicator the memes that was dangerous all right -think of the big brain how many mothers do we have here -you know all about big brains theyre dangerous to give birth to are agonizing -my cat gave birth to four kittens purring all the time ah mm slightly different -but not only is it painful it kills lots of babies it kills lots of mothers and its very expensive to produce the genes are forced into producing all this myelin all the fat to myelinate the brain -you know sitting here your brain is using about twenty percent of your bodys energy output for two percent of your body weight its a really expensive organ to run why because its producing the memes now it could have killed us off -why because the idea was so simple -but maybe it nearly did has it been -number one stop the madness for constant group work just stop it -and i just waited for the time that i could go off and read my books -okay number two go to the wilderness be like buddha have your own revelations -im not saying that we all have to now go off and build our own cabins in the woods and never talk to each other again -but i am saying that we could all stand to unplug and get inside our own heads a little more often -but the first time that i took my book out of my suitcase the coolest girl in the bunk came up to me and she asked me why are you being so mellow -so extroverts maybe your suitcases are also full of books or maybe theyre full of champagne glasses or skydiving equipment -whatever it is i hope you take these things out every chance you get and grace us with your energy and your joy -but introverts -but occasionally just occasionally i hope you will open up your suitcases for other people to see because the world needs you and it needs the things you carry -so i wish you the best of all possible journeys and the courage to speak softly -mellow of course being the exact opposite of r o w d i e -now i tell you this story about summer camp -i could have told you fifty others just like it -years old i went off to summer camp for the first time and my mother packed me a suitcase full of books -all the times that i got the message that somehow my quiet and introverted style of being was -and i was always going off to crowded bars when i really would have preferred to just have a nice dinner with friends and i made these self negating choices so reflexively that i wasnt even aware that i was making them -now this is what many introverts do and its our loss for sure but it is also -our colleagues loss and our communities loss and at the risk of sounding grandiose it is the worlds loss because when it comes to creativity and to leadership we need introverts doing what they do best -so thats one out of every two or three people you know -so even if youre an extrovert yourself im talking about your coworkers and your spouses and your children and the person sitting next to you right now all of them subject to this bias that is pretty deep and real in our society we all internalize it from a very early age without even having a language for what were doing -which to me seemed like a perfectly natural thing to do -now to see the bias clearly you need to understand what introversion is -its different from being shy shyness is about fear of social judgment introversion is more about how do you respond to stimulation including social stimulation -because in my family reading was the primary group activity -but a lot of the time so the key then -to maximizing our talents -so if you picture the typical classroom nowadays when i was going to school we sat in rows we sat in rows of desks like this and we did most of our work pretty autonomously -but nowadays your typical classroom has pods of desks four or five or six or seven kids all facing each other and kids are working in countless group assignments even in subjects like math and creative writing which you think would depend on solo flights of thought kids are now expected to act as committee members -and for the kids who prefer to go off by themselves or just to work alone those kids are seen as outliers often or worse as problem cases -and the vast majority of teachers reports believing that the ideal student is an extrovert as opposed to an introvert even though introverts actually get better grades and are more knowledgeable -the constant noise and gaze of our coworkers and when it comes to leadership introverts are routinely passed over for leadership positions even though introverts tend to be very careful much less likely to take outsize risks which is something we might all -because when they are managing proactive employees theyre much more likely to let those employees run with their ideas whereas an extrovert can quite unwittingly get so excited about things that theyre putting their own stamp on things and other peoples ideas might not as easily then bubble up to the surface -now in fact some of our transformative leaders in history have been introverts ill give you some examples eleanor roosevelt rosa parks gandhi -and this turns out to have a special power all its own because people could feel that these leaders were at the helm not because they enjoyed directing others and not out of the pleasure of being looked at they were there because they had no choice because they were driven to do what they thought was right -i always like to say some of my best friends are extroverts including -my beloved husband -and some people fall smack in the middle of the introvert extrovert spectrum and we call these people ambiverts and i often think that they have the best of all worlds -but many of us do recognize ourselves as one type or the other and what im saying is that culturally we need a much better balance we need more of a yin and yang between these two types -this is especially important when it comes to creativity and to productivity because when psychologists look at the lives of the most creative people what they find are people who are very good at exchanging ideas and advancing ideas but who also have -i had a vision of ten girls sitting in a cabin cozily reading books in their matching nightgowns -so darwin he took long walks alone in the woods and emphatically turned down dinner party invitations -theodor geisel better known as dr seuss -he dreamed up many of his amazing creations in a lonely bell tower office that he had in the back of his house in la jolla california and he was actually afraid to meet the young children who read his books for fear that they were expecting him this kind of jolly santa claus like figure and would be disappointed with his more reserved persona -steve wozniak invented the first apple computer sitting alone in his cubical in hewlett packard where he was working at the time and he says that he never would have become such an expert in the first place had he not been too introverted to leave the house when he was growing up -now -of course this does not mean that we should all stop collaborating and case in point is steve wozniak famously coming together with steve jobs to start apple computer -but it does mean that solitude matters and that for some people it is the air that they breathe -if you look at most of the worlds major religions you will find seekers moses jesus buddha muhammad seekers who are going off by themselves alone to the wilderness where they then have profound epiphanies and revelations that they then bring back to the rest of the community so no wilderness no revelations -this is no surprise though if you look at the insights of contemporary psychology -it turns out that we cant even be in a group of people without instinctively mirroring mimicking their opinions even about seemingly personal and visceral things like who youre attracted to you will start aping the beliefs of the people around you without even realizing that thats what youre doing and -groups famously follow the opinions of the most dominant or charismatic person in the room even though theres zero correlation between being the best talker and having the best ideas i mean zero so -and do you really want to leave it up to chance -much better for everybody to go off by themselves generate their own ideas freed from the distortions of group dynamics and then come together as a team to talk them through in a well managed environment and take it from there -now if all this is true then why are we getting it so wrong -one answer lies deep in our cultural history -western societies and in particular the u s -have always favored the man of action over the man of contemplation -and man of contemplation -and they featured role models like abraham lincoln who was praised for being modest and unassuming ralph waldo emerson called him a man who does not offend by superiority -but then we hit the twentieth century -r o w d i e thats the way we spell rowdie rowdie rowdie lets get rowdie -and so suddenly people are moving from small towns to the cities and instead of working alongside people theyve known all their lives now they are having to prove themselves in a crowd of strangers so quite understandably qualities like magnetism and charisma suddenly come to -so thats the world were living in today thats our cultural inheritance -now none of this is to say that social skills are unimportant -and im also not calling for the abolishing of teamwork at all -that we are facing today in fields like science and in economics are so vast and so complex that we are going to need armies of people coming together to solve them working together but i am saying that the more freedom that we give introverts to be themselves the more likely that they are to come up with their own unique solutions to these problems -so now id like to share with you whats in my suitcase today -but these are not exactly my books -i brought these books with me because they were written by my grandfathers favorite authors -my grandfather was a rabbi and he was a widower who lived alone in a small apartment in brooklyn that was my favorite place in the world when i was growing up partly because it was filled with his very gentle very courtly presence and partly because it was filled with books -i mean literally every table every chair in this apartment had yielded its original function to now serve as a surface for swaying stacks of books -just like the rest of my family my grandfathers favorite thing to do in the whole world was to read -but he also loved his congregation -and you could feel this love in the sermons that he gave every week for the sixty two years that he was a rabbi -he would takes the fruits of each weeks reading and he would weave these intricate tapestries of ancient and humanist thought and people would come from all over to hear him speak -but heres the thing about my grandfather -underneath this ceremonial role he was really modest and really introverted so much so that when he delivered these sermons he had trouble making eye contact with the very same congregation that he had been speaking to for sixty two years and even away from the podium when you called him to say hello -he would often end the conversation prematurely for fear that he was taking up too much of your time -but when he died at the age of ninety four the police had to close down the streets of his neighborhood to accommodate the crowd of people who came out to mourn him -and so these days i try to learn from my grandfathers example in my own way -but now all of a sudden my job is very different and my job is to be out here talking about it -so i prepared for moments like these as best i could i spent the last year -practicing public speaking every chance i could get and i call this my year of speaking dangerously -but ill tell you what helps even more is my sense my belief my hope that when it comes to our attitudes to introversion and to quiet and to solitude we truly are poised on the brink on dramatic change i mean we are and so i am going to leave you now with three calls for action for those who share this vision -but not all patients on the transplant wait list are so fortunate -the truth is there are just simply not enough donor organs to go around as the demand for donor organs continues to rise in large part due to the aging population the supply has remained relatively constant -in the united states alone one hundred thousand -and the gift of life has been extended -to a relative or loved one -but as there was still a dire shortage of donor organs the gift of life was then extended from living related donors to now living unrelated donors and this then has given rise -i was privileged to train in transplantation under two great surgical pioneers -and unexpected moral controversy -how can -from one that is forced or coerced from for example -a submissive spouse an in law -a servant a slave an employee -in my part of the world -and in some areas -shortly after i performed the first liver transplant i received my next assignment and that was -to go to the prisons to harvest organs from executed prisoners -i was also pregnant at the time pregnancies are meant to be happy and fulfilling moments in any womans life -but my joyful period -thoughts of walking through -the prisons high security death row -as this was the only route to take me to the makeshift operating room -and at each time -and for two years i struggled with the dilemma of waking up at four thirty am on a friday morning -ready to receive the body of an executed prisoner remove the organs and then transport these organs -to the recipient hospital -no doubt i was informed -who performed the first liver transplant in the u k in the following year -at engrafting the gift of life -but really none of us remained the same i was troubled -that the retrieval of organs from executed prisoners was at least as morally controversial -as the harvesting of stem cells from human embryos -for those who have no influence -it made me wonder -if there could be a better way a way to circumvent death -and yet deliver the gift of life -from wide open incisions to keyhole procedures tiny incisions -and in transplantation concepts shifted from whole organs to cells -in one thousand nine hundred and eighty eight at the university of minnesota -i participated in a small series of whole organ pancreas transplants i witnessed the technical difficulty -and this inspired in my mind -i thought to myself why not take -the individual cells out of the pancreas the cells that secrete insulin to cure diabetes and transplant these cells technically a much simpler procedure than having to grapple with the complexities of transplanting -against all odds -pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media -and the imagination of the public -i too was fascinated by this new and disruptive cell technology -and this inspired a shift in my mindset -from transplanting whole organs to transplanting cells -and i focused my research -stem cells as a possible source for cell transplants -today we realize that there are many different types of stem cells -embryonic stem cells have occupied center stage chiefly because of their pluripotency that is their ease in differentiating into a variety of different cell types -inspired -next raising the money -you and i i think would be very happy to get rid of anyway -fat is one of the best sources of adult stem cells but adult stem cells are not embryonic stem cells -and here is the limitation adult stem cells are mature cells -and like mature human beings these cells -aging adult cells from you and me they are racing to reprogram these cells back into more useful -we are focused on taking fat -and reprogramming mounds of fat -into fountains of youthful cells -if this research is successful -it may then reduce the need -to research and sacrifice human embryos -indeed there is a lot of hype but also hope -heart disease stroke diabetes spinal cord injury muscular dystrophy retinal eye diseases -are any of these conditions relevant personally to you -in may two thousand and six something horrible happened to me i was about to start a robotic operation -but stepping out of the elevator into the bright and glaring lights of the operating room i realized that my left -i had taken a rather hard knock during late spring skiing yes i fell -and i started to see floaters and stars which i casually dismissed as too much high altitude sun exposure -but not before a prolonged period of convalescence three months in a head down position this experience taught me to empathize more with my patients and especially those with retinal diseases -thirty seven million people worldwide -or part vision to millions of patients with retinal diseases worldwide -it is a fact -that when our organs or tissues are injured -stem cells may be used as building blocks to repair damaged scaffolds within our body -or to provide new liver cells to repair damaged liver -yearly four point eight million suffer -stem cells may one day herald -a quantum leap in the field of cardiology -perhaps more important i am -stem cells provide hope -for new beginnings small incremental steps cells rather than organs repair -rather than replacement -stem cell therapies -may one day reduce the need -and in the u k neural stem cells to treat stroke -the research success that we celebrate today -has been made possible -by the curiosity and contribution and commitment of individual scientists and medical pioneers each one has his story -a journey through controversy inspired -learning how to communicate with them in really high pitched tones -were learning that they probably have a language in the wild -so were sharing tools and technology and language with another species -there were tasmanians -who were discovered around the sixteen hundreds and they had -to our knowledge they had no music -so when you compare them to the -the -he doesnt stand quite -how we got to where we are -i dont really think its in our biology -i think weve attributed it to our biology -but i dont really think its there -so what i want to do now is introduce you to a species called the bonobo -happy most of the time because i think this is the happiest species on the planet -and she came to us when she was a -just at puberty about six or seven years of age -now this shows a bonobo on your right and a chimpanzee on your left -although shorter than us and their arms still longer -is more upright just as we are -its kind of a well kept secret this species lives only in the congo -have to rotate quite so much from side to side so the the bipedal gait is a little easier -and now we see all four the wild bonobo lives in central africa in the jungle encircled by the congo -trees as tall as forty meters one hundred and thirty feet grow densely in the area -it was a japanese scientist who first undertook serious field studies of the bonobo almost three decades -bonobos are built slightly smaller than the -by nature very gentle creatures -and theyre not in too many zoos because of their sexual behavior -long and careful studies have reported many new findings on -one discovery was that -to walk upright for long distances -and then go to the -you will see in this particular video -more sticks too -i have a lighter in my pocket if you need one -i hope i have a lighter you can use the lighter to start the fire -very interested in fire he doesnt do it yet without a lighter -might be able to do -actually we have a lot to learn from them because theyre a very egalitarian society and theyre a very empathetic society -is a smile on the face of -some water on the fire you see the water -this is his sister this is her -she knows that that individual in the mirror is her -by raising bonobos in a culture that is both bonobo and human and documenting their development across two decades scientists are exploring how -it means star in -is trying to -in the wild the parent bonobo is known to groom its offspring here panbanisha uses scissors instead of her hands to -tries to imitate panbanisha by using the scissors himself -realizing that nyota might get hurt panbanisha like any human mother carefully tugs to get the scissors back -and its used for communication -cut through tough animal -have made them two and a half million years ago by holding the rocks in both hands to strike one against -he has learnt that by using both hands and aiming his glancing blows he can make much larger sharper flakes kanzi chooses a flake he -the tough hide is difficult to cut even with a knife the rock that kanzi is using is extremely hard and ideal for stone tool making -but difficult to handle requiring great skill kanzis rock is from gona ethiopia and is identical to that used by our -ancestors two and a half million years ago -these are the rocks kanzi used and these are the flakes he made the flat sharp edges are like knife -compare them to the tools our ancestors used they bear a striking resemblance to kanzis -this is let me show you something we didnt think they would do -but since im advised not to do what i normally do i havent told you that -she -now she comes up to doctor sue and starts writing again -these are her symbols on -and so everything sort of has a place that it has to -very -place in the woods the -similar to -the next symbol panbanisha writes represents -but i dont think that we were that way initially -when she goes out -this symbol is not as clear as the others but one can see panbanisha is trying to produce -line and several straight -researchers began to record what panbanisha said by writing lexigrams on the floor with chalk -stunned scientists around -its simply to use language around -because the driving force in language acquisition is to understand what others that are important to you are saying to you -so we want to create an environment in which bonobos like all of the individuals with whom they are interacting we want to create an environment -this environment brings out unexpected potential in kanzi and panbanisha -until nyota now one year old steals it then he peers eagerly into his mothers mouth -looking for where the sound came from -doctor sue thinks its important to allow such curiosity -maybe its his ability to have causal thought -this time panbanisha is playing the electric piano she wasnt forced to learn the piano she saw a researcher play the instrument and took an interest -maybe its something special in his brain that allows him to have language -which promotes the emergence -stay away from them now now you can chase them again time to -maybe its something special in his brain -very good thank you so much -that allows him to make tools -from the cushions in the chairs were all sitting on to the plastic casings of our computers our television sets and so on -so we are tracking how do these things get from the products into the ocean which is the final sink for them and theres quite a complicated pathway for that -because as these products age they get concentrated in dust and then they also get thrown out so they go to the landfills -they wind up in waste water treatment plants as you all know we throw out billions of computers and tvs every year and those go to e waste dumps and all that gets into surface waters eventually reaching the ocean the final -so in our study we did find quite high levels as we expected of these flame retardants in the harbor seals bodies -we reported this it led to a ban of this neuro toxic flame retardant called deca in maine where i am based -i am a marine toxicologist and ive been very very concerned about the gulf particularly about the massive applications of the toxic dispersants the -and also then a phase out u s wide at the end of last year but we said well on the bright side our harbor seals at least will not be bursting into flame anytime soon -so then i got really curious myself as a toxicologist and i donated some blood to my lab and said okay lets do it -well we detected one hundred and thirteen different compounds in my blood and i must say if any of you would have this done youd probably find a similar profile or cocktail as they call it -but i was the recipient of a lot of flame retardant material for some reason and just to point out the levels -have ten to forty times higher levels of these compounds in our bodies than the europeans why because we -flame retarding everything and we have weak regulations for toxic chemicals but lo and behold im one of the high end individuals lucky me but then i thought well in case of a fire i might be the last one to ignite -so anyway heres the problem and it is a problem that were looking at in the gulf today were not regulating chemicals in this country properly were hardly regulating them at all and were letting industry run the show -and jackie savitz spoke this morning about big oil and the propaganda and how were all brainwashed with -you know lies and so forth well big chemical is what were dealing with here -and theyre allowed to keep trade secrets so they dont even give the ingredients out plus they dont give health and safety data so consequently they cannot be regulated before they go to market -ive been working on ocean pollution for quite a long time the impacts on marine life and particularly the impacts on marine mammals -so its a case of innocent until proven guilty the burden of proof is not on the producer so i then was invited to go to the gulf in may i went down -on a preliminary investigation to look into dispersants and how theyre going into the water column and so forth and i was told that i was the only -and i did get sick i got a ferocious sore throat two days later i felt like my throat was on fire but it did pass -and what i did see in the water as we went down what really shocked me and its haunted me ever since because i could see the droplets of oil -and you could just see the web of death as you go down in the water column well you know we got into this in the beginning as a trade off they -between the wetlands versus the ocean depth and i didnt agree with that decision at the time i still dont the decision was to protect the marshes when the oil gets into the marshes you cant get it out -as it turns out marine mammals are at the top of this food chain that were pouring millions of tons of toxic substances into every year -so this shows oil on the surface you can see it getting up into the mangrove but it is not harming the corals or the sea grass right so here we have -other scenario if you disperse the sea grass and the corals are getting hit pretty hard but youre saving the mangrove so this to me is like going to the eye doctor okay is it better with one or two -the problem is that we have released so darn much of this stuff were climbing up to two million gallons -very quickly and then theres the problem of the plumes what plumes it turns out there are -having been in that water just for the short time i was there i can tell you it is not heat stress -there are volumes of volatile petroleum fumes coming off that water plus the corexit which has solvent in it so -we know that from the exxon valdez spill by the way so what were doing were putting compounds with petroleum solvents onto a petroleum spill does this make sense -and they are showing the signs of this im sorry to have a sad slide like this but not everything is all that happy especially in my work -so this is the way it works and i want to show you this cute little thing that happens here its a micelle micelles form around the oil and what happens first is the solvents break into the oil -the lipid membrane they let the surfactants in there the surfactants which are like things we use on fast food wrappers they grab around the droplets of oil and they make little tiny droplets with -nice little surfactant edges to them the thing to remember about the micelles these little floating globules of toxin is they are there to deliver -like the fedex guys and if youre a fish and you havent gotten your glob in the morning youre going to get it in the afternoon -theyve got your number so from a toxicology perspective this is really awful because -and the dispersed oil are much more toxic together than either alone and usually the exposure is a combined exposure -dispersants as i was saying their job is to break down the lipid membrane the solvents in them do that very efficiently so they break down lipid membranes -in our body starting with cells of the skin the cells of organs so it actually hastens oil getting into the body easily and readily -oil contains hundreds of hydrocarbon compounds and other compounds that are toxic to every organ in the body -with the dispersants combined you have this very synergistic combined toxicity -are loaded with toxic chemicals in their body hundreds of compounds all kinds of compounds its staggering and theyre dying off rather regularly tens of thousands around the world -and chemists that are you know basically turning cartwheels trying to figure out whats in this stuff and what is it doing and what are the interactions -of these chemicals most of which we dont know and what are their byproducts which are usually more toxic than the parent compound -so we did find that corexit nine thousand five hundred contains heavy metals arsenic and chromium arsenic at high enough levels to have cancer causing effects -so this is what we have to look at these you know ridiculous safety data sheets which have nothing on them -much and now they were forced to release the ultimate list of everything thats in -and guess what tons of stuff is missing derivatives derivatives these are whole big groups of many many compounds these sorbitans -and then you get down to the petroleum distillates which are the solvents hundreds of them they are not identified and why -trade secrets again bps running the show -and the nalco company this is all they have to do so far these ingredients have not been released and toxicologists are actually going -because we cannot predict with certainty what the interactions and toxic -and then part of this is just part of my bad dreams and i appreciate being able to vent some of my anguish upon you what we do know is that the corals are going to get hit hard -and this is a study that was done on the australian coast the coast of tasmania corals are you know the home to -its predicted they may go extinct about a third of them within about thirty years so my project is along the northwest atlantic -about a quarter of all marine species and with the corexit and the oil theres zero percent fertilization -with oil alone theres ninety eight percent fertilization so theyre a very sensitive species to this combo heres another group -i could see myself easily in the water column the plankton and the plankton eaters you know these are the little herring fish that -go through the water column with their mouths open feeding indiscriminately and just lapping up this brown pudding of toxic stuff -and we do know from other studies that this is a highly toxic mixture see the oil and corexit is causing death at -a much much lower dose than oil alone thats probably as far as what we do know about toxic effects but my bad dreams go like this -the piscivorous fish the cobia grouper amberjacks those big fish also the tuna and sharks are going to hit by this and -the gills are quite sensitive the respiratory system is very sensitive think about it with the corexit hitting the membranes -and it will clog up the gills and then these animals are going to be getting something like what you call chemical pneumonia -trying to aspirate the compounds it also will cause internal bleeding upon ingestion im very worried about the air breathing mammals because i study them but also -the way their going to be exposed is every time they come to the surface to take a breath theyre going to inhale these volatile fumes and what does happen with that eventually is -its called seals as sentinels were tracking pollution at the top of the food web in marine mammals and fish its a region wide eco toxicological investigation -a lot of different unpleasant effects but burns to the eyes and mouth skin ulcers lesions and i think personally that we have not begun to see the impacts of this spill on the wildlife -we started hypothesizing what do we know what do with think would be a trophic cascade which means that somebody gets wiped out and then everything above thats eating those guys will crash -so our thought was this is a simple thinking process but obviously the plankton the planktivores and thats about as far as we got -the herring and other fishes and going up they thought that eventually the killer whale would be at the top of this cascade and then heres what really happened -much more complicated much more specific actually the kelp and the barnacles that attach to the rock were -storms came along they ripped out of the rock and this was the entire food web for the sea ducks and as you know we lost about three hundred thousand sea ducks from the exxon valdez spill and they havent come back -so we are launching an independent study and by independent i do not mean alone i mean independent in the sense of not tied to -the kind of crime scene secrecy thats going on in the gulf now but we are actually going to be assessing toxic impacts but we need -lots and lots of partners to do this intelligently we have some of the partners lined up and dave gallo signed on sylvias in here -and we hope that some of you will help us my question to you is why shouldnt we know dont we have the right to know surely we have the right to learn what loss we are going through in the gulf and my -wish would be for the gulf prize would be that we have the truth whatever it is -please let us have the truth and to get there we need to do the assessment so i appreciate being here thank you -and so in two thousand and five we started the new york stem cell foundation laboratory so that we would have a small organization that could do this work and support it -what we saw very quickly is the world of both medical research but also developing drugs and treatments -is dominated by as you would expect large organizations -but in a new field sometimes large organizations really have trouble getting out of their own way and sometimes they cant ask the right questions and there is an enormous gap thats just gotten larger between -because if you dont close that gap you really are exactly where we are today and thats what i want to focus on weve spent the last couple of years -pondering this making a list of the different things that we had to do and so we developed a new technology its software and hardware that actually can generate thousands and thousands of genetically diverse stem cell lines to create a global array essentially avatars of ourselves -embryonic stem cells are really incredible cells they are our bodys own repair kits and theyre pluripotent which means they can morph into all of the cells in our bodies soon we actually will be able to use stem cells to replace cells that are damaged or diseased -to actually do clinical trials in a dish with human cells not animal cells to generate drugs and treatments that are much more effective much safer much faster and at a much lower cost -so let me put that in perspective for you and give you some context this is an extremely new field -in one thousand nine hundred and ninety eight human embryonic stem cells were first identified and just nine years later a group of scientists in japan were able to take skin cells and reprogram them with very powerful viruses -this was really an extraordinary advance because although these cells are not human embryonic stem cells which still remain the gold standard they are terrific to use for modeling disease and potentially for drug discovery so a few months later in two thousand and eight one of our scientists built on that research -he took skin biopsies this time from people who had a disease als or as you call it in the u k motor neuron disease he turned them into the ips cells that ive just told you about and then he turned those ips cells into the motor neurons that actually were dying in the disease -so basically what he did was to take a healthy cell and turn it into a sick cell and he recapitulated the disease over and over again in the dish -and this was extraordinary because it was the first time that we had a model of a disease from a living patient in living human cells and as he watched the disease unfold -he was able to discover that actually the motor neurons were dying in the disease in a different way than the field had previously thought there was another kind of cell that actually was sending out a toxin and contributing to the death of these motor neurons and you simply couldnt see it until you had the human model so you could really say that -being able to have human stem cell models -and stem cells really have given us the black box -for diseases and its an unprecedented window it really is extraordinary because you can recapitulate many many diseases in a dish you can see what begins to go wrong in the cellular conversation well before you would ever see symptoms appear in a patient -but thats not what i want to talk to you about because right now there are some really extraordinary things that we are doing with stem cells that are completely changing the way we look and model disease our ability to understand why we get sick and even develop drugs -and this opens up the ability which hopefully will become something that is routine in the near term of using human cells to test for drugs -to bring a successful drug to market it takes on average thirteen years thats one drug -with a sunk cost of four billion dollars and only one percent of the drugs that start down that road are actually going to get there -you cant imagine other businesses that you would think of going into that have these kind of numbers its a terrible business model but it is really a worse social model because of whats involved and the cost to all of us -and you cant go into a living person with an illness and just pull out a few brain cells or cardiac cells and then start fooling around in a lab to test -for you know a promising drug but what you can do with human stem cells now is actually create avatars and you can create the cells whether its the live motor neurons or the beating cardiac cells or liver cells or other kinds of cells and you can -absolutely extraordinary and youre going to know -look around this room we are all different and a disease that i might have if i had alzheimers disease or parkinsons disease it probably would affect me differently than if one of you had that disease -and if we both had parkinsons disease and we took the same medication but we had different genetic makeup -we probably would have a different result and it could well be that a drug that worked wonderfully for me was actually -i truly believe that stem cell research is going to allow our children to look at alzheimers and diabetes and other major diseases the way we view polio today which is as a preventable disease -and you know this seems totally obvious but unfortunately it is not the way that the pharmaceutical industry has been developing drugs because until now it hasnt had the tools -and so we need to move away from this one size fits all model the way weve been developing drugs is essentially like going into a shoe store no one asks you what size you are or if youre going dancing or hiking they just say well you have feet here are your shoes it doesnt work with shoes -there was a very sad example of this in the last decade theres a wonderful drug and a class of drugs actually but the particular drug was vioxx and for people who were suffering from severe arthritis pain the drug was an absolute lifesaver -but unfortunately for another subset of those people they suffered pretty severe heart side effects and for a subset of those people the side effects were so severe the cardiac side effects that they were fatal -but imagine a different -scenario where we could have had an array a genetically diverse array of cardiac cells and we could have actually tested that drug vioxx in petri dishes and figured out well okay people with this genetic type are going to have -the people for whom it was a lifesaver could have still taken their medicine the people for whom it was a disaster or fatal would never have been given it and you can imagine a very different outcome for the company who had to withdraw the drug -so that -clearly we have to think about genetics we have to think about human testing but theres a fundamental problem because right now stem cell lines as extraordinary as they are and lines are just groups of cells -they are made by hand one at a time and it takes a couple of months -so here we have this incredible field which has enormous hope for humanity -so we looked at this and we thought okay artisanal is wonderful in you know your clothing and your bread and -were all different -we know from the sequencing of the human genome that its shown us all of the as cs gs and ts that make up our genetic code -is like looking at the ones and zeroes of the computer code without having a computer that can read it its like having an app without having a smartphone we needed to have a way of bringing the biology to that incredible data -and the way to do that was to find a stand in a biological stand in that could contain all of the genetic information but have it be arrayed in such a way as it could be read together and actually create this incredible avatar -but much like ivf over thirty five years ago until the birth of a healthy baby louise this field has been under siege politically and financially critical research is being challenged instead of supported -we need to have stem cells from all the genetic sub types that represent who we are -that already exist all of the drugs that currently exist and in the future youre going to be taking drugs and treatments that have been tested for side effects -on all of the relevant cells on brain cells and heart cells and liver cells it really has brought us to the threshold of personalized medicine its here now and in our family -my son has type one diabetes which is still an incurable disease and i lost my parents to heart disease and cancer but i think that my story probably sounds familiar to you because probably a version of it is your story -and we saw that it was really essential to have private safe haven laboratories where this work could be advanced without interference -and the bacteria are feeding on the sugar nutrients in the liquid so theyre spinning these tiny nano fibers of pure cellulose and theyre sticking together forming layers and giving us a sheet on the surface after about two to three weeks were looking at something which is about an inch in thickness -so the bath on the left is after five days and on the right after ten -and this is a static culture you dont have to do anything to it you just literally watch it grow it doesnt need light -again you can do that outside and just let it dry -as a fashion designer ive always tended to think of materials something like this -and then you can either cut that out and sew it conventionally or you can use the wet material to form it around a three dimensional shape and as it evaporates it will knit itself together forming seams -so the color in this jacket is coming purely from green tea i guess it also looks a little bit like human skin which intrigues me -since its organic im really keen to try and minimize the addition of any chemicals i can make it change color without using dye by a process of iron oxidation using fruit and vegetable staining create organic patterning -or this or maybe this -and using indigo make it anti microbial and in fact cotton would take up to eighteen -in the rain wearing this dress today i would immediately start to absorb huge amounts of water -the dress would get really heavy and eventually the seams would probably fall apart leaving me feeling rather naked possibly a good performance piece but definitely not ideal for everyday wear -bacterial cellulose is actually already being used for wound healing and possibly in the future for biocompatible blood vessels possibly even replacement bone tissue -but with synthetic biology we can actually imagine engineering this bacterium -but then i met a biologist and now i think of materials like this -to produce something that gives us the quality quantity and shape of material that we desire obviously as a designer thats really exciting because then i start to think wow we could actually imagine growing consumable products -what excites me about using microbes is their efficiency so we only grow what we need theres no waste and in fact we could make it from a waste stream so for example a waste sugar stream from a food processing plant -finally at the end of use we could biodegrade it naturally along with your vegetable peelings -green tea sugar a few microbes and a little time -i do think it could be quite a smart and sustainable addition to our increasingly precious natural resources ultimately maybe it wont even be fashion where we see these microbes have their impact we could for example imagine growing a lamp a chair -im essentially using a kombucha recipe which is a symbiotic mix of bacteria yeasts and other micro organisms which spin cellulose in a fermentation process over time these tiny threads form in the liquid into layers and produce a mat on the surface -so we start by brewing the tea i brew up to about thirty liters of tea at a time -and then while its still hot add a couple of kilos of sugar we stir this in until its completely dissolved and then pour it into a growth bath -we need to check that the temperature has cooled to below thirty degrees c and then were ready to add the living organism and along with that -some acetic acid and once you get this process going you can actually recycle your previous fermented liquid we need to maintain an optimum temperature for the growth -and i use a heat mat to sit the bath on and a thermostat to regulate it and actually in hot weather i can just grow it outside so this is my mini fabric farm after about three days the bubbles will appear on the surface of the liquid so this is telling us that the fermentation is in full swing -and because these mutations happen approximately as a function of time you can transform these differences to estimates of time where the two humans typically will share a common ancestor about half a million years ago and with the chimpanzees it will be in the order of five million years ago -i want to talk to you about is what we can learn from studying the genomes of living people and extinct humans -so what has now happened in the last few years is that there are account technologies around that allow you to see many many pieces of dna very quickly so we can now in a matter of hours determine a whole human genome each of us of course contains two human genomes one from our mothers and one from our fathers -and they are around three billion -such letters long -and we will find that the two genomes in me or one genome of mine we want to use will have about three million differences in the order of that and what you can then also begin to do is to say how are these genetic differences distributed across -this is surprising of course because in the order of six to eight times fewer people live in africa than outside africa yet the people inside africa have more genetic variation -but before doing that i just briefly want to remind you about what you already know that our genomes our genetic material are stored in almost all cells in our bodies in chromosomes in the form of dna which is this famous double helical molecule -and together with the methods to date these genetic differences this has led to the insight that modern humans humans that are essentially indistinguishable from you and me evolved in africa quite recently between one hundred and two hundred thousand years ago -and later between one hundred and fifty thousand years ago or so went out of africa to colonize the rest of the world so what i often like to say is that from a genomic perspective we are all africans we either live inside africa today or in quite recent exile -another consequence of this recent origin of modern humans is that genetic variants are generally distributed widely in the world in many places and they tend to vary as gradients from a birds eye perspective -estimate where that person comes from provided that its parents or grandparents havent moved around too much -well we can begin to ask those questions also there is for example a project -thats underway to sequence a thousand individuals their genomes from different parts of the world theyve sequenced one hundred and eighty five africans from two populations in africa theyve sequenced approximately equally as many people in europe and in china -and we can begin to say how much variance do we find how many letters that vary in at least one of those individual sequences and its a lot thirty eight million -this may be surprising maybe a single individual is misclassified or so so we can relax the criterion a bit and say how many positions do we find where ninety five percent of people in africa have one variant ninety five percent another variant and the number of that is twelve -so this is very surprising it means that when we look at people and see a person from africa and a person from europe or asia we cannot for a single position in the genome with one hundred percent accuracy predict what the person would carry -and only for twelve positions can we hope to be ninety five percent right -this may be surprising because we can of course look at these people and quite easily say where they or their ancestors came from -so what this means now is that those traits we then look at and so readily see facial features skin color hair structure -are not determined by single genes with big effects but are determined by many different genetic variants that seem to vary in frequency between different parts of the world -or that have to do with how our immune systems deal with microbes that try to invade our bodies but so those are all parts of our bodies where we very directly interact with our environment in a direct confrontation if you like -so theres another interesting thing that comes from this realization -that humans have a recent common origin in africa -most famously perhaps neanderthals these robust forms of humans compared to the left here with a modern human skeleton on the right -that existed in western asia and europe since several hundreds of thousands of years so an interesting question is what happened when we met what happened to the neanderthals -and to begin to answer such questions my research group since over twenty five years now works on methods to extract dna from remains of neanderthals and extinct animals that are tens of thousands of years old -so this involves a lot of technical issues in how you extract the dna how you convert it to a form you can sequence you have to work very carefully to avoid contamination of experiments with dna from yourself -and this then in conjunction with these methods that allow very many dna molecules to be sequenced very rapidly allowed us last year -to present the first version of the neanderthal genome so that any one of you can now look on the internet on the neanderthal genome or at least on the fifty five percent of it that weve been able to reconstruct so far -and you can begin to compare it to the genomes of people who live today -and one question that you may then want to ask is what happened when we met did we mix or not and the way to ask that question is to look at the neanderthal that comes from southern europe and compare it to genomes of people who live today -so we then look to do this with pairs of individuals starting with two africans looking at the two african genomes finding places where they differ from each other and in each case ask what is a neanderthal like does it match one african or the other african -we would expect there to be no difference because neanderthals were never in africa they should be equal have no reason to be closer to one african than another african and thats indeed the case statistically speaking there is no difference in how often the neanderthal matches one african or the other -and we can then see the result of such mutations when we compare dna sequences among us here in the room for example if we compare my genome to the genome of you approximately every one thousand two hundred one thousand three hundred letters will differ between us -presumably they did so first in the middle east where there were neanderthals living -if they then mixed with each other there then those modern humans that became the ancestors of everyone outside africa carried with them this neanderthal component in their genome to the rest of the world -so that today the people living outside africa have about two and a half percent of their dna from neanderthals -so having now a neanderthal genome on hand as a reference point and having the technologies to look at -ancient remains and extract the dna we can begin to apply them elsewhere in the world -and we found that this individual shared a common origin for his dna sequences with neanderthals around six hundred and forty thousand years ago and further back eight hundred thousand years ago is there a common origin with present day humans -so this individual comes from a population that shares an origin with neanderthals but far back and then have a long independent history we call this group of humans that we then described for the first time from this tiny tiny little piece of bone the denisovans after this place where they were first described -so we can then ask for denisovans the same things as for the neanderthals did they mix with ancestors of present day people -if we ask that question and compare the denisovan genome to people around the world we surprisingly find no evidence of denisovan dna in any people living -even close to siberia today but we do find it in papua new guinea and in other islands in melanesia and the pacific -so this presumably means that these denisovans had been more widespread in the past since we dont think that the ancestors of melanesians were ever in siberia so from studying these genomes of extinct humans -were beginning to arrive at a picture of what the world looked like when modern humans started coming out of africa -in the west there were neanderthals in the east there were denisovans maybe other forms of humans too that weve not yet described we dont know quite where the borders between these people were but we know that in southern siberia there were both neanderthals and denisovans at least at some time in the past -then modern humans emerged somewhere in africa came out of africa presumably in the middle east they meet neanderthals mix with them continue to spread over the world and somewhere in southeast asia they meet denisovans and mix with them and continue on out into the pacific -and there were older earlier forms of humans there and since we mixed elsewhere im pretty sure that one day when we will perhaps have a genome of also these earlier forms in africa we will find that they have also mixed with early modern humans in africa -ted at sea that could help figure out the next steps and so i suppose you want to know what -i wish you would use all means at your disposal films expeditions the web new submarines a campaign to ignite public support for a global network of marine protected areas -much some say ten percent some say thirty percent you decide how much of your heart -whatever it is a fraction of one percent is not enough -my wish is a big wish but if we can make it happen it can truly change the world -for the children of today -is the time -that someday we will find evidence that there is -say that -me as a scientist it all began -when i first tried scuba its when i first got to know fish swimming in something other than lemon slices and butter i actually love diving at night you see a lot of fish then that you dont see in the daytime -that astronauts were -then ive used about thirty kinds of submarines and ive started three companies and a nonprofit foundation called deep search to design and build systems to access the deep sea -i led a five year national geographic expedition the sustainable seas expeditions using these little subs theyre so simple to drive that even a scientist can do it -the things you need to stay alive in space or under the sea i heard astronaut joe allen explain how he had to learn everything he could about -his life support system and then do everything he could to take care of his life support system -life support system we need to learn everything we can about it and do everything we can to take care of it -the poet auden said thousands have lived without love none without water -mars comes to mind no ocean no life support system i gave a talk not so long ago at the world bank -and i showed this amazing image of earth and i said there it is the world bank thats where all the assets are -weve been trawling them down much faster than the natural systems can replenish them tim worth says the economy is a wholly owned subsidiary of the environment with every drop of water you drink every breath you take -youre connected to the sea no matter where on earth you live most of the oxygen in the atmosphere is generated by the sea over time most of the planets organic carbon has been absorbed and stored there mostly by microbes -the ocean drives climate and weather stabilizes temperature shapes earths chemistry water from the sea forms clouds that return to the land and the seas as rain sleet and snow -and provides home for about ninety seven percent of life in the world maybe in the universe no water no life no blue no green -yet we have this idea we humans that the earth -but in the last one hundred especially in the last fifty weve drawn down the assets the air the water the wildlife that make our lives possible -new technologies are helping us to understand the nature of nature the nature of whats happening -showing us our impact on the earth i mean first you have to know that youve got a problem and fortunately in our time weve learned more about the problems than in all preceding history -and with knowing comes caring and with caring theres hope that we can find an enduring place for ourselves within the natural systems that support us but first we have to know -but now we know and now we are facing paradise lost i want to share with you my personal view of changes in the sea that affect all of us -three years ago i met john hanke whos the head of google earth and i told him how much i loved being able to hold the world in my hands and go exploring vicariously -i asked him when are you going to finish it you did a great job with the land the dirt what about the water -since then ive had the great pleasure of working with the googlers with doer marine with national geographic with dozens of the best institutions and scientists -around the world ones that we could enlist to put the ocean in google earth and as of just this week last monday google earth is now whole -consider this starting right here at the convention center we can find the nearby aquarium we can look at where were sitting and then we can cruise up the coast to the big aquarium the ocean and californias four national marine -the new network of state marine reserves that are beginning to protect and restore some of the assets -we can flit over to hawaii and see the real hawaiian islands not just the little bit that pokes through the surface -but also whats below to see wait a minute we can go kshhplash right there -can go actually and swim around on google earth and visit with humpback whales these are gentle giants -that ive had the pleasure of meeting face to face many times underwater theres nothing quite like being personally inspected by a whale -we can pick up and fly to the deepest place seven miles down the mariana trench where only two people have ever been imagine that its only seven miles but only two people have been there forty nine years ago -one way trips are easy we need new deep diving submarines how about some x prizes for ocean exploration we need to see deep trenches the undersea mountains and understand life in the deep sea -bad news for the polar bears thats bad news for us too excess carbon dioxide is not only driving global warming its also changing ocean chemistry making the sea more acidic -bad news for coral reefs and oxygen producing plankton also bad news for us were putting -hundreds of millions of tons of plastic and other trash into the sea millions of tons of discarded fishing nets -gear that continues to kill were clogging the ocean poisoning the planets circulatory system -were killing sharks for shark fin soup undermining food chains that shape planetary chemistry and drive the carbon cycle the nitrogen cycle the oxygen cycle the water cycle -of these parts are part of our life support system we kill using long lines with baited hooks every few feet that may stretch for fifty miles or more -shaking the foundation of our life support system leaving plumes of death in their path the next time you dine on sushi or sashimi or swordfish steak or shrimp cocktail -more than ten pounds even one hundred pounds may be thrown away as bycatch this is the consequence of not knowing -to two thousand the highest concentrations are in red in my lifetime imagine ninety percent of the big fish have been killed most of the turtles sharks tunas and whales -are way down in numbers but there is good news ten percent of the big fish still remain there are still some blue whales there are still some krill in antarctica -still time but not a lot to turn things around -business as usual means that in fifty years there may be no coral reefs and no commercial fishing because the fish will simply be gone -imagine the ocean without fish imagine what that means to our life support system -about twelve percent of the land around the world is now protected safeguarding biodiversity providing a carbon sink generating oxygen protecting watersheds -the good news is that there are now more than four thousand places in the sea around the world that have some kind of protection and you can find them on google earth -the thought of what ray anderson calls tomorrows child asking why we didnt do something on our watch to save -protected areas provide hope -and try to find ways to give them and us a secure future such as the arctic we have one chance right now to get it right -or the antarctic where the continent is protected but the surrounding ocean is being stripped of its krill whales and fish sargasso seas three million square miles of -being gathered up to feed cows ninety seven percent of the land in the galapagos islands is protected but the adjacent sea is being ravaged by fishing -its true too in argentina on the patagonian shelf now in serious trouble the high seas where whales tuna and dolphins travel -the largest least protected ecosystem on earth filled with luminous creatures living in dark waters that average two miles deep they flash and sparkle and glow -still places in the sea as pristine as i knew as a child -the next ten years may be the most important and the next ten thousand years the best chance our species will have to protect -what remains of the natural systems that give us life to cope with climate change we need new ways to generate power -we need new ways better ways to cope with poverty wars and disease we need many things to keep and maintain the world as a better place -nothing else will matter -if we fail to protect the ocean our fate and the ocean are one -we need to do for the ocean what al gore did for the skies above -well now is that time i hope for your help to explore and protect the wild ocean in ways that will restore the health and in so doing -global plan of action with a world conservation union the iucn is underway to protect biodiversity to mitigate and recover from the impacts of climate change -on the high seas and in coastal areas wherever we can identify critical places -new technologies are needed to map photograph and explore the ninety five percent of the ocean that we have yet to see -the goal is to protect biodiversity to provide stability and resilience -we need deep diving subs new technologies to explore the ocean we need maybe an expedition -i mean seriously the department of energy did not have anything to do with fracking the first frack job was in forty seven i saw my first one in fifty three ive fracked over three thousand wells in my life never had a problem with messing up an aquifer or anything else now -the largest aquifer in north america is from midland texas to the south dakota border across eight states -theres no problems i dont understand why the media is focused on eastern pennsylvania -picture then i guess of how the world eventually gets off fossil fuels is through innovation ultimately -buses lamta have been on natural gas for twenty five years -the ft worth t has been on it for twenty five years why air quality was the reason they used natural gas and got away from diesel why are all the trash trucks today in southern california on natural gas its because of air quality i know what -what is at the other end of that bridge is for this audience to figure out if someone comes to you with a plan that really looks like it might be part of this solution are you ready to invest in those technologies even if they arent maximized for profits they might be maximized for the future health of the planet -we would prefer to have cleaner cheaper domestic ours and we have that we have that which is natural -and the cost annually is three trillion dollars and one trillion of that goes to opec that has got to be stopped -now if you look at the cost of opec it cost seven trillion dollars on the milken institute study last year seven trillion dollars -believer in global warming -since one thousand nine hundred and seventy six is what we paid for oil from opec now that includes the cost of military and the cost of the fuel both -but its the greatest transfer of wealth from one group to another in the history of mankind and it continues -and my record is good on the subject -and away from us -and with that we have found ourselves to be the worlds policemen we are policing the world and how are we doing that -raise your hand if you think you know -there are twelve one is under construction by the chinese and the other eleven belong to us why do we have eleven aircraft carriers -do we have a corner on the market are we smarter than anybody else -actually most of the eleven we have are tied up in the mid east why why are they in the mid east theyre there to control keep the shipping lanes open and make oil available and the united states uses about twenty million barrels a -somehow that doesnt seem right thats not sustainable so where do we go from here does that continue -seventy percent of it is used for transportation fuel so when somebody says lets go more nuclear -lets go wind lets go solar fine im for anything american anything american but if youre going to do anything about the dependency on foreign oil you have to address transportation -so here we are using twenty million barrels a day producing eight importing twelve and from the twelve five comes from opec -in the history of america weve never had an energy plan we dont even realize the resources that we have available to us if you take the last ten years and bring forward youve transferred to opec a trillion dollars -if you go forward the next ten years and cap the price of oil at one hundred dollars a barrel you will pay two point two trillion thats not sustainable either but the days of cheap oil are over -to you the saudis do they have to have -and the opec nations are the ones that price the oil so where are we headed from here were headed to natural gas natural gas will do everything we want it to do its one hundred and thirty octane fuel -youre going to find and ill tell you in just a minute what youre looking for -to make it happen but here you can look at the list natural gas will fit all of those it will replace or be able to be used for that its for power generation transportation its peaking fuel -its all those do we have enough natural gas look at the bar on the left its twenty four trillion its what we use a year -how does that translate to barrels of oil equivalent it would be three times what the saudis claim they -and where ive targeted is on the heavy duty trucks there are eight million of them -you take eight million trucks these are eighteen wheelers and take them to natural gas reduce carbon by thirty percent it is cheaper and it will cut our imports three million barrels -so you will cut sixty percent off of opec with eight million trucks there are two hundred and fifty million vehicles in america so what you have is natural gas is the bridge fuel is the way i see it i dont have to worry about the bridge to where at my age -but as i said im for anything american now let me take you ive been a realist i went from theorist early to realist im back to theorist again if you look at the world you have methane hydrates in the ocean around every continent -and here you can see methane if thats the way youre going to go that theres plenty of methane natural gas is methane methane and natural gas are interchangeable but if you decide that youre going to use some methane and im gone so its up to you -but we do have plenty of methane hydrates -and yet we have no energy plan so theres nothing going on that impresses me in washington on that plan other than im trying to focus on that eight million eighteen wheelers -if we could do that i think we would take our first step to an energy plan if we did we could see that our own resources are easier to use than anybody can imagine thank you -a hundred years ago we were looking at coal of course and we were looking at whale oil and we were looking at crude oil -pickens plan that was based on wind energy and you abandoned it basically because the economics changed -what happened -and at the time i went into the wind business natural gas was nine dollars today its two dollars and forty cents -plummeted which made wind uncompetitive in a nutshell thats what happened -you burn it you release co two -so you believe in the threat of climate change why doesnt that prospect concern you -the -and it wasnt ours though it was theirs so at that point one thousand nine hundred and twelve we selected crude oil over whale oil and some more coal -but if thats it and that becomes the reason that renewables dont get invested in -you all do ca but i dont think thats right boone i think youre a person who believes in your legacy youve made the money you need youre one of the few people in a position to really swing the debate -but chris i think where were headed the long term i dont mind going back to nuclear and i can tell you what the last page of the report that will take them five years to write will be one dont build a reformer on a fault -do not build a reformer on the ocean -and now i think reformers are safe move them inland and on very stable ground and build the reformers there isnt anything wrong with nuke youre going to have to have energy there is no question you cant okay -global warming gas than co two is that a concern -in one thousand nine hundred and fifty three fracking came out in forty seven and dont believe for a minute when our president gets up there and says the department of energy thirty years ago developed fracking i dont know what in the hell hes talking about -the project aim is really quite simple the only real problem with the ascending aorta in people with marfan syndrome is it lacks some tensile strength -so the possibility exists to simply -externally wrap the pipe and it would remain stable and operate quite happily if your high pressure hose pipe or your high pressure hydraulic line bulges a little you just wrap some tape around the outside of it it really is that simple in concept though not in execution -the great advantage of an external support for me was that i could retain all of my own bits all of my own endothelium and valves and not need any anticoagulation therapy -process engineer i know all about boilers and incinerators and fabric filters and cyclones and things -this is a -its quite a difficult structure to produce -when we produced that model -we turn it into a solid plastic model as you can see using a rapid prototyping technique another engineering technique -we then use that former to manufacture a perfectly bespoke porous textile mesh which takes the shape of the former and perfectly fits the aorta so this is absolutely personalized medicine at its best really every patient we do has an absolutely bespoke implant -once youve made it the installations quite easy john pepper bless his heart professor of cardiothoracic surgery -if you compare our new treatment to the existing alternative the so called composite aortic root graft there are one of two startling comparisons which im sure will be clear to all of you two hours to install one of our devices compared to six hours for the existing treatment -the existing treatment requires as ive said the heart and lung bypass machine and it requires a total body cooling we dont need any of that we work on a beating heart he opens you up he accesses the aorta while your heart is beating all at the right temperature -and in fact if you speak to people who are on long term warfarin it is a serious compromise to your quality of life and even worse it inevitably foreshortens your life -back to the theme of the presentation in multidisciplinary research how on earth does a process engineer used to working with boilers end up producing a medical device which transforms his own life well the answer to that is a multidisciplinary team -this is a list of the core team and as you can see there are not only two principal technical disciplines there medicine and engineering but also there are various specialists from within those two disciplines -from which to make the cad model warren thornton who still does all our cad models for us had to write a bespoke piece of cad code to produce this model from this really rather difficult -input data set -the medics amongst you if there are any will recognize the first two but there will be nobody else in this room that understands all of those four words -taking the jargon out was very important to ensure that everyone in the team understood -what was meant when a particular phrase was used -and then we realized that it was actually a mirror image of the real aorta and it was a mirror image because -professional jealousies there were people on the research and ethics committee who really didnt want to see john pepper succeed again because hes so successful and they made extra problems for us -we had to get past the nice problem we now have a great clinical guidance out on the net so any of the hospitals interested can come along read the nice report get in touch with us and then get doing it themselves -funding barriers another big area to be concerned with -a big problem with understanding one of those perspectives when we first approached one of the big u k charitable organizations that funds this kind of stuff what they were looking at was essentially an engineering proposal they didnt understand it they were doctors they were next to god it must be rubbish -they simply want to do whatever theyve done before and in fact there are many surgeons in the u k still waiting for one of our patients to have some sort of episode so that they can say ah i told you that was no good -the results can be spectacular you can find novel solutions really novel solutions that have never been looked at before very very quickly and easily you can shortcut huge amounts of work simply -and most importantly commit you to a lifetime of anticoagulation therapy normally warfarin -by using the extended knowledge base you have and as a result its an entirely different use of the technology and the knowledge around you -for a one off patient than the cost of us getting from my dream to my reality -the thought of the surgery was not attractive the thought of the warfarin was -really quite frightening so i said to myself im an engineer im in r and d this is just a plumbing problem i can do this i can change this so i set out to change the entire treatment for aortic dilation -because to make any kind of progress we need to be able to imagine a different reality and then we need to believe that that reality is possible -but only thirty percent said that they thought families in general are doing better than a few generations ago -and this is a really important point because were optimistic about ourselves were optimistic about our kids were optimistic about our families but were not so optimistic about the guy sitting next to us and were somewhat pessimistic about the fate of our fellow citizens and the fate of our country -but private optimism about our own personal future remains persistent -now im a scientist i do experiments so to show you what i mean im going to do an experiment here with you so im going to give you a list of abilities and characteristics and i want you to think for each of these abilities where you stand relative to the rest of the population -the first one is getting along well with others -who here believes theyre at the bottom twenty five percent -thats most of us here -how attractive are you -and its a global phenomenon the optimism bias has been observed in many different countries in western cultures in non western cultures in females and males in kids in the elderly its quite widespread but the question is is it good for us -so some people say no some people say the secret to happiness is low expectations i think the logic goes something like this if we dont expect greatness if we dont expect to find love and be healthy and successful well were not going to be disappointed when these things dont happen -it its our tendency to overestimate our likelihood of experiencing good events in our lives and underestimate our likelihood of experiencing bad events -and if were not disappointed when good things dont happen and were pleasantly surprised when they do we will be happy -so its a very good theory but it turns out to be wrong for three reasons number one whatever happens whether you succeed or you fail people with high expectations always feel better -because how we feel when we get dumped or win employee of the month depends on how we interpret that event the psychologists margaret marshall and john brown studied students with high and low expectations -and they found that when people with high expectations succeed they attribute that success to their own traits im a genius therefore i got an a therefore ill get an a again and again in the future -when they failed it wasnt because they were dumb but because the exam just happened to be unfair next time they will do better -people with low expectations do the opposite so when they failed it was because they were dumb and when they succeeded it was because the exam just happened to be really easy next time reality would catch up with them so they felt worse -the behavioral economist george lowenstein asked students in his university to imagine getting a passionate kiss from a celebrity any celebrity then he said -so we underestimate our likelihood of suffering from cancer being in a car accident we overestimate our longevity our career prospects in short were more optimistic than realistic but we are oblivious to the fact -how much are you willing to pay to get a kiss from a celebrity if the kiss was delivered immediately -in three hours in twenty four hours in three days in one year in ten years -he found that the students were willing to pay the most not to get a kiss immediately but to get a kiss in three days they were willing to pay extra in order to wait now they werent willing to wait a year or ten years no one wants an aging celebrity but three days -seemed to be the optimum amount -so why is that well if you get the kiss now its over and done with -this is by the way why people prefer friday to sunday -but they dont its not because they really really like being in the office and they cant stand strolling in the park or having a lazy brunch we know that because when you ask people about their ultimate favorite day of the week -surprise surprise saturday comes in at first then friday then sunday -people prefer friday because friday brings with it the anticipation of the weekend ahead all the plans that you have on sunday the only thing you can look forward to is the work week -optimists are people who expect more kisses in their future more strolls in the park and that anticipation enhances their wellbeing -in fact without the optimism bias we would all be slightly depressed -people with mild depression they dont have a bias when they look into the future theyre actually more realistic than healthy individuals but individuals with severe depression they have a pessimistic bias so they tend to expect the future to be worse than it ends up being -so optimism changes subjective reality the way we expect the world to be changes the way we see it but it also changes objective reality -take marriage for example in the western world divorce rates are about forty percent -it acts as a self fulfilling prophecy -and that is the third reason why lowering your expectations will not make you happy controlled experiments have shown that optimism is not only related to success it leads to success -optimism leads to success in academia and sports and politics and maybe the most surprising benefit of optimism is health if we expect the future to be bright stress and anxiety are reduced -so all in all optimism has lots of benefits but the question that was really confusing to me was how do we maintain optimism in the face of reality -as an neuroscientist this was especially confusing because according to all the theories out there when your expectations are not met you should alter them but this is not what we find -we asked people to come into our lab in order to try and figure out what was going on we asked them to estimate their likelihood of experiencing different terrible events in their lives so for example what is your likelihood of suffering from cancer -that means that out of five married couples two will end up splitting their assets -and then we told them the average likelihood of someone like them to suffer these misfortunes so cancer for example is about thirty percent -and then we asked them again how likely are you to suffer from cancer -what we wanted to know was whether people will take the information that we gave them to change their beliefs and indeed they did but mostly when the information we gave them was better than what they expected -so for example if someone said my likelihood of suffering from cancer is about fifty percent and we said -hey good news the average likelihood is only thirty percent the next time around they would say well maybe my likelihood is about thirty five percent so they learned quickly and efficiently -but when you ask newlyweds about their own likelihood of divorce they estimate it at -but if someone started off saying my average likelihood of suffering from cancer is about ten percent and we said hey bad news the average likelihood is about thirty percent the next time around they would say yep still think its about eleven percent -everyone remembers that the average likelihood of cancer is about thirty percent and the average likelihood of divorce is about forty percent but they didnt think that those numbers were related to them -what this means is that warning signs such as these may only have limited impact -zero percent and even divorce lawyers who should really know better hugely underestimate their own likelihood of divorce -yes smoking kills but mostly it kills the other guy -one of these regions is called the left inferior frontal gyrus -so if someone said my likelihood of suffering from cancer is fifty percent and we said hey good news average likelihood is thirty percent the left inferior frontal gyrus would respond fiercely -and it didnt matter if youre an extreme optimist a mild optimist or slightly pessimistic everyones left inferior frontal gyrus was functioning perfectly well whether youre barack obama or woody allen -on the other side of the brain the right inferior frontal gyrus was responding to bad news and heres the thing it wasnt doing a very good job -the more optimistic you were -the less likely this region was to respond to unexpected negative information -and if your brain is failing at integrating bad news about the future you will constantly leave your rose tinted spectacles on -so we wanted to know -could we change this -could we alter peoples optimism bias -by interfering with the brain activity in these regions and theres a way for us to do that -this is my collaborator ryota kanai and what hes doing is hes passing a small magnetic pulse through the skull of the participant in our study into their inferior frontal gyrus and by doing that hes interfering with the activity of this brain region for about half an hour -after that everything goes back to normal i assure you -now we interfere with the region that we found to integrate negative information in this task and the optimism bias grew even larger -we made people more biased in the way that they process information then we interfered with the brain region that we found to integrate good news in this task and the optimism bias disappeared -we were quite amazed by these results because we were able to eliminate a deep rooted bias in humans -and at this point we stopped and we asked ourselves would we want to shatter the optimism illusion into tiny little bits if we could do that would we want to take peoples optimism bias away -well ive already told you about all of the benefits of the optimism bias which probably makes you want to hold onto it for dear life but there are -of course pitfalls and it would be really foolish of us to ignore them -take for example this email i recieved from a firefighter here in california he says fatality investigations for firefighters often include we didnt think the fire was going to do that even when all of the available information was there to make safe decisions -this captain is going to use our findings on the optimism bias to try to explain to the firefighters why they think the way they do to make them acutely aware of this very optimistic bias in humans -so they have adjusted the two thousand and twelve olympic budget for the optimism bias -my friend whos getting married in a few weeks has done the same for his wedding budget and by the way when i asked him about his own likelihood of divorce he said he was quite sure it was zero percent -so what we would really like to do is we would like to protect ourselves from the dangers of optimism but at the same time remain hopeful benefiting from the many fruits of optimism -and i believe theres a way for us to do that the key here really is knowledge were not born with an innate understanding of our biases these have to be identified by scientific investigation -but the good news is that becoming aware of the optimism bias does not shatter the illusion its like visual illusions in which understanding them does not make them go away -and this is good because it means we should be able to strike a balance to come up with plans and rules to protect ourselves from unrealistic optimism but at the same time remain hopeful -the majority of our functional brain is distributed over the outer surface layer of the brain and to increase the area thats available for mental capacity the brain surface is highly folded -now this cortical folding presents a significant challenge for interpreting surface electrical impulses each individuals cortex is folded differently very much like a fingerprint -so even though a signal may come from the same functional part of the brain by the time the structure has been folded its physical location is very different between individuals even identical twins -so that we can map the signals closer to its source and therefore making it capable of working across a mass population -the second challenge is the actual device for observing brainwaves eeg measurements typically involve a hairnet with an array of sensors like the one that you can see here in the photo -now our communication with machines has always been limited to conscious and direct forms whether its something simple like turning on the lights with a switch -a technician will put the electrodes onto the scalp using a conductive gel or paste and usually after a procedure of preparing the scalp by light abrasion -now this is quite time consuming and isnt the most comfortable process and on top of that these systems actually cost in the tens of thousands of dollars so -id like to invite onstage evan grant who is one of last years speakers whos kindly agreed to help me to demonstrate what weve been able to develop -so the device that you see is a fourteen channel high fidelity eeg acquisition system it doesnt require any scalp preparation -no conductive gel or paste it only takes a few minutes to put on and for the signals to -its also wireless so it gives you the freedom to move around and compared to the tens of thousands of dollars for a traditional eeg system this headset only costs a few hundred dollars -now on to the detection algorithms so facial expressions as i mentioned before in emotional experiences are actually designed to work out of the box with some sensitivity adjustments available for -or even as complex as programming robotics we have always had to give a command to a machine or even a series of commands in order for it to do something for us -but with the limited time we have available id like to show you the cognitive suite which is the ability for you to -now evan is new to this system so what we have to do first is create a new profile for him hes obviously not joanne so -so the first thing we need to do with the cognitive suite is to start with training a neutral signal -so the idea here now is that evan needs to imagine the object coming forward into the screen and theres a progress bar that will scroll across the screen while hes doing that -the first time nothing will happen because the system has no idea how he thinks about pull but maintain that thought for the entire duration of the eight seconds so one two three -so once we accept this the cube is live so lets see if evan can actually try and imagine pulling -so we have a little bit of time available so im going to ask evan to do a really difficult task and this one is difficult because its all about being able to visualize something that doesnt exist in our physical world -this is disappear so what you want at least with movement based actions we do that all the time so you can visualize it but with disappear theres really no analogies -but we can see that it actually works even though you can only hold it for a little bit of time as i said its a very difficult -to imagine this and the great thing about it is that weve only given the software one instance of how he thinks about disappear as there is a machine learning -there is a leveling system built into this software so that as evan or any user becomes more familiar with the system they can -we observe facial expressions body language and we can intuit feelings and emotions from our dialogue with one another this actually forms a large part of our decision making process -to add more and more detections so that the system begins to differentiate between different distinct thoughts and once youve trained up the detections -these thoughts can be assigned or mapped to any computing platform application or device so id like to show you a few examples because there are many possible applications for this new interface -in games and virtual worlds for example your facial expressions can naturally and intuitively be used to control an avatar or virtual character obviously you can experience the fantasy of magic and control the world with your mind -and also colors lighting sound and effects can dynamically respond to your emotional state to heighten the experience that youre having in real time -on to some applications developed by developers and researchers around the world with robots and simple machines for example -you know from the user interface of the control -to -and finally to real life changing applications such as being able to control an electric wheelchair -in this example facial expressions are mapped to the movement -our vision is to introduce this whole new realm of human interaction into human computer interaction so that computers can understand -now -we really -we are really only scratching the surface of what is possible today and with the communitys input and also with the involvement of developers and researchers -from around the world we hope you can help us to shape where the technology goes from here thank you so much -not only what you direct it to do but it can also respond to your facial expressions and emotional experiences -and what better way to do this than by interpreting the signals naturally produced by our brain our center for control and experience -well it sounds like a pretty good idea but this task as bruno mentioned isnt an easy one for two main reasons first the detection algorithms -our brain is made up of billions of active neurons around one hundred and seventy thousand km of combined axon length when these neurons interact the chemical reaction emits an electrical impulse which can be measured -the next piece of the jigsaw is of a boat in the early dawn slipping silently out to sea -it was inconceivable to her that she would not succeed -so after a four year saga that defies fiction a boat slipped out to sea disguised as a fishing vessel -all the adults knew the risks the greatest fear was of pirates rape and death like most adults on the boat -my mother carried a small bottle of poison if we were captured first my sister and i then she and my grandmother would drink -my first memories are from the boat the steady beat of the engine the bow dipping into each wave the vast and empty horizon i dont remember the pirates who came many times but were bluffed by the bravado of the men on our boat -or the engine dying and failing to start for six hours -but i do remember the lights on the oil rig off the malaysian coast and the young man who collapsed and died the journeys end too much for him -and the first apple i tasted given to me by the men on the rig no apple has ever tasted the same -after three months in a refugee camp we landed in melbourne -and the next piece of the jigsaw is about four women across three generations shaping a new life together -we settled in footscray a working class suburb whose demographic is layers of immigrants unlike the settled middle class suburbs whose existence i was oblivious of there was no sense of entitlement in footscray the smells from shop doors were from the rest of the world -and the snippets of halting english were exchanged between people who had one thing in common -they were starting again -we were poor -which was usually new clothes they were always secondhand two pairs of stockings for school each to hide the holes in the other a school uniform down to the ankles because it had to last for six years -and there were rare but searing chants of slit eye and the occasional graffiti asian go home go home to where something stiffened inside me there was a gathering of resolve and a quiet voice saying i will bypass you -my mother my sister and i slept in the same bed my mother was exhausted each night but we told one another about our day and listened to the movements of my grandmother around the house my mother suffered from nightmares all about the boat -and my job was to stay awake until her nightmares came so i could wake -she opened a computer store then studied to be a beautician and opened another business and the women came with their stories about men who could not make the transition angry and inflexible and troubled children caught between two worlds grants and sponsors were sought centers were established -i lived in parallel worlds in one i was the classic asian student relentless in the demands that i made on myself in the other i was enmeshed in lives that were precarious tragically scarred by violence drug abuse and isolation -bonds that took hold in the life of that small girl and never let go -i didnt know the protocols i didnt know how to use the cutlery i didnt know how to talk about wine i didnt know how to talk about anything -i wanted to retreat to the routines and comfort of life in an unsung suburb a grandmother a mother and two daughters ending each day as they had for almost twenty years telling one another the story of their day and falling asleep the three of us still in the same bed -i told my mother i couldnt do it -she reminded me that i was now the same age she had been when we boarded the boat no had never been an option just do it she said and dont be what youre not so i spoke out -that small girl now living in san francisco and speaking to you today -on youth unemployment and education -and the neglect of the marginalized and the disenfranchised and the more candidly i spoke the more i was asked to speak -i met people from all walks of life so many of them doing the thing they loved living on the frontiers of possibility and even though i finished my degree i realized i could not settle into a career in law there had to be another piece of the jigsaw -and i realized at the same time that it is okay to be an outsider a recent arrival new on the scene and not just okay but something to be thankful for perhaps a gift from the boat -because being an insider can so easily mean collapsing the horizons can so easily mean accepting the presumptions of your province -this is not a finished story it is a jigsaw puzzle still being put together let me tell you about some of the pieces -i have stepped outside my comfort zone enough now to know that yes the world does fall apart but not in the way that you fear possibilities that would not have been allowed were outrageously encouraged there was an energy there an implacable optimism -a strange mixture of humility and daring so i followed my hunches i gathered around me a small team of people for whom the label it cant be done was an irresistible challenge for a year we were penniless at the end of each day i made a huge pot of soup which we all shared -we worked well into each night most of our ideas were crazy but a few -before i close though let me tell you about my grandmother -she grew up at a time when confucianism was the social norm and the local mandarin was the person who mattered life hadnt changed for centuries her father died soon after she was born her mother raised her alone -at seventeen she became the second wife of a mandarin whose mother beat her -with no support from her husband she caused a sensation by taking him to court and prosecuting her own case and a far greater sensation when she won -imagine the first piece a man burning his lifes work he is a poet -i was taking a shower in a hotel room in sydney the moment she died six hundred miles away in melbourne i looked through the shower screen and saw her standing on the other side i knew she had come to say goodbye my mother phoned minutes later -a few days later we went to a buddhist temple in footscray and sat around her casket we told her stories and assured her that we were still with -because you have been holding it since this morning he said you have not let it go -if there is a sinew in our family -it runs through the women given who we were and how life had shaped us we can now see that the men who might have come into our lives would have thwarted us defeat would have come too easily -a playwright a man whose whole life had been balanced on the single hope of his countrys unity and freedom imagine him as the communists enter saigon confronting the fact that his life had been a complete waste -now i would like to have my own children and i wonder about the boat -who could ever wish it on their own -i dont know -but if i could give it and still see them safely through -words for so long his friends now mocked him he retreated into silence he died broken by history he is my grandfather i never knew him -but our lives are much more than our memories my grandmother never let me forget his life my duty was not to allow it to have been in vain and my lesson was to learn that yes history tried to crush us but we endured -so the first day we get to new york my grandmother and i find a penny in the floor of the homeless shelter that my familys staying in only we dont know that its a homeless shelter we think that its a hotel a hotel with lots of rats so -five years old and i am very proud my father has just built the best outhouse in our little village in ukraine -we find this penny kind of fossilized in the floor and we think that a very wealthy man must have left it there because regular people dont just lose money -and in that moment i feel like a millionaire about a year later i get to feel that way again when we find a bag full of stuffed animals in the trash and suddenly i have more toys than ive ever had in my whole life -and again i get that feeling when we get a knock on the door of our apartment in brooklyn and my sister and i find a deliveryman with a box of pizza that we didnt order so we take the pizza -our very first pizza and we devour slice after slice as the deliveryman stands there and stares at us from the doorway and he tells us to pay but we dont speak english -my mother comes out and he asks her for money but she doesnt have enough she walks fifty blocks to and from work every day just to avoid spending money on bus fare -then our neighbor pops her head in and she turns red with rage when she realizes that those immigrants from downstairs have somehow gotten their hands on her pizza -everyones upset but the pizza is delicious -it doesnt hit me until -inside its a smelly gaping hole in the ground but outside -my husband brian -was also homeless as a kid his family lost everything and at age eleven he had to live in motels with his dad -motels that would round up all of their food and keep it hostage until they were able to pay the bill -and one time when he finally got his box of frosted flakes back it was crawling with roaches -but he did have one thing he had this shoebox that he carried with him everywhere containing nine comic books two g i joes painted to look like spider man -and five gobots and this was his treasure this was his own assembly of heroes that kept him from drugs and gangs and from giving up on his dreams -its pearly white formica and it literally gleams in the sun -and -now these days she eats organic food and she sleeps on an orthopedic bed with her name on it -gratitude we forget about all of our new middle class frustrations and disappointments and we feel like millionaires -this makes me feel so proud so important that i appoint myself the leader of my little group of friends and i devise missions for us so we prowl from house to house looking for flies captured in spider webs and we set them free -four years earlier when i was one after the chernobyl accident the rain came down black and my sisters hair fell out in clumps and i spent nine months in the hospital -there were no visitors allowed so my mother bribed a hospital worker she acquired a nurses uniform and she snuck in every night to sit by my side -five years later an unexpected silver lining thanks to chernobyl we get asylum in the u s -which they entered into a photo array days later and he was positively identified now im going to leave you with a self portrait -and it reiterates that distortion is a constant and our eyes are easily deceived -you -i wanted to confront the boundaries of the citizen self imposed and real and confront the divide between privileged and public access to knowledge -it was a critical moment in american history and global history where one felt they didnt have access to accurate information -and i wanted to see the center with my own eyes but what i came away with is a photograph and its just another place from which to observe -and the understanding that there are no absolute all knowing insiders and the outsider can never really reach the core -im going to run through some of the photographs in this series its titled an american index of the hidden and unfamiliar and its comprised of nearly seventy images in this context ill just show you a few -this is a nuclear waste storage and encapsulation facility at hanford site in washington state -where there are over nineteen hundred stainless steel capsules containing nuclear waste submerged in water a human standing in front of an unprotected capsule would die instantly -ninety percent of -and i found one section amongst all of these that actually resembled the outline of the united states of america which you can see here -and a big part of the work that is sort of absent in this context is text so i create these two poles every image is accompanied with a very detailed factual text -and what im most interested in is the invisible space between a text and its accompanying image and how the image is transformed by the text and the text by the image so at best the image is meant to float away into -is in fact not photographic it involves a campaign of letter writing research and phone calls -abstraction and multiple truths and fantasy and then the text functions as this cruel anchor that kind of nails it to the ground -in this context im just going to read an abridged version of those texts -this is a cryopreservation unit and it holds the bodies of the wife and mother of cryonics pioneer robert ettinger who hoped to be awoken one day to extended life -in good health with advancements in science and technology all for the cost of thirty five thousand dollars for forever -this is a twenty one year old palestinian woman undergoing hymenoplasty -essentially reconstructs a ruptured hymen allowing her to bleed upon having sexual intercourse to simulate the loss of virginity -to access my subjects which can range from hamas leaders in gaza to a hibernating black bear in its cave in west virginia -this is a jury simulation deliberation room and you can see beyond that two way mirror jury -standing in a room behind the mirror and they observe deliberations after mock trial proceedings so that they can better advise their clients how to adjust their trial strategy to have the outcome that theyre hoping for this process costs sixty thousand dollars -this is a u s customs and border protection room a contraband room at john f kennedy international airport -on that table you can see forty eight hours worth of seized goods from passengers entering in to the united states there is a pigs head and african cane rats -and part of my photographic work is im not just documenting whats there i do take certain liberties and intervene and in this i really wanted it to resemble an early still life painting so i spent some time with the smells and -items this is the exhibited art on the walls of the cia in langley virginia their original headquarters building -and the cia has had a long history with both covert and public cultural diplomacy efforts -and its speculated that some of their interest in the arts was designed to counter soviet communism and promote what it considered to be pro american thoughts and aesthetics and one of the art forms that elicited the interest of the agency and had thus come under question is -this is the forensic anthropology research facility and on a six acre plot there are approximately seventy five cadavers at any given time that are being studied by forensic anthropologists and researchers -who are interested in monitoring a rate of corpse decomposition and in this particular photograph the body of a young boy has been used to reenact a crime scene -and oddly the most kind of notable letter of rejection i ever recieved came from walt disney world a seemingly innocuous site -this is the only federally funded site where it is legal to cultivate cannabis for scientific research in the united states its a research crop marijuana grow room -and you cant completely understand how information is being distributed -these are transatlantic submarine communication cables that travel across the floor of the atlantic ocean connecting north america to europe they carry over sixty million simultaneous voice conversations -and in a lot of the government and technology sites there was just this very apparent vulnerability this one is almost humorous because it feels like i could just snip all of that conversation in one easy cut but stuff did feel like it could have been -this is a braille edition of playboy magazine and this is a division of the library of congress produces a free national library service -for the blind and visually impaired and the publications they chose to publish are based on reader popularity and playboy is always in the top few -be surprised they dont do the photographs its just the text -and it read im just going to read a key sentence especially during these violent times i personally believe that the magical spell -this is an avian quarantine facility where all imported birds coming into america are required to undergo a thirty day quarantine where they are tested for diseases including exotic newcastle disease and avian influenza -this film -shows -the testing of a new explosive fill on a warhead and the air armament center at eglin air force base in florida is responsible for the deployment and testing of all air delivered weaponry coming from the united states -and the film was shot on seventy two millimeter government issue film and that red dot is a marking on the government issue film -all living white tigers in north america are the result of selective inbreeding that would be mother to son father to daughter sister to brother to allow for the genetic conditions that create a salable white tiger meaning white fur ice blue eyes a pink nose -and the majority of these white tigers are not born in a salable state and are killed at birth its a very violent process that is little known and the white tiger is obviously celebrated in several forms of entertainment -kenny was born he actually made it to adulthood he has since passed away but was mentally retarded and suffers from severe bone abnormalities -cast upon guests who visit our theme parks is particularly important to protect and helps to provide them with an important fantasy they can escape to -this on a lighter note is at george lucas personal archive this is the death star -and its shown here in its true orientation in the context of star wars return of the jedi its mirror image is presented they flip the negative -and you can see the photoetched brass detailing and the painted acrylic facade in the context of the film this is a deep space battle station of the galactic empire -this is at fort campbell in kentucky its a military operations on urbanized terrain site essentially theyve simulated a city -for urban combat and this is one of the structures that exists in that city its called the world church of god its supposed to be a generic site of worship -they constructed a wall around the world church of god to mimic the set up of mosques in afghanistan or iraq and i worked with mehta vihar who creates virtual simulations for the army for tactical practice -and we put that wall around the world church of god and also used the characters and vehicles and explosions that are offered for the -this is live hiv virus at harvard medical school who is working with the u s government to develop sterilizing immunity -and -is a u s government sponsored arabic language television network that distributes news and information to over twenty two countries in the arab world it runs twenty four hours a day commercial free -photography threatens fantasy they didnt want to let my camera in because it confronts constructed realities myths and beliefs and provides what appears to be evidence of a truth -however its illegal to broadcast alhurra within the united states and in two thousand and four they developed a channel called alhurra iraq which specifically deals with events occurring in iraq and it is broadcast to iraq -now im going to move on to another project i did its titled the innocents and for the men in these photographs photography had been used to create a fantasy -i traveled across the united states photographing men and women who had been wrongfully convicted of crimes they did not commit violent crimes -i investigate photographys ability to blur truth and fiction and its influence on memory which can lead to severe even lethal consequences -for the men in these photographs the primary cause of their wrongful conviction was mistaken identification a victim or eyewitness identifies a suspected perpetrator through law enforcements use of images -but through exposure to composite sketches polaroids mugshots and line ups eyewitness testimony can change ill give you an example from a case -a woman was raped and presented with a series of photographs from which to identify her attacker she saw some similarities in one of the photographs but couldnt quite make a positive identification -days later she is presented with another photo array of all new photographs except that one photograph that she had some draw to from the earlier array is repeated in the second array -and a positive identification is made because the photograph replaced the memory if there ever was an actual memory -fredrick day who is photographed at his alibi location where thirteen witnesses placed him at the time of the crime he was convicted by an all white jury of rape kidnapping and vehicle theft -but there are multiple truths attached to every image depending on the creators intention the viewer and the context in which it is presented -and he served ten years of a life sentence now dna exonerated fredrick and it also implicated another man who was serving time in prison -but the victim refused to press charges because she claimed that law enforcement had permanently altered her memory through the use of fredricks photograph -charles faine was convicted of kidnapping rape and murder of a young girl walking to school he served eighteen years of a death sentence -i photographed him at the scene of the crime at the snake river in idaho and i photographed all of the wrongfully convicted at sites that came to -but changed his life forever so photographing there i was hoping to highlight the -between truth and fiction in both his life and in photography -calvin washington was convicted of capital murder he served thirteen years of a life sentence in waco texas -larry mays i photographed at the scene of arrest where he hid between two mattresses in gary indiana in this very room to -from the police he ended up serving eighteen and a half years of an eighty year sentence for rape and robbery the victim failed to identify larry in two live lineups and then made a positive -over a five year period following september eleventh when the american media and government were seeking hidden and unknown sites beyond its borders -days later from a photo array -larry youngblood served eight years of a ten and half year sentence in arizona for the abduction and repeated sodomizing of a ten year old boy at a carnival he is photographed at his alibi location -ron williamson ron was convicted of the rape and murder of a barmaid at a club and served eleven years of a death sentence -i photographed ron at a baseball field because he had been drafted to the oakland as to play professional baseball just before his conviction and the states key witness in rons case was in the end the actual perpetrator -ronald jones served eight years of a death sentence for rape and murder of a twenty eight year old woman i photographed him at the scene of arrest in chicago -william gregory was convicted of rape and burglary he served seven years of a seventy year sentence in kentucky -at his alibi location where eleven witnesses placed him at the time of the crime was convicted of three point five years of a -three thousand two hundred and twenty year sentence for several charges of rape and robbery he had been misidentified by an eleven year old victim -troy webb is photographed here at the scene of the crime in virginia he was convicted of rape kidnapping and robbery and served seven years of a forty seven year sentence -most notably weapons of mass destruction i chose to look inward at that which was integral to americas foundation mythology and daily functioning -there are many more chapters in this project this is just an abridged rendering of over a thousand images and this mass pile of images and stories forms an archive -and within this accumulation of images and texts im struggling to find patterns and imagine that the narratives that surround the lives we lead are just as coded as blood itself -but archives exist because theres something that cant necessarily be articulated something is said in the gaps between all the information thats collected -and theres this relentless persistence of birth and death and an unending collection of stories in between its almost machine like the way people are born and people die and the stories keep coming and coming -and in this im considering is this actual accumulation leading to some sort of evolution or are we on repeat over and over again -so this story is the first of eighteen chapters in my new body of work titled a living man declared dead and other chapters -and for this work i traveled around the world over a four year period researching and recording bloodlines and their related stories -i was interested in ideas surrounding fate and whether our fate is determined by blood chance or circumstance -the subjects i documented ranged from feuding families in brazil to victims of genocide in bosnia to the first woman to hijack an airplane and the living dead in india -in each chapter you can see the external forces of governance power and territory or religion colliding with the internal forces of psychological and physical inheritance -each work that i make is comprised of three segments on the left are one or more portrait panels in which i systematically order the members of a given bloodline this is followed by a text panel its designed in scroll form in which i construct the narrative at stake -and then on the right is what i refer to as a footnote panel its a space thats more intuitive in which i present fragments of the story beginnings of other stories photographic evidence and its meant to kind of reflect how we engage with histories or stories on the internet in a less linear form so its more disordered -and this disorder is in direct contrast to the unalterable order of a bloodline -in my past projects ive often worked in serial form documenting things that have the appearance of being comprehensive through a determined title and a determined presentation but in fact are fairly abstract in this project i wanted to work in the opposite direction and find an absolute -now shivdutt was visiting the local land registry office in uttar pradesh -this led me to blood a bloodline is determined and ordered but the project centers on the collision of order and disorder the order of blood butting up against the disorder represented in the often chaotic and violent stories that are the subjects of my chapters -in chapter two i photograph the descendants of arthur ruppin -he was sent in one thousand nine hundred and seven to palestine by the zionist organization to look at areas for jewish settlement and acquire land for jewish settlement -and he discovered that official records were listing him as dead -he oversaw land acquisition on behalf of the palestine land development company whose work led to the establishment of a jewish state -through my research at the zionist archives in jerusalem i wanted to look at the early paperwork of the establishment of the jewish state and i found these maps which you see here -and these are studies commissioned by the zionist organization for alternative areas for jewish settlement in this i was interested in the consequences of geography and imagining how the world would be different if israel were in uganda which is what these maps demonstrate -his land was no longer registered in his name -but sometimes when his female patients cant afford his services -his brothers chandrabhan and phoolchand were also listed as dead -two of his wives were brought to him suffering from infertility and he cured them -three for evil spirits one for an asthmatic -condition and severe chest pain and two wives ondijo claims he took for love paying their families a total of sixteen cows -one wife deserted him and another passed away during treatment for evil spirits -polygamy is widely practiced in kenya its common among a privileged class capable of paying numerous dowries and keeping multiple homes -instances of prominent social and political figures in polygamous relationships has led to the perception of polygamy as a symbol of wealth status and power -you may notice in several of the chapters that i photographed there are empty portraits -family members had bribed officials to interrupt the hereditary transfer of land by having the brothers declared dead allowing them to inherit their fathers share of the ancestral farmland -these empty portraits represent individuals living individuals who couldnt be present and the reasons for their absence are given in my text panel -they include dengue fever imprisonment army service women not allowed to be photographed for religious and cultural reasons and in this particular chapter its children whose mothers wouldnt allow them to travel to the photographic shoot for fear that their fathers would kidnap them during it -twenty four european rabbits were brought to australia in one thousand eight hundred and fifty nine by a british settler for sporting purposes for hunting and within -years that population of twenty four had exploded to half a billion the european rabbit has no natural predators in australia and it competes with native wildlife and damages native plants and degrades the land -since the one thousand nine hundred and fifty s australia has been introducing lethal diseases into the wild rabbit population to control growth -these rabbits were bred at a government facility biosecurity queensland where they bred three bloodlines of rabbits and have infected them with a lethal disease and are monitoring their progress to see if it will effectively kill them so theyre testing its virulence -during the course of this trial all of the rabbits died except for a few which were euthanized -haighs chocolate in collaboration with the foundation for rabbit -now this was done to counter the annual celebration of rabbits and presumably make the public more comfortable with the killing of rabbits and promote an animal thats native to australia and actually an animal that is threatened by the european rabbit -because of this all three brothers and their families had to vacate their home -in chapter seven i focus on the effects of a genocidal act on one bloodline so over a two day period six individuals from this bloodline were killed in the srebrenica massacre -this is the only work in which i visually represent the dead but i only represent those that were killed in the srebrenica massacre which is recorded as the largest mass murder in europe since the second world war -and during this massacre eight thousand bosnian muslim men and boys were systematically executed -so when you look at a detail of this work you can see the man on the upper left is the father of the woman sitting next to him her name is zumra -she is followed by her four children all of whom were killed in the srebrenica massacre following those four children is zumras younger sister who is then followed by her children who were killed as well -during the time i was in bosnia the mortal remains of zumras eldest son were exhumed from a mass grave and i was therefore able to photograph the fully assembled remains -according to the yadav family the local court has been scheduling a case review since two thousand and one but a judge has never appeared -however the other individuals are represented by these blue slides which show tooth and bone samples that were matched to dna evidence collected from family members to prove they were the identities of those individuals -these are personal effects dug up from a mass grave that are awaiting identification from family members -this is video footage used at the milosevic trial which from top to bottom shows a serbian scorpion unit being blessed by an orthodox priest before rounding up the boys and men and killing them -chapter fifteen is more of a performance piece i solicited chinas state council information office in two thousand and nine to select a multi generational bloodline to represent china for this project -they chose a large family from beijing for its size and they declined to give me any further reasoning for their choice this is one of the rare situations where i have no empty portraits everyone showed up -there are several instances in uttar pradesh of people dying before their case is given a proper review -you can also see the evolution of the one child only policy as it travels through the bloodline -previously known as the department of foreign propaganda the state council information office is responsible for all of chinas external publicity operations it controls all foreign media and image production outside of china -from foreign media working within china it also monitors the internet and instructs local media on how to handle any potentially controversial issues including tibet ethnic minorities human rights religion democracy movements and terrorism -for the footnote panel in this work this office instructed me to photograph their central television tower in beijing and i also photographed the gift bag they gave me when i left -these are the descendants of hans frank who was hitlers personal legal advisor and governor general of occupied poland now this bloodline includes numerous empty portraits highlighting a complex relationship to ones family history -the reasons for these absences include people who declined participation theres also parents who participated who wouldnt let their children participate because they thought they were too young to decide for themselves -shivdutts fathers death and a want for his property led to this corruption -another section of the family presented their clothing as opposed to their physical presence because they didnt want to be identified with the past that i was highlighting -and finally another individual sat for me from behind and later rescinded his participation so i had to pixelate him out so hes unrecognizable -in the footnote panel that accompanies this work i photographed an official adolph hitler postage stamp -and an imitation of that stamp produced by british intelligence with hans franks image on it it was released in poland to create friction between frank and hitler so that hitler would imagine frank was trying to usurp his power -he was laid to rest in the ganges river where the dead are cremated along the banks of the river or tied to heavy stones and sunk in the water -again talking about fate i was interested in the stories and fate of particular works of art these paintings were taken by hans frank during the time of the third reich -and im interested in the impact of their absence and presence through time they are leonardo da vincis lady with an ermine rembrandts landscape with good samaritan and raphaels portrait of a youth which has never been found -chapter twelve highlights people being born into a battle that is not of their making but becomes their own -so this is the ferraz family and the novaes family -and they are in an active blood feud this feud has been going on since one thousand nine hundred and ninety one in northeast brazil in pernambuco and it involved the deaths of twenty members of the families and forty others associated with the feud including hired hit men innocent bystanders and friends -two decades and includes decapitation -and the death of two mayors installed into a protective wall surrounding the suburban home of louis novaes whos the head of the novaes family are these turret holes which were used for shooting and looking -brazils northeast state of pernambuco is one of the nations most violent regions its rooted in a principle of retributive justice or an eye for an eye so retaliatory killings have led to several deaths in the area -photographing these brothers was a disorienting exchange because on paper they dont exist and a photograph is so often used as an evidence of life yet these men remain dead -again in the future im interested in these ideas of repetition -so after i returned home i received word that one member of the family had been shot thirty times in the face -chapter seventeen is an exploration of the absence of a bloodline and the absence of a history children at this ukrainian orphanage are between the ages of six and sixteen this piece is ordered by age because it cant be ordered by blood -in a twelve month period when i was at the orphanage only one child had been adopted -children have to leave the orphanage at age sixteen despite the fact that theres often nowhere for them to go -its commonly reported in ukraine that children when leaving the orphanage are targeted for human trafficking child pornography and prostitution many have to turn to criminal activity for their survival and high rates of suicide are recorded -this is a boys bedroom theres an insufficient supply of beds at the orphanage and not enough warm clothing children bathe infrequently because the hot water isnt turned on until october -this is a girls bedroom and the director listed the orphanages most urgent needs as an industrial size washing machine and dryer four vacuum cleaners two computers a video projector a copy machine winter shoes and a dentists drill -this quandary led to the title of the project which considers in many ways that we are all the living dead and that we in some ways represent ghosts of the past and the future -this photograph which i took at the orphanage of one of the classrooms shows a sign which i had translated when i got home and it reads those who do not know their past are not worthy of their future -i dont like to acknowledge a problem without also acknowledging those who work to fix it so just wanted to acknowledge shows like mad men movies like bridesmaids whose female characters or protagonists are complex multifaceted -today exactly actually i started a fashion blog called style rookie last september of two thousand and eleven i started an online magazine for teenage girls called rookiemag com my names tavi gevinson and -i still feel that there are some types of women who are not represented -and in the ninety s there was freaks and geeks and my so called life and their characters lindsay weir and angela chase i mean the whole premise of the shows were just them trying to figure themselves out basically -but those shows only lasted a season each and i havent really seen anything like that on tv since -so this is a scientific diagram of my brain -around the time when i was when i started -watching those tv shows i was ending middle school starting high school im a sophomore now -and i was trying to reconcile all of these differences that youre told you cant be when youre growing up as a girl you cant be smart and pretty you cant be a feminist whos also interested in fashion you can -and i felt a little confused and i said so on my blog and i said that i wanted to start -a website for teenage girls that was not this kind of -one dimensional strong character empowerment thing -because i think one thing that can be very alienating about a misconception of feminism is that -girls then think that to be a feminist they have to live up to being perfectly consistent in your beliefs never being insecure never having doubts having all of the answers and this is not true and actually -reconciling all the contradictions i was feeling became easier once i understood that feminism was not a rulebook but a discussion a conversation a process and this is a spread from a zine that i made last year when i i -i mean i think ive let myself go a bit on the illustration front since but -of people and we launched last september -and this is an excerpt from my first editors letter where i say that rookie we dont have all the answers were still figuring it out too but the point is not to give girls the answers -the title of my talk is still figuring it out and the ms paint quality of my slides was a total creative decision in keeping with todays theme and has nothing to do with my inability to use powerpoint -and not even give them permission to find the answers themselves but hopefully inspire them to understand that they can give themselves that permission they can ask their own questions find their own answers all of that and rookie i think weve been trying to make it a nice place for all of that to be figured -im figuring it out -we also have articles called how to look like you werent just crying in less than five minutes so all of that being said i still really -how you accept those so what i you to take away from my talk the lesson of all of this is to just be stevie nicks -like thats all you have to do -she is very has always been unapologetically present on stage and unapologetic about her flaws and about reconciling all of her contradictory feelings and she makes you listen to them and think about them and yeah so please be stevie nicks thank you -and you know movies and tv shows these things have influence my own website -so i think the question of what makes a strong female character often goes misinterpreted -and instead we get these two dimensional superwomen who maybe have one quality thats played up a lot like a catwoman type or she plays her sexuality up a lot and its seen as power but -women to be that easy to understand -and women are mad at themselves for not being that simple when in actuality women are complicated women are multifaceted not because women are crazy but because people are crazy and women happen to be people -my garage applause and i -produce these isotopes so thats my fusion reactor in the background there -that is me at the control panel of my fusion reactor -oh by the way i make yellowcake in my garage so my nuclear program is as advanced as the iranians so maybe i dont want to admit to that -my name is taylor wilson i am seventeen years old and i am a nuclear physicist which may be a little hard to believe but i am and i would like to make the case that nuclear fusion will be that -point that the bridge that t boone pickens talked about will get us to so nuclear fusion is our energy future and the second point making the case that kids can really change the world so you may ask applause you -that is the inside of my nuclear fusion reactor i started building this project when i was about twelve or thirteen years old i decided i wanted to make a star now most of you are probably saying well -theres no such thing as nuclear fusion i dont see any nuclear power plants with fusion energy well it doesnt break even it doesnt produce more energy out than i put in but it still does some pretty cool stuff -and i assembled this in my garage and it now lives in the physics department of the university of nevada reno and it slams together deuterium which is just hydrogen with an extra neutron in it so this is similar to the reaction of the proton chain thats going on inside the sun -and im slamming it together so hard that that hydrogen fuses together and in the process it has some byproducts and i utilize those byproducts so -and i thought you know is this the best way to do it -have a big announcement to make today and im really excited about this -this is what it is this is a small modular reactor so its not as big as -the reactor you see in the diagram here this is between fifty and one hundred megawatts but thats a ton of power thats between -and this may be a little bit of a surprise to many of you who -extol to you how great having something buried below the ground is for proliferation and security concerns and inside this reactor -is a molten salt so anybody whos a fan of thorium theyre going to be really excited about this because -but im not really concerned about the fuel you can run these off theyre really hungry they really like down blended weapons pits so thats highly enriched uranium and weapons grade plutonium thats been down blended its made into a grade where its not usable for a nuclear weapon but they love this stuff -and we have a lot of it sitting around because this is a big problem you know in the cold war we built up this huge arsenal of nuclear weapons and that was great and -we dont need them anymore and what are we doing with all the waste essentially what are we doing with all the pits of those nuclear weapons well were securing them and it would be great if we could burn them eat them up and this reactor loves this stuff -so its a molten salt reactor it has a core -and it has a heat exchanger from the hot salt the radioactive salt to a cold salt which isnt radioactive its still thermally hot but its not radioactive and then thats a heat exchanger to what makes this design -really really interesting and thats a heat exchanger to a gas so going back to what i was saying before about all power being produced -thats actually not that efficient and in fact in a nuclear power plant like this its only roughly thirty to thirty five percent efficient thats how much thermal energy the reactors putting out to how much electricity its producing -and the reason the efficiencies are so low is these reactors operate at pretty low temperature they operate anywhere from you know maybe two hundred to three hundred degrees celsius -and these reactors run at six hundred to seven hundred degrees celsius which means the higher the temperature you go to thermodynamics tells you that you will have higher efficiencies and this reactor doesnt use water it uses gas so supercritical co two or helium -and that goes into a turbine and this is called the brayton cycle this is the thermodynamic cycle that produces electricity and this makes this almost fifty percent efficient between forty five and fifty percent efficiency -and im really excited about this because its a very compact core molten salt reactors are very compact by nature but what -whats inside of it so you have whats called the xenon pit and so some of these fission products love neutrons they love the neutrons that are going on and helping this reaction take place -and they eat them up which means that combined with the fact that the cladding doesnt last very long you can only run one of these reactors for roughly say eighteen months without refueling it so these reactors run for thirty years without refueling -i realized that the really biggest problem we face what all these other problems come down to is energy is electricity the flow of electrons and i decided that i was going to set out to try to solve this problem and this -which is in my opinion very very amazing because it means its a sealed system no refueling means -and theyre not going to have either nuclear material or radiological material proliferated from their cores -after fukushima had to reassess the safety of nuclear and one of the things when i set out to design a power reactor was it had to be passively and intrinsically safe and im really excited about this reactor for essentially two reasons -one it doesnt operate at high pressure -so traditional reactors like a pressurized water reactor or boiling water reactor theyre very very hot water at very high pressures and this means essentially in the event of an accident if you had any kind of breach of this stainless steel pressure vessel the coolant would leave the core -these reactors operate at essentially atmospheric pressure so theres no inclination for the fission products to leave the reactor in the event of an accident -also they operate at high temperatures and the fuel is molten so they cant melt down but in the event that the reactor ever went out of tolerances -you could actually just drain the core into whats called a sub critical setting basically a tank underneath the reactor that has some neutrons absorbers and this is really important -because the reaction stops in this kind of reactor you cant do that the fuel like i said is ceramic inside zirconium fuel rods and in the event of an accident in one of these type of reactors fukushima and three mile island looking back at three mile island we didnt really see this for a while -but these zirconium claddings on these fuel rods what happens is when they see high pressure water steam in an oxidizing environment theyll actually produce hydrogen and that hydrogen has this explosive capability to release fission products -so the core of this reactor since its not under pressure and it doesnt have this chemical reactivity means that theres no inclination for the fission products -to leave this reactor so even in the event of an accident yeah the reactor may be toast which is you know sorry for the power company but were not going to contaminate large quantities of land so i really think that in the -say twenty years its going to take us to get fusion and make fusion a reality this could be the source of energy that provides carbon free electricity carbon free electricity -probably is not what youre expecting youre probably expecting me to come up here and talk about fusion because thats what ive done most of my life but this is actually a talk about okay -and its an amazing technology because not only does it combat climate change -but its an innovation its a way to bring power to the developing world because its produced in a factory and its cheap you can put them anywhere in the world you want to -and maybe something else -as a kid i was obsessed with space well i was obsessed with nuclear science too to a point but before that i was obsessed with space and i was really excited about you know being an astronaut and designing rockets which was something that was always exciting to me but -i think i get to come back to this -because imagine having a compact reactor in a rocket that produces fifty to one hundred megawatts -that is the rocket designers dream thats someone who is designing a habitat on another planets dream -not only do you have fifty to one hundred megawatts to power whatever you want to provide propulsion to get you there but you have power once you get there you know rocket designers who use solar panels or fuel cells i mean a few watts or kilowatts wow thats a lot of power -at the same time that i explore my nuclear passion and people say oh well youve launched this thing and its radioactive into space and what about accidents -but we launch plutonium batteries all the time everybody was really excited about curiosity and that had this big plutonium battery on board that has plutonium two hundred and thirty eight which actually has a higher specific activity than the low enriched uranium fuel of these molten salt reactors -which means that the effects would be negligible because you launch it cold and when it gets into space is where you actually activate this reactor -so im really excited i think that ive designed this reactor here that can -be an innovative source of energy provide power for all kinds of neat scientific applications and im really prepared to do this i graduated high school in may and -and i decided that i was going to start up a company to commercialize these technologies that ive developed these revolutionary detectors for scanning cargo containers and these systems to produce medical isotopes -but i want to do this and ive slowly been building up a team of some of the most incredible people ive ever had the chance to work with and im really prepared to make this a reality and i -think i think that looking at the technology this will be cheaper than or the same price as natural gas and you dont have to refuel it for thirty years which is an advantage for the developing world -and ill just say one more maybe philosophical thing to end with which is weird for a scientist but i think theres something really poetic about using nuclear power to propel us to the stars because the stars are giant fusion reactors theyre giant nuclear cauldrons in the sky -the energy that im able to talk to you today while it was converted to chemical energy in my food originally came -from a nuclear reaction and so theres something poetic about in my opinion perfecting -and a fission reaction is controlled and maintained at a proper level and that reaction heats up water the water turns to steam -and one of my big concerns with a lot of policy things today is things are getting too abstract people are getting away from doing hands on stuff -a couple other questions and if any of these feel inappropriate its okay just to say next question but if there is someone here who has an autistic child or knows an autistic child and feels kind of cut off from them -what advice would you give them -but then you get the smart geeky kids that have a touch of autism and thats where youve got to get them turned on with doing interesting things i got social interaction through shared interest i rode horses with other kids i made model rockets with other kids -electronics lab with other kids and in the sixties it was gluing mirrors onto a rubber membrane on a speaker to make a light show that was like we considered that -unrealistic for them to hope or think that that child loves them as -so most people if you ask them what are they most passionate about theyd say things like my kids or my lover what are you most passionate about -passionate about that the things i do are going to make the world a better place when i have a mother of an autistic child say my kid went to college because of your book or one of your lectures that makes me happy -im really concerned that a lot of schools have taken out the hands on classes because art and classes like that those are the classes where i excelled okay in my work with -you know the slaughter plants ive worked with them in the eighties they were absolutely awful i developed a really simple scoring system for slaughter plants where you just measure outcomes how many cattle fell down how many cattle got poked with the prodder how many cattle are mooing their heads off -and its very very simple you directly observe a few simple things its worked really well i get satisfaction out of seeing stuff that makes real change in the real world we need a lot more of that and a lot less abstract stuff -one of the things you said that really astonished me was you said one thing you were passionate about was -the reason i got really excited when i read about that it contains knowledge its libraries and to me knowledge is something that is extremely valuable -thank -rapid movement contrast in the early seventies when i started i got right down in the chutes to see what cattle were seeing people thought that was crazy -a coat on a fence would make them balk shadows would make them balk a hose on the floor people werent noticing these things a chain hanging down -and thats shown very very nicely in the movie in fact i loved the movie how they duplicated all my projects thats the geek side my drawings got to star in the movie -and actually its called temple grandin not thinking in pictures so what is thinking in pictures its literally movies in your -ill start out and just talk a little bit about what exactly autism is autism is a very big continuum that goes from very severe the child remains non verbal -my mind works like google for images now when i was a young kid i didnt know my thinking was different i thought everybody thought in pictures -like if i say think about a church steeple most people get this sort of generalized generic one now maybe thats not true in this room but its going to be true -a lot of different places i see only specific pictures they flash up into my memory just like google for pictures and in the movie theyve got a great scene in there where the word shoe is said -and sixties shoes pop into my imagination -more fort collins okay how about famous ones and they just kind of come up kind of like this just really quickly like google for pictures -and they come up one at a time and then i think okay well maybe we can have it snow or we can have a thunderstorm and i can hold it there and turn them into videos -now visual thinking was a tremendous asset in my work designing cattle handling facilities -one of the things that i was able to do in my design work is i could actually test run a piece of equipment in my mind -all the way up to brilliant scientists and engineers and i actually feel at home here because there is a lot of autism genetics here you wouldnt have any -and this is an aerial view of a recreation of one of my projects that was used in the movie that was like just so super cool -and there were a lot of kind of asperger types and autism types working out there on the movie set too but one of the things that really worries me is where is the younger version of those kids going -not ending up in silicon valley where they belong -the things i learned very early on because i wasnt that social is i had to sell my work and not myself -now i had this brain scan done several years ago and i used to joke around about having a gigantic internet trunk line going deep into my visual cortex this is tensor imaging -and my great big internet trunk line is twice as big as the controls the red lines there are me and the blue lines are the sex and age matched control -and there i got a gigantic one and the control over there the blue one has got a really small -mind you see the autistic mind tends to be a specialist mind good at one thing bad at something else -and where i was bad was algebra and i was never allowed to take geometry or trig gigantic mistake im finding a lot of kids who need to skip algebra go right to geometry and -now another kind of mind is the pattern thinker more abstract these are your engineers your computer programmers now this is pattern thinking -that praying mantis is made from a single sheet of paper no scotch tape no cuts and there in the background is the pattern for folding it here are the types of thinking photo realistic visual thinkers like me -of traits when does a nerd turn into asperger which is just mild autism i mean einstein and mozart and tesla would all be probably diagnosed as autistic spectrum today -pattern thinkers music and math minds some of these often have problems with reading you also will see these kind of problems with with kids that are dyslexic youll see these different kinds of minds -and i came in half an hour beforehand so i could have it put on and kind of get used to it and they got it bent so its not -but sensory is an issue some kids are bothered by fluorescent lights others have problems with sound sensitivity you know its going to be variable -now visual thinking gave me a whole lot of insight into the animal mind because think about it an animal is a sensory based thinker not -thinks in pictures thinks in sounds thinks in smells think about how much information there is there on the local fire hydrant he knows whos been -when they were there are they friend or foe is there anybody he can go mate with there is a ton of information on that fire hydrant -its all very detailed information and looking at these kind of details gave me a lot of insight -and a man on the ground that is viewed as two totally different things you could have a horse thats been abused by a rider they will be absolutely fine with the veterinarian and with the horse shoer but you cant ride him you have another horse where maybe the horse shoer beat him up -and hell be terrible for anything on the ground with the veterinarian but a person can ride him cattle are the same way man on a horse -a man on foot they are two different things you see its a different picture see i want you to think about just how specific this is now -or do i have something wrong with the equipment in other words categorize equipment problem from a people problem i find a lot of people have difficulty doing -now lets say i figure out its an equipment problem is it a minor problem with something simple i can fix or is the whole design of the system wrong people have a hard time figuring that out -it would be their airplane tails you know five fatal wrecks in the last twenty years the tail either came off -or steering stuff inside the tail broke in some way its tails pure and simple and when the pilots walk around the plane guess what they cant see that stuff inside the tail -you know now as i think about that im pulling up all of that specific information its specific so you see my thinking is bottom up -i take all the little pieces and i put the pieces together like a puzzle now here is a horse that was deathly afraid of black cowboy hats -been abused by somebody with a black cowboy hat white cowboy hats that was absolutely fine now -is the world is going to need all of the different kinds of minds to work together weve got to work on developing all these kinds of minds -and one of the things that is driving me really crazy as i travel around and i do autism meetings is im seeing a lot of smart geeky nerdy kids -this brings up the whole thing of my science teacher my science teacher is shown absolutely beautifully in the movie i was a goof ball student when i was in high school i just didnt care at all about studying -until i had mister carlocks science class he who is now doctor carlock in the movie and he got me challenged to figure out an optical illusion room -you know one of the things that i think maybe ted ought to do is tell all the schools about all the great lectures that are on ted and there is all kinds of great stuff on the internet to get these kids -because im seeing a lot of these geeky nerdy kids and the teachers out in the midwest and the other parts of the country when you get away from these tech areas they dont know what to do with these kids and they are not going down the right path -you can make a mind to be more of a thinking and cognitive mind or your mind can be wired to be more social -a trade off between thinking and social and then you can get into the point where its so severe youre going to have a person thats going to be non verbal -in the normal human mind language covers up the visual thinking we share with animals this is the work of doctor bruce miller -and he studied alzheimers patients that had frontal temporal lobe dementia and the dementia ate out the language parts of the brain and this artwork came out of somebody who used to install stereos in cars now -doesnt know anything about physics but i think its very interesting that there was some work done to show that this eddy pattern in this painting followed a statistical model of turbulence which brings up the whole interesting idea of maybe some of this mathematical -and theyve taken out the autoshop class and the drafting class and the art class i mean art was my best subject in school weve got to think about all these different kinds of minds -and weve got to absolutely work with these kind of minds because we absolutely are going to need these kind of people in the future -and lets talk about jobs okay my science teacher got me studying because i was a goof ball that didnt want to study but you know what i was getting work experience im seeing too many of these smart kids who havent learned basic things like how to be on time -now the thing about the autistic mind is it attends to details okay this is a test where you either have to pick out the big letters or pick out the little letters and the autistic mind picks out the little letters more quickly -and when i was thirteen i had a job at a dressmakers shop sewing clothes i did internships in college i was building things and i also had to learn how to do assignments -all i wanted to do was draw pictures of horses when i was little my mother said well lets do a picture of something else theyve got to learn how to do something else lets say the kid is fixated on -like if a kid loves race cars lets use race cars for math lets figure out how long it takes a race car to go a certain distance in other words use that fixation in order to motivate that kid thats one of the things we need to do -what can visual thinkers do when they grow up they can do graphic design all kinds of stuff with computers photography industrial design -the pattern thinkers theyre the ones that are going to be your mathematicians your software engineers your computer programmers all of those kinds of jobs and then youve got the word minds they make great journalists -and they also make really really good stage actors because the thing about being autistic is i had to learn social skills like being in a play its just kind of you just have to learn -and we need to be working with these students and this brings up mentors you know my science teacher was not an accredited teacher -he was a nasa space scientist now some states now are getting it to where if you have a degree in biology or a degree in chemistry you can come into the school and teach biology or chemistry we need to be doing that -is there is a lot of people that may have retired from working in the software industry and they can teach your kid and it doesnt matter if what they teach them is old -and the thing is the normal brain ignores the details well if youre building a bridge details are pretty important because it will fall down if you ignore the details -mentors are just essential i can not emphasize enough what my science teacher did for me -know you once wrote i like this quote if by some magic autism had been eradicated from the face of the earth then men would still be socializing in front of a wood fire at the entrance to a -and now we go live to caracas to see one of maestro abreus great proteges -he is the new musical director of the los angeles philharmonic orchestra hes the greatest young conductor in the world -are very happy to have the possibility to be with you in the other side of the -can speak only with music we are very happy -because we have the opportunity to have this angel in the -only in our country venezuela in our world -he has given us the possibility to have dreams and to make true the dreams and here are -wonderful project that is the system in venezuela we hope to have -for you by one of the most important composers of america a mexican composer arturo marquez -thats the weak form of the knot -but not to worry if we start over and simply go the other direction around the bow we get this the strong form of the knot -and if you pull the cords under the knot you will see that the bow -of -go the other way around the loop this is a little hard for children but i think you can handle -ted audience as a wonderful collection of some of the most effective intelligent intellectual -savvy worldly and innovative people in the world and i think thats true however i also have reason to believe that many if not most of you -are actually tying your shoes incorrectly laughter now i know that seems ludicrous i know that seems ludicrous and believe me i lived the same sad life until about three years ago -and what happened to me was i bought what was for me a very expensive pair of shoes but those shoes came with round nylon laces and i couldnt keep them tied -so i went back to the store and said to the owner i love the shoes but i hate the laces he took a look and said oh youre tying them wrong -now up until that moment i would have thought that by age fifty one of the life skills that i had really nailed -was tying my shoes but not so let me demonstrate -now as it turns out -strong form and a weak form of this knot and we were taught to tie the weak form and heres how to tell if you pull the strands at the base of the knot you will see that the bow will orient itself down the long axis of the shoe -one problem is there are some sounds in arabic that just dont make it through a european voice box without lots of practice trust me on that one -also those very sounds tend not to be represented by the characters that are available in european languages -heres one of the culprits this is the -which means something just like the the english word something some undefined unknown thing -now in arabic we can make this definite by adding the definite article al so this is al shalan the unknown thing and this is a word that appears throughout early mathematics such as this tenth century derivation of proofs -the problem for the medieval spanish scholars who were tasked with translating this material is that the letter sheen and the word shalan cant be rendered into spanish because spanish doesnt have that sh that sh sound -so by convention they created a rule in which they borrowed the ck sound ck sound from the classical greek in the form of the letter kai -later when this material was translated into a common european language which is to say latin -they simply replaced the greek kai with the latin x and once that happened once this material was in latin -it formed the basis for mathematics textbooks for almost six hundred years but now we have the answer to our question why is it that x is the unknown x is the unknown because you cant say sh in spanish -about six years ago i decided that i would learn arabic which turns out to be a supremely logical language -to write a word or a phrase or a sentence in arabic is like crafting an equation because every part is extremely precise and carries a lot of information thats one of the reasons so much of what weve come to think of as western science and mathematics and engineering -was really worked out in the first few centuries of the common era by the persians and the arabs and the turks -this includes the little system in arabic called al jebra and al jebr roughly translates to the system for reconciling disparate parts al jebr finally came into english as algebra one example among many -the arabic texts containing this mathematical wisdom finally made their way to europe which is to say spain -in the eleventh and twelfth centuries and when they arrived there was tremendous interest in translating this wisdom into a european language but there were problems -and my panic at not having a self that fit and the confusion that came from my self being rejected created anxiety shame and hopelessness which kind of defined me for a long time -the self changed -sometimes hateful -sometimes not wanting to be there at all -the self was not constant -before i realized that it was never alive in the first place -and my mom is black from zimbabwe -even the idea of us as a family was challenging to most people -but nature had its wicked way and brown babies were born -but from about the age of five i was aware that i didnt fit -i was the black atheist kid in the all white catholic school run by nuns i was an anomaly -and my self was rooting around for definition and trying to plug in -because the self likes to fit -to see itself replicated to belong -and the journey to that place of understanding and acceptance has been an interesting one for me and its given me an insight into the whole notion of self which i think is worth sharing with you today -that confirms its existence and its importance and it is important it has an extremely important function without it we literally cant interface with others we cant hatch plans and climb that stairway of popularity of success -but my skin color wasnt right -my hair wasnt right -my history wasnt right my self became defined by otherness which meant that in that social world i didnt really exist -and i was other before being anything else even before being a girl -i was a noticeable nobody -another world was opening up -around this time performance -id literally lose myself -and i was a really good dancer i would put all my emotional expression into my dancing i could be in the movement -in a way that i wasnt able to be in my real life in myself -and at sixteen i stumbled across another opportunity and i earned my first acting role in a film -i can hardly find the words to describe the peace i felt when i was acting -my dysfunctional self could actually plug in to another self not my own -and it felt so good -it was the first time that i existed inside a fully functioning self -one that i controlled -but the shooting day would end -and id return to my gnarly -but still searching for definition -i applied to read anthropology at university -dr phyllis lee -gave me my interview and she asked me how would you define race well i thought i had the answer to that one and i said skin color -so biology genetics she said -we each have a self but i dont think that were born with one -theres been more time to create genetic diversity -on the one hand result -but what was credible -what is biological and scientific fact is that we all stem from africa in fact from a woman called mitochondrial eve who lived one hundred and sixty thousand years ago -and race is an illegitimate concept which our selves have created based on fear and ignorance -you know how newborn babies believe theyre part of everything theyre not separate well that fundamental sense of oneness is lost on us very quickly its like that initial stage is over oneness infancy -strangely these revelations didnt cure my low self esteem that feeling of otherness -my desire to disappear was still very powerful -i had a degree from cambridge i had a thriving career but my self was a car crash -and i wound up with bulimia and on a therapists couch and of course i did -i still believed my self was all i was -i still valued self worth above all other worth -and what was there to suggest otherwise -weve created entire value systems and a physical reality to support the worth of self -look at the industry for self image and the jobs it creates the revenue it turns over -wed be right in assuming that the self is an actual living thing but its not -but there is something -and that thing is oneness -awareness of the reality of oneness and the projection of self hood -for a start we can think about all the times when we do lose ourselves -it happens when i dance when im acting -in those moments im connected -in much the same way as an infant might feel that feeling of oneness -and when im acting a role -i inhabit another self -and i give it life for awhile -because when the self is suspended -so is divisiveness -and judgment -and ive played everything from a vengeful ghost in the time of slavery to secretary of state in two thousand and four -unformed primitive its no longer valid or real -and no matter how other -these selves might be -and i honestly believe -the key to my success as an actor -and my progress as a person has been the very lack of self that used to make me feel so anxious and insecure -i always wondered why i could feel others pain so deeply why i could recognize the somebody in the nobody -its because i didnt have a self to get in the way -i thought i lacked substance -the thing that was a source of shame -what is real is separateness and at some point in early babyhood -was actually a source of enlightenment -and when i realized -and really understood -very familiar with its dysfunctional behavior but im not ashamed of my self in fact i respect my self -more and more from my essence -the idea of self starts to form -dancing and celebrating with women whove survived the destruction of their selves in literally unthinkable ways -destroyed because other brutalized psychopathic selves all over that beautiful land are fueling our selves addiction to ipods pads and bling -our little portion of oneness is given a name is told all kinds of things about itself -then were devaluing and desensitizing life -and in that disconnected state -destroy marine life -and use rape as a weapon of war -so heres a note to self -and oceans will continue to surge through the cracks -with the earth and every other living thing -weve just been insanely trying to figure out how to live with each other billions of each other -our crazy selves are living with each other -and perpetuating an epidemic of disconnection -lets live with each other -and these details opinions and ideas become facts which go towards building ourselves our identity and that self becomes the vehicle for navigating our social world -our connection to the infinite and every other living thing -we knew it from the day we were born -lets not be freaked out by our bountiful nothingness -its more a reality than the ones our selves have created -imagine what kind of existence -appreciate the privilege of life -and marvel at what comes next -simple awareness is where it begins -thank you for listening -is it who we really are -or who we really want to be -thank you so much we are so honored to be here at tedwomen sharing our music with you what an exciting and inspiring event -what you just heard is skylife by david balakrishnan we want to play you one more selection its by astor piazzolla an argentine composer and we talk about different ideas he had this idea that he thought music should be from the heart this was in the middle of the twentieth century when -im not a dancer im not a choreographer im actually a filmmaker a storyteller i directed a movie two years ago called step up two the streets anybody anybody yeah -when i was growing up my heroes were people like fred astaire gene kelly michael jackson i grew up in a musical family -and those guys those were like ultimate heros being a shy little skinny asian kid growing up in the silicon valley with low self esteem those guys made me believe in something bigger those guys made me want to like im going to do that moonwalk at that bar mitzvah tonight for that girl -and it seems like those dance heros have disappeared sort of relegated to the background of pop stars and music videos but after seeing what ive seen the truth is they have not disappeared at all they are here -getting better and better every day and dance has progressed it is insane what dance is right now dance has never had a better friend than technology online videos and social networking dancers have created a whole global laboratory online for dance where -kids in japan are taking moves from a youtube video created in detroit building on it within days and releasing a new video while teenagers in california are taking the japanese video and remixing it with a philly flair to create a whole new dance style in itself and this is happening every day -are right at our fingertips and may not have that opportunity except for us so we created the lxd -sort of a the legion of extraordinary dancers a justice league of dancers that believe that dance can have a transformative effect on the world -a living breathing comic book series but unlike spiderman and iron man these guys can actually do it and were going to show you some today so let me introduce to you -you would -the zone im dancing and freestyling it i actually visually kind of -and its just your body reacting to certain sounds in the music i got my name just because i was so young i was young -a ball and then you just use that ball of energy and instead of throwing it out people would think thats a -just got this piece of energy and you just youre manipulating it you know you create -know -all kinds of different -type of juggling i actually invented right after i saw another juggler do it -cup juggling -its not a show stopper but it certainly slows it down -now pushing my luck im skipping right -six -six cups i must have perfect control over three with my right hand -now -all six cups -once on purpose -door open -now obviously this is not something we do on our regular show its something we just kind of learned for this so were going to try but can we have some inspirational music -actually hold them but now hes got you for protection -a little bit of richard time thats -so i -could you just -this -now we risked richards life its only fair we risk our own lives -so to do that -i will juggle these three razor sharp sickles and if that wasnt enough and judging by your response its not -land right there -just do it -the pencil -this trick but please remember it took us over ten years to -gloria -you have a small -the odds all right here we go bf over the top -this ones a -a little more directly into my eyeballs is that possible -i can still see a little -the design of the body its a whole different thing dh ready barry over the top dh may we have our jumping music please -we have it a bit louder -guys doing this i think thats uncomfortable -another one coming in dh tell them about our -an excerpt from a routine that we used to wipe out the other juggling team competition dh thats right -really -but wait barry theres still one more club lying there by my foot -and look it -one more by my foot -what do you want me to do with it -tell him its your last -right what i will do -use my panther like reflexes -reach down and grab that club in my grip of steel -i -its -what a great trick barry -oh look how it lies there -is there nothing you cant do -foot ill attempt to kick the seventh club dh where barry where -barry eagerly awaits your next syllable what -of knowledge what pearl of wisdom -you want to buy a -your final answer -the kick up in the seventh dh we will juggle seven bf from six to seven thats a worlds record -where we are today -many who really form for me the essential questions that i wanted to bring as a curator to the world i was interested in the idea of why and how -could create a new story a new narrative in art history and a new narrative in the world and to do this i knew that i had to see the way in which artists work understand the artists studio as a laboratory -imagine then reinventing the museum as a think tank and looking at the exhibition -as the ultimate white paper asking questions providing the space to look and to think about -to express the ways in which art could provide space for a dialogue complicated dialogue dialogue with many many points of entry and how the museum could be the space for this contest of ideas -this exhibition included over twenty artists of various ages and races but all looking at black masculinity from a very particular point of view -what was significant about this exhibition is the way in which it engaged me in my role as a curator as a catalyst for this dialogue -one of the things that happened very distinctly in the course of this exhibition is i was confronted with idea of how powerful images can be -and peoples understanding of themselves and each other im showing you two works one on the right by leon golub one on the left -by robert colescott and in the course of the exhibition which was contentious controversial and ultimately for me life changing in my sense of what art could be -a woman came up to me on the gallery floor to express her concern about the nature of how powerful images could be -and how we understood each other and she pointed to the work on the left to tell me how problematic this image was as it related for her to the idea -of how black people had been represented and she pointed to the image on the right as an example to me of the kind of dignity -that needed to be portrayed to work against those images in the media she then assigned these works racial identities basically saying to me that the work on the right -artists who have led my exhibitions because my work in understanding art and in understanding culture has come by following artists -a white artist the point of that for me was to say in that space in that moment that i really more than anything wanted to understand how images could work how images did work and how artists -home for many of black america very much the psychic heart of the black experience really the place where the whole harlem renaissance existed -harlem now sort of explaining and thinking of itself in this part of the century looking both backwards and forwards i always say harlem is an interesting community because unlike many other places -it thinks of itself in the past present and the future simultaneously no one speaks of it just in the now its always what it was and what it can be -and in thinking about that then my second project the second question i ask can a museum be a catalyst in a community -can a museum house artists and allow them to be change agents as communities rethink themselves this is harlem actually on january twentieth thinking about itself in a very wonderful way -so i work now at the studio museum in harlem thinking about exhibitions there thinking about what it means to discover arts possibility -now what does this mean to some of you in some cases i know that many of you are involved in cross cultural dialogues youre involved in ideas of creativity and innovation think about the place that artists can play in -by looking at what artists mean and what they do and who they are jay jay from good times -that that is the kind of incubation and advocacy that i work towards in working with young black artists think about artists not as content providers though they can be brilliant at that but again as real catalysts -that has happened since then to think of the possibilities that we are all privileged to stand in today and imagine that this museum that came out of a moment of great protest -and one that was so much about examining the history and the legacy of important african american artists to the history of art in this country like jacob lawrence norman lewis romare beardon and -got up and said to him give us a poem and mohammed ali said me -a profound statement about the individual and the community the space in which now in my project of discovery of thinking about artists of trying to define what might be -to this end the specific project that has made this possible for me is a series of exhibitions all titled with an f freestyle frequency and flow which have set out to discover and define -significant to many people of course because of dyn o mite but perhaps more significant as the first really black artist on prime time tv -the young black artists working in this moment who i feel strongly will continue to work over the next many years -this series of exhibitions was made specifically to try and question the idea of what if would mean now at this point in history to see -as a catalyst what it means now at this point in history as we define and redefine culture black culture specifically in my case but culture generally i named this group of artists -around an idea which i put out there called post black really meant to define them as artists who came and start their work now looking back at history but starting in this moment historically -it is really in this sense of discovery that i have a new set of questions that im asking this new set of questions is what does it mean right now -to be african american in america what can artwork say about this where can can a museum exist as the place for us all to have this conversation -really most exciting about this is thinking about the energy and the excitement that young artists can bring -their works for me are about not always just simply about the aesthetic innovation that their minds imagine that -visions create and put out there in the world but more perhaps importantly through the excitement of the community that they create as important voices that will allow us right now to understand our situation as well as in the future -i am continually amazed by the way in which the subject of race can take itself in many places that we dont imagine it should be -i am always amazed by the way in which artists are willing to do that in their work it is why i look to art its why i ask questions of art it is why i make exhibitions -michel basquiat important to me because the first black artist in real time that showed me the possibility of who and what -this generation has to say to the rest of us its considering what it means for these artists to be both out in the world as their work travels -but in their communities as people who are seeing and thinking about the issues that face us its also -about thinking about the creative spirit and nurturing it and imagine in particularly in urban america about the nurturing of the spirit now where perhaps does this end up right now -for me it is about re imagining this cultural discourse in an international context so the last iteration of this project has been called flow with the idea now of creating a real -network of artists around the world really looking not so much from harlem and out but looking across -i have begun that looking through artists through artworks and imagining what they can tell us about the future what they tell us about our future and what they create -in their sense of offering us this great possibility of watching that continent emerge as part of our bigger dialogue -i was about to enter into my overall project is about art specifically about black artists -so what do i discover when i look at artworks what do i think about when i think about art i feel like the privilege ive had as a curator is not just -the discovery of new works the discovery of exciting works but really it has been what ive discovered about myself and what i can offer in the space of an exhibition -to talk about beauty to talk about power to talk about ourselves and to talk and speak to each other -thats what makes me get up every day and want to think about this generation of black artists and artists around the world thank you -very generally about the way in which art can change the way we think about culture and ourselves -my interest is in artists who understand and rewrite history who think about themselves within the narrative -of the larger world of art but who have created new places for us to see and understand im showing two artists here glenn ligon and carol walker -and walks in the opposite direction -i would like to -tell you about a project which i started about sixteen years ago and its about making new forms of life -is a herd and -it is built according genetical codes and it is a sort of race and each and every animal is different and the winning codes -this is the wave going from left to right you can see this one -and now it goes from yes now it goes from left to right this is a new generation a new family which is able to store -so the wings pump up air in lemonade bottles which are on top of that and they can use that energy -in case the wind falls away and the tide is coming up and there is still a little bit of energy to reach the dunes and save their lives -because they are drowned very easily -i could show you this animal -the proportion of the tubes in this animal is very important for the walking -there are eleven numbers which i call the eleven holy numbers these are the distances of the tubes which makes it walk that way in fact its a new invention of the wheel -it works the same as a wheel the axis of a wheel is staying on the same level and this hip is staying on the same level as well -and these are made of this kind of -better than a wheel because when you try to drive with your bicycle on the beach you will notice its very -hard to do and -the feet just step over the sand -to touch every piece of the ground in between -so five thousand years after the invention of the wheel -very heavy loads can be -electricity tube we call it in holland and we can start a film -the -on the stored winds in the bottles it has a feeler where it can feel obstacles and turn around and that stuff you see is going to it the other way -have the feeler here -they have to survive all the dangers of the beach -big dangers is the sea this is the sea -and it must -about that -the water -this is the water feeler and whats very important is this -it sucks in air normally -but when it swallows water it feels the resistance of it so imagine that the animal is walking -as soon as it touches the water you should hear a sort of -so if it doesnt feel it will be drowned ok -we have the brain of the animal -in fact it is a step counter and it counts the steps its a binary step counter so as soon it has been to the -it changes the pattern of zeroes and ones here -it knows always where it is on the beach so its very simple brain -the biggest -the storms -this is a part of the nose of -and when the nose is fixed of the animal the whole animal is fixed -when the storm is coming -the whole animal is fixed the wind may turn but the animal will turn always its nose into the wind -now another couple of years and these animals will survive on their own i still have to help them a lot thank you very much -i want -forms of life on the beaches and they should survive over there on their own in the future -to live on their own -walk on their own -the mechanical beasts will not get their energy from food but from the wind -the wind will move feathers on their back which will drive their feet -the beast walks sideways on the wet sand of the beach with its nose pointed into the wind -thank you so much youve been a wonderful eight thirty audience have a great -and now youre even older a a and now youre even older a a and now youre even older a a youre older than youve ever been a a and now youre even older a a and now youre older still -i am wearing the al gore in ear monitors he wore on -the larry king show and im hearing that transmission and not mine -but i guess thats in keeping so now well just move to the powerpoint presentation ladies and gentlemen this is -song in the spirit of ted were bringing you something that has not been released john do you want to introduce the song this is a song about -creature called a hummingbird moth which imitates another creature which imitates yet another creature its completely fucked up and can only be explained in song -the dread hypnotic flying a a of the -to scramble a a from the -the -the -the -the air -the -the -the mouse and -the -forces a a of the bee of bird of the -of the -had it was nineteen degrees in st louis about a month ago and im happy to report that this performance you are seeing today is the earliest we have ever performed -so thank you -we are cultural test pilots ladies and gentlemen -how early can a rock performance begin -all right so -we dont know that much about the history of violinists but we do know that when we entered the state of new jersey there is an -i a a i got -i got kicked a a i got kicked in the -older than youve ever been a a and now youre even older a a and now youre even older a a and now youre even older a a youre older than youve even been a a and now -the -want to get in as many songs as possible during our brief time here so this is the one to play this song is called fingertips -the -i hear the -it seems -who -underneath -you the guy who hit me in the -the guy who hit me in the -older -s knocking on the wall a a all -just -i turn around -much -the -the -and i think we have a -there youre -hello whos there please -i on the air hi there -you have a laminated badge -i think were going to stop that -heres a song we like to think of as the future anthem of ted its actually a childrens song but like so many projects for children its really just a trojan horse -for -this song is called -the -the -and -bulgaria -the -this day will soon be at an end a a and now its even sooner a a and now its even sooner a a and now its even sooner a a this day will soon be at an end a a and now its even sooner a a and now its -the social cultural and the landscape and recreational fabric of the city and the building is no longer seen as an autonomous thing but something thats only inextricably connected to this city and this place at this time -a project that was realized in austria the hooper bank which again used this idea of connecting typology the traditional buildings and -and other parts are much more energetic and intense and can talk about that intensity in terms of the kind of collisions of the kind of -that have to do with putting a series of systems together and then where part of it is in the ground part of it is oppositional lifts one enters the building as it lifts off the ground -and then it breaks in places that allow you to peer into the interior and those interiors again are promoting transparency for the workplace which has been a continual kind of interest of ours -and then again in a more kind of traditional setting this is a graduate student housing in toronto and its very much about the relationship of a building as it makes a connective tissue to the city the main idea was the gateway -i visited the site many times and everybody kind of you can see this from two kilometers away as an exact center of the street and the whole notion is to engage the public to engage buildings as part of the public tissue of the city -and finally one of the most interesting projects its a courthouse and what i want to talk about this is the supreme court of course and well -and the outside world and then make it understood i can start any number of places because this process is also -dealing with michael hogan the chief justice of oregon you could not proceed without making this negotiation -between ones own values and the relationship of the character youre working with and how he understands the court because im showing him of course -in the phenomenon thats taking place in here and really what were talking about is constructing reality -and im a character thats extremely interested in understanding the nature of that constructed reality because theres no such thing as nature any more nature is gone nature in the nineteenth century sense all right nature is only a cultural -today right we construct it and we construct those ideas and then of course this one our governor at the moment and -we spent some time with conan believe it or not and then that led us to kind of the very differences of our worlds from a legal and an artistic architectural and it forced us to talk about -the traditional courthouse youll find a stair thats the same length as the supreme court heres a piano nobile which is a device used in the renaissance the courts were made of that the skin is this series of layers that reflect even rusticated -i think very different from some of the morning sessions which you had such a kind of very clear such a lineal idea like the last one say with howard -stonework but which were embedded with fragments of the constitution which were part of the kind of little process all set on a plinth that defined it from the community thank you so much -i think the creative process in architecture the design -its calvinos idea of the quickest way between two points is the circuitous line not the straight line and definitely my life has been part of that -to start with some simple kind of notions of how we organize things but basically what we do is we try to give coherence to the world we make physical things -howard -and those things are the reflection of the processes and the time that they are made -and what im doing is attempting to synthesize -im sitting next to howard i dont know howard obviously and hes going i hope youre not next -the way one sees the world and the territories which are useful as generative material because really all im interested in always as an architect is the way things are produced because thats what i do -right and its not based on an a priori notion i have no interest at all in conceiving something in my brain and saying this is what it looks like in fact somebody mentioned ewan maybe it was you in your -what architects did somebody say its what business people come to its what the corporate world comes to when they want to make it look like something at the end of the line -it doesnt work that way for me at all i have no interest in that whatsoever architecture is the beginning of something because its if youre not involved in first principles if youre not involved in the absolute -and so in the formation of things in giving it form in giving it in concretizing these things it starts with some notion of how one organizes and ive had for thirty years an interest in a -series of complexities where a series of forces are brought to bear and to understand the nature of the final result of that representing the building itself -theres been a continual relationship between inventions which are private and reality which has been important to me a project which is part of an exhibition in copenhagen -ten years ago which was the modeling of a hippocampus the territory of the brain that records short term memory and the documentation of that the imaginative and documentation of that -through a series of drawings which literally attempt to organize that experience and it had to do with the notion of walking a kilometer -built on randomness and id been extremely interested in this notion of randomness as it produces architectural work and as it definitely connects to the notion of the city -an accretional notion of the city and that led to various ideas of organization and then this led to broader ideas of buildings that come together through the multiplicity of systems -and its not any single system that makes the work its the relationship its the dynamics between the systems which have the power to transform and invent and produce an architecture that is that would otherwise not exist -and those systems could be identified and they could be grouped together and of course today with the technology of the computer and with the rapid prototyping et cetera we have the mechanisms to understand -and to respond to these systems and to allow them to adjust to the various accommodations of functionalities because thats all we do -producing spaces that accommodate human activity and what im interested in is not the styling of that but the relationship of that as it enhances that activity -and that directly connects to ideas of city making this is a project that we just finished in penang for a very very large city project that came directly out of this process which is a result of the multiplicity of forces that -and the project again enormous enormous competition on the hudson river and in new york that we were asked to do three years ago which uses these processes and what youre looking at -im interested -that uses notions of these multiple forces that deals with the enormity of the problem the complexity of the problem -when were designing cities at larger and larger aggregates because one of the issues today is that the economic aggregate is driving the development aggregate and as the aggregates get larger we require more and more complex -i kind of do the same thing but i dont move my body and instead of using human figures -what was it nine months ago again a direct reflection from using these processes to develop extremely complicated very large scale organisms -and then also was working with broad strategies in this case we only used fifteen of the sixty acres of land and the forty five acres was a park and would become the legacy -of the olympic village and it would become the second largest park in the -start having direct influences on architecture on the elements that make up the broader scheme the buildings themselves and start guiding us -this discussion in any number of places and ive chosen three or four to talk about and it has also to do with an interest in the -vast kind of territory that architecture touches it literally is connected to anything -in terms of knowledge base theres just no place that it doesnt somehow have a connective tissue to this is jim dine and its the absence of presence -its the clothing the skin without the presence of the character it became kind of an idea for the notion of the surface of a work and -to develop ideas of time and space i work in the mineral world -it was used in a project where we could unravel that surface and it was a figurative idea that was going to be folded and made into -a very kind of complex space and the idea was the relationship of the space which was made up of the fold of the image -and the dialectic or the conflict between the figuration and the kind of clarity of the image and the complexity of the space which were in -and it made us rethink the whole notion of how we work and kind of how we make things and it led us to ideas that were closer to fashion design as we -flattened out surfaces and then brought them back together as they could make spatial combinations and this was the first prototype in korea as -were dealing with a dynamic envelope and then the same characteristic of the fabric it has a material identity and its translucent and its -i work with more or less inert matter and i organize it and well its also a bit different because an architect versus lets say a dance company -again its a very very simple notion if you look at most buildings what you look at is the building the facade and it is the building and all of a sudden were kind of moving away and were separating the skin -and differentiates from the body and then again the building itself middle of los angeles right across from city hall and as it moves it takes pieces of the earth with it it -up its part of kind of a sign system which was part of the kind of legacy of los angeles the two dimension three dimension signing et cetera -and then it allows one to penetrate the work itself its transparent and it allows you to understand i think what is always the most interesting thing in any building which is the actual -the contemporary urban environments that you would find in shibuya or youd find in mexico city or sao paulo et cetera that have to do with activating the city -over a longer span of time and that was very much part of the notion of the urban objective of this project in -and again all of it promoting transparency and an image which may be closest talks about the -finally is a negotiation between ones private world ones conceptual world the world of ideas the world of -use of light as a medium that light becomes literally a building material -well that immediately turned to something much broader and as a scope and again were looking at kind of an early sketch -im understanding now that the skin can be a transition between the ground and the tower this is a building in san francisco which is under construction -and now it turned into something much much broader as a problem and it has to do with performance this will be the first building in the united states that took -interface with broader problems that they expand the kind of capabilities in terms of their performance -made very much a shift out of the kind of internal focus of architecture looking at architecture within its own territory and we were much more affected by film by what was going on in the -course michael heizer and when i saw this first an image and then visited it completely changed the way i thought after that point and i understood that building really could be -the augmentation of the earths surface and it completely shifted the notion of building ground in the most basic sense and then well he was probably looking at this this is nazca this is seven hundred years ago the most amazing four kilometer -land sculptures theyre just totally incredible and that led us to then completely rethinking how we draw how we work this is the first sketch of a high school in pomona -that make a high school work in the surface of that earth there it is modeled as it was kind of developing into a piece of work and -there it is again as its starting to get resolved tectonically and then theres the school and of course what were interested were interested in participating with education -and theres an overt at least theres an attempt to make a very overt notion of a building that connects to the land in a very different way because i was interested in a very didactic kind of approach to the problem -as one would understand that and the second project that was just finished in los angeles that uses some of the same ideas it uses landscape -if theres anything thats been consistent its been that you cant do it no matter what ive done what ive tried to do everybody says it cant be done and its continuous across the complete spectrum of the various kind of realities that you confront with your ideas -as a major idea then again were doing the headquarters for noaa national oceanographic and atmospheric agency -this is the primitive hut thats been around for so long and what we wanted to do is really kind of build this because they see themselves as the caretakers of the world -the ears right and then right below that the processing and the mission lift and the mission control room and all the other spaces are underground -and what you look at is an aircraft carrier thats performance driven by the cone vision of these satellite dishes and that the building itself is occupied in the lower portion -broken up by a series of courts and its five acres of uninterrupted horizontal space for their administrative offices and then that in turn -that force on the left you can train a nineteen year old to do that that force on the right is more like a forty year old cop -you need the experience -what does this mean in terms of operations -that sys admin force is the force that never comes home -does most of your work -you break out that leviathan force only every so often but heres the promise you make to the american public to your own people to the world -you break out that leviathan force you promise you guarantee -follow on sys admin effort dont plan for the war unless you plan to win the peace -im amazed nobody asked her that question when she was confirmed -i call the leviathan force your dads military i like them young male unmarried slightly pissed off -up or out the force on the right in and out -force on the left respects posse comitatus restrictions on the use of force inside the u s the force on the rights going to obliterate it -the national guards going to be the force on the left is never coming under the purview of the international criminal court -admin force has to -one takes down networks one puts them up -wage war here in such a way to facilitate that do we need a bigger budget do we need a draft to pull this off absolutely not -ive been told by the revolution of military affairs crowd for years -but ultimately youre going to civilianize it -so yes it begins inside the pentagon -i have been to the mountain top i can see the future i may not live long enough to get -ok the theory of anti access area denial asymmetrical strategies gobbledygook that we sell to congress because if we just told them we can kick anybodys asses -happen were going to have a department of something else between war and peace last slide who gets custody of the kids -this is where the marines in the audience get kind of -read max boon this is the history of the marines small wars small arms -marines are like my west highland terrier they get up every morning they want to dig a hole -i dont want my marines handing out aid i want them to be marines -navy strategic subs go this way surface combatants are over there and the news is they may actually be that small -i call it the smart dust navy i tell young officers you may command five hundred ships in your career -bad news is they may not have anybody on them carriers go both ways because theyre a swing asset -armor goes this way heres the dirty secret of the air force you can win by bombing -but you need lots of these guys on the ground to win the peace shinseki was right with the argument -air force strategic airlift goes both ways -bombers fighters -they wouldnt buy us all the stuff we want so we say area denial anti access asymmetrical strategies and their eyes glaze over -go over here special operations command down at tampa trigger pullers go this way -civil affairs that bastard child comes over here -return to the army the point about the trigger pullers and special operations command no off season these guys are always -drop in do their business disappear see me now dont talk about it later -i was never here -last point intelligence community -the muscle and the defense agencies go this way what should be the cia open analytical open source should come over here the information you need to do this is not secret -its not secret -great piece in the new yorker about how our echo boomers nineteen to twenty five over in iraq taught each other how to do sys admin work over the internet in chat rooms they said al qaeda could be listening they said well jesus they already know this stuff -take a gift in the left hand these are the sunglasses that dont scare people simple stuff -and they say will you build it in my district -a banana peel on the tarmac -we say china its yours prometheus approach largely a geographic definition focus almost exclusively on the start of conflict we field the first half team in a league that insists on keeping score until the end of the game thats the problem we can run the score up against anybody -they call fourth generation warfare -it instead there is no battle space the u s military cannot access they said we couldnt do afghanistan we did it with ease they said we couldnt do -there is nobody we cant take down the question is what do you do with the power -so theres no trouble accessing battle spaces what we have trouble accessing is the transition space that must naturally follow and creating the peace space that allows us to move on -poor country runs off that ledge does that cartoon thing and then drops -what ive spent fifteen years doing in this business and its taken me almost fourteen to figure it out is i think about the future of wars in the context of everything else -they said to us you know what in that transition space youre mostly hat not enough cattle -we dont think you can pull it off were not going to give you our seventeen thousand peace keepers for fodder we asked -the russians for forty thousand they said no i was in china in august i said you should have fifty thousand peace keepers in iraq its your oil not ours -which is the truth its their oil -we have trouble accessing our outcomes -we lucked out frankly on the selection we face different opponents across these three and its time to start admitting you cant ask the same nineteen year old to do it all -day in and day out its just -we have an unparalleled capacity to wage war -we dont do the everything else so well frankly we do it better than anybody and we still suck at it we have a brilliant secretary of war we dont have -i think we have an unparalleled capacity to wage war i call that the leviathan force what we need to build is a force for the everything else i call them system administrators -so i tend to specialize on the scene between war and peace the material im going to show you is one idea for a book well a lot of ideas its the one takes me round the world right now interacting with foreign militaries quite -we argue about it every time we use it argentina just went through it broke a lot of rules they got out on the far end we -its transparent a certain amount of certainty gives the sense of a non zero outcome we dont have one for processing politically bankrupt states that frankly everybody wants gone like saddam like mugabe like kim jong il -we have extant right now at the beginning of this system is the u n security council as a grand jury what can they do they can indict your ass -they can debate it they can write it on a piece of paper they can put it in an envelope and mail it to you and then say in no uncertain terms -please cut that out -we dont have anything to translate -heres the deal as soon as i cant find anybody else to air out i leave the scene immediately thats called the powell doctrine -way downstream we have the international criminal court they love to put them on trial theyve got milosevic right now -generated in two years of work i did for the secretary of defense thinking about a new national grand strategy for the united states im going to present a problem and try to give you an answer -but we use this language from a bygone era -jesus it was dark -you want to do it france france says -what we need downstream is a great power -you get then no looting no military disappearing no arms disappearing no ammo disappearing no muqtada al sadr im wrecking his bones no insurgency -and we dicked around for six months and then they turned on us why because they just got fed up -they saw what we did to saddam they said youre that powerful you can resurrect this country youre america -what we need is an international reconstruction fund sebastian mallaby washington post great idea model on the -theyre going to decide up front how the money gets spent just like in the imf you vote according to how much money you put in the kitty -im talking about regularizing it making it transparent would you like mugabe gone would you like kim jong il whos killed about two million people would you like him gone -my favorite bonehead concept from the nineteen nineties in the pentagon the theory of anti access area denial asymmetrical strategies why do we call it that because its got all those -like a better system this is why it matters to the military theyve been experiencing -we do desert storm the split starts to emerge between those in the military who see a future they can live with and those who see a future that starts to scare them like the u s submarine community which watches the soviet navy disappear overnight -the military got dragged out into the muck across the nineteen nineties and they developed this very derisive term to describe it military operations other than war i ask you who joins the military to do things other than war -i maintain this is code inside the army for we dont want to do this -they spent the nineteen nineties working the messy scene between globalized parts of the world what i call the core and the -so we were home alone for eight years and what did we do home alone we bought one military and we operated another and its like the guy who goes to the doctor and says doctor it hurts -doctor says stop doing that you -this brief inside the pentagon in the early nineteen nineties id say youre buying one military and youre operating another and eventually its going to hurt its wrong bad pentagon -raise an army when you need it and maintain a navy for day to day connectivity -of war a department of everything else a big stick -a baton stick -can of whup ass -to attack america is to risk blowing up the world we connected national security to international security -thats the scary part the question is how do we reconnect american national security with global security -since is that bifurcation i described -we talked about this going all the way back to the end of the cold war lets have a department of war and a department of something else -people say hell nine eleven did it for you -now we got a home game and away game -the war in iraq he was a bad guy with multiple priors -i knew wed kick ass in the war with the leviathan force i knew wed have a hard time with what followed but i know this organization doesnt change until it experiences failure -from even meeting an air force willing to fly against ours so that overmatched capability creates problems catastrophic successes the white house calls them -this is the hobbesian force -why i travel all over the world talking to foreign militaries what does this mean it means youve got to stop pretending you can do -these two very disparate skill sets with the same nineteen year old switching back morning afternoon evening morning afternoon evening handing out -because he feared that it filled people up with jargon -and then they just classified things rather than looking at them -and he wanted to remind us that all art was once contemporary -and he wanted us to use our eyes -and he was especially evangelical about this message because he was losing his sight -he wanted us to look and ask basic questions of objects what is it how is it made why was it made how is it used -and these were important lessons to me when i subsequently became a professional art historian -my kind of eureka moment came a few years later -when i was studying the art of the courts of northern europe -and of course it was very much discussed in terms of the paintings and the sculptures and the architecture of the day -considering a career in the art world -but as i began to read historical documents and contemporary descriptions i found there was a kind of a missing component -for everywhere i came across descriptions of tapestries -tapestries were ubiquitous -between the middle ages and really well into the eighteenth century -and it was pretty apparent why -tapestries were portable -you could roll them up send them ahead of you -and in the time it took to hang them up you could transform a cold dank interior into a richly colored setting -i took a course in london -tapestries effectively provided a vast canvas on which the patrons of the day could depict the heroes with whom they wanted to be associated -or even themselves -and in addition to that -they required scores of highly skilled weavers working over extended periods of time -and one of my supervisors was this irascible italian called pietro -with very expensive materials the wools the silks even gold and silver thread -so all in all in an age when the visual image of any kind was rare -tapestries were an incredibly potent -form of propaganda -because i saw the met as one of the few places where i could organize really big exhibitions about the subject i cared so passionately about -gave me the go ahead to organize an exhibition for two thousand and two -we normally have these very long lead in times -it wasnt straightforward its no longer a question of chucking a tapestry -who drank too much -shipped in oversized freighters -some of them are so big we had to get them into the museum we had to take them up the great steps at the front -we thought very hard about how to present this unknown subject to a modern audience -the dark colors to set off the colors that remained in objects that were often faded -the placing of lights to bring out the silk and the gold thread -these were big complex things -there was a lot of skepticism on the opening night i overheard one of the senior members of staff saying -this is going to be a bomb -hundreds of thousands of people -came to see the show -the exhibition was designed to be an experience and tapestries are hard to reproduce in photographs -but he was a passionate teacher -so i want you to use your imaginations thinking of these wall high objects some of them ten meters wide -depicting lavish court scenes with courtiers and dandies who would look quite at home in the pages of the fashion press today -thick woods with hunters crashing through the undergrowth in pursuit of wild boars and deer -and i remember one of our earlier classes with him he was projecting images on the wall asking us to think about them -violent battles with scenes of fear and heroism -i remember taking my sons school class he was eight at the time and all the little boys -there was a dog pooping in the foreground laughter kind of an in your face joke by the artist and you can just imagine them but it brought it alive to them i think they suddenly -through this experience that could only be created in a museum id opened up the eyes of my audience -historians artists press the general public to the beauty of this lost medium -a few years later i was invited to be the director of the museum -and after i got over that -who me the tapestry geek -i dont wear a tie i realized the fact i believe passionately in that curated museum experience -and he put up an image of a painting -we live in an age of ubiquitous information and sort of just add water expertise -but theres nothing that compares with the presentation of significant objects -in a well told narrative what the curator does the interpretation of a complex esoteric subject in a way that retains the integrity of the subject that makes it unpacks it for a general audience -and that to me today is now the challenge and the fun of my job supporting the vision of my curators -whether its an exhibition of samurai swords early byzantine artifacts renaissance portraits or the show we heard mentioned earlier -that was an interesting case in the late spring early summer of two thousand and ten -shortly after mcqueens suicide -and we proceeded to do something at the museum i think weve never done before -it wasnt just your standard installation -in fact we ripped down the galleries to recreate entirely different settings a recreation of his first studio a hall of mirrors -a curiosity box -a sunken ship a burned out interior with videos and soundtracks that ranged from operatic arias to pigs fornicating -and in this extraordinary setting the costumes -it could have been a train wreck -it could have looked like -shop windows on fifth avenue at christmas -but because of the way that andrew connected with the mcqueen team -he was channeling the rawness and the brilliance of mcqueen and the show was quite transcendant and it became a phenomenon in its own right by the end of the show we had people queuing for four or five hours to get into the show -and he said what is this -now ive described two very immersive exhibitions but i also believe that collections individual objects can also have that same power -the met was set up not as a museum of american art but of an encyclopedic museum -today one hundred and forty years later -that vision is as prescient as ever -because of course we live in a world of crisis of challenge and were exposed to it through the twenty four seven newsreels -its in our galleries -that we can unpack the civilizations the cultures that were seeing the current manifestation of whether its libya -egypt syria -its in our galleries that we can explain and give greater understanding i mean our new islamic galleries are a case in point -opened ten years almost to the week after nine eleven -i think for most americans -knowledge of the islamic world was pretty slight before nine eleven and then it was thrust upon us -in one of americas darkest hours and the perception was through the polarization of that terrible event -now in our galleries we show fourteen centuries of the development -of different islamic -cultures across a vast geographic spread -and again hundreds of thousands of people have come to see these galleries since they opened last october -replacing the museum -and i think those numbers are a resounding rejection of that notion -i mean dont get me wrong im a huge advocate of the web -it gives us a way of reaching out to audiences around the globe -but nothing replaces the authenticity of the object presented with passionate scholarship -bringing people face to face with our objects -is a way of bringing them face to face with people -across time across space whose lives may have been very different to our own -he said its a what -frustrations and achievements in their lives -and i think this is a process that helps us better understand ourselves -helps us make better decisions about where were going -the great hall at the met is one of the great portals of the world -i said its a bacchanal by titian -from there you can walk in any direction -to almost any culture -i frequently go out into the hall and the galleries and i watch our visitors coming in -others are very uneasy its an intimidating place -they feel that the institution is elitist -i want to put people in a contemplative frame of mind where -theyre prepared to be -a little bit lost to explore -to see the unfamiliar in the familiar -because for us its all about bringing them -capturing them at that moment of discomfort -when the inclination is kind of to reach for your iphone your blackberry -but to create a zone where their curiosity -or a dog pooping in the corner of a tapestry -or to bring it back to my tutor pietro -those dancing figures who are indeed knocking back the wine -and that nude figure in the left foreground -of youthful sexuality -as i said he swore too much there was an important lesson for me in that pietro was suspicious of formal art training art history training -in that moment -our scholarship can tell you -that this is a bacchanal -but if were doing our job right -and youve checked the jargon at the front door -but i know where she was she was with me on my life -like -stage -and -the -ive been playing ted for nearly a decade and ive very rarely played any new songs of my own and that was largely because -ive been busy with a couple of projects and one of them was this the nutmeg a nineteen thirties ships lifeboat which ive been restoring in the garden of my beach house in england -and so now when the polar ice caps melt my recording studio will rise up like an -off into the drowned world like a character from a j g ballard novel during the day -so when it gets dark ive got plenty of power and i can light up the nutmeg like a beacon and so i go in there until the early hours of the morning -i work on new songs id like to play to you guys if youre willing to be the first audience to hear -for pure pleasure please welcome the lovely the delectable and the bilingual rachelle garniez -educate them or inform them but actually leads them to make better decisions better choices in their lives one part of medicine though has faced -the problem of behavior change pretty well and thats dentistry dentistry might seem and i think it is many dentists would have to acknowledge its somewhat of a mundane backwater of medicine not a lot of cool sexy stuff happening in dentistry -but they have really taken this problem of behavior change and solved it its the one great preventive health success we have in our health care system -people brush and floss their teeth they dont do it as much as they should but they do it so im going to talk about one experiment that -in connecticut cooked up about thirty years ago so this is an old experiment but its a really good one because it was very simple so its an easy story to tell -talking to you about how we can tap a really underutilized resource in health care which is the patient -so these connecticut dentists decided that they wanted to get people to brush their teeth and floss their teeth more often and they were going to use one variable they wanted to scare them -they wanted to tell them how bad it would be if they didnt brush and floss their teeth they had a big patient population they divided them up into two groups they had a low fear population where they basically gave them a thirteen -minute presentation all based in science but told them that if you didnt brush and floss your teeth you could get gum disease if you get gum disease you will lose your teeth but youll get dentures and it wont be that -that was the low fear group the high fear group they laid it on really thick they showed bloody gums they showed puss oozing out from between their teeth they told them -that their teeth were going to fall out they said that they could have infections that would spread from their jaws to other parts of their bodies and ultimately yes they would lose their teeth they would get dentures -or as i like to use the scientific term people because we are all patients we are all people -was this the upshot of this experiment was that fear was not really a primary driver of the behavior at all the people who brushed and flossed their teeth -not necessarily the people who were really scared about what would happen its the people who simply felt that they had the capacity to change their behavior -so fear showed up as not really the driver it was the sense of efficacy -it was a notion that really came out of albert banduras work who studied whether people -get a sense of empowerment the notion of efficacy basically boils down to one that if somebody believes that they have the capacity to change their behavior -even doctors are patients at some point so i want to talk about that as an opportunity that we really have failed to engage with very well in this country -better health and thats a very important notion its an amazing notion -we dont really know how to manipulate it though that well except maybe we do -so fear doesnt work right fear doesnt work and this is a great example of how we havent learned that lesson at all this is a campaign from the american diabetes association this is still the way were communicating messages about health -i mean i showed my three year old this slide last night and hes like papa why is an ambulance in these peoples homes and i had to explain theyre trying to scare people and i dont know if it works -heres what does work personalized information works again bandura recognized this years ago decades ago -when you give people specific information about their health where they stand and where they want to get to where they might get to that -path that notion of a path that tends to work for behavior change so let me just spool it out -with personalized data personalized information that comes from an individual -and then you need to connect it to their lives you need to connect it to their lives hopefully not in a fear based way but one that they understand okay i know where i sit i know where im situated -and in fact worldwide if you want to get at the big part i mean from a public health level where my training is youre looking at -we need to connect the information always with the action and then that action feeds back -into different information -and it creates of course a feedback loop now this is a very well observed and well established notion for -the problem is that things in the upper right corner there personalized data its been pretty hard to come by its a difficult and expensive commodity -and heres how they work in the feedback loop so you start with the personalized data where the speed limit on the road where you are at that point is twenty five -and of course youre going faster than that we always are were always going above the speed limit the choice in this case is pretty simple -we either keep going fast or we slow down we should probably slow down and that point of action is probably now we should take our foot off the peddle right now -and generally we do these things are shown to be pretty effective in terms of getting people to slow down they reduce speeds by about five to ten percent they last for about five miles -which case we put our foot back on the peddle but it works and it even has some health repercussions you blood pressure might drop a little bit maybe theres fewer accidents so theres public health benefits but by and large -this is a feedback loop thats so nifty and too rare because in health care most health care the data is very removed from the action its very difficult to line things up so neatly -but we have an opportunity so i want to talk about i want to shift now to think about how we deliver health information in this country how we actually get information -this is a pharmaceutical ad actually its a spoof its not a real pharmaceutical ad nobodys had the brilliant idea of calling their drug havidol quite yet -but it looks completely right so its exactly the way we get health information and pharmaceutical information and it just sounds perfect and then we turn the page of the magazine and we see this right we see this -now this is the page the fda requires pharmaceutical companies to put into their ads or to follow their ads and to me this is one of the cynical exercises in medicine -because we know who among us would actually say that people read this and who among us would actually say that people who do try to read this -actually get anything out of it this is a bankrupt effort at communicating health information -there is no good faith in -so this is a different approach this is an approach that has been developed by a couple researchers at dartmouth medical school lisa schwartz and steven -and saw that what works for cereal works for our food actually helps people understand whats in their food -god forbid that we should use that same standard that we make capn crunch live by and bring it to drug companies -so let me just walk through this quickly it says very clearly what the drug is for specifically who is it good for so you can start to personalize your understanding of whether the information is relevant to you or whether the drug is relevant to you -you can understand exactly what the benefits are it isnt this kind of vague promise that its going to work no matter what but you get the statistics for how effective it is -and finally you understand what those choices are you can start to unpack the choices involved because of the side effects every time you take a drug youre walking into a possible side effect so it spells those out in very clean terms and that works -those are all behaviors where people know what theyre supposed to do they know what theyre supposed to be doing but theyre not doing it now behavior change is something that is a long standing problem in medicine it goes all the way back to aristotle -so i love this i love that drug facts box and so i was thinking about whats an opportunity that i could have to help people understand -theyre just not for us theyre not for people theyre not for patients -they go right to doctors and god forbid i think many doctors if you really asked them they dont really understand all this stuff -this is the worst presented information you ask tufte and he would say yes this is the worst presentation of information possible -what we did at wired was we went and i got our graphic design department to re imagine these lab reports so thats what i want to walk you through so this is the general blood work before and this is the after this is what we came up with -the after takes what was four pages that previous slide was actually the first of four pages of data thats just the general blood work it goes on and on and on all these values all these numbers you dont know -we use the notion of color its an amazing notion that color could be used so on the top level you have your overall results the things that might jump out at you from the fine print -then you can drill down and understand how actually we put your level in context and we use color to illustrate exactly where your value falls in this case this patient is slightly at risk of diabetes because -color and personalized proximity to that information -all those other values all those pages and pages of values that are full of nothing we summarize -we tell you that youre okay youre normal but you dont have to wade through it you dont have to go through the -and doctors hate it right i mean they complain about it all the time we talk about it in terms of engagement or non compliance when people dont take their pills when people dont follow doctors orders these are behavior problems -then we went to crp test in this case its a sin of omission they have this huge amount of space and they dont use it for anything so we do -now the crp test is often done following a cholesterol test or in conjunction with a cholesterol test so we take the bold step of putting the cholesterol information on the same page -which is the way the doctor is going to evaluate it so we thought the patient might actually want to know the context as well its a protein that shows up when your blood vessels might be inflamed which might be a risk for heart disease -what youre actually measuring is spelled out in clean language then we use the information thats already in the lab report -we use the persons age and their gender to start to fill in the personalized risks so we start to use the data we have to run a very simple calculation thats on all sorts of online calculators to get a sense of what the actual risk is -the last one ill show you is a psa test heres the before -and heres the after now a lot of our effort on this one as many of you probably know a psa test is a very controversial test its used to test for prostate cancer but there are all sorts of reasons why your prostate might be enlarged -based on that and then again the follow up actions -so our cost for this was less than dollar ten thousand all right thats what wired magazine spent on this why is wired magazine doing -last year they made profits of over seven hundred million dollars and over five hundred million dollars respectively -now this is not a problem of resources this is a problem of incentives we need to recognize that the target of this information should not be the doctor should not be the insurance company it should be the patient -but for as much as clinical medicine agonizes over behavior change theres not a lot of work done in terms of trying to fix that problem -its the person who actually in the end is going to be having to change their lives and then start adopting new behaviors this is information that is incredibly powerful its an incredibly powerful catalyst to change but were not using it its just sitting there -so i want to just offer four questions that every patient should ask because i dont actually expect people to start developing these lab test reports -but you can create your own feedback loop anybody can create their feedback loop by asking these simple questions can i have my results and the only acceptable answer is -what does this mean help me understand what the data is what are my options what choices are now on the table and then whats next -how do i integrate this information into the longer course of my life -ive been talking today about latent information -all this information that exists in the system that were not putting to use but there are all sorts of other bodies of information that are coming online and we need to recognize the capacity of this information to engage people to help people and to change the course of -so the crux of it comes down to this notion of decision making giving information to people in a form that doesnt just -this is a sculpture made from a million yards of wire and one hundred and fifty thousand glass beads the size of a golf ball -and this is a window display -and this is pair of cooling towers for an electricity substation next to st pauls cathedral in london and this is a temple in japan for a buddhist monk -and this is a cafe by the sea in britain -and just very quickly something weve been working on very recently is we were commissioned by the mayor of london to design a new bus -that gave the passenger their freedom again because the original routemaster bus that some of you may be familiar with which had this open platform at the back in fact i think all our routemasters are here in california now actually but they arent in london -and so youre stuck on a bus and if the bus is going to stop and its three yards away from the bus stop youre just a prisoner but the mayor of london wanted to reintroduce buses with this open platform -so weve been working with transport for london and that organization hasnt actually been responsible as a client for a new bus for fifty years -and so weve been very lucky to have a chance to work the brief is that the bus should use forty percent less energy -so its got hybrid drive and weve been working to try to improve everything from the fabric to the format and structure and aesthetics -i was going to show four main projects and this is a project for a bridge and so we were commissioned to design a bridge that would open -im slightly squeamish but i once saw a photograph of a footballer who was diving for a ball and as he was diving someone had stamped on his knee and it had broken like this -but instead of what it is our focus was on the way it worked -we actually had to halve its speed because everyone was too scared when we first did it so thats it speeded up -a project that weve been working on very recently is to design a new biomass power station so a power station that uses organic waste material in the news the subject of where our future water is going to come from and where our power is going to come from is in all the papers all the time -and invention on a small scale -and we used to be quite proud of the way we generated power but recently any annual report of a power company doesnt have a power station on it it has a child running through a field or something like that -our condition was that we would work with them and that whatever we did we were not just going to decorate a normal power station and instead we had to learn we kind of forced them to teach us and so we spent time traveling with them and learning about all the different elements -and i was there looking at the larger scale of buildings and finding that the buildings that were around me and that were being designed and that were there in the publications i was seeing felt soulless and cold -and finding that there were plenty of inefficiencies that werent being capitalized on that just taking a field and banging all these things out isnt necessarily the most efficient way that they could work -so we looked at how we could compose all those elements -instead of just litter create one composition -and what we found this area is one of the poorest parts of britain it was voted the worst place in britain to live and there are two thousand new homes being built next to this power station -so it felt this has a social dimension it has a symbolic importance and we should be proud of where our power is coming from rather than something we are necessarily ashamed of -so we were looking at how we could make a power station that instead of keeping people out and having a big fence around the outside could be a place that pulls you in -and it has to be im trying to get my two hundred and fifty feet high so it felt that what we could try to do is make a power park -and actually bring the whole area in and using the spare soil thats there on the site we could make a power station that was silent as well because just that soil could make the acoustic difference -and we also found that we could make a more efficient structure and have a cost effective way of making a structure to do this the finished project is meant to be more than just a power station it has a space where you could have a bar mitzvah at the top -all around the area and use that height that we have to have for its function in shanghai we were invited to build well we werent invited what am i talking about we won the competition -and there on the smaller scale the scale of an earring or a ceramic pot or a musical instrument was a materiality and a soulfulness -and the worlds first major botanical institution is in london and they have this extraordinary project where theyve been collecting twenty five percent of all the worlds plant species -so we suddenly realized that there was this thing and everyone agrees that trees are beautiful and ive never met anyone who says i dont like trees and the same with flowers ive never met anyone who says i dont like flowers but we realized that seeds theres been this very serious project happening but that seeds -and the film jurassic park actually really helped us -because the dna of the dinosaur that was trapped in the amber gave us some kind of clue that these tiny things could be trapped and be made to seem precious rather than looking like nuts -so the challenge was how are we going to bring light and expose these things -we didnt want to make a separate building and have separate content so we were trying to think how could we make a whole thing emanate by the way we had half the budget of the other western nations so that was also in the mix with the site the size of a football pitch and so there was one particular toy that gave us a clue -and this influenced me the first building i built was twenty years ago and since in the last twenty years ive developed a studio in london sorry this was my mother by the way in her bead shop in london i spent a lot of time counting beads and things like that -that could move in the wind so the whole thing can gently move when the wind blows and inside the daylight each one is an optic and it brings light into the center and by night artificial light in each one emanates and comes out to the outside -and to make the project affordable we focused our energy instead of building a building as big as the football pitch we focused it on this one element and the government agreed to do that and not do anything else and focus our energy on that -so that even if youre partially sighted that it was kind of crunchy and soft -that piece of landscape that you see there -and then you know when a pet has an operation and they shave a bit of the skin and get rid of the fur in order to get you to go into the seed cathedral in effect weve shaved it -and inside theres nothing theres no famous actors voice theres no projections theres no televisions theres no color changing theres just silence -and a cool temperature and if a cloud goes past you can see a cloud on the tips where its letting the light through -this is the only project that weve done where -the finished thing looked more like a rendering than our renderings -suddenly actually the next thing this is the head of u k trade and investment who was our client -im sorry about my stupid voice there -im just going to show for people who dont know my studios work a few projects that weve worked on this is a hospital building -is something that weve been trying to research really and explore alternatives and the project that were building in malaysia is apartment buildings for a property developer -and its in a piece of land thats this site and the mayor of kuala lumpur said that if this developer would give something that gave something back to the city they would give them more gross floor area buildable so there was an incentive for the developer to really try to think about what would be better for the city -and the conventional thing with apartment buildings in this part of the world is you have your tower and you squeeze a few trees around the edge and you see cars parked -its actually only the first couple of floors that you really experience and the rest of it is just for postcards the lowest value is actually the bottom part of a tower like this -so if we could chop that away and give the building a small bottom we could take that bit and put it at the top where the greater commercial value is for a property developer and by linking these together we could have ninety percent of the site -as a rainforest instead of only ten percent of scrubby trees and bits of road around buildings -this is a shop for a bag company -rather than engulf it -and thats my final slide -twenty two feet long and so the daylight was just coming it was caught on the outside of the box and was coming down to illuminate each seed waterproofing the building was a bit crazy because its quite hard to waterproof buildings anyway but if you say youre going to drill sixty six thousand holes in it -this is studios for artists -remarkable stories -good news stories all of which boil down to understanding something about the diseases that has allowed us to detect early and intervene early early detection early intervention thats the story for these successes unfortunately the news is not all good -lets start with some good news and the good news has to do with what do we know based on biomedical research that actually has changed the outcomes for many very serious diseases -lets talk about one other story which has to do with suicide now this is of course not a disease per se its a condition or its a situation that leads to mortality -what you may not realize is just how prevalent it is there are thirty eight thousand suicides each year in the united states that means one about every fifteen minutes third most common cause of death amongst people between the ages of fifteen and twenty five -its kind of an extraordinary story when you realize that this is twice as common as homicide and actually more common as a source of death than traffic fatalities in this country -now when we talk about suicide there is also a medical contribution here because ninety percent of suicides are related to a mental illness depression bipolar disorder schizophrenia anorexia borderline personality theres a long list of disorders that contribute -and as i mentioned before often early in life but its not just the mortality from these disorders -its also morbidity if you look at disability as measured by the world health organization with something they call the disability adjusted life years -of all disability from all medical causes can be attributed to mental disorders neuropsychiatric syndromes -youre probably thinking that doesnt make any sense i mean cancer seems far more serious heart disease seems far more serious -but you can see actually they are further down this list and thats because were talking here about disability what drives the disability for these disorders like -schizophrenia and bipolar and depression why are they number one here -well there are probably three reasons one is that theyre highly prevalent about one in five people will suffer from one of these disorders in the course of their lifetime -is the fact that these start very early in life -fifty percent will have onset by age fourteen seventy five percent by age twenty four a picture that is very different than what one would see -if youre talking about cancer or heart disease diabetes hypertension most of the major illnesses that we think about as being sources of morbidity and mortality -these are indeed the chronic disorders of young people -now i started by telling you that there were some good news stories this is obviously not one of them this is the part of it that is perhaps most difficult and in a sense this is a kind of confession for me my job is to actually make sure that we make progress -on all of these disorders i work for the federal government actually i work for you you pay my salary and -and to talk about these as disorders of behavior fair enough they are disorders of behavior and they are disorders of the mind but what i want to suggest to you -is that both of those terms which have been in play for a century or more are actually now impediments to progress that what we need -conceptually to make progress here is to rethink these disorders as brain disorders -today some twenty five thirty years later were talking about a mortality rate thats reduced by eighty five percent six thousand children each year who would have previously died of this disease are cured if you want the really big numbers look at these numbers for heart disease -now for some of you youre going to say oh my goodness here we go again were going to hear about a biochemical imbalance or were going to hear about drugs or were going to hear about -some very simplistic notion -that will take our subjective experience and turn it into molecules or maybe into -some sort of very flat unidimensional understanding of what it is to have depression or schizophrenia -when we talk about the brain -it is anything but unidimensional or simplistic or reductionistic it depends of course -but this is -an organ of surreal complexity and we are just beginning to understand -how to even study it whether youre thinking about the one hundred billion neurons that are in the cortex or the one hundred trillion synapses that make up all the connections -we have just begun to try to figure out how do we take this very complex machine that does extraordinary kinds of information processing and use our own minds to understand this very complex brain that supports our own minds its actually a kind of cruel trick of evolution that -we simply dont have a brain that seems to be wired well enough to understand itself in a sense it actually makes you feel that when youre in the safe zone of studying behavior or cognition something you can observe that in a way feels more simplistic and reductionistic than trying to engage this -very complex mysterious organ that were beginning to try to understand now already in the case of the brain disorders that ive been talking to you about depression obsessive compulsive disorder post traumatic stress disorder while we dont have an in depth understanding -of how they are abnormally processed or what the brain is doing in these illnesses we have been able to already identify some of the connectional differences or some of the ways in which the circuitry is different for people who have these disorders we call this the human connectome and you can think about the connectome -sort of as the wiring diagram of the brain youll hear more about this in a few minutes the important piece here is that as you begin to look -but there are some predictable patterns and those patterns are risk factors for developing one of these disorders -its a little different than the way we think about brain disorders like huntingtons or parkinsons or alzheimers disease where you have a bombed out part of your cortex here were talking about traffic jams or sometimes detours or sometimes problems with just the way that things are connected and the way that the brain functions you could if you want compare this to -heart disease used to be the biggest killer particularly for men in their forty s today weve seen a sixty three percent reduction in mortality from heart disease -on the one hand a myocardial infarction a heart attack where you have dead tissue in the heart versus an arrhythmia where the organ simply isnt functioning because of the communication problems within it either one would kill you in only one of them will you find a major lesion -as we think about this probably its better to actually go a little deeper into one particular disorder and that would be schizophrenia because i think thats a good case for helping to understand why thinking of this as a brain disorder matters -these are scans from judy rapoport and her colleagues at the national institute of mental health -you can see that particularly in areas like the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or the superior temporal gyrus theres a profound loss of gray matter and its important if you try to model this you can think about normal development as a loss of cortical mass loss of cortical gray matter -and whats happening in schizophrenia is that you overshoot that mark and at some point when you overshoot you cross a threshold and its that threshold where we say this is a person who has this disease because they have the behavioral symptoms of hallucinations and delusions thats something we can observe but look at this closely and you can see that actually -theyve crossed a different threshold theyve crossed a brain threshold much earlier -that perhaps not at age twenty two or twenty but even by age fifteen or sixteen you can begin to see the trajectory for development is quite different at the level of the brain not at the level of behavior -remarkably one point one million deaths averted every year -why does this matter well first because for brain disorders behavior is the last -thing to change we know that for alzheimers for parkinsons for huntingtons there are changes in the brain a decade or more before you see the first signs of a behavioral change the tools that we have now allow us to detect these brain changes much earlier -long before the symptoms emerge but most important go back to where we started the good news stories in medicine are early detection early intervention -if we waited until the heart attack -we would be sacrificing one point one million lives every year in this country to heart disease that is precisely what we do today -aids incredibly has just been named in the past month a chronic disease -when we decide that everybody with one of these brain disorders brain circuit disorders has a behavioral disorder we wait until the behavior becomes manifest -thats not early detection thats not early intervention -now to be clear were not quite ready to do this we dont have all the facts we dont actually even know what the tools will be -nor what to precisely look for in every case to be able to get there before the behavior -emerges as different -but this tells us how we need to think about it and where we need to go -are we going to be there soon i think that this is something that will happen over the course of the next few years but id like to finish with a quote about trying to predict how this will happen by somebody whos thought a lot about changes in concepts and changes in technology we always overestimate the change that will occur in the next two years and underestimate -meaning that a twenty year old who becomes infected with hiv is expected not to live weeks months or a couple of years as we said only a decade ago but is thought to live decades probably to die in his sixty s or seventy s from other causes altogether -these are just remarkable remarkable changes in the outlook for some of the biggest killers -and one in particular that you probably wouldnt know about stroke which has been along with heart disease one of the biggest killers in this country is a disease in which now we know that if you can get people into the emergency room within three hours of the onset some thirty percent of them will be able to leave the hospital without any disability whatsoever -and then apple released the iphone and with it the iphone software development kit and the software development kit is a suite of tools for creating and programming an iphone app -this opened up a whole new world of possibilities for me and after playing with the software development kit a little bit i made a couple -i persuaded my parents to pay the ninety nine dollar fee to be able to put my apps on the app store they agreed and now i have apps on the app store -this is so i can share my experiences with others -these days students usually know a little bit more than teachers with the technology -my first app was a unique fortune teller called earth fortune that would display different colors of earth depending on what your fortune was my favorite and most successful app is -id like to finish up by saying what id like to do in the future -a lot of kids these days like to play games but now they want to make them and its difficult because not many kids know where to go to find out how to make a program i mean for soccer you could go to a soccer team for violin you could get lessons for a violin -but what if you want to make an app -there are four hundred different bits made out of a hundred plus different materials i didnt have the rest of my life to do this project -had maybe nine months so i thought okay ill start with five and these were steel mica plastic copper and nickel -how do you make steel and professor cilliers was very kind and talked me through it and my vague rememberings from gcse science well steel comes from -and said hi im trying to make a toaster can i come up and get some -look around us much of what surrounds us started life as various rocks and sludge buried in the ground in various places in the world -creatures -three hundred and fifty million years -atmosphere when you study geology you can see whats happened in the past and there were terrific changes -as you can see they had the christmas decorations up and of course it wasnt actually a working mine anymore because -ray was a miner there the mine had closed and had been reopened as a kind of tourist attraction because of course it cant compete on the scale of operations which are happening is south america australia wherever -i got my suitcase of iron ore and dragged it back to london on the train and then was faced with the problem okay how do you make this rock into components for a toaster -so i went back to professor cilliers and he said go to the library so i did and was looking through the undergraduate textbooks on metallurgy -i was trying to do because of course they dont actually tell you how to do it if you want to do it yourself and you dont have a smelting plant -so i ended up going to the history of science library and looking at this book this is the first textbook on metallurgy -in the west at least and there you can see that woodcut is basically what i ended up doing but instead of a bellows i had a leaf -and that was something that reoccurred throughout the project was the smaller the scale you want to work on the further back in time you have to go and so this is -a day and about half a night smelting this iron i dragged out this stuff and it wasnt -luckily i found a patent online for industrial furnaces that use microwaves and thirty minutes at full power and i was able to finish off the process -so my next -the next thing i was trying to get was copper again this mine was once the largest copper mine in the world -its not anymore but i found a retired geology professor to take me down and he said okay ill let you have some water from the mine -and the reason i was interested in getting water is because water which goes through mines becomes kind of acidic and will start picking up dissolving the minerals -from the mine and a good example of this is the rio tinto which is in portugal as you can see its got lots and lots of minerals dissolved in it so many such that its now just a home for -bacteria who really like acidic toxic conditions but anyway the water i dragged back from the isle of anglesey where the mine was there was enough copper in it such that i could cast the pins of my metal electric -next thing i was off to scotland to get mica and mica is a mineral -which is a very good insulator and very good at insulating electricity -thats me getting mica and the last material im going to talk about today is plastic and of course my toaster had to have a plastic case -even then they werent convinced and said okay well phone you back never did -ways of making plastic and you can actually make plastic from obviously oils which come from plants but also from starches so this is attempting to make potato starch plastic -was also inspired by this quote from douglas adams and the situation is from the hitchhikers guide to the galaxy and the situation it describes is -and for awhile that was looking really good i poured it into the mold which you can see there which ive made from a tree trunk and it -was looking good for awhile but i left it outside because you had to leave it outside to dry and unfortunately i came back and there were snails eating the unhydrolyzed bits of potato -so kind of out of desperation i decided that i could think laterally and geologists have actually christened well theyre debating whether to christen the age that were living in -like fossils would suddenly disappear and also i thought that there would be synthetic polymers -and i went up to manchester to visit a place called axion recycling and theyre at the sharp end of whats called the weee which is this european electrical and electronic waste directive -the hero of the book hes a twentieth century man finds himself alone on a strange planet populated only by a technologically primitive people -and that was brought into force to try and deal with the mountain of stuff that is just being made and then living for a while in our homes and then going to landfill -this is -and he kind of assumes that yes hell become these villagers hell become their emperor and transform their society with his wonderful -theres a picture of -thats it without the case on and there it is on the shelves thanks -in once tt yeah i did plug it in i dont know if you could see but i was never able to make insulation for the -kew gardens were insistent that i couldnt come and hack into their rubber tree so the wires were uninsulated so there was two hundred and forty volts going through these homemade copper wires homemade plug -and for about five seconds the toaster toasted but then unfortunately the element kind of melted itself but i considered it a partial success -but he didnt have wikipedia so i thought okay ill try and make an electric toaster from scratch and working on the -idea that the cheapest electric toaster would also be the simplest to reverse engineer i went and bought the cheapest toaster i could find -it home and was kind of dismayed to discover that inside this object which id bought for just three pounds -all that is in the world so -started this with no money he had to mortgage all his life savings to make a bank loan -and over time we have grown into a network of five hospitals predominately in the state of tamil nadu and -and then we added several what we call vision centers as a hub and spoke model and then more recently we started managing hospitals in other parts of the country and also setting up hospitals in other parts of the world -the last three decades we have done about three and a half million surgeries a vast majority of them for the poor people now each year we perform about three hundred thousand surgeries -typical day at aravind we would do about a thousand surgeries maybe see about six thousand patients -ive come here to share with you an experiment of how to get rid of one form of human suffering -do a lot of training both for doctors and technicians who will become the future staff of -and then doing this day in and day out and doing it well requires a lot of inspiration and a lot of hard work and i think this was possible thanks to the building blocks put in place by -doctor v a value system an efficient delivery process and fostering the culture of innovation -a soul which has got all the simplicity of confidence doctor whatever you -an implicit faith in you and then you respond to it here is an old lady who has got so much faith in me i must do my best for -so -a very ethical and very highly patient centric organization and systems that support it but on a practical level you also have to deliver services efficiently -and -the inspiration came from -he kept talking about mcdonalds and hamburgers and -he wanted to create a franchise a mechanism of delivery of eye care -with the efficiency of mcdonalds -and of course the challenge was that its a huge problem we are talking of millions of people very little resource to deal with it and then -lots of logistics and affordability issues and then so one had to constantly innovate and one of the early innovations which still continues is to create ownership in the community to the problem -and then engage with them as a partner and here is one such event here a community camp just organized by the -and then you have doctors who you find out what the problem is and then determine what further testing should be done and then those tests are done by technicians who check for glasses -or -and if they need a pair of glasses they are available right there at the camp site usually under a tree but they get glasses -in the frames of their choice and thats very important because i think glasses in addition to helping people see is also a fashion statement and theyre willing to pay for it -so they get it in about twenty minutes and those who require surgery are counseled and then there are buses waiting which will transport them to the base hospital and if it was not for this -kind of logistics and support many people like this would probably never get services and certainly not when they most need it they receive surgery the following day -and then they will stay for a day or two and then they are put back on the buses to be taken back to where they came from and where their families will be waiting to take them back home -did a study a scientifically designed process and then to our dismay we found this was only reaching seven percent of those in need -and were not adequately addressing more bigger problems so we had to do something different so we set up what -primary eye care centers vision centers these are truly paperless offices with completely electronic medical records and so on -the effect of this has been that within the first year we really had a forty percent penetration in the market that it served which is over fifty thousand people -was how do you give high tech or more advanced treatment and care we designed a van with -sends out images of patients to the base hospital where it is diagnosed and then as the patient is waiting the report goes back to the patient -it gets printed out the patient gets it and then gets a consultation about what they should be doing i mean go see a doctor or come back after six months and then this happens as a way of bridging the technology competence -so the impact of all this has been essentially one of growing the market because it focused on the non customer and then by reaching the unreached were able to significantly grow the market -the other aspect is how do you deal with this efficiently when you have very few ophthalmologists so what is in this video -a surgeon operating and then you see on the other side another patient is getting ready so as they finish -they just swing the microscope over the tables are placed so that their distance is just right -and then we need to do this because by doing this kind of process were able to more than quadruple the productivity of the surgeon -almost all of the skill based routine tasks they do one thing at a time they do it extremely well with the result we have very high productivity very high quality at very very low cost -so putting all this together what really happened was the productivity of our staff -was significantly higher than anyone -this is a very busy table but what this really is conveying is that when it comes to quality we have put in very good quality assurance systems -and the irony is that they dont need to be a simple well proven surgery can restore sight to millions and something even simpler a pair of glasses can make millions more see -so the final part of the puzzle is how do you make all this work financially especially when the people cant pay for it so what we did was we gave away a lot of it for free -and then those who pay i mean they paid local market rates nothing more and often much less and we were helped by the market inefficiency i think that has been a big -savior even now and of course one needs the mindset to be wanting to give away what you have -been over the years the expenditure has increased with volumes the revenues increase at a higher level giving us a healthy margin while youre treating a large number of people for free -i think in absolute terms last year we earned about twenty odd million dollars spent about thirteen million with over a forty percent -this really requires going beyond what we do or what we have done if you really want to achieve solving this problem of blindness and what we did was a couple of very counter intuitive things -the impact of this has been that these hospitals in the second year after our consultation are double their output and then achieve financial recovery as -if we add to that the many of us here now who are more productive because they have a pair of glasses then almost -the -this increase in cost of technology there was a time when we failed to negotiate the prices to be at affordable levels so we set up a manufacturing unit -and then over time we were able to bring down the cost significantly to about two percent of what it used to be -what we do does it have a broader relevance or is it just india or developing countries so to address this we studied -what it shows is that we do roughly about sixty percent of the volume of what the uk does near a half million surgeries as a whole country and we do about three hundred thousand -and then we train about fifty ophthalmologists against the seventy trained by them comparable quality both in training and in patient care so were really comparing apples to apples we looked at cost -one in five indians will require eye care a staggering two hundred million people today were reaching not even ten percent of them -the solution to the cost could be in productivity maybe in efficiency in the clinical process or in how much they pay for the lenses or consumables or regulations their defensive practice -so i think decoding this can probably bring answers to most developed countries including the u s and maybe obamas ratings can go up again -i think the process i described you know productivity quality patient centered care can give an answer -now how do you make people own the problem want to do something about it there are a bit harder issues and im sure people in this crowd can probably find the solutions to these so i want to end my talk -and a sea thats just filled and teeming with jellyfish isnt very good for all the other creatures that live in the oceans that is unless you eat jellyfish -and this is this voracious predator launching a sneak attack on this poor little unsuspecting jellyfish there a by the wind sailor and that predator is the giant ocean sunfish the mola mola -like to start tonight by something completely different -whose primary prey are jellyfish this animal is in the guinness world book of records for being the worlds heaviest bony fish it reaches up to almost five thousand pounds -on a diet of jellyfish primarily and i think its kind of a nice little cosmological convergence here that the mola mola its common name is sunfish that -favorite food is the moon jelly so its kind of nice the sun and the moon getting together this way even if one is eating the other now -you see sunfish this is where they get their common name they like to sunbathe cant blame them they just -lay out on the surface of the sea and most people think theyre sick or lazy but thats a typical behavior they lie out and bask on the surface -their other name mola mola is it sounds hawaiian but its actually latin for millstone and thats attributable to their roundish very bizarre cut off shape -its as if as they were growing they just forgot the tail part and thats actually what drew me to the mola in the first place was this terribly bizarre shape -you know you look at sharks and theyre streamlined and theyre sleek and you look at tuna -just so -really kind of holds its cards a lot tighter than say a tuna -so i was just intrigued with what you know what is this animals story well as with anything in biology nothing really -sense except in the light of evolution the molas no exception they appeared shortly after the dinosaurs disappeared sixty five million years ago at a time when whales still had legs and they come -from a rebellious little puffer fish faction oblige me a little kipling esque storytelling here of course evolution is somewhat random and you know -ninety percent of the living space on the planet is in the open ocean and its where life the title of -about fifty five million years ago there was this rebellious little puffer fiction faction that said oh the heck with the coral reefs were going to head to the high seas -and lots of generations lots of tweaking and torquing and we turn our puffer into the mola you know if you give mother nature enough time that is what she will produce -they look kind of prehistoric and unfinished abridged perhaps but -of the most evolutionarily derived fish in the sea right up there with flat fish theyre every single thing about -fish has been changed and in terms of fishes fishes appeared five hundred million years ago and theyre pretty modern just fifty million years ago -so interestingly they give away their ancestry as they develop they start as little eggs -and theyre in the guinness world book of records again for having the most number of eggs of any vertebrate on the planet a single four foot female had -our seminar tonight its where life began and its a lively and a lovely place but were rapidly changing the oceans with our -three hundred million eggs can carry three hundred million eggs in her ovaries imagine and they get to be over ten feet long imagine what a ten foot one -and from that little egg they pass through this spiky little porcupine fish stage reminiscent of their ancestry and develop this is their little adolescent stage they school as -and become behemoth loners as adults thats a little diver up there in the corner -theyre in the guinness world book of records again for being the vertebrate growth champion of the world from their little hatching size of their egg into their little larval stage -till they reach adulthood they put on six hundred million times an increase in weight six hundred million now imagine if you gave birth -to a little baby and you had to -thing that would mean that your child you would expect it to gain the weight of six titanics -now i dont know how youd feed a child like that but we dont know how fast -the molas grow in the wild but captive growth studies at the monterey bay aquarium one of the first places to have them in captivity -they had one that gained eight hundred lbs in fourteen months i said now thats a true american -not only with our overfishing our irresponsible fishing our adding of pollutants like fertilizer from our crop -used to be salvation for fishes but its suicide for fishes now but unfortunately molas even though they dont school they still get caught in nets as by catch -if were going to save the world from total jellyfish domination then weve got to figure out what the jellyfish predators how they live their lives like the mola -and unfortunately they make up a large portion of the california by catch up to twenty six percent of the drift net and in the mediterranean in -and how do you do that how do you do that with an animal very few places in the world this is an open ocean creature it knows no boundaries it doesnt go to land -how do you get insight how do you seduce an open ocean creature like that to spill its secrets -that little tag can record temperature depth and light intensity which is correlated with time and from that we can get -pre programmed time float to the surface upload all that data that whole travelogue to satellite which relays it directly to our computers -but also most recently with climate change and steve schneider im sure will be going into greater detail on this now as we continue to tinker with the oceans -so the great thing about the mola is that when we put the tag on them if you look up here thats streaming off thats right where we put the tag -and it just so happens thats a parasite hanging off the mola molas are infamous for carrying tons of parasites theyre just parasite hotels even their parasites have parasites -i think donne wrote a poem about that but they have forty genera of parasites and so we figured just one more parasite wont be too much of a problem and they happen to be a very good vehicle for carrying oceanographic equipment -they dont seem to mind so far so what are we trying to find out were focusing on the pacific were tagging on the california coast and were tagging over in taiwan and japan -and were interested in how these animals are using the currents using temperature using the open ocean to live their lives -wed love to tag in monterey monterey is one of the few places in the world where molas come in large numbers not this time of year its more around october and wed love to tag here this is an aerial shot of monterey but unfortunately the molas here -more and more reports are predicting that the kinds of seas that were creating will be conducive to low energy type of animals like jellyfish and bacteria and this might be the kind of seas were headed for -into the ultimate frisbee mola style and then tosses them back and forth and im not exaggerating it is just and sometimes they dont eat them its just spiteful and you know -coming in getting ripped to shreds so we head down south to san diego not so many california sea lions down there -and the molas there you can find them with a spotter plane very easily and they like to hang out under floating rafts of kelp and under those kelps -this is why the molas come there because its spa time for the molas there as soon as they get under those rafts of kelp -the exfoliating cleaner fish come and they come and give the molas you can see they strike this funny little position that says im not threatening but i need a massage -go in the back of their head -great place to go down south because the waters warmer and -you truly can swim up to a mola theyre very gentle and if you approach them right you can give them a scratch and they enjoy it -so weve also tagged one part of the pacific weve gone over to another part of the pacific and weve tagged in taiwan -and we tagged in japan and over in these places the molas are caught in set nets that line these countries and theyre not thrown back as by catch theyre eaten we were served a nine course meal of mola after we tagged -well not the one we tagged -and everything from the kidney to the testes to the back bone to the fin muscle to i think that as pretty much the whole fish is -so the -now jellyfish are strangely hypnotic and beautiful and youll see lots of gorgeous ones at the aquarium on friday but they sting like hell -part of tagging now is after you put that tag on you have to wait months and -im going to show you our latest dataset and it hasnt been published so its totally privy information just for ted -and in showing you this you know when were looking at this data were thinking oh do these animals do they cross the equator do they go from one side of the pacific to the other and we found that they kind of are homebodies -not big migrators this is their track we deployed the tag off of tokyo and the mola in one month kind of got into the kuroshio current off of japan and foraged there -months went up you know off of the north part of japan and thats kind of their home range now thats important though because if theres a lot of fishing pressure -that population doesnt get replenished so thats a very important piece of data but also whats important is that -not slacker lazy fish theyre super industrious and this is a day in the life of a mola and if we -and jelly fish sushi and sashimi is just not going to fill you up about one hundred grams of jelly fish equals -down and as the sun gets brighter they go a little deeper little deeper they plumb the depths down to six hundred meters in temperatures to one degree centigrade -and this is why you see them on the surface its so cold down there theyve got to come up warm get that solar power and then plunge back into the depths and go up and down and up and down and theyre hitting a layer down there its called the deep scattering layer which a whole -variety of foods in that layer so rather than just being some sunbathing slacker theyre really very industrious fish that dance this wild dance between the surface and the bottom and through temperature -we see the same pattern now with these tags were seeing a similar pattern for swordfishes manta rays tunas a real three dimensional play -of a much larger program called the census of marine life where theyre going to be tagging all over the world and the molas going to enter into that and whats exciting you all travel and you know the best thing about traveling is to be able to find the locals -and to find the great places by getting the local knowledge well now with the census of marine life well be able to sidle up to all the locals and explore ninety percent of our living space -with local knowledge its never its really never been a more exciting or a vital time to be a biologist -calories so it may be good for the waistline but it probably wont keep you satiated for very long -and so i just -figured id have the questions answered and id be able to thank my funders like national geographic and lindbergh but people would write into the site with all sorts of all sorts of -everyone had a shared a shared love and an interest in the oceans i was getting reports from catholic nuns -jewish rabbis muslims christians everybody writing in united by their love of life -and to me that i dont think i could say it any better than the immortal bard himself one touch of nature makes the whole world -some new program i would find the information i wanted in some new data format -was just very frustrating the frustration was all this unlocked potential -in fact on all these discs there were documents so if you just imagined them all being part of some big -virtual documentation system in the sky say on the internet then life would be so much easier -well once youve had an idea like that it kind of gets under your skin and even if people dont read your memo actually he did it was found after he died his copy he had written vague but exciting in pencil in the corner -so things like click didnt have the same meaning i can show somebody a piece of hypertext a page which has got links and we click on the link and bing therell be another hypertext page -not impressive you know weve seen that weve got things on hypertext on cd romiss what was difficult was to get them to imagine so -time flies its actually almost twenty years ago when i -that is what has made it most fun that has been the most exciting thing not the technology not the things people have done with it but actually the community the spirit of all these people getting together sending emails thats what it was like then do you know what its funny but -now its kind of like that again i asked everybody more or less to put their documents i said could you put your documents on this web thing and -did thanks its been a blast hasnt it i mean it has been quite interesting because weve found out that the things that happen with the web -really sort of blow us away theyre much more than wed originally imagined when we put together the initial website that we started off with now i want you to put your data on the web -to reframe the way we use information the way we work together i invented the world wide web -turns out that there is still huge unlocked potential there is still a huge frustration that people have because -of the great yes a lot of people have seen it one of the great ted talks hans put up this presentation in which he showed -for various different countries in various different colors he showed income levels on one axis and he showed infant mortality and he shot this thing animated through time -so hed taken this data and made a presentation which just shattered a lot of myths that people had about -the economics in the developing world he put up a slide a little bit like this it had underground all the data ok data is brown and boxy and boring and thats how we think of it -now twenty years on at ted i want to ask your help in a new -data you cant naturally use by itself but in fact data drives a huge amount of what happens in our lives and it happen because somebody takes that data and does something with it in this case -put the data together he had found it from all kinds of united nations websites and things he had put it together combined it into something more interesting than the original pieces and then hed put it into this -and produces this wonderful presentation and hans made a point of saying look its really important to have a lot of -data and i was happy to see that at the party last night that he was still saying very forcibly its really important to have a lot of data -so i want us now to think about not just two pieces of data being connected or six like he did but i want to think about a world where everybody -so -them for people were using them for places were using them for your products were using them for events all kinds of conceptual things they have names now that start with http second rule -if i take one of these http names and i look it up and i do the web thing with it and i fetch the data using the http protocol from the web i will get back some data in a standard format which is kind of useful data that somebody might like to -know about that thing about that event whos at the event whatever it is about that person where they were born things like that so the second rule is i get important information back -third rule is that when i get back that information its not just got somebodys height and weight and when they were born its got relationships data is relationships interestingly data is relationships this -one of those names that starts http so i can go ahead and look that thing up so i look up a person i can look up -the city where they were born i can look up the region its in and the town its in and the population of it and so on so i can browse this stuff so thats it really that is linked data -i wrote an article entitled linked data a couple of years ago and soon after that things started to happen -the idea of linked data is that we get lots and lots and lots of these boxes that hans had and we get lots and lots and lots of things sprouting its not just -a whole lot of other plants its not just a root supplying a plant but for each of those plants whatever it is a presentation an analysis somebodys looking for patterns in the data -get to look at all the data and they get it connected together and the really important thing about data is the more things you have to connect together the more powerful it is -linked data the meme went out there and pretty soon chris bizer at the freie universitat in berlin who was one of the first people to put interesting things up -he noticed that wikipedia you know wikipedia the online encyclopedia with lots and lots of interesting documents in it well in those documents -there are little squares little boxes and in most information boxes theres data so he wrote a program to take the data extract it from wikipedia and put it into a blob of linked data on the web which -said i could do it on the side as a sort of a play project kick the tires of a new computer wed got -is represented by the blue blob in the middle of this slide and if you actually go and look up berlin youll find that there are other blobs of data -and the exciting thing is its starting to grow this is just the grassroots stuff again ok lets think about data for -comes in fact in lots and lots of different forms think of the diversity of the web its a really important thing that the web allows you to put all kinds of data up there so it is with data i could talk about all kinds of data we could talk about government data enterprise data is really -all kinds of stuff im just going to mention a few of them so that you get the idea of the diversity of it so that you also see how much unlocked potential lets start with government data -speech that he american government data would be available on the internet in accessible formats and i hope that they will put it up as linked data -and so he gave me the time to code it up -thats important why is it important not just for transparency yeah transparency in government is important but that data this is the data from all the government departments think about -how much of that data is about how life is lived in america its actual useful its got value i can use it in my company i could use it as a kid to do my homework -so were talking about making the world run better by making this data available in fact if youre responsible if you know about some data in a government department often you find that these -so i basically roughed out what html should look like hypertext protocol http the idea of urls these names for things which started with http i wrote the code -id like to suggest that rather yes make a beautiful website who am i to say dont make a beautiful website make a beautiful website -give us the unadulterated data we want the data we want unadulterated data ok we have to ask for raw data now and im going to ask you to practice that -that its important because you have no idea the number of excuses people come up with to hang onto their data and not give it to you even though youve paid for it -as a taxpayer and its not just america its all over the world and its not just governments of course its enterprises as well so im just going to mention a few other -thoughts on data here we are at ted and all the time we are very conscious of the huge challenges that human society has right now curing cancer -they try to communicate those over the web but a lot of the state of knowledge of the human race at the moment is on databases often sitting in their computers and actually currently not -because they had their genomics data in one database in one building and they had their protein data in another now they are sticking it -data and now they can ask the sort of question that you probably wouldnt ask i wouldnt ask they would what proteins are involved in signal transduction and also related to pyramidal neurons well you take that mouthful and you put it into -and put it out there why did i do it well it was basically frustration i was frustrated i was working as a software engineer in this huge very exciting lab lots of people coming from all over the world -thirty two hits each of which is a protein which has those properties and you can look at the power of being able to ask those questions as a scientist -i go on like this youll think that all the data comes from huge institutions -has nothing to do with you but thats not true in fact -data is about our lives you just you log on to your social networking site your favorite one you say this is my friend bing relationship data -you say this photograph its about it depicts this person bing thats data data data data every time you do things on the social networking site the social networking site -is taking data and using it re purposing it and using it to make other peoples lives more interesting on the site but -came down here i looked it up on openstreetmap the openstreetmaps a map but its also a wiki zoom in and that square thing is a theater which were in right now -the terrace theater it didnt have a name on it so i could go into edit mode i could select the theater i could add down at the bottom the name -and i could save it back and now if you go back to the openstreetmap org and you find this place you will find that the terrace theater has got a name i did that -if i that street map is all about everybody doing their bit and it creates an incredible resource because everybody else does theirs and that is what linked data is all about its about -doing their bit to produce a little bit and it all connecting thats how linked data works you do your bit -does theirs you may not have lots of data which you have yourself to put on there but you know -all sorts of different computers with them they had all sorts of different data formats all sorts all kinds of documentation systems so that -and weve practiced that so linked data its huge ive only told you a very small number of things -there are data in every aspect of our lives every aspect of work and pleasure and its not just about the number of places where data comes -its about connecting it together and when you connect data together you get power in a way that doesnt happen just with the web with documents you get this really huge -power out of it so -do it because theyre the sort of person who just does things which would be good if everybody else did them ok so its called linked data i want you to make it i want you to demand it and i think its an idea worth spreading thanks -in all that diversity if i wanted to figure out how to build something out of a bit of this and a bit of this everything i looked into i had to connect to some new machine i had to -which houses are there which houses have been connected to the water and he got from other data sources information to show which -was not impressed either the judge was not impressed to the tune of ten point nine million dollars thats the power of taking one piece of data another piece of data putting it together -and showing the result lets look at some data from the u k now this is u k government data a completely independent site where does my money go it allows anybody to go there and burrow down you can burrow down -by a particular type of spending or you can go through all the different regions and compare them so thats happening in the u k with u k government data yes certainly you can do it over here too heres a site which allows you to look at recovery spending -here at ted i asked you to give me your data to put your data on the web on the basis that if people put data onto the web -in fact this is the graph of the number of data sets in the repositories of data gov and data gov uk and im delighted to see a great competition between the u k in blue and the u s -in red how can you use this stuff well for example if you have lots of data about places you can take from a postcode which is like a zip code plus four for a specific group of houses you can make paper -the data which was released about the afghan elections it allows you to set your own criteria for what sort of things you want to look at the red circles are polling stations -on this visualization put together by ito world shows an edit in two thousand and nine made to the open street map -the world during the same year every flash is an edit somebody somewhere looking at the open street map and realizing it could be better you can see europe -some places perhaps not as much as they should be here focusing in on haiti the map of port au prince at the end of two thousand and nine was not all it could be not as good as the map of california fortunately -just after the earthquake geoeye a commercial company released satellite imagery with a license which allowed the open source community to use it -this is january in time lapse of people editing thats the earthquake after the earthquake immediately people all over the world mappers who wanted to help and could -looked at that imagery edited the map quickly building it up were focusing now on port au prince the light blue is refugee camps these volunteers had spotted from the so now we have immediately a real time map showing where there are -the map showing on the left hand side that hospital actually thats a hospital ship this is a real time map that shows blocked roads damaged buildings and refugee camps it shows things that are needed so -have imagined so today im back just to show you a few things to show you in fact that there is an open data -two days it took the times online to make a map a mashed up map we call these things mash ups a mashed up -user interface that allows you to go in there and have a look and find out whether your bicycle route to work was affected heres more data traffic survey data again put out by the u k government -this data effect things well actually lets get back to two thousand and eight look at zanesville ohio here is a map a lawyer made he put on it the water -all right now yes lot a s of laughter yeah exactly lots of laughter quite a bit of embarrassment -one of his earliest projects the team was kind of stuck and they came up with a mechanism by hacking together -a prototype made from a roll on deodorant now that became the first commercial computer mouse for the apple lisa and the macintosh so they kind of learned their way to that by building prototypes -another example is a group of designers who were working on a surgical instrument with some surgeons they were meeting with them they were talking to the surgeons about what it was they needed with this device and one of the designers ran out of the room and -white board marker and a film canister which is now becoming a very precious prototyping medium and a clothes pin taped them all together ran back into the room and said you mean something like this and the surgeons grabbed hold of it and said well i want to hold it like this or like that -and all of a sudden a productive conversation was happening about design around a tangible object and in the end it turned into a real device and so this behavior is all about quickly getting -something into the real world and having your thinking advanced as a result at ideo there a s a kind of a back to preschool feel sometimes about the environment -the prototyping carts filled with colored paper and play dough and glue sticks and stuff i mean they do have a bit of a kindergarten feel to them but the important idea is everything a s to hand everything a s around -stuff that kind of facilitates this sort of playful and building mode of thinking and of course by the time you get to the average workplace maybe the best construction tool we have might be the post it notes it a s pretty barren -but giving project teams and their clients who they a re working with permission to think with their hands quite complex ideas can -spring into life and go right through to execution much more easily this is a nurse using a very simple as you can see -but what about designing something that isn a t physical something like a service or an experience something which exists as a series of interactions over time -food at a fast food joint or something you need to be able to imagine how that experience might feel over a period of time and i think the best way to achieve that -and get a feeling for any flaws in your design is to act it out so we do quite a lot of work at ideo trying to convince our clients of this they can be a little skeptical i a ll come back to that -but a place i think where the effort is really worthwhile is where people are wrestling with quite serious problems things like -security or finance or health and this is another example in a health care environment of some doctors and some nurses and designers acting out a service scenario around patient care -they dismiss an interesting interaction by saying you know that a s just happening because they a re acting it out research into kid a s behavior actually suggests that it a s worth taking role playing seriously -so they get used to quite quickly to understanding the rules for social interactions and are actually quite quick to point out when they a re broken so when as adults we role play -then we have a huge set of these scripts already internalized we a ve gone through lots of experiences in life and they provide a strong intuition as to whether an interaction is going to work -so we a re very good when acting out a solution at spotting whether something lacks authenticity so role play is actually i think quite valuable when it comes to thinking about -to sleep in a kind of confined space on an airplane and so they grab some very simple materials you can see and did this kind of role play this kind of very crude role play -and he would point this out as evidence -just to get a sense of what it would be like for passengers if they were stuck in quite small places on airplanes this is one of our designers kristian simsarian -actually sick and sticking something into him that he was going to regret later so anyhow he went there with his video camera -and it a s kind of interesting to see what he brought back because when we looked at the video when he got back we saw twenty minutes of this -we fear the judgment of our peers and that we a re embarrassed about kind of showing our ideas to people we think of as our peers to those around us -and also the amazing thing about this video as soon as you see it you kind of immediately project yourself -into that experience and know what it feels like all of that uncertainty while you a re left out in the hallway while the docs are dealing with some more urgent case -and so sometimes these analogous experiences kind of analogous role play can also be quite valuable so when a kid dresses up as a firefighter -you know he a s beginning to try on that identity he wants to know what it feels like to be a firefighter we a re doing the same thing as designers we a re trying on these experiences -and so the idea of role play is both as an empathy tool as well as a tool for prototyping experiences and you know we kind of admire -people who do this at ideo anyway not just because they lead to insights about the experience but also because of their willingness -to explore and their ability to kind of unselfconsciously surrender themselves to the experience in short we admire their willingness to play -so playful exploration -play like a kid and to certain extent it is but i want to stress a couple of points the first thing to remember is that play is not -this fear is what causes us to be conservative -so remember the sketching task we did at the beginning the kind of little face the portrait you did well imagine if you did the same task with friends while you were drinking in a -but everybody agreed to play a game where the worst sketch artist bought the next round of drinks that framework of rules -an embarrassing difficult situation into a kind of a fun game and as a result you know we a d all feel perfectly secure and have a good time -but because we all understood the rules and we agreed on them together but there aren a t just rules about how to play there are rules about when to play -how to move kids through these experiences and as designers we need to be able to transition in and out of play -and come back looking for that sort of solution and developing that solution i think they a re two quite different modes divergence -and i think it a s probably in the divergent mode that we most need playfulness perhaps in convergent mode we need to be more serious and so being able to move between those modes is really quite important -so this guy this guy is a guy named bob mckim and he was a creativity researcher in the sixties and seventies and also led the -but that a s not really true you can be a serious professional adult and at times be playful it a s not an either or it a s an and you can be serious and play -so to kind of sum it up we need trust to play and we need trust to be creative so there a s a connection -and there are a series of behaviors that we a ve learnt as kids and that turn out to be quite useful to us as designers -they include exploration which is about going for quantity -they just quite happily show their masterpiece to whoever wants to look at it -building and thinking with their hands -and role play where acting it out helps us both have more empathy for the situations in which we a re designing and to create services and experiences that are seamless and authentic -but as they learn to become adults they become much more sensitive to the opinions of others and they lose that freedom and they do start to become embarrassed -and in studies of kids playing it a s been shown time after time that kids who feel secure -who are in a kind of trusted environment they a re the ones that feel most free to play -you know a place where people have the same kind of security where they have the same kind of security to take risks maybe have the same kind of security to play -before founding ideo david said that what he wanted to do was to form a company where all the employees are my best -it allows us then to take the kind of creative risks that we need to take as a designer and so that kind of decision to -work with his friends now he has five hundred and fifty of them was what got ideo started -and our studios like i think many creative workplaces today are designed to help people feel relaxed familiar with their surroundings comfortable with the people that they a re working with -it takes more than decor but i think we a ve all seen that you know creative companies do often have symbols in the workplace that remind people to be playful -and decorated caves or at the googleplex where you know it a s famous for its volley beach ball courts and even this massive -so all of these places you know have these symbols now our big symbol at ideo is actually not so much the place it a s a thing and it a s actually something that we invented a few years ago or created a few years ago so it a s a toy and -and you will find that every one of you has got one taped under your chair and i a m going to run a little experiment -little experiment but before we -i need just to put these on -and -the room can actually get those things onto the stage so the way they work is you know you just -he -back and off you go so don a t look backwards that a s my only recommendation here so i want to see how many of you can get these things on the stage so -another idea i wanted to there we go -we -to do an exercise with his students -not bad not bad no serious injuries so far -right this is pretty good this is pretty good okay all right -so the rest of you can save them for when i say something particularly boring and then -where he got them to take a piece of paper and draw the person sat next to them their neighbor very quickly just as quickly as they could -so -so ok so why so we have the finger blasters other people have dinosaurs you know why do we have them well as i said we have them because we think maybe playfulness is important but why is it important -we use it in a pretty pragmatic way to be honest we think playfulness helps us get to better creative solutions helps us do our jobs better -and helps us feel better when we do them now an adult encountering a new situation when we encounter a new situation we -have a tendency to want to categorize it just as quickly as we can you know and there a s a reason for that we want -complicated we want to figure out what a s going on around us very quickly i suspect actually that the evolutionary biologists probably have lots of reasons why -we want to categorize new things very very quickly one of them might be you know when we see this funny stripey thing -is that a tiger just about to jump out and kill us or is it just some weird shadows on the tree we need to figure that out pretty fast well at least we did once most of us don a t need to anymore i suppose -also ask what can i do with it and you know the more creative of them might get to a really kind of interesting example and this openness is the beginning of exploratory play -any parents of young kids in the audience there must be some yeah thought so -so we a ve all seen it haven a t we we a ve all told stories about how on christmas morning you know our kids end up playing with the boxes far more than they play with the toys that are inside -and you know from an exploration perspective this behavior makes complete sense because you can do a lot more with boxes than you can do with a toy even one like say tickle me elmo -which despite its ingenuity really only does one thing whereas boxes offer an infinite number of choices -to do as many of them as you can in the minute that i a m just about to give you so everybody ready ok off you go -okay -put down your pencils as they say so who got more than five circles figured out hopefully everybody more than ten keep your hands up if you did ten fifteen twenty -anybody get all thirty no oh somebody did fantastic -did anybody to a variation on a theme like a smiley face happy face sad face sleepy face anybody do that anybody use my examples the sun and the football great cool -things we stop ourselves from doing things we self edit as we a re having ideas and some cases our desire to be original is actually a form of editing -and that actually isn a t necessarily really playful so that ability just to kind of go for it and explore lots of things even if they don a t seem that different from each other is actually something that kids do well and it is a form of play -when i say go you a ve got thirty seconds to -on creativity so he picked twenty seven professionals -they were you know engineers physicists mathematicians architects furniture designers even artists and he asked them to come along one evening and bring a problem with them that they were working on -he gave each of them some mescaline and had them listen to some nice relaxing music for a while and then he did -your neighbor ok so everybody ready ok off you go you a ve got thirty seconds you a d better be fast come on those -now actually he gave the test before the drugs and after the drugs to see how what the difference was in people a s sort of facility and speed with coming up with ideas and then he asked them to go away and work on those problems that they a d brought -and so some of the things that they figured out some of these individuals figured out in one case a new commercial building and design for houses that were accepted by clients -design of a solar space probe experiment a redesign of the linear electron accelerator an engineering improvement to a magnetic tape recorder you can tell this is a while ago -a line of furniture and even a new conceptual model of the photon so it was a pretty successful evening -in fact maybe this experiment was the reason that silicon valley got off to its great start with innovation we don a t know but it may be -have brainstorming rules written on the walls edicts like defer judgment or go for quantity and somehow that seems wrong i mean -have rules about creativity well it sort of turns out that we need rules to help us break the old rules and norms that otherwise we might bring to the creative process and we a ve certainly learnt that over time you get much -brainstorming much more creative outcomes when everybody does play by the rules now of course many designers many individual designers achieve this is in a much more organic way i think the eames -wonderful examples of experimentation and they experimented with plywood for many years without necessarily having one single goal in mind -they were exploring following what was interesting to them and they went from designing splints for wounded soldiers coming out of world war ii and the korean war i think and from this experiment they moved on to chairs and through constant experimentation with materials developed a wide range of iconic solutions that we know today and eventually resulting in of course the legendary lounge chair -now if the eames had stopped with that first great solution then we wouldn a t be the beneficiaries of so many you know wonderful designs today -and of course they used experimentation in all aspects of their work from films to buildings from games to -now while the eames were exploring those possibilities they were also exploring physical objects and they were doing that through building prototypes and building is the next of the behaviors that i thought i a d talk about -so the average western first grader spends as much as fifty percent of their play time taking part in what a s called construction play construction play it a s playful obviously but also a powerful way to learn -when play is about building a tower out of blocks the kid begins to learn a lot about towers and as they repeatedly knock it down and start again learning is happening as a sort of by product of play it a s classically learning by doing -on the object and more on design thinking as an approach that we actually might see the result in a bigger impact -now this gentleman isambard kingdom brunel designed many great things in his career in the nineteenth century including the -his greatest creation runs actually right through here in oxford its called the great western railway and as a kid i grew up very close to here and -one of my favorite things to do was to cycle along by the side of the railway waiting for the great big express trains to roar past you can see it represented here in j m w turners painting rain steam and speed -talk a little bit this morning about what happens if we move from design to design thinking now this rather old photo up there is actually the first project i was ever hired to do -this was back in the nineteenth century and to do that meant creating the flattest gradients that had ever yet been made which meant building -long viaducts across river valleys this is actually the viaduct across the thames at maidenhead and long tunnels such as the one at box -but he didnt stop there he didnt stop with just trying to design the best railway journey he imagined an integrated transportation system -in which it would be possible for a passenger to embark on a train in london and disembark -from a ship in new york one journey from london to new york -this is the s s great western that he built to take care of the second half of that journey now brunel was working one hundred years before the emergence of the design profession -but i think he was using design thinking to solve problems and to create world changing innovations -opposing ideas and opposing constraints to create new solutions in the case of design that means balancing desirability -what humans need with technical feasibility and economic viability -with innovations like the great western we can stretch that balance to the absolute limit -so somehow we went from this -to this -as our industrial society matured so design became a profession and it focused on an ever smaller canvas until it came to stand for aesthetics image and fashion -now im not trying to throw stones here im a fully paid up member of that priesthood and somewhere in here i have my designer glasses -but i do think that perhaps design is getting big again and thats happening through the application of design thinking to new kinds of problems to global warming to education -and as we see this reemergence of design thinking and we see it beginning to tackle new kinds of problems there are some basic ideas that i think we can observe that are useful and id like to talk about some of those just for the next few minutes -the first of those is that design is human centered it may integrate technology and economics -but it starts with what humans need or might need what makes life easier more enjoyable what makes technology useful and usable -they wanted to understand what the aspirations and motivations were of these school children to understand how they might play a role in screening -we rely on highly trained technicians to fit these hearing aids in places like india those technicians simply dont exist -so it took a team working in india with patients and community health workers to understand how a pda and an application on a -might replace those technicians in a fitting and diagnostic service instead of starting with technology the team started with people and culture -so if human need is the place to start then design thinking rapidly moves on to learning by making instead of thinking about what to build building in order to think -now prototypes speed up the process of innovation because it is only when we put our ideas out into the world that we really start to understand their strengths and weaknesses and the faster we do that the faster our ideas evolve -now much has been said and written about the aravind eye institute in madurai india they do an incredible job of serving very poor patients -by taking the revenues from those who can afford to pay to cross subsidize those who can not now they are very efficient but they are also very innovative -this is the second project that i did its a fax machine i put an attractive shell around some new technology -when i visited them a few years ago what really impressed me was their willingness to prototype their ideas very early -this is the manufacturing facility for one of their biggest cost breakthroughs they make their own intraocular lenses these are the lenses that replace those that are damaged by cataracts -and i think its partly their prototyping mentality that really allowed them to achieve the breakthrough because they brought the cost down from two hundred dollars a pair down to just four dollars a pair -partly they did this by instead of building a fancy new factory they used the basement of one of their hospitals and instead of installing the large scale machines -used by western producers they used low cost cad cam prototyping technology they are now the biggest manufacture of lenses in the developing world and have recently moved into a custom factory -again eighteen months later the product was obsolete and now of course the whole technology is obsolete -so if human need is the place to start and prototyping a vehicle for progress then there are also some questions to ask about the destination instead of seeing its primary objective as consumption -design thinking is beginning to explore the potential of participation the shift from a passive relationship between -many more forms of value beyond simply cash are both created and measured is going to be the major theme not only for design but also for our economy as we go forward -in which he hoped that every citizen would be an active participant in their own social well being -by the time he wrote his third report he confessed that he had failed and instead had created a society of welfare consumers -now im a fairly slow learner but eventually it occurred to me that maybe what passed for design wasnt all that important -they are suggesting a framework for reinventing the welfare state so in one of their projects called southwark circle they worked with residents in southwark south london and a small team of designers to develop -a new membership organization to help the elderly with household tasks designs were refined and developed with one hundred and fifty older people and their families before the service was launched earlier this year -we can take this idea of participation perhaps to its logical conclusion and say that design may have its greatest impact when its taken out of the hands of designers and put into the hands of everyone -nurses and practitioners at u s healthcare system kaiser permanente study the topic of improving the patient experience -and -they went from retreating to the nurses station to discuss the various states and needs of patients to developing a system that happened on the ward in front of patients using a simple software tool -by doing this they brought the time that they were away from patients down from forty minutes to twelve minutes on average they increased patient confidence and nurse happiness -so these are just some of the kind of basic ideas around design thinking and some of the new kinds of projects that theyre being applied to -but id like to go back to brunel here and suggest a connection that might explain why this is happening now and maybe why design -is a useful tool and that connection is change in times of change we need new alternatives new ideas -now brunel worked at the height of the industrial revolution when all of life and our economy was being reinvented now -the industrial systems of brunels time have run their course and indeed they are part of the problem today but again we are in the midst of massive change -and that change is forcing us to question quite fundamental aspects of our society how we keep ourselves healthy how we govern ourselves -by focusing on a design maybe just a single product i was being incremental and not having much of an impact -how we educate ourselves how we keep ourselves secure and in these times of change we need these new choices because our existing solutions are simply becoming obsolete -so why design thinking because it gives us a new way of tackling problems instead of defaulting to our normal convergent approach where we make the best choice out of available alternatives -it encourages us to take a divergent approach to explore new alternatives new solutions new ideas that have not existed before -but before we go through that process of divergence there is actually quite an important first step and that is what is the question that were trying to answer whats the design brief now brunel may have asked a question like this how do i take a train from london to new york -but what are the kinds of questions that we might ask today -so these are some that weve been asked to think about recently -and one in particular is one that were working on with the acumen fund in a project thats been funded by the bill and melinda gates foundation how might we improve -access to safe drinking water for the worlds poorest people and at the same time stimulate innovation amongst local water providers -so instead of having a bunch of american designers come up with new ideas that may or may not have been appropriate we took a sort of more open collaborative and participative approach -but i think this small view of design is a relatively recent phenomena and in fact really emerged in the latter half of the twentieth century as design became a tool of consumerism -we teamed designers and investment experts up with eleven water organizations across india and through workshops they developed innovative new products services and business models -we hosted a competition and then funded five of those organizations to develop their ideas so they developed and iterated these ideas and then ideo and acumen spent several weeks working with them to help design new -social marketing campaigns community outreach strategies business models new water vessels for storing water and carts for delivering water -those ideas are just getting launched into the market and the same process is just getting underway with ngos in east africa so for me -this project shows kind of how far we can go from some of those sort of small things that i was working on at the beginning of my career -by focusing on the needs of humans and by using prototypes to move ideas along quickly by -so thats one thing that weve been working on im actually really quite interested and perhaps more interested to know what this community thinks -we could work on what kinds of questions do we think design thinking could be used to tackle and -if youve got any ideas then feel free you can post them to twitter there is a hash tag there that you can use cbdq and -so id like to -believe that design thinking actually can make a difference that it can help create new ideas and new innovations beyond the latest high street products -so when we talk about design today and particularly when we read about it in the popular press were often talking about products like these amusing yes desirable maybe important not so very -to do that i think we have to take a more expansive view of design more like brunel less a domain of a professional priesthood -from that point onward i was terrified of swimming that is something that i did not get over my inability to swim has been one of my greatest humiliations and -when i realized that i was not the incredible hulk but there is a happy ending to this story at age thirty one thats my age now -in august i took two weeks to re examine swimming and question all the of the obvious aspects of swimming -and went from swimming one lap so twenty yards like a drowning monkey at about two hundred beats per minute heart rate i measured it to -going to montauk on long island close to where i grew up and jumping into the ocean and swimming one kilometer in open water getting out and feeling better than when i went in and i came out in my speedos european style -feeling like the incredible hulk and thats what i want everyone in here to feel like the incredible hulk at the end of this presentation more specifically i want you to feel like youre capable -of becoming an excellent long distance swimmer a world class language learner and a tango champion -and i would like to share my art if i have an art its deconstructing things that really scare the living hell out of me so moving -and the turnaround in swimming came when a friend of mine said i will go a year without any stimulants this is a six double espresso per day type of guy if you can complete a one kilometer open water race -so the clock started ticking i started seeking out triathletes because i found that lifelong swimmers often couldnt teach what they did i tried -you can tell by the power squat i was a very confident boy and not without reason i had a very charming routine at the time which was to wait until late in the evening when my parents were decompressing from a hard days work -even did lessons with olympians nothing helped and then chris sacca who is now a dear friend mine had completed an iron man with one hundred and three degree temperature said i have the answer to your prayers and he introduced me to -the work of a man named terry laughlin who is the founder of total immersion swimming that set me on the road to examining biomechanics so here are the new rules of swimming if any of you are afraid of swimming -or not good at it the first is forget about kicking very counterintuitive so it turns out that propulsion -the only way you can do that is to not swim on top of the water the body is denser than water ninety five percent of it would be at least submerged naturally so you end up number three not swimming in the case of freestyle -on your stomach as many people think reaching on top of the water but actually rotating from streamlined right to streamlined left -below his head and far in front and so his entire body really is underwater the arm is extended below the head the head is held in line with the spine -so that you use strategic water pressure to raise your legs up very important especially for people with lower body fat -the entry point for his right hand notice this hes not reaching in front and catching the water rather he is entering the water at a forty five degree angle -then propelling himself by streamlining very important incorrect above which is what almost every swimming coach will teach -not their fault honestly and ill get to implicit versus explicit in a moment below is what most swimmers will find enables them to do what i did which is going from -twenty one strokes per twenty yard length to eleven strokes in two workouts with no coach no video monitor and now i love swimming -as it enters the water and that will get you very far -need to know languages material versus method i like many people came to the conclusion that i was terrible at languages -i suffered through spanish for junior high first year of high school and the sum total of my knowledge was pretty much donde esta el bano and i wouldnt even catch -the response a sad state of affairs then i transferred to a different school -sophomore year i had a choice of other languages most of my friends were taking japanese so i thought why not punish myself ill do japanese six months later i had the chance to go to japan -my teachers assured me they said dont worry youll have japanese language classes every day to help you cope it will be an amazing experience my first overseas experience in fact -so my parents encouraged me to do it i left i arrived in tokyo amazing i couldnt believe i was on the other side of the world i met my host family things went quite well i think all things considered my first evening -youve never seen a more confused japanese woman -i walked in to school and -a teacher came up to me and handed me a piece of paper i couldnt read any of it hieroglyphics it could have been because -there had been something lost in translation the japanese classes were not japanese instruction classes per se they were the normal high school curriculum for japanese students the other four thousand nine hundred and ninety nine students in the school who were japanese besides the american -and thats pretty much my response -and that set me on this panic driven search -for the perfect language method i tried everything i went to kinokuniya i tried every possible book every possible cd nothing worked until i found this -this is the joyo kanji this is a tablet rather or a poster of the one thousand nine hundred and forty five common use characters as determined by the ministry of education in one -many of the publications in japan limit themselves to these characters to facilitate literacy some are required to and this became my holy grail my rosetta stone as soon as i focused on this material -my parents found it necessary for peace of mind and at noon each day the campers would go to a pond where they had -i took off -i ended up being able to read asahi shinbu asahi newspaper about six months later so a total of eleven months later and went from japanese i to japanese vi ended up doing translation work at age sixteen when i returned to the u s and -have continued to apply this material over method approach to close to a dozen languages now someone who was terrible at languages and at any given time speak read and write five or six -this brings us to the point which is its oftentimes what you do not how you do it that is the determining factor this is the difference between being effective doing the right things and being efficient doing things well whether or not -you can also do this with grammar i came up with these six sentences after much experimentation having a native speaker allow you to deconstruct their grammar by translating these sentences into past present future will show you subject object verb placement of indirect direct objects gender and so forth -from that point you can then if you want to acquire multiple languages alternate them so there is no interference we can talk about that if anyone in interested and now i love languages -so ballroom dancing implicit versus explicit very important you might look at me and say that guy must be a ballroom dancer but no youd be wrong because my body is very poorly designed for most things pretty well designed for lifting heavy -perhaps i used to be much bigger much more muscular and so i ended up walking like this i looked a lot like -orangutan our close cousins or the incredible hulk -ten women two guys usually a good ratio the instructor says you are participating immediately death sweat -fight or flight fear sweat because i tried ballroom dancing in college stepped on the girls foot with my heel she screamed i was so concerned with her perception of what i was doing -and she pulled back threw down her arms put them on her hips turned around and yelled across the room this guy is built like a god damned mountain of muscle and hes grabbing me like a -which i found encouraging -of mice and men style and she looked up and said now thats better so i bought a months worth of classes and -proceeded to look at i wanted to set competition so id have a deadline parkinsons law the perceived complexity of a task will expand to fill the time you allot it so i had a very short deadline for a competition -i got a female instructor first to teach me the female role the follow because i wanted to understand the sensitivities and abilities that the follow needed to develop -so i wouldnt have a repeat of college and then i took and inventory of the characteristics along with her of -the of the capabilities and elements of different dancers whod won championships i interviewed these people because they all -i compared the two lists and what you find is that there is explicitly expertise they recommended certain training methods then there were implicit commonalities that none of them seemed to be -now the protectionism of argentine dance teachers aside i found this very interesting so i decided to focus on three of those commonalities -long steps so a lot of milongueros the tango dancers will use very short steps i found that longer steps were much more elegant so you can have -in her own right very famous so i think youll agree they look quite good together now what i like about this video -is its actually a video of the first time they ever danced together because of his lead he had a strong lead he didnt lead with his chest which requires you lean forward i couldnt develop the attributes in my toes the strength in my feet to do that so he uses a lead -on his shoulder girdle and his arm so he can lift the woman to break her for example thats just one benefit of that so then we broke it down -and i tried to come up for air and my lower back hit the bottom of the tube i went wild eyed and thought i was going to die a camp counselor fortunately came over and separated us -many different types i have hundreds of hours of footage all categorized much like george carlin categorized his -so using my arch nemesis spanish no less to learn tango so fear is your friend fear is an indicator sometimes it shows you what you shouldnt do more often than not it shows you exactly what you should -and the best results that ive had in life the most enjoyable times have all been from asking a simple question whats the worst that can happen especially with fears you gained when you were a child -the analytical frameworks the capabilities you have apply them to old fears apply them to very big dreams and when i think of what i fear now -simple when i imagine my life what my life would have been like without the educational opportunities that i had -it makes me wonder ive spent the last two years trying to deconstruct the american public school system to either fix it or -and have done experiments with about fifty thousand students thus far built id say about a half dozen schools my readers at this point and if any of you are interested in that -i would love to speak with you i know nothing im a beginner but i ask a lot of questions and i would love your advice thank you very much -it turned out to be absolutely instrumental many decades later in proving fermats last theorem in fact it turns out its equivalent to proving fermats last theorem you prove one you prove the other -but it was always a conjecture -taniyama tried and tried and tried and he could never prove that it was true and shortly before his thirtieth birthday in one thousand nine hundred and fifty eight yutaka taniyama killed himself -his friend goro shimura who worked on the mathematics with him many decades later reflected on taniyamas life -he said -he was not a very careful person as a mathematician -he made a lot of mistakes but he made mistakes in a good direction i tried to emulate him but i realized it is very difficult -so archie splits the men under his care as best he can into two equal groups he gives half of them vitamin c he gives half of them vitamin b twelve he very carefully and meticulously notes his results in an exercise book -marmite is the cure so cochrane then goes to the germans who are running the prison camp -the second world war -a german prison camp and this -and then he goes back to his quarters -breaks down and weeps because hes convinced that the situation is hopeless but a young german doctor -picks up archie cochranes exercise book -and says to his colleagues this evidence is incontrovertible if we dont supply vitamins to the prisoners -now im not telling you this story because i think archie cochrane is a dude although -archie cochrane is a dude im not even telling you the story because i think we should be running more carefully controlled randomized trials in all aspects of public policy although i think that would also be completely awesome im telling you this story because archie cochrane all his life -and he realized it was debilitating to individuals and it was corrosive to societies and he had a name for it he called it the god complex -now i can describe the symptoms of the god complex very very easily so the symptoms of the complex are no matter how complicated the problem you have an absolutely overwhelming belief that you are infallibly right in your solution -now archie was a doctor -so he hung around with doctors a lot and doctors suffer from the god complex a lot now im an economist im not a doctor but i see the god complex around me all the time in my fellow economists i see it in our business leaders i see it in the politicians we vote for -people who in the face of an incredibly complicated world are nevertheless absolutely convinced that they understand the way that the world works -and you know with the future billions that weve been hearing about the world is simply far too complex to understand in that way -the problem is that the men under his care -imagine for a moment that instead of tim harford in front of you there was hans rosling presenting his graphs you know hans the mick jagger of ted -so itll show you gdp per capita population -longevity thats about it so three pieces of data for each country three pieces of data three pieces of data is nothing -are suffering from an excruciating and debilitating condition that archie doesnt really understand the symptoms are this horrible swelling up of fluids under the skin but he doesnt know whether its an infection whether its to do with malnutrition he doesnt know how to cure it -and hes used techniques of network analysis to -interrogate this database and to graph relationships between the different products and its wonderful wonderful work you show all these interconnections all these interrelations -and i think itll be profoundly useful in understanding how it is that economies grow brilliant work cesar and i tried to write a piece for the new york times magazine explaining how this works and what we learned is cesars work is far too good to explain in the new york times magazine -products thats still nothing -there are one hundred thousand there it would take you all day now imagine trying to count every different specific product and service on sale in a major economy such as tokyo london or new york its even more difficult in edinburgh because you have to count all the whisky and the tartan -if you wanted to count every product and service on offer in new york -there are ten billion of them it would take you three hundred and seventeen years -this is how complex the economy weve created is and im just counting toasters here im not trying to solve the middle east problem the complexity here is unbelievable and just a piece of context the societies in which our brains evolved had about three hundred products and services you could count them in five minutes -so this is the complexity of the world that surrounds us this perhaps is why we find the god complex so tempting we tend to retreat and say we can draw a picture we can post some graphs we get it we understand how this works -and we dont we never do -but the way we solve them is with humility to abandon the god complex and to actually use a problem solving technique that works and we have a problem solving technique that works now you show me a successful complex system -and i will show you a system that has evolved through trial and error heres an example -this baby was produced through trial and error i realize thats an ambiguous statement maybe i should clarify it this baby is a human body it evolved what is evolution over millions of years variation and selection variation and selection -and hes operating in a hostile environment and people do terrible things in wars the german camp guards theyve got bored theyve taken to just firing into the prison camp at random for fun -trial and error trial and error and its not just biological systems that produce miracles through trial and error you could use it in an industrial context so lets say -then the spray dries it turns into powder it falls to the floor you scoop it up you put it in cardboard boxes you sell it at a supermarket you make lots of money -how do you design that nozzle -you find yourself a mathematician you find yourself a physicist somebody who understands the dynamics of this fluid and he will or she will calculate the optimal design of the nozzle now unilever did this -and it didnt work too complicated even this problem too complicated but the geneticist professor steve jones describes how unilever actually did solve this problem -trial and error variation and selection -on one particular occasion one of the guards threw a grenade into the prisoners lavatory while it was full of prisoners he said he heard suspicious laughter -why it works no idea at all and the moment you step back from the god complex lets just try to have a bunch of stuff lets have a systematic way of determining whats working and whats not you can solve your problem -ten percent of american businesses disappear every year -that is a huge failure rate its far higher than the failure rate of say americans ten percent of americans dont disappear every year which leads us to conclude american businesses fail faster than americans and therefore american businesses are evolving faster than americans -and eventually theyll have evolved to such a high peak of perfection that they will make us all their pets -if of course they havent already done so i sometimes wonder -this incredible performance of western economies it didnt come because you put some incredibly smart person in charge -its come through trial and error now ive been sort of banging on about this for the last couple of months and people sometimes say to me well tim its kind of obvious obviously trial and error is very important obviously experimentation is very important now why are you just wandering around saying this obvious thing -and archie cochrane as the camp doctor was one of the first men in to clear up the mess -i will admit its obvious when -schools start teaching children -that there are some problems that dont have a correct answer stop giving them lists of questions every single one of which has an answer and theres an authority figure in the corner behind the teachers desk who knows all the answers and if you cant find the answers you must be lazy or stupid -when schools stop doing that all the time i will admit that yes its obvious that trial and error is a good thing when a politician stands up campaigning for elected office and says i want to fix our health system i want to fix our education system i have no idea how to do it -i have half a dozen ideas were going to test them out theyll probably all fail then well test some other ideas out well find some that work well build on those well get rid of the ones that dont when a politician campaigns on that platform and more importantly when voters like you and me are willing to vote for that kind of politician -then i will admit that it is obvious -the question of where is it that patients should recover from heart attacks should they recover in a specialized cardiac unit in hospital or should they recover at home -all the cardiac doctors tried to shut him down they had the god complex in spades they knew that their hospitals were the right place for patients and they knew it was very unethical to run any kind of trial or experiment -i swapped the two columns around it turns out your hospitals are killing people -and they should be at home would you like to close down the trial now -or should we wait until we have robust results -tumbleweed rolls through the meeting room -hed already smuggled vitamin c into the camp and now he managed to get hold of supplies of marmite on the black market now some of you will be wondering what marmite is -but cochrane would do that kind of thing -and the reason he would do that kind of thing is because he understood it feels so much better to stand there and say here in my own little world i am a god i understand everything i do not want to have my opinions challenged i do not want to have my conclusions tested -it feels so much more comfortable simply to lay down the law -cochrane understood that uncertainty that fallibility that being challenged they hurt and you sometimes need to be shocked out of that now im not going to pretend that this is easy -it isnt easy its incredibly painful and since i started talking about this subject and researching this subject ive been really haunted by something a japanese mathematician said on the subject -and its also clear that we will never achieve that unless were capable of redefining a meaningful sense of prosperity in the richer nations a prosperity that -more meaningful and less materialistic than the growth based model so this is not just a western post materialist fantasy in fact an african philosopher wrote to me -when prosperity without growth was published pointing out the similarities between this view of prosperity and the traditional african concept of -says i am because we are prosperity is a shared endeavor -its roots are long and deep its foundations ive tried to show exist already inside each of us so this is not about standing in the way of development -its not about overthrowing capitalism -its not about trying to change human nature what were doing here is were taking a few simple steps towards an economics fit for purpose and at the heart of that economics -placing a more credible -more robust and more realistic vision of what it means to be human thank you very much -question first of all economists arent supposed to be inspiring so you may need to work on the -can you picture the politicians every buying into this i mean can you picture a politician standing up in britain and saying -gdp fell two percent this year good news were actually all happier and a countrys more beautiful and our lives are better -i already am seeing a little bit of it when we first started this kind of work politicians would stand up treasury spokesmen would stand up and accuse us of wanting to go back and live in caves -and actually in the period through which weve been working over the last eighteen years partly because of the financial crisis and a little bit of humility in the profession of economics actually people are engaging in this issue in all sorts of countries around the world -is it mainly politicians who are going to have to get their act together or is it going to be more just civil society and companies -it has to be companies it has to be civil society but it has to have political leadership this is a kind of agenda which actually politicians themselves are kind of caught in that dilemma because -hooked on the growth model themselves but actually opening up the space to think about different ways of governing different kinds of politics and creating the space for civil society and businesses to operate differently absolutely vital -would still want to know that you could do that and get below zero by the end of the century in terms of taking carbon out of the atmosphere and solve the problem of biodiversity and reduce the impact on land use -and do something about the erosion of topsoils and the quality of water if you can convince me we can do all that then yes i would take the two percent -of around nine billion people all aspiring to western incomes western lifestyles and i want to ask the question and well give them that two percent hike in income in salary each years as well because we believe in growth and i want -the question how far and how fast would be have to move how clever would we have to be how much technology would we need in this world to deliver our carbon targets and here -in my chart on the left hand side is where we are now this is the carbon intensity of economic growth in the economy at the moment its around about seven hundred and seventy grams of carbon -in the world i describe to you we have to be right over here at the right hand side at six grams of carbon its a one hundred and thirty fold improvement and that is ten times further and faster than anything weve ever achieved in industrial history -but shouldnt we just check first that the economic system that we have is remotely capable of delivering this kind of improvement so -i want to just spend a couple of minutes on system dynamics its a bit complex and i apologize for that what ill try and do is ill try and paraphrase it is sort of human terms so it looks a little bit like this -for a shared and lasting prosperity and not just us but the two billion people worldwide who are still chronically undernourished and hope -firms produce goods for households thats us and provide us with incomes and thats even better because we can spend those incomes on more goods and services thats called the circular flow of the economy -what it does essentially is to stimulate further consumption growth it does this in a couple of ways chasing -joseph schumpeter called this the process of creative destruction its a process of the production and reproduction of novelty continually chasing expanding consumer markets consumer goods new consumer goods and this -this is where it gets interesting because it turns out that human beings have something of an appetite for novelty we love new stuff -material stuff operates as a kind of language a language of goods a symbolic language that we use to tell each other stories stories for example about how important we are -status driven conspicuous consumption thrives from the language of novelty and here all of a sudden -we have a system that is locking economic structure with social logic the economic institutions and who we are as people locked together to drive an engine of growth and this engine is not just -adam smith two hundred years ago spoke about our desire for a life without shame a life without shame in his day what that meant was linen shirts and today well you still need the shirt but you need -the hybrid car the hdtv two holidays a year in the sun the netbook and ipad the list goes on an almost inexhaustible supply of goods driven by this anxiety and even if we dont want them -we need to buy them because if we dont buy them the system crashes and to stop it crashing over the last two to three decades weve expanded the money supply expanded credit and debt so that people can keep buying stuff -the crash and you can see there consumer debt rose dramatically it was above the gdp for three years in a row just before the crisis -and in the mean time personal savings absolutely plummeted the savings ratio net savings were below zero in the middle of two thousand and eight just before the crash this is -people being persuaded to -spend money we dont have on things we dont need to create impressions that wont last on people we dont care about -the irony is though that we have cashed out prosperity almost literally in terms of money -but saving is exactly the wrong thing to do from the system point of view keynes called this the paradox of thrift saving slows down recovery -and politicians call on us continually to draw down more debt to draw down our own savings even farther just so that we can get the show back on the road so we can keep -are as people heres another one completely different one why is it -that we dont do the blindingly obvious things we should do to combat climate change very very simple things like -buying energy efficient appliances putting in efficient lights turning the lights off occasionally insulating our homes these things save carbon they save energy they save us money -and economic growth and weve grown our economies so much that we now stand in a real danger of undermining hope -so is it that though they make perfect economic sense we dont do them well i had my own personal insight into this a few years ago it was a sunday evening sunday -and it was just after actually to be honest too long after we had moved into a new house and i had finally got around to doing some draft stripping installing insulation around the windows and doors to keep out the drafts -and my then five year old daughter was helping me in the way that five year olds do and wed been doing this for a while -when she turned to me very solemnly and said will this really keep out the giraffes -here they are the giraffes you can hear the five year old mind working these ones interestingly are four hundred miles north of here outside barrow in furness in cumbria goodness knows what they -of the lake district weather but actually that childish misrepresentation stuck with me because it suddenly became clear to me why we dont do the blindingly obvious things were too busy keeping out the giraffes putting the kids -on the bus in the morning getting ourselves to work on time surviving email overload and shop floor politics foraging for groceries -throwing together meals escaping for a couple of precious hours in the evening into prime time tv -or ted online getting from one end of the day to the other keeping out the giraffes -what is the objective what is the objective of the consumer mary douglas asked in an essay on poverty written thirty five years ago it is she said -to help create the social world and find a credible place in it that is a deeply humanizing vision of our lives and its a completely different vision -than the one that lies at the heart of this economic model so who are we who are these people -are we these novelty seeking hedonistic selfish individuals or might we actually occasionally be -something like the selfless altruist depicted in rembrandts lovely lovely sketch here well psychology actually says there is a tension a tension between -self regarding behaviors and other regarding behaviors and these tensions have deep evolutionary roots so selfish behavior is -in certain circumstances fight or flight but other regarding behaviors are essential to our evolution as social beings -and the only thing that has actually remotely slowed down the relentless rise of carbon emissions over the last two to three decades -and it reveals to us suddenly the crux of the matter what weve done is weve created economies -and left the others unregarded and in the same token the solution becomes clear because this isnt therefore about changing human nature -it isnt in fact about curtailing possibilities it is about opening up it is about allowing ourselves the freedom to become -fully human recognizing the debt and the breadth of the human psyche and building institutions to protect -rembrandts fragile altruist within what does all this mean for economics what would economies look like if we took that vision -of human nature at their heart and stretched them along these orthogonal dimensions of the human psyche well it might look a little bit like the four thousand community interest companies that have sprung up in the u k over the last five years -and a similar rise in b corporations in the united states enterprises that have ecological and social goals written into their constitution at their -when you do a search and ecosia works in pretty much the same way so we can do that here we can just put in -a little search term there you go oxford thats where we are see what comes up the difference with ecosia though is that in ecosias case it draws the revenues in the same way -but it allocates eighty percent of those revenues to a rainforest protection project in the amazon and were going to do it -gave revenues to ecosia and ecosia is giving eighty percent of those revenues to a rainforest protection project its taking profits from one place -and allocating them into the protection of ecological resources its a different kind of enterprise for a new economy its a form if you like of ecological altruism -its a dilemma a dilemma of growth we cant live with it we cant live without it trash the system or crash the planet its a tough choice it isnt much of a choice and our best avenue of escape from this actually is a -put investment back into the heart of the model to re conceive investment only now investment isnt going to be about -the relentless and mindless pursuit of consumption growth investment has to be a different beast -it has to be about transition it has to be investing in low carbon technologies and infrastructures we have to invest in fact -in the idea of a meaningful prosperity providing capabilities for people to flourish -and of course this task has material dimensions it would be nonsense to talk about people flourishing if they didnt have food clothing and shelter but its also clear that prosperity goes beyond this it has social and psychological aims -family friendship commitments society participating in the life of that society and this -concert halls gardens public parks libraries museums quiet centers places of joy and celebration places of -the cultivation of a common citizenship in michael sandels lovely phrase an investment investment after all is just such a basic economic -is nothing more nor less than a relationship between the present and the future -a shared present and a common future and we need that relationship to reflect to reclaim hope so let me come back with this sense of hope -to the two billion people still trying to live each day on less than the price of a skinny latte from the cafe next door -can we offer those people its clear that we have a responsibility to help lift them out of poverty its clear that we have a responsibility to make room for growth where growth really matters in those poorest nations -and only stood for a limited period of time -the album sold more copies than previous releases of the band -the danish chocolate company anthon berg opened a so called generous store in copenhagen -it asked customers to purchase chocolate with the promise of good deeds towards loved ones -it turned transactions into interactions and generosity into a currency -companies can even give control to hackers when microsoft kinect came out the motion controlled add on to its xbox gaming console it immediately drew the attention of hackers microsoft first fought off the hacks -but then shifted course when it realized that actively supporting the community came with benefits -the sense of co ownership -the free publicity the added value all helped drive sales -the ultimate empowerment of customers is to ask them not to buy -losing control -outdoor clothier patagonia encouraged prospective buyers to check out ebay for its used products and to resole their shoes before purchasing new ones -in an even more radical stance against consumerism the company placed a dont buy this jacket advertisement -during the peak of shopping season -it may have jeopardized short term sales but it builds lasting long term loyalty -what happens on wall street no longer stays on wall street what happens in vegas ends up on youtube laughter reputations are volatile loyalties are fickle -based on shared values -research has shown that giving employees more control over their work makes them happier and more productive -the brazilian company semco group famously lets employees set their own work schedules and even their salaries -companies can give people more control -but they can also give them -giving people less control might be a wonderful way to counter the abundance of choice -nextpedition turns the trip into a game with surprising twists and turns along the way -it does not tell the traveler where shes going until the very last minute and information is provided just in time -similarly dutch airline klm launched a surprise campaign seemingly randomly handing out small gifts to travelers en route to their destination -u k based interflora monitored twitter for users who were having a bad day -and then sent them a free bouquet of flowers is there anything companies can do to make their employees feel less pressed for time yes force them to help others -a recent study suggests that having employees complete occasional altruistic tasks throughout the day increases their sense of overall productivity -that connect old and new employees helping them get to know each other fast -by applying a strict process we give them less control less choice -but we enable more and richer social interactions -management teams seem increasingly disconnected from their staff laughter a recent survey said that twenty seven percent of bosses believe their employees are inspired by their firm -companies are the makers of their fortunes and like all of us they are utterly exposed to serendipity -that should make them more humble -staying true to their true selves -is the only sustainable value proposition -or as the ballet dancer alonzo king said -whats interesting about you is you -for the true selves of companies to come through -a smile is a door that is half open -companies can give their employees and customers more control or less -they can worry about how much openness is good for them -and what needs to stay closed -or they can simply smile -however in the same survey only four percent of employees agreed -companies are losing control -your brand is what other people say about you when youre not in the room -they can listen and join the conversation in fact they have more control over the loss of control than ever before -they can design for it -they can collaborate with them on the creation of ideas knowledge content designs and product they can give them more control over pricing -which is what the band radiohead did with its pay as you like online release of its album in rainbows buyers could determine the price but the offer was exclusive -they dont generally think first about -what theyre doing about childcare and early childhood programs i know this ive spent most of my career researching these programs ive talked to a lot of directors of state economic development agencies about these issues a lot of legislators about these issues -when legislators and others think about economic development what they first of all think about are business tax incentives property tax abatements job creation tax credits you know there are a million of these programs all over the place so for example states compete very vigorously to attract -they raise employment rates raise per capita earnings of state residents so there is a benefit to state residents that corresponds to the costs that theyre paying by paying for these business tax breaks -my argument is essentially that early childhood programs can do -exactly the same thing create more and better jobs -but in a different way its a somewhat more indirect way these programs can promote more and better jobs by you build it you invest in high quality preschool it develops the skills of your local workforce if enough of them stick around -okay if you look at the research evidence -thats extensive on how much early childhood programs affect the educational attainment wages and skills -of former participants in preschool as adults you take those known effects you take how many of those folks will be expected to stick around the state or local economy and not move out -and you take research on how much skills drive job creation you will conclude from these three separate lines of research that for every dollar invested in early childhood programs -the per capita earnings of state residents go up by two dollars and seventy eight cents so thats a three to one return -its a different idea because usually when people talk about early childhood programs they talk about all the wonderful benefits for participants in terms of former participants in preschool they have better k twelve test scores better adult earnings now thats all very important -now you can get much higher returns of up to sixteen to one if you include anti crime benefits if you include benefits to former preschool participants who move to some other state -but theres a good reason for focusing on these three dollars because this is salient and important to state legislators and state policy makers and its the states that are going to have to act -so there is this key benefit that is relevant to state policy makers in terms of economic development -and the trouble with that objection it reflects a total misunderstanding of how much local economies involve everyone being interdependent -specifically the interdependency here is is that there are huge spillovers of skills that when other peoples children -get more skills that actually increases the prosperity of everyone including people whose skills dont change -so for example numerous research studies have shown if you look at what really drives the growth rate of metropolitan areas its not so much low taxes low cost low wages -its the skills of the area particularly the proxy for skills that people use is percentage of college graduates in the area so when you look for example at metropolitan areas such as the boston area minneapolis st paul silicon valley -these areas are not doing well economically because theyre low cost -they are growing because they have high levels of skills so when we invest in other peoples children and build up those skills we increase the overall job growth of a metro area as another example -if we look at what determines an individuals wages and we do statistical exploration of that what determines wages we know that the individuals wages will depend in part on that individuals education for example whether or not they have a college degree -one of the very interesting facts is that in addition we find that even once we hold constant statistically the effect of your own education -but what i want to talk about is what preschool does for state economies and for promoting state economic development -the education of everyone else in your metropolitan area also affects your wages so specifically if you hold constant your education you stick in percentage of college graduates in your metro area you will find that has a significant positive effect on your wages -without changing your education at all in fact this effect is so strong -that when someone gets a college degree -the spillover effects of this on the wages of others in the metropolitan area are actually greater than the direct effects -so if someone gets a college degree their lifetime earnings go up by a huge amount over seven hundred thousand dollars theres an effect on everyone else in the metro area of driving up the percentage of college graduates in the metro area -and if you add that up its a small effect for each person but if you add that up across all the people in the metro area you actually get that the increase in wages for everyone else in the metropolitan area adds up to almost a million dollars thats actually greater than the direct benefits of the person choosing to get education -now whats going on here what can explain these huge spillover effects of education -but if everyone else at my firm lacks skills my employer is going to find it more difficult to introduce new technology new production techniques -and thats actually crucial -so as a result my employer is going to be less productive they will not be able to afford to pay me as good wages -even if everyone at my firm has good skills -if the workers at the suppliers to my firm do not have good skills my firm is going to be less competitive competing in national and international markets and again -the firm thats less competitive will not be able to pay as good wages and then particularly in high tech businesses theyre constantly stealing ideas and workers from other businesses so clearly the productivity of firms in silicon valley has a lot to do with the skills not only of the workers at their firm -because if were going to get increased investment in early childhood programs -but the workers at all the other firms in the metro area so as a result if we can invest in other peoples children through preschool and other early childhood programs that are high quality we not only help those children we help everyone in the metropolitan area -gain in wages and well have the metropolitan area gain in job growth -another objection used sometimes here to invest in early childhood programs is concern about people moving out -so you know maybe ohios thinking about investing in more preschool education for children in columbus ohio -we need to interest state governments in this the federal government has a lot on its plate -americans arent as hyper mobile as people sometimes assume -spend most of their working careers in the state they were born in over sixty percent -that percentage does not vary much from state to state it doesnt vary much with the states economy whether its depressed or booming it doesnt vary much over time so the reality is if you invest in kids -they will stay or at least enough of them will stay that it will pay off for your state economy -okay so to sum up there is a lot of research evidence that early childhood programs if run in a high quality way pay off in higher adult skills -and state governments are going to have to step up so we have to appeal to them the legislators in the state government and turn to something they understand that they have to promote the economic development of their state economy now by promoting economic development i dont mean anything magical all i mean is is that early childhood education -theres a lot of research evidence that those folks will stick around the state economy and theres a lot of evidence that having more workers with higher skills in your local economy pays off in higher wages and job growth -we get about three dollars back in benefits for the state economy so in my opinion the research evidence is compelling and the logic of this is compelling so what are the barriers to getting it done -well one obvious barrier is cost so if you look at what it would cost if every state government invested -in universal preschool at age four full day preschool at age four the total annual national cost would be roughly thirty billion dollars -that the u s s population is over three hundred million -were talking about an amount of money that amounts to one hundred dollars per capita okay a hundred dollars per capita per person is something that any state government can afford to do its just a simple matter of political will to do it -and of course as i mentioned this cost has corresponding benefits i mentioned theres a multiplier of about three two point seven eight for the state economy in terms of over eighty billion in extra earnings -and if we want to translate that from just billions of dollars to something that might mean something what were talking about is that for the average low income kid -that would increase earnings by about ten percent over their whole career -just doing the preschool not improving k twelve or anything else after that not doing anything with college tuition or access just directly improving preschool -and we would get five percent higher earnings for middle class kids so this is an investment that pays off in very concrete terms for a broad range of income groups in the states population -and produces large and tangible -is the long term nature of the benefits from early childhood programs so the argument im making is is that were increasing the quality of our local workforce and thereby increasing economic development -obviously if we have a preschool with four year olds were not sending these kids out at age five to work in the sweatshops right at least i hope not so were talking about an investment that in terms of impacts on the state economy is not going to really pay off -for fifteen or twenty years and of course america is notorious for being a short term oriented society now one response you can make to this and i sometimes have done this in talks is people can talk about there are benefits for these programs in reducing -special ed and remedial education costs there are benefits parents care about preschool maybe well get some migration effects -from parents seeking good preschool and i think those are true but in some sense theyre missing the point -can bring more and better jobs to a state and can thereby promote higher per capita earnings for the states residents now i think its fair to say that when people think about state and local economic development -and so what i want to leave you with -is what i think is the ultimate question i mean im an economist but this is ultimately not an economic question -its a moral question -are we willing as americans are we as a society still capable of making the political choice to sacrifice now by paying more taxes in order to improve -but our community are we still capable of that as a country and thats something that each and every citizen and voter -needs to ask themselves is that something that you are still invested in that you still believe in the notion of investment that is the notion of investment you sacrifice now for a return later so i think the research evidence -so this seemed like a problem that we could do something about keeping a baby warm for a week thats not rocket science -so we got started we partnered with a leading medical research institution here in boston we conducted months of user research overseas trying to think like designers human centered design lets figure out what people want -we killed thousands of post it notes we made dozens of prototypes to get to this -so this is the neonurture infant incubator and this has a lot of smarts built into it and -we felt great so the idea here is unlike the concept car we want to marry something beautiful with something that actually works and our idea is that this design would inspire manufacturers and other people of influence to take this model and run with it heres the bad news -got a great idea thats going to change the world its fantastic its going to blow your mind its my beautiful baby heres the thing everybody loves a beautiful baby i mean i was a beautiful baby -the only baby ever actually put inside the neonurture incubator was this kid during a time magazine photo shoot so recognition is fantastic we want design to get out for people to see it it won lots of awards -but it felt like a booby prize we wanted to make beautiful things that are going to make the world a better place and i dont think this kid was even in it long enough to get warm so it turns out that design for inspiration doesnt really -i guess what i would say is for us for what i want to do its either too slow or it just doesnt work its ineffective so really -i want to design for outcomes i dont want to make beautiful stuff i want to make the world a better place -so when we were designing neonurture we paid a lot of attention to the people who are going to use this thing for example poor families rural doctors overloaded nurses even repair technicians we thought we had all our bases covered wed done everything right well it turns out theres this whole constellation of people -who have to be involved in a product for it to be successful manufacturing financing distribution regulation -michael free at path says you have to figure out who will choose use and pay the dues for a product like this and i have to ask the question vcs always ask sir what is your business and who is your customer who is our customer -well heres an example this is a bangladeshi hospital director -outside his facility it turns out he doesnt buy any of his equipment those decisions are made by the ministry of health or by foreign donors and it just kind of shows up -heres me and my dad a couple days after i was born so in the world of product design the beautiful babys like -similarly heres a multinational medical device manufacturer it turns out theyve got to fish where the fish are so it turns out that in emerging markets where the fish are are the emerging middle class of these countries diseases of affluence heart disease infertility so it turns out that design for outcomes -in one aspect really means thinking about design for manufacture and distribution okay that was an important lesson -second we took that lesson and tried to push it into our next project so we started by finding a manufacturer an organization called mtts in vietnam that manufactures newborn care technologies for southeast asia our other partner is east meets west this is an american foundation that distributes that technology to poor hospitals -around that region so we started with them saying well what do you want whats a problem you want to solve and they said well lets work on newborn jaundice -so this is another one of these mind boggling global problems -so jaundice affects two thirds of newborns around the world of those newborns one in ten roughly -if its not treated the jaundice gets so severe that it leads to either a life long disability or the kids could even die -theres one way to treat jaundice and thats whats called an exchange transfusion so as you can imagine thats expensive and a little bit dangerous there is another cure its very -technological its very complex a little daunting youve got to shine blue light on the kid -bright blue light on as much of the skin as you can cover how is this a hard problem so i went to mit okay well figure that out -heres what it looks like under actual use so those kids on the edges arent actually receiving effective phototherapy but without training without some kind of light meter how would you know -we see other examples of problems like this so heres a neonatal intensive care unit where moms come in to visit their babies and keep in mind mom maybe just had a c section so thats already kind of a bummer -moms visiting her kid she sees her baby naked lying under some blue lights looking kind of vulnerable its not uncommon for mom to put a blanket over the baby -from a phototherapy standpoint maybe not the best behavior in fact that sounds kind of dumb except what weve learned -is that theres no such thing as a dumb user really is what weve learned there are only dumb products we have to think like existentialists its not the painting we would have painted its the painting that we actually painted its the use -designed for actual use how are people actually going to use this -they want buck rogers they dont want effective it sounds crazy it sounds dumb but there are actually hospitals who would rather have no equipment than something that looks cheap and crummy -so again if we want people to trust a device it has to look trustworthy so thinking about outcomes it turns out appearances matter -so we took all that information together we tried this time to get it right and heres what we developed so this is the firefly phototherapy device except this time we didnt stop at the concept car -so from the very beginning we started by talking to manufacturers our goal is to make a state of the art product that our partner mtts can actually manufacture so our goal is to study how they work the resources they have access to so that they can make this product so -thats the design for manufacture question when we think about actual use youll notice that firefly has a single bassinet it only fits a single baby and the idea here is its obvious how you ought to use this device if you try to put more than one kid in youre stacking them on top of each other laughter so -the idea here is we say you want to make it hard to use wrong in other words you want to make the right way to use it the easiest way to use it another example again -silly mom silly mom thinks her baby looks cold wants to put a blanket over the baby well thats why we have lights above and below the baby in firefly so if mom does put a blanket over the baby its still receiving effective phototherapy from below -dorky teenage years where youre trying to figure out how the world works im going to start with an example from some work that we did on newborn health -last story here ive got a friend in india who told me that you havent really tested a piece of electronic technology for distribution in asia until youve trained a cockroach to climb in and pee on every single little component on the inside -so with firefly what we did is the problem is electronics get hot -and you have to put in vents or fans to keep them cool in most products we decided that i cant put a do not enter sign next to the vent we actually got rid of all of that stuff so fireflys totally sealed -these are the kinds of lessons as awkward as it was to be a pretty goofy teenager much worse to be a frustrated designer so i was thinking about what i really want to do is change the world i have to pay attention to manufacturing and distribution i have to pay attention to how people are actually going to use a device -i actually have to pay attention really theres no excuse for failure i have to think like an existentialist i have to accept that there are no dumb users that theres only dumb products we have to ask ourselves hard questions are we designing for the world that we want -are we designing for the world that we have are we designing for the world thats coming whether were ready or not i got into this business designing products -ive since learned that if you really want to make a difference in the world you have to design outcomes and thats design that matters thank you -so heres a problem four million babies around the world mostly in developing countries die every year before their first birthday even before their first month of life it turns out half of those kids or about one point eight million newborns around the world would make it -this is what we want probably what happened is a hospital in japan upgraded their equipment and donated their old stuff to nepal the problem is without technicians without spare parts donations like this very quickly turn into junk -so weve made a whole series of instruments one of the largest collections is called the brain opera its a whole orchestra of about one hundred instruments all designed for anybody -what the camera is measuring but instead of making it very literal showing you exactly the camera tracing we turned it into a graphic that shows you the basic movement and shows the way its being analyzed -i think it gives an understanding of how were picking out movement from what dans doing but i think it will also show you if you look at that movement that -when dan makes music -his motions are very purposeful very precise very disciplined and theyre also very beautiful so in hearing this piece as i mentioned before the most important thing is the musics great -and itll show you who dan is so are we ready adam ab yeah tm ok now dan will play his piece my eagle song for you -to play using natural skill so you can play a video game drive through a piece of music use your body gesture to control huge masses of sound touch a special surface to make melodies use your voice to make a whole aura -and that led to something which you probably do know guitar hero came out of our lab and my two teenage daughters and most of the students at the mit media lab are proof that if you make the right kind of interface -people are really interested in being in the middle of a piece of music and playing it over and over and over again so -the model works but its only the tip of the iceberg because my second idea is that its not enough just to want to make music in something like guitar hero and music is very fun but its also transformative -the first idea id like to suggest is that we all love music a great deal it means a lot to us -its very very important music can change your life more than almost anything it can change the way you communicate with others it can change your body it can change you mind so were trying to go to the next step of how you build on top of something like guitar hero -we are very involved in education we have a long term project called toy symphony where we make all kinds of instruments that are also addictive but for little kids so the kids will fall in love with making music -want to spend their time doing it and then will demand to know how it works how to make more how to create so we make squeezy instruments like these music shapers that measure the electricity in your fingers -beat bugs that let you tap in rhythms they gather your rhythm and like hot potato you send your rhythm to your friends who then have to imitate or respond to what your doing -and a software package called hyperscore which lets anybody use lines and color to make quite sophisticated music extremely easy to use but once you use it -you can go quite deep music in any style and then by pressing a button it turns into music notation so that live musicians can play your pieces -weve had good enough really very powerful effects with kids around the world and now people of all ages using hyperscore so weve gotten more and more interested -in using these kinds of creative activities in a much broader context for all kinds of people who dont usually have the opportunity to make music so one of the growing fields that were working on at the media lab right now is music mind and health -if you dont just listen to it but you make it yourself -a lot of you have probably seen oliver sacks wonderful new book called musicophilia its on sale in the bookstore its a great book if you havent seen it its worth reading hes a pianist himself and he details his whole career of -looking at and observing incredibly powerful effects that music has had on peoples lives in unusual situations so we know for instance that music is almost always the last thing that people with advanced alzheimers can still respond to -so thats my first idea and we all know about the mozart effect the idea thats been around for the last five to ten years that just by listening to music or by playing music to your baby in vitro -maybe many of you have noticed this with loved ones you can find somebody who cant recognize their face in the mirror or cant tell anyone in their family but you can still find a shard of music that that person will jump out of the chair and start singing -and with that you can bring back parts of peoples memories and personalities music is the best way to restore speech to people who have lost it through strokes movement to people with parkinsons disease its very powerful for depression schizophrenia many many things -so were working on understanding those underlying principles and then building activities which will let music really improve peoples health and we do this in many ways we work with many different hospitals one of them is right near boston called tewksbury hospital -long term state hospital where several years ago we started working with hyperscore and patients with physical and mental disabilities -this has become a central part of the treatment at tewksbury hospital so everybody there clamors to work on musical activities its the activity that -that itll raise our iq points ten twenty thirty percent great idea but it doesnt work at all -a real experience not only to learn how to play and listen to rhythms but to train your musical memory and playing music in a group -music to shape it themselves change it to experiment with it to make their own music so hyperscore lets you start from scratch very quickly -the third idea i want to share with you is that music paradoxically i think even more than words is one of the very best ways we have of showing who we really are -i love giving talks although strangely i feel more nervous giving talks than playing music if i were here playing cello or playing on a synth or sharing my music with you id be able to show things about myself that i -tell you in words more personal things perhaps deeper things i think thats true for may of us and i want to give you two examples of how music is one of the most powerful interfaces we have from ourselves to the outside world -rich successful powerful who wants to live forever so he figures out a way to download himself into his environment actually into a series of books -so this guy wants to live forever he downloads himself into his environment the main singer disappears at the beginning of the opera and the entire stage becomes the main character it becomes his legacy -and the opera is about what we can share what we can pass on to others to the people we love and what we cant every object in the opera comes alive and is a gigantic music instrument like this chandelier it takes up the whole stage it looks like a chandelier but its actually a -piano strings each -little robotic element either little bows that stroke the strings propellers that tickle the strings acoustic signals that vibrate the strings -we also have an army of robots on stage these robots are the kind of the intermediary between the main character simon powers and his family -there are a whole series of them kind of like a greek chorus they observe the action weve designed these square robots that were testing right now at mit -power to create and be part of music in a very dynamic way and thats one of the main parts of my work so with the mit media lab for quite a while now -when you snap line up exactly the way youd like to even though theyre cubes they actually have a lot of personality -the largest set piece in the opera is called the system its a series of books every single book is robotic so they all move they all make sound and when you put them all -turn into these walls which have the gesture and the personality of simon powers so hes disappeared but the whole physical environment -becomes this person this is how hes chosen to represent -high packed -all display and heres the great -in monaco its in september two thousand and nine if by any chance you cant make it another idea with this project heres this guy building his legacy through this very unusual form through music and through the environment -weve been engaged in a field called active music what are all the possible ways that we can think of to get everybody in the middle of a musical experience not just listening but making music -but were also making this available both online and in public spaces as a way of each of us to use music and images of our lives -but what if i could make an instrument that could be adapted to the way i personally behave to the way my hands work to what i do very skillfully -so can you give a hand to adam -ph d student from the mit media lab -and dan ellsey -thanks to ted and to -dan is here with us today all the way from tewksbury hes a resident at tewksbury hospital this is by far the farthest hes strayed from tewksbury hospital i can tell you that -and we started by making instruments for some of the greatest performers we call these hyper instruments for yo yo ma peter gabriel prince orchestras rock bands instruments where theyre all kinds of sensors built right into the instrument so the instrument knows how its being played -hello my name is dan ellsey i am thirty four years old and i have cerebral palsy -and were really excited to have you here -so we met dan about three years ago three and a half years ago when we started working at tewksbury everybody we met there was -and over the last few years has been a constant collaborator of ours he has made many many pieces he makes his own cds actually he is quite well known in the boston area mentors people at the hospital and children locally in how to make their own music -and ill let adam tell you so adam is a ph d student at mit an expert in music technology and medicine and adam and dan have become close collaborators what adams been working on for this last period -yes so tod and i entered into a discussion following the tewksbury work and it was really about how dan is an expressive person and hes an intelligent and creative person and -so we started developing a technology that will allow him with nuance with precision with control and despite his physical disability to be able to do that to be able to perform his piece of music so -the process and the technology basically first we needed an engineering solution so you know we have a firewire camera it looked at an infrared pointer we went with the type of gesture metaphor that he was already used to -with his speaking controller and this was actually the least interesting part of the work you know the design process we needed an input we needed continuous tracking in the software would look at the types of shapes hes making -but then was the really interesting aspect of the work following the engineering part where basically were coding over dans shoulder at the hospital extensively to figure out you know how does dan move whats useful to him as an expressive motion -you know whats his metaphor for performance what types of things does he find important to control and convey in a piece of music so all the parameter fitting and really -they provide access they allow us to create pieces of creative work but what about expression what about that moment when an artist delivers that piece of work you know do our technologies allow us to express do they provide structure for us to do that -and you know thats a personal relationship to expression that is lacking in the technological spheres so you know with dan we needed a new design process a new engineering process to sort of discover his movement and his path to expression that allow him to perform -and so thats what well do -so lets do it so dan do you want to tell everyone about what youre going to play now -when we started making these i started thinking why cant we make wonderful instruments like that for everybody people who arent fantastic yo yo mas or princes -this is my eagle song -so dan is going to play a piece of his called my eagle song in fact this is the score of dans piece completely composed by dan in hyperscore so he can use his infrared -s really modest too so he can go in -draws the lines places everything the way he wants to looking at the hyperscore you can see it also you can see where the sections are something might continue for a while change get really crazy -and then end up with a big bang at the end -so thats the way he made his piece and as adam says -we then figured out the best way to have him -is pathetic compared to what we could be getting -for some time now its been known that if you pay attention to the carrier phase of the gps signal and if you have an internet connection -so why dont we have this capability on our phones -only i believe -with geolocation so accurate that you could pinpoint the wrinkles in the palm of your hand -but you and i and other innovators -we can see the potential in this next leap in accuracy imagine for example an augmented reality app -that overlays a virtual world to millimeter level precision on top of the physical world -i could build for you a structure up here in three d millimeter accurate that only you could see or my friends at home -so this level of positioning this is what were looking for -and i believe that within the next few years i predict that this kind of hyper precise carrier phase based positioning will become cheap and ubiquitous and the consequences will be fantastic -the holy grail of course is the gps dot -heres professor langdon examining a gps dot which his accomplice tells him is a tracking device accurate within two feet anywhere on the globe -that had a profound effect on the way our society operates -but we know that in the world of nonfiction the gps dot is impossible right -for one thing gps doesnt work indoors -and for another they dont make devices quite this small -especially when those devices have to relay their measurements back over a network -well these objections were perfectly reasonable a few years ago but things have changed theres been a strong trend toward miniaturization better sensitivity -so much so that a few years ago a gps tracking device looked like this clunky box to the left of the keys -ironically hardly anyone noticed at the time the change was silent imperceptible unless you knew exactly what to look for -compare that with the device released just months ago thats now packaged into something the size of a key fob -and if you take a look at the state of the art for a complete gps receiver which is only a centimeter on a side and more sensitive than ever you realize that the gps dot will soon move from fiction to nonfiction -imagine what we could do with a world full of gps dots its not just that youll never lose your wallet or your keys anymore or your child when youre at disneyland -youll buy gps dots in bulk and youll stick them on everything you own worth more than a few tens of dollars -i couldnt find my shoes one recent morning and as usual had to ask my wife if she had seen them but i shouldnt have to bother my wife with that kind of triviality i should be able to ask my house where my shoes -remember how refreshing it was to go from organizing all of your email -now of course there is a flip side to the gps dot -i was in my office some months back and got a telephone call the woman on the other end of the line well call her carol was panicked -apparently an ex boyfriend of carols from california had found her in texas and was following her around -on that morning u s president bill clinton ordered that a special switch be thrown in the orbiting satellites of the global positioning system -so you might ask at this point why shes calling you well so did i but it turned out there was a technical twist to carols case -every time her ex boyfriend would show up at the most improbable times and the most improbable locations -he was carrying an open laptop -and over time carol realized that he had planted a gps tracking device on her car so she was calling me for help to disable it well you should go to a good mechanic and have him look at your car i said -i already have she told me -he didnt see anything obvious and he said hed have to take the car apart piece by piece -well then youd better go to the police i said -i already have she replied -theyre not sure this rises to the level of harassment -and theyre not set up technically to find the device -okay what about the fbi ive talked to them too -given that some of these devices are configured to only transmit when theyre inside safe zones or when the car is moving -so there we were carol isnt the first and certainly wont be the last to find herself in this kind of -instantaneously -fearsome environment -in fact as i looked into her case i discovered to my surprise that its not clearly illegal for you or me to put a tracking device on someone elses car -every civilian gps receiver around the globe went from errors the size of a football field to errors the size of a small room -the supreme court ruled last month that a policeman has to get a warrant if he wants to do prolonged tracking but the law isnt clear about civilians doing this to one another -so its not just big brother we have to worry about but big neighbor -its called the wave bubble -its an open source gps jammer -developed by limor fried a graduate student at mit and limor calls it a tool for reclaiming our personal space -with a flip of the switch you create a bubble around you within which gps signals cant reside they get drowned out by the bubble and limor designed this in part because like carol she felt threatened by gps tracking then she posted her design to the web -and if you dont have time to build your own you can buy one chinese manufacturers now sell thousands of nearly identical devices on the internet -so you might be thinking the wave bubble sounds great i should have one might come in handy if somebody ever puts a tracking device on my car but you should be aware that its use is very much illegal in the united states -and why is that well because its not a bubble at all its jamming signals dont stop at the edge of your personal space or at the edge of your car they go on to jam innocent gps receivers for miles around you -it might not feel wrong to turn on a wave bubble -but in fact the results can be disastrous -imagine for example youre the captain of a cruise ship trying to make your way through a thick fog -and some passenger in the back turns on a wave bubble -all of a sudden your gps readout goes blank -and now its just you and the fog and whatever you can pull off the radar system if you remember how to work it -its hard to overstate the effect that this change in accuracy has had on us -they in fact they dont update or upkeep lighthouses anymore and loran the only backup to gps was discontinued last year -our modern society has a special relationship with gps -were almost blindly reliant on it its built deeply into our systems and infrastructure some call it the invisible utility -so turning on a wave bubble might not just cause inconvenience -it might be -at the expense of general gps reliability -theres something even more potent and more subversive than a wave bubble -and that is a gps spoofer -the idea behind the gps spoofer is simple -instead of jamming the gps signals you fake them -you imitate them and if you do it right the device youre attacking doesnt even know its being spoofed -so let me show you how this works in any gps receiver theres a peak inside that corresponds to the authentic signals these three red dots represent the tracking points that try to keep themselves centered on that peak but if you send in a fake gps signal -before this switch was thrown we didnt have in car navigation systems giving turn by turn directions because back then gps couldnt tell you what block you were on let alone what street for geolocation accuracy matters -another peak pops up -and if you can get these two peaks perfectly aligned -the tracking points cant tell the difference and they get hijacked by the stronger counterfeit signal with the authentic peak getting forced off -at this point the game is over the fake signals now completely control this gps receiver -so is this really possible can someone really manipulate the timing and positioning of a gps receiver just like that with a spoofer -well the short answer is yes -the key is that civil gps signals are completely open they have no encryption they have no authentication theyre wide open vulnerable to a kind of spoofing attack even so -up until very recently nobody worried about gps spoofers people figured that it would be too complex or too expensive for some hacker to build one -but i and a friend of mine from graduate school we didnt see it that way -we knew it wasnt going to be so hard and we wanted to be the first to build one so we could get out in front of the problem and help protect against gps spoofing -i remember vividly the week it all came together we built it at my home -which means that i got a little extra help from my three year old son ramon -heres ramon laughter looking for a little attention from dad that week -at first the spoofer was just a jumble of cables and computers though we eventually got it packaged into a small box -now the dr frankenstein moment when the spoofer finally came alive and i glimpsed its awful potential -let me show you some actual footage from that very first experiment i had come to completely trust this little blue dot and its reassuring blue halo they seemed to speak to me theyd say here you are -and things have only improved over the last ten years with more base stations more ground stations better receivers and better algorithms gps can now not only tell you what street you are on -so -something felt very wrong about the world it was a sense almost of betrayal -when this little blue dot started at my house -and went running off toward the north leaving me behind i wasnt moving -what i then saw in this little moving blue dot was the potential for chaos i saw airplanes and ships veering off course with the captain learning only too late that something was wrong -i saw the gps derived timing of the new york stock exchange being manipulated by hackers you can scarcely imagine the kind of havoc you could cause if you knew what you were doing with a gps spoofer -its the ultimate weapon against an invasion of gps dots -imagine for example youre being tracked well you can play the tracker for a fool pretending to be at work when youre really on vacation or if youre carol you could lure your ex boyfriend into some empty parking lot where the police are waiting for him -so im fascinated by this -conflict a looming conflict between privacy on the one hand and the need for a clean radio spectrum on the other we simply cannot tolerate gps jammers and spoofers and yet -given the lack of effective legal means for protecting our privacy from the gps dot -can you really blame people for wanting to turn them on for wanting to use them -i hold out hope that well be able to reconcile this conflict with some sort of -some yet uninvented technology -but what part of the street -but meanwhile grab some popcorn because things are going to get interesting within the next few years many of you will be the proud owner of a gps dot -maybe youll have a whole bag full of them -youll never lose track of your things again the gps dot will fundamentally reorder your life -but will you be able to resist the temptation to track your fellow man -or will you be able to resist the temptation to turn on a gps -this level of accuracy has unleashed a firestorm of innovation -spoofer or a wave bubble to protect your own privacy so as usual what we see just beyond the horizon -is full of promise and peril -in fact many of you navigated here today with the help of your tomtom or your smartphone paper maps are becoming obsolete -the future is bright were excited about where we are and a lot of things we want to do so for example one is to get rid of my real estate problem and get -better signals we want to develop these little tiny capsules about the size of a piece of risotto that we can put into the muscles and telemeter out the emg signals so that its not worrying about electrode contact and we can have the real estate open to try more sensation feedback -we want to build a better arm -so rather than a super strong or super fast arm were making an arm that is -we really appreciate you all being here today id like to tell you a little bit about the dark side with yesterdays theme so amanda came jet lagged shes using the arm -but i have a really bright research team and thankfully dr annie simon was with us -for an arm in one thousand nine hundred and twelve its not a lot different than the one you see on my patient -they work by harnessing shoulder power so when you squish your shoulders they pull on a bicycle cable and that bicycle cable can open or close a hand or a hook or bend an elbow and we still use them commonly because theyre very robust and relatively simple devices -the state of the art is what we call myoelectric prostheses these are motorized devices that are controlled by little electrical signals from your muscle every time you contract a muscle it emits a little electricity that you can record with antennae or electrodes and use that to operate the motorized prosthesis -they work pretty well for people who have just lost their hand because your hand muscles are still there you squeeze your hand these muscles contract you open it these muscles contract so its intuitive and it works pretty well -well our patients have to use very code y systems of using just their arm muscles to operate robotic limbs -we have robotic limbs there are several available on the market and here you see a few they contain just a hand that will open and close a wrist rotator and an elbow theres no other functions if they did how would we tell them what to do -we built our own arm at the rehab institute of chicago where weve added some wrist flexion and shoulder joints to get up to six motors or six degrees of freedom and weve had the opportunity to work with some very advanced arms that were funded by the u s military using these prototypes that had up to ten different degrees of freedom including movable hands -but at the end of the day how do we tell these robotic arms what to do how do we control them -and your sensations the exact opposite you touch yourself theres a stimulus that comes up those very same nerves back up to your brain -when you lose your arm that nervous system still works those nerves can put out command signals and if i tap the nerve ending on a world war ii vet hell still feel his missing hand -so you might say lets go to the brain and put something in the brain to record signals or in the end of the peripheral nerve and record them there and these are very exciting research areas but its really really hard -you have to put in hundreds of microscopic wires to record from little tiny individual neurons ordinary fibers that put out tiny signals that are microvolts -and its just too hard to use now and for my patients today so we developed a different approach -were using a biological amplifier to amplify these nerve signals muscles muscles will amplify the nerve signals about a thousand fold so that we can record them from on top of the skin like you saw earlier -the stuff of life meets machine -so our approach is something we call targeted reinnervation imagine with somebody whos lost their whole arm we still have -four major nerves that go down your arm -and we take the nerve away from your chest muscle and let these nerves grow into it -now you think close hand and a little section of your chest contracts you think bend elbow a different section contracts and we can use electrodes or antennae to pick that up and tell the arm to move -jesse came to us at the ric to be fit with these state of the art devices and here you see them im still using that old technology with a bicycle cable on his right side and he picks which joint he wants to move with those chin switches -on the left side hes got a modern motorized prosthesis with those three joints and he operates little pads in his shoulder that he touches to make the arm go and jesses a good crane operator and he did okay by our standards -he also required a revision surgery on his chest and that gave us the opportunity to do targeted reinnervation -so my colleague dr greg dumanian did the surgery first we cut away the nerve to his own muscle then we took the arm nerves and just kind of had them shift down onto his chest -this is our motivation arm amputation causes a huge disability i mean the functional impairment is clear our hands are amazing instruments -and this is what it looks like this is what happens when jesse thinks open and close his hand -or bend or straighten your elbow you can see the movements on his chest and those little hash marks are where we put our antennae or electrodes and i challenge anybody in the room to make their chest go like this -his brain is thinking about his arm he has not learned how to do this with the chest there is not a learning process thats why its intuitive -so heres jesse in our first little test with him on the left hand side you see his original prosthesis and hes using those switches to move little blocks from one box to the other hes had that arm for about twenty months so hes pretty good with it -on the right side two months after we fit him with his targeted reinnervation prosthesis which by the way is the same physical arm just programmed a little different you can see that hes much faster and much smoother as he moves these little blocks and were only able to use three of the signals at this time -then we had one of those little surprises in science so were all motivated to get motor commands to drive robotic arms and after a few months you touch jesse on his chest and he felt his missing hand -his hand sensation grew into his chest again probably because we had also taken away a lot of -he feels light touch down to one gram of force he feels hot cold sharp dull all in his missing hand or both his hand and his chest but he can attend to either -and when you lose one far less both its a lot harder to do the things we physically need to do theres also a huge emotional impact and actually i spend as much of my time in clinic dealing with the emotional adjustment -so this is really exciting for us because now we have a portal a portal or a way to potentially give back -sensation so that he might feel what he touches with his prosthetic hand imagine sensors in the hand coming up and pressing on this new hand skin so it was very exciting -weve also gone on with what was initially our primary population of people with above the elbow amputations and here we deinnervate or cut the nerve away just from little segments of muscle -and leave others alone that give us our up down signals and two others that will give us a hand -open and close signal this was one of our first patients chris you see him with his original device on the left there after eight months of use and on the right it is two months hes about four or five times as fast with this simple little performance metric -amanda would you please tell us how you lost your arm -and i was driving home from work and a truck was coming the opposite direction came over into my lane ran over the top of my car and his axle tore -to get it to change modes when i did -cocontract again to get the elbow to work again -use my elbow and my hand simultaneously -i could work them just by my thoughts -so i didnt have to do any of the cocontracting and all that -the success rate of the nerve transfers is very high its like ninety six percent because were putting a big fat nerve onto a little piece of muscle and it provides -and we wanted to get more you can move each finger you can move your thumb -and recorded this data and then we used some algorithms that are a lot like speech recognition algorithms called -commercial components from here down and a few that ive borrowed from around the world its about seven pounds which is probably about what my arm would weigh if i lost it right here obviously thats heavy for amanda and in fact -arm amputation is usually caused by trauma with things like industrial accidents motor vehicle collisions or very poignantly war there are also some children who are born without arms called congenital limb deficiency -so the exciting part isnt so much the mechatronics but the control so weve developed a small microcomputer that is blinking somewhere behind her back and is operating this all by the way she trains it to use -her individual muscle signals so amanda when you first started using this arm how long did it take to use it -heres amanda using an arm made by deka research corporation and i believe dean kamen presented it at ted a few years ago -so amanda you can see has really good control its all the pattern recognition and it now has a hand that can do different grasps what we do is have the patient go all the way open and think -feel sensation through -so thats an exciting laboratory experiment on how to give back potentially some skin sensation -but heres another video that shows some of our challenges this is jesse and hes squeezing a foam toy and the harder he squeezes you see a little black thing in the middle thats pushing on his skin proportional to how hard he squeezes but look at all the electrodes around it ive got a real estate problem -and this is a titan class ship in the space game eve online and this virtual object takes two hundred real people -fifty six days of real time to build plus countless thousands of hours of effort before -and yet many of these get built at the other end of the scale the game farmville that you may well have heard of has -in society but were here for the good news and the good news is that i think we can explore why this very real human effort this very intense generation of value is -video games im also slightly in awe of them im in awe of their power in terms of imagination in terms of technology in terms of concept but i think above all -and by answering that question i think we can take something extremely powerful away and i think the most interesting way to think about how all this is going on is in terms of rewards -and specifically its in terms of the very intense emotional rewards that playing games offers to people both individually and collectively -now if we look at whats going on in someones head when they are being engaged two quite different processes are occurring on the one hand theres the wanting processes this is a bit like ambition and drive im going to do that im going to work hard -and this kind of a world this vast flying beast you can ride around shows why games are so very good at doing both the wanting and the liking because its very -its pretty awesome it gives you great powers your ambition is satisfied but its very beautiful -its a very great pleasure to fly around and so these combine to form a very intense emotional engagement but this isnt the really interesting stuff -the really interesting stuff about virtuality is what you can measure with it because what you can measure in virtuality is everything -every single thing that every single person whos ever played in a game has ever done can be measured the biggest games in the world today are measuring more than one billion points of data -and by this i mean looking at what millions upon millions of people have done and carefully calibrating the rate the nature the type the intensity of rewards in games to keep them engaged over staggering amounts of time -and effort now to try and explain this in sort of real terms i want to talk about a kind of task that might fall to you in so many games go and get a certain amount of a certain little game y item lets say -in awe at their power to motivate to compel us to transfix us like really nothing else weve ever invented has quite done before and i think -for the sake of argument my mission is to get fifteen pies and i can get fifteen pies by killing these cute little monsters simple -you can think about this if you like as a problem about boxes ive got to keep opening boxes i dont know whats inside them until i open them and i go around opening box after box until ive got fifteen -like warcraft you can think about it if you like as a great box opening effort the games just trying to get people to open about a million boxes -too difficult to find a pie so what do you do well you look at a million people no one hundred million people one hundred million box openers and you work out -if you make the pie rate about twenty five percent thats neither too frustrating not too easy it keeps people engaged -of course thats not all you do theres fifteen pies now i could make a game called piecraft where all you had to do was get a million pies or a thousand -be very boring fifteen is a pretty optimal number you find the you know between five and twenty is about the right number for keeping people going but we dont just have pies in the boxes -a hundred percent up here and what we do is make sure that every time a box is opened theres something in it some little reward that keeps people progressing and engaged in most adventure games its a little bit in game currency a little bit experience -but we dont just do that either we also say theres going to be loads of other items of varying qualities and levels of excitement theres going to be a ten percent chance you get a pretty good item theres going to -and each of these rewards is carefully calibrated to the item and also we say well how many monsters should i have the entire world full of a billion monsters -we want one or two monsters on the screen at any one time so im drawn on its not too easy not too difficult so all this is very powerful but were in virtuality these arent real boxes so we can do some rather amazing things -we notice looking at all these people opening boxes that when people get to about thirteen out of fifteen pies their perception shifts they start to get a bit bored a bit testy -games dont always do this and one thing they certainly do at the moment is if you got a zero point one percent awesome item they make very sure another one doesnt appear for a certain length of time to keep the value to keep it special and the point is really that -we evolved to be satisfied by the world in particular ways over tens and hundreds of thousands of years we evolved to find certain things stimulating and as very intelligent civilized beings were enormously stimulated by problem solving and -but now we can reverse engineer that and build worlds that expressly tick our evolutionary boxes so what does all this mean in practice well -second multiple long and short term aims five thousand pies boring fifteen pies interesting so you give people lots and lots of different tasks you say its about -doing ten of these questions but another task is turning up to twenty classes on time but another task is collaborating with other people another task is showing your working five times another task is -this particular target you break things down into these calibrated slices that people can choose and do in parallel to keep them engaged and that you can use to point them towards individually beneficial activities -you reward effort its your one hundred percent factor games are brilliant at this every time you do something you get credit you a credit -for trying you dont punish failure you reward every little bit of effort your little bit of gold your little bit of credit youve done twenty questions tick it all feeds in as minute reinforcement -fourth feedback this is absolutely crucial and virtuality is dazzling at delivering this if you look at some of the most intractable problems in the world today that weve been hearing -amazing things about its very very hard for people to learn if they cannot link consequences to actions -and it shows no sign of slowing down in four years time its estimated itll be worth over eighty billion dollars thats about three times the recorded music industry -the element of uncertainty now this is a neurological goldmine if you like because a known reward excites people but -what really gets them going is the uncertain reward the reward pitched at the right level of uncertainty that they didnt quite know whether they were going to get it or not the twenty five percent this lights the brain up -and if you think about using this in testing in just introducing control elements of randomness in all forms of testing and training you can transform -as you probably know the neurotransmitter associated with learning is called dopamine its associated with reward seeking behavior and something very exciting is just -beginning to happen in places like the university of bristol in the u k where we are beginning to be able to model mathematically dopamine levels in the brain -and what this means is we can predict learning we can predict enhanced engagement these windows these windows of time in which the learning is taking place -two things really flow from this the first has to do with memory that we can find these moments when someone is more likely to remember we can give them -the second thing is confidence that we can see how game playing and reward structures make people braver make them more willing to take risks more willing to take on difficulty harder to discourage -this can all seem very sinister but you know sort of our brains have been manipulated were all addicts the word addiction is thrown around there are real concerns there but the biggest neurological turn on for people is other people -but i dont think its the most telling statistic of all -so players addressed this problem by spontaneously coming up with a system to motivate each other fairly and transparently what happened was they paid each other -a virtual currency they called dragon kill points and every time your turn up to go on a mission you got paid in dragon kill points they tracked these on a separate website -really amazes me is that today -uses a version of this system tens of millions of people and the success rate is at close to one hundred percent -this is a player developed self enforcing voluntary currency and its incredibly sophisticated player behavior -people spend about eight billion real dollars a year -and i just want to end by suggesting a few ways in which these principle could fan out into the world ill start with business i mean were beginning to see some of the big problems around something like business -yes we could take that so much further by allowing people to set targets by setting calibrated targets by using -buying virtual items that only exist inside video games this is a screenshot from the virtual game world entropia universe -in terms of education perhaps most obviously of all we can transform how we engage people we can offer people the grand continuity -together and we can use the kind of group behaviors that we see evolving when people are at play together these really quite unprecedentedly complex cooperative mechanisms government well -one thing that comes to mind is the u s government among others is literally starting to pay people to lose weight so were saying financial reward being used to tackle the great issue of obesity -but again those rewards could be calibrated so precisely if we were able to use the vast expertise of gaming systems to just -jack up that appeal to take the data to take the observations of millions of human hours and plow that feedback into increasing engagement -and in the end its this word engagement that i want to leave you with its about how individual engagement can be -scale in games and if we can look at these things and learn from them and see how to turn them outwards -earlier this year a virtual asteroid in it sold for three hundred and thirty thousand real dollars -i really think we have something quite revolutionary on our hands thank you very much -how could one practice such a faith by seeking the god within by cultivating my own inwardness in silence in meditation -in my inner space in the me that remains when i gently put aside my passing emotions and ideas and preoccupations -in awareness of the inner conversation and how would we live such a faith how would i live such a faith -by seeking intimate connection with your inwardness the kind of relationships when deep speaks to deep -if god is in all people then there is a meeting place where my relationship with you becomes a three way encounter -there is an indian greeting which im sure some of you know namaste accompanied by a respectful bow -which roughly translated means that which is of god in me greets that which of god is in you -and how would one deepen such a faith by seeking the inwardness which is in all things in music and poetry in the natural world of beauty -and in the small ordinary things of life there is a deep indwelling presence that makes them extraordinary -it needs a profound attentiveness and a patient waiting a contemplative attitude -and a generosity and openness to those whose experience is different from my -when i stood up to speak to my people about god and the tsunami i had no answers to offer them no neat packages of faith -with bible references to prove them only doubts and questioning and uncertainty -i had some suggestions to make possible new ways of thinking about god ways that might allow us to go on down a new and uncharted road -but in the end the only thing i could say for sure was i dont know and that just might be the most profoundly religious statement of all -thank you -acknowledging that god is unknown and unknowable by definition finding deep resonances with other religions and philosophies -in the church of england ive been a priest in the church for twenty years for most of that time -and ways of looking at life as part of what is a universal and global search for meaning -been reluctant to air them for fear of creating tension and division in our church communities -for fear of upsetting the simple faith of more traditional believers i have chosen not to rock the boat -then on december twenty sixth last year just two months ago that underwater earthquake triggered the tsunami -and two weeks later sunday morning ninth january i found myself standing in front of my congregation intelligent well meaning mostly thoughtful christian -and i needed to express on their behalf our feelings and our questions i had my own personal responses but i also -have a public role and something needed to be said and this is what i said -ive been struggling and grappling with questions about the nature of god who is god -the essence of what he said was this the people most affected by the devastation and loss of life -do not want intellectual theories about how god let this happen -he wrote if some religious genius did come up with an explanation of exactly why all these deaths made sense -we feel happier or safer or more confident in god -if the man in the photograph that appeared in the newspapers holding the hand of his dead child was standing in front of us -now there are no words that we could say to him a verbal response would not be appropriate the only appropriate response would be -a compassionate silence and some kind of practical help it isnt a time for explanation or preaching or theology its a time for -this is true and yet here we are my church in oxford semi detached from events -that happened a long way away but with our faith bruised and we want an explanation from god we demand an explanation from god -and im very aware that when you say the word god many people will turn off immediately -some have concluded that we can only believe in a god who shares our pain -in some way god must feel the anguish and grief and physical pain that we feel in some way -the eternal god must be able to enter into the souls of human beings and experience the torment within -and if this is true it must also be that god knows the joy and exaltation of the human spirit as well -we want a god who can weep with those who weep and rejoice with those who rejoice -this seems to me both a deeply moving and a convincing re statement of christian belief about god -hundreds of years the prevailing orthodoxy the accepted truth was that god the father the creator is unchanging -and therefore by definition cannot feel pain or sadness now the unchanging god feels a bit cold and indifferent to me -and the devastating events of the twentieth century have forced people to question the cold unfeeling god -the slaughter of millions in the trenches and in the death camps have caused people to ask -is god in all this who is god in all this and the answer was god is in this with us or god doesnt deserve our allegiance anymore -if god is a bystander observing but not involved then god may well exist but we dont want to know about -many jews and christians now feel like this i know and i am among them -so we have a suffering god a god who is intimately connected with this world and with every living soul i very much relate to this idea of god -but it isnt enough i need to ask some more questions and i hope they are questions that you will want to ask as well some of you -over the last few weeks i have been struck by the number of times that words in our worship have felt a bit inappropriate a bit dodgy -a celestial controller a rulemaker a policeman in the sky who orders everything -we have a pram service on tuesday mornings for mums and their pre school children and last week we sang with the children one of their favorite songs the wise man built his house upon the rock perhaps some of you know it -some of the words go like this the foolish man built his house upon the sand and the floods came up and the house on the sand went crash -then in the same week at a funeral we sang the familiar hymn we plow the fields and scatter a very english hymn in the second verse comes the line the wind and waves obey him -i dont feel we can sing that song again in church after whats happened so the first big question is about control -does god have a plan for each of us is god in control does god order each moment -does the wind and the waves obey him -from time to time one hears christians telling the story of how god organized things for them so that everything worked out all right some difficulty overcome some illness cured some trouble averted -a parking space found at a crucial time i can remember someone saying this to me -and causes everything to happen he will protect his own people and answer the prayers of the faithful -shining with enthusiasm at this wonderful confirmation of her faith and the goodness of god -but if god can or will do these things intervene to change the flow of events then surely he could have stopped the tsunami -do we have a local god who can do little things like parking spaces but not big things like five hundred mile per hour waves -thats just not acceptable to intelligent christians and we must acknowledge it either god is responsible for the tsunami or god is not in control -so that they were still out of harms way when the wave struck afterwards someone said that god must have been looking after them -so the next question is about partiality can we earn gods favor by worshipping him or believing in him does god demand loyalty like any medieval tyrant -and in the worship of my church the most frequently used adjective about god is almighty -a god who looks after his own so that christians are ok while everyone else perishes a cosmic us -and a god who is guilty of the worst kind of favoritism that would be appalling -and that would be the point at which i would hand in my membership such a god would be morally inferior to the highest ideals of humanity -so who is god if not the great puppet master or the tribal protector -perhaps but these ideas are all just variations on god controlling everything -the supreme commander toying with expendable units in a great campaign we are still left with a god who can do the tsunami and allow auschwitz -in his great novel the brothers karamazov dostoevsky gives these words to ivan addressed to his naive and devout younger brother -but i have a problem with that i have become more and more uncomfortable with this perception of god over the years -if the sufferings of children go to make up the sum of sufferings which is necessary for the purchase of truth -then i say beforehand that the entire truth is not worth such a price we cannot afford to pay so much for admission -it is not god that i do not accept i merely most respectfully return him the ticket -or perhaps god set the whole universe going at the beginning and then relinquished control forever so that natural processes could occur and evolution run its course -this seems more acceptable but it still leaves god with the ultimate moral responsibility -is god a cold unfeeling spectator or a powerless lover watching with infinite compassion things god is unable to control or change -is god intimately involved in our suffering so that he feels it in his own being -if we believe something like this we must let go of the puppet master completely take our leave of the almighty controller abandon traditional -we must think again about god maybe god doesnt do things at all maybe god isnt an agent like all of us are agents -do we really believe that god is the kind of male boss that weve been presenting in our worship and in our liturgies over all these years -by his mighty acts but what if god doesnt act what if god doesnt do things -compassionate presence underpinning and sustaining all things what if god is in things in the -in the process of evolution in the incredible intricacy and magnificence of the natural world in the collective unconscious the soul of the human race -in you in -mind and body and spirit in the tsunami in the victims in the depth of things -in presence and in absence in simplicity and complexity in change and development and growth how does this in ness this innerness this interiority of god work -its hard to conceive and begs more questions is god just another name for the universe with no independent existence -to what extent can we ascribe personality to god -in the end we have to say i dont know if we knew god would not be god -of course there have been thinkers who have suggested different ways of looking at god exploring the feminine nurturing side of divinity -to have faith in this god would be more like trusting an essential benevolence in the universe and less like believing a system of doctrinal statements -ironic that christians who claim to believe in an infinite unknowable being then tie god down in closed systems and rigid doctrines -so -the one of the questions i ask myself is was this the most distressing ted ever lets try and sum things up -can -to talk about global warming a little bit -black men ski -ten years later the snow packs eroded and if you notice the trees have started turning yellow the water level of the lake has started drying -a few years later theres no snow left at all -and all the trees have turned brown -this year unfortunately the lake beds turned into an absolute cracked dry bed and i fear if we do nothing for our planet in twenty years its going to look like this -i wish i knew how to quit you -and david pogue singing show -this is the most distressing ted ever ive been working with neil gershenfeld on next years ted bag and if the if the conference is anywhere near this distressing then it were going to have a scream bag next year -here -back at ted university -so robert wright i dont know i felt like if there was anyone that helen needed to give antidepressants to it might have been him i want to deliberately interfere with his dopamine levels -over the last few years ive been had the opportunity to do this closing conference and -he was talking about morality economy class morality is we want to bomb you back to the stone age business class morality is dont bomb japan they built my car and first class morality is dont bomb mexico they clean my house -yes it is politically incorrect -all right now i want to do a little bit of -the -i wanted to show you guys i wanted to talk about a revolutionary -new computer interface that lets you work with images just as easily as you as a completely natural -and you can -you can use really natural hand gestures to like -now we had a harvard professor here she was from harvard i just wanted to mention and and she was actually a professor from harvard and she was talking about -now -one of the things that is very important to me is to try and figure out what on earth am i here for and thats why i went out and i picked up a best selling business book -you know it basically uses as its central premise greek mythology and its by a guy named pastor rick warren and its called the porpoise -and rick is as a pagan god which i thought was kind of appropriate in a certain way and now were going to have kind of a little more visualization about rick warren -right now -and green is daniel dennett -scales here are religiosity from zero percent or atheist to one hundred percent bible literally true and then this is books sold the logarithmic scale -thought that there was absolutely no way in hell to top that -thousand three hundred thousand three million thirty million three hundred million ok now theyre duking it out now -of pulling ahead kind of pulling ahead yup and his installed base is getting a little bigger -but darwins dangerous idea is coming back its coming back let me turn the trails on so you can see that a little bit -things thats very important is nicholas negroponte talked to us about one lap dance per -about one laptop per child -that are important for this revolutionary device ill tell you a little bit about the design parameters and then ill show it to you in person first of all it needs to be small it needs to be flat so its transportable lightweight portable uses very very little power -very very high resolution has to be visible in bright daylight will work anywhere and broadly applicable across many platforms now weve actually done some research neil gershenfeld and the fab labs went out into the market -and i mean this without irony i think i can speak for everybody in the audience when i say that i wish to god that you were the president of the united -they did some research we came back and we think we have the perfect prototype of what the students in the field are actually asking for and here it is the one hundred dollar computer -ok ok ok ok excellent -now i bought this device from clifford stoll for about nine hundred bucks and he and his team of junior high school students were doing real science so were trying to check and trying to douse here and see who uses marijuana -only if we open enough locker doors -ok now smallpox is an extremely distressing illness we had doctor larry brilliant talking about how we eradicated smallpox i wanted to show you the stages of smallpox we start this is day one -two -day three she gets a massively big pox on her shoulder day -three day four day five -good news is because im a trained medical professional i know that even though shell be scarred for life shes going to make a full -now the good news about architects for humanity is theyre really kind of the most amazing group theyve been sponsoring a design competition to come up with innovative medical housing solutions clinic solutions -so i want to show you some prototypes -the u n you know they took twenty years just to add a flap to a tent but i think we have some more exciting things this is a home made entirely out of fruit roll ups -you can eat it -but the thing that im really really excited about -is this incredible granola house and the granola house has a special sun chip roof to collect water and recycle it -is the title of my talk today -well on this side it has regular sour patch kids and gummy bears to let in the light but on this side it has sugary gummy bears to diffuse the light more slightly -and we we wanted just to show you what this might look like in situ -so einstein einstein tell me whats your favorite song no i said whats your favorite song -i said whats your favorite song free bird -i just want to give you a quick overview first of all please remember im completely politically correct and i mean everything with great affection if any of you have sensitive stomachs or are feeling queasy now is the time to check your blackberry -ok so einstein whats your favorite singing group -you say that again whats your favorite singing group -have the sound up on the laptop please -its a little hard to hear the whole message so i wanted to -so i wanted to help you a little bit -so -talked a lot about global warming but you know as jill said -so al i actually think im rather good at branding so ive tried to figure out a good design process to come up with a new term to replace global warming so we started with babel fish -we put in global warming and then we decided that wed change it from english to dutch into het globale verwarmen from dutch to chinese into -chinese to portuguese aquecer se global then portuguese to -finally back into the english which is were totally -just to review this is my tedtalk were going to do some jokes some gags -the virgin mary -so first of all we decided that we needed about -one third bookstore one third google cafe about twenty percent registration eighty percent luxury hotel about five percent for restrooms -then of course we wanted to have the simulcast lounge the lobby and the steinbeck forum now let me show you how that literally translated into the design program so first -so we build this building on stilts then up here is where were going to put the new steinbeck auditorium -some little skits and then were going to talk about the l one point -and finally were going to put the marriott hotel and the portola plaza on the top -now i dont know about you but sometimes i have these images in my head of separated at birth i dont know about you but when i see aubrey de grey i immediately go to gandalf the -ok now weve heard of course that were all soldiers here so what id really really like you to do now is pick up your white piece of paper does everybody have their white piece of paper -we put up the elmo for a moment if we put up the elmo -then well get you know ill give you a model that you can work from ok -and then i want you to fold that note into a paper airplane -and once youve folded it into a paper airplane i want you to take some anthrax -and i want you to put that in the paper airplane and then i want you to throw it on jim young -which is that it i wanted it to convey some proportions that i was interested in which is the diameter of the moon -a sculpture i made which is a -slightly dangerous normally its sort of cordoned off when its in a museum but its -a little bit without um oops so this is just floating floating on a -permanent magnetic field which stabilizes it in all directions except there is a slight tether here which keeps it from -going over the top of its field its sort of surfing on a magnetic field at the crest of a wave and thats what supports the object and keeps it stable -i think we could roll the tape admin i have a sort of a collection of videos that i took of different installations which i could narrate -way of kind of freeing a form into -a sculpture of the sun and the earth in proportion representing that eight and a half minutes that it takes light and gravity to connect the two -so here is the earth its a little less than a millimeter that was turned of solid bronze and here is a similar sculpture thats the sun at that end and then in a series of fifty five -it reduces proportionately each ball and the spaces between them -get down to this little earth this is in a sculpture park -an object that has different degrees of freedom so it -this one is about the moon and then the distance to the earth in proportion also this is a little -stone ball floating as you can see the little tether that its also magnetically levitated -and then this is the first part of this is one hundred and nine spheres since the sun is one hundred and nine -times the diameter of the earth and so this is the size of the sun and then each of these little spheres is the size of the earth in proportion to the -made up of sixteen concentric shells each one has ninety two spheres this is in the courtyard of a twelfth century alchemist i was thinking that the sun is kind of the ultimate alchemist -can balance on a point this is a bronze ball an aluminum -so this again is on the subject a slice from the equator of the earth and then the moon in the center and its floating and this is in france -this is in sapporo its balancing on a shaft and a ball right at the center of gravity or just slightly above the center of gravity which means that the -lower half of the object is just a little bit more weighty you can see it rotating here it weighs about a ton or over a ton its made of stainless steel quite thick -but its being balanced like that in equilibrium its susceptible to motion by the air currents -this is another species of work that i do these are these arrays these spheres are all suspended but they have magnets horizontally in them -arm here and then this wooden disk and the wooden disk was really thought about as something that youd want to hold on to and -that make them all like compasses so all the red sides for example face one direction south and the blue side the compliment faces the other way so as you turn around youre seeing different colors -this is based on the structure of a diamond it was a diamond cell structure was the point of departure and then there were kind of large spaces in the hollows between the atoms and -one more element inside each one of them these were white spheres then i had video projectors that were projecting intermittently onto the spheres so they would catch -parts of the images and make sort of three dimensional color volumes as you walk through it through the object -this is something i did of a tactile communication system it was the idea of isolating the tactile component of sculpture and then putting it into a -this is a clock i designed it has buckminster fullers dymaxion map edited here it turns once per day in synchrony with the earth -and then this is like projects that are harder to build -this has a diamond bottomed lake so its a floating island with water fresh water that can fly from place to place this would be grown i suppose with nanotechnology in the future sometime -that would glide easily through your hands the aluminum is because its very light the bronze is nice hard durable material that could roll on the ground -in the course of doing my work i sort of have a broad range of interests and some of it is just the idea of creating media -media as a sculpture something that would keep the sculpture fresh and ever changing by just creating the media that the sculpture is -of and i had a lot of -under the influence of thinking about buckminster fullers grand project for an electric globe across from the united nations and -mass produced spherical television sets that could be linked to orbiting camera satellites so if we could roll the next film here -this has evolved over the years in a lot of different iterations but this the current version of it is a flying airship -about thirty five meters in diameter about one hundred and ten feet in diameter the whole surface of it is covered with sixty million diodes red blue and green -that allow you to have a high resolution picture visible in daylight i came with a plan i brought it to paul maccreadys company -to do a feasibility study and they analyzed it and came up with a lot of innovative ideas about how to propel it so we have a physical plan of how to make this actually happen this is the control room inside of -inside of the bronze ball theres a lead weight that is free swinging on an axle thats -the ship the idea of this air genius its something that can just transform and become anything its like a traveling show it has speakers on it and it has cameras -over the surface of it so it can see its environment and then it can mimic its environment and disappear here the legs are retracting the cabin is open or closed as you like it weighs about -twenty tons it has on board generators it can generate about a million kilowatts in order to be bright enough to be visible in daylight -the idea of it is to make a kind of a traveling show it really would be dedicated to the arts and to interacting there would be on board a crew of artists musicians that would allow the thing to become -actually kind of a conscious object that would respond to the moment and to interact as an entity that was -aware that could communicate its completely silent and nonpolluting it has electric motors with a novel propulsion system -two bearings that pass in between across it like this that counterbalance this weight so it allows it to -ways primarily i would be interested in how it would interact with say going to a college campus and then being used as a way of talking about the earth sciences -the world the situation of the globe the default image on the object would probably be a high resolution earth image but the one could interact with that and show plate tectonics or -global warming issues or migrations all of the things that were concerned with today and then at night the idea is that it would be used as kind of a rave -situation where the people could cut loose and the music and the lights and everything so it could land in a park for example or this could represent a -be able to be an open code so people could interact with it it would be forum for peoples ideas about what they would like to see on a giant screen of this type -so thats pretty much it okay thank you -roll and the sphere has that balance property that is always sort of stays still and looks the same from every direction but -if you put something on top of it it disbalances it and so it would tip over but in this case because the interior is free swinging -in relation to the sphere it can stand up on one point and then there was a second level to this object -well like the magnetically levitated objects like that silver one there that was the result of hundreds of experiments with magnets trying to -its really unsatisfactory having plug in art jh i -the magnetic works are a combination of gravity and magnetism so its a kind of mixture of these ambient forces that influence everything -the sun has a tremendous field that extends way beyond the planets and the earths magnetic field protects us from the sun so theres this huge -here with you tom and i want to start with a question that has just -invisible shape structures that magnetism takes in the universe but with the pendulum -it allows me to manifest these invisible forces that are holding the magnets up my -but the paintings become very complex because i think the fields that are supporting them theyre billowing and theyre interpenetrating and theyre interference patterns -and theyre non deterministic i mean you dont know necessarily where youre headed when you begin even though the forces can be calculated -no jh no ts the first one i did was in the late seventies and i just had a simple cone with a spigot at the bottom of it -it into an orbit and it only had one color and when it got to the center the paint kept running out so i had to run in there didnt have any control over the spigot remotely -so that told me right away i need a remote control device but then i started dreaming of having six colors i sort of think about it as the dna these colors the red blue yellow the primary colors and white and black and -if you put them together in different combinations just like printing in a sense like how a magazine color is printed and put them under certain forces which is orbiting them -them back and forth or drawing with them these amazing things started -it looks like were loaded for bear here -yeah well lets put a couple of canvases ill ask a couple of my sons to set up the canvases -say that so this is jack nick and -so here are the -im just going to throw this into an orbit and see if i can paint everybodys shoes in the front -in some sort of interplay with creative force are they ever in equilibrium in the way that you see your work -that is -so something like this i doing this as a demo and its more playful but -all of this can be used i can redeem this painting just continuing on doing layers upon layers and -i keep it around for a couple of weeks and im contemplating it and ill do another session with it and bring it -up to another level where -all of this becomes the background he depth of it -the valves at the bottoms of the tubes there are like radio controlled airplane -always be changing colors put aluminum paint or i could put anything into this it could be -tomato sauce -anything could be dispensed sand powders -the subject matter that im looking for its usually to solve a question i had the question popped into my head what does cone that connects the sun and -so many forces there youve got gravity youve got the centrifugal force youve got the fluid dynamics -well this painting here i wanted to do something very simple a simple iconic image of two ripples interfering so the one on the right was done first -and then the one on the left was done over it and then i left gaps so you could see the one that was done before and then when i did the second one it really disturbed the piece these big blue lines crashing through -and so it created a kind of tension and an overlap there are lines in front of the one on the right and there are lines behind the one on the left and so it takes it into different planes -what its also about just the -little events the events of -two things that happened theres an interference pattern and then a third thing happens there are shapes that come about just by the marriage of two -that are happening and im very interested in that like the occurrence of moire patterns like this green one this is a painting i did about -the earth look like if you could connect the two spheres and in proportion what would the size of the sphere and the length -are radio kind of imagery and thats something in painting ive never seen done ive never seen a representation -is that a literal part of the image or in my eye making that interference pattern am i completing that interference -it is the paint actually makes it real its really manifested there if i throw a very concentric circle or concentric ellipse it just dutifully makes these -spaced lines which get closer and closer together which describes how gravity works theres something very appealing about the exactitude of science -that i really enjoy and i love the shapes that i see in scientific -in recent years has kind of shifted more toward biology some of these paintings when you look at them very close -what would the taper be to the earth and so i went about it and made that sculpture turning it out of solid bronze and -things appear that really look like horses or birds or -highly rendered and then there are all these forms that we dont know what they are but theyre equally well resolved and complex -so i think conceivably those could be predictive because since it has the ability to make -maybe its the kinds of forms someone will discover underneath the surface of mars where there are probably lakes with fish swimming under -lets hope so oh my god lets oh please yes oh im so there you know it seems -at this stage in your life -you also very personally are in this state of confrontation with a sort of dissonant -i suppose its an electromagnetic force that somehow governs parkinsons and this creative force that is both -the artist who is in the here and now and this sort of arc of your whole life is that relevant to your work ts as it turns out -this device kind of comes in handy because i dont have to have the fine motor skills to do that i can operate slides which is -i did one that was about thirty five ft long the sun end was about four inches in diameter and then it tapered over -more of a mental process im looking at it and making decisions it needs more red it needs more blue it needs a different shape and so i make these creative decisions -and can execute them in a much much simpler way i mean ive got the symptoms i guess -my left hand has a significant tremor and my left leg also im left handed and so i -all my creations really start on small drawings which i have thousands of and its my way of just thinking i draw with -simple pencil and at first the parkinsons was really upsetting because i couldnt get the pencil to stand still -so youre not a gatekeeper for these forces you dont think of yourself as the master of these forces you think of yourself as the servant -nature is well its a godsend it just has so much in it and i think nature wants to express itself in the sense that -about thirty five ft to about a millimeter at the earth end and so for me it was really exciting just to see -we are nature humans are of the universe the universe is in our mind and our minds are in the universe and -we are expressions of the universe basically as humans ultimately being part of the universe -were kind of the spokespeople or the observer part of the constituency of the universe and to interface with it -with a device that lets these forces that are everywhere act and show what it can do giving them pigment and paint just like an artist -well i love the idea that somewhere within this idea of fine motion and control -with the traditional skills that you have with your hand some sort of more elemental force gets revealed and thats the beauty here tom thank you so much its been really really great -what it looks like if you could step outside and into a larger context as though you were an astronaut and see these two things as an object because they are -so intimately bound one is meaningless without the other jh is there a -in playing with these forces -and im wondering how much of a sense of discovery there is in playing with these -but -and ive come here today to come clean about what i do for money basically i use my mouth in strange ways in exchange for cash -the -which is a great city to live in but lets be honest its not exactly the cultural hub of the southern hemisphere -so i do a lot of my work outside brisbane and outside australia and so the pursuit of this crazy passion of mine has enabled me to see so many amazing places in the world so id like to share with you if i may my experiences so ladies and gentlemen -i would like to take you on a journey -throughout the continents and throughout sound itself we start our journey in the central deserts -india -germany -we reach our final destination ladies and gentlemen -i would like to share with you some technology that i brought all the way from the thriving metropolis of brisbane these things in front of me here are called kaoss pads and -which gives me that -and the other ones here i can use them in unison to mimic the effect of a drum machine or something like that i can sample in my own sounds and i can play it back just by hitting the pads here -and last but not least the one on my right here allows me to -so with all that in mind ladies and gentlemen i would like to take you on a journey to a completely separate part of earth as i transform the sydney opera house into a smoky downtown -jazz bar all right boys take it away -thank you thank you -and in this book little lewis would know the big idea and the central idea that makes this computer work is this thing called stereographic projection and basically the concept is how do you -represent the three dimensional image of the night sky that surrounds us onto a flat portable two dimensional surface -the idea is actually relatively simple imagine that that earth is at the center of the universe and surrounding it is the sky projected onto a sphere -each point on the surface of the sphere is mapped through the bottom pole onto a flat surface where it is then recorded so the north star corresponds to the center of the device the ecliptic which is the path of the sun moon and planets correspond to an offset circle -the bright stars correspond to little daggers on the rete -and the altitude corresponds to the plate system now the real genius of the astrolabe is not just the projection -the real genius is that it brings together two coordinate systems so they fit perfectly there is the position of the sun moon and planets on the movable rete and then there is their location on the sky as seen from a certain latitude on the back plate -and as it advances many of us assume that these advances make us more intelligent make us smarter and more connected to the world and what id like to argue is that thats not necessarily the case as progress is simply a word for change and with change you gain something but you also lose something -okay so how would you use this device -pretty impressive isnt it and so this astrolabe is on loan from us from the oxford school of museum of history and -you can see the different components this is the mater the scales on the back -this is the rete okay do you see that thats the movable part of the sky and in the back you can see a spider web pattern and that spider web pattern corresponds to the local coordinates in the sky -this is a rule device and on the back are some other devices measuring tools and scales to be able to make some calculations -but a real one would cost about as much as my house and the house next to it and actually every house on the block on both sides of the street maybe a school thrown in and some you know a church they are just incredibly expensive but let me show you how to work this device so lets go to step one -first thing that you do is you select a star in the night sky if youre telling time at night so tonight if its clear youll be able to see the summer triangle and there is a bright star called deneb so lets select deneb second is you measure the altitude of deneb so step two i hold the device up and then i sight -its altitude there so i can see it clearly now -and then i measure its altitude so its about twenty six degrees you cant see it from over there step three is identify the star on the front -of the device deneb is there i can tell step four is i then move the rete move the sky so the altitude of the star corresponds to the scale on the back okay so when that happens -everything lines up i have here a model of the sky that corresponds to the real sky okay so it is in a sense holding a model of the universe in my hands and then finally i take a rule -and move the rule to a date line which then tells me the time here -right so thats how the device is used -the way little lewis would tell the time is by a picture of the sky -he would know where things would fit in the sky he would not only know what time it was he would also know where the sun would rise and how it would move across the sky -and to really illustrate this point what id like to do is to show you how technology has dealt with -he would know what time the sun would rise and what time it would set and he would know that for essentially every celestial object in the heavens so in computer graphics and computer -user interface design there is a term called affordances -so affordances are the qualities of an object that allow us to perform an action with it and what the astrolabe does is it allows us it affords us to connect to the night sky to look up into the night sky and be much more to see the visible and the invisible together -so thats just one use -a very simple a very common an everyday question and that question is this -and it would take a full university course to illustrate it -astrolabes have an incredible history they are over two thousand years old the concept of stereographic projection originated in three hundred and thirty b c and the astrolabes come in many different sizes and shapes and forms there is portable ones there is large display ones -and i think what is common to all astrolabes is that they are beautiful works of art there is a quality of craftsmanship and precision that is just astonishing and remarkable -astrolabes like every technology do evolve over time so the earliest retes for example were very simple and primitive and advancing retes became cultural emblems this is -one from oxford and i find this one really extraordinary because the rete pattern is completely symmetrical and it accurately maps a completely asymmetrical or random sky how cool is that this is just amazing so would little lewis have an astrolabe -probably not one made of brass he would have one made out of wood or paper and the vast majority of this first computer was a portable device that you could keep in the back of your pocket -so what does the astrolabe inspire well i think the first thing is that it reminds us just how resourceful people were our forebears were years and years ago its just an incredible device -every technology advances every technology is transformed and moved by others and what we gain with a new technology of course is precision and accuracy but what we lose i think is an accurate a felt sense of the sky a sense of context -knowing the sky knowing your relationship with the sky is the center -of the real answer to knowing what time it is -the way you would do it is by using a device -thats called an astrolabe -so an astrolabe is relatively unknown in todays world but at the time in the thirteenth century it was the gadget of the day it was the worlds first popular computer and it was a device that in fact is a model of the sky -so the different parts of the astrolabe in this particular type the rete corresponds to the positions of the stars the plate corresponds to a coordinate system and the mater has some scales and puts it all together -if you were an educated child you would know how to not only use the astrolabe you would also know how to make an astrolabe and we know this because -and in this book little lewis would know the big idea and the central idea that makes this computer work is this thing called stereographic projection and basically the concept is how do you -the idea is actually relatively simple imagine that that earth is at the center of the universe and surrounding it is the sky projected onto a sphere -each point on the surface of the sphere is mapped through the bottom pole onto a flat surface where it is then recorded -so the north star corresponds to the center of the device the ecliptic which is the path of the sun moon and planets correspond to an offset circle -the bright stars correspond to little daggers on the rete and the altitude corresponds to the plate system now the real genius of the astrolabe is not just the projection -the real genius is that it brings together two coordinate systems so they fit perfectly there is the position of the sun moon and planets on the movable rete and then their location on the sky as seen from a certain latitude on the back plate -progresses and as it advances many of us assume that these advances make us more intelligent make us smarter -okay so how would you use this device -me first -pretty impressive isnt it and so this astrolabe is on loan from us from the oxford school of museum of history and -you can see the different components this is the mater the scales on the back this is the rete okay do you see that thats the movable part of -the sky and in the back you can see a spiderweb pattern and that spiderweb pattern corresponds to the local coordinates in the sky -this is a rule device and on the back are some other devices measuring tools and scales to be able to make some calculations -you know ive always wanted one of these for my thesis i actually built one of these out of paper and this one this is a replica from a fifteenth century -and more connected to the world and what id like to argue is that thats not necessarily the case as progress is simply a word for change and with change you gain something but you also lose something -device and its worth probably about three macbook pros but a real one would cost about as much as my house and the house next to it and actually every house on the block -on both sides of the street maybe a school thrown in and some you know a church they are just incredibly expensive but let me show you how to work this device so lets go to step one -its altitude there so i can see it clearly now and then i measure its altitude so its about twenty six degrees you cant see it from over there step three is identify the star on the front -of the device deneb is there i can tell step four is i then move the rete move the sky so the altitude of the star corresponds to the scale on the back okay so when that happens -everything lines up i have here a model of the sky that corresponds to the real sky okay so it is in a sense holding a model of the universe in my hands and then finally i take a rule -and move the rule to a date line which then tells me the time here -right so thats how the device is used -so i know youre thinking thats a lot of work isnt it isnt it a ton of work to be able to tell the time as you glance at your ipod to just check out the time but there is a difference between the two because with your ipod you can tell -your iphone you can tell exactly what the time is with precision the way little lewis would tell the time is by a picture of the sky he would know where things would fit in the sky he would not only know -and to really illustrate this point what id like to do is to show you how technology has dealt with a very simple a very common an everyday question and that question is this -what time it was he would also know where the sun would rise and how it would move across the sky he would know what time the sun would rise -what time it would set and he would know that for essentially every celestial object in the heavens so in computer graphics and computer -user interface design there is a term called affordances so affordances are the qualities of an object that allow us to -perform an action with it and what the astrolabe does is it allows us it affords us to connect to the night sky to look up into the night sky and be much more to see the visible and the invisible together -so thats just one use incredible there is probably three hundred and fifty four hundred uses in fact there is a text and that has over a thousand uses -of this first computer on the back there is scales and measurements for terrestrial navigation you can survey with it the city of baghdad was surveyed with it -it can be used for calculating mathematical equations of all different types and it would take a full university course to illustrate it -so what does the astrolabe inspire well i think the first thing is that it reminds us just how resourceful people were our forebears were years and years ago its an incredible device -time is it if you glance at your iphone its so simple to tell the time but -every technology advances every technology is transformed and moved by others and what we gain with a new technology of course is precision and accuracy -but what we lose i think is accurate a felt sense of the sky a sense of context knowing the sky knowing your relationship with the sky is -the center of the real answer to knowing what time it is -so its i think astrolabes are just remarkable devices and so what can you learn from these devices well primarily that -id like to ask you how would you tell the time if you didnt have an iphone how would you tell the time say six hundred years ago how would you do it well -the way you would do it is by using a device -thats called an astrolabe -so an astrolabe is relatively unknown in todays world but at the time in the thirteenth century -it was the gadget of the day it was the worlds first popular computer and it was a device that in fact is a model of the sky -so the different parts of the astrolabe in this particular type the rete corresponds to the positions of the stars the plate corresponds to a coordinate system and the mater has some scales and puts it all together -if you were an educated child you would know how to not only use the astrolabe you would know how to make an astrolabe and we know this because the first treatise on the astrolabe the first technical manual in the english language -as many as thirty other parts that selectively make more sense create more meaning through the kind of ah ha experiences -were only going to talk about three of them so the first one is called the ventral stream its on this side of the brain and this is the part of the brain that will recognize what something is its the what detector look at a hand look at -at ted we aimed to try to clarify the overwhelming complexity and richness that we experience at the conference in a project called big -a second part of the brain is called the dorsal stream and what it does is locates the object in physical body space -so if you look around the stage here youll create a kind of mental map of the stage and if you closed your eyes youd be able to mentally navigate it youd be activating the dorsal stream if you -the third part that id like to talk about is the limbic system and this is deep inside of the brain its very old evolutionarily -and its the part that feels its the kind of gut center where you see an image and you go oh i have a strong or emotional reaction to whatever im seeing -so the combination of these processing centers help us make meaning in very different ways so what can we learn about this how can we apply this insight -now weve augmented this and spatialized this information many of you may remember the magic wall that we built in conjunction with perceptive pixel where we quite literally create an infinite wall -and so we can compare and contrast the big ideas so the act of engaging and creating interactive imagery enriches meaning it activates a different part of the brain -and the big viz is a collection of six hundred and fifty sketches that were made by two visual artists david sibbet from the grove -and then the limbic system is activated when we see motion when we see color and there are primary shapes and pattern detectors that weve heard about before so the point of this is what we make meaning -by seeing by an act of visual interrogation the lessons for us are three fold first use images to clarify what were trying to communicate secondly make those images interactive so that we engage much more fully -and the third is to augment memory by creating a visual persistence these are techniques that can be used to be that can be applied in a wide range of -everything else theres always a room always a place to be able to make sense of all of the components in the strategic plan this is a time lapse view -and kevin richards from autodesk made six hundred and fifty sketches that strive to capture the essence of each presenters ideas -the question whos the boss youll be able to figure that out -so the act of collectively and collaboratively building -the image transforms the collaboration no powerpoint is used in two days but instead the entire team creates a shared mental model that they can all agree on and move forward on -and this can be enhanced and augmented with -some emerging digital technology and this is our great unveiling for today and this is an emerging set of technologies that use large screen displays with intelligent calculation in the background to make the invisible visible -here what we can do is look at sustainability quite literally so a team can actually look at all the key components that heat the structure and make choices and then see the end result that is visualized on this screen -so making images meaningful has three components the first again is making ideas clear by visualizing them secondly making them interactive and then thirdly -making them persistent and i believe that these three principles can be applied to solving some of the very tough problems that we face in the world today thanks so much -and the consensus was it really worked these sketches brought to life the key ideas the portraits the magic moments that we all experienced last year -this year we were thinking why does it work what is it about animation graphics illustrations that create meaning and this is an important question to ask and answer because -the more we understand how the brain creates meaning the better we can communicate and i also think the better we can think and collaborate together so this year were going to visualize how the brain visualizes -through various processes the processing of course begins with the eyes light enters hits the back of the retina and is circulated most of which is streamed to the very back of the brain at the primary visual cortex and primary visual cortex -just simple geometry just the simplest of shapes but it also acts like a kind of relay station that re radiates and redirects information to many other parts of the brain -when they were about five and six four and five jay could come to me come to me crying -it didnt matter what she was crying about she could get on my knee she could snot my sleeve up just cry cry it out daddys got you thats all thats important -kendall on the other hand and like i said hes only fifteen months older than her -he came to me crying -by the time he got to me i was already saying things like why -tell me whats wrong i cant understand you why are you crying and out of my own frustration of my role and responsibility of building -new york city between harlem and the bronx growing up as a boy we were taught that men had to be tough had to be strong had to be courageous dominating no -wrong with me what am i doing why would i -my brother henry he died tragically when we were teenagers we lived in new york city as i said we lived in the bronx at the time -city and as we were preparing to come back from the -the cars stopped at the bathroom -my father and i stayed in -and no sooner than the women got out -me -but he knew he wasnt going to make it back to the city and it was better me -than to allow himself to express these feelings and emotions in front of the women and this is a man who ten minutes ago had just put his teenage son -something i just cant even imagine the -that sticks with me the most is that he was apologizing to me -in front of me -pain no emotions with the exception of -and at the same time he was also giving me props lifting me up -i come to also look at this as this fear that we -paralyzed holding us hostage to this man box -i can remember speaking to a twelve year old boy a football player -and i asked him i said how would you feel -all the players your coach told you you were playing like -anger and definitely no fear that men are in charge which means women are not -say something like id be sad id be mad id be angry or something like -that no the boy said to me the boy said to me -it would destroy me -and i said to myself -if it would destroy him to be called a girl -what are we then teaching him -about girls -it took me back to a time when i was about twelve years old -in tenement buildings in the inner city at this time were living in the bronx and in the building next to where i lived there was a -and he did spend a lot of time up to no good he was a troubled kid his mother had died from a heroin overdose he was being raised by his grandmother his father wasnt on the set his grandmother had two jobs -home -he was having sex -and you should just follow and do what we say that men are superior women are inferior that men are strong women -we all looked up to -so one day im out in front of the house doing something just playing around doing something i dont know what he looks out his window he calls me upstairs he said hey anthony they called my anthony growing up as a kid -johnny call you go so i run right -as he opens the door he says to me do you want some now i immediately knew what he meant because for me growing up at that time and our relationship with this man box do you -or drugs -and we werent doing -in jeopardy -i never had sex we dont talk about that -as men you only tell your dearest closest friend sworn to secrecy for life the first time you had sex for everybody else we go around like weve been having sex -especially sexual objects anyway -i couldnt tell him any of that so like my mother would say make a long story short i just simply said to johnny yes he told me to go in his room i go in his room -is a girl from the neighborhood named sheila shes sixteen years old shes -what i know today to be mentally ill higher functioning at times than others we had a whole choices worth of inappropriate names -just gotten through having sex with her well actually he raped her but he would say he had sex with her because while sheila never said -no she also never said yes so he was offering me the opportunity to do the same so when i go in the room i close the door folks im petrified -that women -i stand with my back to the door so johnny cant bust in the room and see that im not doing anything and i stand there long enough that i could have actually done something so now im no longer trying to figure out what im going to do im trying to figure out how im going to get out of this room so in my twelve years -i zip my pants down i walk out into the room and lo and behold to me while i was in -room with sheila johnny was back at the window calling guys -so now theres a living room full of guys it was like the waiting room in the doctors office and they asked me how was -and i say to them it was good -men and objects particularly sexual objects -and i zip my pants up in front of them and i -now i say this all with remorse and i was feeling a tremendous amount of remorse at that time but i was conflicted because while i was feeling remorse i was excited because i didnt get caught but i knew i felt bad about what was happening -this fear getting outside the man box totally enveloped me it was way more important to me about me and my man box -than about sheila and what was happening to her -see collectively we as men are taught to have less value in women to view them as property and the objects of men we see that as an equation that equals violence against women -we as men good men the -we operate on the foundation of this whole collective socialization we kind of see ourselves separate but were very much a part of it you see -we have to come to understand that less value property and objectification is the foundation and the violence cant happen without it so were very much a part of the solution as well as the problem -later come to know that to be the collective socialization of men -the center for disease control says that mens violence against women is at epidemic proportions is the number one health concern for women in this country and abroad -so quickly id like to just say -this is the love of my life my -the world i envision for her -how do i want men to be acting and behaving i need you on board i need you with me i need you working with me and me working with you on how we raise our -teach them to be men that its okay to not be dominating that its okay to have feelings and emotions -is tied to your liberation as a -the man box -being a man but at the same time -really need to begin to challenge look at it and really get in the process of deconstructing redefining what we come to know -a long time is one hundred years somebody elses is three seconds which is what i have -the last one ive already mentioned that fell to you if youve got a target and youve got a map and lets say i cant use google because i love macs and they havent made it good for macs yet so if you use mapquest how many have made this fatal mistake of using -this thing and you dont get there well imagine if your beliefs guarantee you can never get to where you want to go -last thing is emotion now heres what ill tell you about emotion there are six thousand emotions that we all have words for in the english language which is just a linguistic representation right that changes by language but -if your dominant emotions if i had more time i have twenty thousand people or one thousand and i have them write down all the emotions that they experience in an average week -so they got five or six good fricking feelings right its like they feel happy happy excited oh shit frustrated frustrated overwhelmed depressed how many of you know somebody who no matter what happens finds a way to get pissed off -no matter what happens they find a way to be happy or -this i was in hawaii i was with two thousand people from forty five countries we were translating four languages simultaneously for a program that i was conducting for a week -one woman well that night is when nine eleven happened one woman had come to the seminar and when she came there her previous boyfriend had been kidnapped and murdered -her friend her new boyfriend wanted to marry her and she said no he said if you leave and go to that hawaii thing its over with us she said its over when i finished that night she called him and left a message true story at the top of the world trade -and two so that hopefully we can not just understand other people more but maybe appreciate them more and create the kinds of connections that can stop some of the challenges that we face in our society today theyre only going to get -she finishes and a man stands up and he says im from pakistan im a muslim id love to hold your hand and say im sorry but frankly this is retribution -thirty friends crossing off that all died and what i did to people is said what are we going to focus on -i said do you always get angry she said yes guilty people got guilty sad people got sad and i took these two men and did what i call an indirect negotiation jewish man with family in the occupied territory someone in new york who would have died if he was at work that day -but the two of them not only came together and changed their beliefs and morals of the world but they worked together to bring for almost four years now -the web in here the needs the beliefs the emotions that are controlling you for two reasons so theres more of you to give and achieve too we all want to -so ive had an obsession basically for thirty years and that obsession has been what makes the difference in the quality of peoples lives what makes the difference in their performance because thats what i got hired to do ive got to produce the result now thats what ive done for thirty years -i get the phone call when the athlete is burning down on national television and they were ahead by five strokes and now they cant get back on the course and ive got to do something right now to get the result or nothing matters -have to tell you im both challenged and excited my excitement is i get a chance to give something back my challenge is the shortest seminar i usually do is fifty hours im not exaggerating i do weekends and what i do -so when i get those calls about performance thats one thing how do you make a change but also im looking to see what is it thats shaping that persons ability to contribute -science is easy right we know the rules you write the code you follow the and you get the results once you know the game you just you know you up the ante dont you -but when it comes to fulfillment thats an art and the reason is its about appreciation and its about contribution you can only feel so much -so ive had an interesting laboratory to try to answer the question of the real question which is whats the difference in somebodys life if you look at somebody like -those people that youve given everything to like all the resources they say they need you gave them not a one hundred dollar computer you gave them the best computer you gave them love you gave them joy you were there to comfort them -and those people are very often and you know some of them im sure end up the rest of their life with all this love education money and background spending their life going in and -the past equals the future and of course it does if you live there but what people in this room know and what we have to remind ourselves though because you can know something intellectually you can know what to do and then not use it not apply -but if you ask people why didnt you achieve something somebody whos working for you you know or a partner or even yourself when you fail to achieve a goal whats the reason people say they fail to achieve what do they tell you dont have the didnt know enough didnt have the knowledge didnt have -they are a claim to you missing resources and they may be accurate you may not have the money you may not have the supreme court but that is not the defining factor -if im wrong -the defining factor is never resources its resourcefulness and what i mean specifically rather than just some phrase is if you have emotion human emotion -how easy for me to tell him what he should do -idiot robbins -but i know when we watched the debate at that time -there were emotions that blocked peoples ability to get this mans intellect and capacity and the way that it came across to some people on that day because i know people that wanted to vote in your direction and didnt and i was upset but there was emotion that was there how many know what im talking about -im really in a position im not here to motivate you obviously you dont need that and a lot of times thats what people think i do and its the furthest thing from it what happens though is people say to me i dont need any motivation and i say well thats interesting thats not what i do im the why guy -so -money but youre creative and determined enough you find the way so this is the ultimate resource bur this is not the story that people tell us right the story people tell us is a bunch of different stories they tell us we dont have the resources but ultimately -if you take a look here flip it up if you would they say what are all the reasons they havent accomplished that next one please hes broken my pattern that son of -the energy -got to give it a meaning and whatever that meaning is produces emotion is this the end or the beginning is god punishing me or rewarding me or is this the roll of the dice an emotion then creates what were going to do or the action -so think about your own life the decisions that have shaped your destiny and that sounds really heavy but in the last five or ten years fifteen years how have there been some decisions youve made that if youd made a different decision your life would be completely different how many can think about it honestly better or worse -i know the google geniuses i saw here i mean i understand that their decision was to sell their technology at first what if they made that decision versus to build their own culture how would the world be different how would their lives be different their impact -the history of our world is these decisions when a woman stands up and says no i wont go to the back of the bus -or someone standing in front of a tank or being in a position like lance armstrong and someone says to you -youve got testicular cancer thats pretty tough for any male especially if you ride a bike youve got it in your brain youve got it in your lungs but what was his decision of what to focus on -most people what did it mean it wasnt the end it was the beginning what am i going to do he goes off and wins seven championships he never once won before the cancer because he got emotional fitness -i want to know why you do what you do -from eighty different countries that ive had a chance to interact with over the last twenty nine years and after a while patterns become obvious you see that south america and africa may be connected in a certain way right -what is your motive for action -one state we all have had time so if you had a time you did something and after you did it you thought to yourself i cant believe i said that i cant believe i did that that was so stupid whos been -state your model of the world is what shapes you long term your model of the world is the filter -what is it that drives you in your life today not ten years ago or are you running the same pattern because i believe that the invisible force of internal drive -so its needs we have i believe there are six human needs second -know what the target thats driving you is and you uncover it for the truth you dont form it you uncover it then you find out whats your map whats the belief systems that are telling you how to get those needs some people think the way to get those needs is destroy the world some people is to build something -now these are not goals or desires these are universal everyone needs certainty that they can avoid pain and at least be comfortable now how do you get it control everybody develop a skill give up smoke a cigarette -a second human need which is uncertainty we need variety we need -significance we all need to feel important special unique you can get it by making more money you can do it by being more spiritual you can do it by getting -how much uncertainty who knows whats going to happen next kind of exciting like climbing up into a cave and doing that stuff all the way down there total variety and uncertainty and its significant isnt it so you want to risk your life for -you dont raise your hand youll have had other shit too come on -now these first four needs every human finds a way to meet even if you lie to yourself you need to have split personalities but the last two needs the first four needs are called the needs of the personalities is what i call it the last two are the needs of the spirit -we all know lifes not about me its about we this culture knows that this room knows that and its exciting when you see nicholas up here talking about his one hundred dollar computer the most passionate exciting thing is heres a genius but hes got a calling now -we can i agree with what was described a few days ago about this idea that people work in their self interest but we all know that thats bullshit at times you dont work in your self interest all the time -you can feel the difference in him and its beautiful and that calling can touch other people in my own life my life was touched because when i was eleven years old -i said focus on theres food what a concept you know second but this is what changed my life this is what shaped me as a human being somebodys gift i dont even know who it is my father always said no one -brownie points but after eight i thought shit i could use some help so sure enough i went out and what did i do i got my friends -eleven companies and i built the foundation now eighteen years later im proud to tell you last year we fed two million people in thirty five countries through our foundation all during the holidays thanksgiving christmas -i dont tell you that to brag i tell you because im proud of human beings because they get excited to contribute once theyve had the chance to experience it not talk about -so finally and im about out of time the target that shapes you heres whats different about people we have the same needs but are you a certainty freak is that what you value most or uncertainty -this man here couldnt be a certainty freak if he climbed through those caves are you driven by significance or love we all need all six but whatever your lead system is tilts you in a different direction and as you move in a direction you have a destination or destiny -save lives even if i die for other people and theyre firemen somebody else is im going to kill people to do it theyre trying to meet the same needs of significance right they want -the body yes but not all the motor skills that we have and i think were only there if we can have something like ballet dancing right now we dont have that but im very sure that we will be able to do that at some stage -we do have one unintentional dancer actually the last thing i wanted to show you this was an ai contour that was produced and evolved half evolved i should say -to produce balance basically so you kick the guy and the guys supposed to counter balance thats what we thought was going to come out of this but this is what emerged out of it in the end -not quite sure why so this was not something we actually put -that dance himself hes actually a better dancer than i am i have to say and what you see after a while i think he even goes into a climax right at the end and -the only way to get around that is to actually simulate the human body and to simulate that bit of the nervous system of the brain that controls that body and maybe if i could have you for a quick demonstration to show what the difference is -to talk about a technology that were developing at oxford now that we think is going to change the way that computer games and hollywood movies are being made -we started working on this a while ago at oxford university and we tried to start very simply what we tried to do was teach a stick figure how to walk -that stick figure is physically stimulated you can see it here on the screen so its subject to gravity has joints et cetera if you run the simulation it will just collapse like this -the tricky bit is now to put an ai controller in it that actually makes it work and for that we use the neural network which we based on -that part of the nervous system that we have in our spine that controls walking in humans its called the central pattern generator so we simulated that as well and then the really tricky bit is to teach that network how to walk for that we used artificial evolution -a large number of different individuals neural networks in this case all of which are random at the beginning you hook these up in this case to the virtual muscles -two legged creature here and hope that it does something interesting at the beginning theyre all going to be very boring most of them wont move at all but some of them might make a tiny step those are then selected by the algorithm -one evening it took about three to four hours to run the simulation i got up the next morning went to the computer and looked at the results and was hoping for something that walked in a straight line like ive just demonstrated and this is what i got -that technology is simulating humans its simulated humans with a simulated body and a simulated nervous system to control that body -so it was back to the drawing board for us -walk at all but it will get better and better over time so this is the one that -after five generations of applying evolutionary process the genetic algorithm is getting a tiny bit better -there -but now after generation twenty it actually walks in a straight line without -that was the real breakthrough for us -it was academically quite a challenging project and once we had reached that stage we were quite confident that we could try and do other things as well -now before i talk more about that technology lets have a quick look at what human characters look like at the moment in computer games -in a completely different way -and again if you move the obstacle a tiny bit itll again fall differently -see by the way at the top there are some of the neural activations being fed into the virtual muscles okay thats the video thanks now this might look kind of trivial but its actually very important because this is not something you get at the moment in any interactive or any virtual worlds -now at this stage we decided to start a company and move this further because obviously this was just a very simple blocky biped what we really wanted was a full human body so we started the company -team of physicists software engineers and biologists to work on this and the first thing we had to work on was to create -the human body basically its got to be relatively fast so you can run it on a normal machine but its got to be accurate enough so it looks good enough basically so we put quite a bit of biomechanical knowledge into this thing -and tried to make it as realistic as possible what you see here on the screen right now is a very simple visualization of that body i should add that its very simple to add things like -nothing really interesting basically it falls over but it falls over like a rag doll basically the reason for that is that theres no intelligence in it it becomes interesting when you put artificial intelligence into it so this character now has -motor skills in the upper body nothing in the legs yet in this particular one but what it will do im going to push it again it will realize autonomously that its being pushed its going to stick out its hands its going to turn around into the fall and try and catch the fall -you see here now it gets really interesting if you then add the ai for the lower part of the body as well so here weve got the same character -now harder than i just pushed chris but what youll see is its going to receive a push now from the left -is actually a very good game its one of the most successful games of all time but what youll see is that all the animations in this game are very repetitive they pretty much look the same ive made him run into a wall here -what you see is it takes steps backwards it tries to counter balance it tries to look at the place where it thinks its going to land ill show you this again -and then finally hits the floor now -this becomes really exciting when you push that character in different directions again just as ive done thats something that you cannot do right now at the moment you only have empty computer graphics in games -this is all slow motion by the way so we can see whats going on now the angle will have changed a tiny bit so you can see that the reaction is different -again a push now this time from the front and you see it falls differently and now from the left -just a fun thing what happens if you put that character this is now a wooden version of it but its got the same ai in it but if you put that character on a slippery surface like ice we just did that for a laugh just to see what happens -now when we went to film studios and games developers and showed them that technology we got a very good response and what they said was the first thing they need immediately -because stunts are obviously very dangerous theyre very expensive and there are a lot of stunt scenes that you cannot do obviously because you cant really allow the stuntman to be seriously hurt -so they wanted to have a digital version of a stuntman and thats what weve been working on for the past few months and thats our first -going to release in a couple of weeks so here are just a few very simple scenes of the guy just being kicked thats what people want thats -now heres another one what people wanted as a behavior was to have an explosion a strong force applied to the character and have the character react to it -in mid air so that you dont have a character that looks limp but actually a character that you can use in an action film straight away that looks kind of alive in mid air as well so this character is going to be hit by a force -this is something i just got last night from an animation studio in london who are using our software and experimenting with it right now so this is exactly the same behavior that you saw but in a slightly -again a slow motion version of this -this is incredibly quick this is happening in real time you can run this simulation in real time in front of your eyes change it if you want to and you get the animation straight out of it at the moment doing something like this by hand would take you probably a couple of days -and it looks organic it looks realistic you feel kind of sorry for the guy its even worse and that is another video i just got last night if you render that a bit more realistically -now -one thing which we did for a laugh was to create a slightly more complex stunt scene and one of the most famous stunts is the one where james bond jumps off a dam in switzerland and then is caught by a bungee got a very short clip here -just about see it here in this case they were using a real stunt man it was a very dangerous stunt it was just voted i think in the sunday times as one of the most impressive stunts -caught by a bungee afterwards we did that it took about two hours pretty much to create the simulation and thats what it looks like here -now this could do with a bit more work its still very early stages and we pretty much just did this for a laugh just to see what wed get out of it but what we found over the past few months is that this approach -is incredibly powerful we are ourselves surprised what you actually get out of the simulations theres very often very surprising behavior that you didnt predict before -so many things we can do with this right now the first thing as i said is going to be virtual stunt men several studios are using this software now to produce virtual stunt men and theyre going to hit the screen quite soon actually for some major productions -the second thing is video games with this technology video games will look different and they will feel very different -for the first time youll have actors that really feel very interactive that have real bodies that really react i think thats going to be incredibly exciting probably starting with sports games which are going to become much more interactive -but i particularly am really excited about using this technology in online worlds like there for example that tom melcher has shown us the degree of interactivity youre going to get is totally different i think from what youre getting right now -is to use our technology and in particular the walking technology to help aid surgeons who work on children with cerebral palsy -in the computer game now the result of that is that you cant have real interactivity all you have is animations that are played back at more or less the appropriate times it also means that -to predict the outcome of operations on these children as you probably know its very difficult to predict what the outcome of an operation is if you try and correct the -the gait of a particular child and the surgeon can then work on that simulation and try out different ways to improve that gait before he actually commits to an actual surgery -just finally this is only just the beginning we can only do several behaviors right now the ai isnt good enough to simulate a full human body -pinpoint the ones that make me slow down for some reason or other i dont even know why they make me slow down but something pulls me like a magnet and then i ignore all the others and i just go to that painting so its the first thing i do is i do my own curation i choose a painting it might just be one painting in fifty -and then the second thing i do is i stand in front of that painting and i tell myself a story about it -why a story well i think that we are wired our dna tells us to tell stories we tell stories all the time about everything and i think we do it -because the world is kind of a crazy chaotic place and sometimes stories were trying to make sense of the world a little bit trying to bring some order to it -why not apply that to our looking at paintings so i now have this sort of restaurant menu visiting of art galleries -there are three paintings im going to show you now that are paintings that made me stop in my tracks and want to tell stories about them -i first saw it when i was nineteen and i immediately went out and got a poster of it and in fact i still have that poster thirty years later its hanging in my house -its accompanied me everywhere ive gone i never tire of looking at her what made me stop in my tracks about her to begin with was just the gorgeous colors he uses and the light falling on her face but i think whats kept me still coming back year after year is another thing and that is -the look on her face the conflicted look on her face i cant tell if shes happy or sad and i change my mind all the time -so that keeps me coming back -i lay in bed and looked at her -and i suddenly thought i wonder -and i thought well what is that relationship so i went to find out i did some research and discovered we have no idea who she is in fact we dont know who any of the models in any of vermeers paintings are and we know very little about vermeer himself -which made me go yippee i can do whatever i want i can come up with whatever story i want to -so heres how i came up with the story -first of all i thought ive got to get her into the house how does vermeer know her well thereve been suggestions that she is his twelve year old daughter -the daughter at the time was twelve when he painted the painting -and i thought no its a very intimate look but its not a look a daughter gives her father for one thing in dutch painting of the time if a womans mouth was open it was indicating sexual availability it would have been inappropriate for vermeer to paint his daughter like that -i realize im not thinking about the paintings im not connecting to them instead im thinking about that cup of coffee i desperately need to wake me up -so its not his daughter but its somebody close to him physically close to him well who else would be in the house a servant -a lovely servant so shes in the house how do we get her into the studio -we dont know very much about vermeer but the little bits that we do know one thing we know is that he married a catholic woman they lived with her mother in a house where he had his own room where he his studio -he also had eleven children it would have been a chaotic noisy household -and if youve seen vermeers paintings before you know that theyre incredibly calm and quiet how does a painter paint such calm quiet paintings with eleven kids around well he compartmentalizes his life -he gets to his studio and he says nobody comes in here not the wife not the kids okay the maid can come in and clean -shes in the studio hes got her in the studio theyre together and he decides to paint her -we happen to know theres a list of catharina the wifes clothes amongst them a yellow coat with white fur a yellow and black bodice and you see these clothes on lots of other paintings different women in the paintings vermeers paintings -so clearly her clothes were lent to various different women its not such a leap of faith to take that that pearl earring actually belongs to his wife -so weve got all the elements for our story shes in the studio with him for a long time these paintings took a long time to make they would have spent the time alone all that time shes wearing his wifes pearl earring shes gorgeous she obviously loves him shes conflicted and does the wife know maybe not and if she doesnt -well -thats the story -hes an eighteenth century french painter best known for his still lifes but he did occasionally paint people and in fact he painted four versions of this painting different boys building houses of cards all concentrated -i like this version the best because some of the boys are older -and some are younger and to me this one like goldilockss porridge is just right hes not quite a child and hes not quite a man hes absolutely balanced between innocence and experience and that made me stop in my tracks in front of this painting -and i looked at his face its like a vermeer painting a bit the light comes in from the left his face is bathed in this glowing light its right in the center of the painting and you look at it and i found that when i was looking at it i was standing there going look at me -please look at me and he didnt look at me he was still looking at his cards and thats one of the seductive elements of this painting is hes so focused on what hes doing that he doesnt look at us -and that is to me the sign of a masterpiece of a painting when theres a lack of resolution hes never going to look at me so i was thinking of a story where if im in this position who could be there looking at him not the painter i dont want to think about the painter im thinking of an older version of himself -and that lack of resolution the lack of resolution in girl with a pearl earring we dont know if shes happy or sad ive written an entire novel about her and i still dont know if shes happy or sad -again and again back to the painting looking for the answer looking for the story to fill in that gap and we may make a story and it satisfies us momentarily but not really and we come back again and again -i look at the paintings on the wall and i think somebody has decided to put them there thinks theyre good enough -the last painting im going to talk about is called anonymous by anonymous -and then they discovered that it wasnt him and they have no idea who it is now in the national portrait gallery if you dont know the biography of the painting its kind of useless to you they cant hang it on the wall because they dont know who he is so unfortunately this orphan -spends most of his time in storage along with quite a number of other orphans some of them some beautiful paintings -this painting made me stop in my tracks for three reasons one is the disconnection between his mouth thats smiling and his eyes that are wistful hes not happy and why isnt he happy -the second thing that really attracted me were his bright red cheeks he is blushing hes blushing for his portrait being made this must be a guy who blushes all the time what is he thinking about thats making him blush -to be on that wall but i dont always see it in fact most of the time i dont see it -the third thing that made me stop in my tracks is his absolutely gorgeous doublet -silk gray those beautiful buttons and you know what it makes me think of is its sort of snug and puffy its like a duvet spread over a bed i kept thinking of beds and red cheeks and of course i kept thinking of sex when i looked at him -and i thought is that what hes thinking about and i thought if im going to make a story whats the last thing im going to put in there well what would a tudor gentleman be preoccupied with and i thought well henry viii okay hed be preoccupied with his inheritance with his heir who is going to inherit -and i leave feeling actually unhappy i feel guilty and unhappy with myself rather than thinking theres something wrong with the painting i think theres something wrong with me and thats not a good experience to leave a gallery like that -his name and his fortune you put all those together and youve got your story -to fill in that gap that makes you keep coming back now -heres the story -i am still wearing the white brocade doublet caroline gave me -it has a plain high collar -detachable sleeves and intricate buttons of twisted silk thread set close together so that the fit is snug the doublet makes me think of a coverlet on the vast bed -perhaps that was the intention i first wore it at an elaborate dinner her parents held in our honor -i knew even before i stood up to speak that my cheeks were inflamed -i have always flushed easily from physical exertion from wine from high emotion as a boy i was teased by my sisters and by schoolboys but not by george only george could call me rosy i would not allow anyone else -he managed to make the word tender when i made the announcement george did not turn rosy but went pale as my doublet he should not have been surprised it has been a common assumption that i would one day marry his cousin -but it is difficult to hear the words aloud i know i could barely utter them -afterwards i found george on the terrace overlooking the kitchen garden despite drinking steadily all afternoon he was still pale we stood together and watched the maids cut lettuces -what do you think of my doublet i asked -he glanced at me that collar looks to be strangling you -we will still see each other i insisted we can still hunt and play cards and attend court nothing need change -george drained another glass of claret and turned to me congratulations on your upcoming nuptials james im sure youll be -content together -he never used my nickname again -when you look at the menu are you expected to order every single thing on the menu no you select if you go into a department store to buy a shirt -really an exhibition of the injustice of food waste -and the provision of the solution to food waste which is simply to sit down and eat food rather than throwing it away -eventually i set about writing my book really to demonstrate the extent of this problem on a global scale -what this shows is a nation by nation breakdown of the likely level of food waste in each country in the world -unfortunately empirical data good hard stats dont exist and therefore to prove my point i first of all had to find some proxy way of uncovering how much food was being wasted -that black line in the middle of that table is the likely level of consumption -with an allowance for certain levels of inevitable waste there will always be waste im not that unrealistic that i think we can live in a waste free world -but that black line shows what a food supply should be in a country if they allow for a good stable secure -nutritional diet for every person in that country any dot above that line and youll quickly notice that that includes most countries in the world -represents unnecessary surplus and is likely to reflect levels of waste in each country -as a country gets richer it invests more and more in getting more and more surplus into its shops and restaurants -but the thing that really struck me when i plotted all this data and it was a lot of numbers -countries rapidly shoot towards that one hundred and fifty mark and then they level off and they dont really go on rising as you might expect -so i decided to unpack that data a little bit further to see if that was true or false -and thats what i came up with if you include not just the food that ends up in shops and restaurants but also the food that people feed to livestock -the maize the soy the wheat that humans could eat but choose to fatten livestock instead to produce increasing amounts of meat and dairy products what you find is that most rich countries have between three and four times -the amount of food that their population needs to feed itself a country like america has four times the amount of food -the fact is we have an enormous buffer in rich countries between ourselves and hunger -weve never had such gargantuan surpluses before -in many ways this is a great success story of human civilization of the agricultural surpluses that we set out to achieve twelve thousand years ago -i went to the local baker and took their stale bread i went to the local greengrocer and i went to a farmer who was throwing away potatoes because they were the wrong shape or size for supermarkets -and when we chop down forests as we are every day to grow more and more food -when we extract water from depleting water reserves when we emit fossil fuel -emissions in the quest to grow more and more food and then we throw away so much of it -we have to think about what we can start -and yesterday -i went to one of the local supermarkets that i often visit -so i want you to imagine that these nine biscuits that i found in the bin represent the global food supply okay we start out with nine thats whats in fields around the world every single year -the first biscuit were going to lose before we even leave the farm thats a problem primarily associated with -developing work agriculture whether its a lack of infrastructure refrigeration pasteurization grain stores even basic fruit crates which means that food goes to waste before it even leaves the fields the next three biscuits -unfortunately our beasts are inefficient animals -and they turn two thirds of that into feces and heat so weve lost those two and weve only kept this one in meat and dairy products -two more were going to throw away directly into bins this is what most of us think of when we think of food waste what ends up in the garbage what ends up in supermarket bins what ends up in restaurant bins weve lost another two and weve left ourselves with just four biscuits to feed on -that is not a superlatively efficient use of global resources especially when you think of the billion hungry people that exist already in the world having gone through the data i then needed to demonstrate where that food ends up -where does it end up were used to seeing the stuff on our plates but what about all the stuff that goes missing in between -supermarkets are an easy place to start -this is the result of my hobby which is unofficial bin inspections -it represents a colossal waste of food but what i discovered whilst i was writing my book was that this very evident -abundance of waste was actually the tip of the iceberg -when you start going up the supply chain you find -where the real food waste is happening on a gargantuan scale -who lives in a household where it does get eaten -okay most people not everyone but most people and this is im glad to say what i see across the world and yet has anyone seen a supermarket or sandwich shop anywhere in the world that serves sandwiches with crusts on it -pocket money addition to my -teenage allowance -but i noticed that most of the food that i was giving my pigs was in fact fit for human consumption -go one step up and you get to farmers who throw away sometimes a third or even more of their harvest because of cosmetic standards this farmer for example has invested sixteen thousand pounds in growing spinach not one leaf of which he harvested because there was a little bit of grass growing in amongst it -potatoes that are cosmetically imperfect all going for pigs -parsnips that are too small for supermarket specifications -tomatoes in tenerife -all being discarded perfectly edible because theyre the wrong shape or size -liver lungs heads tails kidneys testicles all of these things which are traditional delicious and nutritious parts of our gastronomy -and that i was only scratching the surface and that right the way up the food supply chain in supermarkets greengrocers bakers in our homes in factories and farms we were hemorrhaging out food -this man in kashgar xinjiang province in western china is serving up his national dish its called sheeps organs its delicious its nutritious and as i learned when i went to kashgar it symbolizes their taboo against food waste i was sitting in a roadside cafe -a chef came to talk to me i finished my bowl and halfway through the conversation he stopped talking and he started frowning into my bowl -i thought my goodness what taboo have i broken how have i insulted my host -he pointed at three grains of rice at the bottom of my bowl and he said clean -fish forty to sixty percent of european fish are discarded at sea they dont even get landed -in our homes weve lost touch with food this is an experiment i did on three lettuces -who keeps lettuces in their fridge -some food waste as i said at the beginning will inevitably arise so the question is what is the best thing to do with it i answered that question when i was fifteen in fact humans answered that question six thousand years ago -supermarkets didnt even want to talk to me about how much food they were wasting id been round the back id seen bins full of food being locked and then trucked off to landfill sites and i thought surely -we domesticated pigs -to turn food waste back into food -and yet in europe that practice has become illegal -since two thousand and one as a result of the foot and mouth outbreak its unscientific its unnecessary if you cook food for pigs just as if you cook food for humans it is rendered safe -its also a massive saving of resources at the moment europe depends on importing millions of tons of soy from south america where its production contributes to global warming to deforestation to biodiversity loss -to feed livestock here in europe at the same time we throw away millions of tons of food waste which we could and should be feeding them -if we did that and fed it to pigs we would save that amount of carbon -if we feed our food waste which is the current government favorite way of getting rid of food waste to anaerobic digestion which turns food waste into gas to produce electricity you save a paltry four hundred and forty eight kilograms of carbon dioxide per ton of food waste its much better to feed it to pigs we knew that during the war -the best thing to do with food is to eat and enjoy it and to stop wasting it for the sake of the planet we live on -we are a terrestrial animal and we depend on our land -there is something more sensible to do with food than waste it -one morning when i was feeding my pigs i noticed a particularly tasty looking sun dried tomato loaf that used to crop up from time to time -i grabbed hold of it sat down and ate my breakfast with my pigs -i -the main characters in the story are bacteria -and viruses these guys are blown up a couple million times -the real bacteria and viruses are so small we cant see them without a microscope and you guys might know bacteria and viruses because they both make us sick but what a lot of people dont know is that viruses can also make bacteria sick -now the story that i start telling my kids it starts out like a horror story -once upon a time theres this happy little bacterium dont get too attached to -and then things get really horrible as his skin rips apart and he sees a virus coming out from his insides -and then it gets horrible when he bursts open and an army of viruses floods out from his insides -if ouch is right -if you see this and youre a bacterium this is like your worst nightmare but if youre a virus and you see this you cross those little legs of yours and you think we rock because it took a lot of crafty work to infect this bacterium -heres what had to happen a virus grabbed onto a bacterium and it slipped its dna into it -the next thing is that virus dna made stuff that chopped up the bacteria dna and now that weve gotten rid of the bacteria dna the virus dna takes control of the cell and it tells it to start making more viruses -because you see dna is like a blueprint that tells living things what to make -so this is kind of like going into a car factory and replacing the blueprints with blueprints for killer robots the workers still come the next day they do their job but theyre following different instructions -so replacing the bacteria dna with virus dna turns the bacteria into a factory for making viruses that is until its so filled with viruses that it bursts -but thats not the only way that viruses infect bacteria some are much more crafty -but im slowly coming to this horrifying realization that my students just might not be learning anything -when a secret agent virus infects a bacterium they do a little espionage -here this cloaked secret agent virus is slipping his dna into the bacterial cell but heres the kicker it doesnt do anything harmful not at first instead -it silently slips into the bacterias own dna and it just stays there -like a terrorist sleeper cell -waiting for instructions -and whats interesting about this is now whenever this bacteria has babies the babies also have the virus dna in them -so now we have a whole extended bacteria family -filled with virus sleeper cells theyre just happily living together until a signal happens and bam all of the dna pops out -it takes control of these cells turns them into virus making factories and they all burst a huge extended bacteria family all dying with viruses spilling out of their guts the viruses taking over the bacterium -so now you understand how viruses can attack cells there are two ways on the left is what we call the lytic way where the viruses go right in and take over the cells on the right is the lysogenic way that uses secret agent viruses -so this stuff is not that hard right and now all of you understand it but if youve graduated from high school i can almost guarantee youve seen this information before but i bet it was presented in a way that it didnt exactly stick in your mind -so when my students were first learning -why did they hate it so much -well there were a couple of reasons first of all i can guarantee you that their textbooks didnt have secret agent viruses and they didnt have horror stories -you know in the communication of science there is this obsession with seriousness it kills me im not kidding i used to work for an educational publisher and as a writer i was always told never to use stories or fun engaging language -because then my work might not be viewed as serious and scientific -right i mean because god forbid somebody have fun when theyre learning science so we have this field of science thats all about slime and color changes check this out -and then we have of course as any good scientist has to have explosions -if a textbook seems too much fun its somehow unscientific -now -another problem was that the language in their textbook was truly incomprehensible if we want to summarize that story that i told you earlier we could start by saying something like these viruses make copies of themselves by slipping their dna into a bacterium -the way this showed up in the textbook it looked like this -and so im so excited to discuss this with them and i come in and i say can somebody please explain the main ideas and why this is so cool -but heres the thing there are plenty of people in science education who would look at this and say theres no way that we could ever give that to students because it contains some language that isnt completely accurate -for example i told you that viruses have dna well a very tiny fraction of them dont they have something called rna instead so a professional science writer would circle that and say that has to go we have to change it to something much more technical -and after a team of professional science editors went over this really simple explanation -then it would be accurate but it would be completely impossible to understand this is horrifying you know i keep talking about this idea of telling a story -and its like science communication has taken on this idea of what i call the tyranny of precision -i met my friend for lunch the other day and she was wearing these ugly jeans i mean they werent really jeans they were more kind of like leggings but like i guess theyre actually kind of more like jeggings like but i think and youre just like oh my god what is the point or even worse -theres silence -science education is becoming like that guy who always says actually -right you want to be like oh dude we had to get up in the middle of the night and drive a hundred miles in total darkness and that guys like actually it was eighty seven point three miles and youre like actually shut up im just trying to tell a story -because good storytelling is all about emotional connection we have to convince our audience that what were talking about matters but just as important -finally my favorite student she looks me straight in the eye and she says the reading sucked -is knowing which details we should leave out so that the main point still comes across im reminded of what the architect mies van der rohe said and i paraphrase when he said that sometimes you have to lie in order to tell the truth -i think this sentiment is particularly relevant to science education -now finally i am often so disappointed when people think that im advocating a dumbing down of science thats not true at all -if a young learner thinks that all viruses have dna thats not going to ruin their chances of success in science -but if a young learner cant understand anything in science and learns to hate it because it all sounds like this that will ruin their chances of success -and then she clarified she said you know what i dont mean that it sucks it means that i didnt understand a word of it its boring um who cares and it sucks -this needs to stop and i wish that the change could come from the institutions at the top that are perpetuating these problems and i beg them i beseech them to just stop it -theres a growing number of online resources that are dedicated to just explaining science in simple understandable ways i dream of a wikipedia like website that would explain any scientific concept you can think of -in simple language any middle schooler can understand -and i myself spend most of my free time making these science videos that i put on youtube i explain chemical equilibrium using analogies to awkward middle school dances and i talk about fuel cells with stories about boys and girls at a summer camp -the feedback that i get is sometimes misspelled and its often written in lolcats -but nonetheless its so appreciative so thankful that i know this is the right way we should be communicating science -theres still so much work left to be done though and if youre involved with science in any way i urge you to join me pick up a camera start to write a blog whatever -but leave out the seriousness leave out the jargon make me laugh -make me care leave out those annoying details that nobody cares about and just get -these sympathetic smiles spread all throughout the room now and i realize that all of my other students are in the same boat -being here to know that -as we women move forward as the communicators of this but also as the ones who carry that burden of carrying the children bearing the children we hold most of the buying power in the household is that its going to be us moving -forward to carry the work of tyrone and other scientists around the world and my urging is that when we think about environmental issues -and in europe theres certain parts of europe where were seeing a four fold increase in certain genital birth defects interestingly one of those birth defects has seen a two hundred percent increase in the u s -so a real skyrocketing of chronic childhood disease that includes other things like obesity and juvenile diabetes premature puberty -so its interesting for me when im looking for someone who can really talk to me and talk to an audience about these things that probably one of the most important people in the world who can discuss toxicity in babies is expert in frogs -i was going to ask if theres a doctor in the house -in fact my involvement in the whole pesticide issue was sort of a surprise as well when i was approached by the largest chemical company in the world and they asked me if i would evaluate how atrazine affected amphibians or my frogs -in two thousand and three after my studies it was banned in the european union but in that same year the united states epa re registered the compound -we were a bit surprised when we found out that when we exposed frogs to very low levels of atrazine zero point one parts per billion that it produced animals that look like this these are the dissected gonads of an animal that has two testes two ovaries another large testis more ovaries which is not normal -even for amphibians in some cases another species like the north american leopard frog showed that males exposed to atrazine grew eggs in their testes and you can see these large yolked up eggs bursting through the surface of this males testes now my wife tells me and im sure penelope can as well that theres nothing more painful than childbirth which -what we proposed and what weve now generated support for is that what atrazine is doing is wreaking havoc causing a hormone imbalance normally the testes should make testosterone the male hormone -the most commonly used preservative in baby care products mimics estrogen when it gets into the human body now its very easy actually to get a chemical compound from products into the human body through the skin and these preservatives had been found in breast cancer tumors -but what atrazine does is it turns on an enzyme the machinery if you will aromatase that converts testosterone into estrogen -and as a result these exposed males lose their testosterone theyre chemically castrated and theyre subsequently feminized because now theyre making the female hormone now this is what brought me to the human related issues because it turns out that the number one cancer in women -breast cancer is regulated by estrogen and by this enzyme aromatase -so when you develop a cancerous cell in your breast aromatase converts androgens into estrogens and that estrogen turns on or promotes the growth of that cancer so that it turns into a tumor and spreads -in fact this aromatase is so important in breast cancer that the -latest treatment for breast cancer is a chemical called letrozole which blocks aromatase blocks estrogen -so that if you developed a mutated cell it doesnt grow into a tumor now whats interesting is of course that were still using eighty million pounds of atrazine the number one contaminant in drinking water that does the opposite turns on aromatase increases estrogen and promotes tumors in rats and is associated with tumors breast cancer in humans -whats interesting is in fact the same company that sold us eighty million pounds of atrazine the breast cancer promoter now sells us the blocker the exact same company and so i find it interesting that instead of -treating this disease by preventing exposure to the chemicals that promote it we simply respond by putting more chemicals into the environment -which has been in the news recently its a plasticizer its a compound thats found in polycarbonate plastic -which is what baby bottles are made out of and whats interesting about bpa is that its such a potent estrogen that it was actually once considered for use as a synthetic estrogen in hormone placement therapy -and there have been many many many studies that have shown that bpa leaches from babies bottles into the formula into the milk and therefore into the babies so were dosing our babies our newborns our infants -with a synthetic estrogen now two weeks ago or so the european union passed a law banning the use of bpa in babies bottles and sippy cups and for those of you who are not parents sippy cups are those little plastic things that your child graduates to after using bottles -but just two weeks before that the u s senate refused to even debate the banning of bpa in babies bottles -that was the start of my journey to make this film toxic baby and it doesnt take much time to discover some really astonishing statistics with this issue one is that you and i all have -that stands between chemicals -and our children the baby bottle scenario proves that we can prevent unnecessary exposure however -and what penelope says here is even more true -for those of you who dont know were in the middle of the sixth mass extinction scientists agree -in part amphibians are good indicators and more sensitive because they dont have protection from contaminants in the water no eggshells no membranes and no placenta in fact our invention by our i mean we mammals -one of our big inventions was the placenta but we also start out as aquatic organisms but it turns out that this ancient structure that separates us from other animals the placenta -cannot evolve or adapt fast enough because of the rate that were generating new chemicals that its never seen before -the evidence of that is that studies in rats again with atrazine show that the hormone imbalance atrazine generates causes abortion -because maintaining a pregnancy is dependent on hormones of those rats that dont abort atrazine causes prostate disease in the pups so the sons are born with an old mans disease of those that dont abort atrazine causes impaired mammary or breast development in the exposed daughters in utero so that their breast dont develop properly -and as a result when those rats grow up their pups experience retarded growth and development because they cant make enough milk to nourish their pups so the pup you see on the bottom is affected by atrazine that its grandmother was exposed -years dozens of years that means that we right now are affecting the health of our grandchildrens grandchildren by things that were putting into the environment -between thirty to fifty thousand chemicals in our bodies that our grandparents didnt have -today and this is not just philosophical its already known that chemicals like diethylstilbestrol and estrogen pcbs ddt cross the placenta and effectively determine the likelihood of developing breast cancer and obesity and diabetes already when the babys in the womb -in addition to that after the babys born our other unique invention as mammals is that we nourish our offspring after theyre born we already know that chemicals like ddt and des and atrazine can also pass over into milk again affecting our babies even after their born -and many of these chemicals are now linked to the skyrocketing incidents of chronic childhood disease that were seeing across industrialized nations ill show you some statistics -and neither had i actually before i started making this film and so when you realize that chemicals can pass the placenta and go into your unborn child it made me start to think what would my fetus say to me what would our unborn children say to us -polluting our children -and this was something that was really brought home to me a year ago when i found out i was pregnant -so for example in the united kingdom the incidence of childhood leukemia has risen by twenty percent just in a generation very similar statistic for childhood cancer in the u s in canada were now looking at one in ten canadian children with asthma thats a four fold increase again similar story around the world -and the second scan revealed no heartbeat -so my childs death my babys death really brought home the resonance of what i was trying to make in this film and its sometimes a weird place when the communicator becomes part of the story which is not what you originally intend and so when -tyrone talks about -and thats something that -the truth is women youve had our back on this issue for a very long time starting with rachel carsons silent spring to theo colborns our stolen future to sandra steingrabers books living downstream and having faith and perhaps its the connection -to our next generation like my wife and my beautiful daughter here about thirteen years ago perhaps its that connection that makes women activists in this particular area -but for the men here i want to say its not just women and children that are at risk and the frogs that are exposed to atrazine the testes are full of holes and spaces because the hormone imbalance instead of allowing sperm to be generated such as in the testis here -the testicular tubules end up empty and fertility goes down by as much as fifty percent -its not just my work in amphibians but similar work has been shown in fish in europe holes in the testes and absence of sperm in reptiles in a group from south america and in rats an absence of sperm in the testicular tubules as well and of course we dont do these experiments in humans but just by coincidence -my colleague has shown that men who have low sperm count low semen quality have significantly more atrazine in their urine these are just men who live in an agricultural community -men who actually work in agriculture have much higher levels of atrazine and the men who actually apply atrazine have even more atrazine in their urine up to levels that are twenty four thousand times what we know to be active are present in the urine of these men -of course most of them ninety percent are mexican mexican american and its not just atrazine theyre exposed to theyre exposed to chemicals like chloropicrin which was originally used as a nerve gas and many of these workers have life expectancies of only fifty -it shouldnt come to any surprise that the things that happen in wildlife are also a warning to us just like rachel carson and others have warned as evident in this slide from lake nabugabo in uganda the agricultural runoff from this crop -which goes into these buckets is the sole source of drinking cooking and bathing water for this village -in the united states probably the most astonishing statistic is a six hundred percent increase in autism and autistic spectrum disorders and other learning disabilities again were seeing that trend across europe across north america -now if i told the men in this village that the frogs have pour immune function and eggs developing in their testes the connection between environmental health and public health would be clear you would not drink water that you knew was having this kind of impact on the wildlife that lived in it the problem is in my village oakland -and i kept thinking over and over again this question -from there i went on to wingsuit flying wingsuit flying is a suit that i can make fly just only with my body -put some tension on my body tension on my suit i can make it fly and as you see the fall rate is much much slower because of the -with a proper body position im able to really move forward to gain quite some distance this is a jump i did in rio de janeiro you can see the -from there with all the skills and knowledge from paragliding and all the different disciplines in skydiving i went on to base jumping -base jumping is skydiving from fixed objects like buildings -and earth meaning mountains cliffs its for sure for me its the ultimate feeling of being in free fall with all the visual references -so my goal soon was to discover new places that nobody had jumped before so in summer two thousand i was the first to base jump the eiger north face in switzerland -i started -two years after this i was the first to base jump from matterhorn a very famous mountain that probably everybody knows in here -two thousand and five i did a base jump from the eiger from the monk and from the jungfrau three very -two thousand and eight i jumped the eiffel tower in paris -so with some friends we started to do different tricks like for example this jump here i jumped from a paraglider or here everybody -was freezing pretty much except me because it was very cold in austria where we did this filming everybody sitting in a basket and i was on top of the balloon ready to slide down with my -with the possibility to fly cross country distance just with the use of thermals to soar also different aerobatic -from a moving truck on the -of course you need to be in physical -very good condition so im training a lot you need to have the best possible equipment -and -so for two thousand and nine im training hard for my two new projects the first one i want to set a -in flying from a cliff with my wingsuit and i want to set a new record with the longest distance -for my second project i have a sensational idea of a jump that never has been done before -following movie you will see that im much better in flying a wingsuit than speaking in english enjoy and thank you very much -possible with a paraglider from there i started with skydiving in this picture you can see there is a four way skydive -for the film itself and also for the judging from regular relative skydiving i went on to freeflying freeflying is more the three dimensional -pretty much i believe this is probably the closest possibility to come to the dream of being able to fly -not possible to land a wingsuit yet jc yet but people are trying are you among those youre not going to commit are you among those trying to do it ue its a dream its a dream yeah were still working on it -and were developing the wingsuits to get better performance to get more knowledge and -no smoke is for two reasons you can see the speed you can see the way where i was flying thats reason number one and reason number two its much easier for the camera guy to film -so the wingsuit is set up to deliberately release smoke so that you can be tracked one more question what do you do to to cover your face because i just keep thinking of going that fast and having your whole face smushed backwards are you in a -and is that how you usually -a helmet in the mountains im always wearing a helmet because of landings usually its difficult its not like regular skydiving where you have like the big landings so you have to be prepared -now is there anything you dont do do people come to you with projects and say -flying head down and thats me in the background carving around the whole formation in freefall also with the helmet cam to film this jump -from freeflying i went on to skysurfing skysurfing is skydiving with a board on the feet you can imagine with this big -a skysurfing board there is a lot of force a lot of power of course i can use this power for example for nice spinning we call it helicopter moves -actually i managed to prepare for you some enlarged pictures even better so tidying up art i mean i have to say thats a relatively new term you wont be familiar with -its a hobby of mine that ive been indulging in for the last few years and it all started out with this picture of the american artist donald baechler i had hanging at home -i had to look at it every day and after a while i just couldnt stand the mess anymore this guy was looking at all day long -i kind of felt sorry for him and it seemed to me even he felt really bad facing these -red squares day after day so i decided to give him a little support -and brought some order into neatly stacking the blocks on top of each other -my name is ursus wehrli and i would like to talk to you this morning about my project tidying up art first of all any questions so far -it was great with this experience i started to look more closely at modern art then i realized how you know -world of modern art is particularly topsy turvy and i can show you a very good example its actually a simple one but its a good one to start with its a picture by paul klee -the artist doesnt really seem to know where to put the different colors -the various pictures here of the various elements of the picture the whole thing is unstructured we dont know maybe mister klee was probably in a hurry -maybe he had to catch a plane or something we can see here he started out with orange and then he already ran out of orange -here we can see he decided to take a break for a square and i would like to show you here my tidied up version of this picture -we can see now what was barely recognizable in the original -thats great so i mean -thats just tidying up for beginners i would like to you see a picture which is a bit more -what can you say what a mess i mean -see everything seems to have been scattered aimlessly around the space -if my room back home had looked this my mother would have grounded me for three days so id like id like to reintroduce some structure into that picture -first of all i have to say im not from around here im from a completely different cultural area maybe you noticed i mean im wearing a tie -we swiss are famous for chocolate and cheese our trains run on time we are only happy when things are in order but to go on -here is a very good example to see this is a picture by joan miro and yeah we can see the artist has drawn a few lines and shapes and dropped them any old way onto a yellow background -and yeah its the sort of thing you produce when youre doodling on the phone and -my -the whole thing takes up far less space its more economical and also more efficient with this method mister miro could have saved canvas for another picture -i can see in your faces that youre still a little bit skeptical so that you can just appreciate how serious i am about all this i brought along the patents the specifications for some of these works -first and then secondly im -little bit nervous because im speaking in a foreign language and i want to apologize in advance for any mistakes i might make because im from switzerland -well i could have translated that but you would have been none the wiser im not sure myself what it means but it sounds good anyway i just -its important how one introduces new ideas to people thats why this patent are sometimes necessary -i would like to do a short test with you everyone is sitting in quite an orderly fashion here this morning so i would like to ask you all to raise your right hand -the right hand is the one we write with apart from the left handers -and now ill count to three i mean it still looks very orderly to me now ill count to three and on the count of three id like you all to shake hand with the person behind you ok one two three -clearly in this next painting this is a painting by the artist niki de -and i mean in the original its completely unclear to see what this tangle of colors and shapes is supposed to depict -but in the tidied up version its plain to see that its a sunburnt woman playing volleyball -this one here thats much better thats a picture by keith haring -and i just dont hope you think this is swiss german im speaking now here this is just what it sounds like if we swiss try to speak american -i think it doesnt matter -so i mean this picture has not even got a proper title its called -and i think thats appropriate -so in the tidied up version we have a sort of keith haring spare parts shop -this is keith haring looked at statistically one can see here quite clearly you can see we have twenty five pale green elements -of which one is in the form of a circle or here for example we have twenty seven pink squares with only one pink curve -i mean thats interesting one could extend this sort of statistical analysis to cover all mister harings various works in order to establish in which period the artist favored pale green circles or pink squares -and the artist himself could also benefit from this sort of listing procedure by using it to estimate how many pots of paint hes likely to need in the future -one can obviously also make combinations for example with the keith haring circles and kandinskys dots you can add them to all the squares of paul klee -in the end one has a list with which one then can arrange then you categorize it then you file it put that file in a filing cabinet put it in your office -but dont worry i dont have trouble with english as such i mean its not my problem its your language -and you can make a living doing it -my own experience so -actually i mean we have artists that are a bit more structured its not too bad this is jasper johns we can see here he was practicing with his ruler -i think it could still benefit from more discipline -and i think the whole thing adds up much better if you do it like this -and here thats one of my favorites -up rene magritte this is really fun you know -asked what inspired me to embark on all this it goes back to a time when i was very often staying in hotels so once i had the opportunity to stay in a ritzy five star hotel and you know there you had this little sign -so after a while i decided to have a little fun and before leaving the room each day id scatter a few things around the space -like books clothes toothbrush et cetera and it was great by the time i returned everything had always been neatly returned to its place -then one morning i hang the same little sign onto that picture by vincent van gogh -i am fine after this presentation here at ted i can simply go back to switzerland and you have to go on talking like this all the time -and when i returned it looked like this -at least it is now possible to do some vacuuming -i mean i can see there are always people that like reacting that one or another picture hasnt been properly tidied up so -we can make a short test with you this is a picture by rene magritte and id like you all -to inwardly like in your head that is to tidy that up -so its possible that some of you would make it like this -i would actually prefer to do it -some people would make apple pie out of it but its a very good example to see that the whole work was more of a handicraft endeavor that involved the very time consuming -cutting out the various and elements sticking them back in new arrangements and its not done as many people imagine with the computer otherwise -it would look like this -now ive been able to tidy up pictures that ive wanted to tidy up for a long time here is a very good example take jackson pollock for example its -ive been asked by the organizers to read from my book its called tidying up art and its as you can see its more or less a picture book so the reading would be over very quickly -thats a really hard one but after a while i just decided here to go all the way and put the paint back into the -you could go into -here we have the fur cup by meret oppenheim -here i just brought it back to its original state -and its great you can even go you know or we have this pointilist movement for those of you who are into art the pointilist movement is that kind of paintings -where everything is broken down into dots and pixels and then i this sort of thing is ideal for tidying up so i once -applied myself to the work of the inventor of that method georges seurat and i collected together all his dots and now theyre all in here -its the future we will create -but to round things up i would like to show you just one more -this is the village square by -yeah maybe youre asking yourselves where old brugels people went of course theyre not gone theyre all here -just piled them up -since im here a ted i decided to hold my talk here in a more modern way in the spirit of ted here and i managed to do some slides here for you id like to show them around so we -and im happy to sign it for you with any name of any artist -but before leaving i would like to show you im working right now -another in a related field with my tidying up art method im working in a related field and i started to bring some order into -just my new proposal here for the union jack -and then maybe before i leave you -yeah i think after you have seen that i have to leave anyway -that was a hard one i couldnt find a way to tidy that up properly so i just decided to make it a little bit more simpler -also suffer at the point of use those of us who earn a certain income level we have something called choice -so you can have choices economic choices we actually get a chance to choose not to use products that have dangerous poisonous plastic in them -other people who are poor dont have those choices so low income people often are the ones who are buying the products that -have those dangerous chemicals in them that their children are using those are the people who wind up ingesting a disproportionate amount of this poisonous plastic and using it and people say well they -a different product well the problem with being poor is you dont have those choices you often have to buy the cheapest products the cheapest products are often the most dangerous -once again its poor people who bear the burden often we think were doing a good thing youre in your office -put it in the blue bin you think i put mine in the blue bin and then you look at your colleague and say why you cretin you put yours in the white bin and we use that as a moral tickle we feel so good about -i am honored to be here and im honored to talk about this topic which i think is of grave importance weve been talking a lot about the horrific impacts of plastic on the planet -so we kind of have this kind of moral feel good moment but if we were to be able to follow that little bottle on its journey we would be shocked to discover that all too often that bottle is going to be put on a boat -little bottle say oh little bottle were so happy to see you little bottle youve served so well -but thats not actually what -that bottle winds up getting burned recycling of plastic in many developing countries -and so poor people who are making these products in petrochemical centers like cancer alley poor people who are consuming these products disproportionately and then poor people who even at the tail end of the recycling are having their lives shortened -are all being harmed greatly by this addiction that we have -to disposability now you think to yourself because i know how you are you say that sure is terrible for those poor people -and on other species but plastic hurts people too especially poor people -here we are in los angeles we worked very hard to get the smog reduction happening here in los angeles but guess what because theyre doing so much dirty production in asia now because the environmental laws dont protect the people in asia -almost all of the clean air gains and the toxic air gains that weve achieved here in california have been wiped out by dirty air coming over from asia -so we all are being hit we all are being impacted its just the poor people get hit first and worst but the dirty production the burning of toxins the lack of environmental standards in asia is actually creating so much dirty -the root of this problem in my view is the idea of disposability itself you see if you understand the link -and both in the production of plastic the use of plastic and the disposal of plastic the people who have bulls eye on their foreheads are poor people people got very upset -between what were doing to poison and pollute the planet and what were doing to poor people you arrive at a very troubling but also very helpful insight -in order to trash the planet you have to trash people but if you create a world where you dont trash people -you cant trash the planet so now we are at a moment where the coming together of social justice as an idea and ecology as an idea -we finally can now see that they are really at the end of the day one idea and its the idea that we dont have disposable anything we dont have disposable -all begin to come back to that basic understanding new opportunities for action begin to emerge biomimicry which is something that -is an emerging science winds up being a very important social justice idea people who are just learning about this stuff biomimicry means respecting the wisdom of all species -but if we want to make something hard we come up i know im going to make a hard substance i know im going to get vacuums and furnaces and drag stuff out of the ground and get things hot -when the bp oil spill happened for very good reason people thought about oh my god this is terrible this oil its in the water its going to destroy -thats called biomimicry and that opens the door to zero waste production zero pollution production -actually enjoy a high quality of life a high standard of living without trashing the planet well that idea -of biomimicry respecting the wisdom of all species combined with the idea of democracy and social justice respecting the wisdom and the worth of all people -give us a different society we would have a different economy we would have a green society that doctor king would be proud of that should be the goal -and the way that we get there is to first of all recognize that the idea of disposability not only hurts -the species weve talked about but it even corrupts our own society were so proud to live here in california we just had this vote and everybodys like well not in our state -know what those other states were doing just so proud and -proud too but california though we lead the world in some of the green stuff we also unfortunately lead the world in some of the gulag stuff -the living systems there people are going to be hurt this is a terrible thing that the oil is going to hurt the people in the gulf -states so that is consistent with this idea that disposability is something we believe in and yet -as a movement that has to broaden its constituency that has to grow that has to reach out beyond our natural comfort zone -one of the challenges to the success of this movement of getting rid of things like plastic and helping the economy shift is people look at our movement with some suspicion and they ask a question and the question is how can these people be so passionate -poor person a low income person somebody in cancer alley somebody in watts somebody in harlem somebody on an indian reservation might say to themselves and rightfully so how can these people be so passionate -about making sure that a plastic bottle has a second chance in life or an aluminum can has a second chance and yet when my child gets in trouble and goes to prison -what people dont think about is what if the oil had made it safely to shore what if the oil actually got where it was trying to go -and so we now get a chance to be truly proud of this movement when we take on topics like this it gives us that extra call -to reach out to other movements and to become more inclusive and to grow and we can finally get out of this crazy dilemma that weve been in most of you are good soft hearted people -when you were younger you cared about the whole world and at some point somebody said you had to pick an issue you had to boil your love down to an issue -the whole world youve got to work on trees or youve got to work on immigration youve got to shrink it down and be about one issue and really -well when you start working on issues like plastic you realize that the whole thing is connected and luckily most of us are blessed to have two arms we can hug both thank you very much -not only would it have been burned in engines and added to global warming but theres a place called cancer alley -and the reason its called cancer alley is because the petrochemical industry takes that oil and turns it into plastic and in the process kills people -it shortens the lives of the people who live there in the gulf so oil and petrochemicals are not just a problem when theres a spill theyre a problem when theres not -like it or not ready or not this is our future -sure some are looking for opportunities in this new world thats the russians planting a flag on the ocean bottom to stake a claim for minerals under the receding arctic sea ice -but while there might be some short term individual winners our collective losses will far outweigh them look no further than the insurance industry as they struggle to cope with mounting catastrophic losses from extreme weather events -of my hometown new orleans it was a great place to grow up but its one of the most vulnerable spots in the world half the city is already below sea level -to allow for greater storm surge and these raised and energy efficient homes were developed by brad pitt and make it right for the hard hit ninth ward -the devastated church my mom attends has been not only rebuilt higher its poised to become the first energy star church in the country theyre selling electricity back to the grid thanks to solar panels reflective paint and more their march electricity bill was only forty eight dollars -now these are examples of new orleans rebuilding in this way but better if others -in galveston heres a resilient home that survived hurricane ike -when others on neighboring lots clearly did not and around the world satellites and warning systems are saving lives in flood prone areas such as bangladesh but as important as technology and infrastructure are -while its true that many who died in katrina did not have access to transportation others who did refused to leave as the storm approached often because available transportation and shelters refused to allow them to take their pets -imagine leaving behind your own pet in an evacuation or a rescue fortunately in two thousand and six congress passed -second preparing for heat and drought farmers are facing challenges of drought from asia -from australia to oklahoma while heat waves linked with climate change have killed tens of thousands of people in western europe in two thousand and three and again -in russia in two thousand and ten -in two thousand and five the world watched as new orleans and the gulf coast were devastated by hurricane katrina -in ethiopia seventy percent thats seven zero percent of the population depends on rainfall for its livelihood -oxfam and swiss re together with rockefeller foundation are helping farmers like this one build hillside terraces and find other ways to conserve water but theyre also providing for insurance when the droughts do come -the stability this provides is giving the farmers the confidence to invest its giving them access to affordable credit its allowing them to become more productive so that they can afford their own insurance over time without assistance its a virtuous cycle and one that could be replicated throughout the developing world -after a lethal one thousand nine hundred and ninety five heat wave turned refrigerator trucks from the popular taste of chicago festival into makeshift morgues -chicago became a recognized leader tamping down on the urban heat island impact through opening cooling centers outreach to vulnerable neighborhoods planting trees creating cool white or vegetated green roofs -this is city halls green roof next to cook countys portion of the roof which is seventy seven degrees fahrenheit hotter at the surface -washington d c last year actually led the nation in new green roofs installed and theyre funding this in part thanks to a five cent tax -third adapting to rising seas sea level rise threatens coastal ecosystems agriculture even major cities this is what one to two meters of sea level rise looks like in the mekong delta -infrastructure is going to be affected airports around the world are located on the coast it makes sense right theres open space the planes can take off and land without worrying about creating noise or avoiding tall buildings -heres just one example san francisco airport with sixteen inches or more of flooding imagine the staggering cost of protecting this vital infrastructure with levees but there might be some changes in store that you might not imagine for example -planes require more runway for takeoff because the heated less dense air provides for less lift san francisco is also spending forty million dollars to rethink and redesign its water and sewage treatment -as water outfall pipes like this one can be flooded with seawater causing backups -beyond these technical solutions our work at the georgetown climate center with communities encourages them to look at what existing legal and policy tools are available and to consider how they can accommodate change for example in land use which areas do you want to protect -other examples to consider in the u k the thames barrier protects london from storm surge the asian cities climate change resilience network is restoring vital ecosystems like forest mangroves these are not only important ecosystems in their own right -but they also serve as a buffer to protect inland communities new york city is incredibly vulnerable to storms as you can see from this clever sign and to sea level rise and to storm surge as you can see from the subway flooding but back above ground -these raised ventilation grates for the subway system show that solutions can be both functional and attractive in fact in new york -san francisco and london designers have envisioned ways to better integrate the natural and built environments with climate change in mind i think these are inspiring examples of whats possible when we feel empowered to plan for a world that will be different but now a word of caution adaptations too important to be left to the experts -time but they lost their homes and as you can see just about everything in them -why well there are no -were entering uncharted territory and yet our expertise and our systems are based on the past -but we can simply no longer rely on established norms were operating outside the bounds of co two concentrations that the planet has seen for hundreds of thousands of years the larger point im trying to make is this its up to us -other parts of the world have been hit by storms in even more devastating ways in two thousand and eight cyclone nargis and its aftermath killed one hundred and thirty eight thousand in myanmar climate change is affecting our -to look at our homes and our communities our vulnerabilities and our exposures to risk and to find ways to not just survive -and resilient to the changes that are coming and that will affect -in new orleans the elderly and female headed households were among the most vulnerable for those in vulnerable low lying nations how do you put a dollar value on losing your country where you ancestors are buried and where will your people go -so let me give you just a very quick tutorial on how these robots work so it has four rotors if you spin these rotors at the same speed the robot hovers -if you increase the speed of each of these rotors then the robot flies up it accelerates up of course if the robot were tilted inclined to the horizontal then it would accelerate in this direction -so to get it to tilt theres one of two ways of doing it -so in this picture you see that rotor four is spinning faster and rotor two is spinning slower and when that happens -theres moment that causes this robot to roll -and the other way around if you increase the speed of rotor three and decrease the speed of rotor one -then the robot pitches forward -and then finally if you spin opposite pairs of rotors faster than the other pair then the robot yaws about the vertical axis -so an on board processor essentially looks at what motions need to be executed and combines these motions and figures out what commands to send to the motors six hundred times a second thats basically how this thing operates -so one of the advantages of this design is when you scale things down the robot naturally becomes agile so here r is the characteristic length of the robot its actually half the diameter and there are lots of physical parameters that change as you reduce r -im here today to talk about autonomous flying -the one thats the most important is the inertia or the resistance to motion -so it turns out the inertia which governs angular motion -scales as a fifth power of r -so the smaller you make r the more dramatically the inertia reduces -so as a result the angular acceleration denoted by greek letter alpha here goes as one over r its inversely proportional to r the smaller you make it the more quickly you can turn -beach balls no agile aerial robots like this one id like to tell you a little bit about the challenges in building these and some of the terrific opportunities for applying this technology -so this should be clear in these videos at the bottom right you see a robot -performing a three hundred and sixty degree flip in less than half a second -multiple flips a little more time -so here the processes on board are getting feedback from accelerometers and gyros on board and calculating like i said before commands at six hundred times a second to stabilize this robot -so on the left you see daniel throwing this robot up into the air and it shows you how robust the control is no matter how you throw it the robot recovers and comes back to him -so why build robots like this -well robots like this have many applications you can send them inside buildings like this as first responders to look for intruders maybe look for biochemical leaks gaseous leaks -you can also use them for -applications like construction so here are robots carrying beams columns and assembling cube like structures ill tell you a little bit more about this -the robots can be used for transporting cargo -so one of the problems with these small robots -is their payload carrying capacity so you might want to have multiple robots carry payloads -this is a picture of a recent experiment -we did actually not so recent anymore in sendai shortly after the earthquake -so robots like this could be sent into collapsed buildings to assess the damage after natural disasters -or sent into reactor buildings to map radiation levels -so one fundamental problem that the robots have to solve if theyre to be autonomous is essentially figuring out how to get from point a to point b -so this gets a little challenging because the dynamics of this robot are quite complicated in fact they live in a twelve dimensional space -so we use a little trick we take this curved twelve dimensional space -what we call a minimum snap trajectory -so these robots are related to unmanned aerial vehicles -so to remind you of physics you have position derivative velocity then acceleration -and then comes jerk and then comes snap -so this robot minimizes snap -so what that effectively does is produces a smooth and graceful motion -and it does that avoiding obstacles -so these minimum snap trajectories in this flat space are then transformed back -into this complicated twelve dimensional space which the robot must do for control and then execution -so let me show you some examples of what these minimum snap trajectories look like -and in the first video youll see the robot going from point a to point b through an intermediate point -however the vehicles you see here are big they weigh thousands of pounds are not by any means agile theyre not even autonomous -so as an academic were always trained to be able to jump through hoops to raise funding for our labs and we get our robots to do that -learns or is pre programmed so here you see the robot combining a motion that builds up momentum and then changes its orientation and then recovers -so it has to do this because this gap in the window is only slightly larger than the width of the robot -so just like a diver stands on a springboard and then jumps off it to gain momentum and then does this pirouette this two and a half somersault through and then gracefully recovers -this robot is basically doing that so it knows how to combine little bits and pieces of trajectories to do these fairly difficult -in fact many of these vehicles are operated by flight crews that can include multiple pilots operators of sensors and mission coordinators -so one difficulty is how do you coordinate lots of these robots -and so here we looked to nature so i want to show you a clip -carrying an object so this is actually a piece of fig actually you take any object coated with fig juice and the ants will carry them back to the nest -they have implicit coordination across the group -so this is the kind of coordination we want our robots to have -so when we have a robot which is -surrounded by neighbors and lets look at robot i and robot j what we want the robots to do is to monitor the separation between them as they fly in formation and then you want to make sure that this separation is within acceptable levels -so again the robots monitor this error and calculate the control commands one hundred times a second which then translates to the motor commands six hundred times a second so this also has to be done in a decentralized way again if you have lots and lots of robots its impossible to coordinate all this information centrally -fast enough in order for the robots to accomplish the task plus the robots have to base their actions only on local information what they sense from their neighbors and then finally we insist that the robots be agnostic to who their neighbors are -so this is what we call anonymity -so what i want to show you next -is a video of twenty of these little robots -what were interested in is developing robots like this and here are two other pictures of robots that you can buy off the shelf -flying in formation -theyre monitoring their neighbors position theyre maintaining formation the formations can change they can be planar formations they can be three dimensional formations -as you can see here they collapse from a three dimensional formation into planar formation and to fly through obstacles they can adapt the formations on the fly -so again these robots come really close together as you can see in this figure eight flight they come within inches of each other and despite the aerodynamic interactions of these propeller blades theyre able to maintain stable flight -the robot strength by just getting them to team with neighbors as you can see here one of the disadvantages of doing that is as you scale things up so if you have lots of robots carrying the same thing youre essentially effectively increasing the inertia and therefore you pay a price theyre not as agile -so these are helicopters with four rotors and theyre roughly a meter or so in scale -but you do gain in terms of payload carrying capacity another application i want to show you again this is in our lab -this is work done by quentin lindsey whos a graduate student so his algorithm essentially tells these robots how to autonomously build -cubic structures from truss like elements -so his algorithm tells the robot what part to pick up when and where to place it so in this video you see and its sped up ten fourteen times you see three different structures being built by these robots and again everything is autonomous and all quentin has to do is to get them a blueprint of the design that he wants to build -so what happens when you leave your lab and you go outside into the real world and what if theres no gps -so this robot is actually equipped with a camera -and a laser rangefinder laser scanner -and weigh several pounds -are features like doorways windows people furniture and it then figures out where its position is with respect to the features so there is no global coordinate system -the coordinate system is defined based on the robot where it is and what its looking at -and it navigates with respect to those features -and so we retrofit these with sensors and processors and these robots can fly indoors without gps the robot im holding in my hand is this one -so i want to show you a clip of algorithms developed by frank shen and professor nathan michael that shows this robot entering a building for the very first time and creating this map on the fly -so the robot then figures out what the features are it builds the map it figures out where it is with respect -to the features and then estimates its position one hundred times a second -allowing us to use the control algorithms that i described to you earlier -so this robot is actually being commanded remotely by frank -but the robot can also figure out where to go on its own -and then come back and tell me what the building looks like so here the robot is not only solving the problem how to go from point a to point b in this map but its figuring out -what the best point b is at every time -so essentially it knows where to go to look for places that have the least information and thats how it populates this map -so i want to leave you with one last application -and there are many applications of this technology -im a professor and were passionate about education robots like this can really change the way we do k through twelve education -but were in southern california close to los angeles -so i have to conclude with something focused on entertainment i want to conclude with a music video i want to introduce the creators alex and daniel who created this video -and its been created by two students -alex and daniel -so this weighs a little more than a tenth of a pound it consumes about fifteen watts of power and as you can see its about eight inches in diameter -you couldnt really say what you wanted to say you had to invent ways of doing it you didnt trust information very much that led me to another step of why im here today is because -i was asked to come here and speak about creation and i only have fifteen minutes and i see theyre counting already and -i really liked media of all kinds i was a media junkie and eventually got involved with advertising my first job in brazil was actually to develop -a way to improve the readability of billboards and based on speed angle of approach and actually blocks of text -it was very actually it was a very good study and got me a job in an ad agency and they also decided that i had to to give me a very ugly plexiglass -trophy for it -another point why im here is that the day i went to pick up the plexiglass trophy i rented a tuxedo for the first time in my life -and -what happened is when i went back it was on the way back to my car the guy who got hit decided to grab a gun i dont know why he had a gun and shoot the first person he decided to be his aggressor the first person was wearing a black tie a tuxedo it was me -fatal as you can all see -and even more luckily the guy said that he was sorry and i bribed him for compensation money otherwise i press charges -i can in fifteen minutes i think i can touch only a very rather janitorial branch of creation which i call creativity -when i started working with my own work i decided that i shouldnt do images you know i became i took this very iconoclastic approach because when i decided to go into advertising i wanted to do -i wanted to airbrush naked people on ice for whiskey commercials thats what i really wanted to do but i -do it so i just you know they would only let me do other things but i wasnt into selling whiskey i was into selling ice -the first works were actually objects it was kind of a mixture of found object product design and advertising and i called them relics they were -this is the ashanti joystick -has become obsolete because it was designed for atari platform a playstation ii is in the works maybe for the next ted ill bring it the rocking podium -this is the pre columbian coffeemaker -actually -idea came out of an argument that i had at starbucks that i insisted that i wasnt having colombian coffee the coffee was actually pre columbian -table -and the half tombstone for people who are not dead -that into the realm of images and i decided to make things that had the same identity conflicts -so i decided to do work with clouds because clouds can mean anything you want but now i wanted to work in a very low tech way so something that would mean at the same time -and durers praying hands although this looks a lot more like mickey mouses praying hands but i was still you know this is a kitty cloud -theyre called equivalents after alfred stieglitzs work the snail but i was still working with sculpture and i was really trying to go flatter and flatter the teapot -i had a chance to go to florence in i think it was ninety four and i saw ghibertis door of paradise and he did something that was very tricky he -put together two different media from different periods of time first he got an age old way of making it which was relief -and he worked this with three point perspective which was brand new technology at the time and its totally overkill and your eye doesnt know which level to read and you become trapped into this kind of -and so i decided to make these very simple renderings that at first they are taken as a line drawing -you know something thats very and then i did it with wire the idea was to because everybody overlook white -like pencil drawings you know and they would look at it ah its a pencil drawing then you have this double take and see that its actually something that existed in time it had a physicality -in this picture you know creation is what put that dog in that picture and creativity is what makes us see a chicken on his -and you start going deeper and deeper into sort of narrative that goes this way towards the image so this is monkey -the same way the history of representation evolved from line drawings to shaded drawings and i wanted to deal with other subjects i started taking that into the realm of landscape which is something thats almost a picture of nothing -i made these pictures called pictures of thread and i named them after the amount of yards that i used to represent each picture these always end up being a photograph at the end or more like an etching in this case -so this is -six thousand five hundred yards after -nine thousand yards after -and i dont know how many yards after john constable departing from the lines i decided to tackle the idea of points like which is more similar to the type of representation that we find in photographs themselves -i had met a group of children in the caribbean island of saint kitts and i did work and play with them i got some photographs from them -when you think about you know -it was just the name of the child with the little thing you get to know of somebody that you meet very briefly -but another layer of representation was still introduced because i was doing this while i was making these pictures i realized that i could add still another thing i was trying to make a subject -something that would interfere with the themes so chocolate is very good because it has -ideas that go from scatology -to romance and so i decided to make these pictures and they were very large so you had to walk away from it to be able to see them so theyre called pictures of -freud probably could explain chocolate better than i he was the first subject and jackson pollock also -i used the dust at the whitney museum to render some pieces of their collection and i picked minimalist pieces because theyre about specificity and you render this with the most non specific material which is -dust itself like you know you have the skin particles of every single museum visitor they do a dna scan of this they will come up with a great mailing list this -i bought a computer and told me it had millions of colors in it you know an artists first response to this is who counted -things then i became an adult and started knowing who i was and tried to maintain that persona i became creative -i realized that i never worked with color because i had a hard time controlling the idea of single colors but mostly applied to numeric structure then you -the first time i worked with colors was by making these mosaics of pantone swatches -they end up being very large pictures and i photographed with a very large camera an eight by ten camera so you can see the surface of every single swatch like in this picture of chuck close and you have to walk very far to be able to see it -the reference to gerhard richter use of color -and the idea also entering another realm of representation thats very -the same like robert smithsons spiral jetty and then leaving traces as if it was done on a tabletop i tried to prove that he didnt do that thing in the salt lake -but then just doing the models i was trying to explore the relationship -the model and the original and i felt that i would have to actually go there and make some earthworks myself -i -for very simple line drawings kind of stupid looking and at the same time i was doing these very large -fifty meters away -i actually did a book and a retrospective exhibition that i could track exactly looks like all the craziest things that i had done all my drinking all my parties they followed a straight line that brings me to the point that actually im talking to you at this moment -now i would do very small ones which would be like but under the same light and i would show them together so the viewer would have to really figure it out what one he was looking -i wasnt interested in the very large things or in the small things i was more interested in the things in between you know because you can leave an enormous range for ambiguity there -this is another thing that i did you know working everybody loves to watch somebody draw but not many people have a chance to watch somebody draw in -a lot of people at the same time to evidence a single drawing and i love this work because i did this cartoonish clouds over manhattan -for a period of two months and it was quite wonderful because i had an interest an early interest in theater thats justified on this thing in theater you have -of an audience and in this youd have like a something that looks like a cloud and it is a cloud at the same time so theyre like perfect actors -a very great actor to do a version of king lear and i felt really robbed because by the time the actor started being king lear he stopped being the great actor that i had paid money to see -the other hand you know i -like three dollars i think and i went to a warehouse in queens to see a version of othello by an amateur group and it was quite fascinating because you know the guy -joey grimaldi he impersonated the moorish general you know for the first three minutes he was really that general and then he went back into plumber he worked as a plumber so plumber general plumber general -so for three dollars i saw two tragedies for the price of one -see -i think its not really about impression making people fall for a really perfect illusion as much as it is to make i usually work at the lowest -of visual illusion because its not about fooling somebody its actually giving somebody -a measure of their own belief how much you want to be fooled thats why we pay to go to magic shows and things like that well i think that thats it my time is -its actually true you know the reason im talking to you right now is because i was born in brazil if i was born in monterey probably would be in brazil -you -i was born in brazil and grew up in the seventies under a climate of political distress and i was forced to learn to communicate in a very specific way in a sort of a semiotic black market -now when we do that we discover some startling things about mental illness from a global perspective -we discover that for example mental illnesses are amongst the leading causes of disability around the world depression for example is the third leading cause of disability alongside conditions such as diarrhea and pneumonia in children -when you put all the mental illnesses together they account for roughly fifteen percent of the total global burden of disease -indeed mental illnesses are also very damaging to peoples lives -but beyond just the burden of disease let us consider the absolute numbers the world health organization estimates that there are nearly four to five hundred million people living on our tiny planet who are affected by a mental illness now some of you here look a bit astonished by that number -want you to imagine this for a moment two men rahul and rajiv living in the same neighborhood from the same educational background similar occupation and they both turn up at their local accident emergency complaining of acute chest pain -but consider for a moment the incredible diversity of mental illnesses from autism and intellectual disability in childhood through to depression and anxiety substance misuse and psychosis in adulthood all the way through to dementia in old age and im pretty sure that each and every one us present here today can think of at least one person -at least one person -whos affected by mental illness in our most intimate social networks -i see some nodding heads there but beyond the staggering numbers -whats truly important from a global health point of view whats truly worrying from a global health point of view is that the vast majority of these affected individuals do not receive the care -that we know can transform their lives and remember we do have robust evidence that a range of interventions medicines psychological interventions and social interventions can make a vast difference and yet -even in the best resourced countries for example here in europe roughly fifty percent of affected people dont receive these interventions in the sorts of countries i work in -that so called treatment gap approaches an astonishing ninety percent -most heartbreaking of all are the stories of the abuse of even the most basic human rights such as the young woman shown in this image here that are played out every day sadly even in the very institutions that were built to care for people with mental illnesses the mental hospitals -its this injustice that has really driven my mission to try to do a little bit to transform the lives of people affected by mental illness and a particularly critical action that i focused on is to bridge the gulf -between the knowledge we have that can transform lives the knowledge of effective treatments and how we actually use that knowledge in the everyday world -and an especially important challenge that ive had to face is the great shortage of mental health professionals such as psychiatrists and psychologists particularly in the developing world -now i trained in medicine in india and after that i chose psychiatry as my specialty much to the dismay of my mother and all my family members who kind of thought neurosurgery would be a more respectable option for their brilliant son -rahul is offered a cardiac procedure but rajiv is sent home what might explain the difference in the experience of these two nearly identical men rajiv suffers from a mental illness -any case i went on i soldiered on with psychiatry and found myself training in britain in some of the best hospitals in this country i was very privileged i worked in a team of incredibly talented compassionate but most importantly highly trained specialized mental health professionals -soon after my training i found myself working first in zimbabwe and then in india and i was confronted by an altogether new reality -this was a reality of a world in which there were almost no mental health professionals at all in zimbabwe for example there were just about a dozen psychiatrists most of whom lived and worked in harare city leaving only a couple to address the mental health care needs of nine million people living in the countryside -in india i found the situation was not a lot better to give you a perspective if i had to translate the proportion of psychiatrists in the population that one might see in britain to india one might expect roughly one hundred and fifty thousand psychiatrists -in india in reality -take a guess -i had to think out of the box -about some other model of care it was then that i came across these books and in these books i discovered the idea of task shifting in global health the idea is actually quite simple the idea is when youre short of specialized health care professionals -use whoever is available in the community train them to provide a range of health care interventions and in these books i read inspiring examples for example of how ordinary people had been trained to deliver babies -diagnose and treat early pneumonia to great effect and it struck me that if you could train ordinary people to deliver such complex health care interventions then perhaps they could also do the same with mental health care -in rural uganda paul bolton and his colleagues using villagers demonstrated that they could deliver interpersonal psychotherapy for depression and using a randomized control design showed that ninety percent of the people receiving this intervention recovered as compared to roughly forty percent in the comparison villages -the difference in the quality of medical care received by people with mental illness is one of the reasons why they live shorter lives than people without mental illness even in the best resourced countries in the world this life expectancy gap is as much as twenty years -similarly using a randomized control trial in rural pakistan atif rahman and his colleagues showed -that lady health visitors who are community maternal health workers in pakistans health care system could deliver cognitive behavior therapy for mothers who were depressed again showing dramatic differences in the recovery rates roughly seventy five percent of mothers recovered -as compared to about forty five percent in the comparison villages and in my own trial in goa in india we again showed that lay counselors drawn from local communities could be trained to deliver psychosocial interventions for depression anxiety leading to seventy percent recovery rates as compared to fifty percent in the comparison primary health centers -now if i had to draw together all these different experiments in task shifting -and there have of course been many other examples and try and identify what are the key lessons we can learn that makes for a successful task shifting operation i have coined this particular acronym sundar -what sundar stands for in hindi is attractive it seems to me that there are five key lessons that ive shown on this slide that are critically important for effective task shifting the first is that we need to simplify the message that were using stripping away all the jargon that medicine has invented around itself -we need to unpack complex health care interventions into smaller components that can be more easily transferred to less trained individuals we need to deliver health care not in large institutions but close to peoples homes and we need to deliver health care using whoever is available and affordable in our local communities -and importantly we need to reallocate the few specialists who are available to perform roles such as capacity building and supervision -because even though it has arisen out of the situation of the lack of resources that you find in developing countries i think it has a lot of significance for better resourced countries as well why is that -well in part because health care in the developed world the health care costs in the developed world are rapidly spiraling out of control and a huge chunk of those costs are human resource costs -but equally important is because health care has become so incredibly professionalized that its become very remote and removed from local communities -for me whats truly sundar about the idea of task shifting though isnt that it simply makes health care more accessible and affordable -but that it is also fundamentally empowering -in the developing countries of the world this gap is even larger -it empowers ordinary people to be more effective in caring for the health of others in their community and in doing so to become better guardians of their own health indeed for me task shifting is the ultimate example of the democratization of medical knowledge and therefore medical power -just over thirty years ago the nations of the world assembled at alma ata and made this iconic declaration well i think all of you can guess that twelve years on were still nowhere near that goal -still today armed with that knowledge that ordinary people in the community can be trained and with sufficient supervision and support can deliver a range of health care interventions effectively -but of course mental illnesses can kill in more direct ways as well the most obvious example is suicide -indeed -to implement the slogan of health for all we will need to involve all in that particular journey and in the case of mental health in particular we would need to involve people who are affected by mental illness and their caregivers -it is for this reason that some years ago the movement for global mental health was founded as a sort of a virtual platform upon which professionals like myself and people affected by mental illness could stand together shoulder to shoulder and advocate for the rights of people with mental illness to receive the care that we know can transform their lives -and to live a life with dignity and in closing -it might surprise some of you here as it did me when i discovered that suicide is at the top of the list of the leading causes of death in young people in all countries in the world including the poorest countries of the world -but beyond the impact of a health condition on life expectancy were also concerned about the quality of life lived -and because of this conflict the brain says to hell with it there is no phantom there is no arm right it goes into a sort of denial negates the signals and when the arm disappears -the bonus is the pain disappears because you cant have disembodied pain floating out there in space so thats the bonus now this technique has been tried on dozens of patients by other groups in helsinki -so it may prove to be valuable as a treatment for phantom pain and indeed people have tried it for stroke rehabilitation stroke you normally think of as damage to the -and then find out what the circuitrys doing to generate that particular function so thats what were trying to do -and maybe that component can be overcome using mirrors this has also gone through clinical trials helping lots and lots of patients -he pointed out that certain people in the population who are otherwise completely normal had the following peculiarity every time they see a number -its colored five is blue seven is yellow eight is chartreuse nine is indigo ok -in mind these people are completely normal in other respects or c sharp sometimes tones evoke color c sharp is blue f sharp is green another tone might be yellow right -is eight times more common among artists poets novelists and other creative people than in the general population why would that be im going to answer that question its never been answered before -so let me give you a few striking examples of this in fact im giving you three examples six minutes each during this talk the first example is -ok what is synaesthesia what causes it well there are many theories one theory is theyre just crazy now thats not really a scientific theory so we can forget about -another theory is they are acid junkies and potheads right now there may be some truth to this because its much more common here in the bay area than -area and the number area are right next to each other in the brain in the fusiform gyrus so we said theres some accidental cross -and numbers in the brain so every time you see a number you see a corresponding color and thats why you get -now remember why does this happen why would there be crossed wires in some people remember i said it runs in families that gives you the clue and that is there is an abnormal gene -the gene that causes this abnormal cross wiring in all of us it turns out we are born with everything wired to everything else -so every brain region is wired to every other region and these are trimmed down to create the characteristic modular architecture of the adult brain -so if theres a gene causing this trimming and if that gene mutates then you get deficient trimming between adjacent brain areas -and if its between number and color you get number color synaesthesia if its between tone and color you get tone color synaesthesia so far so good now what if this gene is expressed everywhere in the brain so everything is cross connected -well think about what artists novelists and poets have in common the ability to engage in metaphorical thinking linking seemingly unrelated ideas -such as it is the east and juliet is the sun well you dont say juliet is the sun does that mean shes a glowing ball of fire i mean schizophrenics do that but its a different story -and concepts are also in different parts of the brain then its going to create a greater propensity towards metaphorical thinking and creativity in people with synaesthesia and hence the eight times more common incidence -of synaesthesia among poets artists and novelists ok its a very phrenological view of synaesthesia the last demonstration can i take one minute -its because youre all doing a cross model synaesthetic abstraction meaning youre saying that that sharp inflection kiki in your auditory cortex the hair cells being excited kiki -mimics the visual inflection sudden inflection of that jagged shape now this is very important because what its telling you is your brain is engaging in a primitive its just it looks like a silly illusion -but these photons in your eye are doing this shape and hair cells in your ear are exciting the auditory pattern but the brain is able to -extract the common denominator its a primitive form of abstraction and we now know this happens in the fusiform gyrus of the brain because when thats damaged -people lose the ability to engage in buba kiki but they also lose the ability to engage in metaphor if you ask this guy -what all that glitters is not gold what does that mean the patient says well if its metallic and shiny it doesnt mean its gold you have to measure its specific gravity -ok so they completely miss the metaphorical meaning so this area is about eight times the size in higher especially in humans -as in lower primates something very interesting is going on here in the angular gyrus because its the crossroads between hearing vision and touch -in humans and something very interesting is going on and i think its a basis of many uniquely human abilities like abstraction metaphor -thats been called the face area in the brain because when its damaged you can no longer recognize peoples faces you can still recognize them from their voice and say oh yeah thats joe but you cant look at their face and know who it is right you cant even recognize yourself in the -i mean you know its you because you wink and it winks and you know its a mirror but you dont really recognize yourself as yourself -ok now that syndrome is well known as caused by damage to the fusiform gyrus but theres another rare syndrome so rare in fact that very few physicians have heard about it not even neurologists this is called the -and that is a patient whos otherwise completely normal has had a head injury comes out of coma otherwise completely normal -he looks at his mother and says this looks exactly like my mother this woman but shes an impostor shes some other woman pretending to be my mother -now the most common interpretation of this which you find in all the psychiatry text books is a freudian view and that is that this chap -and then as you grow up the cortex develops and inhibits these latent sexual urges towards your mother thank god or you would all be sexually aroused when you saw your mother -my god if this is my mom how come im being sexually turned on shes some other woman shes an impostor its the only interpretation that makes sense -you can hold in the palm of your hand and it can contemplate the vastness of interstellar space it can contemplate the meaning of infinity -say doctor this is not fifi it looks exactly like fifi but its some other dog right now you try using the -talking about -in all humans or some such thing which is quite absurd of course now whats really going on so to explain this curious disorder we look at the structure and functions of the normal visual pathways in the brain -normally visual signals come in into the eyeballs go to the visual areas in the brain there are in fact thirty areas in the back of your brain concerned with just vision and after processing all that the message goes to a small structure called the fusiform -where you perceive faces there are neurons there that are sensitive to faces you can call it the face area of the brain right i talked about that earlier -now when that areas damaged you lose the ability to see faces right but from that area the message cascades into a structure called the amygdala in the limbic system the emotional core of the brain -and that structure called the amygdala gauges the emotional significance of what youre looking at is it prey is it predator is it -or is it something absolutely trivial like a piece of lint or a piece of chalk or a i dont want to point to that but or a shoe or something like that ok which you can completely ignore -so if the amygdala is excited and this is something important the messages then cascade into the autonomic nervous system your heart starts beating faster you start sweating to dissipate the heat that youre going to exert create from -and it can contemplate itself contemplating on the meaning of infinity and this peculiar recursive quality -however and its processed in the fusiform gyrus and you recognize it as a pea plant or a table or your mother for that matter ok -the message cascades into the amygdala and then goes down the autonomic nervous system but maybe in this chap that wire that goes from the amygdala to the limbic -the emotional core of the brain is cut by the accident so because the fusiform is intact the chap can still recognize his mother and says oh yeah this looks like my mother -but because the wire is cut to the emotional centers he says but how come if its my mother i dont experience a warmth or terror as the case may be right -and therefore he says how do i account for this inexplicable lack of emotions this cant be my mother its some strange woman pretending to -how do you test this well what you do is if you take any one of you here and put you in front of a screen and measure your galvanic skin response and show pictures on the screen i can measure how you sweat -when you see an object like a table or an umbrella of course you dont sweat if i show you a picture of a lion or a tiger or a pin up you start sweating right and believe it or not if i show you a picture of your mother -what happens what happens if you show -this patient you take the patient and show him pictures on the screen and measure his galvanic skin response tables and chairs and lint nothing happens -as in normal people but when you show him a picture of his mother the galvanic skin response is flat theres no emotional reaction to his mother because that wire going from the visual areas to the emotional centers is -so his vision is normal because the visual areas are normal his emotions are normal hell laugh hell cry so on and so forth but the wire from vision to emotions is -psychiatric syndrome and say that the standard freudian view is wrong that in fact you can come up with a precise explanation in terms of the known neural anatomy of the brain by the way if this patient then goes and mother phones -from an adjacent room phones him and he picks up the phone and he says wow mom how are you where are you theres no delusion through the phone -she approaches him after an hour he says who are you you look just like my mother ok the reason is theres a separate pathway going from the hearing centers in the brain to the emotional centers and thats not been cut by the accident -so how do you study this mysterious organ i mean you have one hundred billion nerve cells little wisps of protoplasm interacting with each other -all this complex circuitry set up in the brain is it nature genes or is it nurture and we approach this problem by considering another curious syndrome called phantom limb -you all know what a phantom limb is when an arm is amputated or a leg is amputated for gangrene or you lose it in war for example in the iraq war its now a serious problem -you continue to vividly feel the presence of that missing arm and thats called a phantom arm or a phantom leg in fact you can get a phantom with almost any part of the body -believe it or not even with internal viscera ive had patients with the uterus removed hysterectomy who have a phantom uterus including -phantom menstrual cramps at the appropriate time of the month and in fact one student asked me the other day do they get phantom pms -subject ripe for scientific enquiry but we havent pursued that ok now the next question is what can you learn about phantom limbs by doing experiments -answer the phone when it rings itll wave goodbye these are very compelling vivid sensations the patients not delusional he knows that the arm is not there but nevertheless its a compelling sensory experience for the patient -and from this activity emerges the whole spectrum of abilities that we call human nature and human consciousness how does this happen well there are many ways of approaching the functions of the human brain -but however about half the patients this doesnt happen the phantom limb theyll say but doctor the phantom limb is paralyzed its fixed in a clenched spasm and its excruciatingly painful -and then in a misguided attempt to get rid of the pain in the arm the surgeon amputates the arm and then you get a phantom arm with the same pains right -and this is a serious clinical problem patients become depressed some of them are driven to suicide ok so how do you treat this syndrome now why do you get a paralyzed phantom limb when i looked at the case sheet i found that they had an actual arm -the nerves supplying the arm had been cut and the actual arm had been paralyzed and lying in a sling for several months before the amputation and this pain then gets carried over into the phantom -move no move no and this gets wired into the circuitry of the brain and we call this learned paralysis -one approach the one we use mainly is to look at patients with sustained damage to a small region of the brain where theres been a genetic change in a small region of the brain what then happens is not -the arm this learned paralysis carries over into the into your body image and into your phantom ok now how do you help these patients -how do you unlearn the learned paralysis so you can relieve him of this excruciating clenching spasm of the phantom arm -the phantom pain the phantom cramp how do you do that well virtual reality but that costs millions of dollars so i hit on a way of doing this for three dollars but dont tell my funding agencies -what you do is you create what i call a mirror box you have a cardboard box with a mirror in the middle and then you put the phantom so my first patient derek came in -he had his arm amputated ten years ago he had a brachial avulsion so the nerves were cut and the arm was paralyzed lying in a sling for a year -right and the patient puts his phantom left arm which is clenched and in spasm on the left side of the mirror and the normal hand on the right side of the mirror and makes the same posture the clenched posture and looks inside the mirror -and what does he experience he looks at the phantom being resurrected because hes looking at the reflection of the normal arm in the mirror and it looks like this phantom has been -now i said now look wiggle your phantom your real fingers or move your real fingers while looking in the mirror hes going to get the visual impression that the phantom is moving -right thats obvious but the astonishing thing is the patient then says oh my god my phantom is moving again and the pain the clenching spasm is relieved and remember my first patient who came in -in and he looked in the mirror and i said look at your reflection of your phantom and he started giggling he says i can see my phantom but hes not stupid he knows its not real he knows its a mirror reflection but its a vivid sensory experience -now i said move your normal hand and phantom he said oh i cant move my phantom you know that its painful i said move your normal hand and he says oh my god my phantom is moving again i dont believe this and my pain is being relieved ok -ok this proves my theory about learned paralysis and the critical role of visual input but im not going to get a nobel prize for getting somebody to move his phantom limb -completely useless ability -but then i started realizing maybe other kinds of paralysis -that you see in neurology like stroke focal dystonias there may be a learned component to this which you can overcome with the simple device of using a mirror -so i said look derek well first of all the guy cant just go around carrying a mirror to alleviate his pain i said look derek take it home and practice with it -for a week or two maybe after a period of practice you can dispense with the mirror unlearn the paralysis and start moving your paralyzed arm and then relieve yourself of pain so he said ok and he took it home i said look its after all two dollars -so he took it home and after two weeks he phones me and he said doctor youre not going to believe this i said what he said its gone i said whats gone i thought maybe the mirror box was -he said no no no you know this phantom ive had for the last ten years its disappeared and i said i got worried i said my god i mean ive changed this guys body image what about human subjects ethics -and this gives you some confidence in asserting that that part of the brain is somehow involved in mediating that function so you can then map function onto structure -and all of that and i said derek does this bother you he said no last three days ive not had a phantom arm and therefore no phantom elbow pain -no clenching no phantom forearm pain all those pains are gone away but the problem is i still have my phantom fingers dangling from the shoulder and your box doesnt reach -so can you change the design and -put it on my forehead so i can you know do this and eliminate my phantom fingers he thought i was some kind of magician -a motor command neuron in the front of my brain will fire if i reach out and pull an object another neuron will fire commanding me to pull that object -called motor command neurons that have been known for a long time but what rizzolatti found was a subset of these neurons maybe about twenty percent of them -also fire when im looking at somebody else performing the same action so here is a neuron that fires when i reach and grab something but it also fires when i watch joe reaching and grabbing something -and this is truly astonishing because its as though this neuron is adopting the other persons point of view its almost as though its performing a virtual reality simulation of the other persons action -now what is the significance of these mirror neurons for one thing they must be involved in things like imitation and emulation because to imitate a complex act requires my brain to adopt the other persons point of view -so this is important of imitation and emulation well why is that important well lets take a look at the next slide so how do you do imitation why is imitation important mirror neurons and imitation emulation now -lets look at culture the phenomenon of human culture if you go back in time about to one hundred thousand years ago lets look at human evolution -it turns out that something very important happened around seventy five thousand years ago and that is there is a sudden emergence and rapid spread of a number of skills that are unique to human beings like tool use -use of fire the use of shelters and of course language and the ability to read somebody elses mind and interpret that persons behavior all of that happened relatively quickly even though the human brain had achieved its present size almost three or four hundred thousand years ago -hundred thousand years ago all of this happened very very quickly and i claim that what happened was the sudden emergence of a sophisticated mirror neuron system which allowed you to emulate and imitate other peoples actions so -the population or was transmitted vertically down the generations so this made evolution suddenly lamarckian instead of darwinian -you can hold in the palm of your hand but it can contemplate the vastness of interstellar space it can contemplate the meaning of infinity ask questions about the meaning of its own existence about the nature of god -another polar bear and skin it and put the skin on its body fur on the body and learn it in one step what the polar bear took one hundred thousand years to learn -can learn in five minutes maybe ten minutes and then once its learned this it spreads in geometric proportion across a population this is the basis the imitation of complex skills is what we call culture and is the basis of civilization -neuron in the somatosensory cortex in the sensory region of the brain fires but the same neuron in some cases will fire when i simply watch another person being touched -so its empathizing the other person being touched so most of them will fire when im touched in different locations different neurons for different locations but a subset of them will fire even when i watch somebody else being touched in the same location -here again you have neurons which are enrolled in empathy now the question then arises if i simply watch another person being touched why do i not get confused and literally feel that touch sensation -merely by watching somebody being touched i mean i empathize with that person but i dont literally feel the touch well thats because youve got receptors in your skin touch and pain receptors going back into your brain and saying dont worry youre not being touched -so empathize by all means with the other person but do not actually experience the touch otherwise youll get confused and muddled okay so there is a feedback signal -that vetos the signal of the mirror neuron preventing you from consciously experiencing that touch but if you remove the arm you simply anesthetize my arm -in other words you have dissolved the barrier between you and other human beings so i call them gandhi neurons or empathy neurons -you experience that persons touch in your mind youve dissolved the barrier between you and other human beings and this of course is the basis of much of eastern philosophy -and that is there is no real independent self aloof from other human beings inspecting the world inspecting other people you are in fact connected not just -our understanding of basic neuroscience so you have a patient with a phantom limb if the arm has been removed and you have a phantom and you watch somebody else being touched you feel it in your phantom -the astonishing thing is if you have pain in your phantom limb you squeeze the other persons hand massage the other persons hand that relieves the pain in your phantom hand -other neurons in the brain and based on this people have calculated that the number of permutations and combinations of brain activity exceeds the number of elementary particles in the universe -so how do you go about studying the brain one approach is to look at patients who had lesions in different part of the brain and study changes in their behavior this is what i spoke about in the last -now one recent discovery that has been made by researchers in italy in parma by giacomo rizzolatti and his colleagues is a group of neurons called mirror neurons which are on the front of the brain in the frontal lobes -now it turns out there are neurons which are called ordinary motor command neurons in the front of the brain which have been known for over fifty years these neurons will fire when a person performs a specific action for example if i do that and reach and grab an apple -with a few of his employees where they can fix almost anything -any cell phone any gadget you can bring them they can fix it and its pretty incredible because i took my iphone there -and he was like yeah do you want an upgrade -rewrite the circuitry re flash the firmware do whatever you want to with the phone and they can fix anything so quickly you can hand over a phone -this morning and you can go pick it up after lunch -and it was quite incredible but then we were wondering whether this is a local phenomenon or is truly global -and over time we started understanding and systematically researching what this tinkering ecosystem is about because that is something thats happening not just in one street corner -its even happening in africa like for example in cape town we did extensive research on this even here in doha i found this little nook where you can get alarm clocks and watches fixed -its this entire ecosystem -of low cost parts and supplies that are produced all over the world literally and then -redistributed to basically service this industry and you can even buy salvaged parts basically you dont have to necessarily buy brand new things you have condemned computers that are stripped apart and you can buy salvaged components and things that you can reassemble in a new configuration -but what does this new -sort of approach give us thats the real question because this is something thats been there part of every society thats deprived of enough resources but theres an interesting paradigm theres the traditional crafts and then theres the technology crafts we call it the technology crafts because these are emerging -alternate visions of how to create a digitally inclusive society -theyre not something thats been established its not -something thats institutionalized its not taught in universities its taught by word of mouth and its an informal education system around -the main thing is a fix it locally culture which is fantastic because it means that your product or your service doesnt have -thats what were after and we do this because we actually believe -other kinds of extendable ideas into really simple devices -in small digital shops -across the planet in most developing countries -schools in very remote parts of india -so there is this amazing concept called the one teacher school which is basically a single teacher who is a multitasker who teaches this amazing little social setting its an informal school but its really about holistic education -that silicon technology today is mostly about a culture of excess its about the fastest and the most efficient and the most dazzling gadget you can have -the only thing that they dont have is access to resources they dont even have a textbook sometimes and they dont even have a proper curriculum -so we said what can we do -to empower this teacher -to do more how to access the digital world instead of being the sole guardian of information be a facilitator to all this information -so we said what are the steps required to empower the teacher how do you make this teacher into a digital gateway and how do you design an inexpensive multimedia platform -that can be constructed locally and serviced locally -so we walked around we went and scavenged the nearby markets and we tried to understand -what can we pick up that will make this happen -the flashlight gives us this really intense bright l e d -and the lunch box is a nice little package in which you can put everything inside -and a bunch of mini speakers to sort of amplify the sound large enough believe me those little classrooms -systematically field tested -because in the field testing we learned some important lessons -can hardly reach the most basic of this technology to even address fundamental needs in life -luminosity was an issue when you have too much bright sunlight outside -often the roofs are broken so you dont have enough -darkness in the classroom to do these things -and the other key thing that we did was make this box run off a usb key because we realized that even though there was gprs and all that -it was much more efficient to send the data on a little usb key by surface mail it might take a few days to get there but at least it gets there in high definition -education this kind of a technique or metrology can actually be applied to other kinds of areas and im going to tell you one more little story -its about this little device called a medi meter its basically a little health care screening tool that we developed -including health care education and all these kinds of -inform people to basically -how to lead a better life but also -but the problem with that is that we realized after a bunch of research -very fundamental issues -but what happens at the public health care system is this -and too many people who overload the system -simply because theres not enough doctors and facilities for the population thats being referred so everything from a common cold to a serious case of malaria gets almost the same level of attention -and theres no priorities -so before i start i want to talk about a little anecdote a little story about a man i met -so we said come on theres got to be a better way of doing this for sure -so we said what can we do with the asha worker thatll allow this asha worker to become an interesting filter but not just a filter a really well thought through referral system -that allows load balancing of the network -patients to different sources of health care based on the severity or the criticalness of those situations -so the real key question was how do we empower this woman -how do we empower her with simple tools -thats not diagnostic but more screening in nature so she at least knows how to advise the patients better -and thatll make such a huge difference on the system because -the amount of waiting time -and the amount of distances that people need to travel often sometimes seven to fifteen kilometers sometimes by foot to get a simple health check done -is very very detrimental in the sense that it really dissuades people from getting access to health care -so if there was something that she could do -that would be amazing so what we did was that we converted this device into a medical device i want to demo this actually because its a very simple process -bruno do you want to join us -so that was a very simple three step screening process that could basically change the equation of how public health care works -he has this little ten square meter store where so much is being done its incredible because i couldnt believe my eyes when i once just happened to bump into him basically what he does is he has all these services for micro payments and booking tickets and all kinds of basic things that you would -so essentially the three things that are required to make this conversion from this guy -basically something that you can scavenge for very low cost -and thats what is all required with a little bit of local tinkering talent to convert the device into something else -but most importantly what we are trying to do right now is we are trying to scale this up because there are over two hundred and fifty thousand asha workers on the ground who are these amazing foot soldiers and if we can give -at least a fraction of them the access to these things it just changes the way the economics of public health care works and it changes the way systems actually function not just -on a systematic planning level but also in a very grassroots bottom up level -so thats it and we hope to do this in a big way thank you -go online for but he does it for people offline and connects to the digital world -space and not the alien style glamour but the nice clean early sixties version so what do we mean by glamour well one thing you can do if you want to know what glamour means is you can look in the dictionary -had a glamour it wasnt glamour as a quality you cast -one the way we use it today but a literal magic spell associated with witches and gypsies and to some extent celtic magic and over the years around the turn of the twentieth century it started to take on this slightly different -you might be wondering why im wearing sunglasses -other kind of deception this definition for any artificial interest in or association with an object through which it appears delusively magnified or glorified -but still glamour is an illusion glamour is a magic spell and theres something dangerous about glamour throughout -most of history when the witches cast a magic spell on you that was not in your self interest it was to get you to act against your interest well of course in the twentieth century glamour came to have this different meaning associated with -and one answer to that is because im here to talk about glamour so we all think we know what glamour is here it is its glamorous movie stars -with all due respect to hedy about whom well hear more later theres a lot more to it there was a -was going to make up so that youve got this highly stylized portrait of something that was not entirely of this earth it was a portrait of -and it involves a great deal of technique its not glamour is not something you dont wake up in the morning glamorous i dont care who you are even nicole kidman doesnt wake up in the morning glamorous -there is a process of idealization glorification and dramatization and its not just the case for people glamour doesnt have to be people architectural photography julius schulman whos talked about transfiguration took this -like marlene dietrich and it comes in a male form too very glamorous not only can he shoot drive you know he drinks wine there actually is a little wine in there -this is alex rosss comic book art which appears to be extremely realistic as part of his style is he gives you a kind of realism in his comic art -except that light doesnt work this way in the real world and when you stack people in rows the ones in the background look smaller than the ones in the foreground but not in the world of glamour -what glamour is all about i took this from a blurb in the table of contents of new york magazine which was telling us that glamour is back -glamour is all about transcending the everyday and i think that thats starting to get at what the core that combines all sorts of glamour is -not make you glamorous that only makes you beautiful -she is graceful she is mysterious and she is transcendent and those are the central qualities of glamour -you dont see her eyes theyre looking downward shes not looking away from you exactly but you have to mentally imagine her world -shes encouraging you to contemplate this higher world to which she belongs where she can be completely tranquil holding the -not glamorous thats glamour thats michelangelos pieta where mary is the same age as jesus and theyre both awfully happy -invites us to live in a different world it has to simultaneously be mysterious a little bit distant thats why often in these glamour shots the person is not looking at the audience its why sunglasses are glamorous -and of course always wears a tuxedo -also not -us that we cant identify with the person in some sense there has to be something like us so as i say in religious art -you know god is not glamorous god cannot be glamorous because god is omnipotent omniscient all these too far above us -earlier glamour does not have to be about people -this transcendent quality now what is it about superman aside from alex rosss style which is very glamorous one thing about superman is he makes you believe that a man can fly -and glamour is all about transcending this world and getting to an idealized perfect place and -we have with them the -so you can do a glamorized picture of a car but you cant do a glamorized picture of traffic -you know the guy in front of you in the airplane who has this nasty little kid or the big cough the story is about -arriving or thinking about where youre arriving and this sense of -is one reason that we have glamour styling this sort of streamlining styling is not just glamorous because we associate it with movies of that period but because in its streamlining it transports us -from the everyday the same thing arches are very glamorous arches with stained glass even more glamorous staircases that curve away from -but maybe thats because i went to princeton anyway skylines are super glamorous city streets not so glamorous you know when you get actually to -pull glamour off you need this renaissance quality of sprezzatura which is a term -by castiglione in his book the book of the courtier theres the not glamorous version of what it looks like today after a few centuries -and sprezzatura is the art that conceals art it makes things look effortless you dont think about how nicole kidman is maneuvering that dress she just looks completely natural and i remember reading after the -how angelina jolie would go home completely black and blue but of course they covered that with make up because -did all those same stunts but she doesnt get black and blue because she has sprezzatura to conceal all art and make whatever is done or said appear to be without effort and -life could be better i could join this i could be a perfect person i could join this perfect world we dont tell you all the grubby details now this was kindly lent to me by jeff bezos from last year -a catalog of modern beautiful objects for your home it looks like this -no cords look next time you get these catalogs in your mail you can usually figure out where they hid the cord but theres always this illusion that if you buy this lamp you will live in a world without cords -and the same thing is true of if you buy this laptop or you buy this computer and even in these wireless eras you dont get to live in the world without cords -have to have mystery and you have to have grace and there she is grace this is the most glamorous picture i think ever and part of the thing is that in rear window -is extremely glamorous because like sunglasses it conceals and reveals at the same time translucence is glamorous thats why all these people wear pearls its why barware is glamorous glamour is translucent not -not opaque it invites us into the world but it doesnt give us a completely clear picture and i think if grace kelly is the most glamorous person maybe a spiral staircase with glass block -the most glamorous interior shot because a spiral staircase is incredibly glamorous it has that sense of going up and away and yet you never think about how you would really trip if you were particularly going down -ideals that cannot possibly be realized -in reality they have contradictions they uphold principles that are incommensurable with each other whatever it is and yet these ideals give meaning and purpose to our lives as cultures and as individuals and the way -glamorous pictures of steel mills and paper mills and all kinds of glamorous industrial places and theres the mythic glamour of the -that is we displace them we put them into a golden world an imagined world an age of heroes the world to -and in the life of an individual we often associate that with some object the white picket fence -perfect office again no cords and certainly no it doesnt look a thing like my office i mean theres no paper on the desk -your ideal and also what has been edited out is it something important so the matrix is a movie that is all about glamour i could do a whole talk on the matrix and glamour -and those long coats and of course they could walk up walls and do all these kinds of things that are impossible in the real world this is another margaret bourke white -this is from soviet union attractive i mean look how happy the people are and good looking too you know were marching toward utopia -cleaning your floor this is from triumph of the will brilliant editing to cut together things theres a glamour shot national socialism is all about -it was a very aesthetic ideology it was all about cleaning up germany and the west and the world and ridding it of anything unglamorous so glamour can be dangerous i -a genuine appeal has a genuine value im not against glamour but theres a kind of wonder in the stuff that gets edited away in the cords of life -the manipulation of it all and sort of admit that -she invented spread spectrum technology so shes even more glamorous if you know that she really wasnt stupid even though she thought she could look stupid david hockney talks about -how the appreciation of this i think very glamorous painting is heightened if you think about the fact that it takes two weeks to paint this splash which only took a fraction of a second to happen -but i also knew how hard they worked all week sometimes under those hats theres a lot of joy and a lot of sorrow and actually you get more appreciation for glamour when you realize what went into creating it thank you -the ninth or tenth of june or so and my grandmother you know one time said no look you a re not going to run away this is your place -you stay here and indeed -the police came because they a ll just arrest us and put us in jail and release us whenever they feel like -and opened the kitchen door and she said -to them vusis here and youre not going to take him tonight im tired of you having to come here harassing us while your children are sleeping peacefully -and youre not going to take him ive got a bowl full of boiling water the first one who comes in here gets it and they left -in your -and -to my grandmother whom i think that she really played quite a lot of important role especially for me when i was an activist -song like the blues man or troubadour a a and -by -why oh why do we at times mistake a pimple for -so who are they who says no more love poems now a a i want to sing a song of love a a for that woman who jumped the fences pregnant a a and still gave -to a healthy child -the sun rays of the -enemy -sort of like really told that they must do everything in afrikaans biology mathematics and what about our languages -oh yeah -a -the students wanted to speak to the government and police answered with bullets so every year june sixteen -students who died and i was very young then i -and i started asking questions and that a s when my political education you know started -and i joined later on the youth organization under the african national congress so as part of organizing this and whatever this commemoration the police will round us -us like leaders and i used to run away from home when i know that maybe the police -you stay here and indeed -the police came because they ll just arrest us and put us in jail and release us whenever they feel like after the twentieth or so so it was on the tenth of june and they came and they surrounded the house and my grandmother switched off all the lights in the house -and opened the kitchen -and she said to them vusis here -and youre not going to take him tonight im tired of you having to come here harassing us while your children are sleeping peacefully in your homes he is here and youre not going to take him ive got a bowl full of boiling water the first one who comes in here gets it and they left -i m dedicating it also to my grandmother whom i think really played quite a lot of important roles especially for me when i was an activist -and being harassed by the police you will recall that in one thousand nine hundred and seventy six june sixteen the students of south africa boycotted the language of afrikaans as the medium of the oppressor as they were sort of like really told that they must do everything in afrikaans biology mathematics and -so who are they who says no more love poems now i want to sing a song of love for that woman who jumped the fences pregnant and still gave -what about our languages -and i started asking questions and that s when my political education started and i joined later on the youth organization under the african national congress -aged authoritarian corrupt -yes they got rid of saddam hussein but when they saw their land occupied by foreign forces they felt very sad they felt that their dignity had suffered and this is why they revolted this is why they did not accept -would you like to see civil war sectarian killing would you like to see destruction would you like to see foreign troops on your land -exactly i was in afghanistan -that was one of the worst nightmares that we have seen for ten years -images of destruction images of killing of sectarian conflicts images of violence emerging from a magnificent piece of land a region that one day was the source of civilizations and art and culture for thousands of years -now i am here to tell you that the future that we were dreaming for has eventually arrived -inspired by universal values -and a global understanding -has created a new reality for us we have found -they found something called facebook they found something called twitter they were surprised by all of these kinds of issues and they said these kids -but yes -who have been inspired by universal values -who are idealistic enough to imagine a magnificent future and at the same time realistic enough to balance this kind of imagination and the process leading to it not using violence not trying to create chaos -we put it in every sitting room in the arab world and internationally globally -and while this was the major difference between many initiatives before to create change -culture cultural diversity with our faith in our tradition and in our history but at the same time open to universal values connected with the world tolerant to the outside and this is -we are seeing them collapsing one after the other -a tool of revolution we do not create revolutions however when something of that magnitude happens we are at the center of the coverage -but most of -to phone our correspondents there and to phone our newsroom and to tell them make your best not to switch off the cameras at night because the guys there really feel confident when someone is reporting their story and they feel protected as well -so we have a chance -to create a new future in that part of the world we have a chance to -cannot create but terrorism and violence and destruction -let us accept the choice of the people let us not pick and choose who we would like to rule their future the future should be ruled by people themselves even sometimes if they are voices that might now scare us but -in order to embrace change and in order to celebrate with the people of that region a great future and hope and tolerance -the future has arrived and the future is now i thank you very much -how would you characterize the historical significance of whats happened is this a story of the year a story of the decade or something -more wadah khanfar actually this may be the biggest story that we have ever covered we have covered many wars we have covered a lot of tragedies a lot of problems a lot of conflict zones a lot of hot spots in the region because we were centered at the middle of it but this is a story it is a great story it is beautiful it is not something -that you only cover because you have to cover a great incident you are witnessing change in history you are witnessing the birth of a new era and this is what the storys all about -skeptical or think this may just be an intermediate stage before much more alarming chaos -you really believe that if there are democratic elections in egypt now that a government could emerge that espouses some of the values youve spoken about so inspiringly -these regimes created something within us -during this period im forty three years old right now for the last forty years i have seen almost the same faces for kings and presidents ruling us -do if they want to connect or make a difference and they believe in whats happening here -of accessing our website from various parts of the world fifty percent of it is coming from america because we discovered that people care and people would like to know they are receiving the stream through our internet unfortunately in the united states we are not covering but washington d c at this moment in time for al jazeera english -but i can tell you this is the moment to celebrate through connecting ourselves with those people in the street and expressing our support to them and expressing this kind of feeling universal feeling of supporting the weak and the oppressed to create a much better future for all -find a way with their imagination to carve life out of that very frozen a people for whom blood on ice is not a sign of death but an affirmation of life -hunting magic but as postcards of nostalgia and viewed in that light it takes on a whole other resonance and the most amazing thing about the upper paleolithic -in a place like kanak in northern greenland it literally comes in now in november and stays until march so their entire year has been cut in half -now i want to stress that none of these peoples that ive been quickly talking about here are disappearing worlds these are not dying peoples -on the contrary you know if you have the heart to feel and the eyes to see you discover that the world is not flat the world remains a rich -theyre unique facets of the human imagination theyre unique answers to a fundamental question what does it mean to be human and alive -and when asked that question they respond with six thousand different voices and collectively those voices become our human repertoire for dealing with the challenges that will confront us in the ensuing millennia -our industrial society is scarcely three hundred years old that shallow history shouldnt suggest to anyone that we have all of the answers for all of the questions that will confront us in the ensuing millennia -the myriad voices of humanity are not failed attempts at being us they are unique answers to that fundamental question what does it mean to be human and alive -and there is indeed a fire burning over the earth taking with it not only plants and animals but the legacy of humanitys brilliance -right now as we sit here in this room of those six thousand languages spoken the day that you were born fully half arent being taught to children -so youre living through a time when virtually half of humanitys intellectual social and spiritual legacy is being allowed to slip away -this does not have to happen these peoples are not failed attempts at being modern quaint and colorful and destined to fade away as if by natural law in every case these are dynamic living peoples being driven out of existence by identifiable forces -is that as an aesthetic expression it lasted for almost twenty thousand years if these were postcards of nostalgia ours was a very long farewell indeed -and it was also the beginning of our discontent because if you wanted to distill all of our experience since the paleolithic it would come down to two words how and why -and these are the slivers of insight upon which cultures have been forged now all people share the same raw -adaptive imperatives we all have children we all have to deal with the mystery of death the world that waits beyond death the elders who fall away into their elderly years -born of the imagination and the imagination the imagination as we know it came into being when our species descended from our progenitor homo -all of this is part of our common experience and this shouldnt surprise us because after all biologists have finally proven it to be true something that philosophers have always dreamt to be true and that is the fact that we are all brothers and sisters we are all cut from the same genetic cloth -all of humanity probably is descended from a thousand people who left africa roughly seventy thousand years ago -but the corollary of that is that if we all are brothers and sisters and share the same genetic material all human populations share the same raw human genius the same intellectual acuity and so whether that genius is placed into -of affairs in human experience there is no trajectory of progress theres no pyramid that conveniently places victorian england at the apex and descends down the flanks to the so called primitives of the world -all peoples are simply cultural options different visions of life itself -but what do i mean by different visions of life making for completely different possibilities for existence well lets slip for a moment into the greatest culture sphere ever brought into being by the imagination that of polynesia ten thousand square kilometers -tens of thousands of islands flung like jewels upon the southern sea i recently sailed on the hokulea named after the sacred star of hawaii throughout the south pacific to make a film about the navigators -these are men and women who even today can name two hundred and fifty stars in the night sky these are men and women who can sense the presence of distant atolls of islands beyond the visible horizon simply by watching the reverberation of waves across the hull of their vessel -and infused with consciousness began a journey that would carry it to every corner of the habitable world for a time we shared the stage with our distant cousins neanderthal who clearly had some spark of awareness but whether it was the -knowing full well that every island group in the pacific has its unique refractive pattern that can be read with the same perspicacity with which a forensic scientist would read a fingerprint -these are sailors who in the darkness in the hull of the vessel can distinguish as many as thirty two different sea swells moving through the canoe at any one point in time -and if we slip from the realm of the sea into the realm of the spirit of the imagination you enter the realm of tibetan buddhism and i recently made a film called the buddhist science of the mind -i travelled for a month in nepal with our good friend matthieu ricard and youll remember matthieu famously said to all of us here once at ted western science is a major response to minor needs we spend all of our lifetime trying to live to be one hundred without losing our teeth -the buddhist spends all their lifetime trying to understand the nature of existence our billboards celebrate naked children in underwear their billboards are manuals prayers to the well being of all sentient creatures -the blessing of trulshik rinpoche we began a pilgrimage to a curious destination accompanied by a great doctor and the destination was a single room in a nunnery where a woman had gone into lifelong retreat fifty five years before -and en route we took darshan from rinpoche and he sat with us and told us about the four noble truths the essence of the buddhist path all life is suffering that doesnt mean all life is negative it means things happen -the cause of suffering is ignorance by that the buddha did not mean stupidity he meant clinging to the illusion that life is static and predictable -the third noble truth said that ignorance can be overcome and the fourth and most important of course was the delineation of a contemplative practice that not only had the possibility -you saw a woman who was more clear than a pool of water in a mountain stream and of course this is what the tibetan monks told us -they said at one point you know we dont really believe you went to the moon but you did you may not believe that we achieve enlightenment in one lifetime but we do -all of their aspirations all of their needs and of course the human population has its own reciprocal obligations i spent thirty years living amongst the people of chincherro -you start off at eleven thousand five hundred feet you run down to the base of the sacred mountain antkilka you run up to fifteen thousand feet descend three thousand feet climb again over the course of twenty four hours -and of course the waylakamaspin the trajectory of the route is marked by holy mounds of earth where coke is given to the earth libations of alcohol to the wind the vortex of the feminine is brought to the mountain top -and the metaphor is clear you go into the mountain as an individual but through exhaustion through sacrifice you emerge as a community that has once again reaffirmed its sense of place in the planet -and at forty eight i was the only outsider ever to go through this only one to finish it i only managed to do it by chewing more coca leaves in one day than anyone in the four thousand year history of the -localized rituals become pan andean and these fantastic festivals like that of the qoyllur riti which occurs when the pleiades reappear in the winter sky -its kind of like an andean woodstock sixty thousand indians on pilgrimage to the end of a dirt road that leads to the sacred valley called the -which is dominated by three tongues of the great glacier the metaphor is so clear you bring the crosses from your community in this wonderful fusion of christian and -and then you do the ritual dances that empower the crosses now these ideas and these events allow us even to deconstruct iconic places that many of you have been to like machu picchu machu picchu was never a lost city -and for five thousand years been crawling into the belly of the earth where in the light of the flickers of tallow candles they had brought into being the great art of the upper paleolithic -on the contrary it was completely linked in to the fourteen thousand kilometers of royal roads the inca made in less than a century but more importantly it was linked in to the andean notions of sacred geography -and then beyond salcantay of course when the southern cross reaches the southernmost point in the sky directly in that same alignment the milky way overhead but what is enveloping machu picchu from below the sacred river the urubamba or the vilcanota -which is itself the earthly equivalent of the milky way but its also the trajectory that viracocha walked at the dawn of time when he brought the universe into being and where does the river -right on the slopes of the koiariti so five hundred years after columbus these ancient rhythms of landscape are played out in ritual -these of course are the descendants of the ancient tairona civilization if those of you who are here remember that i mentioned that they remain ruled by a ritual priesthood but the training for the priesthood is extraordinary -taken from their families sequestered in a shadowy world of darkness for eighteen years two nine year periods deliberately chosen to evoke the nine months they spend in the natural mothers womb -and i spent two months in the caves of southwest france with the poet clayton eshleman who wrote a beautiful book called juniper fuse and you could look at this art and you could of course see the complex social organization of the people who brought it into being -all that time the world only exists as an abstraction as they are taught the values of their society values that maintain the proposition that their prayers and their prayers alone maintain the cosmic balance -now the measure of a society is not only what it does but the quality of its aspirations and i always wanted to go back into these mountains to see if this could possibly be true as indeed had been reported by the great anthropologist -these really are a people who live and breathe the realm of the sacred a baroque religiosity that is simply awesome they consume more coca leaves than any human population half a pound per man per day -the gourd you see here is everything in their lives is symbolic their central metaphor is a loom they say upon this loom i weave my life they refer to the movements as they exploit the ecological niches of the gradient -as threads when they pray for the dead they make these gestures with their hands spinning their thoughts into the heavens you can see the calcium build up on the head of the poporo gourd -the gourd is a feminine aspect the stick is a male you put the stick in the powder to take the sacred ashes well theyre not ashes theyre burnt -but if you break a gourd you cannot simply throw it away because every stroke of that stick that has built up that calcium the measure of a mans life has a thought behind it -and they are the descendants of the ancient tairona civilization the greatest goldsmiths of south america who in the wake of the conquest retreated into this isolated volcanic massif that soars to twenty thousand feet above the caribbean coastal plain -there are four societies the kogi the wiwa the kankuamo and the arhuacos i traveled with the arhuacos -but more importantly it spoke of a deeper yearning something far more sophisticated than hunting magic and the way clayton put it was this way he said you know -and the wonderful thing about this story was that this man danilo viathanya if we just jump back here for a second -and i said danilo you wont remember this but when you were an infant i carried you on my back up and down the mountains and because of that danilo invited us to go to the very heart of the world -a place where no journalist had ever been permitted not simply to the flanks of the mountains but to the very iced peaks which are the destiny of the pilgrims -no its not true that theyre kept in the darkness for eighteen years but they are kept within the confines of the ceremonial mens circle for eighteen years this little boy -will never step outside of the sacred fields that surround the mens hut for all that time until he begins his journey of initiation -for that entire time the world only exists as an abstraction as he is taught the values of society including this notion that their prayers alone maintain -the cosmic balance before we could begin our journey we had to be cleansed at the portal of the earth -and this is actually the place where the great mother sent the spindle into the world that elevated the mountains and created the homeland that they call the heart of the world -we traveled high into the potomo and as we crested the hills we realized that the men were interpreting every single bump on the landscape in terms of their own -intense religiosity and then of course as we reached our final destination a place called -were in for a surprise because the farc were waiting to kidnap us and so we ended up being taken aside into these huts hidden away until the darkness -and then abandoning all our gear we were forced to ride out in the middle of the night in a quite dramatic scene its going to look like a john ford western -and we ran into a farc patrol at dawn so it was quite harrowing it will be a very interesting film but what was fascinating is that the minute there was a sense of danger the mamos went into a circle of divination -and of course this is a photograph literally taken the night we were in hiding as they divine their route to take us out of the mountains -we were able to because we had trained people in filmmaking continue with our work and send our wiwa and arhuaco filmmakers to the final sacred lakes to get the last shots for the film -and we followed the rest of the arhuaco back to the sea taking the elements from the highlands to the sea and here you see how their sacred landscape has been covered by brothels and hotels and casinos -and yet still they pray and its an amazing thing to think that this close to miami two hours from miami there is an entire civilization of people praying every day for your well being -they call themselves the elder brothers they dismiss the rest of us who have ruined the world as the younger brothers they cannot understand why it is that we do what we do to the earth -now if we slip to another end of the world i was up in the high arctic to tell a story about global warming inspired in part by the former vice presidents wonderful book -and what struck me so extraordinary was to be again with the inuit a people who dont fear the cold but take advantage of it a people who -my job description was deliciously vague wilderness assessment and public relations -man -and over the course of thirty years i recorded traditional tales from alex mostly mythological accounts of wy ghet the trickster transformer of gitxsan lore who in his folly taught the people how to live on the land -it was only when alex passed away that i realized that the eyelids in some sense were my own and having done so much to allow me to learn to see alex in his own way was saying goodbye -well isolation has been the great saving grace of this remarkable place but today isolation could be its doom -youve heard so much about the developments of the tar sands the controversy about the keystone and the enbridge pipelines but these are just elements of a tsunami of industrial development that is sweeping across all of the wild country of northern canada -in tahltan territory alone there are forty one major industrial proposals some with great promise some of great concern on todagin mountain -revered by the tahltan people as a wildlife sanctuary in the sky home to the largest population of stone sheep -on the planet imperial metals but the seventy fifth biggest mining company in all of canada has secured permits to establish an open pit copper and gold mine which will process thirty thousand tons of rock a day for thirty years -generating hundreds of millions of tons of toxic waste that by the projects design will simply be dumped into the lakes of the sacred headwaters -at the headwaters itself -shell canada has plans to extract methane gas -from coal seams that underly a million acres -fracking the coal with hundreds of millions of gallons of toxic chemicals establishing perhaps as many as six thousand wellheads and eventually a network of roads and pipelines and flaring wellheads all to generate methane gas that most likely will go east to fuel the expansion -of the tar sands -for over a decade the tahltan people both clans wolf and crow have resisted this assault on their homeland men women and children of all ages -elders in wheelchairs have blockaded the only road access to the interior for them the headwaters is a kitchen its a sanctuary its a burial ground of their ancestors and those who really own it are the generations as yet unborn -the tahltan have been able with the support of all canadians who live downstream all local politicians to resist this assault on their homeland but now everything hangs in the balance -decisions that will be made this year will literally determine the fate of this country the tahltan have called for the creation of a tribal heritage reserve which will set aside the largest protected area in british columbia -our goal is not only to help them do that but to encourage our friends the good people at shell not only to withdraw from the sacred headwaters but to move forward with us and join us as we do the remarkable the extraordinary -set aside a protected area that will be for all time not simply the sacred headwaters of the tahltan people but the sacred headwaters of all people in the world the tahltan need your help -we need your help and if any of you would like to join us on this great adventure please come and see me later today thank you very much -its a valley where in a long day perhaps too you can follow the tracks of grizzly and wolf -and drink from the very sources of water -gave rise and cradled the great civilizations of the northwest coast -its such a beautiful place its the most stunningly wild place ive ever been its the sort of place that we as canadians could throw england -and theyd never find it john muir in one thousand eight hundred and seventy nine went up just the lower third of the stikine and he was so enraptured he called it a yosemite one hundred and fifty miles long he came back to california and named his dog after that river of enchantment -in the lower forty eight the farthest you can get away from a maintained road is twenty miles -in the northwest quadrant of british columbia an area of land the size of oregon theres one road a narrow ribbon of asphalt that slips up the side of the coast mountains to the yukon -i followed that road in the early one thousand nine hundred and seventy s soon after it was built to take a job as the first park ranger in spatsizi wilderness -but the reason why everyone was silent -is what i call the psychological barrier of fear -but in fact the majority were scared everyone did not want really to get in trouble -a dictator cannot live without the force they want to make people live in fear -and that psychological barrier of fear had worked for so many years -and here comes the internet technology -blackberry sms -its helping all of us to connect -platforms like youtube twitter facebook were helping us a lot -because it basically gave us the impression that wow im not alone there are a lot of people who are frustrated there are lots of people who are frustrated there are lots of people who actually share the same dream -there are lots of people who care about their freedom they probably have the best life in the world they are living in happiness they are living in their villas they are happy they dont have problems but they are still -feeling the pain of the egyptian -a lot of us were not really happy when we see a video of an egyptian man -no one was a hero no one was a hero because everyone was a hero -in june -two thousand and ten i still remember the photo i still remember every single detail of that photo the photo was horrible -he was tortured brutally tortured to death -but then what was the answer of the regime -that was their answer hes a criminal hes someone who escaped from all these bad things but people did not relate to this people did not believe this because of the internet -the truth prevailed and everyone knew the truth and everyone started to think that this guy could be my brother he was a middle class guy his photo was remembered by all of us a page was created -an anonymous administrator was basically inviting people to join the page and there was no plan what are we going to do i dont know in a few days tens of thousands of people there -angry egyptians who were asking the ministry of interior affairs -to just bring them to justice -but of course they dont listen -it was an amazing story how everyone started feeling the ownership everyone was an owner in this page people started contributing ideas in fact one of the most ridiculous ideas was -hey lets have a silent stand -lets get people to go in the street face the sea their back to the street dressed in black standing up silently for one hour doing nothing and then just leaving going back home -but actually when people went to the street the first time it was thousands of people in alexandria -it felt like it was amazing it was great because it connected people from the virtual world bringing them to the real world sharing the same -and things had developed until -the tunisian revolution -this whole page was again managed by the people in fact the anonymous admin -job was to collect ideas -help people to vote on them and actually tell them what they are doing people were taking shots and photos people were reporting violations of human rights in egypt people were suggesting ideas they were actually voting on ideas and then they were executing the ideas -people were creating videos everything was done by the people to the people and thats the power of the internet -the largest encyclopedia in the world -from just an idea that sounded crazy you have the largest encyclopedia in the world and in the egyptian revolution the revolution two point zero everyone has contributed something small or big they contributed something -i was detained on the twenty seventh night thank god i announced the locations and everything but they detained me -and im not going to talk about my experience because this is not about me i was detained for twelve days blindfolded handcuffed and i did not really hear anything i did not know anything i was not allowed to speak with anyone -seriously with the amount of change i had noticed in this square i thought it was twelve years i never had in my mind -to see this egyptian -the amazing egyptian the fear is no longer fear its actually strength its power people were so empowered it was amazing how everyone was so empowered and now asking for their rights completely opposite extremism became tolerance -this is amazing all the stereotypes that the regime was trying to put on us through their so called propaganda or mainstream media are proven wrong -this whole revolution showed us how ugly such a regime was and how great and amazing the egyptian man the egyptian woman how simple and amazing these people are whenever they have a dream when i saw that -i went back and i wrote on facebook -and that was a personal belief -regardless of whats going on regardless of the details i said that we are going to win -we are going to win because we dont understand politics were going to win because we dont play their dirty games were going to win because we dont have an agenda were going to win because the tears that come from our eyes actually come from our hearts -were going to win because we have dreams were going to win because we are willing to stand up for our dreams -and thats actually what happened we won and thats not because of anything but because we believed in our dream the winning here is not the whole details of whats going to happen in the political scene the winning is the winning of the dignity of every single egyptian -to bring us one of the most inspiring stories in the history of mankind when it comes to revolutions -actually i had this taxi driver telling me -listen i am breathing freedom -i feel that i have dignity that i have lost for so many years for me thats winning regardless of all the details -egyptians have proven to be true that the power of the people -is much stronger than the people in power thanks -it was actually really inspiring to see all these egyptians completely changing if you look at the scene egypt for thirty years had been in a downhill -going into a downhill everything was going bad everything was going wrong -we only ranked high when it comes to poverty -corruption lack of freedom of speech lack of political activism -those were the achievements of our great regime -so for me choreography is very much a process of physical thinking its very much in mind as well as in body and its a collaborative process its something that i have to do with other people -economists anthropologists neuroscientists cognitive scientists people really who come from very different domains of expertise where they bring their intelligence to bear on a different kind of creative process -what i thought we would do today a little bit is explore this idea of physical thinking -and were all experts in physical thinking yeah you all have a body right and we all know what that body is like in the real world so one of the aspects of physical thinking that we think about a lot is this notion of proprioception the sense of my own body in the space in the real world so we all understand what it feels like -to know where the ends of your fingers are when you hold out your arms yeah you absolutely know that when youre going to grab a cup or that cup moves and you have to renavigate it so were experts in physical thinking already we just dont think about our bodies very much we only think about them when they go wrong -so when theres a broken arm or when you have a heart attack then you become really very aware of your bodies but how is it that we can start to think about using choreographic thinking kinesthetic intelligence to arm the ways in which we think about things more generally -they have no idea what were going to do so this is not the type of choreography where i already have in mind what im going to make where ive fixed the routine in my head -and i thought id take something simple ted logo we can all see it its quite easy to work with and im going to do something very simply where you take one idea from a body and it happens to be my body and translate that into somebody elses body so its a direct transfer transformation of energy -creativity for me is something thats absolutely critical and i think its something that you can teach i think the technicities of creativity can be taught and shared -so i can describe it very simply i can describe it in my arms right so all i did was take my hand and then i move my hand i can describe it whoa in my head you know whoa okay i can do also my shoulder yeah it gives me something to do something to work towards if i were to take that letter t and flatten it down on the floor -here maybe just off the floor all of a sudden i could do maybe something with my knee yeah whoa so if i put the knee and the arms together ive got something physical yeah and i can start to build something so what im going to do just for one and a half minutes or so is im going to take that concept im going to make something -and the dancers behind me are going to interpret it theyre going to snapshot it theyre going to take aspects of it -and i think you can find out things about your own personal physical signature your own cognitive habits and use that as a point of departure -so what theyre doing lets see something like that so what theyre doing is grasping aspects of that movement and theyre generating it into a phrase you can see the speed is extremely quick yeah im not asking them to copy exactly theyre using the information that they receive to generate the beginnings of a phrase -i can watch that and that can tell me something about how it is that theyre moving -so ive taken this aspect of ted and translated it into something thats physical -to misbehave beautifully -i was born in the one thousand nine hundred and seventy s and john travolta was big in those days grease saturday night fever and he provided a fantastic kind of male role model for me to start dancing my parents were very up for me going they absolutely encouraged me to take risks to go to try to try -throw it into the audience whoom throw it into the audience again weve got mental architecture were sharing it therefore solving a problem theyre enacting it let me just see that a little bit ready and go -i had an opportunity an access to a local dance studio and i had an enlightened teacher -the second one which is using them as objects to think with their architectural objects i do a series of provocations i say if this happens then that if this if that happens ive got lots of methods like that but its very very quick and this is a third method theyre starting it already and this is a task based method where they have the autonomy to make all of the decisions for themselves -who allowed me to make up my own and invent my own dances so what she did was let me make up my own ballroom and latin american dances to teach to my peers -so id like us just to do were going to do a little mental dance a little in this little one minute so what id love you to do is imagine you can do this with your eyes closed or open and if you dont want to do it you can watch them its up to you -just for a second think about that word ted in front of you so its in mind and its there right in front of your mind what id like you to do is transplant that outside into the real world so just imagine that word ted in the real world -and im going to scale that e so its absolutely massive so im scaling that e so its absolutely massive and then im going to give it dimensionality im going to think about it in three d space so now instead of it just being a letter thats in front of me its a space that my body can go inside of -i now decide where im going to be in that space so im down on this small part of the bottom rib of the letter e and im thinking about it and im imagining this space thats really high and above -if i asked you to reach out you dont have to literally do it but in mind reach out to the top of the e where would you reach if you reach with your finger where would it be if you reach with your elbow where would it be -if i already then said about that space that youre in lets infuse it with the color red what does that do to the body if i then said to you what happens if that whole wall on the side of e collapses and you have to use your weight to put it back up what would you be able to do with it -so this is a mental picture im describing a mental vivid picture that enables dancers to make choices for themselves about what to make okay you can open your eyes if you had them closed so the dancers have been working on them so just keep working on them for a little second so theyve been working on those mental architectures in the here -and that was the very first time that i found an opportunity to feel that i was able to express my own voice and thats whats fueled me then to become a choreographer i feel like ive got something to say and something to share -versions of physical thinking -and i guess whats interesting is is that i am now obsessed with the technology of the body i think its the most technologically literate thing that we have -and im absolutely obsessed with finding a way of communicating ideas through the body to audiences that might move them touch them help them think differently about things -so a few years ago i actually started getting very interested in the seti program and thats kind of the way i work is i get interested in different kinds of subjects i dive in i research them and then i try to figure out how to craft a toy around that so that other people can kind of experience the same sense of discovery as i did as i was learning that subject -and i started looking at how interesting doctorakes equation was because it spanned all these different subjects you know physics chemistry sociology economics -another thing that really impressed me a long time ago was powers of ten you know charles and ray eames film -and i started kind of putting those two together and wondering could i build a toy where kids would kind of trip across all these interesting principles of life you know -as it exists and as it might go in the future things where you might kind of trip across things like the copernican principle the fermi paradox the anthropic principle the origin of life -and right off the bat you basically just have to live survive reproduce -so here we are at a very kind of microscopic scale -and i actually realize that cells dont have eyes but -and as we start growing the camera will actually start zooming out and things that you see kind of in the background there will actually start slowly pulling into the foreground showing you a little bit of what youll be interacting with as you grow so as we eat the camera starts pulling out -rate and i would normally feel very self conscious and kind of geeky wearing this around right but like a few days ago i saw one world renowned statistician swallowing swords on stage here so -kind of a macro evolution scale -their creature and thats kind of a fundamental aspect of this now in the evolution game here the creature scale basically you have to eat survive and then reproduce you know very darwinian -one thing we noticed with the sims which is a game i did earlier is that players love making stuff when they were able to make stuff in the game they had a tremendous amount of empathy in connection to it -and now we might try to -with humans and all that because its kind of almost more interesting to look at alternate possibilities in evolution evolution is usually presented as like this one path that we took through -i figure its ok amongst this group -but really it represents this huge set of possibilities now once we mate we actually click on the egg and this is where the game starts getting interesting because one of the things we really focused on here -of intelligence kind of on the tool side but basically this is the editor where were going to design the next generation of our creature so it has a little spine it can kind of move around here -and well basically bring it to life so for instance i might put some limbs on the character here ill inflate them kind of large and in this case i might decide im going to put -very creative in the game here ill give it like one eye in the middle maybe scale it up a bit point it down -so basically in some sense we want this to feel like kind of an amplifier for the players imagination so that with a very small number of clicks a player can create something -that they didnt really think was possible before you know this is almost like designing something like maya that a like eight year old can use but really the goal here was within about a minute i wanted somebody to replicate what typically takes a pictorial artist you know several weeks to create -when i was a kid i actually -tail here -so thats the complete model now we can actually go to the painting phase now at this phase the program actually has some understanding of kind of the topology of this creature it kind of knows where the backbone is -where the spine the limbs are it kind of knows how stripes should run how it should be shaded and so were procedurally generating the texture map and this is something a texture artist would take many many days to work on and then we can test it out once weve done that -pose for a photo -and then redistributed to all the other players transparently so in fact as im kind of interacting in this world with other creatures these creatures are transparently coming from other players as they play so the process of playing the game -in the game that the player can create you know all the way up through civilization this is my baby when i eat ill actually start growing this is the next generation but im going to skip way ahead here -go out into space and start colonizing and exploring the universe now really in some sense i want the players to be -know basically the players imagination an amplifier -and how do we make these tools these editors something that in fact are actually just as fun as the game itself -so this is the planet that weve been playing on up to this point in the game -so far the entire game has been played on the surface of this little world here now at this point were actually dealing with a very little toy planet -it wasnt until later as i started making games that i really i actually think of them more as toys people call me a game designer but i really think of these things more as toys -this world was actually extracted from the players imagination so this is the planet that the player evolved on so things like the buildings and the vehicles the architecture civilizations were all designed by the player up to this point -so heres a little city with some of our guys kind of walking around in it and most games kind of put the player in the role of luke skywalker you know this protagonist playing to this story -really this is more about putting the player in the role of george lucas you know i want them after theyve played this game to have extracted an entire world that theyre now interacting with now as we pull down here we actually still have a whole set of creatures -living on the surface of the planet so all these different dynamics going on here in fact i can look over here and this is kind of a little simplified food web thats going on with the creatures i can open this up and then kind of actually scan what exists on the surface and get some sense of the diversity of creatures -that were brought in you know some of these were created by the player others by other players automatically sent over here but theres a very simple little kind of calculation of whats required how much -but i started getting very interested in maria montessori and her methods and the kind of way she went about things and the way she thought it very valuable for kids to kind of discover things on their own rather than being taught these things just kind of overtly and she would design these toys where kids in playing with the toys -play with the dynamics of this world -of our planetary atmosphere pressure and temperature -so basically i want the players to be able to experiment -space so there goes one -over time this is actually going to heat up the planet so at first what were going to see is a global ocean rise here on this little toy planet but then over time i can speed it up just a little bit well actually see the heat impact of that -so basically what were getting here is kind of maybe the sequel to an inconvenient truth you know in about two minutes and that actually kind of brings up an interesting point about games now here our entire oceans -and as it keeps getting hotter at some point the entire planets going to melt down here it goes -so were not only simulating kind of biological dynamics food webs and all that but also geologic you know on a very simple kind of core scale -and whats interesting to me about games in some sense is that i think we can take a lot of long term dynamics and compress them into very short term kind of experiences because its so hard for people to think fifty or one hundred years out -so heres our little solar system as we pull away from our melted planet here we actually it turns out have a couple of other planets in this solar system lets fly to another one -so in fact were going to have this unlimited number of worlds you can kind of explore here now as we move into the future and we start going out in this space and doing stuff were drawing a lot from things like science fiction -would actually come to understand these deep principles of life and nature through play and since they discovered those things it really stuck with them so much more and also they would experience their own failures there was a failure based aspect to learning there it was very important -so this planet actually has some life on it here it is some indigenous life down here now one of the tools i can eventually earn from my ufo is a -i can drop down -you can see these guys are actually starting to kind of go up and -and over time once they touch it they will become intelligent so i can actually pick a species on a planet and then make them sentient you see now theyve actually gone to tribal dynamics and now because im actually the one here i can actually if i want to get out of the ufo and walk up and they should be worshipping me at this point as a god -the star now one of the things that always kind of -now what i really wanted to do is to present this you know basically as wonderfully three d as it is actually is and not only that but also show the dynamics and a lot of the interesting objects that you might find -but we also have stars and things as well if we pull all the way back we start seeing the entire galaxy here -and so the games that i do i think of really more as modern montessori toys and i really kind of want them to be presented in a way to where kids can kind of explore and discover their own principles -is another thing where like typically when people present galaxies its always been these very beautiful photos but theyre always static and when you actually bring it forward in time and start animating it its actually kind of amazing -second because you have about roughly one supernova every -was kind of wondering what kind of gods that the players would become because if you think about it you know youre going to have fifteen year olds twenty year olds whatever flying around this universe and they might be a nurturing god -basically the reason why i make toys like this is because -think if theres one difference i could possibly make in the world that i would choose to make its that i would like to somehow give people just a little bit better calibration on long term thinking because i think most of the problems that our world is facing right now -is the result of short term thinking and the fact that it is so hard for us to think fifty one hundred years or one thousand years out and i think by giving kids toys like this and letting them replay dynamics -you know very long term dynamics over the short term and getting some sense of what were doing now what its going to be like in one hundred years -probably is the most effective thing i can be doing probably to help the world and so thats why i think personally that toys can change the world -the -she thought i was at school and i used to do a u turn when her back was turned and run off and hide in the shed at the back of the garden now the one time i was in the shed and -so -the -my mother suspected something thinking i was at school my mother was like the woman in tom and jerry so youd just see -so i was hiding in the shed like that and -and then i saw her legs and then she said grabbed me like that because my mother was quite big and she lifted me -something doesnt mean its not there my work is its a reflection of myself what i wanted to do is to -school i told her i couldnt face it because the way the teacher was treating me ridiculing me and using me as an example of -at that age obviously i couldnt express it that way but i told her i didnt feel right and then she said youre going back to school tomorrow and walked off and i didnt expect -that because i expected one of these but i didnt get it so im sitting there thinking -and as i looked down on the ground i noticed there was some ants running around and i went into this little fantasy world and i thought -looking for the queen ant or do they need somewhere to live so i thought perhaps if i made these ants some apartments -so i did and how i set about that i got some splinters of wood and i sliced the little splinters of wood with a broken shard of glass constructed this little apartment well it -little shanty shed when id finished but i thought perhaps the ant wont know itll probably move in and so -a bit crude at the time and i made all these little apartments and little merry go rounds seesaws and swings little ladders and i encouraged the ants to come round by putting sugar and things like that -and then i sat down and all the ants -came along and all i could hear was -this -i realized that -to life than just everything that we see around us thats -show the world that the little things can be the biggest things -i says -and then he said but i dont believe that you can do -we all seem to think that you know if we look down on the ground theres nothing there and we use the word nothing -of glass which as you can see thats the actual frame of -i -i dont inhale my -of glass and i had to -nothing doesnt exist because there is always something my mother told me that when i was a child -my -that i should always respect the little things what made me do this work i shall go into my story -and when i finished it i -and -things -to carve homer simpson like that in that position and -to make sure that there is room for barts neck so after ive done the same thing then i have to -this all started when i was age five -paint brush but i would never do it to a living fly because ive heard a fly -i would never -because -what made me do it at school i will admit this academically i couldnt express myself so i was -and -to -six to seven weeks -more or less classed as nothing my world was seen as less -the whole thing its made the -of a -i -and i cut it bent it round and -and the spiders web is for the reins on the -so i decided i didnt really want to be a part of that world i thought i need to retreat into something else so when my mother used to take me to school -a machine that one took me -i made four blades just because i want to increase power -yeah the windmill ca and so and that windmill what it worked -when the wind blows it rotates and generates ca how much electricity -so what do they make of that you were fourteen fifteen at the time what do they make of this -to pump water and irrigate irrigation for crops -i think it will produce more than twenty -yeah -and so youre talking to people here at ted to get -yeah if they can help me -and as you think of your life going forward youre nineteen now -do you -yeah im still thinking to -its a real honor to have you at the ted conference thank you so much for coming -after i drop out from school i went to library and i read a book that would -using energy and i get information about doing the mill and i try and i made -that it was in the book -and -and one we experienced an awful famine within five months all malawians began to starve to -my family ate one meal per day at night only three swallows of nsima for each one of us the food passes through our bodies we drop down to nothing -in malawi the secondary school you have to pay school fees because of the hunger i was forced to drop out of school -i looked at my father and looked at those dry fields it was the future i couldnt -i felt very happy to be at the secondary school so i was determined to do anything possible to receive education so i went to -two years ago i stood on the ted stage in arusha tanzania i spoke very briefly about one of my proudest creations -i read books science books especially physics i couldnt read english that well i used diagrams and pictures to -another book put that knowledge in my hands it said a windmill could pump water and generate -which we were experiencing by that time -so i decided i would build one windmill for myself but i didnt have materials to use so i went to a -where i found my materials many people including my mother said i was -i found a tractor fan shock absorber pvc pipes using a bicycle frame and an old bicycle dynamo i built my -it was one light at first and then four lights with switches and even a circuit breaker modeled after an -it was a simple machine that changed my life before that time i had never been away from my home -another machine pumps water for irrigation queues of people start lining up at my -to charge their mobile phone -i had never seen an airplane before i had never slept in a hotel so on stage that day in arusha my english -i said something like i tried and i made it so i would like to say something to all the people out there -you will watch this on the internet i say to you trust yourself and believe whatever happens dont give up thank you -i had never used a computer i had never seen an internet on the stage -i was so nervous my english lost i wanted to -i had never been surrounded by so many azungu white people -was a story i wouldnt tell you then but well im feeling good right now i would like to share that story today we have seven children in my family all sisters excepting me -this is me with my dad when i was a little boy before i discovered the wonders of science i was just a simple farmer in a -turns out that adipose tissue fat is highly angiogenesis dependent and like a tumor fat grows when blood vessels grow so the question is can we shrink fat be cutting off its blood supply -so the top curve shows the body weight of a genetically obese mouse that eats nonstop until it turns fat like this furry tennis ball -in fact you can cycle the weight up and down simply by inhibiting angiogenesis so this approach that were taking for cancer prevention may also have an application for obesity -mom and baby and after injury blood vessels actually have to grow under the scab in order to heal -this is that we cant take these obese mice and make them lose more weight than what the normal mouses weight is supposed to be in other words we cant create supermodel mice -once said that discovery consists of seeing what everyone has seen and -i hope ive convinced you that for diseases like cancer obesity and other conditions that there may be a great power in attacking their common denominator angiogenesis and thats what i think the world needs now thank -more -consider the approved ones look for clinical trials -but then between what the doctor can do for you we need to start asking what can we do for ourselves and this is one of the themes that im talking about is we can empower ourselves to do the things that doctors cant do for us which is to use knowledge and take action -and if mother nature has given us some clues we think that there might be a new future in the value of what we eat and what we eat is really our chemotherapy three -right and along those lines for people who might have risk factors for cancer would you recommend pursuing any treatments sort of prophylactically or simple pursuing the right diet with lots of tomato sauce -to look for epidemiological studies for cancer risk reduction based on diet and based on common medications and thats certainly something that anybody can -okay well thank you so much -by releasing stimulators proteins called angiogenic factors that act as natural fertilizer and stimulate new blood vessels to sprout -now there are other situations where we start beneath the baseline and we need to grow more blood vessels just to get back to normal levels for example after an injury and a body can do that too -but only to that normal level that set point but what we now know is -a number of diseases there are defects in the system -good afternoon -out of balance a myriad of diseases result for example insufficient angiogenesis not enough blood vessels leads to wounds that dont heal heart attacks legs without circulation death from stroke nerve damage -in total there are more than seventy major diseases effecting more than a billion people worldwide that all look on the surface to be -focus on cancer because angiogenesis is a hallmark of cancer -every type of cancer so here we go -this is a tumor dark gray ominous mass growing inside a brain and under the microscope you can see hundreds of these brown staining blood vessels capillaries that are feeding cancer cells bringing oxygen and nutrients -but cancers dont start out like this and in fact cancers dont start out with a blood supply they start out as small microscopic nests of cells -can only grow to one half a cubic millimeter in size thats the tip of a ballpoint pen -then they cant get any larger because they dont have a blood supply so they dont have enough oxygen or nutrients and in fact were probably forming these microscopic cancers all the time in our body -the revolution is called -autopsy studies from people who died in car accidents have shown that about forty percent of women between the ages of forty and fifty -actually have microscopic cancers in their breasts -and virtually one hundred percent of us by the time we reach our seventies will have microscopic cancers growing in our thyroid -yet without a blood supply most of these cancers will never become dangerous -doctor judah folkman who was my mentor and who was the pioneer of the angiogenesis field once called this cancer without disease -and its based on the process that our bodies use to grow blood vessels -so the bodys ability to balance angiogenesis when its working properly prevents blood vessels from feeding cancers and this turns out to be one of our most important defense mechanisms against cancer -in fact if you actually block angiogenesis and prevent blood vessels from ever reaching cancer cells tumors simply cant grow up -but once angiogenesis occurs cancers can grow exponentially and this is actually how a cancer goes from being harmless to deadly -so why should we care about blood vessels -as metastases and unfortunately this late stage of cancer is the one at which its most likely to be diagnosed -when angiogenesis is already turned on and cancer cells are growing like -is a tipping point -one major part of the angiogenesis revolution -is a new approach to treating cancer by cutting off the blood supply -we call this antiangiogenic therapy -and we can do this because tumor blood vessels are unlike normal healthy vessels we see in other places of the body theyre abnormal theyre very poorly constructed and because of that theyre highly vulnerable to treatments that target -in effect when we give cancer patients antiangiogenic therapy here -an experimental drug for a glioma which is a type of -tumor you can see that there are dramatic changes that occur when the tumor is being starved -heres a woman with a breast cancer being treated with the antiangiogenic drug called avastin which is fda approved and you can see that the halo of blood flow disappears after treatment -just shown you two very different types of cancer -both responded to antiangiogenic therapy -so a few years ago i asked myself can we take this one step further and treat other cancers even in other species -the smallest blood vessels are called capillaries weve got nineteen billion of them in our bodies and these are the vessels of life -slow down that cancers growth such that we were ultimately able to extend milos survival to six times what the veterinarian had initially predicted -all with a very good quality of life -and we subsequently treated more than six hundred dogs we have about a sixty percent response rate and improved survival for these pets that were about to be euthanized -so let me show you a couple of even more interesting examples -this is twenty year old dolphin living in florida and she had these lesions in her mouth that over the course of three years developed into -so we created an antiangiogenic paste we had it painted on top of the cancer three times a week and over the course of seven months the cancers completely disappeared and the biopsies came back as normal -heres a cancer growing on the lip -a quarter horse named guiness -the outside and over the course of six months -a complete remission -and here he is six years later -guiness with his very happy -and as ill show you they can also be the vessels of death -theres twelve different drugs eleven different cancer types but the real question is how well do these work in practice so heres actually the -from eight different types of cancer and the bars represent survival time taken from the era in which there was only chemotherapy or surgery or radiation available -but starting in two thousand and four -when antiangiogenic therapies first became available well you can see that there has been a seventy to one hundred percent improvement in survival for people with kidney cancer multiple myeloma -now the remarkable thing about blood vessels is that they have this ability to adapt to whatever environment theyre growing in for example in the liver they form channels to detoxify the blood -so i started asking myself why havent we been able to do better -and the answer to me is obvious were treating cancer too late in the game when its already established and oftentimes its already spread or metastasized -and as a doctor i know that once a disease progresses to an advanced stage achieving a cure can be difficult if not impossible -so i went back to the biology of angiogenesis and started thinking -could the answer to cancer be preventing angiogenesis -beating cancer at its own game so the cancers could never become dangerous -this could help healthy people as well as people whove already beaten cancer once or twice and want to find a way to keep it from coming back -i saw that diet accounts for thirty to thirty five percent of environmentally caused cancers -now the obvious thing is to think about what we could remove from our diet what what to strip out take away -but i actually took a completely opposite approach and began asking what could we be adding to our diet thats naturally antiangiogenic -could boost the bodys defense system and beat back those blood vessels that are feeding cancers in other words can we eat to starve cancer -well the answers yes and im going to show you how -our search for this has taken us to the market the farm and to the spice cabinet because what weve discovered is that mother nature has laced a large number of foods and beverages and herbs with naturally occurring inhibitors of -in the lung they line air sacs for gas exchange in muscle they corkscrew so that muscles can contract without cutting off circulation and in nerves they course along like power lines keeping those nerves alive -so let me show you what happens when we put in an extract from red grapes the -its also found in red wine -this inhibits abnormal angiogenesis by sixty percent -it potently inhibits angiogenesis -and here is a growing list of our antiangiogenic foods and beverages that were interested in studying and for each food type -we believe there is different potencies within different strains and varietals and we want to measure this because well while youre eating a strawberry or drinking tea why not select the one thats most potent for preventing cancer -so here are -chinese jasmine japanese sencha earl grey and a special blend that we prepared -and you can see clearly that the teas vary in -potency from less potent to more potent -but whats very cool is when we actually combined the two less potent teas together -the combination the blend is more potent than either one -this means theres food -tumor angiogenesis represented here in a black bar and using this system we can test the potency of cancer drugs so the shorter the bar less angiogenesis thats good -and here are some common drugs that have been associated with reducing the risk of cancer in people statins nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs and a few others -and we get most of these blood vessels when were actually still in the womb -they inhibit angiogenesis too -and here are the dietary factors going head to head against these drugs -so imagine if we could create the worlds first rating system in which we could score foods according to their antiangiogenic cancer preventative properties and thats what were doing right now -now ive shown you a bunch of lab data and so the real question is what is the evidence in people that eating certain foods can reduce angiogenesis in cancer -well the best example i know is a study of seventy nine thousand men followed over twenty years -in which it was found that men whom consumed cooked tomatoes two to three times a week had up to a fifty percent reduction in their risk of developing prostate cancer -now we know that tomatoes are a good source of lycopene and lycopene is antiangiogenic -so this human study is a prime example of how antiangiogenic substances present in food and consumed at practical levels can impact on cancer -except in a few special circumstances -and were now studying the role of a healthy diet with dean ornish and ucsf and tufts university on the role of this healthy diet on markers of angiogenesis that we can find in the bloodstream -now obviously what ive shared with you has some far ranging implications even beyond cancer research because if were right it could impact on consumer education -food services public health and even the insurance industry and in fact some insurance companies are already beginning to think along these lines check out this ad from blue cross blue shield of minnesota -in women blood vessels grow every month to build the lining of the uterus during pregnancy they form the placenta which connects -but everybody could benefit from a healthy diet based on local sustainable antiangiogenic crops -finally ive talked to you about food and ive talked to you about cancer so theres just one more disease that i have to tell you about and thats obesity -right now based on cradle to cradle as templates our assignment is to develop protocols for the housing for four hundred million people in twelve years we did a mass energy balance if they use brick they will lose all their soil and -have cities with no energy and no food we signed a memorandum of understanding heres madam deng lan deng xiaopings daughter for china to adopt cradle to cradle because if they toxify themselves being the lowest cost producer -send it to the lowest cost distribution wal mart and then we send them all our money what well discover is that we have what effectively when i was a student -was called mutually shared destruction now we do it by molecule these are our cities were building a new city next to this city look at that landscape -this is the site -we dont normally do green fields but this one is about to be built so they brought us in to intercede this is their plan its a rubber stamp grid that they laid right on that landscape and they brought us in and said what would you do -this is what they would end up with which is another color photograph so this is the existing site so this is what it looks like now and heres our proposal -so the way we approached this is we studied the hydrology very carefully we studied the biota the ancient biota the current farming and the protocols we studied the winds and the sun to make sure everybody in the city -have fresh air fresh water and direct sunlight in every single apartment at some point during the day we then take the parks and lay them out as ecological infrastructure we lay out the building areas -we start to integrate commercial and mixed use so the people all have centers and places to be the transportation is all very simple everybodys within a five minute walk of mobility -we have a twenty four hour street so that theres always a place thats alive the waste systems all connect if you flush a toilet -your feces will go to the sewage treatment plants which are sold as assets not liabilities because who wants the fertilizer factory that makes natural gas -the waters are all taken in to construct the wetlands for habitat restorations and then it makes -natural gas which then goes back into the city to power the fuel for the cooking -the city so this is these are fertilizer gas plants and then the compost is all taken back to the roofs of the city where weve got farming because what weve done is weve lifted up the city -the landscape into the air to -to restore the native landscape on the roofs of the buildings the solar power of all the factory centers and all the industrial zones with their light roofs powers -and this is the concept for the top of the city weve lifted the earth up onto the roofs the farmers have little bridges to get from one roof to the next -we inhabit the city with work live space on all the ground floors and so this is the existing city and this is the new city -was a nice thing to get that was one sentence -sixty two with rachel carsons silent spring i think for people like me in the world of the making of things -and what would our intentions be if we wake up in the morning we have designs on the world well what would our intention be as a species now that were the dominant species and its not just stewardship and dominion debate because really dominion is -implicit in stewardship because how could you dominate something you had killed and stewardships implicit in dominion because you cant be steward of something if you cant dominate it so -the question is what is the first question for designers now as guardians lets say the state for example which reserves the right to kill the right to be duplicitous -and so on the question were asking the guardian at this point is are we meant how are we meant to secure local societies create world -so we use the tools of commerce primarily for our work but the question we bring to it is how do we love all the children of all species -for all time and so we start our designs with that question because what we realize today is that modern culture appears to have adopted a strategy of tragedy -the canary in the mine wasnt singing and so the question that we might not have birds -if we come here and say well i didnt intend to cause global warming on the way here and we say thats not part of my plan then we realize its part of our de facto plan because its the thing thats happening because we have no other -and i was at the white house for president bush meeting with every federal department and agency and i pointed out that they appear to have no plan if the end game is global warming theyre doing great -if the end game is mercury toxification of our children downwind of coal fire plants as they scuttled the clean air act then i see that our education programs should be explicitly defined as brain death for all children no child left behind -the question is how many federal officials are ready to move to ohio and pennsylvania with their families so if you dont have an endgame of something delightful then youre just moving chess pieces around if you dont know youre taking the king so -anybody here has trouble with the concept of design humility reflect on this it took us five thousand years to put wheels on our luggage -so -as kevin kelly pointed out there is no endgame there is an infinite game and were playing in that infinite game and so we call it cradle to cradle -and our goal is very simple this is what i presented to the white house our goal is a delightfully diverse safe healthy and just world with clean air clean water soil -power economically equitably ecologically and elegantly enjoyed period -was like to be president of france he said what do you think its like trying to run a country with four hundred kinds of cheese -the same time we realize that our products are not safe and healthy so weve designed products and we analyzed chemicals down to the parts per million this is a baby blanket by pendleton that -and at what point did that uniform turn from white to black -a fundamental issue thats not being addressed weve seen the first form of solar energy thats beat the hegemony of fossil fuels in the form of wind here in the great plains and so that hegemony is leaving -and if we remember sheikh yamani when he formed opec they asked him when will we see the end of the -oil i dont know if you remember his answer but it was the stone age didnt end because we ran out of stones -we see that companies acting ethically in this world are outperforming those that dont we see the flows of materials -in a rather terrifying prospect this is a hospital monitor from los angeles sent to china this woman will expose herself to toxic phosphorous -four pounds of toxic lead into her childrens environment which is from copper on the other hand we see great signs of hope heres doctor venkataswamy in india whos figured out how to do mass produced health he has given eyesight to two million people for free -but you know weve just come from this discussion of what a bird might be what is a bird well in my world this is a rubber duck -we see in our material flows that car steels dont become car steel again because of the contaminants of the coatings bismuth antimony copper and so on they become building steel -were working with berkshire hathaway warren buffett and shaw carpet the largest carpet company in the world weve developed a carpet that is continuously recyclable down to the parts per -million the upper is nylon six that can go back to caprolactam the bottom a polyolephine infinitely recyclable thermoplastic now if i was a bird the building on my left is a liability -the building on my right which is our corporate campus for the gap with an ancient meadow is an asset its nesting grounds -s where i come from i grew up in hong kong with six million people in forty square miles during the dry season we had four hours of water every fourth day and the relationship to landscape -my childhood summers were in the puget sound of washington among the first growth and big growth my grandfather had been a lumberjack in the olympics so i have a lot of tree karma i am working off -i went to yale for graduate school studied in a building of this style by le corbusier affectionately known in our business as brutalism -comes in california with a warning this product contains chemicals known by the state of california to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm -and the windows are all closed and with most products appearing not to have been designed for indoor use this is actually a vertical gas chamber -and richard meiers who was one of my teachers kept coming over to my desk to give me criticism and he would say bill youve got to understand solar energy has nothing to do with architecture -and yet noaa has now shown us for example you see that little blue thing above hawaii thats the pacific gyre it was recently dragged for plankton by scientists and they found six times as much -as plankton when asked they said its kind of like a giant toilet that doesnt flush -it is not a tree thats the name of the first chapter this book is not a tree because in poetics as margaret atwood pointed out we write our history on the skin of fish with the blood of bears -and with so much polymer what we really need is technical nutrition and to use something as elegant as a tree imagine this design assignment design something that makes oxygen sequesters carbon fixes nitrogen -this is a bird -so -the same criteria as most people you know can i afford it does it work do i like it were adding the jeffersonian agenda and i come from charlottesville where ive had the privilege of living in a house designed by thomas jefferson were adding life -what kind of culture would produce a product of this kind and then label it and sell it to children -liberty and the pursuit of happiness -now if we look at the word competition im sure most of youve used it you know most people dont realize it comes from the latin competere which means strive together it means the way olympic athletes train with each other they get fit together and then they compete the williams sisters compete one wins wimbledon -so weve been looking at the idea of competition as a way of cooperating in order to get fit together and the chinese government has now i work with the chinese government now has taken -were also looking at survival of the fittest not in just competition terms in our modern context of destroy the other or beat them to the ground but really to fit together and build niches and have growth -that is good now most environmentalists dont say growth is good because in our lexicon asphalt is two words assigning a blame -but if we look at asphalt as our growth then we realize that all were doing is destroying the planetarys fundamental underlying operating system so when we see e equals mc squared come along -from a poets perspective we see energy as physics chemistry as mass and all of a sudden you get this biology and we have plenty of energy so well solve that problem but the biology problems tricky because as we -we have a design problem someone heard the six hours of talk that i gave -put through all these toxic materials that we disgorge we will never be able to recover that and as francis crick pointed out nine years after discovering dna with mister watson -that life itself has to have growth as a precondition it has to have free energy sunlight and it needs to be an open system of chemicals -so were asking for human artifice to become a living thing and we want growth we want free energy from sunlight and we want an open metabolism for chemicals then the question becomes not growth or no growth but what do you want to grow -so therefore we have these two metabolisms and i worked with a german chemist michael braungart and weve identified the two fundamental metabolisms the biological one im sure you understand -but also the technical one where we take materials and put them into closed cycles we call them biological nutrition and technical nutrition technical nutrition will be in an order of magnitude of biological nutrition biological nutrition can supply about five hundred million humans -which means that if we all wore birkenstocks and cotton the world would run out of cork and dry up so we need materials in closed cycles but we need to analyze them down to the parts per million for cancer birth defects mutagenic effects disruption of our immune systems biodegradation -our first product was a textile where we analyzed eight thousand chemicals in the textile industry using those intellectual filters we eliminated nine thousand seven -sixty two we were left with thirty eight chemicals we have since databased the four thousand most commonly used chemicals in human manufacturing -and were releasing this database into the public in six weeks so designers all over the world can analyze their products down to the parts per million for human and ecological health -so that companies can send these same messages all the way through their supply chains because when we asked most companies we work with about a trillion dollars -come from they say suppliers and where does it go customers so we need some help there so the biological nutrients the first fabrics the water coming out was clean enough to drink -its all solar powered heres a building at oberlin college we designed that makes more energy than it needs to operate and purifies its own water heres a building for the gap -where the ancient grasses of san bruno california are on the roof and this is our project for ford motor company its the revitalization of the river rouge in dearborn this is obviously a color photograph -these are our tools these are how we sold it to ford we saved ford thirty five million dollars doing it this way -day one which is the equivalent of the ford taurus at a four percent margin of an order for nine hundred million dollars worth of cars here it is its the worlds largest green roof ten and a half acres this is the roof -were developing now protocols for cities thats the home of technical nutrients the country the home of biological and putting them together and so i will finish by showing you a new city were designing for the chinese government were doing twelve cities for china -he erased all of their texts and then he cut the sheets down in the middle he shuffled them up and he rotated them ninety degrees and he wrote prayers on top of these books and essentially these seven manuscripts disappeared for seven hundred years and we have a prayer book -the prayer book was discovered by this guy -the -and it became a world famous manuscript -now it should be clear by now that this book is in bad condition it got in worse condition in the twentieth century after heiberg saw it forgeries were painted over it and it suffered very badly from mold -this book is the definition of a write off -dont survive to us in their original form -and he wanted to do this as a matter of principle because not many people are really going to read archimedes -in ancient greek but they should have the chance to do it so he gathered around himself the friends of archimedes and he promised to pay for all the work and it was an expensive job -but actually it wouldnt be as much as you think because these people they didnt come from money they came from archimedes and they came from all sorts of different backgrounds they came from particle physics they came from classical philology -they survive because medieval scribes copied them and copied them and copied them and so it is with archimedes the great greek mathematician everything we know about archimedes as a mathematician we know about because of just three books and theyre called a b and c -they came from book conservation they came from ancient mathematics they came from data management they came from scientific imaging and program management and they got together to work on this manuscript -the first problem was a conservation problem and this is the sort of thing that we had to deal with there was glue on the spine of the book -and if you look at this photograph carefully the bottom half of this is rather brown and that glue is hide glue now if youre a conservator you can take off this glue reasonably easily -the top half is elmers wood glue its polyvinyl acetate emulsion that doesnt dissolve in water once its dry and its much tougher than the parchment that it was written on and so before we could start imaging archimedes we had to take this book apart -so it took four years to take apart and this is a rare action shot ladies and gentlemen -another thing is that we had to get rid of all the wax because this was used in the liturgical services of the greek orthodox church and theyd used candle wax and the candle wax was dirty and we couldnt image through the wax so very carefully we had to mechanically scrape off all the wax -its hard to tell you exactly how bad this condition of this book is but it came out in little bits very often and normally in a book you wouldnt worry about the little bits but these little bits might contain unique archimedes text so tiny fragments we actually managed to put back in the right place -then having done that we started to image the manuscript and we imaged the manuscript in fourteen different wavebands of light because if you look at something in different wavebands of light you see different things and here is an image of a page imaged in fourteen different wavebands of light -but none of them worked so what we did was we processed the images together and we put two images into one blank screen and here are two different images of the archimedes manuscript -if you merge them together into one digital canvas the parchment is bright in both images and it comes out bright -the prayer book is dark in both images and it comes out dark the archimedes text is dark in one image and bright in another and itll come out dark but red and then you can start to read it rather clearly and thats what it looks like -now thats a before and after image but you dont read the image on the screen like that -you zoom in and you zoom in and you zoom in and you zoom in and you can just read it now -with this kind of imaging this kind of infrared ultraviolet invisible light imaging we were never going to image through the gold ground forgeries how were we going to do that well we took the manuscript and we decided to image it in x ray fluorescence imaging -so an x ray comes in in the diagram on the left and it knocks out an electron from the inner shell of an atom and that electron disappears and as it disappears an electron from a shell farther out jumps in and -and what we wanted to get was the iron -the image the thing is that you need a very powerful light source to do this so we took it to the stanford synchrotron radiation laboratory -but as the electrons go round at the speed of light they shed x rays and this is the most powerful light source in the solar system this is called synchrotron radiation and its normally used to look at things like proteins and that sort of thing but we wanted it to look at atoms -so what did we discover well one of the unique texts in archimedes is called the stomachion -and this didnt exist in codices a and b and we knew that it involved this square and this is a perfect square and its divided into fourteen bits but no one knew what archimedes was doing with these fourteen bits and now we think we know -he was trying to work out how many ways you can recombine those fourteen bits and still make a perfect square -anyone want to guess the answer its seventeen thousand one hundred and fifty two divided into five hundred and thirty six families and the important point about this is that its the earliest study in combinatorics in mathematics and combinatorics is a wonderful and interesting branch of mathematics -was an athenian orator from the fourth century b c he was an exact contemporary of demosthenes and in three hundred and thirty eight b c he and demosthenes together decided that they wanted to stand up to the military might of philip of macedon -and this is the speech that he gave when he was on trial and its a great speech best of all he says is to win but if you cant win then you should fight for a noble cause because then youll be remembered -consider the spartans they won enumerable victories but no one remembers what they are because they were all fought for selfish ends the one battle that the spartans fought that everybody remembers is the the battle of thermopylae where they were butchered to a man but fought for the freedom of greece -it was such a great speech that the -then the macedonian faction caught up with him they cut out his tongue in mockery of his oratory and no one knows what they did with his body so this is the discovery of a lost voice from antiquity speaking to us not from the grave because his grave doesnt exist but from the athenian law courts -now i should say at this point that normally when youre looking at medieval manuscripts that have been scraped off -now codex c is actually buried in this book its buried treasure because this book is actually a prayer book -you dont find unique texts and to find two in one manuscript is really something to find three is completely weird and we found three aristotles categories is one of the foundational texts of western philosophy -and we found a third century a d commentary on it possibly by galen and probably by porphyry -now all this data that we collected all the images all the raw images all the transcriptions that we made and that sort of thing have been put online under a creative commons license for anyone to use for any commercial purpose -why did the owner of the manuscript do this -he did this because he understands data as well as books now the thing to do with books if you want to ensure their long term utility is to hide them away in closets and let very few people look at them the thing to do with data if you want it to survive is to let it out and have everybody have it with as little control -on that data as possible and thats what he did and institutions can learn from this -because institutions at the moment confine their data with copyright restrictions and that sort of thing and if you want to look at medieval manuscripts on the web -at the moment you have to go to the national library of ys site or the university library of xs site which is about the most boring way in which you can deal with digital data what you want to do is to aggregate it all together because the web of the ancient manuscripts of the future isnt going to be built by institutions -it was finished by a guy called johannes myrones on the fourteenth of april one thousand two hundred and twenty nine and to make his prayer book he used parchment but he didnt use new parchment he used parchment recycled from earlier manuscripts and there were seven of them and archimedes codex c was just one of those seven -glorious selection of beautiful things and that is the future of the web and its an attractive and beautiful future if only we can make it happen now we at the walters art museum have followed this example -and we have put up all our manuscripts on the web for people to enjoy all the raw data all the descriptions all the metadata under a creative commons license now the walters art museum is a small museum and it has beautiful manuscripts but the data is fantastic -and the result of this is that if you do a google search on images right now and you type in illuminated manuscript koran for example twenty four of the twenty eight images youll find come from my institution -lets think about this for a minute whats in it for the institution there are all sorts of things that are in it for the institution you can talk about the humanities and that sort of thing but lets talk about selfish things -because whats really in it for the institution is this now why do people go to the louvre they go to see the mona lisa -why do they go to see the mona lisa because they already know what she looks like and they know what she looks like because theyve seen pictures of her absolutely everywhere -he took apart the archimedes manuscript and the other seven manuscripts -if it can be done in europe why not in the middle east why not thanks to a common identity which is the story of abraham and thanks to common economy that would be based in good part on tourism -so let me conclude then by saying that in the last thirty five years as ive worked in some of the most dangerous difficult and intractable conflicts around the planet -i have yet to see one conflict that i felt could not be transformed -its not easy of course but its possible it was done in south africa it was done in northern ireland it could be done anywhere it simply depends on us -it depends on us taking the third side so let me invite you to consider taking the third side even as a very small step were about to take a break in a moment -we know that scientifically thanks to the communications revolution all the tribes on the planet all fifteen thousand tribes are in touch with each other -just go up to someone whos from a different culture a different country a different ethnicity some difference and engage them in a conversation listen to them -thats a third side act thats walking abrahams path after a tedtalk why not a tedwalk -so let me just leave you with three things one is the secret to peace is the third side -the third side is us each of us with a single step can take the world can bring the world a step closer to peace -theres an old african proverb that goes when spiderwebs unite they can halt even the lion -if were able to unite our third side webs of peace we can even halt the lion of war thank you very much -and its a big family reunion and yet like many family reunions its not all peace and light -and the question is how do we deal with our differences how do we deal with our deepest differences given the human propensity for conflict and the human genius at devising weapons of enormous destruction thats the question -as ive spent the last better part of three decades almost four traveling the world trying to work getting involved in conflicts -ranging from yugoslavia to the middle east to chechnya to venezuela some of the most difficult conflicts on the face of the planet -ive been asking myself that question and i think ive found in some ways what is the secret to peace its actually surprisingly simple -its not easy but its simple its not even new it may be one of our most ancient human heritages the secret to peace is us -its us who act as the surrounding community around any conflict who can play a constructive role let me give give you -because after all within living memory they were hunters and gatherers living pretty much like our ancestors lived for maybe ninety nine percent of the human story -and all the men have these poison arrows that they use for hunting absolutely fatal so how do they deal with their differences well what i learned is whenever tempers rise in those communities -someone goes and hides the poison arrows out in the bush and then everyone sits around in a circle like this and they sit and -and they talk it may take two days three days four days but they dont rest until they find a resolution or better yet a reconciliation -and if tempers are still too high then they send someone off to visit some relatives as a cooling off period well that system is i think probably the system that kept us alive to this point given our human tendencies -that system i call the third side because if you think about it normally when we think of conflict when we describe it -theres always two sides its arabs versus israelis labor versus management husband versus wife republicans versus democrats -but what we dont often see is that theres always a third side and the third side of the conflict is us its the surrounding community its the friends the allies the family members the neighbors and we can play an incredibly constructive role -perhaps the most fundamental way in which the third side can help is to remind the parties of whats really at stake -for the sake of the kids for the sake of the family for the sake of the community for the sake of the future lets stop fighting for a moment and start talking -the youngest son he left a ninth of the camels well three sons got into a negotiation seventeen doesnt divide by two -because the thing is when were involved in conflict its very easy to lose perspective its very easy to react human beings were reaction machines -and as the saying goes when angry you will make the best speech you will ever regret -and so the third side reminds us of that the third side helps us go to the balcony which is a metaphor for a place of perspective where we can keep our eyes on the prize -me tell you a little story from my own negotiating experience some years ago i was involved as a facilitator in some very tough talks between the leaders of russia and the leaders of chechnya -there was a war going on as you know and we met in the hague in the peace palace in the same room where the yugoslav war crimes tribunal was taking place -the talks got off to a rather rocky start when the vice president of chechnya began by pointing at the russians and said you should stay right here in your seats because youre going to be on trial for war crimes -and then he went on and then he turned to me and said youre an american look at what you americans are doing in puerto rico and my mind started racing puerto rico what do i know about puerto rico i started reacting -it doesnt divide by three it doesnt divide by nine brotherly tempers started to get strained finally in desperation they went and they -i tried to remember to go to the balcony and then when he paused and everyone looked at me for a response from a balcony perspective i was able to thank him for his remarks and say -i appreciate your criticism of my country and i take it as a sign that were among friends and can speak candidly to one another -and what were here to do is not to talk about puerto rico or the past what were here to do is to see if we can figure out a way to stop the suffering and the bloodshed in chechnya -the conversation got back on track thats the role of the third side is to help the parties to go to the balcony -now let me take you for a moment to whats widely regarded as the worlds most difficult conflict or the most impossible conflict is the middle east -question is wheres the third side there how can we possibly go to the balcony now i -to have an answer to the middle east conflict but i think ive got a first step literally a first step something that any one of us could do as third siders let me just ask you one question first how many of you in the last -years have ever found yourself worrying about the middle east and wondering what anyone could do just out of curiosity how many of you okay so the great majority of us -and here its so far away why do we pay so much attention to this conflict is it the number of deaths there are a hundred times more people who die in a conflict -in the middle east no its because of the story because we feel personally involved in that story whether were christians muslims or jews -a wise old woman the wise old woman thought about their problem for a long time and finally she came back and said well i dont know if i can help you but at least if you want you can have my camel so then they had eighteen camels -yes lets try and resolve the politics there in the middle east but lets also take a look at the story lets try to get at the root of what its all about -lets see if we can apply the third side to it what would that mean what is the story there now as anthropologists we know that every culture has an origin story -and the world has never been the same since that man of course was abraham -and what he stood for was unity the unity of the family hes the father of us all but its not just what he stood for its what his message was his basic message was unity too the interconnectedness of it all and the unity of it all -and his basic value was respect was kindness toward strangers thats what hes known for his hospitality -so in that sense hes a symbolic third side of the middle east hes the one who reminds us that were all part of a greater whole now how would you now think about that for a moment -today we face the scourge of terrorism what is terrorism terrorism is basically taking an innocent stranger and treating them as an enemy whom you kill -in order to create fear whats the opposite of terrorism its taking an innocent stranger and treating them as a friend -whom you welcome into your home in order to sow and and create understanding or respect or love -the first son took his half half of eighteen is nine the second son took his third a third of eighteen is six the youngest son took his ninth a ninth of eighteen is two you get seventeen they had one camel left over -so what if then you took the story of abraham which is a third side story what if that could be because abraham stands for hospitality -what if that could be an antidote to terrorism what if that could be a vaccine against religious intolerance how would you bring that story to life now its not enough just to tell a story -you go for a walk you go for a walk in the footsteps of abraham you retrace the footsteps of abraham -because walking has a real power you know as an anthropologist walking is what made us human its funny when you walk you walk side by side -in the same common direction now if i were to come to you face to face and come this close to you you would feel -threatened -but if i walk shoulder to shoulder even touching shoulders its no problem who fights while they walk thats why in negotiations often when things get tough -people go for walks in the woods so the idea came to me of what about inspiring -route think the silk route think the appalachian trail that followed in the footsteps of abraham -and we then took a bus and took some walks and went to harran where in the bible he sets off on his journey -they gave it back to the wise old woman -then we crossed the border into syria went to aleppo which turns out is named after abraham we went to damascus which has a long history associated with abraham -we then came to northern jordan to jerusalem which is all about abraham to bethlehem -and finally to the place where hes buried in hebron so effectively we went from womb to tomb we showed it could be done it was an amazing journey -let me ask you a question how many of you have had the experience of being in a strange neighborhood or strange land -and a total stranger perfect stranger comes up to you and shows you some kindness maybe invites you into their home gives you a drink gives you a coffee gives you a meal how many of you have ever had that experience -now if you think about that story for a moment i think it resembles -thats the essence of the abraham path but thats what you discover is you go into these villages in the middle east where you expect hostility and you get the most amazing hospitality all associated with abraham in the name of father abraham let me -offer you some food so what we discovered is that abraham is not just a figure out of a book for those people hes alive hes a living -a lot of the difficult negotiations we get involved in they start off like seventeen camels no way to resolve it somehow what we need to do is step back from those situations like that wise old woman look at the situation through fresh eyes and come up with an -an amazing experience men women young people old people more women than men actually interestingly for those who cant walk -who are unable to get there right now people started to organize walks in cities in their own communities in cincinnati for instance that organized a walk from a church to a mosque to a synagogue and all had an abrahamic meal together it was abraham path day -in sao paulo brazil its become an annual event for thousands of people to run in a virtual abraham path run uniting the different communities the media love it they really adore it they -and just a couple weeks ago there was an npr story on it last month there was a piece -in the guardian in the manchester guardian -about it two whole pages and they quoted a villager who said this walk connects us to the world he said it was like a light that went on in our lives it brought us hope -and so thats what its about but its not just about psychology its about economics because as people walk they spend money -and this woman right here um ahmad is a woman who lives on a path in northern jordan shes desperately poor shes partially blind her husband cant work shes got seven kids -she can do is cook and so shes begun to cook for some groups of walkers who come through the village and have a meal in her home they sit on the floor she doesnt even have a -she makes the most delicious food thats fresh from the herbs in the surrounding countryside and so more and more walkers have come and lately shes begun to earn an income to support her family -and so she told our team there she said you have made me visible in a village where people were once ashamed to look at -thats the potential of the abraham path there are literally hundreds of those kinds of communities across the middle east across the path -the potential is basically to change the game and to change the game you have to change the frame the way we see things to change the frame from -now finding that eighteenth camel in the worlds conflicts has been my life passion i basically see humanity a bit like those three brothers were all one family -is a game changer let me just show you one thing i have a little acorn here that i picked up while i was walking on the path -earlier this year now the acorn is associated with the oak tree of course grows into an oak tree which is associated with abraham the path right now is like an acorn its still in its -what would the oak tree look like well i think back to my childhood a good part of which i spent after being born here in chicago i spent in europe -said sixty years from now this is going to be the most peaceful prosperous part of the planet people would have thought you were certifiably insane -but they did it thanks to a common identity europe and a common economy so my question is -so to say it is hopeless is not the right thing to do because we actually can make that difference if you integrate the various technologies -and its nice to have the science but it still depends mostly upon the people on your education we have our farmer schools -but the real success of course is our band because if a baby is born we will play so everyones our family and you dont make trouble with your family -the largest accumulation of organic material in the world when you open this for growing oil palms youre creating co two volcanoes -this is how it looks we have this road going around the area which brings the people electricity and water from our own area we have the zone with the sugar palms and then we have this fence with very thorny palms to keep the orangutans -that we provide with a place to live in the middle and the people apart and inside we have this area for reforestation -as a gene bank to keep all that material alive because for the last twelve years not a single seedling of the tropical hardwood trees has grown up -the climatic triggers have disappeared all the seeds get eaten so now we do the monitoring on the inside from towers satellites ultralights -each of the families that have sold their land now get a piece of land back and it has two nice fences of tropical hardwood trees you have the shade trees planted in year one then you underplanted with the sugar palms and you plant this thorny fence -and after a few years you can remove some of those shade trees the people get that acacia timber which we have preserved with the bamboo peel -but whatever you do in that program it has to be fully supported by the people meaning that you also have to adjust it to the local cultural values -there is no simple one recipe for one place you also have to make sure that it is very difficult to corrupt that its transparent -that are emitting so much co two that my country is now the third largest emitter of greenhouse gasses in the world after china and the united states and we dont have any industry at all -like here in samboja lestari we divide that ring in groups of twenty families if one member trespasses the agreement and does cut down trees the other nineteen members have to decide whats going to happen to him -if the group doesnt take action the other thirty three groups have to decide what is going to happen to the group that doesnt comply with those great deals that we are offering them -it is the cooperative they have a democratic culture there so there you can use the local justice system to protect -your system so in summary if you look at it in year one the people can sell their land to get income but they get jobs back in the construction and the reforestation working with the orangutans they can use the waste wood to make handicraft they also get free land -in between the trees where they can grow their crops they can now sell part of those fruits to the -they get all these other benefits environmentally money they get education its a great deal and everything is based upon that one thing -make sure that forest remains there so if we want to help the orangutans what i actually set out to do -we must make sure that the local people are the ones that benefit now i think the real key to doing it to give a simple answer is integration -if you want to know more -only because of this deforestation and these are horrible images im not going to talk too long about it but there are so many of the family of uce which are -not so fortunate to live out there in that forest that still have to go through that process and i dont know anymore where to put them so i decided that i had to come up with a solution -but also a solution that will benefit the people that are trying to exploit those forests to get their hands on the last -timber and that are causing in that way the loss of habitat and all those victims so i created the place samboja lestari and the idea was -if i can do this on the worst possible place that i can think of where there is really nothing left no one will have an excuse to say yeah but no -in two thousand and two we had about fifty percent of the people jobless there there was a huge amount of crime people spent so much of their money on health -drinking water there was no agricultural productivity left this was the poorest district in the whole province and -it was a total extinction of wildlife this was like a biological desert when i stood there in the grass its hot not even the sound of insects just this waving grass -still four years later we have created jobs for about three thousand people the climate has changed i will show you no more flooding no more fires its no longer -the poorest district and there is a huge development of biodiversity weve got over one thousand species we have one hundred and thirty seven -bird species as of today we have thirty species of reptiles so what happened here we created a huge -economic failure in this forest so basically the whole process of destruction has gone a bit slower than what is happening now with the oil palm -but we saw the same thing we had slash and burn agriculture people cannot afford the fertilizer so they burn the trees and half the minerals available there -the fires become more frequent and after a while youre stuck with an area of land where there is no fertility left there are no trees left -and there is all these animals and all these people happy and theres this economic value so hows this possible it was quite simple if you look at the steps we bought the land we dealt with the fire -and then only we started doing the reforestation by combining agriculture with forestry only then we set up the infrastructure and management and the -but we made sure that in every step of the way the local people were going to be fully involved so that no outside forces would be able to interfere with that that the people would become the defenders -that evening i came back to the market in the dark and i heard -that forest so we do the people profit planet principles but we do it in addition a sure legal status because if the forest belongs to the state people say it belongs to me it belongs to everyone -and then we apply all these other principles like transparency professional management measurable results -what we did was we formulated recipes how to go from a starting situation where you have nothing -to a target situation you formulate a recipe based upon the factors you can control whether it be the skills or the fertilizer or -choice and then you look at the outputs and you start measuring what comes out now in this recipe you also have the cost you also know how much labor is needed -if you can drop this recipe on the map on a sandy soil on a clay soil on a steep slope on flat soil you put those different recipes if you combine them -and sure enough i found a dying orangutan baby on a garbage heap of course the cage was salvaged i took up the little baby massaged her forced her to drink until she finally started breathing normally -out of that comes a business plan comes a work plan and you can optimize it for the amount of labor you have available or for the amount of fertilizer you have and you can do it this is how it -and to shake out the grasses and after eight years they might actually yield some timber that is if you can preserve it in the right way -have a very high risk of losing everything again so we plant it later along the waterways to filter the water provide the raw products just in time for when the timber becomes available so the idea is -how to integrate these flows in space over time and with the limited means you have -so we plant the trees we plant these pineapples and beans and ginger in between to reduce the competition for the trees the crop fertilizer organic material -is useful for the agricultural crops for the people but also helps the trees the farmers have free land the system yields early income the orangutans get healthy food -and we can speed up ecosystem regeneration while even saving some money so beautiful what -march april may -we lost five point five million hectares in just a matter of a few months this is because we have ten thousand of those underground fires that you also have in pennsylvania here -in the united states and once the soil gets dried youre in a dry season you get cracks oxygen goes in flames come out and the problem starts all over again -this is uce shes now living in the jungle of sungai wain and this is matahari her second son which by the way is also -because it was that dark we lost all the crops no children gained weight for over a year they lost twelve iq points it was a disaster for orangutans and people -so these fires are really the first things to work on that was why i put it as a single point up there and you need the local people for that because these grasslands once they start burning -it goes through it like a windstorm and you lose again the last bit of ash and nutrients to the first rainfall going to the sea killing off the coral reefs there -so you have to do it with the local people that is the short term solution but you also need a long term solution so what we did is we created a ring of sugar palms around the area -sugar palms turn out to be fire resistant also flood resistant by the way and they provide a lot of income for local people this is how it looks like -the people have to tap them twice a day just a millimeter slice and the only thing you harvest is sugar water -and you can create so much energy from this because they produce three times more energy per hectare per year -because you can tap them on a daily basis you dont need to harvest or any other of the crops so this is the combination where -the second orangutan i rescued dodoy that changed my life quite dramatically and as of today i have almost one thousand babies in my two centers -we have all this genetic potential in the tropics which is still unexploited and doing it in combination with technology but also your legal side needs to be in very good order so we bought that -and here is where we started our project in the middle of nowhere and if you zoom in a bit you can see that all of this area is divided into strips that go over different types of soil -and we were actually monitoring measuring every single tree in these two thousand hectares five thousand acres -and this forest is quite different what i really did was i just followed nature and nature doesnt know monocultures -but a natural forest has multilayers that means that both in the ground and above the ground it can make better use of the available light it can -store more carbon in the system it can provide more functions but its more complicated its not that simple and you have to work with the people -so what we do is also just like nature we grow fast planting trees and underneath that we grow the slower growing primary grain forest trees of a very high diversity that can optimally use that light and then -what is just as important get the right fungi in there that will grow into those leaves bring back the nutrients to the roots of the trees that have just dropped that leaf within twenty four hours and they become like nutrient pumps and you need the bacteria to fix nitrogen and -without those microorganisms you wont have any performance at all and then we started planting only one thousand trees a day we could have planted many many more but we didnt want to because -we wanted to keep the number of jobs stable we didnt want to lose the people that are going to work in that plantation -no no no wrong -and we do a lot of work here we use indicator plants to look what soil types or what vegetables will grow or what trees will grow here -and we have monitored every single one of those trees from space this is what it looks like in real you have this irregular ring around it with strips of one hundred meters wide with sugar palms that can provide -income for six hundred and forty eight families its only a small part of the area the nursery in here is quite different if you look at the number of tree species we have in europe for instance from the urals up to england you know how many -its horrible its a proof of our failing to save them in the wild its not good this is merely proof of everyone failing to do the right thing having -which makes it work that you can go from this zero situation by planting the vegetables and the trees or directly the trees in the lines in that grass there putting up the buffer zone producing your compost -and then making sure that at every stage of that upgrowing forest there are crops that can be used in the beginning maybe pineapples and beans and corn in the second phase there will be bananas and papayas later on there will be -and chilis and then slowly the trees start taking over bringing in produce from the fruits from the timber from the fuel wood and finally the sugar palm forest takes over and provides the people with permanent income -on the top left underneath those green stripes you see some white dots those are actually individual pineapple plants that you can see from space and in that area we started growing some -trees that you just saw before so this is after one year and this is after two years and -if you look from the tower this is when we start attacking the grass we plant in the seedlings mixed with the bananas the papayas all the crops for the local people but the trees are growing up fast in between as well and three years later one hundred and thirty seven species of birds -we lowered air temperature three to five degrees celsius air humidity is up ten percent cloud cover im going to show it to you is up rainfall is up and all these species earn income -all the orangutans in all the zoos in the world together just now like victims for every baby six have disappeared from the forest -this ecolodge that i built here three years before was an empty yellow field -this transponder we operate with the european space agency that gives us the benefit that every satellite that comes over to calibrate itself is taking a picture those pictures we use to analyze how much carbon how the forest is developing -and we can monitor every tree using that satellite images through our corporation but we can use -to provide other regions with recipes and the same technology we actually have it already with google earth if you would use a little bit of -which company is stealing the timber and you could save so much more carbon than with any measure of saving energy here -so this is the samboja lestari area you measure how the trees grow back but you can also measure the biodiversity coming back and biodiversity is an indicator of how much water -can be balanced how many medicines can be kept here and finally i made it into the rain machine because -this forest is now creating its own rain this nearby city of balikpapan has a big problem with water its eighty percent surrounded by seawater and we have now a lot of intrusion there -the deforestation especially for oil palm to provide biofuel for western countries is whats causing these problems and those are the peat swamp forests on twenty meters -now we looked at the clouds above this forest so we looked at the reforestation area semi open area and open area and look at these images -just run them very quickly through in the tropics raindrops are not formed from ice crystals like is the case in the temperate zones you need the trees with -chemicals that come out of the leaves of the trees that initiate the raindrops so you create a cool place where clouds can accumulate and you have the trees to initiate the rain and look -lets look at the next year and you can see that that trend is continuing where at first we had a small cap of higher rainfall that cap is now widening and getting higher -and if we look at the rainfall pattern above samboja lestari it used to be the driest place but now you see consistently a peak of rain forming there so you can actually -change the climate when there are trade winds of course the effect disappears but afterwards as soon as the wind stabilizes you see again that the rainfall peaks come back above this area -at this level of the labor market what you need is a marketplace for spare hours they do exist heres how they work -so in this example a distribution company has said weve got a rush order that weve got to get out of the warehouse tomorrow morning show us everyone whos available its found thirty one workers everybody on this screen is genuinely available at those specific hours tomorrow theyre all contactable in time for this booking -theyve all defined the terms on which they will accept bookings and this booking is within all the parameters for each individual and they would all be legally compliant by doing this booking of course theyre all trained to work in warehouses -you can select as many of them as you want theyre from multiple agencies its calculated the charge rate for each person for this specific booking and its monitoring their reliability the people on the top row are the provenly reliable ones theyre likely to be more expensive -lets make it personal imagine that a young woman base of the economic pyramid very little prospect of getting a job -what economic activity could she theoretically engage in well she might be willing to work odd hours in a call center in a reception area in a mail room she may be interested in providing local services to her community babysitting local deliveries pet care -she may have possessions that she would like to trade at times she doesnt need them so she might have a sofa bed in her front room that she would like to let out she might have a bike a video games console she only uses occasionally -and youre probably thinking because youre all very web aware yes and were in the era of collaborative consumption so she can go online and do all this she can go to airbnb to list her sofa bed she can go to taskrabbit com and say i want to do local deliveries and so on -but i believe we can go a step further and the key to that is a philosophy that we call modern markets for all -markets have changed beyond recognition in the last twenty years -but only for organizations at the top of the economy -if youre a wall street trader you now take it for granted that you sell your financial assets in a system of markets that identifies the most profitable opportunities for you in real time executes on that in microseconds within the boundaries youve set -it analyzes supply and demand and pricing and tells you where your next wave of opportunities are coming from it manages counterparty risk in incredibly sophisticated ways its all extremely low overhead -what have we gained at the bottom of the economy in terms of markets in the last twenty years -basically classified adverts with a search facility -so why do we have this disparity between these incredibly sophisticated markets at the top of the economy that are increasingly sucking more and more activity and resource out of the main economy into this rarefied level of trading -and what the rest of us have a modern market is more than a website its a web of interoperable marketplaces back office mechanisms regulatory regimes settlement mechanisms liquidity sources and so on -and when a wall street trader comes into work in the morning she does not write a listing for every financial derivative she wants to sell today and then post that listing on multiple websites and wait for potential buyers to get in touch and start negotiating the terms on which she might trade -in the early days of this modern markets technology the financial institutions worked out how they could leverage their buying power their back office processes their relationships their networks to shape these new markets that would create all this new activity -their availability for work can be such that its a few hours today maybe i can work tomorrow but i dont know if and when yet -they asked governments for supporting regulatory regimes and in a lot of cases they got it -but throughout the economy there are facilities that could likewise leverage a new generation of markets for the benefit of all of us -and those facilities im talking about things like the mechanisms that prove our identity the licensing authorities that know what each of us is allowed to do legally at any given time the processes by which we resolve disputes through official channels -these mechanisms these facilities are not in the gift of craigslist or gumtree or yahoo theyre controlled by the state -and the policymakers who sit on top of them -are i suggest simply not thinking about how those facilities could be used to underpin a whole new era of markets like everyone else -those policymakers are taking it for granted that modern markets are the preserve of organizations powerful enough to create them for themselves -suppose we stopped taking that for granted -suppose tomorrow morning the prime minister of britain or the president of the u s or the leader of any other developed nation -and its extraordinarily difficult for these people to find the work that they so often need very badly -and i think i can see a few eyes rolling politicians in a big complex sophisticated i t project oh thats going to be a disaster waiting to happen -not necessarily there is a precedent for technology enabled service that has been initiated by politicians in multiple countries and has been hugely successful -national lotteries lets take britain as an example our government didnt design the national lottery it didnt fund the national lottery it doesnt operate the national lottery it simply passed the national lottery act and this is what followed -this act defines what a national lottery will look like it specifies certain benefits that the state can uniquely bestow on the operators and it puts some obligations on those operators in terms of spreading gambling activity to the masses this was an unqualified success -which is a tragedy because there are employers who can use pools of very flexible local people booked completely ad hoc around when that person wants to work -but lets suppose that our aim is to bring new economic activity to the base of the pyramid could we use the same model i believe we could -so imagine that policymakers outlined a facility lets call it national e markets nems for short think of it as a regulated public utility so its on a par with the water supply or the road network -and its a series of markets for low level trade that can be fulfilled by a person or a small company -and government has certain benefits it can uniquely bestow on these markets its about public spending going through these markets to buy public services at the local level its about interfacing these markets direct into the highest official channels in the land -its about enshrining governments role as a publicist for these markets its about deregulating some sectors so that local people can enter them so taxi journeys might be one example -and there are certain obligations that should go with those benefits to be placed on the operators and the key one is of course that the operators pay for everything including all the interfacing into the public sector -so imagine that the operators make their return by building a percentage markup into each transaction -imagine that theres a concession period defined of maybe fifteen years in which they can take all these benefits and run with them and imagine that the consortia who bid to run it are told whoever comes in at the lowest percentage markup on each transaction to fund the whole thing will get the deal -imagine that you run a cafe its mid morning the place is filling up youre going to have a busy lunchtime rush -but it could be very different -because having access to those state backed facilities could incentivize this consortium to seriously invest in the service because they would have to get a lot of these small transactions going to start making their return -so were talking about sectors like home hair care the hire of toys farm work hire of clothes even meals delivered to your door services for tourists home care -if you could get two extra workers for ninety minutes to start in an hours time youd do it but theyd have to be reliable inducted in how your cafe works theyd have to be available at very competitive rates theyd have to be bookable in about the next minute -this would be a world of very small trades but very well informed because national e markets will deliver data -so this is a local person -potentially deciding whether to enter the babysitting market and they might be aware that they would have to fund vetting and training if they wanted to go into that market theyd have to do assessment interviews with local parents who wanted a pool of babysitters is it worth their while should they be looking at other sectors should they be moving to another part of the country where theres a shortage of babysitters -this kind of data can become routine and this data can be used by investors so if theres a problem with a shortage of babysitters in some parts of the country and the problem is nobody can afford the vetting and training -but its very informed safe convenient low overhead and immediate some rough research suggests this could unlock around one hundred million pounds worth a day of new economic activity in a country the size of the u k does that sound improbable to you -thats what a lot of people said about turbo trading in financial exchanges twenty years ago -in reality no recruitment agency wants to handle that sort of business so you are going to muddle by understaffed -people have perceived at these different sport activities and let me start with mexico mexico temperature has been air temperature has been something between fifteen up to thirty degrees c and people enjoyed themselves -it was a very comfortable game in mexico city have a look orlando same kind of stadium open air stadium -people have been sitting in the strong sun -so the games have been perceived as comfortable -we are in this wonderful open air amphitheater and we are enjoying ourselves in that mild evening temperature tonight -what about athens mediterranean climate -but in the sun it was not comfortable they didnt perceive comfort and we know that from spain we know that -high humidity and it was not comfortable so if i overlay and if you overlay all these comfort envelopes what we see is in all these places air temperature has been ranging something -thirty of thirty degrees c ambient temperatures if you go along that line you see there has been all kind of comfort all kinds of perceived outdoor comfort ranging from very comfortable to very uncomfortable so why is that -and this is air temperature all these parameters go into the comfort feeling of our human body and scientists have developed a parameter which is the perceived temperature where all these parameters go in and help designers to understand -but when qatar will host the football world cup -because of our metabolism -we as human beings we produce heat -im excited im talking to you im probably producing one hundred and fifty watts at the moment you are sitting you are relaxed youre looking at me its probably one hundred watts each person is producing -and we need to get rid of that energy i need with my body to get rid of the energy and the harder it is for myself for my body to get rid of the energy the less comfort i feel -thats it and if i dont get rid of the energy i will die -ten years from now two thousand and twenty two we already heard it will be in the hot very hot and sunny summer months of june and july -if we overlay what happens during the football world cup what will happen in june july we will see yes air temperature will be much higher but because the games and the plays will be in the afternoon -its probably the same comfort rating weve found in other places which has perceived as non comfortable so we sat together with a team which prepared the bid book or goal that we said lets -aim for perceived temperature for outdoor comfort in this range which is perceived with a temperature of thirty two -people would feel really fine in an open outdoor environment but what does it mean if we just look on what happens we see temperatures too high if we apply the best architectural design climate engineering design we wont get much better -so we need to do something active we need for instance to bring in radiant cooling technology and we need to combine this with so called soft conditioning and how does it look like in a stadium -so the stadium -has a few elements which create that outdoor comfort first -floor heating system where water pipes are embedded in the floor and just by using cold water going through the water pipes you can release the heat which is absorbed during the day in the stadium so you can create that comfort and then by adding dry air instead of down chilled air -and when qatar has been assigned to the world cup all many people around the world have been wondering how would it be possible that football players show spectacular football run around in this desert climate -the spectators and the football players can adjust to their individual comfort needs to their individual energy balance they can adjust and find their comfort they need to find -training pitches where all the individual countries are going to train we applied the same concept shading of the training pitch using a shelter against wind then using the grass -natural watered lawn is a very good cooling source stabilizing temperature and using dehumidified air to create comfort -but even the best -passive design wouldnt help we need active system and how do we do that our idea for the bid was -one hundred percent solar cooling based on the idea that we use the roof of the stadia we cover the roofs of the stadia with pv systems we dont borrow any energy from history we are not using fossil energies we are not borrowing energy from our neighbors -were using energy we can harvest on our roofs -and also on the training pitches which -will be covered with large flexible membranes and we will see in the next years -an industry coming up with flexible photovoltaics giving the possibilities of shading against strong sun and producing electric energy in the same time and this energy now is harvested throughout the year sent into the grid is replacing fossils in the grid and when i need it for the -how would it be possible that spectators sit enjoy themselves in open air stadia in this hot environment -which is necessary to condition a world cup in qatar the next twenty years this energy -this is not only useful for stadia we can use that also in open -we wanted to create an outdoor space -which is so comfortable that people can go there in the early afternoon even in these sunny and hot summer months and they can enjoy and meet there -use and take advantage of the sun you can harvest on your footprint and these beautiful umbrellas -so id like to encourage you -to pay attention to your thermal comfort to your thermal environment -and i also hope -that you share the idea that if engineers and designers can use all these different climatic parameters it will be possible -together with the architects of albert speer partner our engineers from transsolar have been -and we can do that with the best passive design but also using the energy source of the site in qatar which is the sun -supporting have been developing open air stadia based on one hundred percent solar power on one hundred percent solar cooling let me tell you about that but let me start with comfort let me start with the aspect of comfort because many people are confusing -ambient temperature with thermal comfort we are used to looking at charts like that and you see this red line showing the air temperature in june and july and yes thats right its picking up to forty five degrees c its actually very hot -put lenses in front of it focus it a little bit better ultimately we figured out how to make things -lasers that were totally focused now think about where the world would be today -if we had the light bulb -if when you turned one on it just went wherever it wanted to -you turn on the loudspeaker and after almost eighty years of having those gadgets -the sound just kind of goes where it wants even when youre standing in front of a megaphone its pretty much every direction a little bit of differential but not much -if the light bulb was the way the speaker is and you couldnt focus or sharpen the edges or define it -or movies in general -or computers or tv sets -or cds or dvds and just go down the list of what the importance is of being able to focus light -now after almost eighty years of having sound -i thought it was about time that we figure out a way to put sound where you want to -i have a couple of units that guy there was made for a demo i did yesterday early in the day for a big car maker in detroit who wants to put them in a car small version over your head so that you can actually get binaural sound in a car -what if i could aim sound the way i aim light -i got this waterfall i recorded in my back yard now youre not going to hear a thing -because i have some limited time ill cut it off for a second and tell you about how it works and what its good for -sonys got an idea sonys our biggest customers right now they tried this back in the sixties and were too smart and so they gave up but -they want to -and though i did not graduate from college doesnt mean im stupid because you cannot be stupid and do very much in the world today too many other smart people out there so -was working at the university of washington and i came up with an idea from reading a magazine article for a new kind of a phonograph tone arm now that was before cassette tapes cds dvds any of the cool stuff weve got now -i just happened to get my education in a little different way im not at all against education i think its wonderful i think -sometimes people when they get educated lose -they get so smart theyre unwilling to look at things that they know better than -and were living in a great time right now because almost everythings being explored anew -i have this little slogan that i use a lot which is virtually nothing -and i mean this honestly has been invented yet -were just starting were just starting to really discover the laws of nature and science and physics and this is i hope a little piece of it -sonys got this vision back to get myself on track that when you stand in the checkout line in the supermarket -new tv channel they know that when you watch tv at home because there are so many choices you can change channels miss their commercials -now theyve tried this a couple years ago and it failed because the checker gets tired of hearing the same message every twenty minutes -and reaches out turns off the sound and you know if the sound isnt there the sale typically isnt made for instance like when youre on an airplane they show the movie you get to watch it for free -and so abc and sony have devised this new thing where when you step in the line in the supermarket initially itll be safeways it is safeways theyre trying this in three parts of the country right now -youll be watching tv and hopefully theyll be sensitive that they dont want to offend you with just one more outlet but whats great about it -from the tests that have been done is if you dont want to hear it you take about one step to the side and you dont hear it -so we create silence as much as we create sound -talk to you nobody else hears it sit in bed two in the morning watch tv your spouse or someone is next to you asleep doesnt hear it doesnt wake up -were also working on noise canceling things like snoring noise from automobiles -and it was an arm that instead of -i have been really lucky with this technology all of a sudden as it is ready the world is ready to accept it -they have literally beat a path to our door weve been selling it since about last september october -and its been immensely gratifying if youre interested in what it costs im not selling them today but this unit with the electronics and everything if you buy one is around a thousand bucks -we expect by this time next year itll be hundreds a few hundred bucks to buy it its not any more pricey than regular electronics -and pivoting as it went across the record -now when i played it for you you didnt hear the thunderous bass -this unit that i played goes from about two hundred hertz to above the range of hearing its actually emitting ultrasound low level ultrasound thats about one hundred thousand vibrations per second -and the sound that youre hearing unlike a regular speaker on which all the sound is made on the face is made out in front of it in the air -the air is not linear as weve always been taught -went straight a radial linear tracking tone arm -you turn up the volume just a little bit im talking about a little over eighty decibels -and all of a sudden the air begins to corrupt signals you propagate -the speed of sound is not a constant its fairly slow it changes with temperature -and with barometric pressure now imagine if you will without getting too technical im making a little sine wave here in the air -well if i turn up the amplitude too much -having an effect on the pressure -and it was the hardest invention i ever made -which means during the making of that sine wave the speed at which it is propagating is shifting -all of audio as we know it -is an attempt to be more and more perfectly linear -means higher quality sound -hypersonic sound is exactly the opposite -effect happens in the air -but it got me started and -its a corrupting effect of the sound the ultrasound in this case -but its so predictable that you can produce very -precise audio out of that effect now the question is wheres the sound made instead of being made on the face of the cone its made at literally billions -of little independent points along this narrow column in the air -i got really lucky after that and without giving you too much of a tirade i want to talk to you about an invention i brought with me today -i said we can shorten the column -put it so that one ear hears one speaker the other ear hears the other thats true binaural sound when you listen to stereo on your home system -your both ears hear both speakers -turn on the left speaker sometime and notice youre hearing it also in your right ear -so the stage is more restricted the sound stage thats supposed to spread out in front of you because the sound is made in the air along this column it does not follow the inverse square law which says it drops off -about two thirds every time you double the distance six db every time you go from one meter for instance to two meters -that means you go to a rock concert or a symphony and the guy in the front row gets the same level as the guy in the back row now all of a sudden -a separate system in the back -i was seeing if you were listening -a stereo system in the front for mom and dad -and maybe theres a little dvd player in the back for the kids and the parents dont want to be bothered with that or their rap music or whatever -no thats not true either golly im just totally losing it my forty fourth patent -so again this idea of being able to put sound anywhere you want to is really starting to catch on -it also works for transmitting and communicating data -it also works five times better underwater -got the military have just deployed some of these into iraq where you can put fake troop movements quarter of a mile away on a hillside -or you can whisper in the ear of a supposed terrorist some biblical verse -im -and they have these infrared devices that can look at their countenance -about the -and see a fraction of a degree kelvin in temperature shift -from one hundred yards away when they play this thing -we make a version with this which puts out one hundred and fifty five decibels -pain is one hundred and twenty -so it allows you to go nearly a mile away and communicate with people and there can be a public beach just off to the side and they dont even know its turned on -we sell those to the military presently for about seventy thousand dollars and theyre buying them as fast as we can make them -we put it on a turret -so that when they shoot at you youre over -i have a bunch of other inventions i invented a plasma antenna to shift gears -looked up at the ceiling of my office one day i was working on a ground penetrating radar project and my physicist -to play it for you in a couple minutes but i want to make an analogy before i do to -ceo came in and said we have a real problem were using very short wavelengths -got a problem with the antenna ringing -i just sold that for a million and a half dollars cash -i took it back to the pentagon after it got declassified when the patent issued -and told the people back there about it and they laughed and then i took them back a demo and they bought -any of you ever wore a jabber headphone the little cell headphones thats my invention i sold that for seven million dollars big mistake it just sold for eighty million dollars two years ago -i actually drew that up on a little crummy mac computer in my -attic at my house and one of the many designs which they have now is still the same design i drew way back when -i usually show this hypersonic sound and people will say thats really cool but whats it good for -so ive been really lucky as an inventor im the happiest guy youre ever going to meet -my dad died before -he realized anybody in the family would maybe hopefully make something out of themselves youve been a great audience i know ive jumped all over the place i usually figure out what my talk is when i get up in front of a group let me give you in the last minute -ive got a coke can opening thats right in your head thats really cool thank you once again -and i say what is the light bulb good for -sound light im going to draw the analogy -when edison invented the light bulb -came out of it in every direction -a -from the halls of -to -and also how capable is the system of self correctness to keep more people content -with all sorts of friction going on at the same time i guess these are the questions people are going to answer and our younger generation are going to transform this country while at the same time being transformed themselves -yet their courage and talent brought them through and a show and a platform gave them the stage to realize their dreams -well being different is not that difficult we are all different from different perspectives but i think being different is good because you present a different point of view you may have the chance to make a difference -my generation has been very fortunate to witness and participate in the historic transformation of china that has made so many changes in the past twenty thirty years -so after being interrogated by this japanese manager for a half an hour he finally said so miss yang do you have any questions to ask me -i summoned my courage and poise and said yes but could you let me know what actually do you sell -i didnt have a clue what a sales department was about in a five star hotel that was the first day i set my foot in a five star hotel -around the same time i was going through an audition the first ever open audition by national television in china with another thousand college girls the producer told us they were looking for some sweet innocent and beautiful fresh face -so when it was my turn i stood up and said why do womens personalities on television always have to be beautiful sweet innocent and you know supportive -offended them but actually they were impressed by my words and so i was in the second round of competition and then the third and the fourth after seven rounds of competition i was the last one to survive it -and -weekly audience at that time was between two hundred to three hundred million people -but then we are also so fortunate to witness the transformation of the whole country i was in beijings bidding for the olympic games i was representing the shanghai expo i saw china embracing the world and vice versa but then sometimes im thinking what -susan boyle -so today i want to talk about young people through the platform of social media first of all who are they what do they look like -she didnt realize that she stepped on a sensitive nerve and aroused national questioning almost a turmoil against the credibility of red cross -as of today we know that she herself made up that title -probably because she feels proud to be associated with charity all those expensive items were given to her as gifts by her boyfriend who used to be a board member in a subdivision of red cross at chamber of commerce its very complicated to explain -it shows us a general mistrust of government or government backed institutions which lacked transparency in the past -and also it showed us the power and the impact of social media as microblog -its a movie star and she has more than nine point five million followers or fans about eighty percent of those microbloggers are young people under thirty years -to let the steam out a little bit -but because you dont have many other openings the heat coming out of this opening is sometimes very strong -active and even violent so through microblogging we are able to understand chinese youth even better -so how are they different first of all most of them were born in the eighty s and ninety s under the one child policy and because of selected abortion by families who favored boys to girls now we have ended up with thirty million more young men than women -that could pose a potential danger to the society but who knows were in a globalized world so they can look for girlfriends from other countries -in cities eighty percent of kids go to college but they are facing an aging china with a population above sixty five years old coming up with -seven point some percent this year and about to be fifteen percent by the year of two thousand and thirty and you know we have the tradition that younger generations support the elders financially and taking care of them when theyre sick -so it means young couples will have to support four parents -so making a living is not that easy for young people college graduates are not in short supply in urban areas college graduates find the starting salary is about four hundred u s dollars a month while the average rent is above dollar five hundred so what do they do -and for those who are ready to get married and buy their apartment they figured out they have to -for thirty to forty years to afford their first apartment -that ratio in america would only cost a couple five years to earn but in china its thirty to forty years with the skyrocketing real estate price -among the two hundred million migrant workers sixty percent of them are young people they find themselves sort of sandwiched between the urban areas and the rural areas most of them dont want to go back to the countryside but they dont -tightening loans from banks appreciation of the renminbi or decline of demand from europe or america for the products they produce -last year though an appalling incident in a southern oem manufacturing compound in china -thirteen young workers in their late teens and early twenty s committed suicide just one by one like causing -a contagious disease but they died because of all different personal reasons but this whole incident aroused a huge outcry from society about the isolation both physical and mental -of these migrant workers for those who do return -back to the countryside they find themselves very welcome locally because with the knowledge skills and networks -they have learned in the cities with the assistance of the internet theyre able to create more jobs upgrade local agriculture and create new business in the less developed market so for the past few years the coastal areas they found themselves in a shortage of labor -these diagrams show a more general social background the first one is the engels coefficient which explains that the cost of daily necessities -has dropped its percentage all through the past decade in terms of family income to about thirty seven some percent but then in the last two years it goes up again to thirty nine percent indicating a rising living cost -the gini coefficient -and also the bitterness and even resentment towards the rich and the powerful is quite widespread so any accusations of corruption or backdoor dealings between authorities or business would arouse a social outcry or even unrest -so through some of the hottest topics on microblogging we can see what young people care most about -social justice and government accountability runs the first in what they demand for the past decade or so a massive urbanization and development have let us witness a lot of reports on the forced demolition of private property -similarly many other issues concerning public safety is a hot topic on the internet we heard about polluted air polluted water poisoned food -and guess what we have faked beef -they have sorts of ingredients that you brush on a piece of chicken or fish and it turns it to look like beef and -so all these things have aroused a huge outcry from the internet and fortunately we have seen the government responding more timely and also more frequently to the public concerns -that eighty thousand live audience sang together that was hilarious -and also people are doing good through social media and the first picture showed us that a truck caging five hundred homeless and kidnapped dogs for food processing -five hundred dogs were rescued and here also people are helping to find missing children a father posted his sons picture onto the internet after thousands of resends in relay the child was found and we witnessed the reunion of the family through microblogging -so happiness is the most popular word we have heard through the past two years -happiness is not only related to personal experiences and personal values but also its about the environment people are thinking about the following questions are we going to sacrifice our environment further to produce higher gdp -how are we going to perform our social and political reform to keep pace with economic growth to keep sustainability and stability -i have a big impact on the planet -done this picture last summer it was impossible to do this picture fifteen years ago -now there is a new way open between atlantic and pacific -new -to travel here by -sad picture -eighty percent of its ice according to scientists in one hundred -all the mountain glacier will be -very important for the life on earth like al gore told you two billion people live on the water from the glacier of himalaya return of fish men -one fifth of human kind depend on fish to live today now seventy percent -fish stock are over exploited according to fao if we dont change our system of fishing -in two thousand and fifty we dont want to believe what we know the beautiful picture -nine tons of -in africa one human of six have not enough to eat in the world one billion people have not enough to eat in africa -is one of the main foods in many places here in america ninety percent of the corn cultivated is used to feed animals or to do -in borneo every year we lose fifty thousand square miles in -camp in darfur today we have twenty million refugees in the world according to the u n we speak about two hundred and fifty million refugees in two thousand and fifty -always show my pictures in the street we have done already one hundred exhibitions in the cities but how to understand the world without the voice of people -it was obvious to me to do another work i launched a project named six -i sent around the world six camera men asking the same question the same crucial question about life -we have done five thousand interviews im going to show -as much co two as a frenchman -the -i -i had a big laugh today -go back to iraq and speak to the people -so what do i have to do i have to kill a frenchman when i come back at home -taking -i feel ashamed -make reparations to -i have to do my carbon offset in another way like i do every time -you daddy and -you -you -and -years now of being in a wheelchair ive done more in life being in a chair than out of a chair i still surf i sail the world i freedive after many people said i couldnt do that -and i think that comes from connecting with nature connecting with the energy of life because were all disabled in some way on the planet spiritually mentally -i got the easy part -say that -in fact my work is to show our impact -now i am going to speak to you about my movie for the last three years i was shooting the earth for the movie -the name of the movie is home maison it is about the state of the planet -a fantastic story of life on the earth im very proud to -on -four and a half -these plants several hundred -years old and we humans have been walking upright for only two hundred thousand -weve managed to adapt and have conquered the whole planet -im going to show you some examples of the last pictures ive done in the last year -raising our children not unlike millions of other species living -for the past thirty years ive been closely watching the earth and its dwellers from -to the wellbeing of our planet we depend on water -forests deserts oceans -are still the worlds foremost human occupations -and what binds us together is far greater than what divides us -we carry on raising walls to keep us apart today our greatest battle -is to protect the natural offerings of our planet in less than fifty years weve altered it more thoroughly than in the entire history of mankind -of the worlds forests have vanished water resources are running low intensive farming is depleting soils -energy sources are not sustainable -the climate is changing we are endangering ourselves -a lot of pollution -were only trying to improve our lives -the wealth gaps are growing -we havent yet understood that were going at a much faster pace than the planet -you know the problem we dont want to believe what we know -the power to change this -what are we -is the producer of the movie but it is not -going to be distributed free this film has no copyright -on the fifth of june the environment day everybody can download -movie on internet the film is given for free to the distributor for tv and -to show it the fifth of june there is no business on this movie it is also -cities ngos and you we have to believe what we know -let me tell you something its too late to be -we have all a part of the solutions -to finish i would like to welcome -seven hundredth baby born since the beginning of this talk merci beaucoup i love you -we know about the end of oil oil sand is not a long term solution -we use three -why do many people believe that india is still a growth -comparing with a superstar is the wrong benchmark -in fact if you compare india with the average developing country -even before the more recent period of acceleration of indian growth now india is growing between eight and nine percent even before this period india was ranked fourth in terms of economic growth among emerging economies this is a very impressive record indeed -some of the excellent raw fundamentals mostly the social -the public health the sense of egalitarianism that you dont find in india but i believe that india has the momentum -india has the right institutional conditions for economic growth whereas china is still struggling with political reforms -i believe that the political reforms are a must for china to maintain its growth -steeped in humanistic values and yet he agrees with the high -pressure tactics of shanghai -so let me call it the shanghai model of economic growth -in china and india and the question i want to explore with you is whether or not democracy has helped -the implication of that model is that democracy is a hindrance for economic growth -rather than a facilitator of economic growth -if you believe that infrastructures are not as important as many people believe then you will put less emphasis on strong government -so to illustrate that question let me give you two countries and for the sake of brevity ill call one country country one and the other country country two country one -has a systematic advantage over country two in infrastructures -country one has more telephones and country one has a longer system of railways -so if i were to ask you which is china and which is india and which country has grown faster -if you believe in the infrastructure view then you will say country one must be china they must have done better in terms of economic growth and country two is possibly india -actually the country with more telephones is the soviet union and the data referred to one thousand nine hundred and eighty nine after the country reported very impressive statistics on telephones the country collapsed -or has hindered economic growth -you may say this is not fair because im selecting two countries to make a case against democracy -since one thousand nine hundred and eighty nine the country has performed at a double digit rate every year for the last twenty years if you know nothing about china and the soviet union other than the fact about their telephones you would have made a poor prediction about their economic growth in the next two decades -country one that has a longer system of railways is actually india and country two is china -this is a very -little known fact about the two countries yes today china has a huge infrastructure advantage over india -is the railways and the british built a lot of railways in india india is the smaller of the two countries and yet it had a longer system of railways until the late one thousand nine hundred and ninety s so clearly infrastructure doesnt explain why china did better -before the late one thousand nine hundred and ninety s as compared with india -in fact if you look at the evidence worldwide -the evidence is more supportive of the view that the infrastructure are actually the result of economic growth -actually exactly the opposite is what im going to do im going to use these two countries to make an economic argument for democracy -and this is clearly the story of the chinese economic growth -let me look at this question more directly is democracy bad for economic growth -country b with dollar seven hundred per capita gdp as compared with dollar six hundred and fifty per capita gdp both countries are in asia if i were to ask you which are the two asian countries -the country that has a long period of military rule and its very common that we compare india with china -thats because the two countries have -about the same population size -but the more natural comparison is actually between india and pakistan those two countries are geographically similar they have a complicated but shared common history by that comparison democracy looks very very good in terms of economic growth -rather than against democracy the first question there is why china has grown so much faster than india over the last thirty years -so why do economists fall in love with authoritarian governments -one reason is the east asian model -have you won the lottery -and they all tell you yes we have won the lottery -and then you draw the conclusion the odds of winning the lottery are one hundred percent -if you look at the statistical evidence worldwide theres really no support for the idea that authoritarian governments hold a systematic edge over democracies in terms of economic growth -so the east asian model has this massive selection bias it is known as selecting on a dependent variable something we always tell our students to avoid -so exactly why did china -in terms of the gdp growth rates china has grown at twice the rate of india in the last five years the two countries have begun to converge somewhat in economic growth -under indira gandhi the question there is which country did better -so thats when china was mad -the advantage the country had -was human -is especially sharp between chinese women and indian women -i havent told you about the definition of literacy in china the definition of literacy is the ability to read and write one thousand five hundred chinese characters -in india the definition of literacy operating definition of literacy is the ability the grand ability to write your own name in whatever language you happen to speak -the gap between the two countries in terms of literacy is much more substantial than the data here indicated -if you go to other sources of data such as human development index that data series go back to the early one thousand nine hundred and seventy s you see exactly the same contrast china held a huge advantage in terms of human capital vis a vis india -life expectancies as early as one thousand nine hundred and sixty five china had -a huge advantage in life expectancy on average as a chinese in one thousand nine hundred and sixty five you lived ten years more than an average indian so if you have a choice between being a chinese and being an indian you would want to become a chinese in order to live ten years longer -but over the last thirty years china undoubtedly has done much better than india -if you made that decision in one thousand nine hundred and sixty five the down side of that is the next year we have the cultural revolution so you have to always think carefully about these decisions -this is an extremely strange -the good news is by two thousand and six india has closed the gap -one simple answer is china has shanghai and india has mumbai look at the skyline of shanghai this is the pudong area the picture on india is the dharavi slum of mumbai in india -financial times printed this picture of an indian textile factory with the title india poised to overtake china in textile -then the issue is what about the chinese political system you talk about human capital you talk about education and public health what about the political system isnt it true that the one party political system has facilitated economic growth in china -actually the answer is more nuanced and subtle than that -when you explain change for example economic growth economic growth is about change when you explain change you use other things that have changed to explain change rather than using the constant to explain change -in terms of the political changes they have introduced village elections they have increased the security of proprietors and they have increased the security with long term land leases there are also financial reforms in rural china -there is also a rural entrepreneurial revolution in china to me the pace of political changes is too slow too gradual -you can apply exactly the same dynamic perspective on india in fact -a little known fact about india in the one thousand nine hundred and ninety s is that the country not only has undertaken economic reforms the country has also undertaken political reforms by introducing village self -behind these two pictures is that the chinese government -privatization of media -and introducing freedom of information acts so the dynamic perspective fits both with china and in india in terms of the direction -this is when the energy starts to emit and you see a little lesion form inside the phantom okay so everything around it is whole and intact its just a lesion formed inside so think about -this is in your brain we need to reach a target inside the brain we can do it without harming any tissue so this is i think the first kosher hippocratic -surgical system laughter okay so lets talk a little bit about -you know all about imaging right ultrasound imaging and you know also about lithotripsy breaking kidney stones but ultrasound can be shaped to be anything in between because its a mechanical -force basically its a force acting on a tissue that it transverses -so you can change the intensity the frequency the duration the pulse shape of the ultrasound to create anything from an airbrush to a hammer and i am going to show you multiple applications in the medical field that can be enabled -the last thirteen years one three thirteen years ive been part of an exceptional team at insightec in israel and partners around the world for taking this idea this concept -so this idea of harnessing focused ultrasound to treat lesions in the brain is not new at all when i was born this idea was already conceived -by pioneers such as the fry brothers and lars leksell who is know actually as the inventor of the gammaknife but you may not know that he tried to perform lobotomies in the brain noninvasively -and it makes you ponder why those pioneers failed -and there was something fundamental that they were missing they were missing the vision it wasnt until the invention of the mr and really the integration of mr with focused ultrasound that we could get the feedback both the anatomical and the physiological -in order to have a completely noninvasive closed loop surgical procedure so this is how it looks you know the operating room of the future today this is an mr suite with a focused ultrasound system -and i will give you several examples so the first one is in the brain one of the neurological conditions that can be treated with focused ultrasound -noninvasive surgery from the research lab -and be really independent in your life -without the help of others -so id like you to meet john -john is a retired professor of history from virginia so he suffered from essential tremor for many years -and medication didnt help him anymore and many of those patients refused to undergo surgery to have people cut into their brain and about four or five months ago he -to routine clinical use and this is what ill tell you about thirteen years -so now ill take you through what a typical procedure like that looks like what noninvasive surgery looks like -so we put the patient on the mr table we attach a transducer in this case to the brain but if it will be a different organ it will be a different transducer attached to the patient -for some of you you can empathize with that number for me today on this date its like a second bar mitzvah experience -this is the sort of general area of the treatment its a safety boundary around the target its a target in the thalamus so once those pictures are acquired and the physician has drawn all the necessary safety limits and so on -injecting the energy we call it sonication the only handwork the physician does here is moving a mouse this is the only device he needs in this treatment so he presses sonicate and this is what happens you see the transducer the light blue theres water in between the skull and the transducer -and it does this burst of energy it elevates the temperature -of the mr it is not being used in regular diagnostic imaging -but here we can get both the anatomical imaging and the temperature maps in real time and you can see the points there on the graph -the temperature was raised to forty three degrees c temporarily this doesnt cause any damage but the point is we are right on target so once the physician verifies that the focus spot is on the target he has chosen then we move -this dream is really enabled by the convergence of two known technologies one is the focused ultrasound and the other one is the vision enabled magnetic resonance imaging -to perform a full energy ablation like you see here and you see the temperature rises to like fifty five to sixty degrees -and this is a quote from john after he wrote it he said miraculous and his wife said this is the happiest moment of my life -and you wonder why i mean one of the messages i like to carry over is what about defending quality of life i mean those people lose their independence they are dependent on others -so you can see here -theres no recovery needed no nothing hes back to his normal life lets move now to a more painful subject pain is something that can make your life miserable -and people are suffering from all kinds of pain like -very painful all those ive indicated have already been shown to be successfully treated by focused ultrasound relieving the pain again very fast and -i would like to tell you about -hes a seventy eight year old farmer who suffered from how should i say it its called pain in the butt he had metastases in his right buttock and he couldnt sit even with medication he had to forgo all the farm activities -he was treated with radiation therapy state of the art radiation therapy but it didnt help many patients like that favor radiation therapy and again he volunteered to a pivotal study that -and -his wife actually took him they drove like three hours from their farm to the hospital -he took the treatment -so again this is an immediate relief and you have to understand what those people feel and what their family -he returned again to his daily routine on the farm he rides his tractor he rides his horse to their mountain cabin -regularly and he has been very happy -but now you ask me but what about war the war on cancer show us some primary cancer what can be done there so i have good news and bad news the good news theres a lot that can be done and it has been shown actually outside of the u s -it is transparent made just for you so you see its all intact -and doing that in the u s is very painful i dont see without this nation -the adverse event trait in prostate cancer there is a unique opportunity now with focused ultrasound guided by -completely transparent ill take you now to the acoustic lab you see the phantom within the aquarium this is a setup i put in a physics lab on the right hand side you see an ultrasonic transducer so the ultrasonic transducer emits basically an ultrasonic beam that focuses -because we can actually think about -well -the challenge there with a breathing and awake patient and in all our treatments the patient is awake and conscious and speaks with the physician -is you have to teach the mr some tricks how to do it in real time and -this will take time this will take two years but i have now a message to the ladies and this is in two thousand and four the fda has approved mr guided focused ultrasounds for the treatment of symptomatic -she was diagnosed with a grapefruit sized fibroid this is a big fibroid she was offered a hysterectomy but this is an inconceivable proposition for someone who wants to keep her pregnancy option so she elected to undergo a focused ultrasound procedure in two thousand and eight -and in two thousand and ten she became a first time mother to a healthy baby so new life was -id like to leave you with actually four messages one is think about the amount of suffering that is saved from patients undergoing noninvasive surgery -and also the economical and emotional burden removed from their families and communities and the society at large -and -i think also from their physicians by the way -the patient holds a stop sonication button he can stop the surgery at any moment and -inside the phantom okay when you hear the click -in some contexts its even more efficient because of the quality of the information the ability to find the best person the lower transaction costs its sustainable and growing fast but and this is the dark -it is threatened by in the same way that it threatens the incumbent industrial systems so next time you open the paper -and you see an intellectual property decision a telecoms decision its not about something small and technical -it is about the future of the freedom to be as social beings with each other and the way information knowledge and culture -will be produced because it is in this context that we see a battle over how easy or hard it will be -for the industrial information economy to simply go on as it goes or for the new model of production -to begin to develop alongside that industrial model and change the way we begin to see the world and report what it is that we see thank you -revolution but in fact for purposes of understanding whats happening today thats wrong because for one hundred and fifty years weve had an information economy its just been industrial -the problems of writing and working and looking at the internet is that its very hard to separate fashion -which means those who were producing had to have a way of raising money to pay those two and a half million dollars and later more for the telegraph and the radio transmitter and the television and eventually the mainframe -and that meant they were market based or they were government owned depending on what kind of system they were in and this characterized and anchored the way information and knowledge were produced for the next one hundred and fifty years -now let me tell you a different story around june two thousand and two the world of supercomputers had a bombshell -the japanese had for the first time created the fastest supercomputer the nec earth simulator taking the primary from the us and about two years later this by the way is measuring the trillion floating point operations per second that the computers capable of running -sigh of relief ibm gene blue has just edged ahead of the nec earth simulator all of this completely ignores the fact that throughout this period theres another supercomputer running in the world seti at home -four and a half million users around the world contributing their leftover computer cycles whenever their computer isnt working by running a screen saver and together -sharing their resources to create a massive supercomputer that nasa harnesses to analyze the data coming from radio telescopes what this -picture suggests to us is that weve got a radical change in the way information production and exchange is capitalized -happens is radically distributed each of us in these advanced economies has one of these -or something rather like it a computer theyre not radically different from routers inside the middle of the network -and computation storage and communications capacity are in the hands of practically every connected person -and these are the basic physical capital means necessary for producing information knowledge and culture in the hands of something like six hundred million to a billion people around the planet -what this means is that for the first time since the industrial revolution the most important -means the most important components of the core economic activities remember we are in an information economy -of the most advanced economies and there more than anywhere else are in the hands of the population at large -james gordon bennett founded the first mass circulation newspaper in new york city and it cost about five hundred dollars to start it which was about the equivalent of ten thousand dollars of today -and weve got human creativity human wisdom human experience the other major experience the other major input which unlike simple labor stand here turning this lever all day long -is not something thats the same or fungible among people any one of you who has taken someone elses job or tried to give yours to someone else no matter how detailed the manual you cannot transmit -what you know what you will intuit under a certain set of circumstances in that were unique and each of us holds this critical -into production as we hold this machine whats the effect -this so the story that most people know is the story of free or open source software this is market share of apache web server -wow this is really important the web we need a much better web server one was a motley collection of volunteers who just decided you know we really need this we should write one and -what are we going to do with what well were gonna share it and other people will be able to develop it the other was microsoft now if i told you that ten years later the motley crew of people who didnt control anything that they produced -right but in fact of course the story is its the seventy percent including the major e commerce site seventy percent of a critical application on which web based communications and applications work -is produced in this form in direct competition with microsoft not in a side issue in a central strategic decision to try to capture a component of the -nasa at some point did an experiment where they took images of mars -that they were mapping and they said instead of having three or four fully trained phds doing this all the time lets break it up into small components -put it up on the web and see if people using a very simple interface will actually spend five minutes here ten minutes there clicking after six months -eighty five thousand people used this to generate mapping at a faster rate than the images were coming in -which was quote practically indistinguishable from the markings of a fully trained phd once you showed it to a number of people and computed -average now if you have a little girl and she goes and writes to well not so little medium little -which is vastly better than what youll find in the encyclopedia com which is barbie klaus -on the other hand if they go to wikipedia theyll find a genuine article and i wont talk a lot about wikipedia because jimmy wales is here but -roughly equivalent to what you would find in the britannica differently written including the controversies over body image and commercialization the claims about -ten thousand two and a half million fifteen years thats the critical change that is being -the way in which shes a good role model et cetera another portion is not only how content is produced but how relevance is produced the claim to fame of yahoo was we hire people to look originally not anymore -we hire people to look at websites and tell you if theyre in the index theyre good this on the other hand is what sixty thousand passionate volunteers produce -in the open directory project each one willing to spend an hour or two on something they really care about to say this is good -so this is the open directory project with sixty thousand volunteers each one spending a little bit of time as opposed to a few hundred fully paid employees no one owns it -no one owns the output its free for anyone to use and its the output of people acting out of social and psychological motivations to do something interesting -this is not only outside of businesses when you think of what is the critical innovation of google -the critical innovation is outsourcing the one most important thing the decision about whats relevant to the community of the web as -a whole doing whatever they want to do so page rank the critical innovation here is instead of -our engineers or our people saying which is the most relevant were going to go out there and count what you people out there on the web for whatever reason vanity pleasure produced links -by the net and thats what i want to talk about today and how that relates to the emergence of social production starting with newspapers what we saw was -and tied to each other were going to count those and count them up and again here you see barbie com but also very quickly adiosbarbie com the body image for every size a contested cultural object -which you wont find anywhere soon on overture which is the classic market based mechanism whoever pays the most is highest on the list so all of that is in the creation of content of relevance basic human expression -but remember the computers were also physical just physical materials our pcs we share them together we also see this in wireless it used to be wireless was one person owned the license -they transmitted in an area and it had to be decided whether they would be licensed or based on property what were seeing now is that computers and radios are becoming so sophisticated -that were developing algorithms to let people own machines like wi fi devices and overlay them with a sharing protocol that would allow a community like this -to build its own wireless broadband network simply from the simple principle when im listening when im not using i can help you transfer your messages -and when youre not using youll help me transfer yours and this is not an idealized version these are working models that at least in some places in the united states are being implemented at least for public security -its got to be robust to attack including closing the main index injecting malicious files armed seizure of some major nodes -high cost as an initial requirement for making information knowledge and culture -take years it would take millions but of course what im describing is p -we always think of it as stealing music but fundamentally its a distributed data storage and retrieval system where people for very obvious reasons are willing to share their bandwidth and their storage to create something -so essentially what were seeing is the emergence of a fourth transactional framework it used to be that there were two primary dimensions along which you could divide -it was too expensive to have decentralized social production to have decentralized action -in society that was not about society itself it was in fact economic but what were seeing now is the emergence of this fourth system of social sharing and exchange -not that its the first time that we do nice things to each other or for each other as social beings we do it all the time -which led to a stark bifurcation between producers who had to be able to raise financial capital just like any other industrial -its that its the first time that its having major economic impact what characterizes them is decentralized -you dont have to ask permission as you do in a property based system may i do this its open for anyone to create and innovate and share -if they want to by themselves or with others because property is one mechanism of coordination but its not the only one -you dont increase the probability of being invited back and if dinner isnt entirely obvious think of sex -it also requires certain new organizational approaches and in particular what weve seen is task organization you have to hire people who know what theyre doing you have to hire them to spend a lot of time -now take the same problem chunk it into little modules and motivations become trivial five minutes instead of watching tv five minutes ill spend just because its interesting just because its fun -just because it gives me a certain sense of meaning or in places that are more involved like wikipedia gives me a certain set of social relations -so a new social phenomenon is emerging its creating and its most visible when we see it as a new form of competition -as you see a new set of social relations and behaviors emerging you have new opportunities some of them are toolmakers instead of building well behaved appliances -things that you know what theyll do in advance you begin to build more open tools theres a new set of values a new set of things people value -you build platforms for self expression and collaboration like wikipedia like the open directory project youre beginning to build platforms and you see that as a model -and you see surfers people who see this happening and in some sense build it into a supply chain which is a very curious one right you have a belief stuff will flow out of connected human beings -give me something i can use and im going to contract with someone i will deliver something based on what happens its very scary thats what google does essentially -thats what ibm does in software services and theyve done reasonably well so social production is a real fact not a -it is the critical long term shift caused by the internet social relations and exchange become significantly more important than they ever were as an economic phenomenon -now the term information society information economy for a very long time has been used as the thing that comes after the industrial -of england very serious this is a very -and ladies be serious this is a very serious research that you should read the -and -be careful your genes are -going to talk today about the sequel of inconvenient truth -a -how to take care in five easy steps first of all you can use natural ventilation you can use body -you should stay cool with the appropriate clothing -you should care about your posture this is not right can you extract from chris another minute and a half for me because i have a video i have to show you -this is the correct posture another benefit of wifi we learnedyesterday about the benefits of -you to avoid the -its time again to talk about -and there are some enhanced protection measures which i would like to share with you and i would like -in a minute to thank -this is a research which was done in -by shaving by the way i must -my english is not so good i didnt know what is scrotal i understand its a scrotum i guess in plural its scrotal like medium and media -and this research is being precipitated by the us government so you can see that your tax man is working for good causes -that everyone is concerned about but nobody is willing to talk about somebody -the philips bodygroom has a sleek ergonomic design for a safe and easy way to trim those scruffy underarm hairs the untidy curls on -as well as the hard to reach locks on the underside of your -once you use the bodygroom -the world looks -well groomed shoulders and an extra optical inch on my -lets just say life -for this gesture for -and i decided to do it -and this is how they are promoting the product this is i didnt touch it this is -use -and if everything failed there are some secondary uses -and then our next talk our next -will be why you should not carry a cell phone in your pocket -and this is what the young generation -if you are scared by global warming -and i just want to show you that im not just preaching but i also practice -in the morning -this is the philips bodygroom one -wait until we learn about -local warming we will talk today about local warming -important health message -this message is given as a public service -this is the posture of ladies who are blogging -this is the natural posture of a man sitting squatting for ventilation -and this is -standing man and i think this picture inspired -the lateral thinking -this is -and the result is for greater comfort men naturally sit with their legs farther apart than women when working on laptop however they will adopt a less natural -in order to balance it on their laps which resulted in a significant rise of body heat between their thighs this is the issue of local warming -only a few -more you can always ask me for some more later -and if anybody asks why youre carrying a condom you can just say you like the design -so ill finish with just one thought if we all work together on creating value but if we really keep in mind the values of the work that we do i think we can -change the work that we do we can change these values can change the companies we work with and eventually together maybe we can change the world so thank you -so i went to design school and -it was the early nineties when i finished and i saw something extraordinary happening in silicon valley so i wanted to be there and i saw that the computer was coming into our homes -child and -that it had to change in order to be with us in our homes and so i got myself a job and i was working for a consultancy and we would get in to these meetings and these managers would come -and they would say well what were going to do here is really important you know and they would give the projects code names you know mostly from star wars actually -things like c three po yoda luke so in anticipation i would be this young designer in the back of the room and i would raise my hand and i would ask questions i mean in retrospect probably stupid questions but -things like whats this cap lock key for or whats this num lock key for you know that thing -do people really use it do they need it do they want it in their homes -what i realized then is they didnt really want to change the legacy stuff they didnt want to change the insides they -were really looking for us the designers to create the -to put some pretty stuff outside of the box and i didnt want to be a colorist it wasnt what i wanted to do i didnt want to be a stylist in this way and then i saw this -so i had to start on my own so i moved to san francisco and i started a little company -and what i wanted to work on is important stuff and i wanted to really not just work on the skins but i wanted to work on the entire human experience -i mean look this animal is trying to fight back this spear from this soldier and my mom took these pictures actually last week of our carpets and i remember this to this day -and so the first projects were humble but they took technology and maybe made it into things that people would -use in a new way and maybe finding some new functionality this is a watch we made for mini cooper -the car company right when it launched and its the first watch that has a display that switches from horizontal to vertical and that allows me to check -my timer discretely here without bending my elbow and other projects which were really about transformation about -matching the human need this is a little piece of furniture for an italian manufacturer and it ships completely flat and then it folds into a coffee table and a stool and whatnot and something a little bit more experimental -this is a light fixture for swarovski and what it does is it changes shape so it goes from a circle to a round to a square to a figure eight -and just by drawing on a little computer tablet the entire light fixture adjusts to what shape you want -so we had to design both the light and the light bulb and thats a unique opportunity i would say in design and the new experience i was looking for is giving the choice for the user to go from -a warm sort of glowing kind of mood light all the way to a bright work light so -the light bulb actually does that it allows the person to switch and to mix these two colorations and its done in a very -there was another object this sort of towering piece of furniture with creatures and gargoyles and nudity pretty scary stuff when youre a little kid what i remember today from this is that -simple way one just touches the base of the light and on one side you can mix the brightness and on the other the coloration of the light -so all of these projects have a humanistic sense to them and i think as designers we need to really think about how -we can create a different relationship between our work and the world whether its for business or as im going to show on some -civic type projects because i think everybody agrees that as designers we bring value to business -value to the users also but i think its the values that we put into these projects that ultimately create the greater value and the values we bring can be -about environmental issues about sustainability about lower power consumption -you know they can be about function and beauty they can be about business strategy but designers are really the glue that brings these things together -so jawbone is a project that youre familiar with and it has a humanistic technology it feels your skin -it rests on your skin and it knows when it is youre talking and by knowing when it is youre talking it gets rid of the other noises that it knows about which is the -and try to make it as beautiful as we can i mean think about it the care we take in selecting sunglasses or jewelry -or accessories is really important so if it isnt beautiful it really doesnt belong on your face and -objects tell stories so storytelling has been a really strong influence in my work -this is what were pursuing here but how we work on jawbone is really unique i want to point at something here on the left -this is the board this is one of the things that goes inside that makes this technology work but this is the design process theres somebody changing the board putting tracers on the board changing the location of the -as the designers on the other side are doing the work so its not about slapping skins any more on a technology -really about designing from the inside out and then on the other side of the room the designers are making small adjustments sketching drawing by hand -putting it in the computer and its what i call being design driven you know there is some push and pull but design is really -helping define the whole experience from the inside out and then of course design is never done and this is the other -new way that is unique in how we work is because its never done you have to do all this other stuff the packaging and the website and you need to continue to really touch the user in many ways -how do you retain somebody when its never done and hosain rahman the ceo of aliph jawbone you know really understands that -you need a different structure so in a way the different structure is that were partners its a partnership we can -and then there was another influence i was a teenager and at fifteen or sixteen i guess like all teenagers we want to just do what we love and what we believe -continue to work and dedicate ourselves to this project and then we all share in the rewards and heres another project another partnership type -approach this is called y water and its this guy from los angeles thomas arndt austrian originally who came to us and all he wanted to do was to create -a healthy drink or an organic drink for his kids to replace the high sugar content sodas that hes trying to get them away from -so we worked on this bottle and its completely symmetrical in every dimension and this allows the bottle to -turn into a game the bottles connect together and you can create different shapes different forms -thank you and then -while we were doing this the shape of the bottle upside down reminded us of a y and then we thought well these words why -and why not are probably the most important words that kids ask so we called it y water and so this is another place where it all comes together in the same room the three dimensional design -the ideas the branding it all becomes deeply connected and then the other thing about this project is -we bring intellectual property we bring a marketing approach we bring all this stuff but i think -and so i fused together the two things i loved the most which was skiing and windsurfing those are pretty good escapes from the drab weather -at the end of the day what we bring is these values and these values create a soul for the companies we work with and its especially rewarding when your design work becomes a creative endeavor when others can be creative and do more with it -heres another project which i think really emulates that this is the one laptop per child the one hundred dollar laptop -this picture is incredible in nigeria people carry their most precious belongings on their heads this girl is going to school with a laptop on her head i mean to me it just means so much -but when nicholas negroponte and he has spoken about this project a lot hes the founder of olpc came to us -the third pillar that he talked about was design and at the time i wasnt really working on computers i didnt really want to from the previous adventure -but what he said was really significant is that design was going to be why the kids were going to love this product how were going to make it low cost robust -and plus he said he was going to get rid of the cap lock key and -the num lock key -so i was convinced we designed it to be iconic to look different to look like its for a kid but not like a toy -in switzerland so i created this compilation of the two i took my skis and i took a board and i put a mast foot in there and -and then the integration of all these great technologies which youve heard about the wifi antennas that allow the kids to connect -the screen which you can read in sunlight the keyboard which is made out of rubber and its protected from the environment you know all these great technologies -really happened because of the the passion and the olpc people and the engineers they fought the suppliers they fought the the -manufacturers i mean they fought like animals for this to remain they way it is and in a way it is that will -makes projects like this one allows the process from not destroying the original idea and i think this is something really important -so now you get these pictures you get up in the morning and you see the kids in nigeria and you see them in uruguay with their computers and in mongolia -and we went away from obviously the beige i mean its colorful its fun in fact you can see each logo is a little bit different its because we were able to -run during the manufacturing process twenty colors for the x and the o which is the name of the computer and by mixing them on the manufacturing floor you get twenty times twenty -some foot straps and some metal fins and here i was going really fast on frozen lakes -four hundred different options there so the lessons from seeing the kids using them in the developing world are incredible but this is my nephew anthony in switzerland -and he had the laptop for an afternoon and i had to take it back it was hard -was a prototype and a month and a half later i come back to switzerland and there hes playing with his own version -paper paper and cardboard -im going to finish with one last project and this is a little bit more of adult play -some of you might have heard about the new york city condom its actually -just launched actually launched on valentines day february fourteenth about ten days ago so the department of health in -york came to us and they needed a way to distribute thirty six million condoms for free to the citizens of new york so a pretty big endeavor -it was really a death trap i mean it was incredible it worked incredibly well but it was really dangerous and i realized then i had to go to design school -and we worked on the dispensers these are the dispensers theres this friendly shape its -a little bit like designing a fire hydrant and it has to be easily serviceable you have to know where it is -and what it does and we also designed the condoms themselves and i was just in new york -the launch and i went to see all these places where theyre installed this is at a puerto rican little mom and pop store at a bar in christopher street at a -i mean theyre being installed in homeless clinics everywhere of course clubs and discos too and heres the public service announcement for -so this is really where design is able to create a conversation i was in these venues and people were you know really into -getting them they were excited it was breaking the ice it was getting over a stigma and i think thats also what design can do -look look at those graphics there -so i was going to throw some condoms in the room and whatnot but im not sure its the -the beginning of any collaboration starts with a conversation and i would like to share with you some of the bits of the conversation that we started with -i also had an interest in dangerous inventions this is a one hundred thousand volt tesla coil that i built in my bedroom much to the dismay of my mother -to the dismay of my mother this is dangerous teenage fashion right there -i brought this all together this passion with alternative energy and raced a solar car across australia also the u s and japan -so wind power solar power we had a lot to talk about we had a lot that got us excited so we decided to do a special project together to combine engineering and design and -can you bring out our baby -and -i -the wing is open so our first critical moment its open he is down is he flying commentator two it looks like hes stabilized hes starting to make his climb commentator theres that ninety degree turn youre talking about taking him out hes out over the channel -and what hes going to do as he approaches the ground is pull down on those toggles -and thats the -manager of systems as a pilot but this is really you need fluidity you need to be agile and also to adapt really fast -that means if i have a problem with the first one i pull i still have the possibility to open the second one and this is my life thats the real important thing about safety i did use that during these last fifteen years about twenty times -never with that type of wing but at the beginning i can release my wing when -so the next thing i saw was just blue it was the sea i have also an audible altimeter so i was at my minimum altitude in that vector fast so -civil aviation is something that we know very well we have a hundred years of experience -and you can adapt really precisely with that i have to adapt to something new that means improvise so its really a play between these two approaches something that i know very well these principles for example we have two engines on an airbus -thats my ejection seat so i have the approach of a professional pilot with the respect -and then i stabilize and according to my altitude i continue on two or three engines its sometimes possible its quite complicated to explain but according to which -many of the tests are conducted while yves is strapped onto the wing because yves body is an integral part of the aircraft -thanks to the increasing technology better technology it will be safe and i hope it will be for everybody -imagine taking the same material but putting it on the bottom of a sneaker you know this way you could go to the container store and buy one of those metal sheets that they hang on the back of your door in your closet and you could literally stick -your shoes up instead of using a shelf -and you could see it in his face roman starts to get really excited and he whips out this manila folder -these things just get him really excited and so were looking at these concepts -and as we thought about it more we realized that it let you fill in all the details -about the experience just as if you saw it on tv -over the last three years we found over two hundred of these things and so we looked back into our library and selected six we thought would be most surprising for ted -so for ted we decided to take our favorite idea for the gel magnet and work with roman and his team at the directors bureau -so i just want to quickly explain how this would work -this is the magnetically levitating board that they mentioned in the commercial the gel that youre holding would be lining the bottom of the board now this is important for two reasons one the soft properties of the magnet that make it so that if it were to hit the rider in the head -it wouldnt injure him in addition you can see from the diagram on the right the underpart of the slide would be an electromagnet so this would actually repel the rider a little bit as youre going down the force of the water rushing down in addition to that repulsion force would make this slide go faster than any slide on the market -its because of this that you need the magnetic braking system -but something unexpected happens when you drop a magnet down an aluminum tube so we set up a quick experiment here to show that to you -of these six the first one that were going to talk about is in the black envelope youre holding it comes from a company in japan called geltech now go ahead and open it up -now you see the magnet fell really slowly -to hold any position in between -in our brainstorms we came up with the idea you could use it for a soccer goal so at the end of the game you just roll up the goal and put it in your gym bag -we decided to go out onto the streets of chicago and ask a few people on the streets what they thought you could do with this -we need you to stand right in front of the ted sign -be sure and take the two pieces apart -so describe to the audience -the temperature of your shirt go ahead -whats unexpected about this is that its soft -its odorless its colorless -its so safe you could drink this stuff -but its also a strong magnet zach and i have always been fascinated observing unexpected things like this we spent a long time thinking about why this is and its just recently that we realized -whats the significance of this dry liquid early versions of the fluid were actually used on a cray supercomputer -now the unexpected thing about this is that zach could stand up on stage and drench a perfectly innocent member of the audience without any concern that wed damage the electronics that wed get him wet that wed hurt the books or the computers -it works because its non conductive so you can see here you can immerse a whole circuit board in this and it wouldnt cause any damage you can circulate it to draw the heat away but today its most widely used in office buildings in the sprinkler system as a fire suppression fluid again its perfectly safe for people it puts out the fires doesnt hurt anything -but our favorite idea for this was using it in a basketball game so during halftime it could rain down on the players cool everyone down and in a matter of minutes it would dry wouldnt hurt the court -one of their r d engineers was working on a way to make plastic stiffer -so you see there it didnt bounce back -now think about your interactions with aluminum foil shape retaining is common in metal you bend a piece of aluminum foil and it holds its place contrast that with a plastic garbage can and you can push in the sides and it always bounces back -taking it a little further if you wove those strips together kind of like a little basket you could make a shape retaining sheet and then you could embed it in a cloth so you could make a picnic sheet that wraps around the table so that way on a windy day it wouldnt blow away -for our next technology its hard to observe the unexpected property by itself because its an ink so weve prepared a video to show it applied to paper -now to think about the potential for this -think of all the places ink is supplied on business cards on the back of cereal boxes board games any place you use ink you could change the way you interact with it -this could totally change the way that you interface with paper -you see the dark line on the side and the top as you turn the pages of the book the book can actually detect what page youre on based on the curvature of the pages -in addition if you were to fold in one of the corners then you could program the book to actually email you the text on the page for your notes -as youre seeing this gel magnet for the first time if you assume that all magnets had to be hard then seeing this surprised you and it changed your understanding of the way magnets could work -dont let milk spoil your morning -beyond just detecting spoiled food its really where the significance of it lies -his company actually did a survey of firemen all across the country to try to learn how are they currently testing the air when they respond to an emergency scene and he kind of comically explained that time after time what the firemen would say is they would rush to the scene of the crime they would look around if there were no dead policemen it was ok to go -so a patient can come in and actually blow into their device -by detecting the odor of particular bacteria or viruses -or even lung cancer -the dots will change and they can use software to analyze the results this can radically improve the way that doctors diagnose patients -currently theyre using a method of trial and error but this could tell you precisely what disease you have -prior to seeing this we would have assumed a ten foot pole couldnt fit in your pocket something as inexpensive as ink couldnt sense the way paper is being bent every one of these things and were constantly trying to find more -one of the items in it was the hydrophobic sand the sand that doesnt get wet he said that he was playing with it with his son and you know his son was mesmerized because he would dunk it in the water he would take it out and it was bone dry -after hearing that story that really summed it up for me -thank you very much ks thank you -so a first idea is to use -and a toll rate of almost fifty -thousand dead -we managed to liberate our country and to topple the tyrant -a legacy of tyranny corruption -for four decades -i was keen among -many other women to rebuild the libyan civil society -almost two hundred organizations were established in benghazi during and immediately after the fall of gaddafi almost three hundred in tripoli -after a period of thirty three years in exile i went back to libya and with unique enthusiasm i started organizing workshops on capacity building on human development of leadership -of women leaders from different walks of life -to lobby for the sociopolitical empowerment of women and to lobby for our right for equal participation in building democracy and peace -environment in the pre elections an environment which was increasingly polarized -an environment which was shaped -by the selfish politics of dominance and exclusion -the alternation -the euphoria of the elections -for every day we were waking up to the news of violence -one day we wake up to the news of the desecration of ancient mosques and sufi tombs on another day we wake up to the news of the murder of the american ambassador and the attack on the consulate -on another day we wake up to the news of the assassination of army officers and every day every day we wake up with the rule of the militias and their continuous violations of human rights of prisoners -and their disrespect of the rule of law -our society shaped by a revolutionary mindset became more polarized and has driven away -from the ideals and the principles freedom -dignity social justice that we first held -intolerance exclusion -im rather here today to confess that we as a nation -took the wrong choice made the wrong decision -we did not prioritize right -and exclusion by both -needs the numerical quantitative representation of the feminine we need to stop -acting as agents of rage and calling for days of rage we need to start acting -as agents of compassion and mercy we need to develop -instead of revenge -collaboration instead of competition -inclusion instead of -in order to achieve peace for peace -has an alchemy and this alchemy is about -the intertwining -peace is the word of the all merciful god -which is known in all abrahamic traditions has the same root in arabic as the word rahem womb -i joined forces with many other libyans inside and outside libya to call for a day of rage -which grows within it -thus we are told that my mercy takes precedence over my -may we all be granted a grace of mercy -and to initiate a revolution against the tyrannical regime of gaddafi -and there it was a great revolution -young libyan women and men were at the forefront -calling for the fall of the regime -they have shown an exemplary bravery in confronting the brutal dictatorship of gaddafi they have shown a great sense of solidarity from the far east to the far west -and killed him and his father but did not kill his mother or his sister -when the soul lies down in that grass the world is too full to talk about ideas -out beyond the -there is a field and there are many women and men are meeting there let us make this field a much bigger place -let us all meet in that field thank you -his mother showed up the next week at my brothers classroom and begged seven year old kids -to share with her any picture they may have -of her son for she had lost everything -this is not a story of a nameless survivor of war and nameless refugees whose stereotypical images we see in our newspapers and our -tv with tattered clothes dirty face scared eyes -this is not a story of a nameless someone who lived in some war who we do not know their hopes their dreams their accomplishments their families their beliefs their values -in the middle of the night -is my story -was that girl i am -another image and vision of another survivor -i am that refugee and i am that -with the sound of a heavy explosion it was deep at night i do not -you see -i grew up in a war torn iraq and i believe that there are two sides of wars and weve only seen -one side of it we only talk about one side of it but theres another side -that i have witnessed -as someone who lived in it and someone who ended up working in -i grew up with the colors of war the red colors of fire and -the brown tones of earth as it explodes in -the piercing silver of an exploded missile so bright that nothing can protect your eyes from it -i grew up with the sounds of war the staccato sounds of gunfire the wrenching booms of explosions -drones of jets flying overhead and the wailing warning sounds of sirens these are the sounds you -but they are also the sounds of dissonant concerts of a flock of birds -screeching in the night -the high pitched honest cries of children and the thunderous -a friend of mine said is not about sound at all it is actually -of humanity -i have since left iraq -a group called women for women international that ends up working with women survivors of wars in my travels and in my work from congo -to afghanistan from sudan to rwanda i have not only that the colors and the sounds of war are the same -but the fears of war is the same you know there is a fear of dying and do not believe -the hero is not afraid it is very scary to go through that feeling of i am about to die or i could die in this explosion -in my room was shaking my heart my windows my bed -the worst kind of fear is the fear as samia a bosnian woman once told me who survived the four years siege of sarajevo she said the fear of -the i in me -of losing the i in me thats what my mother -in iraq used to tell me -its like dying from inside out -woman once told me it is not about the fear of one death she said sometimes i feel i die ten times -one day as she was describing the marches of soldiers and the sounds of their bullets and she said but its not fair because there is only one life and there should only be one -only seeing one side of war we have only been -and consumed with high level preoccupations over troop levels draw down time lines surges and sting operations -when we should be examining the details of where the social fabric -has been most torn where the community has improvised and survived and shown acts of resilience and amazing courage just to keep life going -i looked out the windows -is the language of sterility how casually we treat casualties -in the context of this topic this is where we conceive of rape and casualties as inevitabilities -and i saw a full half circle of explosion i thought it was just like the movies but the movies had not conveyed them in the powerful image that i was seeing -eighty percent of refugees around the world are women and children oh ninety percent of modern war casualties are civilians seventy five percent of them are -women and children how interesting oh half a million women in rwanda get raped in one hundred days or as we speak now -of thousands of congolese women are getting raped and mutilated how interesting these just become numbers that we refer to -the front of of wars is increasingly non human eyes peering down on our perceived enemies from space guiding missiles toward unseen targets -while the human conduct of the orchestra of media relations in the event that this particular drone -we are missing a completely other side of wars we are missing my mothers story -who made sure with every siren with every raid with every cut off of electricity she played puppet shows for my brothers and i so we would not be scared of the sounds of explosions -we are missing the story of fareeda a music teacher a piano teacher in sarajevo who made sure that she kept the music school open -every single day in the four years of siege in sarajevo and walked to that school despite the snipers shooting at that school and -the piano the violin the cello playing the whole duration of the war with students wearing their gloves and hats and coats that was her fight that was her resistance -we are missing the story of nehia a palestinian woman in gaza who the minute there was a cease fire in the last years war she left out of home -full of bright red and orange and gray and a full circle of explosion and i kept on staring at it until -we are missing the stories of violet who despite surviving genocide in the church massacre she kept on going on burying bodies cleaning homes cleaning the streets -we are missing stories of women who are literally keeping life going in the midst of wars do you -do you know that people fall in love in war and go to school and go to factories and hospitals and get divorced and go dancing and go playing -and live life going and the ones who are keeping that life are women -are two sides of war there is side that fights and there is a side that keeps the schools and the factories and the hospitals open -there is a side that is focused on winning battles and there is a side that is focused on winning life -there is a side that leads the front line discussion and there is a side that leads the back line discussion there is a side that thinks that peace is the end of fighting -it disappeared i went back to my bed and i prayed and i secretly thanked god -and there is the side that thinks that peace is the arrival of schools and jobs there is a side that is led -to understand how do we build lasting peace -we must understand war and peace from both sides -we must have a full picture of what that means in order for us to understand what peace means -we need to understand as one sudanese woman once told me peace is the fact that my toenails are growing back again -she grew up in sudan in southern sudan for twenty years of war where it killed one million people and displaced five million refugees -many women were taken as slaves by rebels and soldiers as sexual slaves who were forced also to carry the ammunition and the water -and the food for the soldiers so that woman walked for twenty years so she would not be kidnapped again -and only when there was some sort of peace -toenails grew back again we need to understand peace from a toenails perspective we -need to understand that we cannot actually have negotiations of ending of wars or peace without fully including women at the negotiating table -i find it amazing that the only group of people who are not fighting and not killing and not pillaging and not burning and not raping -and the group of people who are mostly though not exclusively who are keeping life going in the midst of war are not included at the negotiating table -do argue that women lead the back line discussion but there are also men who are excluded from that discussion the doctors who are not fighting -that that missile did not land on my familys home that it did not kill my family that night -the artists the students the men who refuse to pick up the guns they are too excluded from the negotiating tables -there is no way we can talk about a lasting peace building of democracy sustainable economies any kind of stability if we do not fully include women -no way we can talk about the building of stability if we dont start investing in women and girls -did you know that one year of the worlds military spending equals -hundred years of the u n budget and equals -two thousand nine hundred and twenty eight years of the u n budget allocated for women if we just reverse that distribution of funds perhaps -it is the right thing to do not only because it is the right thing to do for all of us to build sustainable and lasting peace today but it is for the future -and mutilated in front of them and her children saw their nine year old sibling killed in front of them how theyre doing okay right now -and i still feel guilty about that prayer for the next day i learned that that missile landed on my brothers -she said but what i worry about the most is not any of that i worry that my children have hate in their hearts -and when they grow up they want to fight again the killers of their father and their brother we need to invest in women because thats our only chance -to ensure that there is no more war in the future that mother has a better chance to heal her children than any peace agreement can do -lots of good news to start with these women that i told you about are dancing and singing every single day and if they can who are we not to dance -that girl that i told you about ended up starting women for women international group that impacted one million people sent eighty million dollars and i started this from zero nothing -for a change we have a better equality we have equality we have a representation and we understand war both from the front line and the back line discussion -rumi a thirteenth century sufi poet says out beyond the worlds of right doings and wrong doings there is a field i will meet you there -doesnt actually take pictures but -and so the idea is that you can really you know -and here are some of my favorites this is the little trap marionette -that was submitted to -i mean this is incredible this is an eleven year old girl drew this and submitted it its just -is not a joke but i think its a its a really fun and wonderful thing so -this is called the fiction project this is an online space which is its basically a refurbished message board that -at a different at a different time i think that the -now tied up tied down mistress cruel approaches me now tied down its up -its its an amazing way -if you come home and your spouse or whoever it is -says lets talk -that like chills you to the very core -but its peripheral activities like these that allow people to get together doing fun things they actually get to know each other and it is sort of like low threshold -activities that i think are the key to bringing up some of our bonding social capital that were lacking and very very quickly i love puppets -music lotte reiniger an amazing shadow puppeteer in the twenties that started doing more elaborate things i became interested in puppets and i just want to show one last thing to you -ladies and gentlemen -dear sir good day compliments of the day and my best wishes to you and family -i know this letter will come to you surprisingly but let it not be a surprise to you for nature has a way of arriving unannounced -you know when chris first approached me to speak at ted i said no because i felt like i wasnt going to be able to make that personal connection -for you to assure me of safety and honesty if i have to entrust any amount of money under your custody -i am mister michael bangoora -the son of late mister tiamu bangoora who was the minister of finance in sierra leone but was killed during a civil war -knowing your country to be economical conducive for investment and your people as transparent and trustworthy to engage in business on which premise i write you -before my father death he had the sum of twenty three million united states dollars which he kept away from the rebel leaders during the course of the war -this fund was supposed to be used for the rehabilitation of water reserves all over the country before the outbreak of war -when the war broke out the rebel leader demanded that the fund be given to him my father insisted it was not in his possession -and he was killed because of his refusal to release the -meanwhile my mother and i is the only person who knows about the fund because my father always confide in -of the box -the fund was deposited as a family reassure in a safe reliable security company in dakar senegal -you know that i wanted to its such a large conference but he explained to me that he was in a bind and that he was having trouble finding the kind of sex appeal and star power -where i was only given temporary asylum i do not wish to invest the money in senegal due to unfavorable economic climate and so close to my country the only assistance i need from you -which i know you would do for me are the -be remitted three receive the funds into your account in trust take out your commission and leave the rest of the money -until i arrive after the transfer is complete sincerely mister michael bangoora -this is really embarrassing i was told backstage that i have eighteen minutes -i only prepared fifteen -so if its cool id like to just wait for three -serfaas -are you a virgin -i mean like in the ted sense -so i said fine ted i mean chris -thousand eight hundred and sixty am i good -some google guys last night -really cool we were getting wasted -and they were telling me that google software has gotten so advanced that based on your interaction with google over your lifetime they can actually predict what you are going to say -and i was like -but they said no but dont -but they slipped up and they said that i could just type in what was i going to say next -and my name and it would tell me -i want to speak as early in the morning as possible -was i going to say -and ze frank thats me am i feeling -am i feeling lucky -oh -on a thursday i -sent out a link to a website that featured those clips to seventeen of my closest friends as part of my an invitation to my -the theme for ted two thousand and six and luckily he agreed -i received a call from earthlink that said due to a ten cents per megabyte overage charge i owed them thirty thousand dollars -needless to say i was able to leave my job -more of as like an internet guru or -swami -i i knew i had something -about -what makes websites popular and -you know its its unfortunate that i dont have more time -the theme in two years is going to be cute pictures of -i can come back next year -and its been an amazing opportunity to kind of get to know -you know its like a microscope to the rest of the world you can kind of peer into other peoples lives and -i also feel like i get a lot of inspiration -from the average user for example somebody wrote me they said hey ze if you ever come to boulder -you should rock out with us and i said why wait -and they said hey ze thanks for rocking out but i meant the kind of rocking out where wed be naked -and that was embarrassing but you know its kind of a collaboration between me and the fans so i said -youre saying youre saying holy crap how is his presentation so smooth -and i have to say that its not all me this year i guess -chris has to take some credit here because in years past i guess theres been some sort of subpar speakers at -which really allowed us -as speakers to get there in the trenches and practice at home so that we would be ready for this experience and ive got to say that -you know its really really great to be here -not just the good stuff -you can do heckler mode hey moron get off the stage -case you run over time -just one last thing id like to say id really -and -all this stuff this internet stuff and youre not making any money -why and i say mom dad -trying you know i dont know if youre -all aware of this but the video the video game market kids are playing these video games oh but supposedly theres tons of money i mean like i think one hundred thousand dollars or so a year is being spent on these things so -i decided to try my hand i came up with a few games -is called atheist i figured itd be -move around and say some things -done this before i tried -you come back -and this is great because you know for a quarter you can play this for a long time and chris had said in an email that you know we should really bring something new to ted something that we havent shown anyone so -made this for ted its christian its the third in the series im hoping its going to do well this year -have a preference -so you can wait for the second coming which is a random number between one and five hundred million -so really what are we talking about here oh tech joy -tech joy to me means something because i get a lot of joy out of tech -making things using technology and im being serious here even though im using my sarcastic voice i -making things you know making things actually does give me a lot of joy its the process of creation that keeps me sort of a bubble and a half above perpetual anxiety -in my life and its that feeling of being about eighty percent complete on a project where you know you still have something to do but its not finished and youre not -in a culture of guru ship its so hard to use some software because you know its unapproachable people feel like they have to read the manual so -i try to i try to create these very minimal activities that allow people to express themselves and hopefully -try to create meaningful environments for people to express themselves here i created a contest called when office supplies attack which i think really resonated with the -working population -over five hundred entries in three weeks -again people from all over the country doing the watch is particularly incredible -online drawing tools youve probably seen a lot of them i think theyre wonderful i think its a chance for people to get to play with crayons and all that kind of stuff but im interested in the process the process of creating as the real event that im interested in -the -and the problem is that a lot of people suck at drawing and they get bummed out at this sort of you know stick figure awful little thing that they created -and eventually it just makes them stop playing with it or draw you know they draw penises and things like that -so the scribbler is an attempt to create a generative tool in other words its a helping tool you can draw your simple stick figure and then it collaborates with you to create sort of like a post war german etching -you can in fact its tuned to be better at drawing things that look worse so we go ahead and we start scribbling -this was a mothers day -be -thank you -my favorite of these photos which i couldnt find is theres a picture of a thirty year old woman or so with a little baby on her lap and the next photo is a two hundred and twenty lb man with a tiny little old lady peaking over his shoulder -but this project changed the way that i thought about connecting to people this is project called ray and what happened was i was sent this piece of audio and had no idea who generated the audio somebody said -you have to listen to this and this is what came to me -hi my name is ray and on yesterday my daughter called me because she was stressed out because of things that were going on on her job that she felt was quite unfair -being quite disturbed she called for comfort and i didnt really know what to tell her because we have to deal with so much mess in our society so i was led to write this song just for her -just to give her some encouragement while dealing with stress and pressures on her job and -i figured id put it on the internet for all employees under stress to help you better deal with what youre going through on you job heres how the song goes -im about to -im about to -if you dont leave me alone a a you gonna have to send me home -about to whip somebodys -so i was so moved by this this is incredible this was connecting right this was at a distance realizing that someone was feeling something wanting to affect them in a particular way using media to do it putting it online and realizing that there was a greater impact -you see all the points all the -this was incredible this is what i wanted to do so the first thing i thought of is we have to thank him and i asked my audience i said listen to this piece of audio we have to remix it hes got a great voice -its actually in the key of b flat and have to do something with it hundreds of remixes came back lots of different attempts one stood out in particular it was done by a guy named goose -its incredible it is the network and in my case the network has been important in media because i get to connect to people isnt it amazing through that -you -me -top downloads on a whole bunch of music streaming services -of audio and the fact that his daughter was upset -in two weeks they found him i received and email and it said hi im -i heard you were looking for me -i was like yeah ray its been an interesting two weeks and so i flew to st louis and met ray and hes a preacher -among other things so but anyways here -in amsterdam on every street corner and its sort of a metaphor for me for the virtual world i look at this photo and he seems really interested in whats going on with that button but it doesnt seem like he is really that interested in crossing the street -and it makes me think -of this on street corners everywhere people are looking at their cellphones and its easy to to dismiss this as some sort of bad trend in human culture -i connect to people and the way that ive been doing it has been multifaceted for example i get people to dress up their vacuum cleaners -but the truth is life is being lived there when they smile -right youve seen people stop -all of a sudden life is being lived there somewhere up in that weird dense network and this is it right to feel and be felt its the fundamental -force that were all after we can build all sorts of environments to make it a little bit easier but ultimately what were trying to do is really connect with one other person -and thats not always going to happen in physical spaces its also going to now happen in virtual spaces and we have to get better at figuring that out -i think of the people that build all this technology in the network a lot of them arent very good at connecting with people this is kind of like something i used to do in -third grade -so heres a series of projects over the last few years where ive been inspired by trying to figure out how to really facilitate close connection -was sort of meaningless like on the route to the bus stop to a neighbors house and take it inside of google streetview -and i promise you if you take that walk inside google streetview you come to a moment where something comes back and hits you in the face -and i collected those moments the photos inside google streetview and the memories specifically our conversation started with me saying im bored and her replying when im bored i eat pretzels i remember this distinctly because it came up a lot -right after he told me and my brother he was going to be separating from my mom i remember walking to a convenience store and getting a cherry cola they used some of the morbidly artist footage a close up of chads shoes in the middle of the highway i guess the shoes came off when he was hit -he slept over at my house once and he left his pillow it had chad written in magic marker on it he died long after he left the pillow at my house but we never got around to returning it -i put together projects like earth sandwich where i ask people to try and simultaneously place two pieces of bread perfectly opposite each other on the earth -a hotline where people could leave voicemails of their pain not necessarily related to that event and people called in and left messages like this -not alone -and i am -and when i -even the smallest act of kindness can make me cry like even people in convenience stores saying -looking -so what i did was i took those voicemails and with their permission converted them to mp three s and distributed them to sound editors who created short sounds using just -those voicemails and those were then distributed -to djs who have made hundreds of songs using that source material -we dont have time to play much of it you can look at -fifty two to forty eight with love was a project around the time of the last election cycle where mccain and obama both in their speeches after the election talked about reconciliation and i was like what the hell does that look like -and people started laying bread in tribute and eventually a team was able to do it between new zealand and spain its pretty incredible the -so i thought well lets just give it a try lets have people hold up signs about reconciliation and so some really nice things came together i voted -blue i voted red together for our future these are very very cute little things right some came from the winning party dear forty eight i promise to listen to you to fight for you to respect you always some came -from the party who had just lost from a forty eight to a fifty two may your partys leadership be as classy as you but i doubt it -some message boards apparently found it to be a little patronizing which i could also see and so i started getting amazing amounts of hate mail -death threats even and one guy in particular kept on writing me these pretty awful messages and he was dressed as batman and he said im dressed as batman to hide my identity just in case i thought the real -like phew its not him so what i did unfortunately i was harboring all this kind of awful experience and this pain inside of -and it started to eat away at my psyche and i was protecting the project from it i realized i was protecting it i didnt want this special little group of photographs to get -sullied in some way so what i did i took all those emails and i put them together into something called angrigami which was an origami template made out of this sort of vile stuff and i asked people to send me beautiful things made out of the angrigami -but this was the emotional moment one of my viewers uncles died on a particular day and he chose to commemorate it with a piece of hate -connecting to people in projects like youngmenowme for example in youngmenowme the audience was asked to find a childhood photograph of themselves and restage it as an adult -its amazing the last thing im going to tell you about is a series of projects called songs you already know where the idea was i was trying to figure out to address particular kinds of emotions -with group projects so one of them was fairly straightforward a guy said that his daughter got scared at night and could i write a song for her his daughter and i said oh yeah ill try to write a mantra that she can sing to herself to help herself go to sleep and this was scared -is a song that i sing when -is -so i wrote that song right thank you so the nice thing was is he walked by his daughters room at some point and she actually was singing that song to herself so i was like awesome this is great -then i got this email and theres a little bit of a backstory to this and i dont have much time but the idea was that at one point i did a project called facebook me equals you where i wanted to experience what it was like to live as another person -so i asked for peoples usernames and passwords to be sent to me and i got a lot like thirty in a half an hour and i shut that part down and i chose two people to be and i asked them to send me -know i had one but anyway this same person laura ended up emailing me a little bit after that project and i felt badly for not having done a good job and she said im really anxious i just moved to a new town -i have this new job and ive just had this incredible amount of anxiety so she had seen the scared song and wondered if i could do something so i asked her what does it feel like -when you feel this way and she wrote a sort of descriptive set of what it felt like to have had this anxiety and so what i decided to do i said okay ill think about it and so quietly in the background i started sending people this -so i asked people whether they had basic audio capabilities just so they could sing along to the song with headphones on so i could just get their voices back and this is the kind of thing that i got back -thats one of the better ones really but whats awesome is -as i started getting more and more and more of them all of a sudden i had thirty forty voices from around the world and when you put them together something magical happens -know youve forgotten about me -say thanks for even considering it and then a few days later i sent her this -this is the same person top photo james bottom photo -the -and -i did some digging because thats what we do to know about my host you dont just jump into an invitation and i learned that the first technology appeared in the form of stone tools two point six million years ago -first entertainment comes evidence from flutes that are thirty five thousand years old and evidence for first design comes seventy five thousand years old beads and -eighteen minutes to tell you what happened over the past six million years -you can do the same with your genes and track them back in time and then the analysis of living humans and chimpanzees teaches us today that we diverged sometime around seven million years ago -and that these two species share over ninety eight percent of the same genetic material i think knowing this is a very useful context within which we can think of our ancestry -however then the analysis informs us only about the beginning and the end telling us nothing about what happened in the middle so for us paleoanthropologists -our job is to find the hard evidence the fossil evidence to fill in this gap and see the different stages of development because its only when you do that that you can talk about -its only when you do that you can talk about how we looked like and how we behaved at different times and how those likes and looks and behaviors changed through time -that then gives you an access to explore the biological mechanisms and forces that are responsible for this gradual change that made us what we are today -we all have come from a long way here in africa and converged in this region of africa which is a place where ninety percent of our evolutionary process took place -but finding the hard evidence is a very complicated endeavor its a systematic and scientific approach which takes you to places that are remote hot hostile and often with no -of the locals and using just shovels and picks i made my way i was the first person to actually drive a car to the spot -and you find nothing for years and years when i go to places like this which are paleontological sites its like going to a game park an extinct game park but -what you find are not the human remains such as selam and lucy on a day to day basis you find elephants rhinos monkeys pigs et cetera -but you could ask how could these large mammals live in this desert environment of course they cannot but im telling you already that -the environment and the carrying capacity of this region was drastically different from what we have today a very important environmental lesson could be learned from this -anyway once we made it there then its a game park as i said an extinct game park and our ancestors lived in that game park but were just the minorities they were not as successful and as widespread -as the homo sapiens that we are to tell you just an example an anecdote about their rarity i was going to this place every year and would do field work here -and i say that not because i am african but its in africa that you find the earliest evidence for human ancestors -and the assistants of course helped me do the surveys they would find a bone and tell me here is what youre looking for i would say no thats an elephant again another one thats a monkey thats a pig et cetera so -one of my assistants who never went to school said to me listen zeray you either dont know what youre looking for or youre looking in the wrong place -it was then after such hard work and many frustrating years that we found selam and you see the face here covered by sandstone -and here is actually the spinal column and the whole torso encased in a sandstone block because she was buried by a river -what you have here seems to be nothing but contains an incredible amount of scientific information that helps us explore what makes us human -this is the earliest and most complete juvenile human ancestor ever found in the history of paleoanthropology an amazing piece of our long long history there were these three people and me and i am taking the -how would you feel if you were me you have something extraordinary in your hand but you are in the middle of nowhere the feeling i had was a deep and -quiet happiness and excitement of course accompanied by a huge sense of responsibility of making sure everything is safe -here is a close up of the fossil after five years of cleaning preparation and description which was very long and i had to expose the bones from the sandstone block i just showed you in the previous slide -it took five years in a way this was like the second birth for the child after three point three million years but the labor was very long -and here is full scale its a tiny bone and in the middle is the minister of ethiopian tourism who came to visit the national museum of ethiopia -i was working there and you see me worried and trying to protect my child because you dont leave anyone with this kind of child even a minister -so then once youve done that the next stage is to know what it is -then it was possible to compare we were able to tell that she belonged to the human family tree because the legs the foot and some features -the skull with a comparably aged chimpanzee and little george bush here you see that you have vertical forehead -and you see that in humans because of the development of the pre frontal cortex its called you dont see that in chimpanzees and -all right im a paleoanthropologist and my job is to define mans place in nature and explore what makes us human and today i will use selam the earliest child ever discovered to tell you a story of all of us -you dont see this very projecting canine so she belongs to our family tree but within that of course you do detailed analysis and we know now that -she belongs to the lucy species known as australopithecus afarensis the next exciting question is girl or boy and how old was she when she died -you can determine the sex of the individual based on the size of the teeth how you know in primates there is this phenomenon called sexual dimorphism which simply means males are larger than females and males have larger teeth than the females -but to do that you need the permanent dentition which you dont see here because what you have here are the baby teeth but using the ct scanning technology which is normally used for medical purposes -you can go deep into the mouth and come up with this beautiful image showing you both the baby teeth here and the still growing adult teeth here -so when you measure those teeth it was clear that she started out to be a girl with very small canine teeth and to know how old she was when she died what you do is you do -and you say how much time would be required to form this amount of teeth and the answer was three so this -died when she was about three three point three million years ago so with all that information the big question is what do we actually -what does she tell us to answer this question we can phrase another question what do we actually know about our ancestors we want to know how they looked like how they behaved how they walked around and how they -lived and grew up and among the answers that you can get from this skeleton are included first -this skeleton documents for the first time how infants looked over three million years ago and second -that she walked upright but had some adaptation for tree climbing and more interesting however is the brain in this child was still growing -at age three if you have a still growing brain its a human behavior in chimps by age three the brain is formed over ninety percent -but that care means also you learn you spend more time with your parents and thats very characteristic of humans and its called childhood which is this extended dependence of human children on their family or parents so -the still growing brain in this individual tells us that childhood which requires an incredible -social organization a very complex social organization emerged over three million years ago so by being at the cusp of our evolutionary history -but not everything was human and i will give you a very exciting example this is called the hyoid bone its a bone which is right here it supports your tongue from behind -your voice box it determines the type of voice you produce it was not known in the fossil record and we have it in this skeleton -when we did the analysis of this bone it was clear that it looked very chimp like chimpanzee like so -if you were there three point three million years ago to hear when this girl was crying out for her mother she would have sounded more like a chimpanzee than a human maybe youre wondering so you see this -feature human feature ape feature what does that tell us you know that is very exciting for us because it demonstrates that things were changing slowly and progressively and that evolution is in the making -to summarize the significance of this fossil we can say the following up to now the knowledge that we had about our ancestors came essentially from adult individuals -because the fossils the baby fossils were missing they dont preserve well as you know so the -knowledge that we had about our ancestors on how they looked like how they behaved was kind of biased toward the adults -imagine somebody coming from mars and his job is to report on the type of people occupying our planet earth and you hide all the babies the children -and he goes back and reports can you imagine how much biased his report would be thats what somehow we were doing so far in the absence of the fossil children so i think the new fossil fixes this problem -so i think the most important question at the end is what do we actually learn from specimens like this and from our past in general -of course in addition to extracting this huge amount of scientific information as to what makes us human you know the many human ancestors -that have existed over the past six million years and there are more than ten they did not have the knowledge the technology and sophistications that we homo sapiens have today -in december of two thousand in an area called dikika its in the northeastern part of ethiopia and selam means peace in many ethiopian languages we use that name to celebrate peace in the region and in the planet -if this species ancient species would travel in time and see us today they would very much be very proud of their legacy -now the question is we homo sapiens today are in a position to decide about the future of our planet possibly more -so the question is are we up to the challenge and can we really do better than these primitive small brained ancestors -among the most pressing challenges that our species is faced with today are the chronic -problems of africa needless to list them here and there are more competent people to talk about this still -in my opinion we have two choices one is to continue to see a poor ill crying africa carrying guns that depends on other people -or -to promote an africa which is confident peaceful independent but cognizant of its huge problems and -great values at the same time i am for the second option and im sure many of you are -and the key is to promote a positive african attitude towards africa -because we africans concentrate i am from ethiopia by the way we concentrate too much on how we are seen from -or from outside i think its important to promote in a more positive way on how we see ourselves thats what i call african positive african attitude so -hopefully these categories these binaries these over simplified boxes will begin to become useless -and theyll begin to fall away -because really they describe nothing that we see and no one that we know -and seeing them makes it harder to deny their humanity -i was shielded from the pains of bigotry and the social restrictions of a religiously based upbringing -so -is it me particularly that you would choose to deny the right to housing -the right to adopt children the right to marriage the freedom to shop here live here buy here -its too late because i already am all of those things we already are all of those things and we always have -so when i was six i decided that i wanted to be a boy -i mean who knows right when youre six maybe you can do that -i didnt want anyone to know that i was a girl and they didnt -i kept up the charade for eight years so -this is me when i was eleven i was playing a kid named walter in a movie called julian po i was a little street tough that followed christian slater around and badgered him see i was also a child actor which doubled up the layers of the performance of my identity because no one knew that i was actually a girl really playing a boy -at sleepovers i would have panic attacks trying to break it to girls that they didnt want to kiss me without outing myself -if my family though had been the kind of people to believe in therapy they probably would have diagnosed me as something like gender dysmorphic and put me on hormones to stave off puberty but in my particular case i just woke up one day when i was fourteen and i decided that i wanted to be a girl again -they dont exactly have to come out right no one is exactly shocked -but i wasnt asked to define myself by my parents when i was fifteen and i called my father to tell him that i had fallen in love it was the last thing on either of our minds to discuss what the consequences were of the fact -three years later when i fell in love with -marriage equality debate was raising a lot of dust around this country and at the time getting married wasnt really something i spent a lot of time thinking about but i was struck by the fact that america a country with such a tarnished civil rights record could be repeating its mistakes so blatantly and i remember watching the discussion on television and thinking how interesting it was that -the separation of church and state was essentially drawing geographical boundaries throughout this country between places where people believed in it and places where people -that this discussion was drawing geographical boundaries around me -if this was a war with two disparate sides -a tomboyish girl -who liked both boys and girls depending on the person -then we get more personal with it have you ever had any diseases have you ever been divorced does your breath smell bad while youre answering my interrogation right now what are you into who are you into what gender do you like to sleep with i get it -girls who had eyeshadow to match their scraped knees girls who liked girls and boys who all liked boys and girls who all hated being boxed in to anything -i loved these people and i admired their freedom but i watched as the world outside of our utopian bubble exploded into these raging debates where pundits started likening our love to bestiality on national television -and this powerful awareness rolled in over me that -i was a minority -i wave no flags in my own life -but i was plagued by this question how could anyone vote to strip the rights of the vast variety of people that i knew -based on one element of their character how could they say that we as a group were not deserving of equal rights as somebody else were we even a group -and then it occurred to me -perhaps if they could look into the eyes of the people that they were casting into second class citizenship -obviously i couldnt get twenty million people to the same dinner party so -i figured out a way where i could introduce them to each other photographically -without any artifice without any lighting or without any manipulation of any kind on my part -life magazine introduced generations of people to distant far off cultures they never knew existed through pictures -so i decided to make -mugshots if you will -and i basically decided to photograph anyone in this country that was not one hundred percent straight -which if you dont know is a limitless -this was a very large undertaking and to do it we needed some help so i ran out in the freezing cold and i photographed every single person that i knew that i could get to in february of about two years ago and i took those photographs and i went to the hrc and i asked them for some help -and they funded two weeks of shooting in new york and then we made this -we are neurologically hardwired to seek out people like ourselves we start forming cliques as soon as were old enough to know what acceptance feels like -my goal is to show the humanity that exists in every one of us through the simplicity of a face -the united states what does equality mean to you marriage freedom civil rights treat every person as youd treat yourself its when you dont have to think about it simple as that the fight for equal rights is not just about gay marriage today in twenty nine states more than half of this country you can legally be fired just for your sexuality -heard hundreds of people give the same answer -we bond together based on anything that we can music preference race gender the block that we grew up on -after that almost eighty five thousand people watched that video and then they started emailing us from all over the country asking us to come to their towns and help them to show their faces -and a lot more people wanted to show their faces than i had anticipated so i changed my immediate goal to ten thousand faces that video was made in the spring of two thousand and eleven and as of today i have traveled -i know that this is a talk -we seek out environments that reinforce our personal choices -so -after traveling and talking to people in places like oklahoma or small town texas we found evidence that the initial premise was dead on visibility really is key familiarity really is the gateway drug to empathy -sometimes though just the question what do you do can feel like somebodys opening a tiny little box and asking you to squeeze yourself inside of it because -of course in my travels i met people who legally divorced their children for being other than straight but i also met people who were southern baptists who switched churches because their child was a lesbian -sparking empathy -had become the backbone of self evident truths but -self evident truths doesnt erase the differences between us in fact on the contrary -it highlights them it presents not just the complexities found in a procession of different human beings but the complexities found within each individual person -it wasnt that we had too many boxes it was that we had too few -at some point -i realized that my mission to photograph gays was inherently flawed because there were a million different shades of gay here i was trying to help -once they got over the shock though by and large people opted for somewhere between seventy to ninety five percent or the three to twenty percent marks -that most people fall on a spectrum of what i have come to refer to as grey -let me be clear though -and this is very important in no way am i saying that preference doesnt exist -what i am saying though is that human beings are not one dimensional -the most important thing to take from the percentage system is this if you have gay people over here -and you have straight people over here and while we recognize that most people identify as somewhere closer to one binary or another there is this vast spectrum of people that exist in between -and the reality that this presents is a complicated one because for example if you pass a law that allows a boss to fire an employee for homosexual behavior where exactly do you draw the line -is it over here by the people who have had one or two heterosexual experiences so far -where exactly does one become a second class citizen -another interesting thing that i learned -after traveling so much and meeting so many people let me tell you there are just as many jerks and sweethearts and democrats and republicans and jocks and queens and every other polarization you can possibly think of within the lgbt community as there are within the human race -aside from the fact that we play with one legal hand tied behind our backs -and once you get past the shared narrative of prejudice and struggle just being other than straight doesnt necessarily mean that we have anything in common -so -in the endless proliferation of faces that self evident truths is always becoming -as it hopefully appears across more and more platforms bus shelters billboards facebook pages screen savers -shes okay the question is whether we will be and one reason is this enormous heat sink heats up greenland from the north -this is an annual melting river but the volumes are much larger than ever this is the kangerlussuaq river in southwest -greenland if you want to know how sea level rises from land base ice melting this is where it reaches the sea these flows are increasing very rapidly -last year i showed these two slides so that demonstrate that the arctic ice cap which for most of the last three million years has been the size of the lower forty eight states has shrunk by forty percent -at the other end of the planet antarctica the largest mass of ice on the planet last month scientists reported the entire continent is now in negative ice balance and west antarctica -cropped up on top some under sea islands is particularly rapid in its melting thats equal to twenty feet of sea level as is greenland -in the himalayas the third largest mass of ice at the top you see new lakes which a few years ago were glaciers forty percent of all the people in the world get half of their drinking water from that melting flow in the andes this glacier is the source of drinking water for this city -the flows have increased but when they go away so does much of the drinking water in california there has been a forty percent decline in the sierra snowpack this is hitting the reservoirs and the predictions as youve read are serious this drying around the world has lead to a dramatic increase in fires -and the disasters around the world have been increasing at an absolutely extraordinary and unprecedented rate four times as many in the last thirty years as in the previous seventy five this is a completely unsustainable pattern if you look at in the context of history you can see -what this is doing -in the last five years weve added seventy million tons of co two every twenty four hours twenty five million tons every day to the oceans -look carefully at the area of the eastern pacific from the americas extending westward and on either side of the indian subcontinent where there is a radical depletion of oxygen in the oceans -the biggest single cause of global warming along with deforestation which is twenty percent of it is the burning of fossil fuels oil is a problem -but this understates the seriousness of this particular problem because it doesnt show the thickness of the ice the arctic ice cap is in a sense the beating heart of the global climate system it expands in winter and contracts in summer the next slide i show you will be -and coal is the most serious problem the united states is one of the two largest emitters along with china and the proposal has been to build a lot more coal plants but were beginning to see a sea change here are the ones that have been cancelled in the last few years with some green alternatives proposed -however there is a political battle in our country and the coal industries and the oil industries spent a quarter of a billion dollars in the last calendar year promoting clean coal which is an oxymoron that image reminded me of something -around christmas in my home in tennessee a billion gallons of coal sludge was spilled you probably saw it on the news this all over the country is the second largest waste stream in america this happened around christmas one of the coal industrys ads around christmas was this one -this is the source of much of the coal in west virginia the largest mountaintop miner is the head of massey coal -let me be clear about it al gore nancy pelosi harry reid they dont know what theyre talking about -so the alliance for climate protection has launched two campaigns this is one of them part of one of them -coalergy we view climate change as a very serious threat to our business thats why weve made it our primary goal to spend a large sum of money on an advertising effort to help bring out and complicate the truth about coal -the fact is coal isnt dirty we think its clean -smells good too -so dont worry about climate change leave that up to us -clean coal youve heard a lot about it so lets take a tour of this state of the art clean coal facility -amazing the machinery is kind of loud but thats the sound of clean coal technology -and while burning coal is one of the leading causes of global warming the remarkable clean coal technology you see here changes everything -take a good long look this is todays clean coal technology -finally the positive alternative meshes with our economic challenge and our national security challenge -america is in crisis the economy national security the climate crisis -the thread that links them all our addiction to carbon based fuels like dirty coal and foreign oil -but now there is a bold new solution to get us out of this mess repower america -a rapid fast forward of whats happened over the last twenty five years the permanent ice is marked in red and as you see it expands to the dark blue thats the annual ice in winter and it contracts in summer -with one hundred percent clean electricity within ten years a plan to put america back to work make us more secure and help stop global warming -finally a solution thats big enough to solve our problems repower america find out more -this is the last one -its about repowering america one of the fastest ways to cut our dependence on old dirty fuels that are killing our planet -futures over here wind sun a new energy grid -new investments to create high paying jobs -repower america its time to get real -there is an old african proverb that says if you want to go quickly go alone if you want to go far go together we need to go far quickly -thank you very much -and the so called permanent ice five years old or older you can see is almost like blood spilling out of the body here -in twenty five years its gone from this to this this is a problem because the warming -heats up the frozen ground around the arctic ocean where there is a massive amount of frozen carbon which when it thaws is turned into methane by microbes compared to the total amount of global warming pollution in the atmosphere that amount could double if we cross this tipping point -already in some shallow lakes in alaska methane is actively bubbling up out of the water professor katey walter from the university of alaska went out with another team to another shallow lake last winter -and its all false it is not true theres no question that some choice is better than none -but it doesnt follow from that that more choice is better than some choice theres some magical amount i dont know what it is im pretty confident that we have long since passed the point where options improve -our welfare now as a policy matter im almost done as a policy matter the thing to think about is this what enables all of this choice -in industrial societies is material affluence there are lots of places in the world and we have heard about several of them -where the their problem is not that they have too much choice their problem is that they have too little so the stuff im talking about is the peculiar problem of modern -the ten extra virgin olive oils and twelve balsamic vinegars you could buy to make a very large number of your own salad dressings in the off chance that none of the hundred seventy five the store has on offer suit you -affluent western societies and what is so frustrating and infuriating is this steve levitt talked to you yesterday about how these expensive and difficult to install -infants child seats dont help -its a waste of money what im telling you is that these expensive complicated choices its not simply that they dont help they actually hurt they actually make us worse -off if some of what enables people in our societies to make all of the choices we make were shifted to societies in which people have too few options -not only would those peoples lives be improved but ours would be improved also this is what economists call a pareto improving move income redistribution will make everyone -better off not just poor people because of how all this excess choice plagues us so to conclude -youre supposed to read this cartoon and being a sophisticated person say ah what does this fish know you know nothing is possible in this fishbowl -impoverished imagination a myopic view of the world and thats the way i read it at first the more i thought about it however the more i came to the view that this -fish knows something because the truth of the matter is that if you shatter the fishbowl so that everything is possible you dont have freedom you have paralysis -if you shatter this fishbowl so that everything is possible you decrease satisfaction -you increase paralysis and you decrease satisfaction everybody needs a fishbowl this one is almost certainly too limited -perhaps even for the fish certainly for us but the absence of some metaphorical fishbowl is a recipe for misery and i suspect disaster thank you very much -so this is what the supermarket is like and then you go to the consumer electronics store to set up a stereo system speakers cd player tape player tuner amplifier and in this one -im going to talk to you about some stuff thats in this book of mine that i hope will resonate with other things youve already heard and ill try to -single consumer electronics store there are that many stereo systems we can construct six and a half million -different stereo systems out of the components that are on offer in one store youve got to admit thats a lot of choice in other domains the world of communications -there was a time when i was a boy when you could get any kind of telephone service you wanted as long as it came from ma bell you rented your phone you didnt buy it one consequence of that by the way is that the phone never broke and -those days are gone we now have an almost unlimited variety of phones especially in the world of cell phones these are cell phones of the future -my favorite is the middle one the mp three player nose hair trimmer and creme brulee torch and if -if by some chance you havent seen that in your store yet you can rest assured that one day soon you will and what this does is it leads people to walk into their stores asking this question -make some connections myself in case you miss them i want to start with what i call the official dogma -and do you know what the answer to this question now is the answer is no it is not possible to buy a cell phone that doesnt do too much so -in other aspects of life that are much more significant than buying things the same explosion of choice is true health care it is no longer the case in the united states that you -go to the doctor and the doctor tells you what to do instead you go to the doctor and the doctor tells you well we could do a or we could do b a has these benefits -and these risks b has these benefits and these risks what do you want to do and you say doc what should i do and the doc says -a has these benefits and risks and b has these benefits and risks what do you want to do and you say if you were me doc what would you do and the doc says but im not you -and the result is we call it patient autonomy which makes it sound like a good thing but what it really is is a shifting of the burden and the responsibility for decision making from somebody who knows something namely the doctor to somebody who knows nothing and is almost certainly sick and thus not in the best shape to be making decisions namely the patient theres enormous marketing of prescription drugs -the official dogma of what the official dogma of all western industrial societies and the official dogma runs like this if we are interested in maximizing the welfare of our citizens -to people like you and me which if you think about it makes no sense at all since we cant buy them why do they market to us if we cant buy them the answer is that they expect us to call our doctors the next morning and ask our prescriptions to be changed -something as dramatic as our identity has now become a matter of choice as this slide -is meant to indicate we get to we dont inherit an identity we get to invent it and we get to re invent ourselves as often as we like and that means that every day when you wake up in the morning you have to decide what kind of person -you want to be in with respect to marriage and family -there was a time when the default assumption that almost everyone had is that you got married as soon as you could and then you started having kids as soon as you could the only real choice was who -not when and not what you did after nowadays everything is very much up for grabs i teach wonderfully intelligent students -and i assign twenty percent less work than i used to and its not because theyre less smart and its not because theyre less diligent its because they are preoccupied -asking themselves should i get married or not should i get married now should i get married later should i have kids first or a career first -all of these are consuming questions and theyre going to answer these questions whether or not it means not doing all the work i assign and not getting a good grade in my courses and indeed they should these are important questions to answer -work -we are blessed as carl was pointing out with the technology that enables us to work every minute of every day from any place on the planet except the randolph hotel -the way to do that is to maximize individual freedom the reason for this is both that freedom is in and of itself good -there is one corner by the way that im not going to tell anybody about where you actually where the where the hi wifi works im not telling you about it because i want to use it -so what this means this incredible freedom of choice we have with respect to work is that we have to make a decision again and again and again about whether -we should or shouldnt be working we can go to watch our kid play soccer and we have our cell phone on one hip and our blackberry on our other hip and our laptop presumably on our laps and even if theyre all shut off -every minute that were watching our kid mutilate a soccer game we are also asking ourselves should i answer this -cell phone call should i respond to this email should i draft this letter and even if the answer to the question is no its certainly going to make the experience of your kids soccer game very different than it wouldve been -so everywhere we look big things and small things material things and lifestyle things life is a matter of choice and the world we used to live in looked like this -that is to say there were some choices but not everything was a matter of choice and the world we now live in looks like this and the question is -is this good news or bad news and the answer is yes -we all know whats good about it so im going to talk about whats bad about it all of this choice has two effects two negative effects on people -one effect paradoxically is that it produces paralysis rather than liberation with so many options to choose from people find it very difficult to choose at all -ill give you one very dramatic example of this a study that was done of investments in voluntary retirement plans a colleague of mine got access to -valuable worthwhile essential to being human and because if people have freedom then each of us can act on our own to do the things that will maximize our welfare and no one has to decide on our behalf -investment records from vanguard the gigantic mutual fund company of about a million employees and about two thousand different workplaces and what she found is that -for every ten mutual funds the employer offered rate of participation went down two percent -you offer fifty funds ten percent fewer employees participate than if you only offer five why because with fifty funds to choose from its so damn hard to decide which fund to choose that youll just put it off until tomorrow and then tomorrow and then tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow and of course tomorrow never comes -understand that not only does this mean that people are gonna have to eat dog food when they retire because they dont have enough money put away it also means that making the decision is so hard that they pass up significant matching money from the employer -by not participating they are passing up as much as five thousand dollars a year from the employer who would happily match their contribution so paralysis is a consequence of having too many choices and i think it makes the world look like this -you really want to get the decision right if its for all eternity right you dont want to pick the wrong mutual fund or even the wrong salad dressing -so thats one effect the second effect is that even if we manage to overcome the paralysis and make a choice -we end up less satisfied with the result of the choice than we would be if we had fewer options to choose from and there are several reasons for this -one of them is that with a lot of different salad dressings to choose from if you buy one and its not perfect and you know what salad dressing is its easy to imagine that you could have made a different choice that would have been better -and what happens is this imagined alternative induces you to regret the decision you made and this regret subtracts from the satisfaction you get out of the decision you made even if it was a good decision -the way to maximize freedom is to maximize choice the more choice people have the more freedom they have and the more freedom they have the more welfare they have -the more options there are the easier it is to regret anything at all that is disappointing about the option that you chose -second what economists call opportunity costs dan gilbert made a big point this morning of talking about how how much the the way in which we value things depends on what we compare them to -well when there are lots of alternatives to consider it is easy to imagine the attractive features of alternatives that you reject -that make you less satisfied with the alternative that youve chosen here is an example -for those of you who arent new yorkers i apologize -but heres what youre supposed to be thinking heres this couple on the hamptons very expensive real estate gorgeous beach beautiful day they have it all to themselves what could be better well damn it this guy is thinking its august -everybody in my manhattan neighborhood is away i could be parking right in front of my building -and he spends two weeks nagged by the idea that he is missing the opportunity day after day to have a great parking space -opportunity costs subtract from the satisfaction we get out of what we choose even when what we choose is terrific and the more options there are to consider -the more attractive features of these options are going to be reflected by us as opportunity costs heres another example -now now this cartoon makes a lot of points it makes points about living in the moment as well and probably about doing things slowly but one point it makes is that whenever youre choosing one thing youre -choosing not to do other things and those other things may have lots of attractive features and its going to make what youre doing less attractive third -escalation of expectations this hit me when i went to replace my jeans i wear jeans almost all the time and there was a time when jeans came in one flavor -and you bought them and they fit like crap and they were incredibly uncomfortable and if you wore them long enough and washed them enough times they started to feel feel ok so i went to replace my jeans after years and years of wearing these old ones and i said i -this i think is so deeply embedded in the water supply that it wouldnt occur to anyone to question it and its also deeply embedded in our lives -you know i want a pair of jeans heres my size and the shopkeeper said do you want slim fit easy fit relaxed fit you want button fly or zipper fly you want stonewashed or acid washed do you want them distressed you want boot cut you want tapered blah blah blah on and on he went my jaw dropped and after i recovered i said i want the kind that used to be the only kind -he had no idea what that was -so i spent an hour trying on all these damn jeans and i walked out of the store truth with the best fitting jeans i had ever had i did better all this choice made it possible for me to do better -but i felt worse why i wrote a whole book to try and explain this to myself the reason is -the reason i felt worse is that with all of these options available my expectations about how good a pair of jeans should be went up -i had very low exp i had no particular expectations when they only came in one flavor when they came in a hundred flavors damn it one of them shouldve been perfect and what i got was good but it wasnt perfect and so i compared what i got to what i expected -and what i got was disappointing in comparison to what i expected adding options to peoples lives -cant help but increase the expectations people have about how good those options will be and what thats going to produce is less satisfaction with results even when theyre good results nobody in the world of marketing knows this -cause if they did -you wouldnt all know what this was about the truth is more like this -the reason that everything was better back when everything was worse is that when everything was worse it was actually possible for people to have experiences that were a pleasant surprise -nowadays the world we live in we affluent industrialized citizens with perfection the expectation the best you can ever hope for is that this stuff is as good as you expect it to be -you will never be pleasantly surprised because your expectations my expectations have gone through the roof the secret to happiness this is what you all came for the secret to happiness is low expectations -ill give you some examples of what modern progress has made possible for us this is my supermarket not such a big one -i want to say just a little autobiographical moment that i i actually am married to a wife and and shes really quite wonderful i couldnt have done better i didnt settle but settling isnt always such a bad thing finally -one consequence of buying a bad fitting pair of jeans when there is only one kind to buy is that when you are dissatisfied and you ask why whos responsible the answer is clear the world is responsible what could you do -when there are hundreds of different styles of jeans available and you buy one that is disappointing and you ask why whos responsible it is equally clear that the answer to the question is you -you could have done better with a thous with a hundred different kinds of jeans on display there is no excuse for failure and so when people make decisions and even though though the results of the decisions are good they feel disappointed -about them they blame themselves clinical depression has exploded in the industrial world in the last generation i believe a significant not the only but a significant contributor to this explosion of depression and also suicide is that people have experiences that are disappointing because their standards are so high and then when they have to explain these experiences to themselves they think theyre at fault -i want to say just a word about salad dressing a hundred and seventy five salad dressings in my supermarket if you dont count -and so the net result is that we do better and in general objectively and we feel worse -so let me remind you this is the official dogma the one that we all take to be true -thats very high resolution much higher than youd be able to get in an ordinary ad and weve embedded extra content if you want to see the features of this car you can see it here or other models or even technical specifications -what im going to show you first as quickly as i can is -and and this this really this really gets at some of these ideas about really doing away with with those limits on on screen real estate we hope that this means no more no more pop ups and other kind of rubbish like that shouldnt be necessary -of course mapping is one of those really obvious applications for a technology like this and and this one i really wont spend any time on except to say that we have things to contribute to this field as well -but those are all the roads in the in the u s superimposed on top of a nasa -geospatial image so lets pull up now something else so this is actually live on the live on the web now you can go check it out this is a project called photosynth which really marries two different technologies one of them is seadragon and the other is some very beautiful computer vision research done by noah snavely a graduate student at the university of washington co advised by steve seitz at u w and rick szeliski at microsoft research -is some some foundational work some some new technology that we brought to microsoft as part of an acquisition almost exactly a year ago this is seadragon -a very nice collaboration and so this is this live on the web its powered by seadragon you can see that when we kind of do these sorts of views where we can we can we can dive through images and have this kind of multi resolution experience -but but the spatial arrangement of the images here is actually meaningful the computer vision algorithms have registered these images together so that they correspond to the real space in which these these shots all taken near grassi lakes in the canadian rockies -all these shots were taken so you see elements here of of stabilized slide show or panoramic panoramic imaging -and these things have all been related related spatially im not sure if i have if i have time to show you any other environments there are some that are much more spatial but i would like to jump straight to to one of noahs original data sets and this is from an early prototype of photosynth that we first got working in the summer -to show you what i think is really the the punchline behind this this technology the photosynth technology and its not necessarily so apparent from looking at the environments that weve put up on the website we we had to worry about the lawyers and so on -this is a reconstruction of notre dame cathedral that was done entirely computationally from images scraped from flickr you just type notre dame into flickr -and its an environment in which you can either locally or remotely interact with vast amounts of of visual data were looking at many many gigabytes of of digital photos here and kind of seam seamlessly and continuously zooming in panning through the thing rearranging it in any way we want and -and you get some pictures of guys in t shirts and of the campus and so on and each of these orange cones represents an image that was that was discovered to belong to this model -and so these are all these are all flickr images and theyve all been related spatially in this way and we can just navigate in this very simple way -you know i never i never thought that id end up working at microsoft its very its very gratifying to to have this kind this kind of reception here -so so this is i guess you can see this is very this is lots of different types of cameras its everything from cell phone cameras to professional slrs quite a large number of them stitched together in this environment and if i can ill find some of the sort of weird ones -so many of them are occluded by faces and and so on -theres somewhere in here there is actually there there is series of photographs here we go this is actually a poster of notre dame that registered correctly here we can dive in from the poster to a physical view -of this of this environment -what what the point here really is is that we can do things with the social environment this is this is now taking data from everybody from the entire collective memory of of visually what the earth looks like -and link all of that together all of those photos become linked together and they make something emergent thats greater than the sum of the parts you have a a model that emerges of the entire earth think of this as the long tail to stephen lawlers -virtual earth work and this is something that grows in complexity as people use it and whose benefits become greater to the users as they as they use it their own photos are getting tagged with meta data that somebody else entered -if if somebody bothered to to tag all of these saints and say who they all are then then my photo of -notre dame cathedral suddenly gets enriched with all of that data and i can use it as an entry point to dive into that space into that meta verse using everybody elses photos and and do a kind of a cross modal -and and and cross user social experience that way and of course a by product of all of that is immensely rich virtual models of of every interesting part of the earth -collected not just from from overhead flights and from satellite images and so on but from the collective memory thank you so much -it doesnt matter how much information were looking at how big these collections are or how big the images are in the most of them are ordinary digital camera photos but this one for example is a scan from the library of congress and its in the in the three hundred megapixel range -do i do i understand this do i understand this right that what what your software is going to allow is that at some point really within the next few years -all the pictures -that are shared by anyone across the world are going to basically link together -yes what this is really doing is discovering its creating hyperlinks if you will between between images -and its doing that based on the content inside the images and that gets really exciting when you think about the richness of the semantic information that a lot of those images have like when you do a web search for images -you type in phrases and the text on the web page is is carrying a lot of information about what that picture is of now what if that picture links to all of your pictures then the amount of semantic interconnection and the amount of richness that comes out of that is really huge its a classic network effect -blaise that is truly incredible congratulations -thanks so much -it doesnt doesnt make any difference because the only thing that that ought to limit the performance of a system like this one is the number of pixels on your screen at any given moment -its also very flexible architecture this is an entire book this is an example of non non image data this is bleak house by dickens every every column is a is a chapter -and to prove to you that its that its really text and not an image we can do something like so to really show that this is a real representation of the text its not a picture -maybe this is a kind of an artificial way to read an e book i wouldnt recommend it this is a more realistic case this is an issue of the guardian every large image is the beginning of a section and this really gives you the the the joy and the good experience of reading the real paper version of -of a magazine or a newspaper which is an inherently multi scale kind of medium weve also done a little something with the corner of of this particular issue of the guardian weve made up a fake ad -they can do that because when they are very cold they are whats called superconducting wire so at minus two hundred and seventy one degrees colder than the space between the stars those wires can take that current -in one of the joints between over nine thousand magnets in lhc there was a manufacturing defect so the wire heated up slightly and its thirteen thousand amps suddenly encountered electrical resistance this was the result -now thats more impressive when you consider those magnets weigh over twenty tons and they moved about a foot so we damaged about -last year at ted i gave an introduction to the lhc and i promised to come back and give you an update on how that machine works so this is it and for those of you who werent there the lhc is -fifty of the magnets we had to take them out which we did we reconditioned them all fixed them theyre all on their way back underground now by the end of march the lhc will be intact again we will switch it on and we expect to take data in june or july -and continue with our quest to find out what the building blocks of the universe are now of course in a way those accidents reignite the debate about the value of science and engineering at the edge -its easy to refute i think that the fact that its so difficult the fact that were overreaching is the value of things like the lhc -i will leave the final word to an english scientist humphrey davy who i suspect when defending his proteges useless experiments his protege was michael faraday said this nothing is so dangerous to the progress of the human mind than to assume that our views of science are ultimate -that there are no mysteries in nature that our triumphs are complete and that there are no new worlds to conquer -the largest scientific experiment ever attempted twenty seven kilometers in circumference its job is to recreate the conditions that were present less than a billionth of a second after the universe began up to six hundred million times a second its nothing if not ambitious this is the machine below geneva -we take the pictures of those mini big bangs inside detectors this is the one i work on its called the atlas detector forty four meters wide twenty two meters in diameter -spectacular picture here of atlas under construction so you can see the scale on the tenth of september last year we turned the machine on for the first time -and this picture was taken by atlas it caused immense celebration in the control room its a picture of the first beam particle going all the way around the lhc -colliding with a piece of the lhc deliberately and showering particles into the detector in other words when we saw that picture on september tenth we knew the machine worked which is a great triumph -i dont know whether this got the biggest cheer or this when someone went onto google and saw the front page was like that it means we made cultural impact as well as scientific impact about a week later we had a problem with the machine -related actually to these bits of wire here these gold wires those wires carry thirteen thousand amps when the machine is working in full power now the engineers amongst you will look at them and say no they dont theyre small wires -compared to ours trust me this is simple but when we look at all the genes that we can knock out one at a time its very unlikely that this would yield a living cell -so we decided the only way forward was to actually synthesize this chromosome so we could vary the components -to ask some of these most fundamental questions and so we started down the road of can we synthesize -a chromosome can chemistry permit making these really large molecules where weve never been before and if we do can we boot up a chromosome a chromosome by the way is just a piece of inert chemical material -so our pace of digitizing life has been increasing at an exponential pace -you know ive talked about some of these projects before about the human genome and what that might mean and discovering new sets of genes were actually starting at a new point weve been digitizing biology -our ability to write the genetic code has been moving pretty slowly but has been increasing and our latest point would put it on now an exponential curve -we started this over fifteen years ago it took several stages in fact starting with a bioethical review before we did the first experiments -but it turns out synthesizing dna is very difficult theres tens of thousands of machines around the world that make small pieces of dna thirty to fifty letters in length -and its a degenerate process so the longer you make the piece the more errors there are so we had to create a new method for putting these little pieces together and correct all the errors -and this was our first attempt starting with the digital information of the genome of phi x one seventy four its a small virus that kills bacteria we designed the pieces went through our error correction and had a dna molecule of about five thousand letters -the exciting phase came when we took this piece of inert chemical and put it in the bacteria -and the bacteria started to read this genetic code made the viral particles the viral particles then were released from the cells then came back and killed the e coli i was talking to the oil industry recently and i said they clearly understood that model -they laughed more than you guys are its -and so we think this is a situation where the software can actually build its own hardware in a biological system but we wanted to go much larger we wanted to build the entire bacterial chromosome -its over five hundred and eighty thousand letters of genetic code so we thought wed build them in cassettes the size of the viruses so we could actually vary the cassettes to understand what the actual components of a living cell are -design is critical and if youre starting with digital information in the computer that digital information has to be really accurate -when we first sequenced this genome in nineteen ninety five the standard of accuracy was one error per ten thousand base pairs we actually found on resequencing it thirty errors had we used that original sequence it never would have been able to be booted up -part of the design is designing pieces that are fifty letters long that have to overlap with all the other fifty letter pieces to build smaller sub units -we have to design so they can go together we design unique elements into this you may have read that we put watermarks in think of this we have a four letter genetic code a c g and t triplets of that letter of those letters code for roughly twenty amino acids that theres a single letter -and now were trying to go from that digital code -designation for each of the amino acids so we can use the genetic code to write out words sentences thoughts initially all we did was autograph it some people were disappointed there was not poetry -we designed these pieces so we can just chew back with enzymes theres enzymes that repair them and put them together and we started making pieces starting with pieces that were five to seven thousand seven thousand letters -into a new phase of biology with designing and synthesizing life so weve always been trying to ask big questions -fit those together to make twenty four thousand letter pieces then put sets of those going up to seventy two thousand at each stage we grew up these pieces in abundance so we could sequence them because were trying to create a process thats extremely robust that you can see in a minute were trying to get to the point of automation -so this looks like a basketball playoff when we get into these really large pieces over a hundred thousand base pairs -they wont any longer grow readily in e coli it exhausts all the modern tools of molecular biology -and so we turned to other mechanisms we knew theres a mechanism called homologous recombination that biology uses to repair dna that can put pieces together -here is an example of it theres an organism called deinococcus radiodurans that can take three millions rads of radiation you can see in the top panel its chromosome just gets blown apart -twelve to twenty four hours later it put it back together exactly as it was before we have thousands of organisms that can do this these organisms can be totally desiccated they can live in a vacuum -i am absolutely certain that life can exist in outer space move around find a new aqueous environment in fact nasa has shown a lot of this is out there heres an actual micrograph of the molecule we built using these processes actually just using yeast mechanisms with the right design of the pieces we put them in -what is life is something that i think many biologists have been trying to understand at various levels weve tried various approaches -yeast puts them together automatically this is not an electron micrograph this is just a regular photomicrograph its such a large molecule we can see it with a light microscope these are pictures over about a six second period -so this is the publication we had just a short while ago this is over five hundred and eighty thousand letters of genetic code its the largest molecule ever made by humans of a defined structure its over three hundred million molecular weight -if we print printed out at a ten font with no spacing it takes a hundred and forty two pages just to print this genetic code well how do we boot up a chromosome how how do we activate this obviously with a virus its pretty simple its much more complicated dealing with bacteria -its also simpler when you go into eukaryotes like ourselves you can just pop out the nucleus and pop in another one and thats what youve all heard about with cloning with bacteria archaea the chromosome is integrated into the cell -but we recently showed that we can do a complete transplant of a chromosome from one cell to another and activate it we purified a chromosome from one microbial species roughly these two are as distant as human and mice -we added a few extra genes so we could select for this chromosome we digested it with enzymes to kill all the proteins and it was pretty stunning when we put this in the cell and youll appreciate our very sophisticated graphics here -paring it down to minimal components weve been digitizing it now for almost twenty years when we sequenced the human genome it was going from the analog world of biology into the digital world of the computer -the new chromosome went into the cell in fact we thought this might be as far as it went but we tried to design the process a little bit further -this is a major mechanism of evolution right here we find all kinds of species that have taken up a second chromosome or a third one from somewhere adding thousands of new traits in a second to that species so people who think of evolution as just one gene changing at a time have missed much of biology -theres enzymes called restriction enzymes that actually digest dna the chromosome that was in the cell doesnt have one the cell the chromosome we put in does it got expressed and it recognized the other chromosome as foreign material chewed it up and so we ended up just with the cell with the new chromosome it turned blue because of the genes we put in it -and with a very short period of time all the characteristics of one species were lost and it converted totally into the new species based on the new software that we put in the cell -all the proteins changed the membranes changed when we read the genetic code its exactly what we had transferred in -so this may sound like genomic alchemy but we can by moving the software dna around change things quite -dramatically now ive argued this is not genesis this is building on three and a half billion years of evolution -and ive argued that were about to perhaps create a new version of the cambrian explosion where theres massive new speciation based on this digital design -why do this i think this is pretty obvious in terms of some of the needs -were about to go from six and a half to nine billion people over the next forty years to put it in context for myself i was born in nineteen forty six theres now three people on the planet for every one of us that existed in nineteen forty six -within forty years therell be four we have trouble feeding providing fresh clean water medicines fuel for the six and a half billion its going to be a stretch to do it for nine we use over five billion tons of coal -thirty billion plus barrels of oil -now were trying to ask can we regenerate life -thats a hundred million barrels a day when we try to think of biological processes or any process to replace that its going to be a huge challenge then of course theres all that co two from this material that ends up in the atmosphere -we now from our discovery around the world have a database with about twenty million genes and i like to think of these as the design components of the future -the electronics industry only had a dozen or so components and look at the diversity that came out of that were limited here primarily by a biological reality and our imagination -we now have techniques because of these rapid methods of synthesis to do what were calling combinatorial genomics -or can we create new life out of this digital universe this is the map of a small organism mycoplasma genitalium that has the smallest genome for a species that can self replicate in the laboratory -we have the ability now to build a large robot that can make a million chromosomes a day -when you think of processing these twenty million different genes or trying to optimize processes to produce octane or to produce pharmaceuticals new vaccines we can change just with a small team do more molecular biology than the last twenty years of all science and its just standard selection -we can select for viability chemical or fuel production vaccine production et cetera -this is a screen snapshot of some true design software that were working on to actually be able to sit down and design species in the computer -you know we dont know necessarily what itll look like we know exactly what their genetic code looks like were focusing on now fourth generation fuels -youve seen recently corn to ethanol is just a bad experiment we have second and third generation fuels that will be coming out relatively soon that are sugar to much higher value fuels like octane or different types of butanol -but the only way we think that biology can have a major impact without further increasing the cost of food and limiting its availability is if we start with co two as its feedstock and so were working with designing cells to go down this road and we think well have the first fourth generation fuels in about eighteen months -sunlight and co two is one method -but in our discovery around the world we have all kinds of other methods this is an organism we described in nineteen ninety six it lives in the deep ocean about a mile and a half deep almost at boiling water temperatures it takes co two to methane -using molecular hydrogen as its energy source were looking to see if we can take captured co two which can easily be piped to sites convert that co two back into fuel to drive this process so -in a short period of time we think that we might be able to increase -what the basic question is of what is life were truly you know have modest goals of replacing the whole petrol chemical industry -and weve been trying to just see if we can come up with an even smaller genome -yeah if you cant do that at ted where can you -become a major source of energy but also were now working on using these same tools to come up with instant sets of vaccines youve seen this year with flu were always a year behind and a dollar short when it comes to the right vaccine -i think that can be changed by building combinatorial vaccines in advance -heres what the future may begin to look like with changing now the evolutionary tree -speeding up evolution with synthetic bacteria archea and eventually eukaryotes were a ways away from improving people our goal is just to make sure that we have a chance to survive long enough to maybe do that thank you very much -were able to knock out on the order of a hundred genes out of the five hundred or so that are here but when we look at its metabolic map its relatively simple -if they get surrounded they notice that too they might get a little flustered and they can also sense their motion and tilt -i want to start out by asking you to think back to when you were a kid playing with blocks as you figured out how to reach out and grasp pick them up and move them around you were actually learning how to think and solve problems by understanding and manipulating spatial relationships -so one of the interesting implications on interaction we started to realize was that we could use everyday gestures on data -like pouring a color the way we might pour a liquid so in this case weve got three siftables configured to be paint buckets and i can use them to pour color into that central one where they get mixed if we overshoot we can pour a little bit back -there are also some neat possibilities for education like language math and logic games where we want to give people the ability to try things quickly and view the results immediately so here im -this is a fibonacci sequence that im making with a simple equation program here we have a word game thats kind of like a mash up between scrabble and boggle basically in every round you get a randomly assigned letter on each siftable -and as you try to make words it checks against a dictionary then after about thirty seconds it reshuffles and you have a new set of letters and new possibilities to try -thank you -so these are some kids that came on a field trip to the media lab and i managed to get them to try it out and shoot a video -they really loved it and one of the interesting things about this kind of application is that you dont have to give people many instructions all you have to say is make words and they know exactly what to do -so heres another few people trying it out -thats our youngest beta tester down there on the right -turns out all he wanted to do was to stack the siftables up so to him they were just blocks -now this is an interactive cartoon application and we wanted to build a learning tool for language learners and this is felix actually -and he can bring new characters into the scene just by lifting the siftables off the table that have that character shown on them here hes bringing the sun out -the sun is rising -now hes brought a tractor into the scene -spatial reasoning is deeply connected to how we understand a lot of the world around us so -the orange tractor -good job yeah -so by shaking the siftables and putting them next to each other he can make the characters interact -inventing his own narrative -hello -its an open ended story and he gets to decide how it unfolds -fly away cat -so the last example i have time to show you today is a music sequencing and live performance tool that weve built recently in which siftables act as sounds like lead bass and drums -each of these has four different variations you get to choose which one you want to use and you can inject these sounds into a sequence that you can assemble into the pattern that you want -and you inject it by just bumping up the sound siftable against a sequence siftable there are effects that you can control live like reverb and filter you attach it to a particular sound and then tilt to adjust it -as a computer scientist inspired by this utility of our interactions with physical objects along with my adviser pattie and my collaborator jeevan kalanithi i started to wonder -and then overall effects like tempo and volume that apply to the entire sequence so lets have a look -well start by putting a lead -into two sequence siftables arrange them into a series -extend it add a little more lead now i put a bassline in -now ill put some percussion in -and now ill attach the filter to the drums so i can control the effect live -i can speed up the whole sequence by tilting the tempo to one one way or the other -and now ill attach the filter to the bass for some more expression -i can rearrange the sequence while it plays i dont have to plan it out in advance but i can improvise changing it making it longer or shorter as i go -and now finally i can fade the whole sequence out using the volume siftable tilted to the left -thank you so -as you can see my passion is for making new human computer interfaces that are a better match to the way our brains and bodies work and today i had time to show you -one point in this new design space and a few of the possibilities that were working to bring out of the laboratory -so the thought i want to leave you with is that were on the cusp of this new generation of tools for interacting with digital media that are going to bring information into our world on our terms thank you very much i look forward to talking with all of you -what if when we used a computer instead of having this one mouse cursor that was a like a digital fingertip moving around a flat desktop what if we could reach in with both hands and grasp information physically arranging it the way we wanted -this question was so compelling that we decided to explore the answer by building siftables -in a nutshell a siftable is an interactive computer the size of a cookie theyre able to be moved around by hand they can sense each other they can sense their motion and they have a screen and a wireless radio -most importantly theyre physical so like the blocks you can move them just by reaching out and grasping and siftables are an example of a new ecosystem of tools for manipulating digital information -and as these tools become more physical more aware of their motion aware of each other and aware of the nuance of how we move them we can start to explore some new and fun interaction styles so im going to start with some simple examples this siftable is configured to show video and if i tilt it in one direction itll roll the video this way if i tilt it the other way -it rolls it backwards and these interactive portraits are aware of each other so if i put them next to each other they get interested -curious historical footnote when the moors invaded southern spain they took this -custom with them and the pronunciation changed over the centuries from allah allah allah to ole ole ole which you still hear in bullfights and in flamenco dances in spain when a performer has done something impossible and magic allah ole ole allah magnificent bravo incomprehensible there it is a glimpse of god -which is great because we need that but the tricky bit comes the next morning right for the dancer himself -when he wakes up and discovers that its tuesday at eleven a m and hes no longer a glimpse of god hes just an aging mortal with really bad knees and you know maybe hes never going to ascend to that height again and maybe nobody will ever -chant gods name again as he spins and what is he then to do with the rest of his life this is hard this is one of the most painful reconciliations to make in a creative life -you know but maybe it doesnt have to be quite so full of anguish if you never happened to believe in the first place that the most extraordinary aspects of your being came from you but maybe if you just believed that they were on loan to you you know from some unimaginable source for some exquisite portion of your life to be passed along when youre finished with somebody else -and you know if we think about it this way it starts to change everything you know this is how ive started to think and this is certainly how ive been thinking in the last few months you know as ive been working on the book that will soon be published as the -dangerously frighteningly overanticipated follow up to my freakish success and and and what i have to sort of keep telling myself when i get really psyched out about that is dont be afraid dont be daunted just do your job -continue to show up for your piece of it whatever that might be if your job is to dance do your dance if the divine cockeyed genius assigned to your case decides to let some sort of wonderment be glimpsed -like that you know and a a the answer -for just one moment through your efforts then ole and if not do your dance anyhow -and ole to you nonetheless i believe this and i feel that we must teach it ole to you nonetheless just for having the sheer human love and stubbornness to keep showing up -thank you -the short answer to all those questions is yes yes im afraid of all those things and i always have been and im afraid of many many more things besides that you know people cant even guess at like -i am a writer writing books is my profession but its more than that of course it is also my great lifelong love and fascination and i dont expect that thats ever going to change but that said -seaweed and and other things that are scary but when it comes to writing the the thing that ive been sort of thinking about lately and wondering about lately is why you know is it rational is it logical that anybody should be expected to be afraid of the work that they feel they were put on this earth to do you know and what is it -specifically about creative ventures that seems to make us really nervous about each others mental health in a way that other careers kind of dont do you know like my dad for example was a chemical engineer -and i dont recall once in his forty years of chemical engineering anybody asking him if he was afraid to be a chemical engineer you know it just didnt come that chemical engineering block john you know hows it going it just didnt come up like that you know but -to be fair right chemical engineers as a group you know havent really earned a reputation over the centuries for being alcoholic manic depressives and -we writers you know we kind of do have that reputation and not not just writers but creative people across all genres it seems have this reputation for being enormously mentally unstable and you know all you have to do is look at the very grim -death count in the twentieth century alone of of really magnificent creative minds who died young and often at their own hands you know and even the ones who didnt literally commit suicide seem to be really undone -by their gifts you know norman mailer just before he died last interview he said every one of my books has killed me a little more -an extraordinary statement to make about your lifes work you know but we dont even blink when we hear somebody say this because weve heard that kind of stuff -for so long and somehow weve completely internalized and accepted collectively this notion that creativity and suffering are somehow inherently linked and that artistry in the end will always ultimately lead to anguish and the question that i want to ask everybody here today is are you guys all cool with that idea -like are you comfortable with that because you look at it even from an inch away and you know im not at all comfortable with that assumption i think its odious and i also think its dangerous and i dont want to see it perpetuated into the next century i think its better if we encourage you know our great creative minds to live -you know and i and i i definitely know that in in my case in my situation it would be very dangerous for me to start sort of leaking down that dark path of assumption you know particularly given the circumstance that im in right now in my career which is you know -something kind of peculiar has happened recently in my life and in my career which has caused me to have to sort of recalibrate my whole relationship with this work -like check it out im pretty young im only about forty years old i still have maybe another four decades of work left in me and its exceedingly likely that anything i write from this point forward is going to be judged by the world as the work that came after the freakish success of my last book right -i i should just put it bluntly because were all sort of friends here now its exceedingly likely that my greatest success is behind me -you know so jesus what a thought you know like thats the kind of thought that could lead a person to start drinking gin at nine oclock in the morning and -you know i dont want to go there you know i would prefer to keep doing this work that i love and so the question becomes how you know and and so it seems to me upon a lot of reflection that that the way that i have to -work now in order to continue writing is that i have to create some sort of protective psychological construct right i have to sort of find some way to have a a safe distance you know between me as i am writing and my -very natural anxiety about what the reaction to that writing is gonna be from now on and and as ive been looking over the last year for like models for how to do that ive been sort of looking across time and ive been trying to find like other societies to see if they might have had -better and saner ideas than we have about how to help creative people sort of manage the inherent emotional risks of of creativity and that search has led me to ancient greece and ancient rome -and the peculiar thing is that i recently wrote this book this memoir called eat pray love which decidedly unlike any of my previous books went out in the world for some reason and became this big mega sensation international bestseller thing the result of which is that everywhere i go now people treat me like im doomed -so stay with me cause it does circle around and back but ancient greece and ancient rome people did not happen to believe that creativity came from human beings back then ok people believed that creativity was this divine attendant spirit that came to human beings from some distant and unknowable source for distant and unknowable reasons the greeks famously called these divine attendant spirits of creativity daemons -socrates famously believed that he had a daemon who spoke wisdom to him from afar the romans had the same idea but they called that sort of disembodied creative spirit a genius -which is great cause the romans did not actually think that a genius was a particularly clever -individual they believed that a genius was this sort of magical divine entity who was believed to literally live in the walls -of an artists studio kind of like dobby the house elf and who would come out and sort of invisibly assist the artist with their work and would shape the outcome of that work so brilliant there it is right there that distance that im talking about that psychological construct to protect you from the results of your work you know and everyone knew that this is how it functioned -right so the ancient artist was protected from certain things like for example too much narcissism right if your work was brilliant -you couldnt take all the credit for it everybody knew you had this like this disembodied genius who had helped you if your work bombed not entirely your fault you know everyone knew your genius was kind of lame and -this is how people thought about creativity in the west for a really long time -and then the renaissance came and everything changed and we had this big idea and the big idea was lets put the individual human being at the center of the universe right above all gods and mysteries and theres no more room for like mystical creatures who take dictation from the divine and and its the beginning of rational humanism and people started to believe that creativity came completely from the self of the individual and for the first time in history -you start to hear people referring to this or that artist as being a genius rather than having a genius and i got to tell you i think that was a huge -error you know i think that allowing somebody like one mere person to believe that he or she is like the vessel you know like the font and the essence and the source of all divine creative unknowable eternal mystery is just like a smidge too much responsibility to put on one fragile human psyche its like asking somebody to swallow the sun -you know it just completely warps and distorts egos and it creates all these unmanageable expectations about performance and i think the pressure of that -has been killing off our artists for the last five hundred years and if this is true and i i think it is true -the question becomes you know what now you know can we do this differently maybe go back to some more ancient understanding about the relationship between humans and the creative mystery -maybe not you know like maybe we cant just erase five hundred years of rational humanistic thought in one eighteen minute speech and theres probably people in this audience who would raise like really legitimate scientific suspicions about the notion of basically fairies who follow people around like -rubbing fairy juice on their projects and stuff like i im not probably going to bring you all along with me on this but the the question that i kind of want to pose is you know why not why not think about it this way because it makes as much sense as anything else i have ever heard -seriously doomed doomed like they come up to me now all worried and they say arent you afraid arent you afraid youre never going to be able to top that arent you afraid youre going to keep writing for your whole life and youre never again going to create a book that anybody in the world cares about at all ever again -in terms of explaining the utter maddening capriciousness of the creative process a process which as anybody who has ever tried to make something which is to say as -basically everyone here knows does not always behave rationally and in fact can sometimes feel downright -paranormal i had this encounter recently where i met the extraordinary american poet ruth stone whos now in her nineties but shes been a poet her entire life and she told me that when she was growing up in rural virginia she would be out working in the fields and she said she would feel and hear a poem coming at her -from over the landscape and she said it was like a thunderous train of air and it would come barreling down at her over the landscape and when she felt it coming because it would shake the earth under her feet she knew that she had only one thing to do at that point and that was to in her words run like hell and she would run like hell to the house -and she would be getting chased by this poem and the whole deal was that she had to get to a piece of paper and a pencil fast enough so that when it thundered through her she could collect it and grab it on the page and other times she wouldnt be fast enough so shed be running and running and running and she wouldnt get to the house and the poem would like barrel through her and she would miss it and she said it would continue on across the landscape looking as she put it for another poet -and and then there were these times this is the piece i never forgot she said that there were moments where she would almost miss it right so shes like running to the house and shes looking for the paper and the poem passes through her and she grabs a pencil just as its going through her and then she said it was like she would reach out with her other hand and she would catch it -she would catch the poem by its tail and she would pull it backwards into her body as she was transcribing on the page and in these instances the poem would come up on the page perfect and intact but backwards from the last word to the first -so when i heard that i was like thats you know thats uncanny thats exactly what my creative process is like -its not at all my creative process im not the pipeline you know like im a mule and the way that i have to work is that i have to get up at the same time every day and like sweat and labor and like barrel through it really awkwardly but even i in my mulishness even i have brushed up against that thing -you know at times and i would imagine that a lot of you have too you know like even i have had work or ideas come through me from a source that i honestly cannot identify and what is that thing and how are we to relate to it in a way that will not make us lose our minds but in fact might actually keep us sane and for me the best contemporary example -that i have of how to do that is the musician tom waits who i got to interview several years ago on a on a magazine assignment and we were talking about this and you know you you know tom i mean for most of his life he was pretty much the embodiment of the tormented contemporary modern artist you know like trying to -control and manage and dominate these sort of uncontrollable creative impulses you know that were totally internalized but then he got older and he got calmer and one day he was driving down the freeway in los angeles he told me and this is when it all changed for him and and hes like speeding along and all of a sudden he hears -this little fragment of melody you know that comes into his head as inspiration often comes elusive and tantalizing and he wants it you know its gorgeous and and he longs for it but he has no way to get it he doesnt have a piece of paper he doesnt have a pencil he doesnt have a tape recorder -so thats reassuring you know but it would be worse except for that i i happen to remember that over twenty years ago when i first started telling people when i was a teenager that i wanted to be a writer i was met with this same kind of sort of fear based reaction and people would say -so he starts to feel all of that old anxiety start to rise in him like im going to lose this thing you know im going to be haunted by this song forever and im not good enough and i cant do it and instead of panicking he just stopped he just stopped that whole mental process and he did something -completely novel he just looked up at the sky and he said excuse me can you not see that im driving -do i look like i can write down a song right now you know if you really want to exist come back at a more opportune moment when i can take care of you otherwise go bother somebody else today go bother leonard cohen you know -and and his whole work process changed after that not the work the work was still -oftentimes as dark as ever you know but the process and the heavy anxiety around it was released when he took the genie the genius out of him where it was causing nothing but trouble and released it kind of back where it came from -and realized that this didnt have to be this internalized tormented thing it could be this peculiar wondrous bizarre collaboration kind of conversation between tom and the strange external thing that was not quite tom -so when i heard that story it started to shift a little bit the way that i worked too and it already saved me once this idea it saved me when i was in the middle of writing eat pray love and i fell into one of those sort of pits of despair that we all fall into when were working on something and its not coming and you start to think this is gonna be a disaster this is gonna be the worst book ever written -not just bad but the worst book ever written and and i started to think i should just dump this project you know but then i remembered tom talking to the open air and i i i tried it so i just lifted my face up from the manuscript and i directed my comments to an empty corner of the room and i i said aloud listen you thing -you and i both know that if this book isnt brilliant that is not entirely my fault right cause you can see that i am putting everything i have into this you know i dont have anymore than this so if you want it to be better then youve got to show up and do your part of the deal ok but if you dont do that -you know what the hell with it im going to keep writing anyway because thats my job and i would please like the record to reflect today that i showed up for my part of the job -because in the end its like this ok centuries ago in the deserts of north africa people used to gather for these -arent you afraid youre never going to have any success arent you afraid the humiliation of rejection will kill you arent you afraid that youre going to work your whole life at this craft and nothings ever going to come of it and youre going to die on a scrap heap of broken dreams with your mouth filled with bitter ash of failure -moonlight dances of sacred dance and music that would go on for hours and hours until dawn and they were always magnificent because the dancers were professionals and they were terrific right but every once in a while very rarely something would happen and one of these performers would actually become transcendent -and i know you know what im talking about because i know youve all seen at some point in your life a performance like this you know and it was like time would stop and the dancer would sort of step through some kind of portal and he wasnt doing anything different than he had ever done you know a thousand nights before but everything would align -and all of a sudden he would no longer appear to be merely human you know he would be like lit from within and lit from below and all like lit up on fire with divinity and when this happened back then people knew it for what it was you know they called it by its name they would put their hands together and they would start to chant -allah allah allah god god god thats god you know -one point two million people killed by the cadres during the cultural revolution this young mans father had been ascribed to the panchen lama that meant he was instantly killed at the time of the chinese invasion his uncle fled with his holiness in the diaspora that took the people to -nepal his mother was incarcerated for the price of for the crime of being wealthy he was smuggled into the jail at the ti at the age of two to hide beneath her skirt tails because she couldnt bear to be without him the sister who had done that brave deed was put into an education camp one day she inadvertently stepped on an armband that of mao and for that transgression she was given seven years of hard labor -the pain of tibet can be impossible to bear but the redemptive spirit of the people is something to behold -and in the end then it really comes down to a choice do we want to live in a monochromatic world of monotony or do we want to embrace a polychromatic world of diversity -margaret mead the great anthropologist said before she died that her greatest fear that was was as we drifted towards this blandly amorphous generic world view not only would we see the entire range of the human imagination reduced to a more narrow and -more narrow modality of thought but that we would wake from a dream one day having forgotten that there were even other possibilities and its humbling to remember that our species has perhaps been around for six hundred thousand years the neolithic revolution which gave us agriculture at which time we succumbed to the cult of the seed -or indeed a yak herder in the slopes of qomolangma everest the goddess mother of the world all of these peoples teach us that there are other ways of being other ways of thinking other ways of orienting yourself in the earth and this is an idea if you think about it can only fill you with hope -the poetry of the shaman was displaced by the prose of the priesthood we created hierarchy specialization surplus is only ten thousand years ago the modern industrial world as we know it is barely three hundred years old now that shallow history doesnt suggest to me that we have all the answers for all of the challenges that will confront us in the ensuing millennia -when these myriad cultures of the world are asked the meaning of being human they respond with ten thousand different voices and its within that -song that we will all rediscover the possibility of being what we are a fully -conscious species fully aware of ensuring that all peoples and all gardens find a way to flourish and there are great moments of optimism -this is a photograph i took at the northern tip of baffin island when i went narwhal hunting with some inuit people and this man olayuk told me a marvelous story of his grandfather the canadian government has not always been kind to the inuit people and during the nineteen fifties to establish our sovereignty we forced them into settlements this old mans -grandfather refused to go the family fearful for his life took away all of his weapons all of his tools -now you must understand that the inuit did not fear the cold they took advantage of it the runners of their sleds were originally made of fish wrapped in caribou hide so -this mans grandfather was not intimidated by the arctic night or the blizzard that was blowing he simply slipped outside pulled down his sealskin trousers and defecated into his hand and as the feces began to freeze -he shaped it into the form of a blade he put a spray of saliva on the edge of the shit knife and as it finally froze solid he butchered a dog with it he skinned the dog and improvised a harness -took the ribcage of the dog and improvised a sled harnessed up an adjacent dog and disappeared over the ice floes shit knife in belt talk about getting by with nothing -you know one of the intense pleasures of travel and one of the delights of ethnographic research is the opportunity to live amongst those who have not forgotten the old ways who still feel their past in the wind touch it in stones polished by rain taste it in the bitter leaves of plants just to know that jaguar shamans still journey beyond the milky way or the -and -this in many ways is a symbol of the resilience of the inuit people and of all indigenous people around the world the canadian government in april of nineteen ninety nine gave back to total control of the inuit an area of land larger than california and texas put together its our new homeland its called nunavut its an independent territory they control all mineral resources an amazing example of how a nation state can reach reach seek restitution with its people -now together the myriad cultures of the world make up a a web of spiritual life and cultural life that envelops the planet and is as important to the well being of the planet as indeed is the biological web of life that you know as a biosphere and you might think of this cultural web of life as being an ethnosphere and you might define the ethnosphere as being the sum total of all thoughts and dreams myths ideas inspirations intuitions brought into being by the human human imagination since the dawn of consciousness the ethnosphere is humanitys great legacy its the symbol of all that we are and all that we can be as an astonishingly inquisitive species and just as the -and finally in the end i think its pretty obvious at least to all of all us whove travelled in these remote reaches of the planet to realize that theyre not remote at all theyre homelands of somebody -they represent branches of the human imagination that go back to the dawn of time and for all of us the dreams of these children like the dreams of our own children become part of -the naked geography of hope so what were trying to do at the national geographic finally is we believe that politicians will never accomplish anything -we think that polemics we think that polemics -are not persuasive but we think that storytelling can change the world and so we are probably the best storytelling institution in the world we get thirty five million -hits on our website every month hundred and fifty six nations carry our television channel our magazines are read by millions -and what were doing is a series of journeys to the ethnosphere where were going to take our audience to places of such cultural wonder that they cannot help but come away dazzled by what they have seen and hopefully therefore embrace gradually -one by one the central revelation of anthropology that this world deserves to exist in a diverse way that we can find a way to live in a truly multicultural pluralistic world where all of the wisdom of all peoples can contribute to our collective well being thank you very much -biosphere has been severely eroded so too is the ethnosphere and if anything at a far greater rate no biologists for example would dare suggest that fifty percent of all species or more have been or are on the brink of extinction because it simply is not true and yet that the most apocalyptic scenario in the realm of -biological diversity scarcely approaches what we know to be the most optimistic scenario in the realm of cultural diversity and the great indicator of that of course is language loss when each of you in this room were born -there were six thousand languages spoken on the planet now a language is not just a body of vocabulary or a set of grammatical rules a language is a flash of the human spirit its a vehicle through which the soul of each particular culture comes into the material world every language is an old growth forest of the mind a watershed a thought an ecosystem of spiritual possibilities -and of those six thousand languages as we sit here today in monterey fully half are no longer being whispered into the ears of children theyre no longer being taught to babies which means effectively unless something changes theyre already dead what could be more lonely than to be enveloped in silence to be the last of your people to speak your language to have no way to pass on the wisdom of the ancestors or anticipate the promise of the -children and yet that dreadful fate is indeed the plight of somebody somewhere on earth roughly every two weeks because every two weeks some elder dies and carries with him into the grave the last syllables -of an ancient tongue and i know theres some of you who say well wouldnt it be better wouldnt the world be a better place if we all just spoke one language and i say great lets make that language yoruba lets make it cantonese lets make it -kogi and youll suddenly discover what it would be like to be unable to speak your own language and so what id like to do with you today is sort of take you -on a journey through the ethnosphere a brief journey through the ethnosphere to try to begin to give you a sense of what in fact is being lost -now there are many of us who sort of -forget that when i say different ways of being i really do mean different ways of being take for example this child of barasana in northwest amazon the -people of the anaconda who believe that mythologically they came up the milk river from the east in the belly of sacred snakes now this is a people who cognitively -do not distinguish the color blue from the color green because the canopy of the heavens is equated to the canopy of the forest upon which the people depend they have a curious language and marriage rule which is called linguistic exogamy you must marry someone who speaks a different language and this is all rooted in the mythological past yet the curious thing is in these long houses where there are six or seven languages spoken -because of intermarriage you never hear anyone practicing a language they simply listen and then begin to speak -or one of the most fascinating tribes i ever lived with the waorani of northeastern ecuador an astonishing people first contacted peacefully in nineteen fifty eight in nineteen fifty seven five missionaries attempted contact and made a critical mistake they dropped from the air eight by ten glossy photographs of themselves in what we would say to be friendly gestures forgetting that these people of the rainforest had never seen anything two dimensional in their lives they picked up these photographs from the forest floor -the myths of the inuit elders still resonate with meaning or that in the himalaya the -tried to look behind the face to find the form or the figure found nothing and concluded that these were calling cards from the devil so they speared the five missionaries to death but the waorani didnt just spear outsiders they speared each other fifty four percent of their mortality was due to them spearing each other we traced genealogies back eight generations and we found two instances of natural death and when we pressured the people a little bit about it they admitted that one of the fellows had gotten so old that he died getting old so we speared him anyway -but at the same time they had a perspicacious knowledge of the forest that was astonishing their hunters could smell animal urine at forty paces and tell you what species left it behind in the early eighties i had a really astonishing assignment when i was asked by my professor at harvard if i was interested in going down to haiti infiltrating the secret societies which were the foundation of duvaliers strength and tonton macoutes and securing the poison used to make zombies -buddhists still pursue the breath of the dharma is to really remember the central revelation of anthropology and that is the idea that the world in which we live in does not exist in some absolute sense but is just one model of reality the consequence of one particular set of adaptive choices that our lineage made albeit successfully many generations ago -in order to make sense out of sensation of course i had to understand something about this remarkable faith of vodoun and voodoo is not a black magic cult on the contrary its a complex metaphysical worldview its interesting if i asked you to name the great religions of the world what would you say christianity islam buddhism judaism whatever theres always one continent left out the -assumption being that sub saharan africa had no religious beliefs well of course they did and voodoo is simply the distillation of these very -profound religious ideas that came over during the tragic diaspora of the slavery era but what makes voodoo so interesting is that its this living relationship between the living and the dead so the living give birth to the spirits the spirits can be invoked from beneath the great water responding to the rhythm of the dance to momentarily displace the soul of the living so that for that brief shining moment the acolyte becomes the god thats why the voodooists like to say that -you white people go to church and speak about god we dance in the temple and become god and because you are possessed you are taken by the spirit how can you be harmed so you see these astonishing -demonstrations voodoo acolytes in a state of trance handling burning embers with impunity a rather astonishing example of the ability of the -mind to affect the body that bears it when catalyzed in the state of extreme excitation now of all the peoples that ive ever been with the most extraordinary are the kogi -of the sierra nevada de santa marta in northern colombia descendants of the ancient tairona civilization which once carpeted the caribbean coastal plain of colombia in the wake of the conquest these people retreated into an isolated volcanic massif that soars above the caribbean coastal plain -in a bloodstained continent these people alone were never conquered by the spanish to this day they remain ruled by a ritual priesthood but the training for the priesthood is rather extraordinary the young acolytes are taken away from their families at the age of three and four sequestered in a shadowy world of darkness in stone huts at the base of glaciers -for eighteen years two nine year periods deliberately chosen to mimic the nine months of gestation they spend in their natural mothers womb now they are metaphorically in the womb of the great mother and for this entire time they -are inculturated into the values of their society values that maintain the proposition that their prayers and their prayers alone maintain the cosmic or we might say the ecological balance and at the end of this amazing initiation one day theyre suddenly taken out and for the first time in their lives at the age of eighteen they see a sunrise and in that crystal moment of awareness of first light as the sun begins to bathe the slopes of the stunningly beautiful landscape suddenly everything they have learned in the abstract is affirmed in stunning glory -and the priest steps back and says you see its its really as ive told you it is that beautiful it is yours to protect they call themselves the elder brothers and they say -we who are the younger brothers are the ones responsible for destroying the world now this level of intuition becomes very important whenever we think of indigenous people and landscape we either invoke rousseau and the old canard of the no no the -noble savage which is an idea racist in its simplicity or alternatively we invi invoke thoreau and say these people are closer to the earth than we are well indigenous people are neither sentimental nor weakened by nostalgia theres not a lot not a lot of room for either in the malarial swamps of the asmat or in the chilling winds of tibet but they have nevertheless through time and ritual forged a traditional mystique of the earth that is based not on the idea of being self consciously close to it but on a far subtler intuition the idea that the earth itself can only exist because it is breathed into being by human consciousness now what does that mean -and of course we all share the same adaptive imperatives were all born we all bring our children into the world we go through initiation rites we have to deal with the inex inexorable separation of death so it shouldnt surprise us that we all sing -it means that a young kid from the andes whos raised to believe that that mountain is an apu spirit that will direct his or her destiny will be a profoundly different human being and have a different relationship to that -resource or that place than a young kid from montana raised to believe that a mountain is a pile of rock ready to be mined whether its the abode of a spirit or a pile of ore is irrelevant whats interesting is the metaphor that defines the relationship between the individual and the natural world i was raised in the forests of british columbia to believe those forests existed to be cut -that made me a different human being than my friends among the kwagiulth who believe that those forests were the abode of huxwhukw and the crooked beak of heaven and the cannibal spirits that dwelled at the north end of the world spirits they would have to engage during their hamatsa initiation -now if you begin to look at the idea that these cultures could create different realities you could begin to understand some of their extraordinary discoveries take this plant here its a photograph i took in the northwest amazon just last april this is ayahuasca which many of you have heard about the most powerful psychoactive preparation of -the shamans repertoire what makes ayahuasca fascinating is not the sheer pharmacological potential of this preparation but the elaboration of it its made really of two different sources -on the one hand this woody liana which has in it a series of beta carbolines harmine harmaline mildly hallucinogenic to take the vine alone is rather to have sort of blue hazy smoke drift across your consciousness but its mixed with the -leaves of a shrub in the coffee family called psychotria viridis this plant has in it some very powerful tryptamines very close to brain serotonin dimethyltryptamine five methoxydimethyltryptamine if youve ever seen the yanomami -blowing that snuff up their noses that that substance they make from a different set of species is also contains five methoxydimethyltryptamine to have that powder blown up your nose is rather like being shot out of a rifle barrel lined with baroque paintings and landing on a sea of electricity -it doesnt it doesnt create the it doesnt create the -we all dance we all have art but whats interesting is the unique cadence of the song the rhythm of the dance in every culture and whether it is the the penan in the forests of borneo or the voodoo acolytes in haiti -distortion of reality it creates the dissolution of reality in fact i used to argue with my professor richard evan shultes who is a man who sparked the psychedelic era with his discovery of the magic mushrooms in mexico in the nineteen thirties i used to argue that you couldnt classify these tryptamines as hallucinogenic because the by the time youre under the effects theres no one home anymore to experience a hallucination -but the thing about tryptamines is they cannot be taken orally because theyre denatured by an enzyme found naturally in the human gut called monoamine oxidase they can only be taken orally if taken in conjunction with some other chemical that denatures the mao now the fascinating things are that the beta carbolines found within -that liana are mao inhibitors of the precise sort necessary to potentiate the tryptamine so you ask yourself a question how in a flora of eighty thousand species of vascular plants do these people find these two -morphologically unrelated plants that when combined in this way created a kind of biochemical version of the whole being greater than the sum of the parts well we use that great euphemism trial and error which is exposed to be meaningless but you ask the indians and they say the plants talk to us well what does that mean this tribe the cofan has seventeen varieties of ayahuasca all of which they distinguish a great distance in the forest all of which are referable to our eye -as one species and then you ask them how they establish their taxonomy and they say did i thought you knew something about plants i mean dont you know anything -and i said no well it turns out you take each of the seventeen varieties in the night of a full moon and it sings to you in a different key now thats not going to get you a ph d at harvard but its a lot more interesting than counting stamens -now the problem the problem is that even those of us sympathetic with the plight of indigenous people view them as quaint and colorful but somehow reduced to the margins of history as the real world meaning our world moves on -well the truth is the twentieth century three hundred years from now is not going to be remembered for its wars or its technological innovations but rather as the era in which we stood by and either actively endorsed or -passively accepted the massive destruction of both biological and cultural diversity on the planet now the problem isnt change -all cultures through all time have constantly been engaged in a in a dance with new possibilities of life and the problem is not technology itself the sioux indians did not stop being sioux when they gave up the bow and arrow any more than an american stopped being an american when he gave up the horse and buggy its not change or technology that threatens the integrity of the ethnosphere it is power -or the warriors in the kaisut desert of northern kenya the curandero in the mountains of the andes -the crude face of domination and whenever you look around the world you discover that these are not cultures destined to fade away these are dynamic living peoples being driven out of existence by identifiable forces that are beyond their capacity to adapt to whether its the egregious deforestation in the homeland of the penan a nomadic people -from southeast asia from sarawak a people who lived free in the forest until a generation ago and now have all been reduced to servitude and prostitution on the banks of the rivers where you can see the river itself is soiled with the -silt that seems to be carrying half of borneo away to the south china sea where the japanese freighters hang light in the horizon ready to fill their -holds with raw logs ripped from the forest or in the case of the yanomami its the disease entities that have come in in the wake of the discovery of gold or if we go -into the mountains of tibet where im doing a lot of research recently youll see its a crude face of political domination you know genocide the physical extinction of a people is universally condemned but ethnocide the destruction of peoples way of life is not only not condemned its universally in many quarters celebrated as part of a development strategy and you cannot understand the pain of tibet until you move through it at the ground level i once travelled six thousand miles from chengdu in western china over -or a ca caravanserai in the middle of the sahara this is incidentally the fellow that i travelled into the desert with a month ago -land through southeastern tibet to lhasa with a young colleague and it was only when i got to -lhasa that i understood the face behind the statistics you hear about six thousand sacred monuments torn apart to dust and ashes -no prognosis can account for how powerful this could be and a as a determinant in the quality of someones life -and doctor kean went on to tell me that he said in my experience unless repeatedly told otherwise -and even if given a modicum of support if left to their own devices a child will achieve -see doctor kean made that shift in thinking he understood that theres a difference between the medical condition and what someone might do with it -uh and and impact that the assault from these words unleashed -and theres been a shift in my thinking over time in that if youd asked me at fifteen years old if i would have traded prosthetics for flesh and bone legs i wouldnt have hesitated for a second -i aspired to that kind of normalcy back then if you ask me today im not so sure -and its because of the experiences ive had with them not in spite of the experiences ive had with them -and perhaps this shift in me has happened because ive been exposed to more people who have opened doors for me than those who have put lids and cast shadows on me -you know hum of course this is my raggedy old thesaurus im thinking this must be an ancient print date right but in fact the print date was the early nineteen eighties -see all you really need is one person to show you the epiphany of your own power and youre off if you can hand somebody the key -to their own power the human spirit is so receptive if you can do that and open a door for someone at a crucial moment you are educating them in the best sense -youre teaching them to open doors for themselves in fact the the exact meaning of the word educate -comes from the root word educe it means to bring forth what is within to bring out potential so again which potential do we want to bring out -there was a case study done in nineteen sixties in britain when they were moving from grammar schools to comprehensive schools its called the streaming trials we call it tracking -here in the states its separating students from a b c d and so on -and you know the a students get the tougher curriculum the best teachers etc well they took over a three month period d level students gave them as told them they were as told them they were bright and at the end of this three month period -they were performing at a level and of course the heartbreaking flip side of this study is that they took the a students -and told them they were ds and thats what happened at the end of that three month period those who were still around in school besides the people who had dropped out -this is a crucial part of this case study was that the teachers were duped too -the teachers didnt know a switch had been made they were simply told these are the a students these are the d students and thats how they went about teaching them -and treating them so i think -that the only true disability -when i would have been starting primary school and forming an understanding of myself outside the family unit and as related to the other kids and the world around me and needless to say thank god i wasnt using a thesaurus back then -is a crushed spirit a spirit thats been crushed doesnt have hope it doesnt see beauty -it no longer has our natural childlike curiosity and our innate ability to imagine -if instead we can bolster a human spirit to keep hope to see beauty in themselves and others -to be curious and imaginative then we are truly using our power well -when a spirit has those qualities we are able to create new realities and new ways of being -id like to leave you with a poem by a fourteenth century persian poet named hafiz -that my friend jacques dembois told me about and the poem is called the god who only knows four words every child -has known god not the god of names not the god of donts but the god who only knows four words -and keeps repeating them saying come dance with me come dance with me thank you -i mean from this entry it would seem that i was born into a world that perceived someone like me to have nothing positive whatsoever going for them when in fact today -im celebrated for uh the opportunities and adventures my life has procured so uh i immediately -went to look up the two thousand and nine uh online edition expecting to find a revision worth noting heres the updated version of this entry -unfortunately its not much better i find the the last two words under near antonyms particularly unsettling whole and wholesome -id like to share with you a discovery that i made a few months ago while writing an article for italian wired i always keep my thesaurus handy whenever im writing anything but -so its not just about the words -its what we believe about people when we name them with these words its about the values behind the words and how we construct those values our language affects our thinking -and how we view the world and how we view other people in fact many ancient societies including the greeks and the romans believed that to utter a curse -verbally was so powerful because to say the thing out loud brought it into existence -so what reality do we want to call into existence a person who is limited or a person whos empowered -by casually doing something as simple as naming a person a child -we might be putting lids and casting shadows on their power wouldnt we want to open doors for them instead -one such person who opened doors for me was my childhood doctor at the a i dupont institute in wilmington delaware his name is doctor pizzutillo -hum its an italian american whose name apparently was too difficult for most americans to pronounce so he went by doctor p and doctor p -always wore really colorful bow ties and hum had the very perfect disposition to work with children -i loved almost everything about my time spent at this hospital with the exception of my physical therapy sessions -i had to do what seemed like innumerable repetitions of exercises with these thick elastic bands uh different colors you know -id already finished editing the piece and i realized that i had never once in my life looked up the word disabled to see what id find let me read you the entry -to help build up my leg muscles and i hated these bands more than anything i hated them had names for them i hated them and -you know i was already bargaining as a five year old child with doctor p to try to get out of doing these exercises unsuccessfully of course -and one day he came in to my session hum exhaustive and unforgiving -these sessions and he said to me wow aimee you are such a strong powerful little girl -i think youre going to break one of those bands when you do break it im going to give you a hundred bucks now of course this this was a simple ploy -on doctor ps part to get me to do the exercises i didnt want to do before the prospect of being the richest five year old in the second floor ward -but what he effectively did for me was reshape an awful daily occurrence into a new and promising experience for me -and i have to wonder today to what extent his vision and his declaration of me -as a strong and powerful little girl shaped my own view of myself as an inherently strong powerful and athletic person well into the future -this is an example of how adults in positions of power can ignite the power of a child -but in the previous instances of those thesaurus entries our language isnt allowing us to evolve into the reality that we would all want -the possibility of an individual to see themselves as capable -our language hasnt caught up with the changes in our society many of which have been brought about by technology certainly from a medical standpoint -my legs hum you know laser surgery for vision impairment uh titanium knee and hip replacements for aging bodies that are allowing people to more fully engage with their abilities and move beyond the limits that nature has imposed on them -disabled adjective crippled helpless useless wrecked -not to mention social networking platforms allow people to self identify to claim their own descriptions of themselves so they can go align with global groups of their own choosing -so perhaps technology is revealing more clearly to us now what has always been a truth that everyone has something rare and powerful to offer our society -and that the human ability to adapt is our greatest asset the human ability to adapt its an interesting thing because people -have continually wanted to talk to me about overcoming adversity -and im going to make an admission this phrase never sat right with me and i always felt uneasy trying to answer peoples questions about it and i think im starting to figure out why -implicit in this phrase of overcoming adversity is the idea that success or happiness -is about emerging on the other side of a challenging experience unscathed or unmarked by the experience -stalled maimed wounded mangled lame mutilated -as if my successes in life have come about from an ability to sidestep or circumnavigate the presumed pitfalls of a life with prosthetics or what other people perceive as my disability -but in fact we are changed we are marked of course by a challenge whether physically emotionally or both and i am going to suggest that this is a good thing -adversity isnt an obstacle that we need to get around in order to resume living our life its part of our life -and i tend to think of it like my shadow sometimes i see a lot of it sometimes theres very little but its always with me -and certainly im not trying to diminish the impact the weight of a persons struggle there is -adversity and challenge in life and its all very real and relative to every single person but the question isnt whether or not youre going to meet adversity but how youre going to meet it -so our responsibility is not simply shielding those we care for from adversity but preparing them to meet it well -rundown worn out weakened impotent castrated paralyzed handicapped -and we do a disservice to our kids when we make them feel that theyre not equipped to adapt -theres an important difference and distinction between the objective medical fact of my being an amputee and the subjective societal opinion of whether or not im disabled -and truthfully the only real and consistent disability ive had to confront is the world ever thinking that i could be described by those definitions -in our desire to protect those we care about by giving them the cold hard truth about their medical prognosis -or indeed a prognosis on the expected quality of their life we have to make sure that we dont put the first brick in a wall that will actually -disable someone perhaps the existing model of only looking at what is broken in you and how do we fix it -serves to be more disabling to the individual than the pathology itself by not treating the wholeness of a person -by not acknowledging their potency we are creating another ill on top of whatever natural struggle they might have -we are effectively grading someones worth to our community so we need to see through the pathology and into the range of human capability -senile decrepit laid up done up done for done in cracked up counted out -and most importantly theres a partnership between those perceived deficiencies and our greatest creative ability -so its not about devaluing or negating these more trying times as something we want to avoid or sweep under the rug but instead to find those opportunities -wrapped in the adversity so maybe the idea i want to put out there is not so much overcoming adversity as it is opening ourselves up to it -embracing it grappling with it to use a wrestling term maybe even dancing with it -and perhaps if we see adversity as natural consistent and useful were less burdened by the presence of it -this year we celebrate the two hundreth birthday of charles darwin and it was one hundred and fifty years ago when writing about evolution that darwin illustrated i think a truth about the human character -to paraphrase its not the strongest of the species that survives nor is it the most intelligent that survives it is the one that is most adaptable to change -conflict is the genesis of creation from darwins work amongst others we can recognize that the human ability to survive and flourish -is driven by the the struggle of the human spirit through conflict into transformation so again transformation adaptation is our greatest -see also hurt useless and weak antonyms healthy strong capable -human skill and perhaps you know until were tested we dont know what were made of maybe thats what adversity gives us a sense of self a sense of our own power -so we can give ourselves a gift we can re imagine adversity as something more than just tough times -maybe we can see it as change adversity is just change that we havent adapted ourselves to yet -i think the greatest adversity that weve created for ourselves is this idea of normalcy -now whos normal theres no normal theres common theres typical -theres no normal and would you want to meet that poor beige person if they existed i dont think so if we can change this paradigm from one of -achieving normalcy to one of possibility or potency to be even a little bit more dangerous we can release the power of so many more children and invite them to engage -their rare and valuable abilities with the community anthropologists tell us that the one thing we as humans have always required of our community members is to be of use to be able to contribute -theres evidence that neanderthals sixty thousand years ago carried their elderly and those with serious physical injury -and perhaps its because the life experience of survival of these people proved of value to the community -i was reading this list out loud to a friend and at first was laughing it was so ludicrous but i just gotten past mangled -they didnt view these people as broken and useless they were seen as rare and valuable -few years ago i was in a food market in the town where i grew up in that red zone in northeastern pennsylvania -and i was standing over a bushel of tomatoes it was summer time i had shorts on i hear this guy his voice behind me say well if it isnt aimee mullins -and i turn around and its this older man i have no idea who he is and i said im sorry sir i dont -have we met i i dont remember meeting you he said well you wouldnt remember meeting me i mean when we met i was delivering you from your mothers womb -oh that guy and but of course actually -it did click this man was doctor kean a man i had only known about through my mothers stories of that day because of course -typical fashion i arrived late for my birthday by two weeks an so my mothers prenatal physician had gone on vacation so the man who delivered me was a complete stranger to my parents -and because i was born without the fibula bones and had feet turned in and a few toes in this foot and a few toes in that he had to be the bearer this stranger -had to be the bearer of bad news he said to me i had to give this prognosis to your parents that you would never walk -and my voice broke and i had to stop and collect myself from the emotional shock -and you would never have the kind of mobility that other kids have or any kind of life of independence and youve been making liar out of me ever since -the extraordinary thing is that he said he had saved newspaper clipping throughout my whole childhood -whether winning a second grade spelling bee marching with the girl scouts you know the halloween parade winning my college scholarship or any of my sports victories -and he was using it and integrating it into teaching uh resident students med students from hahnemann -medical school and hershey medical school and he called this part of the course the x factor the potential of the human will -on these breakthroughs these breakthroughs we need to move those at full speed and we can measure that in terms of companies pilot projects regulatory things that have been changed -theres a lot of great books that have been written about this the al gore book our choice and the david mckay book sustainable energy without the hot air they really go through it and i think create a framework that this can be discussed broadly because we need broad backing for this -theres a lot that has to come together so this is a wish its a very concrete wish that -we invent this technology if you gave me only one wish for the next fifty years i could pick whos president i could pick a vaccine -which is something i love or i could pick that this thing thats half the cost with no co two gets invented -and so were in a wonderful situation with uh electricity in the rich world -this is the wish i would pick this is the one with the greatest impact if we dont get this wish the division between the people who think short term and long term will be terrible -between u s and china between poor countries and rich and most of all the lives of those two billion will be far worse so what do we have to do what am i appealing to you to step forward and -and drive we need to go for more research funding when countries get together in places like copenhagen they shouldnt -just discuss the co two they should discuss this innovation agenda and youd be stunned at the ridiculously low levels of spending -on these innovative approaches we do need the market incentives co two tax cap and trade something that gets that price signal out there -we need to get the message out we need to have this dialogue be a more rational more understandable dialogue including the steps that the government takes this is an important wish but it is one i think we can achieve thank you -but as we make it cheaper and lets say lets go for making it twice as cheap we need to meet a new constraint -thank you thank you -thank you just so i understand more about about terrapower right -i mean first of all what can you give a sense of what scale of investment this is -to to actually do the software buy the supercomputer hire all the great scientists which weve done thats only tens of millions and even once we test our materials out -in a russian reactor to make sure that our materials work properly then youll only be up in the hundreds of millions the tough thing is building the pilot reactor -finding the several billion finding the regulator the location that will actually build the first one of these once you get the first one built -if it works as advertised then its just clear as day because the economics the energy density are so different than nuclear as we know it -and so to understand it right this involves building deep into the ground almost like a vertical kind of column of nuclear fuel of this sort of spent uranium and then and then and then the process starts at the top and kind of works down -thats right today youre always refueling the reactor so you have lots of people and lots of controls that can go wrong that thing where youre opening it up and moving things in and out thats -and that constraint has to do with co two co two is warming the planet -thats not good so if you have very very cheap fuel that you can put sixty years in just think of it as a log -put it down and not have those same complexities and it just sits there and burns for the sixty years and and then its done -its a its a nuclear power plant that is its own waste disposal solution -yeah well what happens with the waste you can you can let it sit there theres a lot less waste under this approach then you can actually take that and put it into another one and burn that -and and we start off actually by taking the waste that exists today thats sitting in these cooling pools or dry casking by reactors thats our fuel -to begin with so the thing thats been a problem from those reactors is actually what gets fed into ours and youre reducing the volume of the waste quite dramatically as youre going through this process -but in your talking to different people around the world about the possibilities here where where is there most interest in actually doing something with this -well we havent uh picked a particular place uh and theres all these interesting disclosure rules about anything thats called nuclear -and the equation on co two is actually a very straightforward one if you sum up the co two that gets emitted -so we we weve got a lot of interest that people from the company have been in russia india china ive been back seeing the secretary of energy here talking about how this -fits into the the energy agenda so im optimistic you know the french and japanese have done some work this is a a variant on something that has been done its an important -advance but its like a fast reactor and a lot of countries have built them so anybody whos done a fast reactor is a candidate to to be where the first one gets built -so in in your mind timescale and likelihood of actually taking something like this live -well we need for one of these -high scale electro electro generation things thats very cheap we have twenty years to invent and then twenty years to deploy thats sort of the deadline -that the environment models environmental models have have have shown us that we have to meet and you know terrapower if things go well -which is wishing for a lot could easily meet that and there are fortunately now dozens of companies we need it to be hundreds -who likewise if their science goes well if the funding for their pilot pilot plants goes well that they they can compete for this and its best if multiple succeed because then you could use a mix a mix of these things we certainly need one to succeed -in terms of big scale possible game changes is this the biggest that youre aware of out there -an energy breakthrough is the the most important thing it would have been even without the environmental constraint but the environmental constraint just makes it so much -so much greater in the nuclear space there are other innovators you know we dont know their work as well as we know this one but -that leads to a temperature increase and that temperature increase leads to some very negative effects the effects on the weather -the modular people thats a different approach theres a liquid type reactor which seems a little hard but maybe they say that about us -and so there there are different ones but the beauty of this is a molecule of uranium has a million times as much energy as a molecule of say coal -and so if you can deal with the negatives which are essentially the radiation the footprint and cost the potential in terms of effect on land and various things is almost in a class of its own -if this doesnt work -then what do we have to start taking emergency measures to try and keep the temperature of the earth stable -yeah if you get into that situation its like -if youve -youve been over eating and youre about to have a heart attack you know then then then where do you go you may need heart surgery or something there is a line of research on whats called geoengineering -which are various techniques that would delay the heating to buy us twenty or thirty years to get our act together -now you hope thats just an insurance policy you hope you dont need to do that some people say you shouldnt even work on the insurance policy because it might make you -and perhaps worse the indirect effects in that the natural ecosystems cant adjust to these rapid changes and so you get ecosystem collapses -lazy that youll keep eating because you know heart surgery will be there to save you im not sure thats wise given the importance of the problem but -theres now the the geoengineering discussion about should that be in the back pocket in case things happen faster or this innovation goes a lot slower than we expect -climate skeptics if you had a a sentence or two to say to them how how might you persuade them that theyre wrong -well unfortunately the skeptics come in different camps i mean the ones who make scientific arguments are very few -you know are they saying theres negative feedback effects that have to do with clouds that offset things there are very very few things that they can even say you know theres a chance in a million of those things the main problem we have here -im going to talk today about energy and climate -is kind of like aids you make the mistake now and you pay for it a lot later and so when you have all sorts of urgent problems the idea of taking pain now -that has to do with a gain later and a somewhat uncertain pain thing in fact the ipcc report you know that -thats not necessarily the worst case and there are people in the rich world who look at ipcc and say okay you know that that isnt that big of a deal the fact is its that uncertain part -that should move us towards this but my dream here is that if you can make it economic and meet the co two constraints then the skeptics say okay -i dont care that it doesnt put out co two i kind of wish it did put out co two but i guess ill accept it because its cheaper -than whats come before -now the exact amount of how you map from a a certain increase of co two -so -is that would be your response to the the the bjorn lomborg argument that basically if you if you spend all this energy trying to solve the co two problem its going to take away all your other goals of trying to rid the world of poverty and malaria and so forth its its its a stupid waste of the earths resources to put money towards that when there are better things we can do -yeah well the actual spending on the r and d piece you know say the u s should spend ten billion a year more than it is right now its not that dramatic it shouldnt take away from other things the thing you get into big money on -and this reasonable people can disagree is when you have something thats non economic and youre trying to fund that that to me mostly is a waste unless youre very close and youre just funding the learning curve and its going to get very cheap i believe we should try you know more -things that have a potential to be far less expensive if the trade off you get into is lets make energy super super -to what temperature will be and where the positive feedbacks are theres some uncertainty there but not very much and theres certainly uncertainty about how bad those effects will be but they will be extremely bad -expensive then the rich can afford that i mean all of us here could pay five times as much for our energy and not change our lifestyle -the disaster is for that two billion and even lomborg has changed his shtick now is why isnt the r and d -getting more discussed he hes still because of his earlier stuff further associated with the skeptic camp but hes realized thats thats a pretty lonely camp and so -hes making the r and d point and and so there is a a a thread of something that i i think is appropriate the r and d piece its crazy how little its funded -well bill i suspect i i speak on the behalf of most people here to say i really hope your wish comes true thank you so much -thank you -i asked the top scientists on this several times do we really have to get down to near zero cant we just you know cut it in half or a quarter and the answer is that until we get near to zero -the temperature will continue to rise and so thats thats a big challenge its very different than saying you know were a twelve feet high truck trying to get under a ten feet bridge and we can just sort of squeeze under this is something that has to get to zero -and that might seem a bit surprising because my full time work at the foundation is mostly about vaccines and seeds about the things that we need to invent and deliver to help the poorest two billion live better lives -now we put out a lot of carbon dioxide every year over twenty six billion tons for each american -its about twenty tons uh for people in poor countries its less than one ton its an average of about five tons for everyone on the planet and somehow we have to make changes that will bring that down to zero -its been constantly going up its only various economic changes that have even flattened it at all so we have to go from rapidly rising to falling and falling all the way to zero this equation has four factors -a little bit of multiplication so youve got a thing on the left co two that you want to get to zero and thats going to be based on the number of people -the services each persons using on average the energy on average for each service and the co two being put out -per unit of energy so lets look at each one of these and see how we can get this down to zero uh probably one of these numbers is going to have to get pretty near to zero now -and thats back from high school algebra but lets lets take a look first weve got population -now the world today has six point eight billion people thats headed up to about nine billion now if we do a really great job on new vaccines health care -reproductive health services we could lower that by perhaps ten or fifteen percent but there we see an increase of about one point three -the second factor is the services we use this encompasses everything the food we eat -clothing tv heating these are very good things and getting rid of poverty means providing these services to almost everyone on the planet and its a great thing -for this number to go up in the rich world perhaps the top one billion we probably could cut back and use less but every year -this number on average is going to go up and so over all that will more than double the services delivered per person -here we have a very basic service do you have lighting in your house to be able to read your homework and in fact these kids dont so theyre going out and reading their school work under the street lamps -but energy and climate are extremely important to these people in fact more important than to anyone else on the planet -now efficiency e the energy for each service here finally we have some good news we have something thats not going up through various inventions and new ways of doing lighting -through different types of cars different ways of building buildings there are a lot of services where you can bring the energy for that service down quite substantially -some individual services even bring it down by ninety percent there are other services like how we make fertilizer or how we do air transport where the rooms for improvement are far far less -and so overall here if were optimistic we may get a reduction of a a factor of three to even perhaps a factor of six -but for these first three factors now weve gone from twenty six billion to at best maybe thirteen billion tons and that just wont cut it so lets look at this fourth factor this is going to be a key one -and this is the amount of co two put out per each unit of energy and so the question is can you actually get that to zero if you burn coal -no if you burn natural gas no almost every way we make electricity today except for the emerging renewables and nuclear puts out co two and so what were going to have to do at a global scale -is create a new system and so we need energy miracles now when i use the term miracle i dont mean something thats impossible -the microprocessor is a miracle the personal computer is a miracle the internet and its services are a miracle so the people here have participated in the creation of many miracles usually we dont have a deadline -the climate getting worse means that many years their crops wont grow there will be too much rain not enough rain -where you have to get the miracle by a certain date usually you just kind of stand by and some come along some dont this is a case where we actually have to drive it full speed and get a miracle in a a pretty tight time line -now i thought how could i really capture this is there some kind of natural illustration some demonstration that would grab peoples imagination here -i thought back to a year ago when i brought mosquitos and somehow people enjoyed that -it it really got them involved in the idea of you know there are people who live with mosquitos so with energy all i could come up with is this i decided that releasing fireflies -would be my contribution to the environment here this year so here we have some natural fireflies im told they dont bite in fact they might not even not even leave that jar -now theres all sorts gimmicky solutions like that one but they dont really add up too much we need solutions either one or several that have -unbelievable scale and unbelievable reliability and although theres many directions of people seeking i really only see five that -things will change in ways that their fragile environment simply cant support and that leads to starvation it leads to uncertainty it leads to unrest so the the climate changes will be terrible for them -can achieve the big numbers ive left out tide geothermal fusion biofuels those may make some contribution and if they can do better than i expect so much the better but my key point here -is that were going to have to work on each of these five and we cant give up any of them because they they look daunting because they all -have significant challenges lets look first at the burning fossil fuels either burning coal or burning natural gas what you need to do there -seems like it might be simple but its not and thats to take all the co two after youve burned it going out the flue pressurize it create a liquid put it somewhere and hope it stays there -now we have some pilot things that do this at the sixty to eighty percent level but getting up to that full percentage that will be very tricky and agreeing on where these co two quantities should be put -will be hard but the toughest one here is this long term issue whos going to be sure whos going to guarantee -something that is literally billions of times larger than any type of waste you think of in in terms of nuclear or other things this is a lot of volume -so thats a tough one next would be nuclear it also has three big problems cost particularly in highly regulated countries is high -the issue of the safety really feeling good about nothing could go wrong that even though you have these human operators that the fuel -doesnt get used for weapons and then what do you do with the waste and although its not very large there are a lot of concerns about that people need to feel good about it so three very tough problems that might be solvable and so should be worked on -the last three of the five ive grouped together these are what people often refer to as the renewable sources and they actually -although its great they dont require fuel they have some disadvantages one is that the density -of energy gathered in these technologies is dramatically less than a power plant this is energy farming -so youre talking about many square miles thousands of time more area than than you think of as a normal energy plant also these are intermittent sources the sun doesnt shine -also the price of energy is very important to them in fact if you could pick just one thing to lower the price of to reduce poverty by far you would pick energy now the price of energy has come down over time -all day it doesnt shine every day and likewise the wind doesnt blow all the time and so if you depend on these sources -you have to have some way of getting the energy during those time periods that its not available so weve got big cost challenges here -we have transmission challenges for example say this energy source is outside your country you not only need the technology but you have to deal with the risk of the energy coming from elsewhere and finally this storage problem -and to dimensionalize this i went through and looked at all the types of batteries that get made for cars for computers for phones for flashlights for everything and compared that -to the amount of electrical energy the world uses and what i found is that all the batteries we make now could store less than ten minutes -of all the energy and so in fact we need a big breakthrough here something thats going to be -a factor of a hundred better than the approaches we have now its not its not impossible but its not a very easy thing now this shows up when you try to get the the intermittent source to be above say twenty to thirty percent -of what youre using if youre counting on it for a hundred percent you need a an incredible miracle battery -now how were going to go forward on this whats whats the right approach is it a manhattan project whats the the thing that can get us there well we need lots -of companies working on this hundreds in each of these five paths we need at least a hundred people and a lot of them youll look at and say theyre crazy thats good -and i think here in the ted group we have many people who are already pursuing this -bill gross has several companies including one called esolar that has some great solar thermal technologies vinod khoslas investing in dozens of companies that are doing great things and have interesting possibilities and im im trying to help back that nathan myhrvold and i actually are backing a company -that perhaps surprisingly is actually taking the nuclear approach there are some innovations in nuclear modular liquid -uh really advanced civilization is based on advances in energy the coal revolution fueled -and innovation really stopped in this industry quite some time ago so the idea that theres some good ideas laying around is not all that surprising the idea of terrapower -is that instead of burning a part of uranium the one percent which is the u two thirty five we decided lets burn the ninety nine percent -the u two thirty eight it is kind of a crazy idea in fact people had talked about it for a long time -but they could never simulate properly whether it would work or not and so its through the advent of modern supercomputers that now you can simulate and see that yes with the right -materials approach this looks like it would work and because youre burning that ninety nine percent you have -greatly improved cost profile you actually burn up the waste and you can actually use as fuel all the leftover waste from todays reactors so instead of worrying about them you just take that its a great thing -it breathes this uranium as it goes along so its kind of like a candle you can see its its a log there often referred to as a traveling wave reactor in terms of fuel -this really solves the problem ive got a picture here of a place in kentucky this is the left over the ninety nine percent where theyve taken out the part they burn now so its called depleted uranium that would power the u s -for hundreds of years and simply by filtering sea water in an inexpensive process youd have enough fuel for the entire lifetime of the rest of the planet so -you know its got lots lots of challenges ahead but it is an example of the many hundreds and hundreds of ideas that we need to move forward -the industrial revolution and even in the nineteen hundreds weve seen a very rapid decline in the price of electricity and thats why we have refrigerators air conditioning we can make uh modern materials and do so many things -so lets think how should we measure ourselves what should our report card look like well lets go out to where we really need to get and and then look at the intermediate for twenty fifty youve heard many people talk about -this eighty percent reduction that really is very important that we get there and that twenty percent will be used up by -things going on in poor countries still some agriculture hopefully we will have cleaned up forestry cement so to get to that eighty percent the developed countries -including countries like china will have had to switch their electric electricity generation altogether so the other grade is are we deploying -this zero emission technology have we deployed it in all the developed countries and were in the process of of getting it elsewhere thats super important -thats a key element of making that report card so backing up from there what should the twenty twenty report card look like -well it again it should have the two elements we should go through these efficiency measures to start getting reductions the less we emit the less that sum will be of co two and therefore the less the temperature but in some ways the grade we get there -doing things that dont get us all the way to the big reductions is only equally or maybe even slightly less important than the other which is the piece of innovation -thats not a business and it isnt agriculture -our bread basket is threatened today not because of diminishing supply but because of diminishing resources -not by the latest combine and tractor invention but by fertile land -so for better or for worse aquaculture fish farming is going to be a part of our future -not by pumps but by fresh water -not by chainsaws but by forests and not by fishing boats and nets but by fish in the sea want to feed the world -lets start by asking how are we going to feed ourselves -or better how can we create conditions that enable every community -to feed itself -to do that dont look -at the agribusiness model for the future its really old and its tired its high on capital chemistry and machines -and its never produced anything really good to eat -instead lets look to the ecological model -a lot of arguments against it -thats the one that relies on two billion years -of on the job experience -farms that arent worlds unto themselves -farms that -restore instead of deplete farms that farm extensively instead of just intensively -fish farms pollute -farmers that are not just producers but experts in relationships -because theyre the ones -that are experts in flavor too -and if im going to be really honest -theyre a better chef than ill ever be -you know im okay with that -most of them do anyway and theyre inefficient take tuna a major drawback -because if thats the future of good food its going to be delicious thank you -its got a feed conversion ratio of fifteen to one that means it takes fifteen pounds of wild fish to get you one pound of farm tuna -not very sustainable doesnt taste very good either -so here finally -was a company trying to do it right i wanted to support them -the day before the event i called the head of pr for the company -lets call him don -don i said just to get the facts straight you guys are famous for for farming so far out to sea you you dont pollute thats right he said were so far out -the waste from our fish gets distributed -not concentrated and then he added -so ive known a lot of fish in my life -were basically a world unto ourselves -that feed conversion ratio two point five to one he said best in the business -two point five to one great two point five to one what what are you feeding sustainable proteins he said -great i said got off the phone -and that night i was lying in bed and i thought -what the hell is a sustainable protein -ive loved only two -so the next day just before the event i called don i said don what are some examples of sustainable proteins he said he didnt know -he would ask around well i got on the phone with a few people in the company no one could give me a straight answer -until finally i got on the phone with the head biologist -lets call him don too -don i said what are some examples of sustainable proteins -that first one was a -well he mentioned some algaes -and some fish meals and then he said chicken pellets -i said chicken pellets he said yeah feathers skin -bone meal scraps dried and processed into feed -i said what percentage -of your feed is chicken -thinking you know two percent -well its about thirty percent he said -i said don -whats sustainable about feeding chicken to fish -it was more like a passionate affair -there there was a long pause on the line -and he said theres just too much chicken in the world -i fell out of love with this fish -no not because im some self righteous goody two shoes foodie -it was a beautiful fish -i actually am -no i fell out of love with this fish because i swear to god after that conversation the fish tasted like chicken -this second fish -flavorful textured -its a different kind of love story -its the romantic kind -the kind where the more you get to know your fish you love the fish -i first ate it at a restaurant in southern spain -a journalist friend had been talking about this fish for a long time -meaty a best seller on the menu what a fish -she kind of set us up -ok it came to the table a bright -almost shimmering white color -the chef had overcooked it like twice over ok amazingly it was still delicious -who can make a fish taste good -after its been overcooked -i cant but this guy can -lets call him miguel actually his name is miguel -and no he didnt cook the fish and hes not a chef at least in the way that you and i understand it -hes a biologist -at veta la palma its a fish farm in the southwestern corner of spain -its at the tip of the guadalquivir river -until the nineteen eighties the farm was in the hands of the argentinians -they raised beef cattle on what was essentially wetlands -they did it by draining the land they built this intricate series of canals -and they pushed water off the land and out into the river -well they couldnt make it work not economically -and ecologically it was a disaster -killed like ninety percent of the birds which for this place is a lot of birds -even better it was farm raised to the supposed highest standards of sustainability -and so in nineteen eighty two -a spanish company with an environmental conscience purchased the land what did they do -they reversed the flow of water they literally flipped the switch -instead of pushing water out -they used the channels to pull water back in they flooded the canals -they created a twenty seven thousand acre fish farm -bass mullet shrimp eel -and in the process miguel and this company -completely reversed the ecological destruction -the farms incredible i mean youve never seen anything like this -you stare out at a horizon that is a million miles away and all you see are flooded canals and this thick rich marshland -i was there not long ago with miguel -hes an amazing guy -like three parts charles darwin and one part crocodile dundee -okay -there we are slogging through the wetlands -and im panting and sweating got mud up to my knees and miguels calmly conducting a biology lecture -here hes pointing out a rare black shouldered kite -now hes mentioning -so you could feel good about selling it -the mineral needs of phytoplankton -and here here he sees a grouping pattern that reminds him of the tanzanian giraffe -it turns out miguel spent the better part of his career in the mikumi national park in africa -i asked him how he became such an expert on fish he said fish -i didnt know anything about fish -im an expert in relationships -and then hes off -launching into more talk about rare birds and algaes and strange aquatic plants and dont get me wrong that was really fascinating you know the biotic community unplugged kind of thing you know its great -i was in a relationship with this beauty for several months -but i was in love and my head -was swooning over that overcooked piece of delicious fish i had the night before so i interrupted him i said miguel what makes your fish taste so good -he pointed at the algae -i know dude the algae the phytoplankton the relationships its amazing -but what are your fish eating whats the feed conversion ratio -well he goes on to tell me -its such a rich system -that the fish are eating what theyd be eating in the wild -the plant biomass the phytoplankton the zooplankton its what feeds the fish the system is so healthy its totally self renewing there -there is no feed -ever heard of a farm that doesnt feed its animals -one day the head of the company called and asked if id speak at an event -later that day i was driving around this property with miguel and i asked him i said for a place that seems so natural -unlike like any fish any farm id ever been at -how do you measure success -at that moment it was as if a film director called for a set change and we rounded the corner and saw the most amazing sight thousands and thousands of pink flamingos -a literal pink carpet for as far as you could see -thats success he said -look at their bellies pink theyre feasting -feasting i was totally confused i said miguel arent they feasting on your fish -yes he said -we lose twenty percent of our fish and fish eggs to birds -about the farms sustainability absolutely i said -well the last year this property had six hundred thousand birds on it -more than two hundred and fifty different species its become today the largest -and one of the most important -private bird sanctuaries in all of europe -i said miguel isnt a thriving bird population like the last thing you want on a fish farm -he shook his head no he said -we farm extensively -not intensively -here was a company trying to solve -this is an ecological network -the flamingos eat the shrimp the shrimp eat the phytoplankton so the pinker the belly the better the system -okay so lets review a farm that doesnt feed its animals -and a farm that measures its success -whats become this unimaginable problem for our chefs -on the health of its predators -a fish farm but also a bird sanctuary -oh and by the way those flamingos they shouldnt even be there in the first place -they brood in a town a hundred and fifty miles away where the soil conditions are better for building nests -every morning they fly one hundred and fifty miles into the farm -and every evening they fly one hundred and fifty miles back -they do that because theyre able to follow the broken white line of highway a ninety two -no kidding -you know i was imagining a march of the penguins thing you know so i looked at miguel i said -how do we keep fish on our menus -miguel do they fly one hundred and fifty miles to the farm -and then do they fly one hundred and fifty miles back at night -do they do that for the children -he looked at me like i had just quoted a whitney houston song -he said no they do it because the foods better -you know i didnt mention the skin of my beloved fish -which was delicious and i dont like fish skin i dont like it seared i dont like it crispy -its that acrid tar like flavor -i almost never cook with it -for the past fifty years weve been fishing the seas -yet when i tasted it at that restaurant in southern spain it tasted not at all like fish skin -it tasted sweet and clean -like you were taking a bite of the ocean -i mentioned that to miguel and he nodded he said the skin acts like a sponge its the last defense before anything enters the body it evolved -to soak up impurities and then he added -but our water has no impurities -okay a farm that doesnt feed its fish -a farm that measures its success -by the success of its predators -and then i realized when he says -a farm that has no impurities he made a big understatement because the water that flows through that farm comes in from the guadalquivir river -like we clear cut forests -its a river that carries with it all the things that rivers tend to carry these days -chemical contaminants pesticide runoff -and when it works its way through the system -and leaves the water is cleaner than when it entered -the system is so healthy it purifies the water -so not just a farm that doesnt feed its animals not just a farm that measures its health -health success by the health of its predators -its hard to overstate the destruction -but a farm thats literally a water purification plant -and not just for those fish -but for you and me as well because when that water leaves it dumps out into the atlantic -a drop in the ocean i know but ill take it and so should you -because this love story -however romantic is also instructive -you might say its a recipe for the future of good food -whether were talking about bass or beef cattle -what we need now is a radically new conception of agriculture one in which the food actually tastes good -ninety percent of large fish the ones we love the tunas the halibuts the salmons swordfish theyve collapsed there was nothing left -but for a lot people -thats a bit too radical -were not realists us foodies -were lovers -we love farmers markets we love small family farms -we talk about local food we eat organic -and when you suggest these are the things that will insure -the future of good food someone somewhere stands up and says hey guy -i love pink flamingos but how are you going to feed the world how are you going to feed the world -how are you going to feed the world can i be honest i dont love that question -no not because we already produce enough calories to more than feed the world -one billion people -will go hungry today one billion thats more than ever before -because of gross inequalities in distribution not tonnage -no i dont love this question because its determined the logic of our food system for the last fifty years -feed grain to herbivores -pesticides to monocultures chemicals to soil chicken to fish -and all along agribusiness has simply asked -if were feeding more people more cheaply how terrible could that be -thats been the motivation its been the justification its been the business plan -of american agriculture we should call it what it is -a business in liquidation -a business thats quickly eroding ecological capital that makes that very production possible -i hope i have given you a sense of how difficult it is thank you -thank you ive got a question for you -thank thank you so much now when we were on the phone a few weeks ago -you mentioned to me that there was quite an interesting result came out of that gallup survey -is that is that something you can share since you do have a few moments left now sure -sure i think the most interesting result that we found in the gallup survey is a number which we absolutely did not expect to find we found that with respect to the happiness of the experiencing self -and the third is its the focusing illusion and its the unfortunate fact that we cant think about any circumstance that affects well being without distorting its importance i mean this is a real cognitive trap theres just no way of getting it right -when you know we looked at how at how feelings vary with income -and it turns out that below an income of sixty thousand dollars a year for americans and thats a very large sample of americans like six hundred thousand so its a large representative sample below an income of six hundred thousand dollars a year -six sixty thousand -sixty thousand -sixty thousand sixty thousand dollars a year people are unhappy and they get progressively unhappier the poorer they get above that we get an absolutely flat line i mean ive rarely seen lines so flat -clearly what is happening is money does not buy you experiential happiness but lack of money certainly buys you misery -and we can measure that misery very very clearly in terms of -the other self the remembering self you get a different story the more money you earn the more satisfied you are that does not hold for emotions -but danny the the whole american endeavor is about you know life liberty the pursuit of happiness -if people took seriously that finding i mean it seems to turn upside down everything we believe about -you know for example taxation policy and so forth is is there any chance that politicians that the country generally would take a finding like that seriously and run public policy based on it -you know i think that there is recognition of the role of happiness research in public policy the recognition is going to be slow in the united states no question about that but in the uk it is happening and in other countries it is happening -people are recognizing that they ought to be thinking of policy of happiness when they think of public policy -its going to take a while and its not going to and people are going to debate whether they want to study experience happiness or whether they want to study life evaluation so we need to have that debate fairly soon how to enhance happiness -goes very different ways depending on how you think and whether you think of the remembering self or you think of the experiencing self this is going to influence policy i think in years to come in the united states efforts are being made -to measure the experience happiness of the population this is going to be i think within the next decade or two part of national statistics -well it seems to me this issue will or at least should be -the most interesting policy discussion to track over the next few years thank you so much for inventing behavioral economics -thank you danny kahneman -now id like to start with an example of somebody -who had a question and answer session after one of my lectures -reported a story and that was the story he said hed been listening to the symphony -and it was absolutely glorious music and at the very end of the recording there was a dreadful screeching sound and then he added really quite emotionally -it ruined the whole experience -but it hadnt -everybody talks about happiness these days -what it had ruined were the memory of the experience he had had the experience he had had twenty minutes of glorious music they counted for nothing because he was left with a memory the memory was ruined and the memory was all that he had gotten to keep -what this is telling us really is that we might be thinking of ourselves and of other people in terms of two selves there is an experiencing self -who lives in the present -and knows the present is capable of re living the past but basically it has only the present its the experiencing self that the doctor approaches you know when the doctor asks does it hurt now when i touch you here -i had somebody count the number of books with happiness in the title published in the last five years -and then there is a remembering self -and the remembering self is the one that keeps score -and maintains the story of our life and its the one that the doctor -approaches in asking the question -how have you been feeling lately or how was your trip to albania or something like that those are two very different entities the experiencing self -and the and the remembering self and getting confused between them is part of the mess of the notion of happiness -now the remembering self -is a storyteller and that really starts with a basic -response of our memory it starts immediately we dont only tell stories when we set out to tell stories our memory tells us stories that is what we get to keep from our experiences is a story -and they gave up after about forty and there were many more -and let me begin with one example -this is an old study those are actual patients undergoing a painful procedure i wont go into detail its no longer painful these days but it was painful when this when this study was run in the nineteen nineties -they were asked to report on their pain every sixty seconds and here are two patients those are their recordings and you are asked -who of them suffered more and its a very easy question i mean clearly patient b suffered more his colonoscopy was longer and every -minute of pain that patient a had patient b had and more but now there is another question -there is a huge wave of interest in happiness among researchers there is a lot of happiness coaching everybody would like to make people happier -how much did these patients think they suffered -and here is a surprise -and the surprise is that patient a had a much worse memory of the colonoscopy than patient b the stories of the colonoscopies were different -and because a very critical part of the story is how it ends -and neither of these stories is very inspiring or great but but one of them is distinct but one of them is distinctly worse than the other and the one that is worse is the one where pain was at its peak at the very end -its a bad story how do we know that because we asked these people after their colonoscopy and much later too how bad was the whole thing in total and it was much worse for a than for b in memory -now this is a direct conflict between the experiencing self and the remembering self from the point of view of the experiencing self clearly b had a worse time -now what you could do with patient a and we actually ran clinical experiments and it has been done and it does work you could actually extend the colonoscopy of patient a by just keeping the tube in without jiggling it too much that will -cause the patient to suffer but just a little and much less than before and if you do that for a couple of minutes you have made the experiencing self of patient a worse off -and you have the remembering self of patient a and lot better off because now you have endowed patient a -with a better story about his experience -what defines a story -and that is true of the stories that memory delivers for us and its also true of the stories that we make up what defines a story are changes significant moments and endings endings are very very important and in this case you know the ending dominated -but in spite of all this flood of work there are several cognitive traps that sort of make it almost impossible to think straight about happiness -now the experiencing self lives its life -continuously it has moments of experience one after the other and you can ask what happens to these moments and the answer is really straightforward -they are lost forever i mean most of the moments of our life and i calculated you know the psychological present is said to be about three seconds long which means that you know in in a life there are about six hundred million of them in a month there are about six hundred thousand -most of them dont leave a trace most of them are completely ignored by the remembering self -and yet somehow you get the sense that they should count -that what happens during these moments of experience is our life -its the finite resource that were spending while were on this earth -and how to spend it would seem to be relevant but that is not the story that the remembering self keeps for us so we have the -remembering self and the experiencing self and theyre really quite distinct the biggest difference between them is in the handling of time -and my talk today will be mostly about these cognitive traps this applies to laypeople thinking about their own happiness and it applies to scholars thinking about happiness because it turns out were just as messed up as anybody else is -from the point of view of the experiencing self if you have a vacation and the second week is just as good as the first then -the two week vacation is twice as good as the one week vacation thats not the way it works at all for the remembering self for the remembering self a two week vacation is barely better -than the one week vacation because there are no new memories added you have not changed the story -and in this way time is actually the critical variable that distinguishes a remembering self from an experiencing self time has very little impact on this story -now the remembering self does more than remember and tell stories it is actually the one that makes decisions -because if you have a patient who has had say two colonoscopies with two different surgeons and is deciding which of them to choose then -the one that chooses is the one that has you know the memory that is less bad and thats the the surgeon that will be chosen -the experiencing self has no voice in this choice we actually dont choose between experiences we choose between memories of experiences and even when we think about the future -we dont think of our future normally as experiences we think of our future as anticipated memories -and basically you can look at this you know as a tyranny of the remembering self -and you can think of the remembering self sort of dragging the experiencing self through experiences that the experiencing self doesnt need -i have that sense that when we go on vacations this is very frequently the case that is that its -we we go on vacations to a very large extent in the service of our remembering self -and this is a bit hard to justify i think i mean i -how much do we consume our memories that is one of the explanations that is given for the dominance of the remembering self and -when i think about that i think about a vacation we had in antarctica a few years ago which was clearly the best vacation ive ever had and i think of it relatively often -relative to how much i think of other vacations and -i probably have consumed my memories of that three week trip i would say for about twenty five minutes in the last four years now you know if if i had ever opened the folder with the six hundred pictures in it i would have spent another hour -the first of these trap is a reluctance to admit complexity it turns out that the word happiness is just not a useful word anymore because we apply it to too many different things -now that is three weeks and that is at most an hour and a half -there seems to be a discrepancy now i may be a bit extreme you know in how little appetite i have for consuming memories but even if you do more of this -there is a genuine question -why do we put so much weight on memory relative to the weight that we put on experiences so i want you to think about a thought experiment -imagine that for your next vacation you know that at the end of the the vacation all your pictures will be destroyed -and youll get an amnesic drug so that you wont remember anything now would you choose the same vacation -and and if and if you would choose a different vacation -there is a conflict between your two selves and you need to think about how to adjudicate that conflict and its actually not at all obvious because if you think in terms of time -then you get one answer and if you think in terms of memories you might get another answer -why do we pick them the vacations we do is a problem that confronts us you know with a choice between the two selves -now the two selves bring up two notions of happiness there are really two concepts of happiness that we can apply one per self -and so you can ask how happy is the experiencing self and then you would ask how happy are the moments in the experiencing selfs life -and theyre all happiness for moments is a fairly complicated process what are the emotions that can be measured and by the way now we are capable of -getting a pretty good idea of the happiness of the experiencing self over time -if you ask for the happiness of the remembering self its a completely different thing this is not about how happily a person lives it is about how satisfied or pleased the person is when that person thinks about her life -i think there is one particular meaning for to which we might restrict it but by and large this is something that well have to give up and well have to adopt the more complicated view of what well being is -very different notions anyone who doesnt distinguish those notions is going to mess up the study of happiness and i belong to a crowd of students of well being -whove been messing up the study of happiness for a long time in precisely this way the the distinction between the happiness of the experiencing self and the satisfaction of the remembering self has been recognized in recent years -and there are now efforts to measure the two separately the gallup organization has a world poll with more that half a million people have been asked questions about what they think of their life and about -their experiences and there there have been other efforts along those lines so in recent years we have begun to learn about the happiness of the two selves -and the main lesson i think that we have learned is they are really different -you can know how satisfied somebody is with their life and that really doesnt teach you much about how happily theyre living their life -and vice versa you know just to give you a sense of the correlation the correlation is about point five what that means is if you met somebody and you were told oh his father is six feet tall -would how much would you know about his height well you would know something about his height but theres a lot of uncertainty you have that much uncertainty if i tell you that somebody -ranked their life eight on a scale of ten you have a lot of uncertainty about how happy they are with their experiencing self -so the correlation is low we know something about what controls satisfaction of the happiness self we know that money is very important goals are very important we know that happiness is mainly -the second trap is a confusion between experience and memory basically its between being happy in your life and being happy about your life or happy with your life and those are two very different concepts and theyre both lumped in the notion of happiness -being satisfied with people that we like -spending time with people that we like there are other pleasures but this is dominant so if you want to maximize the happiness of the two selves you are going to end up doing very different things -the bottom line of what ive said here is that we really should not think of happiness as a substitute for well being it is a completely different notion -now very quickly another reason we cannot think straight about happiness is that -we do not attend the same to the same things when we think about life and we actually live so if you ask the simple question of how happy people are in california -you are not going to get to the correct answer when you ask that question you think people must be happier in california if if say you live in ohio -and what happens is when you think about living in california you are thinking of the contrast between california and other places -and that contrast say is in climate well it turns out that climate is not very important to the experiencing self and is not even very important to the reflective self that decides how happy people are -but now because the reflective self is in charge -you may end up some people may end up moving to california and its sort of interesting to trace what is going to happen to people who move to california in the hope of getting happier -well their experiencing self is not going to get happier we know that -but one thing will happen they will think they are happier -because when they think about it theyll be reminded of how horrible the weather was in ohio -and they will feel they made the right decision it is very difficult to think straight about well being and -im going to open my hand and hopefully if all is well -my pure animal magnetism will hold the knife in fact its held so tightly in place that i can shake it -and the knife does not come off nothing goes up or down my sleeve no trickery and you can examine everything ta da -so this is a trick that i often teach to young children that are interested in magic because you can learn a great deal about deception by studying this very even though its a very simple trick methodologically probably many of you in the room know this trick what happens is this i hold the knife in my hand -i say im going to grab hold of my wrist to make sure nothing goes up or down my sleeve that is a lie the reason im holding onto my wrist is because thats actually the secret -of the illusion in a moment when my hand moves from facing you to being away from you this finger right here my index finger is just going to shift from where it is to a position -pointing out like this -nice one -someone who didnt have a childhood is out there -so it goes like this from here right and as i move around my finger shifts so we could talk about why this is deceptive why you dont notice there are only three fingers down here because the mind and the way it processes information it doesnt count one two three it groups them but thats not really what this is about right and then i open my hand up obviously its clinging there not by animal magnetism but by -for some time i have been interested in the placebo effect which might seem like an odd thing for a magician to be interested in unless you think of it in the terms that i do which is something fake -chicanery my index finger being there and then when i close my finger same thing as i move back -this motion kind of covers the moving back of my finger i take this hand away you give the knife out there is a trick you can do for your friends and neighbors thanks now -what does that have to do with the placebo effect well -i read a study a year or so ago that really blew my mind wide open im not a doctor or a researcher so this to me was an astonishing thing -turns out that if you administer a placebo in the form of a white pill thats like aspirin shaped its just a round white pill it has some certain measurable effect but if you change the form that you give the placebo in like you make a smaller pill and color it blue and stamp a letter into it it is actually measurably more effective -even though neither one of these things has any pharmaceutical theyre sugar pills but a white pill is not as good as a blue pill what -that really flipped me out turns out though that thats not even where it stops if you have capsules -they are more effective than tablets in any form a colored capsule thats yellow on one end and red on the other is better than a white capsule dosage has something to do with this you know one pill twice a day is not as good at three pills -i dont remember the statistic now sorry but the point is -these dosages have something to do with it and the form has something and if you want the ultimate in placebo youve go to the needle -right a syringe with some inert a couple ccs of some inert something and you inject this into a patient well this is such a powerful image in their mind it its so much stronger than the white pill its a really this graph well ill show it to you some other time when we have slides the point is -is believed in enough by somebody that it becomes something real in other words sugar pills have a measurable effect in certain kinds of studies the placebo effect just because the person thinks -the white pill is not as good as the blue pill is not as good as the capsule is not as good as the needle and none of it has any real pharmaceutical quality its only your belief that makes it real -in your body and makes a stronger effect i wanted to see if i could take that idea and apply it to a magic trick and take something that is obviously a fake trick and make it seem real -and we know from that study that when you want reality you go to the needle this is a seven inch hat pin its very very sharp -and im going to just sterilize it a tiny bit ok -this is really my flesh this is not damians special grown flesh thats my skin right there this is not a hollywood special effect im going to pierce my skin and run this needle through to the other side -if youre queasy if you if you faint easily i was doing this for some friends in the hotel room last night and some people that i didnt know and one woman almost passed out so i suggest if you if you get queasy easy that you look away for about the next thirty in fact you know what ill do the first bad part behind it youll get to see you can look away too if youd like to -so here is what happens right here the beginning of my flesh at the lower part of my arm i just make a little pierce -im sorry man am i freaking you out ok and then just through my skin a tiny bit and out the other side like this -now essentially were in the same position we were in with the knife trick -sort of -but you cant count my fingers right now can you so let me show them to you thats one two three four five yes -i know what people think when they see this they go well hes certainly not dumb enough to stab himself through the skin to entertain us for a few minutes -so let me give you a little peek -hows that look out there pretty good -that whats happening to them is a pharmaceutical or some sort of a for pain management for example if they believe it enough there is a measurable effect in the body called the placebo effect something fake becomes something real because of someones perception of it -yeah i know -and the people in the back go okay i didnt really see that people in the satellite room are like starting to move in now let me give you good close look at this that really is my skin that is not a hollywood special effect thats my flesh -and i can twist that around im sorry if youre getting queasy look away dont look at the thing -people in the back or people on video years from now watching this will go well yeah that looks kind of neat in -some sort of effect there but if it were real he would be see theres a hole there and a hole there if it were real he would be bleeding -let me work up some blood for you -yes there it is -normally now i would take the needle out i would clean off my arm and i would show you that there are no wounds but i think in this context and with the idea of -taking something fake and making it into something real im just going to leave it there and walk off the stage -i will be seeing you several times over the next few days i hope youre looking forward to that thank you very much -in order for us to understand each other i want to start by showing you a rudimentary very simple magic trick and im going to show you how it works this is a trick thats been in every childrens magic book since at least the nineteen fifties i learned it myself from cub scout magic in the nineteen seventies -ill do it for you and then ill explain it and then ill explain why i explained it ok so here is what happens the knife which you can examine my hand which you could examine -im just going to hold the knife in my fist like this ill get my sleeve back and to make sure nothing goes up or down my sleeve im just going to squeeze my wrist right here right -that way you can see that at no time can anything travel as long as im squeezing there nothing can go up or down my sleeve and the object of this is quite simple -its all here its all on the web you can go back to your rooms and try this after my talk with pivot you can drill into a decade you can drill into a particular year you can jump right into a specific issue -so im looking at this i see the athletes that have appeared in this issue the sports im a lance armstrong fan so ill go ahead and ill click on that which reveals for me all the issues in which lance armstrongs been a part of -now if i want to just kind of take a peek at these i might think well what about taking a look at all of cycling so i can step back and expand on that and i see greg lemond now -and so you get the idea that when you navigate over information this way going narrower broader backing in backing out youre not searching youre not browsing youre doing something thats actually a little bit different its in between and -we think it changes the way information can be used so i want to extrapolate on this idea a bit with something thats a little bit crazy what were done here is weve taken every single wikipedia page and weve reduced it down to a little summary so the summary consisted of just little synopsis and an icon to indicate the topical area that it comes from im only showing the top five hundred most popular wikipedia pages right here but even in this limited view -if i can leave you with one big idea today its that the whole of the data in which we consume is greater that the sum of the parts and instead of thinking about information overload -we can do a lot of things right away we get a sense of what are the topical domains that are most popular on wikipedia im going to go ahead and select government -now having selected government i can now see that the wikipedia categories that most frequently correspond to that are time magazine people of the year -so this is really important because this is an insight that was not contained within any one wikipedia page its only possible to see that insight when you step back and look at all of them looking at one of these particular summaries i can then drill into the concept of -time magazine person of the year bringing up all of them so looking at these people i can see that the majority come from government -some have come from natural sciences -some fewer still have come from business -theres my boss and -one has come from music -and interestingly enough bono is also a ted prize winner -so we can go jump and take a look at all the ted prize winners so you see were navigating the web for the first time as if its actually a web not page to page but at a higher level of abstraction -and so i want to show you one other thing that may catch you a little bit by surprise im just showing the new york times website here so pivot this application i dont want to call it a browser its really not a browser -but you can view web pages with it and we bring that zoomable technology to every single web page like this so i can step back -what id like you to think about is how we can use information so that patterns pop and we can see trends that would otherwise be invisible so what were looking at right here is a typical mortality chart organized by age this -pop right back in to a specific section now the reason why this is important is because by virtue of just viewing web pages in this way i can look at my entire browsing history in the exact same way so i can drill in to what ive done -over specific time frames here in fact is the state of all the demo that i just gave and i can sort of replay some stuff that i was looking at earlier today -and if i want to step back and look at everything i can slice and dice my history perhaps by my search history -here i was doing some nepotistic searching looking for bing over here for live labs pivot and from these i can drill into the web page and just launch them again its one metaphor -repurposed multiple times and in each case it makes the whole greater than the sum of the parts with the data so -right now in this world we think about data as being this curse we talk about the curse of information overload we talk about -drowning in data what if we can actually turn that upside down and turn the web upside down -so that instead of navigating from one thing to the next we get used to the habit of being able to go from many things to many things and then being able to see the patterns that were otherwise hidden if we can do that then instead -of being trapped in data we might actually extract information and instead of dealing just with information we can tease out knowledge and if we get the knowledge then maybe even theres wisdom to be found so with that i thank you -tool that im using here is a little experiment its called pivot and with pivot what i can do is i can choose to filter in one particular cause of deaths say accidents and right away i see theres a different pattern that emerges -this is because in the mid area here people are at their most active and over here theyre at their most frail we can step back out again and then reorganize the data by cause of death -seeing that circulatory diseases and cancer are the usual suspects but not for everyone if we go ahead and we filter -by age say forty years or less we see that accidents are actually the greatest cause that people have to be worried about -and if you drill into that its especially the case for men so you get the idea that viewing information viewing data in this way is a lot like -swimming in an living information info graphic and if we can do this for raw data why not do it for content as well -so what we have right here is the cover of every single sports illustrated ever produced -is an option but fear is not thank -i had to create these images in my head you know we all did as kids having to read a book and through the authors description put something on on the screen the movie screen in our heads and so my -response to this was to paint to draw alien creatures alien worlds robots spaceships all that stuff i was endlessly getting busted in math class you know doodling behind the behind the textbook and -that was the creativity had to had to find its outlet somehow and an interesting thing happened the the jacques cousteau -shows actually got me very excited about the fact that there was an alien world right here on earth i might not really go to an alien world on a spaceship someday that that seemed pretty pretty darn unlikely -but i could that was a world i could really go to right here on earth that was as as rich and exotic as anything that i had imagined from reading these books -i grew up on a steady diet of science fiction in high school i i took a bus to school an hour each way every day and i was always absorbed in a book -so i decided i was going to become a scuba diver at the age of fifteen and the only problem with that was that i lived in a little village in canada six hundred miles from the nearest ocean -but i didnt let that daunt me i pestered my father until he finally found a a scuba class in in buffalo new york right across the border from where we live -and i actually got certified in a pool in a ymca in the dead of winter in buffalo new york and -i didnt see the ocean a a real ocean for another two years until we until we moved to california you know since then you know in in the in the intervening -forty years ive ive spent about three thousand hours underwater and five hundred hours of that was in submersibles and ive learned that -that that deep ocean environment and even the shallow oceans are so rich with with amazing life -that really is beyond beyond our imagination you know natures imagination is so -so boundless compared to our own meager human imagination i still to this day stand in absolute awe of what i what i see when i make these dives and my love affair with the ocean is -is ongoing and and just as strong as it ever was but when i when i chose a career as an adult -it was film making and that seemed to be the best way to reconcile -this urge i had to tell stories with my my urges to create images and i was as a kid constantly drawing comic books and so on so film making was the way to put put pictures and stories together and that made sense and of course the stories that -i chose to tell were science fiction stories terminator aliens and the abyss and with the abyss i i was putting together my love of underwater and diving with film making so you know -science fiction book which took my mind to other worlds and satisfied this in in a in a narrative form this insatiable sense of curiosity that i had and and -merging the two passions something interesting came out of the abyss which was -that to solve a specific narrative problem on that film which was to create this kind of liquid water creature -we actually embraced computer generated animation cg and -this this resulted in the first soft surface character cg animation that was ever in a in a movie -and even though the film didnt make any money barely broke even i should say i witnessed something amazing which is that the the audience the global audience was mesmerized by this apparent magic you know its arthur clarkes law that any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic they were seeing something magical -and so that that that got me very excited and i thought wow this is this is something that needs to be embraced into the cinematic art so with terminator two which was my next film we took that much farther working with with ilm we created the liquid metal -dude in that film the success hung in the balance on whether that effect would work and it did and we created magic again and we had the same result with an audience although we did make a little more money on that one so -you know drawing a line through those those two two dots of of experience came to this this is going to be a whole new world this was a whole new world of creativity for -for film artists so i i started a company with stan winston my good friend stan winston who is the the the premier make up and and creature designer -at that time and it was called digital domain and the concept of the company was that we would leap frog past the kind of analog processes of of optical printers and so on and we would go right to digital production and we actually did that and it gave us a competitive advantage for a while -but we found ourselves lagging in the in the mid nineties in the creature and character design stuff that we had actually founded the company to do -so i wrote this piece called avatar which was meant to absolutely push the envelope -of visual effects of cg effects beyond with realistic human emotive characters generated in cg and the main characters would all be in cg and the world would be in cg and -you know that curiosity also manifested itself in in -you know the envelope pushed back and i was told by the folks at my company that we werent going to be able to do this for a while so i shelved it and i made this other movie about a big ship that sinks -and you know i i went and pitched it to the studio as romeo and juliet on a ship its going to be this epic romance passionate -film secretly what i wanted to do was i wanted to dive to the real wreck of titanic and thats why i made the movie -the fact that whenever i wasnt in school i was i was out in the woods hiking and taking -and thats the truth now the studio didnt know that but i convinced them i said i said were going to dive to the wreck were going to film it for real well be using it in the opening of the film it will be really important it will be a great marketing hook and i talked them into funding an expedition -sounds crazy but this goes back to that theme about you know your imagination creating a reality because we actually created a reality where six months later i find myself in a russian submersible -two and a half miles down in the north atlantic looking at the real titanic through through a view port not a movie not hd for real -now that that blew my mind and you know it took a lot of preparation we had to build cameras and lights and all kinds of things but it struck me how much this -dive these deep dives was like a like a space mission you know where it was it was highly technical and it required enormous planning you get in this capsule you go down to this dark hostile environment where there is no hope of rescue if you cant get back by yourself -samples frogs and snakes and bugs and pond water and bringing it back looking at it under the microscope i was you know i was a real science geek but it was all about trying to understand -and you know i i thought wow im im like living in a science fiction movie this is really cool -and so i i really got bitten by the bug of deep ocean exploration of course the curiosity the science component of it it was everything it was adventure it was curiosity it was imagination and it was an experience -that hollywood couldnt give me because you know i could imagine a creature and we could create a visual effect for it but i couldnt imagine what i was seeing out that window as we did some of our subsequent expeditions -i was seeing creatures at hydrothermal vents and and sometimes things that i had had never seen before sometimes things that no one had seen before that actually were not described by science at the time that we saw them and imaged them so i was completely smitten by this -and had to do more and so i actually made a kind of curious decision after the success of titanic i said okay you know im going to park my day job as a hollywood movie maker and im going to go be a full time explorer for a while -and so you know we started planning these these expeditions and we wound up going to the bismark and and exploring it with with robotic vehicles we went back to the titanic wreck we took little bots that we had created that spooled a fiber optic -and the idea was to go in and do an interior survey of that ship which had never been done nobody had ever looked inside the wreck they didnt have the means to do it so we created technology to do it -so you know here i am now on the deck of titanic sitting in a submersible and looking out at planks that look much like this where i knew that the that the band had played -and im flying a little robotic vehicle through the through the corridor of the of the ship you know when i say you know im im im operating it but my mind is in the vehicle -understand the world understand the the limits of of possibility and my you know love of of science fiction -i felt like i was physically present inside the shipwreck of titanic and it was the most surreal kind of deja vu experience ive ive ever had because -i would know before i turned a corner what was going to be there before the lights of the vehicle actually revealed it because i had walked the set for months when we were making the movie -and the set was based as an exact replica on the blueprints of the ship so it was this absolutely remarkable experience and it really made me realize that -made me realize that the the telepresense experience that you actually can have these robotic avatars then your consciousness -is is in injected into the into the vehicle into this this other form of existence it was really really quite profound and maybe a little bit of a glimpse to to what might be happening you know some decades out as -as we start to have cyborg bodies for exploration or for other means in in many sort of post human futures that i that i can imagine as a science fiction fan so having done these these -expeditions and and you know really beginning to appreciate what was down there such as at the at the the deep ocean vents where we had these -actually seemed to be mirrored in the world around me because what was happening this is in the late sixties -amazing amazing animals they are basically aliens right here on earth they live in an environment of chemosynthesis they dont survive -on sunlight based system the way we do and so youre seeing animals that are living next to a five hundred degree centigrade water plumes that you think they cant possibly exist at the same time -i was getting very interested in space science as well again you know its the science fiction influence as a kid -and i wound up getting involved with the space community really involved with with nasa sitting on the nasa advisory board planning actual space missions going to russia going to the pre cosmonaut biomedical protocols and all these sorts of things -to actually go and fly to the international space station with our three d camera systems and this was fascinating but what what i wound up doing was bringing space scientists with us into the deep -and taking them down so that they had access astrobiologists planetary scientists people who were interested in these extremely fine environments -taking them down to the vents and letting them see and take samples and test instruments and so on so here we were making documentary films but actually doing science and actually doing space science -you know we were we were going to the moon we were exploring the deep oceans jacques cousteau was coming into our living rooms with his amazing specials that showed us animals and places and a you know a wondrous world that we could never really have -id completely closed the loop between being the science fiction fan you know as a kid and doing this stuff for real -and you know along the way in this journey of discovery i learned a lot i learned a lot about science but i also learned a lot about -leadership now you think directors got to be a leader leader of you know captain of the ship and all that sort of thing i didnt really learn about leadership until -i did these expeditions because i had to at a certain point say what am i doing out here why am i doing this what do i get out of it -we dont make money at these damn shows you know we barely break even there is no fame in it people sort of think i went away between titanic and avatar and was buffing my nails someplace you know sitting at the beach made all these films made all these documentary films you know for a very -limited audience no fame no glory no money what are you doing youre doing it for the task itself for the challenge -and the ocean is the most challenging environment there is for the thrill of discovery and for that strange bond that happens -when a small group of people form a tightly knit team because we would do these things with ten twelve people working for years at a time -sometimes at sea for for for two or three months at a time and in that bond you realize that the most important thing -is the respect that you have for them and that they have for you that youve done a task -that you cant explain to someone else when you come back to the shore and you say you know we had to do this and the fiber optic and the attentuation and the this and the that all the all the technology of it and the difficulty the human performance aspects of working at sea -you cant explain it to people its that thing that that maybe cops have or people in in combat that have gone through something together and they know they can never explain it creates a bond creates a bond of respect so when i came back to make my next movie which was avatar -i tried to apply that same principle of leadership which is that you respect your team and you earn their respect in return and it really changed the dynamic so here i was again with a small team -in you know in uncharted territory doing avatar coming up with new technology that didnt exist before tremendously exciting tremendously challenging and we became a family -previously imagined so that seemed to resonate with the whole science fiction part of it -over a four and half year period and it completely changed how i do movies so people have commented on how well you know you brought back the ocean organisms and put them on the planet of pandora to me it was more of a fundamental way of doing business the process itself that changed as a result of that -so what can we synthesize out of all this you know whats the what are the lessons learned well i think number one is curiosity its the most powerful thing you own imagination -is a force that can actually manifest a reality and the respect of your team is more important than all the laurels in the world -and i was a an artist i could draw i could paint and and i i found that because there werent you know video games and this saturation of cg movies and and all of this imagery in the media landscape -i have young film makers -come up to me and say you know give me some advice for doing this -and i say -dont put limitations on yourself other people will do that for you dont do it to yourself dont bet against yourself and and take risks nasa has this has this phrase that they like failure is not an option -but failure has to be an option in art and in exploration because its a leap of faith and no important endeavor that required innovation -was done without risk you have to be willing to take those risks so thats the thought i would leave you with is that in whatever youre doing failure -i am here is why this picture pretty much sums up why i think games are so essential to the future survival of the human species truly -to post videos to post photos we piloted this game with seventeen hundred players in two thousand and seven and weve tracked them for the three years since and i can tell you that this is a transformative experience nobody wants to change how they live just because -its good for the world or because we are supposed to but if you immerse them in an epic adventure and tell them -weve run out of oil this is an amazing story and adventure for you to go on challenge yourself to see how you would survive most of our players have kept up the habits that they learned in this game -so for the next world saving game we decided to aim higher bigger problem than just peak oil we did a game called superstruct at the institute for the future -and the premise was a supercomputer has calculated that humans have only twenty three years left on the planet this supercomputer was called the global extinction awareness system of course we asked people to come online almost like a jerry bruckheimer movie -you know jerry bruckheimer movies you form a dream team youve got the astronaut the scientist the ex convict and they all have something to do to save the world -but in our game instead of just having five people on the dream team we said everybody is on the dream team and its your job -to invent the future of energy the future of food the future of health the future of security and the future of the social safety net -we had eight thousand people play that game for eight weeks they came up with five hundred insanely creative solutions that you can go online if you google superstruct and see -so finally the last game were launching it march third this is a game done with the world bank institute if you complete the game you will be -this is a portrait by a photographer named phil toledano he wanted to capture the emotion of gaming so he set up a camera in front of gamers while they were playing and this is a classic -certified by the world bank institute as a social innovator class of two thousand ten working with universities all over sub saharan africa and we are inviting them to learn social innovation skills weve got a graphic novel -weve got leveling up in skills like local insight knowledge networking sustainability vision and resourcefulness i would like to invite all of you to please share this game with young people anywhere in the world particularly in developing areas who might benefit from coming together to try to start to imagine their own social enterprises to save the world -so im going to wrap up now i want to ask a question what do you think happens next weve got all these amazing gamers weve got these games that are kind of pilots of what we might do but none of them have saved the real world yet -well i hope that you will agree with me that gamers are a human resource that we can use -to do real world work that games are a powerful platform for change we have all these amazing superpowers blissful productivity the ability to weave a tight social fabric this feeling of urgent optimism and the desire for epic meaning i really hope that we can come together -to play games that matter to survive on this planet for another century and thats my hope that you will join me in making and playing games like this when i look forward to the next decade i know two things for sure -that we can make any future we can imagine and we can play any games we want so i say let the world changing games begin thank you -gaming emotion now if youre not a gamer you might miss some of the nuance in this photo you probably see the sense of urgency a little bit of -fear but intense concentration deep deep focus on tackling a really difficult problem if you are a gamer you will notice a few nuances here the crinkle of the eyes up and around the mouth is a sign of optimism and the eyebrows up is surprise this is a gamer who is on the verge of something called an epic win now -im jane mcgonigal im a game designer ive been making games online now for ten years and my goal for the next decade is to try to make it as easy to save the world in real life as it is to save the world in online games -oh youve heard of that okay good so we have some gamers among us so an epic win is an outcome that is so extraordinarily positive you had no idea it was even possible until you achieved it it was almost beyond the threshold of imagination -and when you get there you are shocked to discover what you are truly capable of thats an epic win -this is a gamer on the verge of an epic win and this is the face that we need to see on millions of problem solvers all over the world as we try to tackle the obstacles of the next century the face of someone -who against all odds is on the verge of an epic win now unfortunately this is more of the face that we see in everyday life now as we try to tackle urgent problems this is what i call the im not good at life face and this is actually me -making it can you see yes good this is actually me making the im not good at life face this is a piece of graffiti in my old neighborhood in berkeley california where i did my phd on why were better in games than we are in real life and this is a problem that a lot of gamers have we feel that we are not as good in reality as we are in games and i dont mean just good as in successful although thats part of it we do achieve more in game worlds but i also mean good as in motivated to do something that matters inspired to collaborate and to cooperate and when were in game worlds -i believe that many of us become the best version of ourselves the most likely to help at a moments notice the most likely to stick with a problem as long at it takes to get up after failure and try again and in real life -when we when we face failure when we confront obstacles we often dont feel that way we feel overcome we feel overwhelmed we feel anxious maybe depressed frustrated or cynical -we never have those feelings when were playing games they just dont exist in games so thats what i wanted to study when i was a graduate student what about games makes it impossible to feel that we cant achieve everything how can we -take those feelings from games and apply them to real world work so i looked at games like world of warcraft which is really the ideal collaborative problem solving environment and i started to notice a few things that make -epic wins so possible in online worlds so the first thing is whenever you show up in one of these online games especially in world of warcraft there are lots and lots of different characters who are willing to trust you with a world saving mission -right away but not just any mission its a mission that is perfectly matched with your current level in the game right so you can do it they never give you a challenge that you cant achieve -but it is on the the verge of what youre capable of so you have to try hard but there is no unemployment in world of warcraft there is no sitting around wringing your hands there is always something specific -and important to be done and there are also tons of collaborators everywhere you go hundreds of thousands of people -now i have a plan for this and it entails convincing more people including all of you to spend more time -ready to work with you to achieve your epic mission its not something that we have in real life that easily this sense that at our fingertips are tons of collaborators and also there is this epic story this inspiring story of why were there -and what were doing and then we get all this positive feedback you guys have heard of leveling up and plus one strength and plus one intelligence we dont get that kind of constant feedback in real life when i get off this stage im not going to have plus one speaking and plus one -crazy idea plus twenty crazy idea i dont get that feedback in real life now the problem with collaborative online environments like world of warcraft -is that its so satisfying to be on the verge of an epic win all the time that we decide to spend all our time in these game worlds its just better than reality so so far collectively all the world of warcraft gamers have spent five point nine three million years solving the virtual problems of azeroth now -thats not necessarily a bad thing it might sound like its a bad thing but to put that in context five point nine three million years ago was when -our earliest primate human ancestors stood up that was the first upright primate okay so when we talk about how much time were currently investing in playing games -playing bigger and better games right now we spend three billion hours a week playing online games some of you might be thinking -the only way it makes sense to even think about it is to talk about time at the magnitude of human evolution which is an extraordinary thing but its also apt because it turns out that by spending all this time playing games we are actually changing -what we are capable of as human beings we are evolving to be a more collaborative and hearty species this is true i believe this so consider this really interesting statistic -it was recently published by a researcher at carnegie mellon university the average young person today in a country with a strong gamer culture -will have spent ten thousand hours playing online games by the age of twenty one now ten thousand hours is a really interesting number for two reasons first of all -for children in the united states ten thousand and eighty hours is the exact amount of time you will spend in school from fifth grade to high school graduation if you have perfect attendance -so we have an entire parallel track of education going on where young people are learning as much about what it takes to be a good gamer as they are learning about everything else in school -and some of you have probably read malcom gladwells new book outliers so you would have heard of his theory of success the ten thousand hour theory of success its based on this great cognitive science research that if we can master -ten thousand hours at effortful study at anything by the age of twenty one we will be virtuosos at it we will be as good at whatever we do as the greatest people in the world and so -thats a lot of time to spend playing games maybe too much time considering how many urgent problems we have to solve in the real world but actually according to my research at the institute for the future its actually the opposite is true -now what were looking at is an entire generation of young people who are virtuoso gamers so the big question is -what exactly are gamers getting so good at because if we could figure that out we would have a virtually unprecedented human resource on our hands -this is how many people we now have in the world who spend at least an hour a day playing online games these are our virtuoso gamers five hundred million people who are who are extraordinarily good at something -and in the next decade were going to have another billion gamers who are extraordinarily good -at whatever that is if you dont know it already this is coming the game industry is developing consoles that are low energy and that work with the wireless phone networks instead of broadband internet so that gamers all over the world particularly in india -china brazil can get online they expect one billion more gamers in the next decade it will bring us up to one point five billion gamers -so ive started to think about what these games are making us virtuosos at here are the four things i came up with -the first is urgent optimism okay think of this as extreme self motivation urgent optimism is the desire to act immediately to tackle an obstacle combined with the belief that we have a reasonable hope of success -gamers always believe that an epic win is possible and that it is always worth trying and trying now gamers dont sit around -ok gamers are virtuosos at weaving a tight social fabric there is a lot of interesting research that shows that we like people better after we play a game with them even if theyve beaten us badly -and the reason is it takes a lot of trust to play a game with someone we trust that they will spend their time with us that they will play by the same rules value the same goal theyll stay with the game until its over and so playing a game together actually builds up bonds and trust and cooperation and and we actually build stronger social relationships as a result -blissful productivity i love it you know there is a reason why the average world of warcraft gamer plays for twenty two hours a week kind of a half time job its because we know when were playing a game that were actually happier working hard than we are -relaxing or hanging out we know that we are optimized as human beings to do hard and meaningful work and gamers are willing to work hard all the time if theyre given the right work finally epic meaning -three billion hours a week is not nearly enough game play to solve the worlds most urgent problems in fact -gamers love to be attached to awe inspiring missions to human planetary scale stories so just one bit of trivia that helps put that into perspective so you all know wikipedia -biggest wiki in the world second biggest wiki in the world with nearly eighty thousand articles is the world of warcraft wiki -five million people use it every month they have compiled more information about world of warcraft on the internet than any other topic covered on any other wiki in the world they are building an epic story they are building epic knowledge resource about the world of warcraft okay so these are four superpowers that add up -to one thing gamers are super empowered hopeful individuals -these are people who believe that they are individually capable of changing the world and the only problem is they believe that they are capable of changing virtual worlds and not the real world thats the problem that im trying to solve -there is an economist named edward castronova his work is brilliant he looks at why people are investing so much time and energy and money in online worlds -and he says were witnessing what amounts to no less than a mass exodus to virtual worlds and online game environments and hes an economist so hes rational and he says -i believe that if we want to survive the next century on this planet we need to increase that total dramatically ive calculated the total we need at twenty one billion hours of game play every week -not like me im a game designer im exuberant but he says he says -that this makes perfect sense because gamers can achieve more in online worlds than they can in real life they can have stronger social relationships in games than they can have in real life they get better feedback and feel more rewarded in games than they do in real life so he says -for now it makes perfect sense for gamers to spend more time in virtual worlds than the real world now -i also agree that that is rational for now but it is not by any means an optimal situation we have to start making the real world work more like a game so i take my inspiration from something that happened -twenty five hundred years ago these are ancient dice made out of sheeps knuckles right before we had awesome game controlers we had sheeps knuckles and these represent the first game equipment designed by human beings -and if youre familiar with the work of the ancient greek historian herodotus you might know this history which is the history of who invented games and why -herodotus says that games particularly dice games were invented in the kingdom of lydia during a time of famine apparently there was such a severe famine -that the king of lydia decided that they had to do something crazy people were suffering people were fighting it was an extreme situation they needed an extreme solution -so according to herodotus they invented dice games and they set up a kingdom wide policy -on one day everybody would eat and on the next day everybody would play games and they would be so immersed in playing the dice games because games are so engaging and immerse us in such satisfying blissful productivity -they would ignore the fact that they had no food to eat and then on the next day they would play games and on the next day they would eat and according to herodotus -so thats probably a bit of a counterintuitive idea so ill just ill say it again let it sink in if we want to solve problems like hunger poverty climate change global conflict obesity -they passed eighteen years this way surviving through a famine by eating on one day and playing games on the next now this is exactly i think how were using games today -were using games to escape real world suffering were using games to get away from everything thats broken in the real environment everything thats not satisfying about real life -and were getting what we need from games but it doesnt have to end there this is really exciting according to herodotus after eighteen years the famine wasnt getting better so the king decided they would play one final dice game -they divided the entire kingdom in half they played one dice game and the winners of that game got to go -on an epic adventure they would leave lydia and they would go out in search of a new place to live leaving behind just enough people -to survive on the resources that were available and hopefully to take the civilization somewhere else where they could thrive now this sounds crazy right -but recently dna evidence has shown that the etruscans who lead to the roman empire actually share the same dna as the ancient lydians and so -recently scientists have suggested that herodotuss crazy story is actually true and geologists have found evidence of a global cooling that lasted for nearly twenty years that could have explained the famine so this crazy story might be true they might have actually -saved their culture by playing games escaping to games for eighteen years and then been so inspired and and knew so much about how to come together with games that they actually saved the entire civilization that way okay we can do that -weve been playing warcraft since nineteen ninety four that was the first real time strategy game from the world of warcraft series that was sixteen years ago -i believe that we need to aspire to play games online for at least twenty one billion hours a week by the end of the next decade -they played dice games for eighteen years weve been playing warcraft for sixteen years i say we are ready for our own epic game now -they had half the civilization go off in search of a new world so thats where i get my twenty one billion hours a week of game play -from lets get half of us to agree to spend an hour a day playing games until we solve real world problems now i know youre asking -how are we going to solve real world problems in games well thats what i have devoted my work to over the past few years at the institute for the future -we have this banner in our offices in palo alto and it expresses our view of how we should try to relate to the future we do not want to try to predict the future what we want to do is make the future -we want to imagine the best case scenario outcome and then we want to empower people to make that outcome a reality we want to imagine epic wins and then give people the means to achieve the epic win -im just going to very briefly show you three games that ive made that are an attempt to give people the means to create epic wins in their own futures -so this is world without oil we made this game in two thousand and seven this is an online game in which you try to survive an oil shortage -the oil shortage is fictional but we put enough online content out there for you to believe that its real and to live your real life as if weve run out of oil so when you come to the game -no im serious -you sign up you tell us where you live and then we give you real time news videos data feeds that show you exactly how much oil costs whats not available how food supply is being affected how transportation is being affected if schools are closed if their is rioting and you have to figure out how you would live your real life as if this were true and then we ask you to blog about it -its vanished we vanquished it puff in the rich world -diseases that threatened millions of us just a generation ago no longer exist hardly diphtheria rubella polio does anyone even know what those things are -vaccines modern medicine our ability to feed billions of people those are triumphs of the scientific method and to my mind the scientific method trying stuff out -seeing if it works changing it when it doesnt is one of the great accomplishments of humanity so thats the good news -unfortunately thats all the good news because theres some other problems and theyve been mentioned many times and one of them is that -despite all our accomplishments a billion people go to bed hungry in this world -every day that numbers rising and its rising really rapidly and its disgraceful and not only that weve used our imagination -lets pretend right here we have a machine a big machine a cool ted ish machine and its a time machine and everyone in this room has to get into it and you can go backwards you can go forwards you cannot stay where you are -to thoroughly trash this globe potable water arable land rainforest oil gas theyre going away -and theyre going away soon and unless we innovate our way out of this mess were going away too -so the question is can we do that and i i think we can i think its clear that we can make food that will feed billions of people without raping the land that they live on i think we can power this world with energy that doesnt also destroy it -i really do believe that and no it aint wishful thinking but heres the thing that keeps me up at night one of the things that keeps me up at night -weve never needed progress in science more than we need it right now never and weve also never been in a position to deploy it properly in the way that we can today were on the verge of amazing amazing events in many fields -and yet i actually think wed have to go back hundreds three hundred years before the enlightenment to find a time when we battled progress when we fought about these things more vigorously on on more fronts -than we do now people wrap themselves in their beliefs and they do it so tightly that you cant set them free not even the truth will set them free and listen -everyones entitled to their opinion theyre even entitled to their opinion about progress but you know what youre not entitled to youre not entitled to your own facts sorry youre not and this took me awhile to figure out -about a decade ago i wrote a story about vaccines for the new yorker a little story and i was amazed to find opposition opposition to what is after all the most effective public health measure in human history -i didnt know what to do so i just did what i do i wrote a story and i moved on and soon after that -i wrote a story about genetically engineered food same thing only bigger people were going crazy so -i wrote a story about that too and i couldnt understand why people thought this was frankenfoods why they thought moving molecules around in a specific rather than a haphazard way was trespassing on natures ground -and i wonder what youd choose because ive been asking my friends this question a lot lately and they all want to go back i dont know they want to go back before there were automobiles or twitter or american idol -but you know i do what i do i wrote the story i moved on i mean im a journalist -we type we file we go to dinner its fine -but these stories bothered me and i couldnt figure out why and eventually i did and thats because those fanatics that were driving me crazy werent actually fanatics at all they were thoughtful people educated people decent people -they were exactly like the people in this room -and it it just disturbed me so much but then i thought you know lets be honest were at a point in this world -where we dont have the same relationship to progress that we used to we talk about it ambivalently we talk about it in ironic terms with little quotes around it progress -okay there are reasons for that and i think we know what those reasons are weve lost faith in institutions in authority and sometimes in science itself and there theres no reason we shouldnt have you can just say a few names and people will understand -chernobyl bhopal the challenger -vioxx weapons of mass destruction hanging chads -i mean you know you can choose your list -there are questions and problems with the people we used to believe were always right so be skeptical -ask questions demand proof demand evidence dont take anything for granted but heres the thing when you get proof -you need to accept the proof and were not that good at doing that -and the reason that i can say that is because were now in an epidemic of fear like one ive never seen and hope never to see again about twelve years ago there was a story published a horrible story -that linked the epidemic of autism to the measles mumps and rubella vaccine shot -i dont know im im convinced that theres some sort of pull to nostalgia to wishful thinking and i understand that im not part of that crowd i have to say -very scary tons of studies were done to see if this was true tons of studies should have been done its a serious issue -the data came back the data came back from the united states from england from sweden from canada and it was all the same no correlation no connection none at all -it doesnt matter it doesnt matter because we believe anecdotes we believe what we see what we think we see what makes us feel real -we dont believe a bunch of documents from a government official giving us data and i i do understand that i think we all do but you know what -the result of that has been disastrous disastrous because heres a fact -the united states is one of the only countries in the world where the vaccine rate for measles is going down -that is disgraceful and we should be ashamed of ourselves its horrible -and what kind what kind of a thing happened that we could do that now -i understand it i do understand it because does anyone have measles here has one person in this audience ever see someone die of measles -doesnt happen very much doesnt happen in this country at all but it happened a hundred and sixty thousand times in the world last year thats a lot of death of measles twenty an hour -but since it didnt happen here we can put it out of our minds and people like jenny mccarthy -can go around preaching messages of fear and illiteracy from platforms like oprah and larry king live -and they can do it because they dont link causation and correlation they dont understand that these things seem the same but theyre almost never the same and its something we need to learn and we need to learn it really soon -i dont want to go back and its not because im adventurous its because possibilities on this planet they dont go back they go forward so i want to get in the machine and i want to go forward -this guy was a hero jonas salk he took one of the worst scourges of mankind away from us no fear no agony polio puff gone -that guy in the middle not so much his name is paul offit -he just developed a rotavirus vaccine with a bunch of other people its save the lives of four hundred five hundred thousand -kids in the developing world every year pretty good right well its good except that paul goes around talking about vaccines and says how valuable they are and that people ought to just stop the whining and he actually says it that way so pauls a terrorist -when paul speaks in a public hearing he cant testify without armed guards he gets called at home because people like to tell him that they remember where his kids go to school -and why because paul made a vaccine i dont need to say this but vaccines are essential you take them away disease comes back horrible diseases and thats happening we have measles in this country now -and its getting worse and pretty soon kids are going to die again because its just a numbers game and theyre not just going to die of measles what about polio lets have that -why not a college classmate of mine wrote me a couple weeks ago and said you know she thought i was a little strident no ones ever said that before -she wasnt going to vaccinate her kid against polio no way fine -why because we dont have polio and you know what we didnt have polio in this country yesterday today i dont know maybe a guy got on a plane in lagos this morning and hes flying to lax right now hes over ohio -and hes going to land in a couple hours hes going to rent a car and hes going to come to long beach and hes going to attend one of these fabulous ted dinners tonight and he doesnt know that hes infected with a paralytic disease and we dont either because thats the way the world works thats the planet we live on -this is the greatest time theres ever been on this planet by any measure you wish to choose health wealth -dont pretend it isnt now we love to wrap ourselves in lies we love to do it everyone take their vitamins this morning -echinacea echinacea a little antioxidant to get you going -i know you did because half of americans do every day they take the stuff and they take alternative medicines and it doesnt matter how often we -find out that theyre useless the data says it all the time they darken your urine they almost never do more than that -its okay you want to pay twenty eight billion dollars for dark urine im totally with you -dark urine dark -why do we do that why do we do that well i think i understand we hate big pharma we hate big government we dont trust the man and we shouldnt our health care system sucks -mobility opportunity declining rates of disease theres never been a time like this my great grandparents -its cruel to millions of people its absolutely astonishingly cold -and soul bending to those of us who can even afford it so we run away from it and where do we run we leap into the arms of big placebo -thats fantastic i love big placebo -but you know its not its its its really a serious thing because this stuff is crap and we spend billions of dollars on it and i have all sorts of little props here -none of it ginkgo fraud -echinacea fraud acai i dont even know what that is but were spending billions of dollars on it its fraud -and you know what when i say this stuff people scream at me and they say what do you care let people do what they want to do its its it makes them feel good and you know what youre wrong because -i dont care if its the secretary of h h s -whos saying hmm im not going to take the evidence of my experts on the mammograms or some cancer quack who wants to treat his patient -with coffee enemas when you start down the road where belief and magic replace evidence and science you end up in a place you dont want to be -you end up in thabo mbeki south africa he killed four hundred thousand of his people by insisting -that beetroot garlic and lemon oil were much more effective than the antiretroviral drugs we know can slow the course of aids hundreds of thousands of needless deaths in a country that has been plagued worse than any other by this disease -died all of them by the time they were sixty my grandparents pushed that number to seventy my parents are closing in on eighty so ive -please dont tell me there are no consequences to these things there are there always are now -the most mindless epidemic were in the middle of right now is this absurd battle between -proponents of genetically engineered food and the organic elite its an idiotic debate it has to stop its a debate about words about metaphors -its ideology its not science -every single thing we eat every grain of rice every sprig of parsley every brussel sprout has been modified by man you know there werent tangerines in the garden of eden -there wasnt any cantaloupe -there werent christmas trees we made it all we made it over the last eleven thousand years -and some of it worked and some of it didnt we got rid of the stuff that didnt now we can do it in a more precise way and there are risks -absolutely but we can put something like vitamin a into rice and that stuff can help millions of people millions of people prolong their lives -you dont want to do that i i have to say i dont understand it we object to genetically engineered food why do we do that well the things i constantly hear are -thered better be thered better be a nine at the beginning of my death number but its not even about people like us because -too many chemicals pesticides hormones -monoculture we dont want giant fields of the same thing thats wrong -we dont want companies patenting life we dont want companies owning seeds and you know what my response to all of that is yes -youre right lets fix it its true weve got a huge food problem but this isnt science -this has nothing to do with science its law its morality its patent stuff you know science isnt a company its not a country -its not even an idea its a process -its a process and sometimes it works and sometimes it doesnt but the idea that we should not allow science to do its job because were afraid -is really very deadening and its preventing millions of people from prospering you know in the next -fifty years were going to have to grow seventy percent more food than we do right now seventy percent this is investment in africa over the last thirty years disgraceful disgraceful they need it and were not giving it to them and why -genetically engineered food we dont want to encourage people to eat that rotten stuff like cassava for instance cassavas something that half a billion people eat its kind of like a potato its just a bunch of calories it sucks -this is a bigger deal than that a kid born in new delhi today can expect to live as long as the richest man in the world did one hundred years ago -it doesnt have nutrients it doesnt have protein and scientists are engineering all of that into it right now -and then people would be able to eat it and theyd be able to not go blind they wouldnt starve and you know what that would be nice it wouldnt be chez panisse but it would be nice -and all i can say about this is -why are we fighting it why i mean lets ask ourselves why are we fighting it because we dont want to move genes around this is about moving genes around its not about chemicals -its not about our ridiculous passion for hormones our insistence on having bigger food better food singular food -this isnt about rice krispies this is about keeping people alive and its about time we started to understand what that meant because you know something if we dont -if we continue to act the way were acting were guilty of something that i dont think we want to be guilty of high tech colonialism theres no other way to describe whats going on here its selfish -its ugly its beneath us and we really have to stop it -so after this amazingly fun conversation -you might want to say so you still want to get in this ridiculous time machine and go forward -and absolutely absolutely i do its stuck in the present right now but we have an amazing opportunity we can set that time machine on anything we want we can move it where we want to move it -think about that its an incredible fact and why is it true -and were going to move it where we want to move it we have to have these conversations and we have to think but when we get in the time machine and we go ahead -were going to be happy we do i know that we can and as far as im concerned -thats something the world needs right now thank you -thank you -thank you -smallpox smallpox killed billions of people on this planet it reshaped the demography of the globe in a way that no war ever has its gone -and we got talking about music and i got an email from steve a few days later saying that nathaniel was interested in a violin lesson with me now i should mention that nathaniel refuses treatment -because when he was treated it was with shock therapy and thorazine and handcuffs and that scar has stayed with him for his entire life -but as a result now he is prone to these schizophrenic episodes the worst of which can manifest themselves as him exploding -and then disappearing for days wandering the streets of skid row exposed to its horrors with the torment of his own mind unleashed upon him -and nathaniel was in such a state of agitation when we started our first lesson at walt disney concert hall he had a kind of manic glint in his eyes he was lost -and he was talking about invisible demons and smoke and how someone was poisoning him in his sleep and i was afraid not for myself but i was afraid that i was going to lose him that he was going to sink into one of his states -one day los angeles times columnist steve lopez was walking along the streets of downtown los angeles when he heard -and that i would ruin his relationship with the violin if i started talking about scales and arpeggios and other exciting forms of didactic violin pedagogy -so i just started playing -and i played the first movement of the beethoven violin concerto and as i played i understood that there was a profound change occurring in nathaniels eyes -it was as if he was in the grip of some invisible pharmaceutical a chemical reaction for which my playing the music -was its catalyst and nathaniels manic rage -was transformed into understanding a quiet curiosity and grace -and in a miracle he lifted his own violin and he started playing by ear certain snippets of violin concertos which he then asked me to complete mendelssohn tchaikovsky sibelius -beautiful music and the source was a man -and we started talking about music from bach to beethoven and brahms bruckner all the bs from bartok all the way up to esa pekka salonen and i understood that he not only had an encyclopedic knowledge of music -but he related to this music at a personal level he spoke about it with the kind of passion and understanding that i share with my colleagues in the los angeles philharmonic -and through playing music and talking about music this man had transformed -from the paranoid disturbed man that had just come from walking the streets of downtown los angeles to the charming -erudite brilliant juilliard trained musician music is medicine -an african american man charming rugged homeless playing a violin that only had two strings -music changes us and for nathaniel music is sanity because music allows him to take his thoughts and delusions and shape them through his imagination and his creativity into reality -and that is an escape from his tormented state -and i understood that this was the very essence of art this was the very reason why we made music that we take something that exists within all of us at our very fundamental core our emotions -and through our artistic lens through our creativity were able to shape those emotions into reality -and the reality of that expression reaches all of us and moves us inspires and unites us -and for nathaniel music brought him back into a fold of friends -the redemptive power of music brought him back into a family of musicians that understood him that recognized his talents and respected him -and i will always make music with nathaniel whether were at walt disney concert hall or on skid row because he reminds me why i became a musician thank you -thank you thanks -and im telling a story that many of you know because steves columns became the basis for a book which was turned into a movie -robert gupta -i want to play something that i shamelessly stole from cellists so please forgive me -with robert downey jr acting as steve lopez and jamie foxx as nathaniel anthony ayers the juilliard trained double bassist whose promising career was cut short -by a tragic affliction with paranoid schizophrenia -nathaniel dropped out of juilliard he suffered a complete breakdown and thirty years later he was living homeless on the streets of skid row in downtown los angeles i encourage all of you to read steves book or to watch the movie to understand not only the beautiful bond -that formed between these two men but how music helped shape that bond and ultimately was instrumental if youll pardon the pun in helping nathaniel get off the streets -i met mister ayers in two thousand eight two years ago at walt disney concert hall he had just heard a performance of beethovens first and fourth symphonies and came backstage and introduced himself he was speaking in a very jovial and gregarious way about yo yo ma and hillary clinton and how the dodgers were never going to make the world series all because of the treacherous first violin passage work in the last movement in beethovens fourth symphony -there are a number of people who have a lot more uh oh moments than others and among the worst are recent graduates of business school -they lie they cheat they get distracted and they produce really lame structures and of course there are teams that have a lot more ta da structures and among the best are recent graduates of kindergarten -and -its pretty amazing as peter tells us not only do do they produce the tallest structures but theyre the most interesting structures of them all so the question you want to ask is how come -why what is it about them and peter likes to say that none of this none of the kids spend any time trying to be ceo of spaghetti inc -right they dont time spend time jockeying for power but theres another reason as well and the reason is that business students are trained to find the single right plan -several years ago here at ted peter skillman introduced a design challenge called the marshmallow challenge and the ideas pretty simple teams of four have to build the tallest free standing structure out of twenty sticks of spaghetti one yard of tape one yard of string and a marshmallow the marshmallow has to be on top and though it seems really simple its actually pretty hard because it forces people to collaborate very quickly -right and then they execute on it and then what happens is when they put the marshmallow on the top they run out of time and what happens its a crisis -sound familiar right ok what kindergarteners do differently is that they start with the marshmallow and they build prototypes successive prototypes -always keeping the marshmallow on top so they have multiple times to to fix ill built prototypes along the way so designers recognize this type of collaboration -as the essence of the iterative process and with each version kids get instant feedback about what works and what doesnt work -so the capacity to play in prototype is is really essential but lets look at how different teams perform -so the average for most people is around twenty inches business schools students about half of that lawyers a little better but not much better than that kindergarteners better than most adults who does the very best -architects and engineers thankfully and -thirty nine inches is the tallest structure i ive seen and why is it because they understand triangles and self re enforcing geometrical patterns are the key to building self reinforce stable structures -so ceos a little bit better than average but heres where it gets interesting if you put in an executive admin on the team they get significantly better -terrible you know -you look around you go oh that teams going to win you can just tell beforehand and why is that because they have specials skills of facilitation they manage the process they understand the process and any team who manages and pays a close attention to to work -will significantly improve the teams performance specialized skills and facilitation skills are the combination leads to to strong success -if you have ten teams that typically perform youll get maybe six or so that have standing structures and i i tried something interesting i thought lets -up the ante once so i offered a ten thousand dollar prize of software to the winning team so what do you think happened to these design students what was the result -heres what happened -not one team had a standing structure not one had a a if anyone had built say a one inch structure they could have taken home the prize so isnt it interesting that high stakes have a strong impact we did the exercise again with the same students what do you think happened then so now they understand the value of prototyping -so the same team went from being the very worst to being among the very best they produced the tallest structures in the least amount of time so theres deep lessons for us about the nature of incentives and success -so you might ask why would anyone actually spend time writing a marshmallow challenge and the reason is i help create digital tools and processes to help teams build cars and video games and visual effects -and what the marshmallow challenge does is it helps them identify the hidden assumptions because frankly -every project has its own marshmallow doesnt it the challenge provides a shared experience a common language a common stance to build the right prototype and so this is the value of the experience of this so simple exercise and those of you who are interested may want to go to marshmallowchallenge dot com its a blog that you can look at how to build the marshmallows theres step by step instructions on this there are -crazy examples from around the world of how people tweak and adjust the system theres world records on this as well -and the fundamental lesson i believe is that design truly is a contact sport it demands that we bring all of our senses to the task and that we apply the very best of our thinking our feeling and our doing to the challenge that we have at hand and sometimes a little prototype of this experience is all that it takes to turn us from an uh oh moment to a ta da moment and that can make a big difference thank you very much -and so i thought that this was an interesting idea and i incorporated it into a design workshop and it was a huge success and since then ive -conducted about seventy design workshops across the world with students and designers and architects even the ctos of the fortune fifty and theres something about this exercise that reveals very deep lessons about the nature of collaboration and id like to share some of them with you so -normally most people begin by orienting themselves to the task they talk about it they figure out what its going to look like they jockey for power then they spend some time planning organizing they sketch in they lay out spaghetti they spend the majority of their time assembling the sticks into ever growing structures and then -finally just as theyre running out of time someone takes out the marshmallow and then they gingerly put it on top and they stand back -and ta da -they admire their work but what really happens most of the time is that the ta da turns into an uh oh because the weight of the 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+2 +2420 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +2 +2420 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -2787,8 +68426,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1720 --3.85827 +2420 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -2818,13 +68457,7 @@ -1 -1 -1 -25 -2489 --3.85827 -1 -25 -2489 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -2837,9 +68470,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -25 -2489 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -2852,9 +68482,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -24 -435 --2.81762 -1 -1 -1 @@ -2880,9 +68507,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -24 -435 --2.81762 -1 -1 -1 @@ -2922,6 +68546,71 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +3072 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3072 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3072 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3072 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -2983,151 +68672,8 @@ -1 -1 19 -575 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -9 -1033 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1033 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1033 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1033 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1033 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1033 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +3363 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -3140,6 +68686,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +5 +3363 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -3161,68 +68710,23 @@ -1 -1 5 -1412 --3.85827 +3363 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -5 -1412 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1412 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1412 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1412 --3.85827 +3363 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -3243,8 +68747,74 @@ -1 -1 1 -1412 --3.85827 +3363 +-4.00452 +-1 +1 +3363 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3363 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3363 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3363 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -3343,6 +68913,156 @@ -1 -1 -1 +4 +2128 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +4 +2128 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +4 +2128 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2128 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +650 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -3359,26 +69079,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -866 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -866 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +95 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -3394,8 +69096,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -866 --3.85827 +95 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -3405,151 +69107,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -882 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -882 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -882 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 1 -889 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -889 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +95 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -3565,15 +69125,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -882 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +95 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -3582,1046 +69135,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -882 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -882 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -575 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -575 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -575 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -575 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -575 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -575 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -575 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -575 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -842 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -842 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -842 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -842 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -842 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -842 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -15 -222 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -591 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -591 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -591 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -591 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -591 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -591 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1063 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1063 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1063 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1063 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1063 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1063 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1063 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1063 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1063 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -252 --3.70291 --1 -2 -252 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -252 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -252 --3.70291 --1 +95 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -4718,54 +69233,28 @@ -1 -1 11 -222 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -11 -222 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -11 -222 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +355 +-4.00452 -1 +2 +2674 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 1 -222 --3.85827 +2674 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -4782,8 +69271,39 @@ -1 -1 1 -222 --3.85827 +2674 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -4800,8 +69320,84 @@ -1 -1 1 -222 --3.85827 +1255 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1255 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +3 +355 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -4817,8 +69413,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -222 --3.85827 +355 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -4858,6 +69454,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +5 +445 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -4873,6 +69472,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +5 +445 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -4892,6 +69494,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +4 +2158 +-3.58532 -1 -1 -1 @@ -4901,6 +69506,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +4 +2158 +-3.58532 -1 -1 -1 @@ -4921,6 +69529,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +4 +2158 +-3.58532 -1 -1 -1 @@ -4935,13 +69546,7 @@ -1 -1 -1 -31 -2169 --3.85827 -1 -15 -137 --3.24847 -1 -1 -1 @@ -4951,10 +69556,10 @@ -1 -1 -1 -15 -137 --3.24847 -1 +4 +2158 +-3.58532 -1 -1 -1 @@ -4968,9 +69573,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -15 -137 --3.24847 -1 -1 -1 @@ -4990,9 +69592,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -6 -137 --3.24847 -1 -1 -1 @@ -5013,13 +69612,13 @@ -1 -1 -1 -6 -137 --3.24847 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +445 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -5039,6 +69638,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +445 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -5093,9 +69695,497 @@ -1 -1 -1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3248 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3248 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3181 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3181 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3181 +-4.00452 +-1 +1 +3181 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3181 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2803 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +504 +1122 +-4.00452 +-1 +51 +1400 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +4 +2230 +-4.00452 +-1 +3 +1873 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +59 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +59 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1873 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1873 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +14 +2980 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +4 +1044 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 3 -1081 --3.61058 +2155 +-3.73612 -1 -1 -1 @@ -5127,119 +70217,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -690 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -690 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -690 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -690 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -690 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 -3 -690 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1 +1044 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -5254,6 +70234,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +1044 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -5314,2330 +70297,8 @@ -1 -1 6 -480 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -2169 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -2169 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -2169 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2530 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2174 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2174 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2174 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2169 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2169 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2169 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2169 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -15 -1064 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -4 -27 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -27 --3.61058 --1 -4 -27 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1198 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1198 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1064 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1539 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1539 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -1235 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1573 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1573 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1573 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1573 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1573 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1465 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1465 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1465 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1465 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1465 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -456 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -456 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -456 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1230 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2535 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2535 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2535 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2535 --3.85827 --1 -1 -2535 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2535 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -115 -824 --3.85827 --1 --1 -1 -1538 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1538 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1538 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2432 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2432 --3.70291 --1 -2 -2432 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2432 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2432 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2432 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2432 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -824 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -824 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -824 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -72 -2113 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -2113 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -2113 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1437 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1437 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2113 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2113 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2113 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -533 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -533 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -533 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -533 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1085 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1085 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1085 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1566 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1566 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1566 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1566 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1566 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -17 -297 --2.88303 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -17 -297 --2.88303 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2773 +-3.47359 -1 -1 -1 @@ -7664,137 +70325,8 @@ -1 -1 6 -1226 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -344 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -344 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -344 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -344 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -344 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2773 +-3.47359 -1 -1 -1 @@ -7826,9 +70358,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1226 --3.85827 --1 +3214 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -7849,8 +70380,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1226 --3.85827 +3214 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -7872,24 +70403,15 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -1226 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1226 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1226 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -7897,1752 +70419,41 @@ -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -538 --3.3392 --1 -7 -538 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -538 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -538 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -49 -196 --3.85827 --1 -15 -1336 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -15 -1336 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1591 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1591 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -13 -1598 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -13 -1598 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -13 -1598 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1598 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1598 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1336 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1336 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -23 -571 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -23 -571 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -23 -571 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 -23 -571 --3.45403 --1 -23 -571 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -17 -2349 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -2349 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -836 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2385 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2385 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -836 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -836 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -836 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1291 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1291 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1291 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1291 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1291 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1291 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1291 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -593 -328 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1661 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1661 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1661 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1661 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1661 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2505 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2505 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2505 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2505 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2505 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -509 -36 --1.44506 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2006 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2006 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2006 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2006 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2006 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2006 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2006 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -1249 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 3 -1249 --3.85827 +2980 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +3 +2980 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +3 +2980 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -9656,19 +70467,13 @@ -1 -1 2 -1249 --3.85827 +913 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1249 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -9686,8 +70491,30 @@ -1 -1 2 -1249 --3.85827 +913 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +913 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -9751,13 +70578,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -2405 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -9804,8 +70624,16 @@ -1 -1 3 -611 --3.61058 +1494 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1494 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -9825,30 +70653,13 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +1494 +-4.00452 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -611 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1 +1494 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -9875,8 +70686,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1556 --3.85827 +1494 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -9890,13 +70701,7 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -1556 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1556 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -9917,9 +70722,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -1556 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -9929,9 +70731,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -1556 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -9947,9 +70746,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -1556 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -9961,362 +70757,336 @@ -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1556 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -11 -502 --3.00441 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -11 -502 --3.00441 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -11 -502 --3.00441 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -11 -502 --3.00441 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 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--1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +243 +-3.38481 -1 -1 -1 @@ -10664,83 +71223,8 @@ -1 -1 6 -181 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -181 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -181 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -181 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -181 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +243 +-3.38481 -1 -1 -1 @@ -10782,11 +71266,20 @@ -1 -1 -1 +110 +1122 +-4.00452 -1 +16 +768 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 +2 +38 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -10817,23 +71310,16 @@ -1 -1 2 -328 --3.85827 +3313 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 1 -328 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2770 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -10849,21 +71335,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -328 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2770 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -10873,6 +71346,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +2770 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -10888,27 +71364,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -2423 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2423 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2770 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -10917,16 +71374,13 @@ -1 -1 1 -2423 --3.85827 +2770 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2423 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -11034,47 +71488,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -13 -654 --3.85827 --1 -3 -654 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -654 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -11083,12 +71496,8 @@ -1 -1 3 -654 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 +768 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -11099,16 +71508,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -654 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -654 --3.85827 +768 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -11124,8 +71525,198 @@ -1 -1 1 -654 --3.85827 +768 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +768 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 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+-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1542 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1542 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1542 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1542 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -14488,22 +226479,42 @@ -1 -1 71 -341 --3.85827 +3312 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +1141 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1259 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1259 --3.85827 +3375 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3375 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -14519,136 +226530,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1259 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1259 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1259 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1259 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1259 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +3375 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -14710,12 +226593,21 @@ -1 -1 1 -341 --3.85827 +1141 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 -1 1 -341 --3.85827 +1141 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -14731,8 +226623,156 @@ -1 -1 1 -341 --3.85827 +1141 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1141 +-4.00452 +-1 +1 +1141 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1141 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1141 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1141 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -14801,24 +226841,58 @@ -1 -1 -1 -11 -1419 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 6 -1360 --3.3392 +2881 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 6 -1360 --3.3392 +2881 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +60 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -14844,6 +226918,48 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +60 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2633 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -14874,8 +226990,13 @@ -1 -1 1 -1607 --3.85827 +2881 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -14891,8 +227012,129 @@ -1 -1 1 -1607 --3.85827 +2881 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +8 +976 +-3.73612 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +8 +976 +-3.73612 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +8 +976 +-3.73612 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +4 +976 +-3.73612 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +4 +976 +-3.73612 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -14900,9 +227142,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -1607 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -14974,33 +227213,16 @@ -1 -1 1 -1419 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1178 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1178 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -15020,466 +227242,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -2458 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2458 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2458 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2458 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -62 -1001 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2017 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2017 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2017 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2017 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1001 --3.85827 --1 -2 -1001 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1001 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1001 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1001 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1001 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2227 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2227 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2227 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1178 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -15540,45 +227304,16 @@ -1 -1 2 -2000 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1248 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 -2000 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2000 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2000 --3.85827 --1 +1248 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -15593,8 +227328,10 @@ -1 -1 1 -2000 --3.85827 +744 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -15603,90 +227340,18 @@ -1 -1 1 -2000 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +744 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 +1 +744 +-4.00452 -1 +1 +744 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -15700,8 +227365,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -2037 --3.85827 +744 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -15711,9 +227376,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -2037 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -15736,322 +227398,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -2037 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2037 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2037 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2037 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2037 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2037 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2467 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2467 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2467 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2467 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2467 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2467 --3.85827 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -16170,108 +227516,23 @@ -1 -1 8 -1697 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1697 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1697 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1697 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1697 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1697 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1697 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +358 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 +2 +358 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +2 +358 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -16290,6 +227551,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +358 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -16305,6 +227569,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +358 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -16327,704 +227594,8 @@ -1 -1 2 -1488 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1924 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1924 --3.85827 --1 --1 -1 -1924 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1924 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1924 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1924 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1924 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1924 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1924 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2229 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2229 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2229 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2229 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2229 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2229 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2229 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2495 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2495 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2495 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2495 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2495 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2495 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2495 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +358 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -17045,8 +227616,8 @@ -1 -1 2 -628 --3.70291 +358 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -17059,279 +227630,20 @@ -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -155 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1141 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1141 --3.70291 --1 -3 -1141 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1141 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1141 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -155 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -155 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -155 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 1 -509 --3.85827 +358 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -17347,8 +227659,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -509 --3.85827 +358 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -17356,9 +227668,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -509 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -17474,178 +227783,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -12 -1055 --3.85827 --1 -8 -1055 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1055 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1055 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1055 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1055 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 6 -639 --3.24847 +755 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -17676,12 +227816,168 @@ -1 -1 -1 +5 +2570 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +5 +2570 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +2570 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +2570 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +5 +3312 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +1006 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1725 --3.85827 +1006 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -17702,83 +227998,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1725 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1725 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1725 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1725 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1006 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -17831,17 +228052,8 @@ -1 -1 3 -2456 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +3312 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -17855,23 +228067,249 @@ -1 -1 3 -2456 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +3312 +-4.00452 -1 3 -2456 --3.85827 +3312 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3312 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3312 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +626 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +5 +3276 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3276 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +4 +1054 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1054 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -17885,8 +228323,357 @@ -1 -1 1 -2456 --3.85827 +1054 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1054 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +10 +1808 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +8 +1808 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1489 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1489 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1489 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1489 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1489 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +7 +1808 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +7 +1808 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1808 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1808 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1808 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1808 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -17913,8 +228700,142 @@ -1 -1 1 -2456 --3.85827 +1808 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +6 +163 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +4 +1229 +-3.58532 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +163 +-3.9051 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -18003,20 +228924,8 @@ -1 -1 2 -2029 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2029 --3.85827 +711 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -18029,9 +228938,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -2 -2029 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -18044,19 +228950,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -2 -2029 --3.85827 --1 -2 -2029 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -18068,15 +228961,13 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +1920 +-4.00452 -1 1 -2029 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1920 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -18098,8 +228989,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -2029 --3.85827 +1920 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -18115,11 +229006,17 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +1920 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1920 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -18139,6 +229036,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +1920 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -18216,19 +229116,143 @@ -1 -1 -1 -571 -40 --3.85827 -1 -47 -549 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 -13 -2434 --3.85827 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +4 +1109 +-3.73612 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +4 +1109 +-3.73612 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +4 +1109 +-3.73612 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +4 +1109 +-3.73612 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -18241,609 +229265,16 @@ -1 -1 13 -2434 --3.85827 +1090 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2434 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2434 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2177 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2177 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2177 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -549 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1513 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1953 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1953 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1953 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1953 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1513 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -549 --3.85827 --1 -1 -549 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -549 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -549 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -549 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -549 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1726 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1726 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 +13 +1090 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -18862,6 +229293,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +13 +1090 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -18882,1578 +229316,8 @@ -1 -1 2 -2436 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -624 --3.85827 --1 --1 -3 -624 --3.85827 --1 -1 -624 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -624 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -624 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -624 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1949 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1949 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1320 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1320 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -11 -714 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1339 --3.85827 --1 --1 -1 -2282 --3.85827 --1 -1 -2282 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2282 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2282 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1339 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1918 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1918 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1918 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1918 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -714 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -6 -714 --3.85827 --1 -5 -944 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -944 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -944 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -944 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -871 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1799 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1799 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1799 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -1056 --3.17346 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -1056 --3.17346 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -1056 --3.17346 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -1056 --3.17346 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -236 -219 --3.85827 --1 -10 -1255 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1255 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1255 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -449 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -449 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -719 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -719 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -719 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -719 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -719 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -719 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -62 -2521 --3.85827 --1 -53 -536 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -536 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -536 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -49 -60 --2.32664 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -49 -60 --2.32664 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -49 -60 --2.32664 --1 --1 --1 +1090 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -20527,3464 +229391,19 @@ -1 -1 -1 +148 +2464 +-4.00452 -1 9 -2521 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -9 -2521 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -9 -2521 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2521 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -633 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1974 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1974 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1974 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1974 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -633 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -633 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -633 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -633 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -20 -120 --3.00441 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -20 -120 --3.00441 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -178 --3.17346 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -178 --3.17346 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -178 --3.17346 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -178 --3.17346 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -10 -985 --3.85827 --1 -6 -1096 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -1096 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -985 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -985 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -985 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -985 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -985 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -985 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1903 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -11 -1674 --3.85827 --1 -6 -1674 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -1674 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1674 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -528 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -528 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -528 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -888 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1195 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1195 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1195 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -12 -219 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -12 -219 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -12 -219 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -219 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -18 -1133 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -9 -2301 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -9 -2301 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -9 -2301 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -9 -2301 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2301 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -1684 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1684 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1684 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1684 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1133 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1133 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -9 -634 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -9 -634 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -19 -1624 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -535 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -535 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -535 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -10 -1175 --3.10952 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -10 -1175 --3.10952 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -10 -1175 --3.10952 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -10 -1175 --3.10952 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -50 -640 --3.85827 --1 --1 -27 -375 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -27 -375 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -23 -305 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -405 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -375 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 -4 -375 --3.70291 --1 -4 -375 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -375 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -375 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -375 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -11 -640 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -640 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -640 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -640 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -1453 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -1453 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +485 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 3 -1453 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -793 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -793 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -793 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -793 --3.85827 --1 -1 -793 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -793 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -537 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1353 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1353 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1353 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1353 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1353 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -24 -790 --3.85827 --1 -6 -1017 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 -6 -1017 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -1017 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1092 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2107 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2107 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1092 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1092 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1092 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1092 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1092 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -12 -790 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1375 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1375 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2517 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -1089 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -1089 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1089 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +485 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -24006,906 +229425,8 @@ -1 -1 3 -790 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -797 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -797 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -797 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1744 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1744 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1744 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1744 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1744 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1744 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1744 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -33 -636 --3.85827 --1 -1 -840 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -840 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -840 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -822 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -822 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -837 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -837 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -837 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -837 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -837 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -837 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1162 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2254 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1162 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1162 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -636 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -636 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -636 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +485 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -24916,471 +229437,22 @@ -1 -1 3 -1159 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1159 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -10 -1256 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1900 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1900 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1900 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1900 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1900 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1900 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -1662 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1662 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1662 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +485 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 2 -1256 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1256 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1256 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -655 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +485 +-4.00452 -1 1 -655 --3.85827 +3300 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -25390,8 +229462,28 @@ -1 -1 1 -655 --3.85827 +3300 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3300 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -25413,8 +229505,11 @@ -1 -1 1 -655 --3.85827 +3300 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -25476,1043 +229571,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1529 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1529 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1529 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1529 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1529 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1213 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -23 -40 --3.85827 --1 -4 -40 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -920 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -920 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -40 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -40 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -214 --3.85827 --1 -7 -214 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -214 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -214 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -214 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2320 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2320 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2320 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2008 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2008 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2022 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1681 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1681 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1681 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1681 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1681 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -333 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1567 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1567 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1567 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1567 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1850 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1850 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2053 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2053 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2053 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +485 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -26579,706 +229639,16 @@ -1 -1 1 -2406 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -333 --3.85827 --1 -2 -333 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -333 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -333 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -333 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -2 -333 --3.85827 --1 -2 -333 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1455 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1378 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1480 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1480 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -17 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -17 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -17 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -17 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1455 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1455 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1455 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1593 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1593 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -110 -1082 --3.85827 --1 --1 -1 -1582 --3.85827 --1 --1 -1 -1582 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1582 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1582 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 +1378 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -27368,27 +229738,8 @@ -1 -1 3 -2239 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2239 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2239 --3.70291 --1 +1613 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -27409,235 +229760,16 @@ -1 -1 3 -2239 --3.70291 +1613 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -2292 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -2292 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -2292 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2292 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1520 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1520 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1520 --3.85827 --1 +3 +1613 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -27712,123 +229844,16 @@ -1 -1 3 -1091 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 +503 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1091 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1091 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1091 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1532 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1532 --3.85827 +503 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -27848,898 +229873,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1532 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1894 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1894 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1894 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1894 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1894 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1894 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1894 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1219 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1219 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1219 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1219 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1219 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1219 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1749 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -90 -1082 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1082 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1082 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1082 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1082 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1082 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1082 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1794 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1794 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1794 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1794 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2255 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2255 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2255 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2255 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +503 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -28805,1718 +229940,18 @@ -1 -1 48 -2119 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2119 --3.85827 --1 -1 -2119 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2119 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2119 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2119 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2119 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -531 -185 --3.85827 --1 -160 -325 --3.85827 --1 --1 -2 -325 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1551 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1551 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1551 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1551 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -325 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -818 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -818 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -818 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -818 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -818 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -818 --3.70291 --1 -2 -818 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -818 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -794 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -794 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -31 -1980 --3.85827 --1 -1 -2203 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2203 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2203 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2203 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2203 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1980 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1980 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1980 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1980 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1980 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1980 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -29 -709 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -19 -287 --2.76079 --1 --1 --1 --1 -19 -287 --2.76079 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -709 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -12 -772 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -87 --3.24847 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -772 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -772 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -772 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -772 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1022 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -70 -446 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -5 -2009 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -2009 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -2009 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -791 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2157 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2157 --3.85827 --1 -1 -2157 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -791 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -791 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -791 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +631 +-4.00452 -1 +4 +3536 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 +4 +3536 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -30526,392 +229961,23 @@ -1 -1 4 -446 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +3536 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 4 -446 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -446 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -813 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -2313 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2313 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2313 --3.85827 --1 -3 -2313 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2313 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2313 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2313 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2480 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +3536 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 -2313 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2313 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +3536 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -30954,10 +230020,8 @@ -1 -1 2 -2508 --3.70291 --1 --1 +2276 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -30978,8 +230042,8 @@ -1 -1 2 -2508 --3.70291 +2276 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -30998,619 +230062,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -2 -2508 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2508 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2508 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -19 -656 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -910 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -910 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1907 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1907 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -910 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -910 --3.85827 --1 -1 -910 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -910 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -910 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -910 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -910 --3.85827 --1 -1 -910 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -910 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -10 -2032 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2032 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2032 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2032 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2032 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2032 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -31704,61 +230155,16 @@ -1 -1 3 -656 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -656 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -656 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -656 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1985 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +3 +1985 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -31773,11 +230179,20 @@ -1 -1 -1 +3 +1985 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 +3 +1985 +-4.00452 -1 +2 +1443 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -31796,6 +230211,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +1443 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -31822,20 +230240,20 @@ -1 -1 2 -599 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -599 --3.70291 +1443 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -31850,9 +230268,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -2 -599 --3.70291 -1 -1 -1 @@ -31860,9 +230275,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -2 -599 --3.70291 -1 -1 -1 @@ -31954,54 +230366,31 @@ -1 -1 8 -1537 --3.85827 +631 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -3 -2134 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1537 --3.85827 +1 +2848 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2848 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +2848 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -32017,26 +230406,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1537 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2848 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -32058,8 +230429,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1920 --3.85827 +2848 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -32079,9 +230450,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -1920 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -32134,131 +230502,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -4 -1834 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1834 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1834 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1834 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1834 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1834 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1834 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -32284,6 +230527,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +6 +631 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -32303,11 +230549,17 @@ -1 -1 -1 +6 +631 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +6 +631 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -32320,6 +230572,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +5 +3006 +-3.73612 -1 -1 -1 @@ -32346,8 +230601,33 @@ -1 -1 5 -2073 --3.85827 +3006 +-3.73612 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -32367,17 +230647,11 @@ -1 -1 -1 -5 -2073 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -4 -557 --3.45403 -1 -1 -1 @@ -32410,8 +230684,27 @@ -1 -1 1 -2073 --3.85827 +2619 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2619 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2619 +-4.00452 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -32427,8 +230720,22 @@ -1 -1 1 -2073 --3.85827 +2619 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -32437,8 +230744,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -2073 --3.85827 +2619 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -32458,6 +230765,1039 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +2619 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 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+-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1036 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1036 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1036 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -32535,9 +231875,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -26 -463 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -32550,22 +231887,13 @@ -1 -1 -1 -4 -1311 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -4 -1311 --3.85827 -1 -1 -4 -1311 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -32584,13 +231912,7 @@ -1 -1 -1 -4 -1311 --3.85827 -1 -4 -1311 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -32611,35 +231933,84 @@ -1 -1 -1 -4 -1311 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 3 -1311 --3.85827 +48 +-4.00452 +-1 +3 +48 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +3 +48 +-4.00452 +-1 +1 +48 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -2543 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +48 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +48 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -32658,6 +232029,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +48 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -32684,8 +232058,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1314 --3.85827 +48 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -32700,27 +232074,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -1314 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1314 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -32768,10 +232121,16 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +3512 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 -1 +2 +3512 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -32883,13 +232242,16 @@ -1 -1 17 -2341 --3.85827 +2502 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +13 +2757 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -32904,34270 +232266,23 @@ -1 -1 -1 --1 -17 -2341 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -123 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -123 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -2341 --3.85827 --1 -2 -2435 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +13 +2757 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 2 -2435 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2341 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2341 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2341 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +679 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 -2341 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1364 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -570 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -570 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -570 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2555 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -463 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2099 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2099 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2099 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2099 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2099 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -463 --3.85827 --1 -2 -463 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -463 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -463 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -463 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -463 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2033 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2033 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2033 --3.85827 --1 -1 -2033 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2033 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -79 -406 --3.85827 --1 -31 -464 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1748 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1748 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1748 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -464 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -464 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -464 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -464 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -464 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -464 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -506 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -506 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -506 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -21 -1934 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -21 -1934 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -15 -1934 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -529 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1934 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -356 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -356 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -356 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1234 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1234 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1146 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1146 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1146 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1146 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1862 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1862 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1862 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1862 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1862 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1862 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1994 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1994 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 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--3.61058 --1 -15 -2310 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -15 -2310 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2310 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2310 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -12 -2264 --2.96007 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -1976 --3.85827 --1 -4 -2102 --3.85827 --1 --1 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--1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1157 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1157 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1041 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1041 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1041 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1041 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1041 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 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--1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2237 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2237 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2237 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2237 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -855 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -855 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -855 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -855 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -855 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -855 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -19 -954 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -19 -954 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1519 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1519 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1519 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1519 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -954 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -954 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -954 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -954 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -954 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1588 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1588 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1588 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1588 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1856 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1856 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1856 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -886 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -886 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -886 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -886 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -27 -301 --3.85827 --1 -11 -1420 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -11 -1420 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1358 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1358 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1358 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1420 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -590 --3.85827 --1 -2 -1093 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1093 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -590 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -590 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -582 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -582 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -590 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -590 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -590 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1449 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -874 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1825 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1825 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1825 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1825 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2390 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2390 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2390 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2390 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2390 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -874 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1395 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1395 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -874 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -874 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -874 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1897 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1897 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1897 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1897 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1897 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -872 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -872 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -872 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -301 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -439 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -439 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -439 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -439 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -439 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1474 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1474 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1474 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1474 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1563 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1563 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1563 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1563 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1563 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1563 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1563 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1563 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1563 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -307 -127 --3.85827 --1 -38 -843 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -15 -59 --2.8491 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -15 -59 --2.8491 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1167 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1167 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1167 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 +679 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -67235,62 +232350,12 @@ -1 -1 11 -931 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -644 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -644 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2757 +-4.00452 -1 +1 +2080 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -67312,23 +232377,69 @@ -1 -1 1 -2088 --3.85827 +2080 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2080 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -2088 --3.85827 +2080 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -2088 --3.85827 +2080 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -67404,19 +232515,8 @@ -1 -1 2 -931 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -932 --3.85827 +2475 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -67432,9 +232532,19 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -932 --3.85827 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +2475 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -67449,19 +232559,11 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -932 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -932 --3.85827 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -67480,8 +232582,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -932 --3.85827 +2757 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -67551,6 +232653,236 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +1986 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +1986 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +1986 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +2502 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +2502 +-4.00452 +-1 +1 +472 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +1 +472 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +472 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +472 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -67569,9 +232901,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -931 --3.85827 --1 +2502 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -67593,8 +232924,10 @@ -1 -1 1 -931 --3.85827 +2502 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -67603,12 +232936,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -931 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2502 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -67625,8 +232954,54 @@ -1 -1 1 -931 --3.85827 +2502 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2502 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -67708,8 +233083,521 @@ -1 -1 3 -1761 --3.85827 +1549 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1549 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1549 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1549 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1549 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1549 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1549 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1549 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1549 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1549 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +1374 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +1374 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +4 +37 +-4.00452 +-1 +1 +2834 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2834 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2834 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2834 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2834 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -67719,8 +233607,8 @@ -1 -1 3 -1761 --3.85827 +37 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -67736,11 +233624,74 @@ -1 -1 -1 +3 +37 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +3 +37 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +3 +37 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 2 -1761 --3.85827 +1216 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -67763,12 +233714,9 @@ -1 -1 2 -1761 --3.85827 +1216 +-3.9051 -1 -2 -1761 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -67780,17 +233728,11 @@ -1 -1 -1 -2 -1761 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1761 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -67865,143 +233807,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -9 -1042 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1042 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1042 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 1 -1042 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +944 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -68035,690 +233843,79 @@ -1 -1 -1 +19 +2464 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 6 -340 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1342 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -843 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -951 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -951 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -951 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1294 --3.85827 --1 --1 -2 -1294 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1501 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -19 -2286 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -19 -2286 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -19 -2286 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -19 -2286 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -19 -2286 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -12 -2286 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2286 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2443 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -9 -2428 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -9 -2428 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -2312 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -2498 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2498 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2576 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 5 -629 --3.85827 +1641 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1641 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -68727,16 +233924,91 @@ -1 -1 1 -2133 --3.85827 +2576 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -2133 --3.85827 +2576 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2576 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2576 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -68789,139 +234061,16 @@ -1 -1 4 -629 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1858 --3.70291 --1 --1 -3 -1858 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1858 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1858 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1858 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1858 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2587 +-3.58532 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +4 +2587 +-3.58532 -1 -1 -1 @@ -68972,6 +234121,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +1715 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -68992,11 +234144,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -629 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 +1715 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -69009,19 +234158,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -629 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -69031,8 +234167,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -629 --3.85827 +1715 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -69053,13 +234189,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -629 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1715 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -69118,4292 +234249,25 @@ -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2061 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2061 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 1 -2061 --3.85827 +1460 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -2061 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1170 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 +1460 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1170 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1170 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1170 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1170 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2297 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2297 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2297 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2297 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2297 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2297 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -10 -521 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -521 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -521 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -521 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -521 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1653 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1653 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1653 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1653 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -14 -127 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1286 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1286 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1286 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1286 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1286 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 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--1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -332 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 -2 -332 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -332 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -332 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -332 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -332 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -332 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -332 --3.70291 --1 -2 -332 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -20 -1197 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1079 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1079 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1197 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1197 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1197 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1584 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2045 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2045 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2045 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -73447,1013 +234311,22 @@ -1 -1 4 -318 --3.85827 --1 -2 -318 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -318 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -318 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2554 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2289 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2289 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2289 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2289 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2289 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2289 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2289 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1733 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1733 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1733 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1733 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1930 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1930 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1930 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1930 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1930 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1930 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1930 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1930 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1930 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2025 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2025 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2025 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2025 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -864 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1608 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1608 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -864 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2464 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 4 -864 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -864 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1689 --3.85827 --1 +2464 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +2 +127 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -74474,57 +234347,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1689 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1559 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -74545,14 +234369,16 @@ -1 -1 1 -1991 --3.85827 --1 +1559 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1559 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -74573,265 +234399,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1991 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -249 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -249 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -249 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -249 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -249 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -249 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -249 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -249 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -249 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1559 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -74910,13 +234479,8 @@ -1 -1 2 -75 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2464 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -74934,12 +234498,8 @@ -1 -1 2 -75 --3.70291 --1 -2 -75 --3.70291 +2464 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -74953,596 +234513,16 @@ -1 -1 2 -75 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2464 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 -988 --3.85827 --1 -2 -988 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -477 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2269 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2269 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2269 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2269 --3.70291 --1 -2 -2269 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2269 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2269 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2269 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -477 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -477 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -477 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -477 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -477 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -915 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1963 --3.85827 --1 --1 -1 -1963 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1963 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1963 --3.85827 +2464 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -75563,8 +234543,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1963 --3.85827 +2304 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -75573,24 +234553,15 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -1963 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1963 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1963 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -75707,445 +234678,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -915 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -915 --3.85827 --1 -1 -915 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -915 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -915 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -915 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2106 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2106 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2106 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2106 --3.85827 --1 -1 -2106 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2106 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 3 -914 --3.85827 +250 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -76155,6 +234690,12 @@ -1 -1 -1 +3 +250 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -76165,16 +234706,16 @@ -1 -1 3 -914 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 +250 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +3 +250 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -76183,39 +234724,51 @@ -1 -1 3 -914 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -914 --3.85827 +250 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 3 -914 --3.85827 +250 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 1 -1493 --3.85827 +3116 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -76231,8 +234784,30 @@ -1 -1 1 -1493 --3.85827 +250 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -76355,580 +234930,61 @@ -1 -1 72 -630 --3.85827 +3497 +-4.00452 -1 -2 -738 --3.70291 -1 +10 +3497 +-4.00452 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -738 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -738 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -738 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -738 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -738 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 -2 -738 --3.70291 --1 -2 -738 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -738 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -69 -1094 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -20 -1094 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1094 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1164 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1267 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1267 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1267 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1267 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1267 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -47 -1495 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -39 -1495 --3.70291 +7 +3497 +-4.00452 -1 -1 7 -1495 --3.70291 +3497 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3408 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3408 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3408 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -76944,16 +235000,14 @@ -1 -1 -1 -7 -1495 --3.70291 -1 -1 -1 -1 -7 -1495 --3.70291 +-1 +1 +3408 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -76979,9 +235033,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 -7 -1495 --3.70291 +1 +3408 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -77001,137 +235055,70 @@ -1 -1 -1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 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+236528,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +280 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -77542,6 +236550,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +280 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -77616,19 +236627,10 @@ -1 -1 -1 -75 -188 --3.85827 -1 -23 -1570 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 -5 -1570 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -77647,11 +236649,11 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +2119 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -5 -1570 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -77664,15 +236666,430 @@ -1 -1 -1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2119 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2119 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2119 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2119 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2119 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2119 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 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--1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1873 --3.70291 --1 -3 -1873 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1873 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1873 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1873 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 +748 +-3.31113 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +7 +748 +-3.31113 -1 -1 -1 @@ -78962,6 +244859,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +7 +748 +-3.31113 -1 -1 -1 @@ -79045,9 +244945,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -2336 --3.85827 --1 +1709 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -79068,90 +244967,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -2336 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2336 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2336 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1709 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -79168,15 +244985,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1701 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1709 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -79192,524 +245002,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1701 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1701 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1701 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1701 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1701 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -844 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -844 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -844 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -844 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -844 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -844 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1287 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1287 --3.85827 --1 --1 -1 -1287 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1287 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1287 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1287 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1287 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1287 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1709 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -79776,10 +245070,19 @@ -1 -1 -1 +189 +74 +-4.00452 -1 +41 +74 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 +4 +2851 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -79789,30 +245092,23 @@ -1 -1 4 -929 --3.85827 +2851 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +3 +2492 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -929 --3.85827 +3 +2492 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -79833,24 +245129,292 @@ -1 -1 -1 -4 -929 --3.85827 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2851 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2851 +-4.00452 +-1 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--1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2841 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -80823,71 +245612,8 @@ -1 -1 3 -352 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2841 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -80907,6 +245633,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +2841 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -80928,18 +245657,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -838 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2841 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -80950,157 +245669,14 @@ -1 -1 1 -838 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -592 --3.85827 --1 -5 -592 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -592 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -592 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--1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -417 -103 --3.85827 --1 -53 -661 --3.85827 --1 --1 -1 -801 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -801 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -801 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -801 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -801 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -82311,16 +248080,20 @@ -1 -1 13 -1362 --3.85827 +3118 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -8 -970 --3.61058 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +4 +3118 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -82335,154 +248108,24 @@ -1 -1 -1 +4 +3118 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +4 +3118 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 3 -970 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1362 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 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+-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -83917,466 +266668,8 @@ -1 -1 2 -661 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -661 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -661 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -661 --3.85827 --1 -1 -661 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -661 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -661 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -661 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -661 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1599 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -810 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1916 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1916 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1916 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2043 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2043 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2043 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2043 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1608 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -84392,6 +266685,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +1608 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -84406,6 +266702,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +1608 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -84460,26 +266759,23 @@ -1 -1 4 -1512 --3.85827 +2082 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +2 +2082 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1512 --3.85827 +2 +2082 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -84498,18 +266794,124 @@ -1 -1 -1 -4 -1512 --3.85827 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +8 +769 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +3 +769 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +3 +769 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +3 +769 +-4.00452 -1 1 -2274 --3.85827 +769 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 -2274 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -84523,16 +266925,36 @@ -1 -1 1 -2274 --3.85827 +769 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -2274 --3.85827 +769 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -84582,6 +267004,502 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +3509 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3509 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +3 +1342 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +3 +1342 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +3 +1342 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1342 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 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+-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +351 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +351 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -84631,8 +267549,9 @@ -1 -1 3 -1512 --3.85827 +2309 +-4.00452 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -84654,16 +267573,112 @@ -1 -1 3 -1512 --3.85827 +2309 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +3 +2309 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 3 -1512 --3.85827 +2309 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +3 +2309 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +2207 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +2207 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -84684,13 +267699,19 @@ -1 -1 1 -1523 --3.85827 +2309 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +2309 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -84799,12 +267820,165 @@ -1 -1 40 -1032 --3.85827 +3289 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 1 -2200 --3.85827 +1821 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1821 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1821 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +18 +3289 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +13 +529 +-3.24816 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +13 +529 +-3.24816 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -84824,8 +267998,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -2200 --3.85827 +3289 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -84840,192 +268014,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -9 -1032 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1032 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1032 --3.85827 --1 -5 -1032 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1032 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -10 -1436 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 1 -1436 --3.85827 +3289 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -85033,6 +268024,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +3289 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -85045,6 +268039,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +3289 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -85061,9 +268058,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -7 -199 --3.3392 -1 -1 -1 @@ -85073,6 +268067,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +3289 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -85099,9 +268096,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -2 -1830 --3.70291 -1 -1 -1 @@ -85143,1182 +268137,68 @@ -1 -1 -1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +4 +1114 +-3.73612 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 6 -1666 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1666 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1666 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1666 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -227 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1892 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1892 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1892 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1745 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1745 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1745 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1745 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1745 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1745 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -11 -934 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -85 -103 --3.85827 --1 --1 -1 -470 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -470 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -470 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -470 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -11 -103 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1889 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -9 -103 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -103 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -103 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -103 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -1203 --3.24847 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -1199 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1199 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1199 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1199 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1199 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1199 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1450 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1450 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1450 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1464 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1475 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1960 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1960 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1960 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2766 +-3.47359 -1 -1 -1 @@ -86364,8 +268244,115 @@ -1 -1 1 -1475 --3.85827 +2917 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2917 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2917 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2917 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2917 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -86410,52 +268397,15 @@ -1 -1 17 -1535 --3.85827 --1 -4 -807 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -807 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +3343 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 -807 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +3343 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -86472,90 +268422,8 @@ -1 -1 2 -807 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -57 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +3343 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -86570,16 +268438,13 @@ -1 -1 2 -1099 --3.70291 +3343 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1099 --3.70291 -1 -1 -1 @@ -86598,9 +268463,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -2 -1099 --3.70291 -1 -1 -1 @@ -86620,600 +268482,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -2 -1099 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1535 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1535 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1535 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -833 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -833 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1535 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1535 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1535 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -21 -798 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -798 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -18 -119 --3.10952 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -18 -119 --3.10952 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -2193 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 -8 -2193 --3.3392 --1 -8 -2193 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -2193 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -665 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -87228,388 +268496,8 @@ -1 -1 11 -92 --3.17346 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -11 -92 --3.17346 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1193 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -16 -704 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1555 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1555 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1555 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -704 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -905 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -905 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -905 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1261 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -704 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1268 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +194 +-3.38481 -1 -1 -1 @@ -87644,188 +268532,8 @@ -1 -1 4 -1241 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1401 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1401 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1241 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1241 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1241 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1241 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1894 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -87835,6 +268543,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +1894 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -87850,8 +268561,361 @@ -1 -1 2 -1295 --3.85827 +1894 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +1894 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +6 +2822 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +6 +2822 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2822 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2822 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2822 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2822 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2822 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2822 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +33 +315 +-4.00452 +-1 +1 +2144 +-4.00452 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -87872,126 +268936,16 @@ -1 -1 1 -1502 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1931 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1931 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1931 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2144 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +2144 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -88014,335 +268968,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1638 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -150 -698 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -5 -698 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -698 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -698 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -698 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -698 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -698 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -16 -1413 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -16 -1413 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -16 -1413 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -16 -1413 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1413 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1489 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2144 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -88362,8 +268989,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1413 --3.85827 +2144 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -88383,174 +269010,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -1413 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1872 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1872 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1872 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -814 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -88607,21 +269066,400 @@ -1 -1 4 -1559 --3.85827 +2347 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2347 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2347 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2347 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +25 +315 +-4.00452 +-1 +10 +2695 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +10 +2695 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +10 +2695 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +10 +2695 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +10 +2695 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2695 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +12 +315 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +315 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 3 -938 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1694 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +1 +1694 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -88634,6 +269472,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +1694 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -88660,12 +269501,9 @@ -1 -1 1 -1559 --3.85827 +1694 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1559 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -88673,17 +269511,11 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -1559 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1559 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -88733,6 +269565,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +544 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -88742,6 +269577,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +544 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -88764,149 +269602,17 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +544 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -113 -780 --3.85827 --1 --1 -1 -1037 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1037 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1037 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1037 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1037 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1037 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1037 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2 +544 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -89006,26 +269712,61 @@ -1 -1 3 -780 --3.85827 +1997 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -3 -780 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1126 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 +2 +1997 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +1997 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +1997 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +1997 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -89046,6 +269787,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +1997 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -89066,8 +269810,67 @@ -1 -1 1 -780 --3.85827 +1997 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -89128,8 +269931,12 @@ -1 -1 2 -229 --3.70291 +3432 +-3.9051 +-1 +2 +3432 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -89148,21 +269955,44 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +3432 +-3.9051 +-1 +2 +3432 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 -229 --3.70291 +3432 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 -229 --3.70291 +3432 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -89181,9 +270011,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -2 -229 --3.70291 -1 -1 -1 @@ -89249,563 +270076,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -3 -1826 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1833 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1833 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1833 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1833 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1833 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1833 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1826 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1826 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1826 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1826 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1826 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -9 -1008 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1317 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -1404 --3.24847 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2209 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2209 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2209 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2209 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -89843,18 +270113,173 @@ -1 -1 10 -2493 --3.85827 +1281 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +2001 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +2001 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +2001 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +3431 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +3431 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +3431 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 -1 -2493 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -89863,9 +270288,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -2493 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -89887,8 +270309,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -2493 --3.85827 +1281 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -89904,6 +270326,200 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +1281 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1281 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1281 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +5 +238 +-4.00452 +-1 +1 +697 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +697 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +697 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +697 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -89950,327 +270566,15 @@ -1 -1 3 -2556 --3.85827 +562 +-3.73612 -1 -1 -1 -1 3 -2556 --3.85827 --1 -1 -2556 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2556 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2556 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2556 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2556 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -100 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -100 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -100 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -100 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -100 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +562 +-3.73612 -1 -1 -1 @@ -90326,8 +270630,268 @@ -1 -1 1 -2518 --3.85827 +238 +-4.00452 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+-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -90361,103 +270925,18 @@ -1 -1 -1 -57 -433 --3.85827 -1 8 -1247 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1560 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1560 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1560 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +3507 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +8 +3507 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -90473,589 +270952,8 @@ -1 -1 3 -1247 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1247 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1247 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1247 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1247 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1247 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1663 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1663 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1663 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -867 --3.85827 --1 -1 -867 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -867 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -867 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -867 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -867 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -867 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -867 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -867 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -867 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2425 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +3507 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -91077,14 +270975,8 @@ -1 -1 2 -1942 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1942 --3.85827 +76 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -91094,8 +270986,209 @@ -1 -1 1 -1942 --3.85827 +76 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1706 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +5 +1833 +-4.00452 +-1 +3 +2338 +-3.73612 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +3 +2338 +-3.73612 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +259 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1833 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -91166,8 +271259,11 @@ -1 -1 1 -2404 --3.85827 +2820 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -91194,25 +271290,34 @@ -1 -1 1 -2404 --3.85827 +615 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +615 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +615 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +615 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -91231,6 +271336,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +615 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -91243,52 +271351,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -6 -978 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -978 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -978 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -978 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -91298,8 +271360,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -978 --3.85827 +615 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -91399,84 +271461,74 @@ -1 -1 -1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +218 +2036 +-4.00452 +-1 38 -1506 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -37 -177 --2.47748 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2036 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +2226 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1506 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2226 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1506 --3.85827 +2226 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -91526,20 +271578,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -433 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -433 --3.85827 +375 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -91561,8 +271601,29 @@ -1 -1 1 -433 --3.85827 +375 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +375 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -91570,8 +271631,13 @@ -1 -1 1 -433 --3.85827 +375 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +1 +375 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -91594,8 +271660,14 @@ -1 -1 1 -433 --3.85827 +375 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -91609,8 +271681,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -433 --3.85827 +375 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -91636,6 +271708,9 @@ -1 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--1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1043 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1043 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1043 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1043 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1043 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +3490 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -92698,175 +274736,34 @@ -1 -1 2 -1355 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1355 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1355 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1355 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -234 -9 --3.85827 --1 -8 -384 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 +347 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -968 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +347 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -968 --3.85827 +347 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -92911,13 +274808,20 @@ -1 -1 1 -1964 --3.85827 +896 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +896 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -92926,37 +274830,23 @@ -1 -1 1 -1964 --3.85827 +896 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1964 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +896 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1964 --3.85827 +896 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -92982,9 +274872,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -1964 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -93064,163 +274951,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -2 -2268 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -384 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -384 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -384 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -384 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1901 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -93249,27 +274979,30 @@ -1 -1 1 -1310 --3.85827 +3106 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +3106 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3106 +-4.00452 +-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1310 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1310 --3.85827 +3106 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -93289,8 +275022,47 @@ -1 -1 1 -1310 --3.85827 +3106 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3106 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3106 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3106 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -93370,55 +275142,159 @@ -1 -1 -1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +86 +2411 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +11 +463 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +11 +463 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +463 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +463 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 1 -2085 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2085 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +463 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -93439,27 +275315,50 @@ -1 -1 1 -2248 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2248 --3.85827 +463 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -93499,9 +275398,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -41 -233 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -93517,16 +275413,16 @@ -1 -1 10 -233 --3.85827 +1124 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -6 -233 --3.85827 +10 +1124 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -93545,13 +275441,513 @@ -1 -1 -1 -6 -233 --3.85827 +-1 +1 +1124 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 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-1 +2 +68 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +68 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3095 +-4.00452 +-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -752 --3.85827 +3095 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -93606,12 +276069,42 @@ -1 -1 1 -752 --3.85827 +68 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -752 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -93633,8 +276126,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -752 --3.85827 +387 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -93644,47 +276137,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -752 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -752 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -752 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -93702,8 +276154,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -752 --3.85827 +387 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -93743,6 +276195,611 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +2259 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 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--1 -1 -1047 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1047 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -233 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -233 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -233 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -94165,14 +277005,27 @@ -1 -1 2 -1148 --3.85827 +283 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1148 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -94183,23 +277036,57 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+-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +5 +3195 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +5 +3195 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +5 +3195 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +3 +1390 +-3.73612 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -96133,16 +292614,36 @@ -1 -1 3 -349 --3.61058 +1390 +-3.73612 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 3 -349 --3.61058 +1390 +-3.73612 -1 -1 -1 @@ -96230,27 +292731,230 @@ -1 -1 -1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +220 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +220 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +220 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +164 +278 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +50 +378 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +42 +1104 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +41 +1104 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +41 +1104 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +41 +1104 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1104 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 1 -676 --3.85827 --1 --1 +1104 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -676 --3.85827 +1104 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -676 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -96266,9 +292970,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -676 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -96290,9 +292991,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -676 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -96312,785 +293010,73 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -676 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -514 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -514 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -514 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -514 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -514 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -514 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -514 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -11 -1983 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1983 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1983 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1983 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -19 -778 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -19 -778 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -19 -778 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -19 -778 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -778 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -778 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -18 -286 --2.96007 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -18 -286 --2.96007 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -18 -286 --2.96007 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -18 -286 --2.96007 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -44 -9 --3.85827 --1 12 -490 --3.85827 +1039 +-3.19317 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -2 -490 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 -612 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -612 --3.85827 +3085 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -612 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +3085 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -97174,81 +293160,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -490 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2362 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2362 --3.85827 --1 -2 -2362 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2287 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -97257,28 +293170,12 @@ -1 -1 1 -2362 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2287 +-4.00452 -1 1 -2362 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2287 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -97300,36 +293197,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -2362 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2287 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -97339,6 +293208,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +2287 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -97355,92 +293227,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -2440 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2440 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2287 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -97456,29 +293244,11 @@ -1 -1 1 -1208 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1208 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1208 --3.85827 +2287 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -97499,9 +293269,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -1208 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -97511,9 +293278,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -1208 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -97614,8 +293378,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -697 --3.85827 +1790 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -97625,6 +293389,40 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +1790 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1790 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1790 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -97637,23 +293435,17 @@ -1 -1 1 -697 --3.85827 +1790 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -697 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -697 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -97735,339 +293527,126 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -2262 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2262 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1076 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1076 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -14 -9 --3.85827 --1 -10 -9 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -9 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -9 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -9 -2360 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2360 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2360 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 2 -1224 --3.85827 +1684 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +1684 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1224 --3.85827 +595 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +595 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +595 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +595 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +595 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +595 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -98094,8 +293673,70 @@ -1 -1 1 -1224 --3.85827 +595 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -98133,8 +293774,95 @@ -1 -1 1 -2244 --3.85827 +1684 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1684 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1684 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1684 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -98198,7 +293926,330 @@ -1 2 378 --3.70291 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2516 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 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--1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2546 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2546 --3.85827 +1442 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -98626,8 +296070,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -2546 --3.85827 +1442 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -98636,8 +296080,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -2546 --3.85827 +1442 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -98686,6 +296130,142 @@ -1 -1 -1 +9 +464 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +9 +464 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +464 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3320 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3320 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -98735,13 +296315,7 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--1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2241 --3.85827 +1712 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -99167,149 +296905,57 @@ -1 -1 -1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +3 +2843 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +949 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 2 -193 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -193 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -193 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -193 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -368 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -368 --3.85827 --1 -1 -368 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +949 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -99381,14 +297027,90 @@ -1 -1 1 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--1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2486 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2486 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2486 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2486 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +3513 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +2 +3513 +-4.00452 -1 +2 +3513 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -100722,6 +299862,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +3513 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -100743,397 +299886,8 @@ -1 -1 2 -1151 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -15 -563 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -15 -563 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -12 -1313 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -12 -1313 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -197 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -197 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -880 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -880 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -880 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1313 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -563 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -563 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -563 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +3513 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -101154,16 +299908,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -702 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -702 --3.85827 +2930 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -101183,9 +299929,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -702 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -101205,9 +299948,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -702 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -101303,8 +300043,23 @@ -1 -1 1 -1300 --3.85827 +3445 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3445 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -101347,16 +300102,1150 @@ -1 -1 -1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3196 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3196 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3196 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 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+-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +111 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -101394,473 +301283,8 @@ -1 -1 3 -781 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -781 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -781 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -781 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -901 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -20 -740 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -740 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -740 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -740 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -740 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2419 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2419 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2540 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2144 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2144 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2144 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2144 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2144 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 +2070 +-3.73612 -1 -1 -1 @@ -101950,79 +301374,21 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2677 +3356 +-4.00452 -1 63 -736 --3.61058 +2993 +-4.00452 -1 -1 +4 +3460 +-3.73612 -1 -1 -1 -60 -54 --2.5874 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -736 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -736 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -736 --3.61058 -1 -1 -1 @@ -102032,11 +301398,17 @@ -1 -1 -1 +4 +3460 +-3.73612 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +4 +3460 +-3.73612 -1 -1 -1 @@ -102103,12 +301475,19 @@ -1 -1 1 -1497 --3.85827 +2993 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1497 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -102119,8 +301498,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1497 --3.85827 +2993 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -102130,9 +301509,261 @@ -1 -1 -1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +28 +1882 +-3.58532 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +19 +1882 +-3.58532 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +4 +81 +-3.58532 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +4 +1882 +-3.58532 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +9 +2741 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--1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -133 -302 --3.85827 --1 -36 -302 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -393 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -14 -823 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -14 -823 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -14 -823 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -823 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -823 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -823 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 2 -823 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +3482 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -102551,8 +301996,8 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+1 +1828 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1828 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1828 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1828 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -104064,9 +312758,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -48 -409 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -104074,9 +312765,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -8 -1144 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -104086,37 +312774,12 @@ -1 -1 8 -1144 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1144 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +558 +-4.00452 -1 4 -1139 --3.70291 +558 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -104136,6 +312799,72 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +558 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +558 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +558 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +558 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -104146,290 +312875,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1144 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1144 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1080 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1080 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1018 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -9 -1223 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1223 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1223 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1223 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1223 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1665 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -104504,919 +312951,8 @@ -1 -1 2 -409 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2538 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2538 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2538 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2538 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -547 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -547 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -547 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -21 -977 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -977 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -977 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -977 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -977 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2251 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2126 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -67 -270 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1077 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1263 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1263 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1263 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1263 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2143 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2143 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2143 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2143 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2143 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1864 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1864 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1864 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1077 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -311 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1110 --3.85827 +2292 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -105437,217 +312973,8 @@ -1 -1 2 -1110 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1110 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1110 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1110 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1110 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1110 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1110 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1110 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2292 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -105695,8 +313022,8 @@ -1 -1 3 -311 --3.85827 +1049 +-3.73612 -1 -1 -1 @@ -105717,657 +313044,8 @@ -1 -1 3 -311 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -311 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -311 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -311 --3.85827 --1 -3 -311 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -311 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -311 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -311 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -311 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -674 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -674 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -674 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -674 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -674 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1054 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1054 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -270 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -270 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -829 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -829 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -829 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -829 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -829 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1049 +-3.73612 -1 -1 -1 @@ -106412,8 +313090,40 @@ -1 -1 1 -602 --3.85827 +1599 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +1 +1599 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1599 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1599 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -106429,8 +313139,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -602 --3.85827 +1599 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -106439,8 +313149,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -602 --3.85827 +1599 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -106521,9 +313231,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -2 -1352 --3.70291 -1 -1 -1 @@ -106542,9 +313249,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -2 -1352 --3.70291 -1 -1 -1 @@ -106554,14 +313258,8 @@ -1 -1 -1 -2 -1352 --3.70291 -1 -1 -2 -1352 --3.70291 -1 -1 -1 @@ -106574,562 +313272,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -2 -1352 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1352 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -546 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -546 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -546 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -546 --3.85827 --1 -3 -546 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -546 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2076 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1101 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1101 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1101 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1101 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1101 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1101 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1101 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -860 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -107146,85 +313288,14 @@ -1 -1 6 -1387 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -168 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -860 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -860 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1640 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1640 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -107237,8 +313308,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1210 --3.85827 +1640 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -107284,2489 +313355,16 @@ -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -32 -86 --2.68743 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1594 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1594 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1594 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -36 -266 --3.85827 --1 --1 -1 -1823 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1823 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1823 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1823 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1382 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1382 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1382 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1382 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -9 -828 --3.85827 --1 -8 -1381 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -1381 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1381 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1381 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1381 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -828 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -828 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -828 --3.85827 --1 -1 -828 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -828 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -828 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -828 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -828 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -20 -441 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 -20 -441 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -20 -441 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -20 -441 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 -20 -441 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -441 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2304 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2304 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2304 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2304 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2304 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -266 --3.85827 --1 --1 -2 -266 --3.85827 --1 -2 -266 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -266 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -266 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2374 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2374 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2374 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2374 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1202 -35 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -2 -213 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -213 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1987 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1987 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -23 -2439 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -15 -2439 --3.85827 --1 -12 -1530 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1530 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2439 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2439 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2439 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2439 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2516 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2516 --3.85827 --1 -1 -2516 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2516 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2439 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2439 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2507 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -44 -152 --2.55306 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1114 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1114 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1114 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1114 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1114 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1114 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1114 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1114 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2479 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -47 -66 --3.85827 --1 -10 -1569 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -10 -1569 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -1569 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 5 -971 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -454 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -454 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -454 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1550 +-3.47359 -1 -1 -1 -1 +5 +1550 +-3.47359 -1 -1 -1 @@ -109846,90 +313444,8 @@ -1 -1 3 -66 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -66 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -66 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -66 --3.85827 --1 -2 -66 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -66 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -66 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2092 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +70 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -109951,8 +313467,19 @@ -1 -1 1 -2092 --3.85827 +70 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +70 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -110000,6 +313527,14 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +3474 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +1 +3474 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -110012,6 +313547,26 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +3474 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3474 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -110085,8 +313640,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -361 --3.85827 +814 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -110107,16 +313662,20 @@ -1 -1 1 -361 --3.85827 +814 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -361 --3.85827 +814 +-4.00452 +-1 +1 +814 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -110138,6 +313697,747 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +814 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +17 +940 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +895 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +895 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +895 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +895 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +895 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +895 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 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+-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +4 +703 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +3 +3462 +-3.73612 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +3 +3462 +-3.73612 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +3 +3462 +-3.73612 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -110209,12 +314509,9 @@ -1 -1 16 -832 --3.85827 +2094 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -2459 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -110228,14 +314525,17 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +2656 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2459 --3.85827 +2 +2656 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -110256,9 +314556,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -2459 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -110268,66 +314565,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -2459 --3.85827 --1 -1 -2459 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2459 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2459 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2459 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -110351,8 +314588,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -2459 --3.85827 +425 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -110369,11 +314606,17 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +425 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +425 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -110388,14 +314631,23 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +425 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 +1 +425 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +425 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -110496,9 +314748,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -14 -2230 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -110517,36 +314766,21 @@ -1 -1 -1 -13 -1600 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 13 -1600 --3.70291 +2094 +-4.00452 -1 -13 -1600 --3.70291 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2094 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -110561,602 +314795,45 @@ -1 -1 -1 -13 -1600 --3.70291 -1 -1 -1 -3 -1967 --3.61058 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +12 +1288 +-3.73612 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 3 -1967 --3.61058 +1288 +-3.73612 -1 -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -10 -1600 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1600 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1600 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2230 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2230 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2230 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -832 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -832 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -832 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -832 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -832 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -832 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -832 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -832 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -321 -35 --3.85827 --1 3 -1832 --3.85827 +1288 +-3.73612 -1 -1 -1 @@ -111171,9 +314848,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -2 -1665 --3.70291 -1 -1 -1 @@ -111183,9 +314857,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -2 -1665 --3.70291 -1 -1 -1 @@ -111199,13 +314870,7 @@ -1 -1 -1 -2 -1665 --3.70291 -1 -2 -1665 --3.70291 -1 -1 -1 @@ -111223,26 +314888,26 @@ -1 -1 -1 +5 +2664 +-3.47359 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1665 --3.70291 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1665 --3.70291 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +5 +2664 +-3.47359 -1 -1 -1 @@ -111250,6 +314915,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +5 +2664 +-3.47359 -1 -1 -1 @@ -111352,14 +315020,167 @@ -1 -1 -1 +43 +611 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +12 +611 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2588 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1832 --3.85827 +2588 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2588 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +11 +611 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +11 +611 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +611 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +611 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -111381,22 +315202,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1832 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1832 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +611 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -111406,115 +315213,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1832 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1832 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1832 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1832 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1832 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +611 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -111607,8 +315307,8 @@ -1 -1 10 -386 --3.85827 +307 +-3.31113 -1 -1 -1 @@ -111621,766 +315321,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -2028 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2028 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2028 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2028 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2028 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2028 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -945 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2394 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2394 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -945 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -945 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -945 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -945 --3.85827 --1 -1 -945 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -945 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -945 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -386 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -386 --3.85827 --1 -1 -386 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -386 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -386 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -386 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -386 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -386 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -386 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1738 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1738 --3.85827 --1 --1 -4 -1738 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1738 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1738 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -112423,8 +315363,22 @@ -1 -1 3 -505 --3.61058 +299 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2187 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2187 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -112483,6 +315437,213 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +299 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +299 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +299 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +299 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +299 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 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--3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1782 +-3.73612 -1 -1 -1 @@ -113219,8 +318640,15 @@ -1 -1 3 -974 --3.70291 +1782 +-3.73612 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +3 +1782 +-3.73612 -1 -1 -1 @@ -113267,28 +318695,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -2351 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -113352,98 +318758,11 @@ -1 -1 1 -1058 --3.85827 +603 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1058 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1058 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1058 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1058 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1058 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1058 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1058 --3.85827 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -113463,16 +318782,13 @@ -1 -1 1 -1058 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 +603 +-4.00452 -1 -1 1 -1058 --3.85827 +603 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -113493,247 +318809,39 @@ -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 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+-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +3 1561 --3.70291 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -113810,156 +321969,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2388 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2388 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 1 -2388 --3.85827 --1 --1 +1561 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -113972,18 +321984,16 @@ -1 -1 1 -2388 --3.85827 +1561 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -2388 --3.85827 --1 --1 +1561 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -113997,15 +322007,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -2388 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1561 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -114019,16 +322022,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -2388 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -114042,28 +322035,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -2388 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1561 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -114152,11 +322125,20 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +207 +-4.00452 -1 +1 +207 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +207 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -114188,9 +322170,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -2235 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -114213,9 +322192,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -2235 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -114225,9 +322201,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -2235 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -114249,22 +322222,14 @@ -1 -1 1 -2235 --3.85827 +1478 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -2235 --3.85827 -1 -1 1 -2235 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1478 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -114272,41 +322237,13 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -2235 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -2235 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1478 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -114332,6 +322269,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +1478 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -114409,6 +322349,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +2520 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -114429,14 +322372,10 @@ -1 -1 -1 -9 -1130 --3.85827 -1 1 -1142 --3.85827 --1 +2520 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -114451,50 +322390,21 @@ -1 -1 1 -1142 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2520 +-4.00452 -1 -1 1 -1142 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2520 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +2520 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -114513,4238 +322423,24 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +2520 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1130 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2072 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2072 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2072 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2072 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2072 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2124 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2124 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1130 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1130 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1130 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1130 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1885 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1885 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1885 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1885 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1885 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1885 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2005 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2005 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2005 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2005 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2005 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2005 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2005 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1579 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1579 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1579 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1579 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1579 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1579 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1579 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1579 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2035 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2035 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2035 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2035 --3.85827 --1 -1 -2035 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2035 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -904 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -904 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -904 --3.85827 --1 -2 -904 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1115 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -904 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -904 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -904 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -194 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -194 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -194 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -194 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -194 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -194 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1845 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1845 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1845 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1845 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1845 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1845 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -16 -768 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1709 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1709 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1709 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2281 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -768 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -768 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -768 --3.85827 --1 -3 -1333 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1333 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1333 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1333 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1333 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1739 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1739 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1865 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1865 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -768 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -768 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -768 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -1756 --3.85827 --1 -3 -2199 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2199 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -2 -747 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -747 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2199 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2199 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2199 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1677 --3.70291 --1 -2 -1677 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1677 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2067 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2067 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2067 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2067 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2067 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2067 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2067 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2067 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1756 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1756 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1756 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1756 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1756 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1756 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -61 -90 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -23 -603 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -23 -603 --3.85827 --1 -1 -603 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -603 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -603 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -603 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -603 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -603 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1713 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1713 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1713 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1713 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1713 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1713 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1713 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1713 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1713 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -11 -1119 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -11 -1119 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -11 -1119 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -387 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -387 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -523 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -523 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -523 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1309 --3.85827 --1 -2 -1309 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1309 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1309 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1398 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2387 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2387 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1 +2520 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -2387 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1279 --3.61058 --1 -3 -1279 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1279 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1279 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1279 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1279 --3.61058 --1 -3 -1279 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2520 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -118752,9 +322448,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -3 -1279 --3.61058 -1 -1 -1 @@ -118902,14 +322595,16 @@ -1 -1 2 -1425 --3.85827 --1 +870 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +2 +870 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -118923,16 +322618,17 @@ -1 -1 2 -1425 --3.85827 +870 +-3.9051 +-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 -1425 --3.85827 +870 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -118942,6 +322638,17 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +870 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -118954,277 +322661,8 @@ -1 -1 2 -1425 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1425 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1425 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1425 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1425 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1425 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1440 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1440 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +870 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -119234,295 +322672,8 @@ -1 -1 2 -2054 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2054 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2054 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2054 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2054 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -27 -313 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -313 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -313 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -313 --3.85827 --1 -1 -313 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -313 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -313 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -313 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +870 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -119655,8 +322806,44 @@ -1 -1 3 -90 --3.85827 +2341 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +2105 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +2105 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -119669,19 +322856,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -90 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -90 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -119703,30 +322877,18 @@ -1 -1 -1 -3 -90 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -3 -90 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -3 -90 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -90 --3.85827 +2341 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -119748,11 +322910,17 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +2341 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +2341 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -119818,6 +322986,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +3 +3411 +-3.73612 -1 -1 -1 @@ -119837,6 +323008,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +3 +3411 +-3.73612 -1 -1 -1 @@ -119858,7 +323032,13 @@ -1 -1 -1 +3 +3411 +-3.73612 -1 +3 +3411 +-3.73612 -1 -1 -1 @@ -119867,21 +323047,844 @@ -1 -1 -1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +3 +3411 +-3.73612 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3247 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3247 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3247 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3247 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3247 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3247 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3247 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+324940,66 @@ -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 -2 -1936 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 +5 +2373 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1938 --3.85827 +285 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +285 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -120194,8 +325016,19 @@ -1 -1 1 -1938 --3.85827 +2373 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -120211,8 +325044,288 @@ -1 -1 1 -1938 --3.85827 +2373 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +518 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +518 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +518 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +518 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 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-1883 --3.85827 +836 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -120370,16 +325500,72 @@ -1 -1 1 -1883 --3.85827 +836 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +5 +1620 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1883 --3.85827 +1767 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -120390,8 +325576,26 @@ -1 -1 1 -1883 --3.85827 +1767 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -120413,8 +325617,16 @@ -1 -1 1 -1883 --3.85827 +1620 +-4.00452 +-1 +1 +1620 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -120424,8 +325636,258 @@ -1 -1 1 -1883 --3.85827 +1620 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1620 +-4.00452 +-1 +1 +1620 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 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-1 -1 @@ -120574,58 +326048,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -2399 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2399 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2399 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2399 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -120638,6 +326060,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +3220 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -120697,8 +326122,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -2253 --3.85827 +1244 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -120708,6 +326133,15 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +1244 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -120718,8 +326152,10 @@ -1 -1 1 -2253 --3.85827 +1244 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -120740,8 +326176,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -2253 --3.85827 +1244 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -120761,6 +326197,25 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +1244 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -120818,8 +326273,8 @@ -1 -1 2 -1201 --3.85827 +136 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -120841,12 +326296,54 @@ -1 -1 2 -1201 --3.85827 +136 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 1 -1801 --3.85827 +136 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 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+-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -120999,15 +326868,204 @@ -1 -1 1 -1201 --3.85827 +3511 +-4.00452 +-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1201 --3.85827 +3511 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3511 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +40 +1663 +-2.74852 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2556 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2556 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2556 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2556 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +2556 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -121094,8 +327152,20 @@ -1 -1 1 -559 --3.85827 +730 +-4.00452 +-1 +1 +730 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -121109,8 +327179,191 @@ -1 -1 1 -559 --3.85827 +730 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +730 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +730 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +730 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +43 +3025 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +4 +3025 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1461 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -121134,23 +327387,72 @@ -1 -1 1 -559 --3.85827 +3070 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -559 --3.85827 +3070 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -559 --3.85827 +3070 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3070 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -121215,6 +327517,324 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +3025 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3025 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3025 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3025 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +978 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +978 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 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--1 -2 -1992 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1992 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1992 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2944 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -121412,6 +327904,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +2944 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -121454,8 +327949,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -859 --3.85827 +176 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -121472,8 +327967,12 @@ -1 -1 1 -859 --3.85827 +176 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -121489,16 +327988,28 @@ -1 -1 1 -859 --3.85827 +176 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -859 --3.85827 +176 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -121519,8 +328030,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -859 --3.85827 +176 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -121540,134 +328051,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -779 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1062 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 1 -1062 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +176 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -121680,6 +328066,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +176 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -121706,12 +328095,9 @@ -1 -1 1 -779 --3.85827 +176 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -779 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -121732,9 +328118,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -779 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -121744,9 +328127,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -779 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -121762,9 +328142,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -779 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -121779,1966 +328156,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -779 --3.85827 --1 -1 -779 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -779 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -174 -1035 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2265 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2265 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -16 -1035 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -16 -1035 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -16 -1035 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1035 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -10 -623 --3.24847 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -204 -385 --3.85827 --1 -1 -385 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -385 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -385 --3.85827 --1 -1 -385 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -385 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1633 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -57 -1615 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1615 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1615 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1615 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -19 -296 --2.88303 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -19 -296 --2.88303 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -86 -519 --3.85827 --1 -3 -1505 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1505 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1505 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1505 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2291 --3.85827 --1 -1 -2291 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2291 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1596 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1596 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1596 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1596 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1596 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1596 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1596 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1596 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -11 -741 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2160 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2160 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2160 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2160 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2160 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2160 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2160 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -743 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -743 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -743 --3.85827 --1 -1 -743 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -743 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -743 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -757 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -757 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -757 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -741 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -381 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -381 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -381 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -741 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -769 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -769 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -123783,18 +328200,18 @@ -1 -1 22 -519 --3.85827 +2801 +-3.58532 -1 -1 -4 -678 --3.45403 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +5 +2801 +-3.58532 -1 -1 -1 @@ -123804,6 +328221,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +5 +2801 +-3.58532 -1 -1 -1 @@ -123818,19 +328238,25 @@ -1 -1 -1 +5 +2801 +-3.58532 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -4 -1536 --3.45403 -1 -1 -1 -1 +5 +2801 +-3.58532 -1 +5 +2801 +-3.58532 -1 -1 -1 @@ -123840,9 +328266,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -4 -1536 --3.45403 -1 -1 -1 @@ -123857,9 +328280,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -4 -1536 --3.45403 -1 -1 -1 @@ -123885,9 +328305,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -4 -1536 --3.45403 -1 -1 -1 @@ -123944,9 +328361,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -2 -713 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -123958,12 +328372,12 @@ -1 -1 -1 +17 +2678 +-3.47359 -1 -1 -1 -2 -713 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -123982,11 +328396,17 @@ -1 -1 -1 +17 +2678 +-3.47359 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +17 +2678 +-3.47359 -1 -1 -1 @@ -124006,125 +328426,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 -2 -2074 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2074 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1866 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1866 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1866 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1866 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +9 +2678 +-3.47359 -1 -1 -1 @@ -124197,81 +328501,14 @@ -1 -1 6 -519 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -519 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -519 --3.85827 --1 -1 -519 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +719 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 1 -519 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -519 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 +719 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -124288,8 +328525,9 @@ -1 -1 1 -519 --3.85827 +719 +-4.00452 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -124311,8 +328549,711 @@ -1 -1 1 -519 --3.85827 +719 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +719 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +719 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +5 +2131 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +357 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +357 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +357 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +3 +2131 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--3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1378 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1378 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1378 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1378 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1378 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1378 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1378 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -81 -346 --3.85827 --1 2 -959 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -959 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -959 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -959 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -959 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -959 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -959 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -959 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +624 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -125148,6 +330315,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +624 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -125236,17 +330406,20 @@ -1 -1 1 -1442 --3.85827 +890 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 1 -1442 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +890 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -125262,9 +330435,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1442 --3.85827 --1 +890 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -125273,107 +330445,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1442 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1442 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1442 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1442 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +890 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -125454,16 +330527,135 @@ -1 -1 10 -346 --3.85827 +1832 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1951 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1951 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +7 +2527 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 -1778 --3.85827 +2271 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +2271 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 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--1 -1 -1323 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1323 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1323 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1323 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1323 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +799 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -125783,6 +330689,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +799 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -125790,6 +330699,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +799 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -125861,8 +330773,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -681 --3.85827 +2527 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -125883,9 +330795,47 @@ -1 -1 -1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +1832 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 1 -681 --3.85827 +1832 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -125907,87 +330857,91 @@ -1 -1 -1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 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--1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -343 -225 --3.85827 --1 -55 -1009 --3.85827 --1 --1 1 -1276 --3.85827 +2051 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -127468,11 +340236,152 @@ -1 -1 -1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +678 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +678 +-3.9051 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +177 +273 +-4.00452 +-1 +1 +1903 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 1 -1946 --3.85827 --1 --1 +1903 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -127486,93 +340395,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -1946 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1946 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1946 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1946 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1903 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -127623,123 +340447,13 @@ -1 -1 -1 +47 +273 +-4.00452 -1 11 -1015 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -11 -1015 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -11 -1015 --3.85827 --1 -11 -1015 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1015 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +273 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -127758,6 +340472,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +10 +1521 +-3.73612 -1 -1 -1 @@ -127778,15 +340495,12 @@ -1 -1 6 -2484 --3.85827 +878 +-3.38481 -1 -1 -1 -1 -5 -990 --3.45403 -1 -1 -1 @@ -127817,240 +340531,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -2484 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2484 --3.85827 --1 -1 -2484 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2484 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2484 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1568 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1568 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1568 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -128073,8 +340553,23 @@ -1 -1 2 -1459 --3.70291 +1209 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +2 +1209 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -128091,8 +340586,15 @@ -1 -1 2 -1459 --3.70291 +1209 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -128110,8 +340612,74 @@ -1 -1 2 -1459 --3.70291 +1209 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1209 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +1209 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -128172,12 +340740,9 @@ -1 -1 7 -1009 --3.85827 +780 +-3.38481 -1 -2 -1009 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -128191,9 +340756,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -2 -1009 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -128203,392 +340765,14 @@ -1 -1 -1 -2 -1009 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1009 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -2413 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -2413 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -982 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2413 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2413 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -11 -1516 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1516 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1516 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1516 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -10 -461 --3.61058 --1 +16 +2415 +-3.14437 -1 -1 -1 @@ -128624,37 +340808,15 @@ -1 -1 3 -1822 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1822 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2330 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 -169 --3.70291 +1657 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -128696,386 +340858,17 @@ -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -2560 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -2560 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -2560 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2560 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2560 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -953 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -953 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -953 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -1728 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1747 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -444 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 1 -1728 --3.85827 +2330 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1728 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1728 --3.85827 +2330 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -129139,63 +340932,16 @@ -1 -1 1 -2082 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -61 -330 --3.85827 --1 -23 -336 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -774 --3.85827 +3522 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -774 --3.85827 +3522 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -129208,6 +340954,36 @@ -1 -1 -1 +1 +3522 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3522 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +1 +3522 +-4.00452 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 +-1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -129215,20 +340991,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -774 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +3522 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -129237,8 +341001,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -774 --3.85827 +3522 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -129287,2201 +341051,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -1541 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1541 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1541 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1805 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2311 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2311 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2311 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -14 -336 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -14 -336 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -12 -69 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 -12 -69 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -777 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -777 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -777 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -981 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -981 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1039 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1214 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1039 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1039 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1039 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -998 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -1163 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -1163 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1124 --3.85827 --1 -2 -1124 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1124 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1124 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2545 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2545 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2545 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2545 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2545 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2545 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2545 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1330 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1330 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1330 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1330 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1882 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1882 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1882 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2328 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2328 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2328 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2328 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1068 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1068 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1068 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1068 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1068 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -9 -532 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -9 -532 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -532 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -532 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -532 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -10 -330 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -965 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -330 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -755 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -755 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -330 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -330 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -330 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2245 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2245 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2245 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2245 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -445 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -445 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -445 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 -2 -445 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -445 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -445 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 @@ -131579,2924 +341148,8 @@ -1 -1 128 -426 --3.85827 --1 --1 -2 -2411 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2411 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2411 --3.85827 --1 -1 -2430 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2430 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2411 --3.85827 --1 -1 -2411 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2411 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2411 --3.85827 --1 -1 -2411 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2411 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2411 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -726 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -17 -240 --3.00441 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -17 -240 --3.00441 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1708 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1708 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1708 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1708 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -49 -98 --2.46382 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -49 -98 --2.46382 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2077 --3.85827 --1 --1 -1 -2077 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2307 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2307 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2307 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2307 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -786 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -786 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -786 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2273 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -426 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -426 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -2140 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -2140 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -345 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -345 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -345 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -24 -660 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -660 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -660 --3.85827 --1 -5 -660 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -660 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -660 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -660 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -660 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -660 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -279 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -279 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -19 -359 --3.17346 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -19 -359 --3.17346 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -19 -359 --3.17346 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -15 -278 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -11 -278 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -278 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -374 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -374 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -374 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -85 -308 --3.85827 --1 -1 -2483 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2483 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2483 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2483 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2283 --3.85827 --1 --1 -1 -2283 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2283 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2283 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2283 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2283 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1577 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1577 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1577 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1577 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1577 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1717 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1717 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1717 --3.85827 --1 -3 -400 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -400 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -15 -2105 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2105 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2105 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2105 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2105 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2105 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2105 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2105 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -14 -1426 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1426 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1426 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -19 -499 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -19 -499 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 453 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -453 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -499 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -499 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -499 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -134516,303 +341169,8 @@ -1 -1 2 -415 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -415 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -1248 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1815 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1815 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1815 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -101 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -17 -455 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1367 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -907 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -907 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2522 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +1977 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -134825,4540 +341183,8 @@ -1 -1 2 -2522 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -308 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -133 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -308 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -308 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -308 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -848 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -848 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -848 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -848 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -225 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2130 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2130 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2130 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2130 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2130 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1959 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1959 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1831 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1831 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1831 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1831 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -225 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -225 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -225 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1915 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1932 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2537 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 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-316 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -316 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1067 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1444 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1097 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1097 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1097 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1097 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1097 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 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-434 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1702 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -434 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -33 -144 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -658 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -658 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -658 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +453 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -146866,8822 +341249,8 @@ -1 -1 14 -1740 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -14 -1740 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1740 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1740 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1740 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1740 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -144 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -144 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -144 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 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-2 -1686 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1686 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1686 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1686 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2504 --3.85827 --1 --1 -1 -2504 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2504 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2504 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -780 -267 --3.85827 --1 --1 -15 -566 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -566 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -566 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -1656 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -1656 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 -7 -1656 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -1656 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1648 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 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--1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1783 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1783 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1783 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1783 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -903 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -903 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -903 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -903 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -903 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -903 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -903 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -689 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -689 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1472 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 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--1 -1 -652 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1217 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1116 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1116 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1116 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2240 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2240 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2240 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-3 -2175 --3.61058 --1 -3 -2175 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2175 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -383 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1969 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1969 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1969 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1969 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -383 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 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--1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1996 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1996 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1996 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1996 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1996 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1997 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1927 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1927 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1927 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1927 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1927 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1927 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -2146 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1544 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1544 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1544 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1679 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 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--1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1344 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2344 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -525 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -525 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -525 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -20 -436 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -20 -436 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 -20 -436 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -20 -436 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -436 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1109 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1109 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1109 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1109 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1109 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1109 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1109 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1109 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2547 --3.70291 --1 -2 -2547 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2547 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2547 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2378 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2378 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2378 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2378 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -742 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -742 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1394 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1394 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1759 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2485 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2485 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1759 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1759 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1759 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -413 --3.85827 --1 -1 -413 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -413 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -413 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -561 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -2 -561 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -561 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -561 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -561 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -561 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -561 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -724 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -724 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +800 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -724 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +800 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -176757,61 +341288,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -561 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +800 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -176895,18 +341373,8 @@ -1 -1 12 -206 --3.85827 --1 --1 -2 -294 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +266 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -176914,9 +341382,6 @@ -1 -1 -1 -2 -294 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -176926,43 +341391,20 @@ -1 -1 -1 -2 -294 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 1 -294 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +266 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -294 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +266 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -176976,42 +341418,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -294 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +266 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -177034,85 +341442,17 @@ -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -913 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 1 -913 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 +266 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -913 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1 -1 1 -913 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +266 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -177132,117 +341472,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1258 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1258 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 1 -1612 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 +266 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -177253,19 +341485,10 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -1612 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1612 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -177362,9 +341585,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -206 --3.85827 --1 +453 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -177374,10 +341596,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -206 --3.85827 --1 --1 +453 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -177395,35 +341615,16 @@ -1 -1 -1 -1 -206 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1 -206 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -206 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -206 --3.85827 -1 -1 -1 @@ -177450,6 +341651,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +3398 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -177468,11 +341672,17 @@ -1 -1 -1 +2 +3398 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +2 +3398 +-3.9051 -1 -1 -1 @@ -177547,17259 +341757,24 @@ -1 -1 -1 -7 -921 --3.3392 -1 -1 -1 +2 +2620 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -28 -891 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -28 -891 --3.85827 --1 -14 -2409 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -13 -1642 --2.91985 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -13 -1642 --2.91985 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -13 -1642 --2.91985 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -13 -1642 --2.91985 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2409 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2409 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2409 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2409 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -335 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -335 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -335 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2482 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2482 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2482 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2482 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -9 -891 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -5 -891 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -891 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2202 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2202 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -891 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -891 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -895 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -895 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -895 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -895 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -610 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -610 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -296 -190 --3.85827 --1 -18 -987 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1514 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1514 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -2 -673 --3.70291 --1 -2 -673 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -673 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1514 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1514 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1514 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1514 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1514 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -987 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -987 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -987 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -987 --3.85827 --1 -1 -987 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -987 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -2393 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2266 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2393 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2393 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2393 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1531 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1531 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1531 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 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--1 -1 -1005 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1005 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1005 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1944 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1944 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1944 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1944 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1944 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1944 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1944 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1944 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 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--1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1105 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1105 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1105 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2158 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2158 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2158 --3.85827 --1 -1 -2158 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2158 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2158 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 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-273 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -273 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -2 -273 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -273 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2285 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2285 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2285 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -273 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -273 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -273 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 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-1177 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1177 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1547 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2296 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2296 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1547 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1547 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1547 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1547 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1547 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1547 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1547 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1547 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 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-1984 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1984 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1984 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1984 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1984 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -2196 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -2196 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -2196 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1192 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2196 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -18 -312 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1857 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1857 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -14 -1751 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -1476 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -1476 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -1476 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 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--1 --1 --1 -1 -1574 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1574 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2152 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -1049 --3.85827 --1 -2 -1059 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1429 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1429 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1429 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1429 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1429 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 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--1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1451 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1288 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -267 -195 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -8 -1173 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -1173 --3.85827 --1 -6 -2412 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -2412 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2412 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2412 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2412 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2412 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1173 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1173 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1173 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1345 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1345 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1345 --3.85827 --1 -1 -1345 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1345 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1345 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -6 -1184 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1430 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1430 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2103 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2103 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2103 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2103 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2103 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1184 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1184 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1184 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1184 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1184 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2225 --3.85827 --1 -1 -2225 --3.85827 --1 --1 -1 -2225 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2225 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2225 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2329 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -66 -1651 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -66 -1651 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -42 --3.61058 --1 -3 -42 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -42 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1655 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1655 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1655 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -243 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -243 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -243 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -25 -1651 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -22 -114 --2.76079 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -22 -114 --2.76079 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -22 -114 --2.76079 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -22 -114 --2.76079 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1651 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1651 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1651 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1651 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2247 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2247 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2247 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2247 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2247 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 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--1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -1637 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1637 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -9 -471 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -471 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -471 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1479 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1479 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -471 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1517 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1517 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1517 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1517 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2327 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1013 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1013 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1013 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1013 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 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-237 -1073 --3.85827 --1 -69 -817 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -69 -817 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -817 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -79 -1073 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -47 -1073 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1073 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1073 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1073 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1073 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 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-5 -458 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -458 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -21 -1587 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1587 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1587 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1587 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1587 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1587 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1587 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1587 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 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--3.61058 --1 -4 -41 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -41 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -117 --3.17346 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -117 --3.17346 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -13 -1993 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -1993 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -1993 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -1993 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1790 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1790 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -671 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -671 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -671 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1993 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1766 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2338 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -38 -735 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -261 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -261 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -14 -735 --3.85827 --1 -1 -735 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -735 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -735 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -735 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -735 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -735 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1273 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1273 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1388 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1388 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -1388 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -12 -2252 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -12 -2252 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2252 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -2044 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -2325 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -2044 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -47 -459 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -42 -459 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -42 -459 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -459 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -459 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1050 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1050 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1050 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -1050 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1562 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1562 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1562 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1351 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -18 -319 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -319 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -319 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -319 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -319 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -319 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -631 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -631 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -2121 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2121 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1731 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1731 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1731 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -631 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -631 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -631 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -10 -700 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -700 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -700 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -421 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -8 -421 --3.61058 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -305 -518 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -56 -2314 --3.85827 --1 -48 -13 --2.96007 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -48 -13 --2.96007 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -20 -479 --2.88303 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2525 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2525 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2525 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2525 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2525 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -2314 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2514 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -2514 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -164 --3.45403 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -249 -518 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -518 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -4 -518 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -245 -1487 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1487 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1491 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1491 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -143 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -5 -143 --3.3392 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -43 -950 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -12 -679 --3.00441 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -950 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -950 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -950 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -950 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -876 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -876 --3.70291 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -7 -107 --3.85827 --1 -1 -107 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 -1 -107 --3.85827 --1 -1 -107 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -107 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -107 --3.85827 --1 -1 -107 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -107 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -248081,154 +341868,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -3 -1239 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1251 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -2 -1251 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1251 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1239 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -1239 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 1 -1239 --3.85827 --1 --1 +2620 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -248242,103 +341884,12 @@ -1 -1 1 -1239 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2620 +-4.00452 -1 1 -1239 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2620 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -248367,11 +341918,8 @@ -1 -1 1 -343 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 +2620 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 @@ -248391,47 +341939,9 @@ -1 -1 -1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -343 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -343 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 -1 -343 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 1 -343 --3.85827 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 --1 +2620 +-4.00452 -1 -1 -1 diff --git a/native_client/beam_search.h b/native_client/beam_search.h index dab58db0..d779f044 100644 --- a/native_client/beam_search.h +++ b/native_client/beam_search.h @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ #include "kenlm/lm/model.hh" -typedef lm::ngram::ProbingModel Model; +typedef lm::ngram::QuantArrayTrieModel Model; struct KenLMBeamState { float language_model_score; diff --git a/native_client/generate_trie.cpp b/native_client/generate_trie.cpp index 110dbdf3..b9b42218 100644 --- a/native_client/generate_trie.cpp +++ b/native_client/generate_trie.cpp @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ using namespace std; #include "trie_node.h" #include "alphabet.h" -typedef lm::ngram::ProbingModel Model; +typedef lm::ngram::QuantArrayTrieModel Model; lm::WordIndex GetWordIndex(const Model& model, const std::string& word) { return model.GetVocabulary().Index(word);